PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-12052743-B2
Application Number: US-202017421221-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Sidelink procedures and structures for transmission and reception of non-standalone and standalone physical sidelink shared channel

Abstract:
Some embodiments of this disclosure include apparatuses and methods for sidelink procedures and structures for transmission and reception of non-standalone and standalone PSSCH in a wireless communication system.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method, comprising:
 selecting, by a user equipment (UE), a physical sidelink share channel (PSSCH) rate-matching (RM) mode from a plurality of PSSCH RM modes based on a scheduling decision and a congestion control function; 
 generating a sidelink control information (SCI) carrying a field indicating the selected PSSCH RM mode; 
 allocating, by the UE, in a lowest or a highest index sub-channel of a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) transmission, the SCI, wherein the allocating is based on the selected PSSCH RM mode to obtain no gaps between the PSCCH transmission and a PSSCH transmission; and 
 transmitting, by the UE, the SCI in the PSCCH transmission and symbols in the PSSCH transmission based on the selected PSSCH RM mode. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein a PSSCH is formatted based on a quality of service (QoS) attribute level, including one or more of a priority, a reliability, a latency, a communication range, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of modes comprises four modes. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein transmitting the symbols further comprising transmitting based on a sub-channelization procedure, wherein the sub-channelization procedure includes a sub-channel containing M contiguous PSCCH resources, where M may be a value greater than or equal to 1. 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 4 , further comprising configuring, by the UE, a sub-channel size associated with the sub-channel to utilize a spectrum in a subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a carrier bandwidth. 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 5 , further comprising deriving, by the UE, the sub-channel size from a number of sub-channels and a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) in a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) resource pool. 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 5 , wherein the sub-channel size is equal to or greater than a number of the M contiguous PSCCH resources. 
     
     
       8. A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to perform operations comprising:
 selecting a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) rate-matching (RM) mode from a plurality of PSSCH RM modes based on a scheduling decision and a congestion control function; 
 generating a sidelink control information (SCI) carrying a field indicating the selected PSSCH RM mode; 
 allocating in a lowest or a highest index sub-channel of a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) transmission, the SCI, wherein the allocating is based on the selected PSSCH RM mode to obtain no gaps between the PSCCH transmission and a PSSCH transmission; and 
 transmitting the SCI in the PSCCH transmission and symbols in the PSSCH transmission based on the selected PSSCH RM mode. 
 
     
     
       9. The non-transitory computer readable medium of  claim 8 , wherein a PSSCH is formatted based on a quality of service (QoS) attribute level, including one or more of a priority, a reliability, a latency, a communication range, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
       10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of  claim 8 , wherein the plurality of modes comprises four modes. 
     
     
       11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of  claim 8 , wherein the operations further comprise transmitting the symbols based on a sub-channelization procedure, wherein the sub-channelization procedure includes a sub-channel containing M contiguous PSCCH resources, where M may be a value greater than or equal to 1. 
     
     
       12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of  claim 11 , wherein the operations further comprise configuring a sub-channel size associated with the sub-channel to utilize a spectrum in a subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a carrier bandwidth. 
     
     
       13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of  claim 12 , wherein the operations further comprise deriving the sub-channel size from a number of sub-channels and a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) in a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) resource pool. 
     
     
       14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of  claim 12 , wherein the sub-channel size is equal to or greater than a number of the M contiguous PSCCH resources. 
     
     
       15. A user equipment (UE) comprising:
 a processor configured to:
 select a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) rate-matching (RM) mode from a plurality of PSSCH RM modes based on a scheduling decision and a congestion control function; 
 generate a sidelink control information (SCI) carrying a field indicating the selected PSSCH RM mode; 
 allocate in a lowest or a highest index sub-channel of a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) transmission, the SCI, wherein the allocating is based on the selected PSSCH RM mode to obtain no gaps between the PSCCH transmission and a PSSCH transmission; and 
 a radio frequency integrated circuit, coupled to the processor, configured to: transmit the SCI in the PSCCH transmission and symbols in the PSSCH transmission based on the selected PSSCH RM mode. 
 
 
     
     
       16. The UE of  claim 15 , wherein a PSSCH is formatted based on a quality of service (QoS) attribute level, including one or more of a priority, a reliability, a latency, a communication range, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
       17. The UE of  claim 15 , wherein the plurality of modes comprises four modes. 
     
     
       18. The UE of  claim 15 , wherein the radio frequency integrated circuit is further configured to transmit the symbols based on a sub-channelization procedure, wherein the sub-channelization procedure includes a sub-channel containing M contiguous PSCCH resources, where M may be a value greater than or equal to 1. 
     
     
       19. The UE of  claim 18 , wherein the processor is further configured to configure a sub-channel size associated with the sub-channel to utilize a spectrum in a subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a carrier bandwidth. 
     
     
       20. The UE of  claim 19 , wherein the processor is further configured to derive the sub-channel size from a number of sub-channels and a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) in a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) resource pool.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a National Phase Entry of PCT/US2020/012936, filed Jan. 9, 2020, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/791,572, filed Jan. 11, 2019, the contents of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications. 
     SUMMARY 
     Some embodiments of this disclosure include apparatuses and methods for sidelink procedures and structures for transmission and reception of non-standalone and standalone physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH). 
     Some embodiments are direct to a method of operating a system. The method includes selecting, by a user equipment (UE), a rate-matching (RM) mode, based on a scheduling decision, for transmitting a symbol in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH); and transmitting, by the UE, the symbol based on the RM mode. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a method of operating the system wherein the PSSCH is formatted based on a quality of service (QoS) attribute level, including one or more of a priority, a reliability, a latency, a communication range, or a combination thereof. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a method of operating the system wherein the PSSCH is formatted based on a sidelink control information (SCI) or sidelink feedback control information (SFCI), including a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a method of operating the system wherein transmitting the symbol further comprising transmitting based on a sub-channelization procedure, wherein the sub-channelization procedure includes a sub-channel containing M contiguous PSCCH resources, where M may be a value greater than or equal to 1. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a method of operating the system further including configuring, by the UE, a sub-channel size associated with the sub-channel to utilize a spectrum in a subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a carrier bandwidth. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a method of operating the system further including deriving, by the UE, the sub-channel size from a number of sub-channels and a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) in a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) resource pool. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a method of operating the system, wherein the sub-channel size is equal to or greater than a number of the M contiguous PSCCH resources. 
     Some embodiments are direct to a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a computing system, cause the computing system to perform operations. The operations include selecting a rate-matching (RM) mode, based on a scheduling decision, for transmitting a symbol in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH); and transmitting the symbol based on the RM mode. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a non-transitory computer readable medium, wherein the PSSCH is formatted based on a quality of service (QoS) attribute level, including one or more of a priority, a reliability, a latency, a communication range, or a combination thereof. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a non-transitory computer readable medium, wherein the PSSCH is formatted based on a sidelink control information (SCI) or sidelink feedback control information (SFCI), including a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARM) feedback. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a non-transitory computer readable medium, wherein the operations further includes transmitting the symbol based on a sub-channelization procedure, wherein the sub-channelization procedure includes a sub-channel containing M contiguous PSCCH resources, where M may be a value greater than or equal to 1. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a non-transitory computer readable medium, wherein the operations further includes configuring a sub-channel size associated with the sub-channel to utilize a spectrum in a subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a carrier bandwidth. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a non-transitory computer readable medium, wherein the operations further include deriving the sub-channel size from a number of sub-channels and a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) in a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) resource pool. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a non-transitory computer readable medium, wherein the sub-channel size is equal to or greater than a number of the M contiguous PSCCH resources. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a system including a processor and a radio frequency integrated circuit. The processor is configured to select a rate-matching (RM) mode, based on a scheduling decision, for transmitting a symbol in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH). The a radio frequency integrated circuit is configured to transmit the symbol based on the RM mode. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a system, wherein the PSSCH is formatted based on a quality of service (QoS) attribute level, including one or more of a priority, a reliability, a latency, a communication range, or a combination thereof. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a system, wherein the PSSCH is formatted based on a sidelink control information (SCI) or sidelink feedback control information (SFCI), including a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARM) feedback. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a system, wherein the radio frequency integrated circuit is further configured to transmit the symbol based on a sub-channelization procedure, wherein the sub-channelization procedure includes a sub-channel containing M contiguous PSCCH resources, where M may be a value greater than or equal to 1. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a system, wherein the processor is further configured to configure a sub-channel size associated with the sub-channel to utilize a spectrum in a subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a carrier bandwidth. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a system, wherein the processor is further configured to derive the sub-channel size from a number of sub-channels and a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) in a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) resource pool. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
         FIG.  1    illustrates structures resulting in different aggregations according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a PSCCH and PSSCH resource configuration example according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example RM mode 0 according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example RM mode 1 according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an example RM mode 2 according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example RM mode 3 according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an example of PSCCH transmission according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates a short and long PSCCH according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a gap symbol and an AGC/transient symbol according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates an example HARQ feedback timeline for different PSCCH/PSFCH carrying HARQ feedback allocation options according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates an example system architecture according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  12    illustrates another example system architecture according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  13    illustrates another example system architecture according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  14    illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary infrastructure equipment according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  15    illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary platform according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  16    illustrates a block diagram of baseband circuitry and front end modules according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  17    illustrates a block diagram of exemplary protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to embodiments. 
         FIG.  18    illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary computer system that can be utilized to implement various embodiments. 
         FIG.  19    illustrates a method of operating the system according to embodiments. 
     
    
    
     The features and advantages of the embodiments will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements. The drawing in which an element first appears is indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the corresponding reference number. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Abbreviations 
     For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein, but is not meant to be limiting.
         3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project   4G Fourth Generation   5G Fifth Generation   5GC 5G Core network   ACK Acknowledgement   AF Application Function   AM Acknowledged Mode   AMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate   AMF Access and Mobility Management Function   AN Access Network   ANR Automatic Neighbour Relation   AP Application Protocol, Antenna Port, Access Point   API Application Programming Interface   APN Access Point Name   ARP Allocation and Retention Priority   ARQ Automatic Repeat Request   AS Access Stratum   ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One   AUSF Authentication Server Function   AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise   BCH Broadcast Channel   BER Bit Error Ratio   BFD Beam Failure Detection   BLER Block Error Rate   BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying   BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server   BSS Business Support System   BS Base Station   BSR Buffer Status Report   BW Bandwidth   BWP Bandwidth Part   C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity   CA Carrier Aggregation, Certification Authority   CAPEX CAPital EXpenditure   CBRA Contention Based Random Access   CC Component Carrier, Country Code, Cryptographic Checksum   CCA Clear Channel Assessment   CCE Control Channel Element   CCCH Common Control Channel   CE Coverage Enhancement   CDM Content Delivery Network   CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access   CFRA Contention Free Random Access   CG Cell Group   CI Cell Identity   CID Cell-ID (e.g., positioning method)   CIM Common Information Model   CIR Carrier to Interference Ratio   CK Cipher Key   CM Connection Management, Conditional Mandatory   CMAS Commercial Mobile Alert Service   CMD Command   CMS Cloud Management System   CO Conditional Optional   CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point   CORESET Control Resource Set   COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf   CP Control Plane, Cyclic Prefix, Connection Point   CPD Connection Point Descriptor   CPE Customer Premise Equipment   CPICH Common Pilot Channel   CQI Channel Quality Indicator   CPU CSI processing unit, Central Processing Unit   C/R Command/Response field bit   CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network, Cloud RAN   CRB Common Resource Block   CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check   CRI Channel-State Information Resource Indicator, CSI-RS Resource Indicator   C-RNTI Cell RNTI   CS Circuit Switched   CSAR Cloud Service Archive   CSI Channel-State Information   CSI-IM CSI Interference Measurement   CSI-RS CSI Reference Signal   CSI-RSRP CSI reference signal received power   CSI-RSRQ CSI reference signal received quality   CSI-SINR CSI signal-to-noise and interference ratio   CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access   CSMA/CA CSMA with collision avoidance   CSS Common Search Space, Cell-specific Search Space   CTS Clear-to-Send   CW Codeword   CWS Contention Window Size   D2D Device-to-Device   DC Dual Connectivity, Direct Current   DCI Downlink Control Information   DF Deployment Flavour   DL Downlink   DMTF Distributed Management Task Force   DPDK Data Plane Development Kit   DM-RS, DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal   DN Data network   DRB Data Radio Bearer   DRS Discovery Reference Signal   DRX Discontinuous Reception   DSL Domain Specific Language. Digital Subscriber Line   DSLAM DSL Access Multiplexer   DwPTS Downlink Pilot Time Slot   E-LAN Ethernet Local Area Network   E2E End-to-End   ECCA extended clear channel assessment, extended CCA   ECCE Enhanced Control Channel Element, Enhanced CCE   ED Energy Detection   EDGE Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (GSM Evolution)   EGMF Exposure Governance Management Function   EGPRS Enhanced GPRS   EIR Equipment Identity Register   eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, enhanced LAA   EM Element Manager   eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband   EMS Element Management System   eNB evolved NodeB, E-UTRAN Node B   EN-DC E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity   EPC Evolved Packet Core   EPDCCH enhanced PDCCH, enhanced Physical Downlink Control Cannel   EPRE Energy per resource element   EPS Evolved Packet System   EREG enhanced REG, enhanced resource element groups   ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute   ETWS Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System   eUICC embedded UICC, embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card   E-UTRA Evolved UTRA   E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN   EV2X Enhanced V2X   F1AP F1 Application Protocol   F1-C F1 Control plane interface   F1-U F1 User plane interface   FACCH Fast Associated Control CHannel   FACCH/F Fast Associated Control Channel/Full rate   FACCH/H Fast Associated Control Channel/Half rate   FACH Forward Access Channel   FAUSCH Fast Uplink Signalling Channel   FB Functional Block   FBI Feedback Information   FCC Federal Communications Commission   FCCH Frequency Correction CHannel   FDD Frequency Division Duplex   FDM Frequency Division Multiplex   FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access   FE Front End   FEC Forward Error Correction   FFS For Further Study   FFT Fast Fourier Transformation   feLAA further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, further enhanced LAA   FN Frame Number   FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array   FR Frequency Range   G-RNTI GERAN Radio Network Temporary Identity   GERAN GSM EDGE RAN, GSM EDGE Radio Access Network   GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node   GLONASS GLObal&#39;naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (Engl.: Global Navigation Satellite System)   gNB Next Generation NodeB   gNB-CU gNB-centralized unit, Next Generation NodeB centralized unit   gNB-DU gNB-distributed unit, Next Generation NodeB distributed unit   GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System   GPRS General Packet Radio Service   GSM Global System for Mobile Communications, Groupe Special Mobile   GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol   GTP-U GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for User Plane   GTS Go To Sleep Signal (related to WUS)   GUMMEI Globally Unique MME Identifier   GUTI Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity   HARQ Hybrid ARQ, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request   HANDO, HO Handover   HFN HyperFrame Number   HHO Hard Handover   HLR Home Location Register   HN Home Network   HO Handover   HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile Network   HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access   HSN Hopping Sequence Number   HSPA High Speed Packet Access   HSS Home Subscriber Server   HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access   HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol   HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (https is http/1.1 over SSL, i.e., port 443)   I-Block Information Block   ICCID Integrated Circuit Card Identification   ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Coordination   ID Identity, identifier   IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform   IE Information element   IBE In-Band Emission   IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers   IEI Information Element Identifier   IEIDL Information Element Identifier Data Length   IETF Internet Engineering Task Force   IF Infrastructure   IM Interference Measurement, Intermodulation, IP Multimedia   IMC IMS Credentials   IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity   IMGI International mobile group identity   IMPI IP Multimedia Private Identity   IMPU IP Multimedia PUblic identity   IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem   IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity   IoT Internet of Things   IP Internet Protocol   Ipsec IP Security, Internet Protocol Security   IP-CAN IP-Connectivity Access Network   IP-M IP Multicast   IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4   IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6   IR Infrared   IS In Sync   IRP Integration Reference Point   ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network   ISIM IM Services Identity Module   ISO International Organisation for Standardisation   ISP Internet Service Provider   IWF Interworking-Function   I-WLAN Interworking WLAN   K Constraint length of the convolutional code, USIM Individual key   kB Kilobyte (1000 bytes)   kbps kilo-bits per second   Kc Ciphering key   Ki Individual subscriber authentication key   KPI Key Performance Indicator   KQI Key Quality Indicator   KSI Key Set Identifier   ksps kilo-symbols per second   KVM Kernel Virtual Machine   L1 Layer 1 (physical layer)   L1-RSRP Layer 1 reference signal received power   L2 Layer 2 (data link layer)   L3 Layer 3 (network layer)   LAA Licensed Assisted Access   LAN Local Area Network   LBT Listen Before Talk   LCM LifeCycle Management   LCR Low Chip Rate   LCS Location Services   LCID Logical Channel ID   LI Layer Indicator   LLC Logical Link Control, Low Layer Compatibility   LPLMN Local PLMN   LPP LTE Positioning Protocol   LSB Least Significant Bit   LTE Long Term Evolution   LWA LTE-WLAN aggregation   LWIP LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel   LTE Long Term Evolution   M2M Machine-to-Machine   MAC Medium Access Control (protocol layering context)   MAC Message authentication code (security/encryption context)   MAC-A MAC used for authentication and key agreement (TSG T WG3 context)   MAC-I MAC used for data integrity of signalling messages (TSG T WG3 context)   MANO Management and Orchestration   MBMS Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service   MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency Network   MCC Mobile Country Code   MCG Master Cell Group   MCOT Maximum Channel Occupancy Time   MCS Modulation and coding scheme   MDAF Management Data Analytics Function   MDAS Management Data Analytics Service   MDT Minimization of Drive Tests   ME Mobile Equipment   MeNB master eNB   MER Message Error Ratio   MGL Measurement Gap Length   MGRP Measurement Gap Repetition Period   MIB Master Information Block, Management Information Base   MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output   MLC Mobile Location Centre   MM Mobility Management   MME Mobility Management Entity   MN Master Node   MO Measurement Object, Mobile Originated   MPBCH MTC Physical Broadcast CHannel   MPDCCH MTC Physical Downlink Control CHannel   MPDSCH MTC Physical Downlink Shared CHannel   MPRACH MTC Physical Random Access CHannel   MPUSCH MTC Physical Uplink Shared Channel   MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switching   MS Mobile Station   MSB Most Significant Bit   MSC Mobile Switching Centre   MSI Minimum System Information, MCH Scheduling Information   MSID Mobile Station Identifier   MSIN Mobile Station Identification Number   MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number   MT Mobile Terminated, Mobile Termination   MTC Machine-Type Communications   mMTC massive MTC, massive Machine-Type Communications   MU-MIMO Multi User MIMO   MWUS MTC wake-up signal, MTC WUS   NACK Negative Acknowledgement   NAI Network Access Identifier   NAS Non-Access Stratum, Non-Access Stratum layer   NCT Network Connectivity Topology   NEC Network Capability Exposure   NE-DC NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity   NEF Network Exposure Function   NF Network Function   NFP Network Forwarding Path   NFPD Network Forwarding Path Descriptor   NFV Network Functions Virtualization   NFVI NFV Infrastructure   NFVO NFV Orchestrator   NG Next Generation, Next Gen   NGEN-DC NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity   NM Network Manager   NMS Network Management System   N-PoP Network Point of Presence   NMIB, N-MIB Narrowband MIB   NPBCH Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannel   NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannel   NPDSCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannel   NPRACH Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel   NPUSCH Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel   NPSS Narrowband Primary Synchronization Signal   NSSS Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal   NR New Radio, Neighbour Relation   NRF NF Repository Function   NRS Narrowband Reference Signal   NS Network Service   NSA Non-Standalone operation mode   NSD Network Service Descriptor   NSR Network Service Record   NSSAI Network Slice Selection Assistance Information   S-NNSAI Single-NSSAI   NSSF Network Slice Selection Function   NW Network   NWUS Narrowband wake-up signal, Narrowband WUS   NZP Non-Zero Power   O&amp;M Operation and Maintenance   ODU2 Optical channel Data Unit—type 2   OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing   OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access   OOB Out-of-band   OOS Out of Sync   OPEX OPerating EXpense   OSI Other System Information   OSS Operations Support System   OTA over-the-air   PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio   PAR Peak to Average Ratio   PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel   PC Power Control, Personal Computer   PCC Primary Component Carrier, Primary CC   PCell Primary Cell   PCI Physical Cell ID, Physical Cell Identity   PCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Function   PCF Policy Control Function   PCRF Policy Control and Charging Rules Function   PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol, Packet Data Convergence Protocol layer   PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel   PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol   PDN Packet Data Network, Public Data Network   PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel   PDU Protocol Data Unit   PEI Permanent Equipment Identifiers   PFD Packet Flow Description   P-GW PDN Gateway   PHICH Physical hybrid-ARQ indicator channel   PHY Physical layer   PLMN Public Land Mobile Network   PIN Personal Identification Number   PM Performance Measurement   PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator   PNF Physical Network Function   PNFD Physical Network Function Descriptor   PNFR Physical Network Function Record   POC PTT over Cellular   PP, PTP Point-to-Point   PPP Point-to-Point Protocol   PRACH Physical RACH   PRB Physical resource block   PRG Physical resource block group   ProSe Proximity Services, Proximity-Based Service   PRS Positioning Reference Signal   PRR Packet Reception Radio   PS Packet Services   PSBCH Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel   PSDCH Physical Sidelink Downlink Channel   PSCCH Physical Sidelink Control Channel   PSSCH Physical Sidelink Shared Channel   PSCell Primary SCell   PSS Primary Synchronization Signal   PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network   PT-RS Phase-tracking reference signal   PTT Push-to-Talk   PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel   PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel   QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation   QCI QoS class of identifier   QCL Quasi co-location   QFI QoS Flow ID, QoS Flow Identifier   QoS Quality of Service   QPSK Quadrature (Quaternary) Phase Shift Keying   QZSS Quasi-Zenith Satellite System   RA-RNTI Random Access RNTI   RAB Radio Access Bearer, Random Access Burst   RACH Random Access Channel   RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service   RAN Radio Access Network   RAND RANDom number (used for authentication)   RAR Random Access Response   RAT Radio Access Technology   RAU Routing Area Update   RB Resource block, Radio Bearer   RBG Resource block group   REG Resource Element Group   Rel Release   REQ REQuest   RF Radio Frequency   RI Rank Indicator   MV Resource indicator value   RL Radio Link   RLC Radio Link Control, Radio Link Control layer   RLC AM RLC Acknowledged Mode   RLC UM RLC Unacknowledged Mode   RLF Radio Link Failure   RLM Radio Link Monitoring   RLM-RS Reference Signal for RLM   RM Registration Management   RMC Reference Measurement Channel   RMSI Remaining MSI, Remaining Minimum System Information   RN Relay Node   RNC Radio Network Controller   RNL Radio Network Layer   RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier   ROHC RObust Header Compression   RRC Radio Resource Control, Radio Resource Control layer   RRM Radio Resource Management   RS Reference Signal   RSRP Reference Signal Received Power   RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality   RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator   RSU Road Side Unit   RSTD Reference Signal Time difference   RTP Real Time Protocol   RTS Ready-To-Send   RTT Round Trip Time   Rx Reception, Receiving, Receiver   S1AP S1 Application Protocol   S1-MME S1 for the control plane   S1-U S1 for the user plane   S-GW Serving Gateway   S-RNTI SRNC Radio Network Temporary Identity   S-TMSI SAE Temporary Mobile Station Identifier   SA Standalone operation mode   SAE System Architecture Evolution   SAP Service Access Point   SAPD Service Access Point Descriptor   SAPI Service Access Point Identifier   SCC Secondary Component Carrier, Secondary CC   SCell Secondary Cell   SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access   SCG Secondary Cell Group   SCM Security Context Management   SCS Subcarrier Spacing   SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol   SDAP Service Data Adaptation Protocol, Service Data Adaptation Protocol layer   SDL Supplementary Downlink   SDNF Structured Data Storage Network Function   SDP Service Discovery Protocol (Bluetooth related)   SDSF Structured Data Storage Function   SDU Service Data Unit   SEAF Security Anchor Function   SeNB secondary eNB   SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy   SFI Slot format indication   SFTD Space-Frequency Time Diversity, SFN and frame timing difference   SFN System Frame Number   SgNB Secondary gNB   SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node   S-GW Serving Gateway   SI System Information   SI-RNTI System Information RNTI   SIB System Information Block   SIM Subscriber Identity Module   SIP Session Initiated Protocol   SiP System in Package   SL Sidelink   SLA Service Level Agreement   SM Session Management   SMF Session Management Function   SMS Short Message Service   SMSF SMS Function   SMTC SSB-based Measurement Timing Configuration   SN Secondary Node, Sequence Number   SoC System on Chip   SON Self-Organizing Network   SpCell Special Cell   SP-CSI-RNTI Semi-Persistent CSI RNTI   SPS Semi-Persistent Scheduling   SQN Sequence number   SR Scheduling Request   SRB Signalling Radio Bearer   SRS Sounding Reference Signal   SS Synchronization Signal   SSB Synchronization Signal Block, SS/PBCH Block   SSBRI SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator, Synchronization Signal Block Resource Indicator   SSC Session and Service Continuity   SS-RSRP Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received Power   SS-RSRQ Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received Quality   SS-SINR Synchronization Signal based Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio   SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal   SSSG Search Space Set Group   SSSIF Search Space Set Indicator   SST Slice/Service Types   SU-MIMO Single User MIMO   SUL Supplementary Uplink   TA Timing Advance, Tracking Area   TAC Tracking Area Code   TAG Timing Advance Group   TAU Tracking Area Update   TB Transport Block   TBS Transport Block Size   TBD To Be Defined   TCI Transmission Configuration Indicator   TCP Transmission Communication Protocol   TDD Time Division Duplex   TDM Time Division Multiplexing   TDMA Time Division Multiple Access   TE Terminal Equipment   TEID Tunnel End Point Identifier   TFT Traffic Flow Template   TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity   TNL Transport Network Layer   TPC Transmit Power Control   TPMI Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator   TR Technical Report   TRP, TRxP Transmission Reception Point   TRS Tracking Reference Signal   TRx Transceiver   TS Technical Specifications, Technical Standard   TTI Transmission Time Interval   Tx Transmission, Transmitting, Transmitter   U-RNTI UTRAN Radio Network Temporary Identity   UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter   UCI Uplink Control Information   UE User Equipment   UDM Unified Data Management   UDP User Datagram Protocol   UDSF Unstructured Data Storage Network Function   UICC Universal Integrated Circuit Card   UL Uplink   UM Unacknowledged Mode   UML Unified Modelling Language   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System   UP User Plane   UPF User Plane Function   URI Uniform Resource Identifier   URL Uniform Resource Locator   URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency   USB Universal Serial Bus   USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module   USS UE-specific search space   UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access   UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network   UwPTS Uplink Pilot Time Slot   V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastruction   V2P Vehicle-to-Pedestrian   V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle   V2X Vehicle-to-everything   VIM Virtualized Infrastructure Manager   VL Virtual Link,   VLAN Virtual LAN, Virtual Local Area Network   VM Virtual Machine   VNF Virtualized Network Function   VNFFG VNF Forwarding Graph   VNFFGD VNF Forwarding Graph Descriptor   VNFM VNF Manager   VoIP Voice-over-IP, Voice-over-Internet Protocol   VPLMN Visited Public Land Mobile Network   VPN Virtual Private Network   VRB Virtual Resource Block   WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access   WLAN Wireless Local Area Network   WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Network   WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network   X2-C X2-Control plane   X2-U X2-User plane   XML eXtensible Markup Language   XRES EXpected user RESponse   XOR eXclusive OR   ZC Zadoff-Chu   ZP Zero Power
 
Discussion of Embodiments
       

     The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrase “A or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B). 
     It is expected that NR V2X communication systems will support a wide variety of use cases and deployment scenarios including basic safety message exchange, advanced driving applications, and extended sensor sharing. While basic safety applications may largely reuse Long-Term Evolution (LTE)—the well-known 4G mobile communications standard—design of channel access based on sensing performed at the transmission/transmitter (TX) side, the advanced applications may require channel access schemes based on a combination of TX and reception/receiver (RX) based sensing to achieve higher data rates and reliability. Note, that such new use cases mainly assume groupcast or unicast type of sidelink communication wherein the knowledge of intended message recipients may help in adapting TX and RX behavior to select optimal resources in terms of system capacity and link performance. 
     In broadcast systems there is no accurate characterization of intended receivers and respective propagation channels that leads to the only approach for collision avoidance, which is transmitter based channel sensing for resource selection. Note, this approach was adopted as the scheme for Rel.14 V2V communication in LTE. It is also well recognized that such approach does not directly ensure RX channel quality due to multiple challenges such as hidden node interference, in-band emission, and near-far problems. 
     The TX-based channel sensing scheme if it is directly applied for unicast and groupcast operation, targeted to be supported by NR V2X, would substantially limit the achievable link reliability and spectrum efficiency due to the same problems of hidden node interference, in-band emissions, and near-far effects. It should be noted that the intended receiver/group of receivers for unicast and groupcast may be assumed to be known due to pre-association, authorization, discovery procedures at least from higher layer perspective. Therefore, such types of links may employ a more advanced collision avoidance scheme based on a combination of TX and RX based sensing. 
     Introduction of unicast links together with broadcast operation in the same spectrum requires considerations on seamless co-existence of both communication types. Therefore, at least introduction of unicast links into a broadcast system should not substantially degrade the performance of the broadcast system. Also the performance of the unicast system in case of the mixed unicast and broadcast traffic should not substantially degrade comparing to the unicast-only scenario. In order to ensure such co-existence, the distributed communication mode may be designed to take into account different types of links and may employ a unified channel sensing approach and control signaling design. 
     For optimal operation of the mentioned diverse services in the same spectrum, control channel design for sidelink may play crucial role. In this invention, design and procedures for sidelink control channel (PSCCH) is described with the following components: (1) universal PSCCH structure for handling standalone and non-standalone PSCCH; (2) structure and procedures for PSCCH carrying sidelink control information (SCI) scheduling PSSCH; (3) structure and procedures for standalone PSCCH and PSFCH; (4) enable a system supporting both traffic type without performance degradation. Therefore, even the flexible communication system can be used even for up to now not considered use cases as all possible traffic types are foreseen. 
     Universal PSCCH Structure 
     According to current agreements, the PSCCH may at least have the following properties: (1) it may be transmitted before associated PSSCH in non-overlapping symbols, (2) it may be transmitted in symbols overlapping with associated PSSCH, (3) it may at least have OFDM waveform (DFT-s-OFDM is not confirmed yet), (4) it may at least carry SCI that schedules PSSCH. 
     Besides the agreed attributes, the following properties are also envisioned for PSCCH: (1) controlled monitoring complexity, for example, monitoring of configured control resources should cause expected UE complexity in terms of number of channel estimations and blind decoding attempts in a given time interval; (2) variable spectrum efficiency (SE) of PSCCH transmission, for example, in the case of unicast/groupcast communication or different QoS of broadcast services, different coverage of PSCCH transmission may be required, therefore variable SE of PSCCH is beneficial to adapt to different cases; (3) potentially variable payload size, same as above, etc. 
     Prior disclosures have discussed example embodiments of realization of variable SE of a PSCCH transmission. The variable SE of PSCCH may be realized by aggregation of a different number of basic control channel elements (CCEs), so called SL-CCEs. 
     To overcome such limtations,  FIG.  1    illustrates structures  102  resulting in different aggregations, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. Specifically,  FIG.  1    shows an example of PSCCH formats  104  with different duration or different bandwidth according to embodiments. Having a flexible structure to realize different aggregation levels of PSCCH, it is important to define procedure when/how to use those. 
     The different PSCCH formats  104  (e.g., aggregation levels of PSCCH) may be used in different situations. For example, different services and service types (i.e., unicast, groupcast, broadcast) may require different coverage of PSCCH carrying SCI. In another example, there may be standalone PSCCH without associated PSSCH requiring different coverage than PSCCH associated with PSSCH. 
     In some embodiments, PSCCH format  104  can be associated with a given combination of QoS attribute levels that include one or more of priority, reliability, latency, communication range, etc. The association may be configured by RRC configuration or by pre-configuration. The configuration may be UE-specific or common for a group of UEs or for a carrier, etc. For example, PSCCH format  104  “0” may be associated with priority levels 0 and 1, PSCCH format  104  “1” may be associated with priority levels 2 and 3, etc. 
     In some embodiments, a PSCCH format  104  can be associated with a given SCI or SFCI format to be carried. For example, a PSCCH format  104  “0” may be associated with SCI scheduling PSSCH, PSCCH format  104  “1” may be associated with SFCI carrying HARQ feedback, PSCCH format  104  “2” may be associated with SFCI carrying CSI report, etc. Note, in case of SFCI carrying HARQ feedback, the PSCCH format  104  may be called PSFCH (physical sidelink feedback channel). 
     Frequency Domain Dimensioning 
     In LTE, in order to limit the maximum number of PSCCH resources in a carrier and also for channel sensing purposes, a sub-channelization procedure was introduced. A sub-channel was associated with single PSCCH resource and there was a configurable number of sub-channels (or sub-channel size) in a carrier. In NR, similar sub-channelization concept may be introduced, however, each sub-channel may not be associated with one PSCCH resource. Single PSCCH resource may not serve all purposes envisioned for PSCCH usage, such as PSCCH carrying SCI, standalone PSCCH for reservation, pre-emption, feedback etc. 
     Sub-channelization problem may not be trivial in NR due to the fact that channel bandwidth for different combinations of carrier bandwidth and SCS are usually not integer-multiple of any base number (please refer to Table 1 and Table 2). For example, in SCS=30 kHz the number of PRB in 10 MHz is 24 while in 20 MHz it is 51, i.e., N PRB_2X_MHz ≠2*N PRB_X_MHz  in most of the cases. Therefore, configurability of sub-channelization would be required in order to adapt to different available number of PRBs in channel bandwidth and utilize them fully. 
     Table 1. Transmission bandwidth configuration N RB  for FR1 (from TS 38.104) 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Transmission bandwidth configuration N RB  for FR1 (from TS 38.104) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5 
                 10 
                 15 
                 20 
                 25 
                 30 
                 40 
                 50 
                 60 
                 70 
                 80 
                 90 
                 100 
               
               
                 SCS 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
                 MHz 
               
               
                 (kHz) 
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 15 
                 25 
                 52 
                 79 
                 106 
                 133 
                 160 
                 216 
                 270 
                 N.A 
                 N.A 
                 N.A 
                 N.A 
                 N.A 
               
               
                 30 
                 11 
                 24 
                 38 
                 51 
                 65 
                 78 
                 106 
                 133 
                 162 
                 189 
                 217 
                 245 
                 273 
               
               
                 60 
                 N.A 
                 11 
                 18 
                 24 
                 31 
                 38 
                 51 
                 65 
                 79 
                 93 
                 107 
                 121 
                 135 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 2: Transmission bandwidth configuration N RB  for FR2 (from TS 38.104) 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Transmission bandwidth configuration  
               
               
                 N RB  for FR2 (from TS 38.104) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SCS 
                 50 MHz 
                 100 MHz 
                 200 MHz 
                 400 MHz 
               
               
                 (kHz) 
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
                 N RB   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 60 
                 66 
                 132 
                 264 
                 N.A 
               
               
                 120 
                 32 
                 66 
                 132 
                 264 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one embodiment, a sub-channel contains M contiguous PSCCH resources, where M may be 1 or 2 or a larger value. Contiguous here mean rather logical domain since PSCCH resources itself may not be configured in all PRBs in frequency direction, these PRBs might not even be adjacent. It should be noted, that M=2 may suit most of the cases, where one of the resources may be usually utilized for PSCCH carrying SCI and another resource may be utilized for standalone PSCCH carrying reservation, preemption, feedback, etc. However, this may require every combination of SCS and carrier bandwidth to contain at least two sizes of PSCCH. As it can be seen, for 30 kHz @ 5 MHz and 60 kHz @ 10 MHz the number of PRBs is 11 that may be too small to contain two PSCCH resources of bandwidth more than 5 PRB. In such cases, there could be exceptions introduced, such as smaller number of PSCCH resources per sub-channel or smaller PSCCH resource size. 
     In one embodiment, two different sub-channel sizes may be configured in order to efficiently utilize spectrum in any combination of SCS and carrier bandwidth. The first sub-channel size may be used as a major size so that the number of second sub-channel sized resources is always equal or smaller than the first size resources. 
     Alternatively, sub-channel size may not be explicitly configured, but derived from an explicitly configured number of sub-channels and the number of PRBs in a V2X resource pool. Assuming the number of available PRBs in the V2X resource pool is N PRB , and the number of configured sub-channels is N SBC , the first sub-channel size may be calculated as floor(N PRB /N SBC ) and the second sub-channel size may be calculated as ceil(N PRB /N SBC ). When N SBC *floor(N PRB /N SBC ) is equal to N PRB , then there is only one sub-channel size. The sub-channels of different sizes may be mapped to the V2X resource pool consecutively, i.e., all sub-channels of the first (or second) size and then all sub-channels of the second (or first) size. Or, the sub-channels of different sizes may be interlaced in uniform manner. 
     In another embodiment related to the above sub-channelization options, a UE does not expect a resulting sub-channel size to be smaller than M PSCCH resources. For example, a sub-channel should contain at least one PSCCH resource. 
     Time Domain Dimensioning 
     Dimensioning of control channel in time is good to achieve different reliability because of the limited power. However, it may introduce system complications caused by interference and signal power variations within a slot if the control is transmitted without PSSCH. In that sense, a limited number of different PSCCH durations is only possible in a carrier. For example, one short and one long structure may be introduced as discussed in other section of this IDF. 
     Structure and Procedures for PSCCH Carrying SCI Associated with PSSCH 
     1. Rate-Matching Assumptions 
     Once control resources for PSCCH monitoring are defined, an assumption at a UE should be made whether to use symbols carrying PSCCH for PSSCH or not. In order to elaborate further on this issue, first, a reference structure is illustrated in  FIG.  2   . 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a PSCCH and PSSCH resource configuration example according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  2    shows where there are two sub-channels  202 , a sidelink CORESET  204  is composed from 3 first symbols of a slot  206  with two PSCCH resources  208  per sub-channel, and the remaining symbols in the slot are dedicated to PSSCH. Note, as illustrated in the right part of the figure there may be PRBs in PSCCH symbols, which are not occupied by PSCCH. 
     In one embodiment, a given PSCCH transmission may be associated with PSSCH rate-matching (RM) mode according to one of the following alternative modes described below. 
     RM Modes: 
     RM mode 0: Around all PSCCH resources in the resource pool or sidelink control resource set (CORESET). This mode may also cover the case where there are multiple sidelink CORESETs but only one or some or all CORESETs are rate-matched. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example RM mode “0”  302  according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  3    shows where data scheduled on two sub-channels is rate-matched around all control resources. The main property of this option is that there are control resources in occupied data sub-channels which can be used for transmission of PSCCH without associated PSSCH, e.g., carrying HARQ feedback. 
     RM mode 1: Around PSCCH carrying the indication. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates an example RM mode “1”  402  according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  4    shows where data scheduled on two sub-channels is rate-matched only around the PSCCH resource(s) that schedules this PSSCH and the remaining PRBs in the control resource set are also used for PSSCH. This rate-matching mode maximizes throughput of PSSCH assuming the other PSCCH candidates in these sub-channels should not be occupied by standalone PSCCH. 
     RM mode 2: Around all PSCCH resources in the sub-channel where the PSCCH is carrying the indication detected. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an example RM mode “2”  502  according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  5    shows where data scheduled on two sub-channels is rate-matched around both control resources in the sub-channel where PSCCH is detected and is transmitted on other PRBs in other sub-channels. In that case, it is still possible to have additional PSCCH transmission within these sub-channels, however in the same time, PSSCH throughput is not penalized by rate-matching entire PSCCH symbols. 
     RM mode 3: Around a configured PSCCH resource sub-set in the sidelink COREST/resource pool. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an example RM mode “3”  602  according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  6    shows where data scheduled on two sub-channels is rate-matched around some control resources that are configured to a UE. 
     In one embodiment, in relation to the listed RM modes 0 to 3, SCI scheduling PSSCH may carry a field that indicates which of the modes is used by the transmitter. For example, a 2-bit field may encode the four listed modes, where the value of the field may be translated to the RM mode index. In case of larger or smaller number of modes supported in dynamic manner, the bit-field may correspondingly be of larger or smaller size. 
     The RM mode may be selected by the transmitter based on scheduling decision in autonomous manner or be a function of channel access procedures, (pre)-configuration by network, association with quality of service attributes (which include priority, reliability, latency, communication range). It may also be controlled by congestion control functions, for example, the RM modes occupying more control channel symbols/PRBs (e.g., RM  1 ,  2 ) may be selected in case of light loading (congestion metric is below certain threshold) while the RM modes occupying less control channel symbols/PRBs (e.g., RM  0 ) may be selected in case of higher loading (congestion metric is above certain threshold). 
     2. Relation of PSCCH Frequency Resources and PSSCH Frequency Resources 
     In order to preserve typical UE implementation, transmission of PSCCH and PSSCH in overlapping symbols should be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In some of the RM modes described previously, the UE may need to rate-match around some PRBs in control region, therefore in these cases it would be beneficial to keep the empty PRBs at edges of the transmission. 
     In one embodiment, PSSCH resources may be an outcome of channel sensing procedure while PSCCH may be determined with respect to start PRB or center PRB of PSSCH allocation. In particular, the PSCCH carrying SCI may be allocated in lowest or highest index sub-channel taking into account the rate-matching mode so that if PSSCH is contained in the same symbols as PSCCH, there is no gaps within total PSCCH and PSSCH transmission. 
     Alternatively, PSCCH resource may be an outcome of channel sensing procedure within PSCCH region potentially with restriction that PSCCH candidates within PSSCH sub-channels are only considered. 
     In another example, PSCCH resource may be always allocated in center sub-channel (or near-center sub-channel when the number of selected sub-channels is even). 
     3. Relation to Standalone PSCCH 
     In case the standalone PSCCH plays role of so called reservation signal, there may be another structure defined to schedule PSSCH. In one embodiment, the PSCCH associated with PSSCH may be composed from two different self-decodable parts, PSCCH- 1  and PSCCH- 2 . The first part (PSCCH- 1 ) carries information to decode the second part (PSCCH- 2 ) and points to PSSCH resources in current slot and/or in future slots including repetition/retransmission resources. The second part at least includes information needed to decode PSSCH. In one embodiment, the first part PSCCH- 1  may be either sent in preceding slots or in the same slot confined within PSSCH transmission bandwidth. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates an example of PSCCH transmission  700  according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  7    shows where PSCCH- 1  and PSCCH- 2  may occupy contiguous resources of the same sub-channel. Transmission of the first part in other slot than the second part and PSSCH may be decided based on loading conditions, service type, QoS etc. For example, in case of lightly loaded network and/or when PSSCH transmission  700  is relatively short and urgent, the first PSCCH part may be sent a few slots before the second PSCCH part and associated PSSCH so that the resources going to be used for data are excluded by other UEs in resource selection procedures, if possible. 
     Standalone PSCCH and PSFCH 
     In NR V2X, there is a need for standalone transmission of PSCCH without associated PSSCH. An example of such a transmission may be one or multiple of the following: (1) SFCI (sidelink feedback control information) transmission. Note, that there may be multiple SFCI formats that carry different type of information, therefore some or all of them may be transmitted using PSCCH format(s), and some of them may be transmitted using dedicated PSFCH format(s); (2) Reservation signal. Depending on particular channel access scheme adopted in NR, there may be standalone PSCCH signal introduced that carries reservation information, i.e., indicates which resources are selected by a UE for transmission in a given time window; (3) Preemption signal. Depending on particular channel access scheme, there may be a special signal introduced that clears indicated resources in order to give a way to urgent or highly prioritized transmission; (4) Resource request/grant or resource assistance information. In unicast operation, there is a potential to exploit sensing information from TX and RX sides in order to optimize performance. The sensing information may be exchanged using standalone PSCCH transmissions. 
     1. Physical Structure of Standalone PSCCH 
     In one embodiment, at least two versions of standalone PSCCH transmission may be introduced, a long  804  PSCCH and a short  802  PSCCH. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates a short  802  and long  804  PSCCH according to embodiments. 
     “Long”  804  PSCCH: This PSCCH format may occupy all sidelink symbols available in a slot except necessary switching/retuning gaps and potentially specific AGC training symbols. The bandwidth of this PSCCH format may span from 1 to 2 PRBs. It should be modulated by QPSK. 
     “Short”  802  PSCCH: This PSCCH format may occupy L symbols that is less than the total number of available sidelink symbols in a slot. In one example, L may be 1 or 2 or 3 symbols. The bandwidth of this PSCCH format may span from 2 to around 8 PRBs in order to align spectrum efficiency with the long PSCCH format. Position within a slot may be either beginning or ending L symbols. It should be modulated by QPSK. 
     Both presented PSCCH formats may be supported and configured in a carrier. As a result, the short  802  PSCCH and long  804  PSCCH may be monitored in the same/overlapping resource set or in different resource sets. 
     In some embodiments, the short  802  standalone PSCCH (or PSFCH) may be transmitted in the end of a slot. In this case, PSCCH carrying SCI that is transmitted in the beginning of the slot, may convey an indication of rate-matching behavior around the PSCCH region/candidates in the end of the slot. The indication is needed at data receiver side in order to perform correct receive processing with actual rate-matching assumption and avoid blind detection of the rate-matching case. At the transmitter side the decision to transmit in the symbols overlapping with PSCCH/PSFCH region in the end of the slot may be a function of communication type, quality of service parameters, and channel sensing procedures. 
     HARQ feedback transmission may not be needed every time especially if broadcast, groupcast type of operation is considered. In that case, semi-static provisioning of separate resource for FB transmission may be too wasteful in terms of spectrum resources. In order to avoid constant control overhead of such an approach, the source of data may perform channel sensing procedures to identify whether the control resources for FB transmission may be utilized for PSSCH in a given time-frequency resource (i.e., sub-channel of a slot). It can be done by monitoring PSCCH and/or reservation signals of other transmitters and detecting whether FB transmission is already declared/requested. The decision about FB resource occupancy may also be a function of radio measurements and quality of service indicators (such as priority, reliability, latency, communication range, etc.) of both data source UE and opponent UEs planning FB transmissions. 
     2. Impact of Transient Periods, AGC Settling, Retuning/Switching 
     Introduction of standalone front-loaded PSCCH and in some cases introduction of front-loaded PSCCH associated with PSSCH may require considerations on transition symbols between PSCCH region/transmission and the other part of a slot. There are three main reasons: (1) AGC (˜10-15 μs); (2) TX-RX switching (13 μs); (3) Transition in TX due to power change, allocation change, frequency change. In current RAN4 assumptions, it may take 10 μs. It is usually absorbed by either a gap part, or by each of the signal parts in transition, or by one of the signal parts in transition. In one embodiment, when short  802  PSCCH region is configured in a carrier, it starts and ends with a gap symbol and an AGC/transient symbol where the gap symbol and the AGC/transient symbol may be the same symbol or different symbols. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates a gap symbol and an AGC/transient symbol according to embodiments. Specifically, the top left part of  FIG.  9    shows where symbols #0 and #4 (denoted as ‘XS’ where ‘X’ stands for any of AGC/gap/transient purpose and ‘S’ stands for symbol) are utilized for both gap and AGC training. It should be noted, that in many cases, there is no need for specific gap/AGC/transient symbol after short PSCCH due to the following assumptions: (1) There may be marginal performance difference if AGC is not performed after PSCCH since no RX clipping is expected, because due to procedures there is no signal appearing after PSCCH region without corresponding associated in PSSCH region. In other words, the AGC setting trained in PSCCH region may suit well for processing of PSSCH region in many cases; (2) There may be no need for TX-RX switching in case of standalone PSCCH transmission since due to half-duplex in PSCCH region, there is no chance to receive anything after without processing PSCCH. However, if the TX-RX switching gap is provisioned, then reception of PSSCH known from prior slots may be performed. Moreover, sidelink measurements may be also performed; (3) Transient period may be absorbed equally by PSCCH and PSSCH (5 μs per channel) so that impact is marginal in case of 15 and 30 kHz SCS. However, this may not be the case in 60 kHz SCS where transient period is comparable to symbol duration. 
     Based on the above considerations, in another example, when short  802  PSCCH region is configured in a carrier, it starts with a gap symbol and an AGC/transient symbol where the gap symbol and the AGC/transient symbol may be the same symbol or different symbols as illustrated in top right part of  FIG.  9   . 
     In another special case, when the standalone short  802  PSCCH (or specific PSFCH channel) is configured in the end of a slot, e.g., for feedback purposes, the ‘XS’ symbol(s) may be inserted prior to the short  802  PSCCH. For example, as illustrated in bottom left part of  FIG.  9   , the symbol #11 is an ‘XS’ symbol before 2-symbol short  802  PSCCH in the end. 
     3. Procedures to Transmit and Receive Standalone PSCCH 
     One example of standalone PSCCH transmission is a HARQ feedback. In NR it was agreed, that both ACK and NACK states can be reported in unicast mode. It was agreed to further consider NACK state only reporting in groupcast mode. 
     The feedback transmission procedures need to take into account processing time at both data receiver (PSCCH+PSSCH processing) and data transmitter (feedback processing). It may impact the design and resource allocation/timeline of control channel for HARQ feedback reporting. 
     Processing time at the data receiver side may be denoted as NS 1  that should account for PSCCH and the associated PSSCH processing and may be measured in number of symbols after the end of PSSCH. Processing time at the data transmitter side may be denoted as NS 2  that should account for PSCCH/PSFCH carrying SFCI processing plus preparation time for a new TB or a ReTX TB for particular HARQ process. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates an example HARQ feedback timeline for different PSCCH/PSFCH carrying HARQ feedback allocation options according to embodiments. Specifically  FIG.  10    shows several examples of unicast sidelink scheduling and HARQ timeline is illustrated as explained below. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1: PSCCH carrying HARQ feedback may be sent in the same PSCCH region/CORESET as the PSCCH carrying SCI. In this case, if SCI+PSSCH is sent in slot ‘n’, the PSCCH carrying HARQ FB may be sent in slot ‘n+2’ in order to provision processing time. After reception of the feedback in slot ‘n’, the new TB or ReTX TB for this HARQ process may be sent in slot ‘n+3’ or ‘n+4’ depending on processing capability. 
     Example 2: PSCCH carrying HARQ feedback may be sent in the same PSCCH region/CORESET as the PSCCH carrying SCI. There may be HARQ feedback multiplexing mechanism applied so that PSCCH may convey HARQ feedbacks of more than one HARQ processes and TBs. The multiplexing may performed by the data receiver UE based on predefined rules and indication in SCI scheduling PSSCH. For example, if SCI indicates feedback resources (e.g., slot indication) overlapping with previously scheduled feedback, then the data receiver UE multiplexed the different feedbacks in single transmission. 
     Example 3: In this example, similar procedures can be used as in example 1 and 2 with the difference that HARQ feedback(s) are carried be long PSCCH format. Since PSCCH carrying the lasts the whole slot, there is no chance to send a new TB or ReTX for this HARQ process in the next slot and therefore, at least one more slot should be skipped after the FB transmission occasion. 
     Example 4: In this example, PSCCH carrying HARQ feedback (or dedicated physical channel for feedback such as PSFCH), may be allocated in the end part of a slot in resources non-overlapping with PSCCH carrying SCI for scheduling PSSCH. Since there is no time domain overlap with SCI, there is no need to dedicate a separate slot for feedback purpose only. 
     Systems and Implementations 
       FIG.  11    illustrates an example system architecture according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  11    illustrates an example architecture of a system  1100  of a network, in accordance with various embodiments. The following description is provided for an example system  1100  that operates in conjunction with the LTE system standards and 5G or NR system standards as provided by 3GPP technical specifications. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems (e.g., Sixth Generation (6G)) systems, IEEE 802.16 protocols (e.g., WMAN, WiMAX, etc.), or the like. 
     As shown by  FIG.  11   , the system  1100  includes UE  1100   a  and  1101   b  (collectively referred to as “UEs  1101 ” or “UE  1101 ”). In this example, UEs  1101  are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or “smart” appliances, MTC devices, M2M, IoT devices, and/or the like. 
     In some embodiments, any of the UEs  1101  may be IoT UEs, which may comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a PLMN, ProSe or D2D communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network. 
     The UEs  1101  may be configured to connect, for example, communicatively couple, with an or RAN  1110 . In embodiments, the RAN  1110  may be an NG RAN or a 5G RAN, an E-UTRAN, or a legacy RAN, such as a UTRAN or GERAN. As used herein, the term “NG RAN” or the like may refer to a RAN  1110  that operates in an NR or 5G system  1100 , and the term “E-UTRAN” or the like may refer to a RAN  1110  that operates in an LTE or 4G system  1100 . The UEs  1101  utilize connections (or channels)  1103  and  1104 , respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below). 
     In this example, the connections  1103  and  1104  are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a GSM protocol, a CDMA network protocol, a PTT protocol, a POC protocol, a UMTS protocol, a 3GPP LTE protocol, a 5G protocol, a NR protocol, and/or any of the other communications protocols discussed herein. In embodiments, the UEs  1101  may directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface  1105 . The ProSe interface  1105  may alternatively be referred to as a SL interface  1105  and may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a PSCCH, a PSSCH, a PSDCH, and a PSBCH. 
     The  1101   b  is shown to be configured to access an AP  1106  (also referred to as “WLAN node  1106 ,” “WLAN  1106 ,” “WLAN Termination  1106 ,” “WT  1106 ” or the like) via connection  1107 . The connection  1107  can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP  1106  would comprise a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In this example, the AP  1106  is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). In various embodiments, the UE  1101   b , RAN  1110 , and AP  1106  may be configured to utilize LWA operation and/or LWIP operation. The LWA operation may involve the UE  1101   b  in RRC_CONNECTED being configured by a RAN node  1111   a - b  to utilize radio resources of LTE and WLAN. LWIP operation may involve the  1101   b  using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection  1107 ) via IPsec protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., IP packets) sent over the connection  1107 . IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating the entirety of original IP packets and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packets. 
     The RAN  1110  can include one or more AN nodes or RAN nodes  1111   a  and  1111   b  (collectively referred to as “RAN nodes  1111 ” or “RAN node  1111 ”) that enable the connections  1103  and  1104 . As used herein, the terms “access node,” “access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as BS, gNBs, RAN nodes, eNBs, NodeBs, RSUs, TRxPs or TRPs, and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). As used herein, the term “NG RAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node  1111  that operates in an NR or 5G system  1100  (for example, a gNB), and the term “E-UTRAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN nodec  1111  that operates in an LTE or 4G system  1100  (e.g., an eNB). According to various embodiments, the RAN nodes  1111  may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, and/or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. 
     In some embodiments, all or parts of the RAN nodes  1111  may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN and/or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). In these embodiments, the CRAN or vBBUP may implement a RAN function split, such as a PDCP split wherein RRC and PDCP layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and other L2 protocol entities are operated by individual RAN nodes  1111 ; a MAC/PHY split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and the PHY layer is operated by individual RAN nodes  1111 ; or a “lower PHY” split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC layers and upper portions of the PHY layer are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and lower portions of the PHY layer are operated by individual RAN nodes  1111 . This virtualized framework allows the freed-up processor cores of the RAN nodes  1111  to perform other virtualized applications. In some implementations, an individual RAN node  1111  may represent individual gNB-DUs that are connected to a gNB-CU via individual F1 interfaces (not shown by  FIG.  11   ). In these implementations, the gNB-DUs may include one or more remote radio heads or RFEMs (see, e.g.,  FIG.  14   ), and the gNB-CU may be operated by a server that is located in the RAN  1110  (not shown) or by a server pool in a similar manner as the CRAN/vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes  1111  may be next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs), which are RAN nodes that provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UEs  1101 , and are connected to a 5GC (e.g., CN  1320  of  FIG.  13   ) via an NG interface (discussed infra). 
     In V2X scenarios one or more of the RAN nodes  1111  may be or act as RSUs. The term “Road Side Unit” or “RSU” may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where an RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU,” and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs  1101  (vUEs  1101 ). The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may operate on the 5.9 GHz Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate on the cellular V2X band to provide the aforementioned low latency communications, as well as other cellular communications services. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot (2.4 GHz band) and/or provide connectivity to one or more cellular networks to provide uplink and downlink communications. The computing device(s) and some or all of the radiofrequency circuitry of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller and/or a backhaul network. 
     Any of the RAN nodes  1111  can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs  1101 . In some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes  1111  can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN  1110  including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. 
     In embodiments, the UEs  1101  can be configured to communicate using OFDM communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes  1111  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an OFDMA communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a SC-FDMA communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal sub carriers. 
     In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes  1111  to the UEs  1101 , while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. 
     According to various embodiments, the UEs  1101  and the RAN nodes  1111 ,  1112  communicate data (for example, transmit and receive) data over a licensed medium (also referred to as the “licensed spectrum” and/or the “licensed band”) and an unlicensed shared medium (also referred to as the “unlicensed spectrum” and/or the “unlicensed band”). The licensed spectrum may include channels that operate in the frequency range of approximately 400 MHz to approximately 3.8 GHz, whereas the unlicensed spectrum may include the 5 GHz band. 
     To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the UEs  1101  and the RAN nodes  1111 ,  1112  may operate using LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms. In these implementations, the UEs  1101  and the RAN nodes  1111 ,  1112  may perform one or more known medium-sensing operations and/or carrier-sensing operations in order to determine whether one or more channels in the unlicensed spectrum is unavailable or otherwise occupied prior to transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum. The medium/carrier sensing operations may be performed according to a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol. 
     LBT is a mechanism whereby equipment (for example, UEs  1101 , RAN nodes  1111 ,  1112 , etc.) senses a medium (for example, a channel or carrier frequency) and transmits when the medium is sensed to be idle (or when a specific channel in the medium is sensed to be unoccupied). The medium sensing operation may include CCA, which utilizes at least ED to determine the presence or absence of other signals on a channel in order to determine if a channel is occupied or clear. This LBT mechanism allows cellular/LAA networks to coexist with incumbent systems in the unlicensed spectrum and with other LAA networks. ED may include sensing RF energy across an intended transmission band for a period of time and comparing the sensed RF energy to a predefined or configured threshold. 
     Typically, the incumbent systems in the 5 GHz band are WLANs based on IEEE 802.11 technologies. WLAN employs a contention-based channel access mechanism, called CSMA/CA. Here, when a WLAN node (e.g., a mobile station (MS) such as UE  1101  or AP  1106 , or the like) intends to transmit, the WLAN node may first perform CCA before transmission. Additionally, a backoff mechanism is used to avoid collisions in situations where more than one WLAN node senses the channel as idle and transmits at the same time. The backoff mechanism may be a counter that is drawn randomly within the CWS, which is increased exponentially upon the occurrence of collision and reset to a minimum value when the transmission succeeds. The LBT mechanism designed for LAA is somewhat similar to the CSMA/CA of WLAN. In some implementations, the LBT procedure for DL or UL transmission bursts including PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions, respectively, may have an LAA contention window that is variable in length between X and Y ECCA slots, where X and Y are minimum and maximum values for the CWSs for LAA. In one example, the minimum CWS for an LAA transmission may be 9 microseconds (μs); however, the size of the CWS and a MCOT (for example, a transmission burst) may be based on governmental regulatory requirements. 
     The LAA mechanisms are built upon CA technologies of LTE-Advanced systems. In CA, each aggregated carrier is referred to as a CC. A CC may have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz and a maximum of five CCs can be aggregated, and therefore, a maximum aggregated bandwidth is 100 MHz. In FDD systems, the number of aggregated carriers can be different for DL and UL, where the number of UL CCs is equal to or lower than the number of DL component carriers. In some cases, individual CCs can have a different bandwidth than other CCs. In TDD systems, the number of CCs as well as the bandwidths of each CC is usually the same for DL and UL. 
     CA also comprises individual serving cells to provide individual CCs. The coverage of the serving cells may differ, for example, because CCs on different frequency bands will experience different pathloss. A primary service cell or PCell may provide a PCC for both UL and DL, and may handle RRC and NAS related activities. The other serving cells are referred to as SCells, and each SCell may provide an individual SCC for both UL and DL. The SCCs may be added and removed as required, while changing the PCC may require the UE  1101  to undergo a handover. In LAA, eLAA, and feLAA, some or all of the SCells may operate in the unlicensed spectrum (referred to as “LAA SCells”), and the LAA SCells are assisted by a PCell operating in the licensed spectrum. When a UE is configured with more than one LAA SCell, the UE may receive UL grants on the configured LAA SCells indicating different PUSCH starting positions within a same subframe. 
     The PDSCH carries user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs  1101 . The PDCCH carries information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs  1101  about the transport format, resource allocation, and HARQ information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the  1101   b  within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes  1111  based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs  1101 . The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs  1101 . 
     The PDCCH uses CCEs to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as REGs. Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the DCI and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8). 
     Some embodiments may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some embodiments may utilize an EPDCCH that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more ECCEs. Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as EREGs. An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some situations. 
     The RAN nodes  1111  may be configured to communicate with one another via interface  1112 . In embodiments where the system  1100  is an LTE system (e.g., when CN  1120  is an EPC  1220  as in  FIG.  12   ), the interface  1112  may be an X2 interface  1112 . The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes  1111  (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to EPC  1120 , and/or between two eNBs connecting to EPC  1120 . In some implementations, the X2 interface may include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface, and may be used to communicate information about the delivery of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from a MeNB to an SeNB; information about successful in sequence delivery of PDCP PDUs to a UE  1101  from an SeNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE  1101 ; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the SeNB for transmitting to the UE user data; and the like. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs, user plane transport control, etc.; load management functionality; as well as inter-cell interference coordination functionality. 
     In embodiments where the system  1100  is a 5G or NR system (e.g., when CN  1120  is an 5GC  1320  as in  FIG.  13   ), the interface  1112  may be an Xn interface  1112 . The Xn interface is defined between two or more RAN nodes  1111  (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to 5GC  1120 , between a RAN node  1111  (e.g., a gNB) connecting to 5GC  1120  and an eNB, and/or between two eNBs connecting to 5GC  1120 . In some implementations, the Xn interface may include an Xn user plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn control plane (Xn-C) interface. The Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support for UE  1101  in a connected mode (e.g., CM-CONNECTED) including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes  1111 . The mobility support may include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAN node  1111  to new (target) serving RAN node  1111 ; and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node  1111  to new (target) serving RAN node  1111 . A protocol stack of the Xn-U may include a transport network layer built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer, and a GTP-U layer on top of a UDP and/or IP layer(s) to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack may include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as Xn Application Protocol (Xn-AP)) and a transport network layer that is built on SCTP. The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer, and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point-to-point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack and/or the Xn-C protocol stack may be same or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein. 
     The RAN  1110  is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network—in this embodiment, core network (CN)  1120 . The CN  1120  may comprise a plurality of network elements  1122 , which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs  1101 ) who are connected to the CN  1120  via the RAN  1110 . The components of the CN  1120  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN  1120  may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN  1120  may be referred to as a network sub-slice. NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions. 
     Generally, the application server  1130  may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS PS domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). The application server  1130  can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs  1101  via the EPC  1120 . 
     In embodiments, the CN  1120  may be a 5GC (referred to as “5GC  1120 ” or the like), and the RAN  1110  may be connected with the CN  1120  via an NG interface  1113 . In embodiments, the NG interface  1113  may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface  1114 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  1111  and a UPF, and the S1 control plane (NG-C) interface  1115 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  1111  and AMFs. Embodiments where the CN  1120  is a 5GC  1120  are discussed in more detail with regard to  FIG.  13   . 
     In embodiments, the CN  1120  may be a 5G CN (referred to as “5GC  1120 ” or the like), while in other embodiments, the CN  1120  may be an EPC). Where CN  1120  is an EPC (referred to as “EPC  1120 ” or the like), the RAN  1110  may be connected with the CN  1120  via an S1 interface  1113 . In embodiments, the S1 interface  1113  may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface  1114 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  1111  and the S-GW, and the S1-MME interface  1115 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  1111  and MMEs. An example architecture wherein the CN  1120  is an EPC  1120  is shown by  FIG.  12   . 
       FIG.  12    illustrates another example system architecture according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  12    illustrates an example architecture of a system  1200  including a first CN  1220 , in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, system  1200  may implement the LTE standard wherein the CN  1220  is an EPC  1220  that corresponds with CN  1120  of  FIG.  11   . Additionally, the UE  1201  may be the same or similar as the UEs  1101  of  FIG.  11   , and the E-UTRAN  1210  may be a RAN that is the same or similar to the RAN  1110  of  FIG.  11   , and which may include RAN nodes  1111  discussed previously. The CN  1220  may comprise MMEs  1221 , an S-GW  1222 , a P-GW  1223 , a HSS  1224 , and a SGSN  1225 . 
     The MMEs  1221  may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy SGSN, and may implement MM functions to keep track of the current location of a UE  1201 . The MMEs  1221  may perform various MM procedures to manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. MM (also referred to as “EPS MM” or “EMM” in E-UTRAN systems) may refer to all applicable procedures, methods, data storage, etc. that are used to maintain knowledge about a present location of the UE  1201 , provide user identity confidentiality, and/or perform other like services to users/subscribers. Each UE  1201  and the MME  1221  may include an MM or EMM sublayer, and an MM context may be established in the UE  1201  and the MME  1221  when an attach procedure is successfully completed. The MM context may be a data structure or database object that stores MM-related information of the UE  1201 . The MMEs  1221  may be coupled with the HSS  1224  via an S6a reference point, coupled with the SGSN  1225  via an S3 reference point, and coupled with the S-GW  1222  via an S11 reference point. 
     The SGSN  1225  may be a node that serves the UE  1201  by tracking the location of an individual UE  1201  and performing security functions. In addition, the SGSN  1225  may perform Inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between 2G/3G and E-UTRAN 3GPP access networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by the MMEs  1221 ; handling of UE  1201  time zone functions as specified by the MMEs  1221 ; and MME selection for handovers to E-UTRAN 3GPP access network. The S3 reference point between the MMEs  1221  and the SGSN  1225  may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active states. 
     The HSS  1224  may comprise a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions. The EPC  1220  may comprise one or several HSSs  1224 , depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS  1224  can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS  1224  and the MMEs  1221  may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the EPC  1220  between HSS  1224  and the MMEs  1221 . 
     The S-GW  1222  may terminate the S1 interface  1113  (“S1-U” in  FIG.  12   ) toward the RAN  1210 , and routes data packets between the RAN  1210  and the EPC  1220 . In addition, the S-GW  1222  may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. The S11 reference point between the S-GW  1222  and the MMEs  1221  may provide a control plane between the MMEs  1221  and the S-GW  1222 . The S-GW  1222  may be coupled with the P-GW  1223  via an S5 reference point. 
     The P-GW  1223  may terminate an SGi interface toward a PDN  1230 . The P-GW  1223  may route data packets between the EPC  1220  and external networks such as a network including the application server  1130  (alternatively referred to as an “AF”) via an IP interface  1125  (see e.g.,  FIG.  11   ). In embodiments, the P-GW  1223  may be communicatively coupled to an application server (application server  1130  of  FIG.  11    or PDN  1230  in  FIG.  12   ) via an IP communications interface  1125  (see, e.g.,  FIG.  11   ). The S5 reference point between the P-GW  1223  and the S-GW  1222  may provide user plane tunneling and tunnel management between the P-GW  1223  and the S-GW  1222 . The S5 reference point may also be used for S-GW  1222  relocation due to UE  1201  mobility and if the S-GW  1222  needs to connect to a non-collocated P-GW  1223  for the required PDN connectivity. The P-GW  1223  may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (e.g., PCEF (not shown)). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the P-GW  1223  and the packet data network (PDN)  1230  may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The P-GW  1223  may be coupled with a PCRF  1226  via a Gx reference point. 
     PCRF  1226  is the policy and charging control element of the EPC  1220 . In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF  1226  in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UE  1201 &#39;s Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UE  1201 &#39;s IP-CAN session, a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within an HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF  1226  may be communicatively coupled to the application server  1230  via the P-GW  1223 . The application server  1230  may signal the PCRF  1226  to indicate a new service flow and select the appropriate QoS and charging parameters. The PCRF  1226  may provision this rule into a PCEF (not shown) with the appropriate TFT and QCI, which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server  1230 . The Gx reference point between the PCRF  1226  and the P-GW  1223  may allow for the transfer of QoS policy and charging rules from the PCRF  1226  to PCEF in the P-GW  1223 . An Rx reference point may reside between the PDN  1230  (or “AF  1230 ”) and the PCRF  1226 . 
       FIG.  13    illustrates another example system architecture according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  13    illustrates an architecture of a system  1300  including a second CN  1320  in accordance with various embodiments. The system  1300  is shown to include a UE  1301 , which may be the same or similar to the UEs  1101  and UE  1201  discussed previously; a (R)AN  1310 , which may be the same or similar to the RAN  1110  and RAN  1210  discussed previously, and which may include RAN nodes  1111  discussed previously; and a DN  1303 , which may be, for example, operator services, Internet access or 3rd party services; and a 5GC  1320 . The 5GC  1320  may include an AUSF  1322 ; an AMF  1321 ; a SMF  1324 ; a NEF  1323 ; a PCF  1326 ; a NRF  1325 ; a UDM  1327 ; an AF  1328 ; a UPF  1302 ; and a NSSF  1329 . 
     The UPF  1302  may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to DN  1303 , and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF  1302  may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform Uplink Traffic verification (e.g., SDF to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF  1302  may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. The DN  1303  may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services. DN  1303  may include, or be similar to, application server  1130  discussed previously. The UPF  1302  may interact with the SMF  1324  via an N4 reference point between the SMF  1324  and the UPF  1302 . 
     The AUSF  1322  may store data for authentication of UE  1301  and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF  1322  may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. The AUSF  1322  may communicate with the AMF  1321  via an N12 reference point between the AMF  1321  and the AUSF  1322 ; and may communicate with the UDM  1327  via an N13 reference point between the UDM  1327  and the AUSF  1322 . Additionally, the AUSF  1322  may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface. 
     The AMF  1321  may be responsible for registration management (e.g., for registering UE  1301 , etc.), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, and lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF  1321  may be a termination point for an N11 reference point between the AMF  1321  and the SMF  1324 . The AMF  1321  may provide transport for SM messages between the UE  1301  and the SMF  1324 , and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF  1321  may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE  1301  and an SMSF (not shown by  FIG.  13   ). AMF  1321  may act as SEAF, which may include interaction with the AUSF  1322  and the UE  1301 , receipt of an intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE  1301  authentication process. Where USIM based authentication is used, the AMF  1321  may retrieve the security material from the AUSF  1322 . AMF  1321  may also include a SCM function, which receives a key from the SEA that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. Furthermore, AMF  1321  may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the (R)AN  1310  and the AMF  1321 ; and the AMF  1321  may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signalling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection. 
     AMF  1321  may also support NAS signalling with a UE  1301  over an N3 IWF interface. The N3IWF may be used to provide access to untrusted entities. N3IWF may be a termination point for the N2 interface between the (R)AN  1310  and the AMF  1321  for the control plane, and may be a termination point for the N3 reference point between the (R)AN  1310  and the UPF  1302  for the user plane. As such, the AMF  1321  may handle N2 signalling from the SMF  1324  and the AMF  1321  for PDU sessions and QoS, encapsulate/de-encapsulate packets for IPSec and N3 tunneling, mark N3 user-plane packets in the uplink, and enforce QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking taking into account QoS requirements associated with such marking received over N2. N3IWF may also relay uplink and downlink control-plane NAS signalling between the UE  1301  and AMF  1321  via an N1 reference point between the UE  1301  and the AMF  1321 , and relay uplink and downlink user-plane packets between the UE  1301  and UPF  1302 . The N3IWF also provides mechanisms for IPsec tunnel establishment with the UE  1301 . The AMF  1321  may exhibit an Namf service-based interface, and may be a termination point for an N14 reference point between two AMFs  1321  and an N17 reference point between the AMF  1321  and a 5G-EIR (not shown by  FIG.  13   ). 
     The UE  1301  may need to register with the AMF  1321  in order to receive network services. RM is used to register or deregister the UE  1301  with the network (e.g., AMF  1321 ), and establish a UE context in the network (e.g., AMF  1321 ). The UE  1301  may operate in an RM-REGISTERED state or an RM-DEREGISTERED state. In the RM-DEREGISTERED state, the UE  1301  is not registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF  1321  holds no valid location or routing information for the UE  1301  so the UE  1301  is not reachable by the AMF  1321 . In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE  1301  is registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF  1321  may hold a valid location or routing information for the UE  1301  so the UE  1301  is reachable by the AMF  1321 . In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE  1301  may perform mobility Registration Update procedures, perform periodic Registration Update procedures triggered by expiration of the periodic update timer (e.g., to notify the network that the UE  1301  is still active), and perform a Registration Update procedure to update UE capability information or to re-negotiate protocol parameters with the network, among others. 
     The AMF  1321  may store one or more RM contexts for the UE  1301 , where each RM context is associated with a specific access to the network. The RM context may be a data structure, database object, etc. that indicates or stores, inter alia, a registration state per access type and the periodic update timer. The AMF  1321  may also store a 5GC MM context that may be the same or similar to the (E)MM context discussed previously. In various embodiments, the AMF  1321  may store a CE mode B Restriction parameter of the UE  1301  in an associated MM context or RM context. The AMF  1321  may also derive the value, when needed, from the UE&#39;s usage setting parameter already stored in the UE context (and/or MM/RM context). 
     CM may be used to establish and release a signaling connection between the UE  1301  and the AMF  1321  over the N1 interface. The signaling connection is used to enable NAS signaling exchange between the UE  1301  and the CN  1320 , and comprises both the signaling connection between the UE and the AN (e.g., RRC connection or UE-N3IWF connection for non-3GPP access) and the N2 connection for the UE  1301  between the AN (e.g., RAN  1310 ) and the AMF  1321 . The UE  1301  may operate in one of two CM states, CM-IDLE mode or CM-CONNECTED mode. When the UE  1301  is operating in the CM-IDLE state/mode, the UE  1301  may have no NAS signaling connection established with the AMF  1321  over the N1 interface, and there may be (R)AN  1310  signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE  1301 . When the UE  1301  is operating in the CM-CONNECTED state/mode, the UE  1301  may have an established NAS signaling connection with the AMF  1321  over the N1 interface, and there may be a (R)AN  1310  signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE  1301 . Establishment of an N2 connection between the (R)AN  1310  and the AMF  1321  may cause the UE  1301  to transition from CM-IDLE mode to CM-CONNECTED mode, and the UE  1301  may transition from the CM-CONNECTED mode to the CM-IDLE mode when N2 signaling between the (R)AN  1310  and the AMF  1321  is released. 
     The SMF  1324  may be responsible for SM (e.g., session establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF over N2 to AN; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between a UE  1301  and a data network (DN)  1303  identified by a Data Network Name (DNN). PDU sessions may be established upon UE  1301  request, modified upon UE  1301  and 5GC  1320  request, and released upon UE  1301  and 5GC  1320  request using NAS SM signaling exchanged over the N1 reference point between the UE  1301  and the SMF  1324 . Upon request from an application server, the 5GC  1320  may trigger a specific application in the UE  1301 . In response to receipt of the trigger message, the UE  1301  may pass the trigger message (or relevant parts/information of the trigger message) to one or more identified applications in the UE  1301 . The identified application(s) in the UE  1301  may establish a PDU session to a specific DNN. The SMF  1324  may check whether the UE  1301  requests are compliant with user subscription information associated with the UE  1301 . In this regard, the SMF  1324  may retrieve and/or request to receive update notifications on SMF  1324  level subscription data from the UDM  1327 . 
     The SMF  1324  may include the following roaming functionality: handling local enforcement to apply QoS SLAB (VPLMN); charging data collection and charging interface (VPLMN); lawful intercept (in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI system); and support for interaction with external DN for transport of signalling for PDU session authorization/authentication by external DN. An N16 reference point between two SMFs  1324  may be included in the system  1300 , which may be between another SMF  1324  in a visited network and the SMF  1324  in the home network in roaming scenarios. Additionally, the SMF  1324  may exhibit the Nsmf service-based interface. 
     The NEF  1323  may provide means for securely exposing the services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, Application Functions (e.g., AF  1328 ), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF  1323  may authenticate, authorize, and/or throttle the AFs. NEF  1323  may also translate information exchanged with the AF  1328  and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF  1323  may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF  1323  may also receive information from other network functions (NFs) based on exposed capabilities of other network functions. This information may be stored at the NEF  1323  as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF  1323  to other NFs and AFs, and/or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF  1323  may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface. 
     The NRF  1325  may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF  1325  also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF  1325  may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface. 
     The PCF  1326  may provide policy rules to control plane function(s) to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behaviour. The PCF  1326  may also implement an FE to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM  1327 . The PCF  1326  may communicate with the AMF  1321  via an N15 reference point between the PCF  1326  and the AMF  1321 , which may include a PCF  1326  in a visited network and the AMF  1321  in case of roaming scenarios. The PCF  1326  may communicate with the AF  1328  via an N5 reference point between the PCF  1326  and the AF  1328 ; and with the SMF  1324  via an N7 reference point between the PCF  1326  and the SMF  1324 . The system  1300  and/or CN  1320  may also include an N24 reference point between the PCF  1326  (in the home network) and a PCF  1326  in a visited network. Additionally, the PCF  1326  may exhibit an Npcf service-based interface. 
     The UDM  1327  may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE  1301 . For example, subscription data may be communicated between the UDM  1327  and the AMF  1321  via an N8 reference point between the UDM  1327  and the AMF. The UDM  1327  may include two parts, an application FE and a UDR (the FE and UDR are not shown by  FIG.  13   ). The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM  1327  and the PCF  1326 , and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs  1301 ) for the NEF  1323 . The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR  221  to allow the UDM  1327 , PCF  1326 , and NEF  1323  to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. The UDR may interact with the SMF  1324  via an N10 reference point between the UDM  1327  and the SMF  1324 . UDM  1327  may also support SMS management, wherein an SMS-FE implements the similar application logic as discussed previously. Additionally, the UDM  1327  may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface. 
     The AF  1328  may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to the NCE, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. The NCE may be a mechanism that allows the 5GC  1320  and AF  1328  to provide information to each other via NEF  1323 , which may be used for edge computing implementations. In such implementations, the network operator and third party services may be hosted close to the UE  1301  access point of attachment to achieve an efficient service delivery through the reduced end-to-end latency and load on the transport network. For edge computing implementations, the 5GC may select a UPF  1302  close to the UE  1301  and execute traffic steering from the UPF  1302  to DN  1303  via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF  1328 . In this way, the AF  1328  may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF  1328  is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF  1328  to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF  1328  may exhibit an Naf service-based interface. 
     The NSSF  1329  may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE  1301 . The NSSF  1329  may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF  1329  may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE  1301 , or a list of candidate AMF(s)  1321  based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF  1325 . The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE  1301  may be triggered by the AMF  1321  with which the UE  1301  is registered by interacting with the NSSF  1329 , which may lead to a change of AMF  1321 . The NSSF  1329  may interact with the AMF  1321  via an N22 reference point between AMF  1321  and NSSF  1329 ; and may communicate with another NSSF  1329  in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown by  FIG.  13   ). Additionally, the NSSF  1329  may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface. 
     As discussed previously, the CN  1320  may include an SMSF, which may be responsible for SMS subscription checking and verification, and relaying SM messages to/from the UE  1301  to/from other entities, such as an SMS-GMSC/IWMSC/SMS-router. The SMS may also interact with AMF  1321  and UDM  1327  for a notification procedure that the UE  1301  is available for SMS transfer (e.g., set a UE not reachable flag, and notifying UDM  1327  when UE  1301  is available for SMS). 
     The CN  1320  may also include other elements that are not shown by  FIG.  13   , such as a Data Storage system/architecture, a 5G-EIR, a SEPP, and the like. The Data Storage system may include a SDSF, an UDSF, and/or the like. Any NF may store and retrieve unstructured data into/from the UDSF (e.g., UE contexts), via N18 reference point between any NF and the UDSF (not shown by  FIG.  13   ). Individual NFs may share a UDSF for storing their respective unstructured data or individual NFs may each have their own UDSF located at or near the individual NFs. Additionally, the UDSF may exhibit an Nudsf service-based interface (not shown by  FIG.  13   ). The 5G-EIR may be an NF that checks the status of PEI for determining whether particular equipment/entities are blacklisted from the network; and the SEPP may be a non-transparent proxy that performs topology hiding, message filtering, and policing on inter-PLMN control plane interfaces. 
     Additionally, there may be many more reference points and/or service-based interfaces between the NF services in the NFs; however, these interfaces and reference points have been omitted from  FIG.  13    for clarity. In one example, the CN  1320  may include an Nx interface, which is an inter-CN interface between the MME (e.g., MME  1221 ) and the AMF  1321  in order to enable interworking between CN  1320  and CN  1220 . Other example interfaces/reference points may include an N5g-EIR service-based interface exhibited by a 5G-EIR, an N27 reference point between the NRF in the visited network and the NRF in the home network; and an N31 reference point between the NSSF in the visited network and the NSSF in the home network. 
       FIG.  14    illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary infrastructure equipment according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  14    illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment  1400  in accordance with various embodiments. The infrastructure equipment  1400  (or “system  1400 ”) may be implemented as a base station, radio head, RAN node such as the RAN nodes  1111  and/or AP  1106  shown and described previously, application server(s)  1130 , and/or any other element/device discussed herein. In other examples, the system  1400  could be implemented in or by a UE. 
     The system  1400  includes application circuitry  1405 , baseband circuitry  1410 , one or more radio front end modules (RFEMs)  1415 , memory circuitry  1420 , power management integrated circuitry (PMIC)  1425 , power tee circuitry  1430 , network controller circuitry  1435 , network interface connector  1440 , satellite positioning circuitry  1445 , and user interface  1450 . In some embodiments, the device  1400  may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, or input/output ( 110 ) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device. For example, said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for CRAN, vBBU, or other like implementations. 
     Application circuitry  1405  includes circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I 2 C or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input/output (I/O or IO), memory card controllers such as Secure Digital (SD) MultiMediaCard (MMC) or similar, Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces, Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry  1405  may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system  1400 . In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein. 
     The processor(s) of application circuitry  1405  may include, for example, one or more processor cores (CPUs), one or more application processors, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, one or more Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processors, one or more complex instruction set computing (CISC) processors, one or more digital signal processors (DSP), one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the application circuitry  1405  may comprise, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments herein. As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry  1405  may include one or more Intel Pentium®, Core®, or Xeon® processor(s); Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s), Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), or Epyc® processors; ARM-based processor(s) licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd. such as the ARM Cortex-A family of processors and the ThunderX2® provided by Cavium™, Inc.; a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior P-class processors; and/or the like. In some embodiments, the system  1400  may not utilize application circuitry  1405 , and instead may include a special-purpose processor/controller to process IP data received from an EPC or 5GC, for example. 
     In some implementations, the application circuitry  1405  may include one or more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. As examples, the programmable processing devices may be one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such implementations, the circuitry of application circuitry  1405  may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  1405  may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up-tables (LUTs) and the like. 
     The baseband circuitry  1410  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry  1410  are discussed infra with regard to  FIG.  16   . 
     User interface circuitry  1450  may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system  1400  or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system  1400 . User interfaces may include, but are not limited to, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), one or more indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), a physical keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, speakers or other audio emitting devices, microphones, a printer, a scanner, a headset, a display screen or display device, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a nonvolatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc. 
     The radio front end modules (RFEMs)  1415  may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see e.g., antenna array  1611  of  FIG.  16    infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM  1415 , which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave. 
     The memory circuitry  1420  may include one or more of volatile memory including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc., and may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. Memory circuitry  1420  may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory modules and plug-in memory cards. 
     The PMIC  1425  may include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry, and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The power tee circuitry  1430  may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the infrastructure equipment  1400  using a single cable. 
     The network controller circuitry  1435  may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet, Ethernet over GRE Tunnels, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), or some other suitable protocol. Network connectivity may be provided to/from the infrastructure equipment  1400  via network interface connector  1440  using a physical connection, which may be electrical (commonly referred to as a “copper interconnect”), optical, or wireless. The network controller circuitry  1435  may include one or more dedicated processors and/or FPGAs to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned protocols. In some implementations, the network controller circuitry  1435  may include multiple controllers to provide connectivity to other networks using the same or different protocols. 
     The positioning circuitry  1445  includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States&#39; Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia&#39;s Global Navigation System (GLONASS), the European Union&#39;s Galileo system, China&#39;s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., Navigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC), Japan&#39;s Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), France&#39;s Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry  1445  comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry  1445  may include a Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (Micro-PNT) IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry  1445  may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry  1410  and/or RFEMs  1415  to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry  1445  may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry  1405 , which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., RAN nodes  1111 , etc.), or the like. 
     The components shown by  FIG.  14    may communicate with one another using interface circuitry, which may include any number of bus and/or interconnect (IX) technologies such as industry standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), peripheral component interconnect extended (PCIx), PCI express (PCIe), or any number of other technologies. The bus/IX may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus/IX systems may be included, such as an I 2 C interface, an SPI interface, point to point interfaces, and a power bus, among others. 
       FIG.  15    illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary platform according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  15    illustrates an example of a platform  1500  (or “device  1500 ”) in accordance with various embodiments. In embodiments, the computer platform  1500  may be suitable for use as UEs  1101 ,  1201 , application servers  1130 , and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The platform  1500  may include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform  1500  may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof adapted in the computer platform  1500 , or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of  FIG.  15    is intended to show a high level view of components of the computer platform  1500 . However, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations. 
     Application circuitry  1505  includes circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of LDOs, interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I 2 C or universal programmable serial interface module, RTC, timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as SD MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces, and JTAG test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry  1505  may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system  1500 . In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein. 
     The processor(s) of application circuitry  1505  may include, for example, one or more processor cores, one or more application processors, one or more GPUs, one or more RISC processors, one or more ARM processors, one or more CISC processors, one or more DSP, one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, a multithreaded processor, an ultra-low voltage processor, an embedded processor, some other known processing element, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the application circuitry  1505  may comprise, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments herein. 
     As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry  1505  may include an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, such as a Quark™, an Atom™, an i3, an i5, an i7, or an MCU-class processor, or another such processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, CA The processors of the application circuitry  1505  may also be one or more of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s) or Accelerated Processing Units (APUs); A5-A9 processor(s) from Apple® Inc., Snapdragon™ processor(s) from Qualcomm® Technologies, Inc., Texas Instruments, Inc.® Open Multimedia Applications Platform (OMAP)™ processor(s); a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior M-class, Warrior I-class, and Warrior P-class processors; an ARM-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd., such as the ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M family of processors; or the like. In some implementations, the application circuitry  1505  may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry  1505  and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit, or a single package, such as the Edison™ or Galileo™ SoC boards from Intel® Corporation. 
     Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry  1505  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as FPGAs and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  1505  may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  1505  may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up tables (LUTs) and the like. 
     The baseband circuitry  1510  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry  1510  are discussed infra with regard to  FIG.  16   . 
     The RFEMs  1515  may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see e.g., antenna array  1611  of  FIG.  16    infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM  1515 , which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave. 
     The memory circuitry  1520  may include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry  1520  may include one or more of volatile memory including random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc. The memory circuitry  1520  may be developed in accordance with a Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC) low power double data rate (LPDDR)-based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like. Memory circuitry  1520  may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SDP), dual die package (DDP) or quad die package (Q17P), socketed memory modules, dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) including microDIMMs or MiniDIMMs, and/or soldered onto a motherboard via a ball grid array (BGA). In low power implementations, the memory circuitry  1520  may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry  1505 . To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry  1520  may include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, inter alia, a solid state disk drive (SSDD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. For example, the computer platform  1500  may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. 
     Removable memory circuitry  1523  may include devices, circuitry, enclosures/housings, ports or receptacles, etc. used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform  1500 . These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards, and the like), and USB flash drives, optical discs, external HDDs, and the like. 
     The platform  1500  may also include interface circuitry (not shown) that is used to connect external devices with the platform  1500 . The external devices connected to the platform  1500  via the interface circuitry include sensor circuitry  1521  and electro-mechanical components (EMCs)  1522 , as well as removable memory devices coupled to removable memory circuitry  1523 . 
     The sensor circuitry  1521  include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information (sensor data) about the detected events to some other a device, module, subsystem, etc. Examples of such sensors include, inter alia, inertia measurement units (IMUS) comprising accelerometers, gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) comprising 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors); pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors; gravimeters; altimeters; image capture devices (e.g., cameras or lensless apertures); light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors; proximity sensors (e.g., infrared radiation detector and the like), depth sensors, ambient light sensors, ultrasonic transceivers; microphones or other like audio capture devices; etc. 
     EMCs  1522  include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to enable platform  1500  to change its state, position, and/or orientation, or move or control a mechanism or (sub)system. Additionally, EMCs  1522  may be configured to generate and send messages/signalling to other components of the platform  1500  to indicate a current state of the EMCs  1522 . Examples of the EMCs  1522  include one or more power switches, relays including electromechanical relays (EMRs) and/or solid state relays (SSRs), actuators (e.g., valve actuators, etc.), an audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors, etc.), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, and/or other like electro-mechanical components. In embodiments, platform  1500  is configured to operate one or more EMCs  1522  based on one or more captured events and/or instructions or control signals received from a service provider and/or various clients. 
     In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform  1500  with positioning circuitry  1545 . The positioning circuitry  1545  includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a GNSS. Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States&#39; GPS, Russia&#39;s GLONASS, the European Union&#39;s Galileo system, China&#39;s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., NAVIC), Japan&#39;s QZSS, France&#39;s DORIS, etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry  1545  comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry  1545  may include a Micro-PNT IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry  1545  may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry  1410  and/or RFEMs  1515  to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry  1545  may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry  1505 , which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., radio base stations), for turn-by-turn navigation applications, or the like 
     In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform  1500  with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry  1540 . NFC circuitry  1540  is configured to provide contactless, short-range communications based on radio frequency identification (RFID) standards, wherein magnetic field induction is used to enable communication between NFC circuitry  1540  and NFC-enabled devices external to the platform  1500  (e.g., an “NFC touchpoint”). NFC circuitry  1540  comprises an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processor coupled with the NFC controller. The NFC controller may be a chip/IC providing NFC functionalities to the NFC circuitry  1540  by executing NFC controller firmware and an NFC stack. The NFC stack may be executed by the processor to control the NFC controller, and the NFC controller firmware may be executed by the NFC controller to control the antenna element to emit short-range RF signals. The RF signals may power a passive NFC tag (e.g., a microchip embedded in a sticker or wristband) to transmit stored data to the NFC circuitry  1540 , or initiate data transfer between the NFC circuitry  1540  and another active NFC device (e.g., a smartphone or an NFC-enabled POS terminal) that is proximate to the platform  1500 . 
     The driver circuitry  1546  may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform  1500 , attached to the platform  1500 , or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform  1500 . The driver circuitry  1546  may include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform  1500  to interact with or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform  1500 . For example, driver circuitry  1546  may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform  1500 , sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensor circuitry  1521  and control and allow access to sensor circuitry  1521 , EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMCs  1522  and/or control and allow access to the EMCs  1522 , a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices. 
     The power management integrated circuitry (PMIC)  1525  (also referred to as “power management circuitry  1525 ”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform  1500 . In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry  1510 , the PMIC  1525  may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC  1525  may often be included when the platform  1500  is capable of being powered by a battery  1530 , for example, when the device is included in a UE  1101 ,  1201 . 
     In some embodiments, the PMIC  1525  may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the platform  1500 . For example, if the platform  1500  is in an RRC_Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform  1500  may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform  1500  may transition off to an RRC Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The platform  1500  goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The platform  1500  may not receive data in this state; in order to receive data, it can then transition back to RRC_Connected state. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable. 
     A battery  1530  may power the platform  1500 , although in some examples the platform  1500  may be mounted deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery  1530  may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, and the like. In some implementations, such as in V2X applications, the battery  1530  may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery. 
     In some implementations, the battery  1530  may be a “smart battery,” which includes or is coupled with a Battery Management System (BMS) or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform  1500  to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery  1530 . The BMS may be used to monitor other parameters of the battery  1530  to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the battery  1530 . The BMS may communicate the information of the battery  1530  to the application circuitry  1505  or other components of the platform  1500 . The BMS may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the application circuitry  1505  to directly monitor the voltage of the battery  1530  or the current flow from the battery  1530 . The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the platform  1500  may perform, such as transmission frequency, network operation, sensing frequency, and the like. 
     A power block, or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery  1530 . In some examples, the power block may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the computer platform  1500 . In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS. The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size of the battery  1530 , and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfuel standard promulgated by the Airfuel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others. 
     User interface circuitry  1550  includes various input/output (I/O) devices present within, or connected to, the platform  1500 , and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform  1500  and/or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform  1500 . The user interface circuitry  1550  includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including, inter alia, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, headset, and/or the like. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position(s), or other like information. Output device circuitry may include any number and/or combinations of audio or visual display, including, inter alia, one or more simple visual outputs/indicators (e.g., binary status indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)) and multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g., Liquid Chrystal Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, projectors, etc.), with the output of characters, graphics, multimedia objects, and the like being generated or produced from the operation of the platform  1500 . The output device circuitry may also include speakers or other audio emitting devices, printer(s), and/or the like. In some embodiments, the sensor circuitry  1521  may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device, motion capture device, or the like) and one or more EMCs may be used as the output device circuitry (e.g., an actuator to provide haptic feedback or the like). In another example, NFC circuitry comprising an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device may be included to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a USB port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc. 
     Although not shown, the components of platform  1500  may communicate with one another using a suitable bus or interconnect (IX) technology, which may include any number of technologies, including ISA, EISA, PCI, PCIx, PCIe, a Time-Trigger Protocol (TTP) system, a FlexRay system, or any number of other technologies. The bus/IX may be a proprietary bus/IX, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus/IX systems may be included, such as an I 2 C interface, an SPI interface, point-to-point interfaces, and a power bus, among others. 
       FIG.  16    illustrates a block diagram of baseband circuitry and front end modules according to embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  16    illustrates example components of baseband circuitry  1610  and radio front end modules (RFEM)  1615  in accordance with various embodiments. The baseband circuitry  1610  corresponds to the baseband circuitry  1410  and  1510  of  FIGS.  14  and  15   , respectively. The RFEM  1615  corresponds to the RFEM  1415  and  1515  of  FIGS.  14  and  15   , respectively. As shown, the RFEMs  1615  may include Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry  1606 , front-end module (FEM) circuitry  1608 , antenna array  1611  coupled together at least as shown. 
     The baseband circuitry  1610  includes circuitry and/or control logic configured to carry out various radio/network protocol and radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry  1606 . The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry  1610  may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry  1610  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. The baseband circuitry  1610  is configured to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry  1606  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  1606 . The baseband circuitry  1610  is configured to interface with application circuitry  1405 / 1505  (see  FIGS.  14  and  15   ) for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry  1606 . The baseband circuitry  1610  may handle various radio control functions. 
     The aforementioned circuitry and/or control logic of the baseband circuitry  1610  may include one or more single or multi-core processors. For example, the one or more processors may include a 3G baseband processor  1604 A, a 4G/LTE baseband processor  1604 B, a 5G/NR baseband processor  1604 C, or some other baseband processor(s)  1604 D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., sixth generation (6G), etc.). In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  1604 A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory  1604 G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU)  1604 E. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  1604 A-D may be provided as hardware accelerators (e.g., FPGAs, ASICs, etc.) loaded with the appropriate bit streams or logic blocks stored in respective memory cells. In various embodiments, the memory  1604 G may store program code of a real-time OS (RTOS), which when executed by the CPU  1604 E (or other baseband processor), is to cause the CPU  1604 E (or other baseband processor) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry  1610 , schedule tasks, etc. Examples of the RTOS may include Operating System Embedded (OSE)™ provided by Enea®, Nucleus RTOS™ provided by Mentor Graphics®, Versatile Real-Time Executive (VRTX) provided by Mentor Graphics®, ThreadX™ provided by Express Logic®, FreeRTOS, REX OS provided by Qualcomm®, OKL4 provided by Open Kernel (OK) Labs®, or any other suitable RTOS, such as those discussed herein. In addition, the baseband circuitry  1610  includes one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP)  1604 F. The audio DSP(s)  1604 F include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, each of the processors  1604 A- 1604 E include respective memory interfaces to send/receive data to/from the memory  1604 G. The baseband circuitry  1610  may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry  1610 ; an application circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry  1405 / 1505  of  FIGS.  14  and  15   ); an RF circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry  1606  of  FIG.  16   ; a wireless hardware connectivity interface to send/receive data to/from one or more wireless hardware elements (e.g., Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth®/Bluetooth® Low Energy components, Wi-Fi® components, and/or the like); and a power management interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMIC  1525 . 
     In alternate embodiments (which may be combined with the above described embodiments), baseband circuitry  1610  comprises one or more digital baseband systems, which are coupled with one another via an interconnect subsystem and to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem may include DSP circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry  1610  may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules  1615 ). 
     Although not shown by  FIG.  16   , in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  1610  includes individual processing device(s) to operate one or more wireless communication protocols (e.g., a “multi-protocol baseband processor” or “protocol processing circuitry”) and individual processing device(s) to implement PHY layer functions. In these embodiments, the PHY layer functions include the aforementioned radio control functions. In these embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry operates or implements various protocol layers/entities of one or more wireless communication protocols. In a first example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate LTE protocol entities and/or 5G/NR protocol entities when the baseband circuitry  1610  and/or RF circuitry  1606  are part of mmWave communication circuitry or some other suitable cellular communication circuitry. In the first example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP, RRC, and NAS functions. In a second example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate one or more IEEE-based protocols when the baseband circuitry  1610  and/or RF circuitry  1606  are part of a Wi-Fi communication system. In the second example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate Wi-Fi MAC and logical link control (LLC) functions. The protocol processing circuitry may include one or more memory structures (e.g.,  1604 G) to store program code and data for operating the protocol functions, as well as one or more processing cores to execute the program code and perform various operations using the data. The baseband circuitry  1610  may also support radio communications for more than one wireless protocol. 
     The various hardware elements of the baseband circuitry  1610  discussed herein may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits (ICs), a single packaged IC soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more ICs. In one example, the components of the baseband circuitry  1610  may be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board. In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  1610  and RF circuitry  1606  may be implemented together such as, for example, a system on a chip (SoC) or System-in-Package (SiP). In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  1610  may be implemented as a separate SoC that is communicatively coupled with and RF circuitry  1606  (or multiple instances of RF circuitry  1606 ). In yet another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  1610  and the application circuitry  1405 / 1505  may be implemented together as individual SoCs mounted to a same circuit board (e.g., a “multi-chip package”). 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  1610  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  1610  may support communication with an E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, a WPAN. Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry  1610  is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry. 
     RF circuitry  1606  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry  1606  may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry  1606  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  1608  and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry  1610 . RF circuitry  1606  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  1610  and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry  1608  for transmission. 
     In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry  1606  may include mixer circuitry  1606 A, amplifier circuitry  1606 B and filter circuitry  1606 C. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  1606  may include filter circuitry  1606 C and mixer circuitry  1606 A. RF circuitry  1606  may also include synthesizer circuitry  1606 D for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  1608  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry  1606 D. The amplifier circuitry  1606 B may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry  1606 C may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry  1610  for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry  1606 A of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry  1606 D to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry  1608 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry  1610  and may be filtered by filter circuitry  1606 C. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry  1606  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry  1610  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry  1606 . 
     In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  1606 D may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry  1606 D may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. 
     The synthesizer circuitry  1606 D may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  1606 A of the RF circuitry  1606  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  1606 D may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry  1610  or the application circuitry  1405 / 1505  depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry  1405 / 1505 . 
     Synthesizer circuitry  1606 D of the RF circuitry  1606  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle. 
     In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry  1606 D may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  1606  may include an IQ/polar converter. 
     FEM circuitry  1608  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from antenna array  1611 , amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry  1606  for further processing. FEM circuitry  1608  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry  1606  for transmission by one or more of antenna elements of antenna array  1611 . In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry  1606 , solely in the FEM circuitry  1608 , or in both the RF circuitry  1606  and the FEM circuitry  1608 . 
     In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry  1608  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry  1608  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry  1608  may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  1606 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  1608  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  1606 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission by one or more antenna elements of the antenna array  1611 . 
     The antenna array  1611  comprises one or more antenna elements, each of which is configured convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. For example, digital baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  1610  is converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted via the antenna elements of the antenna array  1611  including one or more antenna elements (not shown). The antenna elements may be omnidirectional, direction, or a combination thereof. The antenna elements may be formed in a multitude of arranges as are known and/or discussed herein. The antenna array  1611  may comprise microstrip antennas or printed antennas that are fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards. The antenna array  1611  may be formed in as a patch of metal foil (e.g., a patch antenna) in a variety of shapes, and may be coupled with the RF circuitry  1606  and/or FEM circuitry  1608  using metal transmission lines or the like. 
     Processors of the application circuitry  1405 / 1505  and processors of the baseband circuitry  1610  may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry  1610 , alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry  1405 / 1505  may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., TCP and UDP layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a RRC layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a MAC layer, an RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below. 
       FIG.  17    illustrates a block diagram of exemplary protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to embodiments. In particular,  FIG.  17    includes an arrangement  1700  showing interconnections between various protocol layers/entities. The following description of  FIG.  17    is provided for various protocol layers/entities that operate in conjunction with the 5G/NR system standards and LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of  FIG.  17    may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well. 
     The protocol layers of arrangement  1700  may include one or more of PHY  1710 , MAC  1720 , RLC  1730 , PDCP  1740 , SDAP  1747 , RRC  1755 , and NAS layer  1757 , in addition to other higher layer functions not illustrated. The protocol layers may include one or more service access points (e.g., items  1759 ,  1756 ,  1750 ,  1749 ,  1745 ,  1735 ,  1725 , and  1715  in  FIG.  17   ) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers. 
     The PHY  1710  may transmit and receive physical layer signals  1705  that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals  1705  may comprise one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PHY  1710  may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC  1755 . The PHY  1710  may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. In embodiments, an instance of PHY  1710  may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC  1720  via one or more PHY-SAP  1715 . According to some embodiments, requests and indications communicated via PHY-SAP  1715  may comprise one or more transport channels. 
     Instance(s) of MAC  1720  may process requests from, and provide indications to, an instance of RLC  1730  via one or more MAC-SAPs  1725 . These requests and indications communicated via the MAC-SAP  1725  may comprise one or more logical channels. The MAC  1720  may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or more logical channels onto TBs to be delivered to PHY  1710  via the transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY  1710  via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, and logical channel prioritization. 
     Instance(s) of RLC  1730  may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP  1740  via one or more radio link control service access points (RLC-SAP)  1735 . These requests and indications communicated via RLC-SAP  1735  may comprise one or more RLC channels. The RLC  1730  may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode™, Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC  1730  may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC  1730  may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment. 
     Instance(s) of PDCP  1740  may process requests from and provide indications to instance(s) of RRC  1755  and/or instance(s) of SDAP  1747  via one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP-SAP)  1745 . These requests and indications communicated via PDCP-SAP  1745  may comprise one or more radio bearers. The PDCP  1740  may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.). 
     Instance(s) of SDAP  1747  may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities via one or more SDAP-SAP  1749 . These requests and indications communicated via SDAP-SAP  1749  may comprise one or more QoS flows. The SDAP  1747  may map QoS flows to DRBs, and vice versa, and may also mark QFIs in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity  1747  may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the NG-RAN  1110  may control the mapping of QoS Flows to DRB(s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP  1747  of a UE  1101  may monitor the QFIs of the DL packets for each DRB, and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP  1747  of the UE  1101  may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows(s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID(s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN  1310  may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC  1755  configuring the SDAP  1747  with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP  1747 . In embodiments, the SDAP  1747  may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations. 
     The RRC  1755  may configure, via one or more management service access points (M-SAP), aspects of one or more protocol layers, which may include one or more instances of PHY  1710 , MAC  1720 , RLC  1730 , PDCP  1740  and SDAP  1747 . In embodiments, an instance of RRC  1755  may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities  1757  via one or more RRC-SAPs  1756 . The main services and functions of the RRC  1755  may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in MIBs or SIBs related to the NAS), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE  1101  and RAN  1110  (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more IEs, which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures. 
     The NAS  1757  may form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE  1101  and the AMF  1321 . The NAS  1757  may support the mobility of the UEs  1101  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  1101  and a P-GW in LTE systems. 
     According to various embodiments, one or more protocol entities of arrangement  1700  may be implemented in UEs  1101 , RAN nodes  1111 , AMF  1321  in NR implementations or MME  1221  in LTE implementations, UPF  1302  in NR implementations or S-GW  1222  and P-GW  1223  in LTE implementations, or the like to be used for control plane or user plane communications protocol stack between the aforementioned devices. In such embodiments, one or more protocol entities that may be implemented in one or more of UE  1101 , gNB  1111 , AMF  1321 , etc. may communicate with a respective peer protocol entity that may be implemented in or on another device using the services of respective lower layer protocol entities to perform such communication. In some embodiments, a gNB-CU of the gNB  1111  may host the RRC  1755 , SDAP  1747 , and PDCP  1740  of the gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs, and the gNB-DUs of the gNB  1111  may each host the RLC  1730 , MAC  1720 , and PHY  1710  of the gNB  1111 . 
     In a first example, a control plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, NAS  1757 , RRC  1755 , PDCP  1740 , RLC  1730 , MAC  1720 , and PHY  1710 . In this example, upper layers  1760  may be built on top of the NAS  1757 , which includes an IP layer  1761 , an SCTP  1762 , and an application layer signaling protocol (AP)  1763 . 
     In NR implementations, the AP  1763  may be an NG application protocol layer (NGAP or NG-AP)  1763  for the NG interface  1113  defined between the NG-RAN node  1111  and the AMF  1321 , or the AP  1763  may be an Xn application protocol layer (XnAP or Xn-AP)  1763  for the Xn interface  1112  that is defined between two or more RAN nodes  1111 . 
     The NG-AP  1763  may support the functions of the NG interface  1113  and may comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An NG-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the NG-RAN node  1111  and the AMF  1321 . The NG-AP  1763  services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services (e.g., services related to a UE  1101 ) and non-UE-associated services (e.g., services related to the whole NG interface instance between the NG-RAN node  1111  and AMF  1321 ). These services may include functions including, but not limited to: a paging function for the sending of paging requests to NG-RAN nodes  1111  involved in a particular paging area; a UE context management function for allowing the AMF  1321  to establish, modify, and/or release a UE context in the AMF  1321  and the NG-RAN node  1111 ; a mobility function for UEs  1101  in ECM-CONNECTED mode for intra-system HOs to support mobility within NG-RAN and inter-system HOs to support mobility from/to EPS systems; a NAS Signaling Transport function for transporting or rerouting NAS messages between UE  1101  and AMF  1321 ; a NAS node selection function for determining an association between the AMF  1321  and the UE  1101 ; NG interface management function(s) for setting up the NG interface and monitoring for errors over the NG interface; a warning message transmission function for providing means to transfer warning messages via NG interface or cancel ongoing broadcast of warning messages; a Configuration Transfer function for requesting and transferring of RAN configuration information (e.g., SON information, performance measurement (PM) data, etc.) between two RAN nodes  1111  via CN  1120 ; and/or other like functions. 
     The XnAP  1763  may support the functions of the Xn interface  1112  and may comprise XnAP basic mobility procedures and XnAP global procedures. The XnAP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the NG RAN  1111  (or E-UTRAN  1210 ), such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The XnAP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE  1101 , such as Xn interface setup and reset procedures, NG-RAN update procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like. 
     In LTE implementations, the AP  1763  may be an S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP)  1763  for the S1 interface  1113  defined between an E-UTRAN node  1111  and an MME, or the AP  1763  may be an X2 application protocol layer (X2AP or X2-AP)  1763  for the X2 interface  1112  that is defined between two or more E-UTRAN nodes  1111 . 
     The S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP)  1763  may support the functions of the S1 interface, and similar to the NG-AP discussed previously, the S1-AP may comprise 51-AP EPs. An S1-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the E-UTRAN node  1111  and an MME  1221  within an LTE CN  1120 . The S1-AP  1763  services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer. 
     The X2AP  1763  may support the functions of the X2 interface  1112  and may comprise X2AP basic mobility procedures and X2AP global procedures. The X2AP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the E-UTRAN  1120 , such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The X2AP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE  1101 , such as X2 interface setup and reset procedures, load indication procedures, error indication procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like. 
     The SCTP layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer)  1762  may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages (e.g., NGAP or XnAP messages in NR implementations, or S1-AP or X2AP messages in LTE implementations). The SCTP  1762  may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node  1111  and the AMF  1321 /MME  1221  based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP  1761 . The Internet Protocol layer (IP)  1761  may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. In some implementations the IP layer  1761  may use point-to-point transmission to deliver and convey PDUs. In this regard, the RAN node  1111  may comprise L2 and L1 layer communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) with the MME/AMF to exchange information. 
     In a second example, a user plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP  1747 , PDCP  1740 , RLC  1730 , MAC  1720 , and PHY  1710 . The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE  1101 , the RAN node  1111 , and UPF  1302  in NR implementations or an S-GW  1222  and P-GW  1223  in LTE implementations. In this example, upper layers  1751  may be built on top of the SDAP  1747 , and may include a user datagram protocol (UDP) and IP security layer (UDP/IP)  1752 , a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U)  1753 , and a User Plane PDU layer (UP PDU)  1763 . 
     The transport network layer  1754  (also referred to as a “transport layer”) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U  1753  may be used on top of the UDP/IP layer  1752  (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to carry user plane PDUs (UP-PDUs). The IP layer (also referred to as the “Internet layer”) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. 
     The GTP-U  1753  may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP/IP  1752  may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node  1111  and the S-GW  1222  may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer (e.g., PHY  1710 ), an L2 layer (e.g., MAC  1720 , RLC  1730 , PDCP  1740 , and/or SDAP  1747 ), the UDP/IP layer  1752 , and the GTP-U  1753 . The S-GW  1222  and the P-GW  1223  may utilize an S5/S8a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/IP layer  1752 , and the GTP-U  1753 . As discussed previously, NAS protocols may support the mobility of the UE  1101  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  1101  and the P-GW  1223 . 
     Moreover, although not shown by  FIG.  17   , an application layer may be present above the AP  1763  and/or the transport network layer  1754 . The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE  1101 , RAN node  1111 , or other network element interacts with software applications being executed, for example, by application circuitry  1405  or application circuitry  1505 , respectively. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE  1101  or RAN node  1111 , such as the baseband circuitry  1610 . In some implementations the IP layer and/or the application layer may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7—the application layer, OSI Layer 6—the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5—the session layer). 
       FIG.  18    illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary computer system that can be utilized to implement various embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  18    is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG.  18    shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources  1800  including one or more processors (or processor cores)  1810 , one or more memory/storage devices  1820 , and one or more communication resources  1830 , each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus  1840 . For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor  1802  may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources  1800 . 
     The processors  1810  may include, for example, a processor  1812  and a processor  1814 . The processor(s)  1810  may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof. 
     The memory/storage devices  1820  may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  1820  may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile or nonvolatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc. 
     The communication resources  1830  may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices  1804  or one or more databases  1806  via a network  1808 . For example, the communication resources  1830  may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components. 
     Instructions  1850  may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors  1810  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions  1850  may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors  1810  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), the memory/storage devices  1820 , or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions  1850  may be transferred to the hardware resources  1800  from any combination of the peripheral devices  1804  or the databases  1806 . Accordingly, the memory of processors  1810 , the memory/storage devices  1820 , the peripheral devices  1804 , and the databases  1806  are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. 
       FIG.  19    illustrates a method  1900  of operating the system according to embodiments of the disclosure. The method  1900  includes: selecting, by a user equipment (UE), a rate-matching (RM) mode, based on a scheduling decision, for transmitting a symbol in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) as shown in box  1902 ; and transmitting, by the UE, the symbol based on the RM mode as shown in box  1904 . 
     In embodiments, the processes or steps in  FIG.  19    can be performed by one or more of application circuitry  1405  or  1505 , baseband circuitry  1410  or  1510 , or processors  1814 . 
     For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 may include a method (or system for performing the method) of unicast, groupcast vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication in a fifth generation (5G) or new radio (NR) system, the method comprising:
         transmitting, by a UE, of standalone control channel;   transmitting, by a UE, of a control channel associated with data channel;   transmitting, by a second UE, of feedback in response to the control and/or shared channel; or   avoiding, by a UE, of half-duplex collision with other UEs in a group;       

     Example 2 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein PSCCH format/aggregation level may be associated with a given combination of QoS attribute levels that include one or more of priority, reliability, latency, communication range, etc. 
     Example 3 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein PSCCH format/AL may be associated with a given SCI or SFCI format to be carried. 
     Example 4 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein a sub-channel contains M contiguous PSCCH resources, where M may be 1 or 2 or a larger value. 
     Example 5 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein two different sub-channel sizes may be configured in order to efficiently utilize spectrum in any combination of SCS and carrier bandwidth. 
     Example 6 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein sub-channel size may not be explicitly configured, but derived from an explicitly configured number of sub-channels and the number of PRBs in a V2X resource pool. Assuming the number of available PRBs in the V2X resource pool is NPRB, and the number of configured sub-channels is NSBC, the first sub-channel size may be calculated as floor (NPRB/NSBC) and the second sub-channel size may be calculated as ceil (NPRB/NSBC). 
     Example 7 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein a UE does not expect a resulting sub-channel size to be smaller than M PSCCH resources. 
     Example 8 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein a given PSCCH transmission may be associated with PSSCH rate-matching (RM) mode. 
     Example 9 may include the method of example 8 or some other example herein, wherein PSSCH is rate-matched around all PSCCH resources in the resource pool or sidelink control resource set (CORESET). 
     Example 10 may include the method of example 8 or some other example herein, wherein PSSCH is rate-matched around PSCCH candidate carrying the SCI scheduling the PSSCH. 
     Example 11 may include the method of example 8 or some other example herein, wherein PSSCH is rate-matched around all PSCCH resources in the sub-channel where PSCCH carrying the indication detected. 
     Example 12 may include the method of example 8 or some other example herein, wherein PSSCH is rate-matched around a configured PSCCH resource sub-set in the sidelink COREST/resource pool. 
     Example 13 may include the method of examples 8-12 or some other example herein, wherein an SCI scheduling PSSCH may carry a field that indicates which of the modes is used by the transmitter. 
     Example 14 may include the method of examples 8-12 or some other example herein, wherein the rate-matching mode may be selected by the transmitter based on scheduling decision in autonomous manner or be a function of channel access procedures, (pre)-configuration by network, association with quality of service attributes (which include priority, reliability, latency, communication range). 
     Example 15 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein PSSCH resources may be an outcome of channel sensing procedure while PSCCH may be determined with respect to start PRB or center PRB of PSSCH allocation. 
     Example 16 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein the PSCCH associated with PSSCH may be composed from two different self-decodable parts, PSCCH- 1  and PSCCH- 2 . The first part (PSCCH- 1 ) carries information to decode the second part (PSCCH- 2 ) and points to PSSCH resources in current slot and/or in future slots including repetition/retransmission resources. The second part at least includes information needed to decode PSSCH. 
     Example 17 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein the standalone PSCCH may be one of at least two different physical formats: long PSCCH and short PSCCH. 
     Example 18 may include the method of example 17 or some other example herein, wherein the long PSCCH may occupy all sidelink symbols available in a slot except necessary switching/retuning gaps and potentially specific AGC training symbols. The bandwidth of this PSCCH format may span from 1 to 2 PRBs. It should be modulated by QPSK 
     Example 19 may include the method of example 17 or some other example herein, wherein the short PSCCH format may occupy L symbols that is less than the total number of available sidelink symbols in a slot. In one example, L may be 1 or 2 or 3 symbols. The bandwidth of this PSCCH format may span from 2 to around 8 PRBs in order to align spectrum efficiency with the long PSCCH format. Position within a slot may be either beginning or ending L symbols. It should be modulated by QPSK. 
     Example 20 may include the method of example 17 or some other example herein, wherein the short standalone PSCCH (or PSFCH) may be transmitted in the end of a slot. In this case, PSCCH carrying SCI that is transmitted in the beginning of the slot, may convey an indication of rate-matching behavior around the PSCCH region/candidates in the end of the slot. 
     Example 21 may include the method of example 17 or some other example herein, wherein when short PSCCH region is configured in a carrier, it starts and ends with a gap symbol and an AGC/transient symbol where the gap symbol and the AGC/transient symbol may be the same symbol or different symbols. 
     Example 22 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-21, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 23 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-21, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 24 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-21, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 25 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-21, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example 26 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-21, or portions thereof. 
     Example 27 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1-21, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example 28 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example 29 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example Z09 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Example 30 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein 
     Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. 
     Terminology 
     For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments discussed herein, but is not meant to be limiting. 
     The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry. 
     The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.” 
     The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like. 
     The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface. 
     The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like. 
     The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources. 
     The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource. 
     The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable. 
     The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information. 
     The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. 
     The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or ink, and/or the like. 
     The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content. 
     The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration. 
     The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block. 
     The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure. 
     The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation. 
     The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA. 
     The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC. 
     The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell. 
     The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED configured with CA/. 
     The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pcell.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20200109
Publication Date: 20240730
Grant Date: 20240730
Priority Date: 20190111
Inventors: PANTELEEV, Sergey
KHORYAEV, ALEXEY
Shilov, Mikhail
ROTH, KILIAN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04L1/0067", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/40", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/20", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0042", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/46", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0053", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/543", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L1/0068", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/20", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/40", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L1/0067", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/543", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 69469215