PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11664766-B2
Application Number: US-202217845666-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Mixer circuitry with noise cancellation

Abstract:
An electronic device may include wireless circuitry with a baseband processor, a transceiver, a front-end module, and an antenna. The transceiver may include mixer circuitry. The mixer circuitry may include switches controlled by oscillator signals. The mixer circuitry may also include oscillator phase noise cancelling capacitors controlled by inverted oscillator signals. Operated in this way, the mixer circuitry exhibits improved noise figure performance.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. Mixer circuitry comprising:
 an oscillator configured to generate a first oscillator signal and a second oscillator signal; 
 a switch having a control terminal configured to receive the first oscillator signal; and 
 an oscillator phase noise cancellation circuit coupled to the switch and configured to receive the second oscillator signal. 
 
     
     
       2. The mixer circuitry of  claim 1 , wherein the second oscillator signal is inverted with respect to the first oscillator signal. 
     
     
       3. The mixer circuitry of  claim 1 , wherein the oscillator phase noise cancellation circuit comprises a capacitor. 
     
     
       4. The mixer circuitry of  claim 1 , wherein the oscillator is further configured to generate a third oscillator signal different than the first oscillator signal, further comprising:
 an additional switch coupled to the switch and configured to receive the third oscillator signal. 
 
     
     
       5. The mixer circuitry of  claim 4 , wherein the oscillator is further configured to generate a fourth oscillator signal that is inverted with respect to the third oscillator signal, the mixer circuitry further comprising:
 an additional oscillator phase noise cancellation circuit coupled to the additional switch and configured to receive the fourth oscillator signal. 
 
     
     
       6. The mixer circuitry of  claim 5 , wherein the oscillator comprises:
 a flip-flop having a first output terminal and a second output terminal; 
 a first chain of buffers having an input terminal coupled to the first output terminal and an output terminal on which the first oscillator signal is generated; and 
 a second chain of buffers having an input terminal coupled to the second output terminal and an output terminal on which the third oscillator signal is generated. 
 
     
     
       7. The mixer circuitry of  claim 6 , wherein the oscillator comprises:
 a first inverter having an input terminal coupled to a final buffer in the first chain of buffers and an output terminal on which the second oscillator signal is generated; and 
 a second inverter having an input terminal coupled to a final buffer in the second chain of buffers and an output terminal on which the fourth oscillator signal is generated. 
 
     
     
       8. The mixer circuitry of  claim 7 , wherein the first and second inverters have adjustable delays to compensate for process, voltage, and temperature variations. 
     
     
       9. The mixer circuitry of  claim 1 , wherein the oscillator phase noise cancellation circuit comprises a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor that is at least half the size of the switch. 
     
     
       10. The mixer circuitry of  claim 1 , wherein the oscillator phase noise cancellation circuit comprises a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor that is more than half the size of the switch. 
     
     
       11. A method of operating a mixer, comprising:
 with an oscillator, generating a first oscillator signal and a second oscillator signal; 
 with a switch, receiving the first oscillator signal; and 
 with an oscillator phase noise canceller coupled to the switch, receiving the second oscillator signal and reducing a phase noise associated with first oscillator signal. 
 
     
     
       12. The method of  claim 11 , wherein generating the second oscillator signal comprises inverting the first oscillator signal. 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 11 , further comprising:
 with the oscillator, generating a third oscillator signal different than the first oscillator signal; and 
 with an additional switch, receiving the third oscillator signal and generating signals to be received by the switch. 
 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 13 , further comprising:
 with the oscillator, generating a fourth oscillator signal that is inverted with respect to the third oscillator signal; and 
 with an additional phase noise canceller, receiving the fourth oscillator signal and reducing a phase noise associated with the third oscillator signal. 
 
     
     
       15. The method of  claim 14 , wherein generating the first, second, third, and fourth oscillator signals comprises:
 with a flip-flop, generating a first output signal and a second output signal; 
 with a first series of buffers, receiving the first output signal and generating the first oscillator signal; 
 with a first inverter, receiving a signal from a penultimate buffer in the first series of buffers and generating the second oscillator signal; 
 with a second series of buffers, receiving the second output signal and generating the third oscillator signal; and 
 with a second inverter, receiving a signal from a penultimate buffer in the second series of buffers and generating the fourth oscillator signal. 
 
     
     
       16. An electronic device comprising:
 a processor configured to receive baseband signals generated based on radio-frequency signals received from an antenna; 
 an oscillator configured to generate a first oscillator signal and a second oscillator signal; and 
 a mixer configured to receive the radio-frequency signals from the antenna and configured to generate the baseband signals, the mixer having
 a transistor configured to receive the first oscillator signal, and 
 an oscillator phase noise cancelling component coupled to the transistor and configured to receive the second oscillator signal. 
 
 
     
     
       17. The electronic device of  claim 16 , wherein the second oscillator signal is inverted with respect to the first oscillator signal. 
     
     
       18. The electronic device of  claim 16 , wherein the oscillator phase noise cancelling component comprises a capacitive circuit. 
     
     
       19. The electronic device of  claim 16 , wherein the mixer comprises:
 an additional transistor having a first source-drain terminal coupled to the antenna, a second source-drain terminal coupled to the transistor, and a gate terminal configured to receive a third oscillator signal from the oscillator. 
 
     
     
       20. The electronic device of  claim 19 , wherein the mixer comprises:
 an additional oscillator phase noise cancelling component coupled to the additional transistor and configured to receive a fourth oscillator signal from the oscillator.

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/348,414, filed Jun. 15, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/026,056, filed Sep. 18, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,095,252, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This disclosure relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with wireless communications circuitry. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electronic devices are often provided with wireless communications capabilities. An electronic device with wireless communications capabilities has wireless communications circuitry with one or more antennas. Wireless receiver circuitry in the wireless communications circuitry uses the antennas to receive radio-frequency signals. 
     Signals received by the antennas are fed through a transceiver, which often includes a mixer for demodulating the radio-frequency signals. It can be challenging to design a satisfactory mixer for an electronic device. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device may include wireless communications circuitry. The wireless communications circuitry may include an antenna, a transceiver configured to receive radio-frequency signals from the antenna and to generate corresponding baseband signals, and a baseband processor configured to receive the baseband signals from the transceiver. 
     An aspect of the disclosure provides mixer circuitry. The mixer circuitry can include an input port configured to receive a radio-frequency signal from the antenna, an output port on which a baseband signal is generated based on the radio-frequency signal, an oscillator configured to generate a first oscillator signal, a second oscillator signal different than the first oscillator signal, and an third oscillator signal that is inverted with respect to the second oscillator signal, a first switch having a input terminal coupled to the input port, an output terminal coupled to the output port, and a control terminal configured to receive the first oscillator signal, a second switch having an input terminal coupled to the output terminal of the first switch, an output terminal coupled to the output port, and a control terminal configured to receive the second oscillator signal, and an oscillator phase noise cancellation capacitor having a first terminal coupled to the input terminal of the second switch and a second terminal configured to receive the third oscillator signal. The oscillator phase noise cancellation capacitor can be a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor, a metal-insulator-metal capacitor, or a metal-oxide-metal capacitor. 
     An aspect of the disclosure provides a method of operating a mixer. The method can include using an input port to receive a radio-frequency signal, using an oscillator to generate a first oscillator signal, a second oscillator signal different than the first oscillator signal, and a third oscillator signal that is inverted with respect to the second oscillator signal, using a first switch to receive the radio-frequency signal from the input port and to receive the first oscillator signal, using a second switch to receive signals from the first switch, to receive the second oscillator signal, and to generate a corresponding baseband signal based on the radio-frequency signal, and using a oscillator phase noise canceller to receive the third oscillator signal and to reduce a phase noise associated with second oscillator signal. The method can also include using a flip-flop to generating a first output signal and a second output signal, using a first series of buffers to receive the first output signal and to generate the first oscillator signal, and using a second series of buffers to receive the second output signal and to generate the second oscillator signal. 
     An aspect of the disclosure provides an electronic device that includes an antenna configured to receive radio-frequency signals, a baseband processor configured to receive baseband signals generated based on the radio-frequency signals, an oscillator configured to generate oscillator signals and inverted oscillator signals that are inverted with respect to the oscillator signals, and a mixer configured to receive the radio-frequency signals from the antenna and to generate the baseband signals. The mixer can include transistors with gate terminals configured to receive the oscillator signals and capacitors with first terminals directly connected to the transistors and second terminals configured to receive the inverted oscillator signals. The oscillator can include a flip-flop having a first output and a second output, a first plurality of buffers coupled to the first output and configured to generate a first of the oscillator signals, and a second plurality of buffers coupled to the second output and configured to generate a second of the oscillator signals. The oscillator can further include a first inverter coupled to a final buffer in the first plurality of buffers and a second inverter coupled to a final buffer in the second plurality of buffer. The first inverter can be configured to generate a first of inverted oscillator signals. The second inverter can be configured to generate a second of inverted oscillator signals. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a diagram of an illustrative electronic device having wireless communications circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    is a diagram of illustrative wireless communications circuitry having transceiver circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a diagram of illustrative mixer circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram of an illustrative local oscillator in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram of an illustrative mixer switch coupled to an oscillator phase noise cancelling capacitor in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    is a circuit diagram of a portion of mixer circuitry configured to generate in-phase output signals in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is a circuit diagram of a portion of mixer circuitry configured to generate quadrature-phase output signals in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    is a circuit diagram of an illustrative local oscillator configured to generate oscillator signals for controlling the mixer circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    is a diagram showing illustrative oscillator signal waveforms in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  10    is a diagram showing how performing oscillator phase noise cancellation can reduce noise figure in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  11    is a flow chart of illustrative steps involved in operating mixer circuitry of the type shown in  FIGS.  2 - 8    in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An electronic device such as electronic device  10  of  FIG.  1    may be provided with wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include passive mixer circuitry for down-converting radio-frequency signals to baseband. The passive mixer circuitry includes a mixer and a local oscillator. The local oscillator generates oscillator output signals to control one or more switches in the mixer. The passive mixer circuitry may be provided with an oscillator phase noise cancelling component configured to cancel the phase noise that can coupled to the input of the mixer via parasitics. The oscillator phase noise cancelling component can be a capacitor structure configured to receive inverted oscillator output signals. Arranged and operated in this way, the passive mixer circuitry can generate baseband signals with improved noise figure performance. 
     Electronic device  10  of  FIG.  1    may be a computing device such as a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a computer monitor containing an embedded computer, a tablet computer, a cellular telephone, a media player, or other handheld or portable electronic device, a smaller device such as a wristwatch device, a pendant device, a headphone or earpiece device, a device embedded in eyeglasses or other equipment worn on a user&#39;s head, or other wearable or miniature device, a television, a computer display that does not contain an embedded computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, an embedded system such as a system in which electronic equipment with a display is mounted in a kiosk or automobile, a wireless internet-connected voice-controlled speaker, a home entertainment device, a remote control device, a gaming controller, a peripheral user input device, a wireless base station or access point, equipment that implements the functionality of two or more of these devices, or other electronic equipment. 
     As shown in the schematic diagram  FIG.  1   , device  10  may include components located on or within an electronic device housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as a case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, metal alloys, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of these materials. In some situations, parts or all of housing  12  may be formed from dielectric or other low-conductivity material (e.g., glass, ceramic, plastic, sapphire, etc.). In other situations, housing  12  or at least some of the structures that make up housing  12  may be formed from metal elements. 
     Device  10  may include control circuitry  14 . Control circuitry  14  may include storage such as storage circuitry  16 . Storage circuitry  16  may include hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid-state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Storage circuitry  16  may include storage that is integrated within device  10  and/or removable storage media. 
     Control circuitry  14  may include processing circuitry such as processing circuitry  18 . Processing circuitry  18  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . Processing circuitry  18  may include on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, host processors, baseband processor integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits, central processing units (CPUs), etc. Control circuitry  14  may be configured to perform operations in device  10  using hardware (e.g., dedicated hardware or circuitry), firmware, and/or software. Software code for performing operations in device  10  may be stored on storage circuitry  16  (e.g., storage circuitry  16  may include non-transitory (tangible) computer readable storage media that stores the software code). The software code may sometimes be referred to as program instructions, software, data, instructions, or code. Software code stored on storage circuitry  16  may be executed by processing circuitry  18 . 
     Control circuitry  14  may be used to run software on device  10  such as satellite navigation applications, internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, control circuitry  14  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using control circuitry  14  include internet protocols, wireless local area network (WLAN) protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as Wi-Fi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol or other wireless personal area network (WPAN) protocols, IEEE 802.11ad protocols (e.g., ultra-wideband protocols), cellular telephone protocols (e.g., 3G protocols, 4G (LTE) protocols, 5G New Radio (NR) protocols, etc.), MIMO protocols, antenna diversity protocols, satellite navigation system protocols (e.g., global positioning system (GPS) protocols, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) protocols, etc.), antenna-based spatial ranging protocols (e.g., radio detection and ranging (RADAR) protocols or other desired range detection protocols for signals conveyed at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies), or any other desired communications protocols. Each communications protocol may be associated with a corresponding radio access technology (RAT) that specifies the physical connection methodology used in implementing the protocol. 
     Device  10  may include input-output circuitry  20 . Input-output circuitry  20  may include input-output devices  22 . Input-output devices  22  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  22  may include user interface devices, data port devices, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices  22  may include touch sensors, displays, light-emitting components such as displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons (mechanical, capacitive, optical, etc.), scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, buttons, speakers, status indicators, audio jacks and other audio port components, digital data port devices, motion sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, and/or compasses that detect motion), capacitance sensors, proximity sensors, magnetic sensors, force sensors (e.g., force sensors coupled to a display to detect pressure applied to the display), etc. In some configurations, keyboards, headphones, displays, pointing devices such as trackpads, mice, electronic pencil (e.g., a stylus), and joysticks, and other input-output devices may be coupled to device  10  using wired or wireless connections (e.g., some of input-output devices  22  may be peripherals that are coupled to a main processing unit or other portion of device  10  via a wired or wireless link). 
     Input-output circuitry  24  may include wireless communications circuitry such as wireless communications circuitry  34  (sometimes referred to herein as wireless circuitry  24 ) for wirelessly conveying radio-frequency signals. While control circuitry  14  is shown separately from wireless communications circuitry  24  for the sake of clarity, wireless communications circuitry  24  may include processing circuitry that forms a part of processing circuitry  18  and/or storage circuitry that forms a part of storage circuitry  16  of control circuitry  14  (e.g., portions of control circuitry  14  may be implemented on wireless communications circuitry  24 ). As an example, control circuitry  14  (e.g., processing circuitry  18 ) may include baseband processor circuitry or other control components that form a part of wireless communications circuitry  24 . 
     Wireless communications circuitry  24  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry configured to amplify uplink radio-frequency signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals transmitted by device  10  to an external device), low-noise amplifiers configured to amplify downlink radio-frequency signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals received by device  10  from an external device), passive radio-frequency components, one or more antennas, transmission lines, and other circuitry for handling radio-frequency wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Wireless circuitry  24  may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry for handling transmission and/or reception of radio-frequency signals in various radio-frequency communications bands. For example, the radio-frequency transceiver circuitry may handle wireless local area network (WLAN) communications bands such as the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi® (IEEE 802.11) bands, wireless personal area network (WPAN) communications bands such as the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band, cellular telephone communications bands such as a cellular low band (LB) (e.g., 600 to 960 MHz), a cellular low-midband (LMB) (e.g., 1400 to 1550 MHz), a cellular midband (MB) (e.g., from 1700 to 2200 MHz), a cellular high band (HB) (e.g., from 2300 to 2700 MHz), a cellular ultra-high band (UHB) (e.g., from 3300 to 5000 MHz), or other cellular communications bands between about 600 MHz and about 5000 MHz (e.g., 3G bands, 4G LTE bands, 5G New Radio Frequency Range 1 (FR1) bands below 10 GHz, 5G New Radio Frequency Range 2 (FR2) bands at millimeter and centimeter wavelengths between 20 and 60 GHz, etc.), a near-field communications (NFC) band (e.g., at 13.56 MHz), satellite navigations bands (e.g., an L1 global positioning system (GPS) band at 1575 MHz, an L5 GPS band at 1176 MHz, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) band, a BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) band, etc.), an ultra-wideband (UWB) communications band supported by the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and/or other UWB communications protocols (e.g., a first UWB communications band at 6.5 GHz and/or a second UWB communications band at 8.0 GHz), and/or any other desired communications bands. The communications bands handled by such radio-frequency transceiver circuitry may sometimes be referred to herein as frequency bands or simply as “bands,” and may span corresponding ranges of frequencies. In general, the radio-frequency transceiver circuitry within wireless circuitry  24  may cover (handle) any desired frequency bands of interest. 
       FIG.  2    is a diagram showing illustrative components within wireless circuitry  24 . As shown in  FIG.  2   , wireless circuitry  24  may include a baseband processor such as baseband processor  26 , radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry such as radio-frequency transceiver  28 , radio-frequency front end circuitry such as radio-frequency front end module (FEM)  40 , and antenna(s)  42 . Baseband processor  26  may be coupled to transceiver  28  over baseband path  34 . Transceiver  28  may be coupled to antenna  42  via radio-frequency transmission line path  36 . Radio-frequency front end module  40  may be interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  36  between transceiver  28  and antenna  42 . 
     In the example of  FIG.  2   , wireless circuitry  24  is illustrated as including only a single baseband processor  26 , a single transceiver  28 , a single front end module  40 , and a single antenna  42  for the sake of clarity. In general, wireless circuitry  24  may include any desired number of baseband processors  26 , any desired number of transceivers  28 , any desired number of front end modules  40 , and any desired number of antennas  42 . Each baseband processor  26  may be coupled to one or more transceiver  28  over respective baseband paths  34 . Each transceiver  28  may include a transmitter circuit  30  configured to output uplink signals to antenna  42 , may include a receiver circuit  32  configured to receive downlink signals from antenna  42 , and may be coupled to one or more antennas  42  over respective radio-frequency transmission line paths  36 . Each radio-frequency transmission line path  36  may have a respective front end module  40  interposed thereon. If desired, two or more front end modules  40  may be interposed on the same radio-frequency transmission line path  36 . If desired, one or more of the radio-frequency transmission line paths  36  in wireless circuitry  24  may be implemented without any front end module interposed thereon. 
     Radio-frequency transmission line path  36  may be coupled to an antenna feed on antenna  42 . The antenna feed may, for example, include a positive antenna feed terminal and a ground antenna feed terminal. Radio-frequency transmission line path  36  may have a positive transmission line signal path such that is coupled to the positive antenna feed terminal on antenna  42 . Radio-frequency transmission line path  36  may have a ground transmission line signal path that is coupled to the ground antenna feed terminal on antenna  42 . This example is merely illustrative and, in general, antennas  42  may be fed using any desired antenna feeding scheme. If desired, antenna  42  may have multiple antenna feeds that are coupled to one or more radio-frequency transmission line paths  36 . 
     Radio-frequency transmission line path  36  may include transmission lines that are used to route radio-frequency antenna signals within device  10  ( FIG.  1   ). Transmission lines in device  10  may include coaxial cables, microstrip transmission lines, stripline transmission lines, edge-coupled microstrip transmission lines, edge-coupled stripline transmission lines, transmission lines formed from combinations of transmission lines of these types, etc. Transmission lines in device  10  such as transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path  36  may be integrated into rigid and/or flexible printed circuit boards. In one suitable arrangement, radio-frequency transmission line paths such as radio-frequency transmission line path  36  may also include transmission line conductors integrated within multilayer laminated structures (e.g., layers of a conductive material such as copper and a dielectric material such as a resin that are laminated together without intervening adhesive). The multilayer laminated structures may, if desired, be folded or bent in multiple dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and may maintain a bent or folded shape after bending (e.g., the multilayer laminated structures may be folded into a particular three-dimensional shape to route around other device components and may be rigid enough to hold its shape after folding without being held in place by stiffeners or other structures). All of the multiple layers of the laminated structures may be batch laminated together (e.g., in a single pressing process) without adhesive (e.g., as opposed to performing multiple pressing processes to laminate multiple layers together with adhesive). 
     In performing wireless transmission, baseband processor  26  may provide baseband signals to transceiver  28  over baseband path  34 . Transceiver  28  may further include circuitry for converting the baseband signals received from baseband processor  26  into corresponding radio-frequency signals. For example, transceiver circuitry  28  may include mixer circuitry  50  for up-converting (or modulating) the baseband signals to radio-frequencies prior to transmission over antenna  42 . Transceiver circuitry  28  may also include digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and/or analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuitry for converting signals between digital and analog domains. Transceiver  28  may include a transmitter component to transmit the radio-frequency signals over antenna  42  via radio-frequency transmission line path  36  and front end module  40 . Antenna  42  may transmit the radio-frequency signals to external wireless equipment by radiating the radio-frequency signals into free space. 
     In performing wireless reception, antenna  42  may receive radio-frequency signals from the external wireless equipment. The received radio-frequency signals may be conveyed to transceiver  28  via radio-frequency transmission line path  36  and front end module  40 . Transceiver  28  may include circuitry for converting the received radio-frequency signals into corresponding baseband signals. For example, transceiver  28  may use mixer circuitry  50  for down-converting (or demodulating) the received radio-frequency signals to baseband frequencies prior to conveying the received signals to baseband processor  26  over baseband path  34 . Mixer circuitry  50  can include oscillator circuitry such as a local oscillator  52 . Local oscillator  52  can generate oscillator signals that mixer circuitry  50  uses to modulate transmitting signals from baseband frequencies to radio frequencies and/or to demodulate the received signals from radio frequencies to baseband frequencies. 
     Front end module (FEM)  40  may include radio-frequency front end circuitry that operates on the radio-frequency signals conveyed (transmitted and/or received) over radio-frequency transmission line path  36 . Front end module may, for example, include front end module (FEM) components such as radio-frequency filter circuitry  44  (e.g., low pass filters, high pass filters, notch filters, band pass filters, multiplexing circuitry, duplexer circuitry, diplexer circuitry, triplexer circuitry, etc.), switching circuitry  46  (e.g., one or more radio-frequency switches), radio-frequency amplifier circuitry  48  (e.g., one or more power amplifiers and one or more low-noise amplifiers), impedance matching circuitry (e.g., circuitry that helps to match the impedance of antenna  42  to the impedance of radio-frequency transmission line  36 ), antenna tuning circuitry (e.g., networks of capacitors, resistors, inductors, and/or switches that adjust the frequency response of antenna  42 ), radio-frequency coupler circuitry, charge pump circuitry, power management circuitry, digital control and interface circuitry, and/or any other desired circuitry that operates on the radio-frequency signals transmitted and/or received by antenna  42 . Each of the front end module components may be mounted to a common (shared) substrate such as a rigid printed circuit board substrate or flexible printed circuit substrate. If desired, the various front end module components may also be integrated into a single integrated circuit chip. 
     Filter circuitry  44 , switching circuitry  46 , amplifier circuitry  48 , and other circuitry may be interposed within radio-frequency transmission line path  36 , may be incorporated into FEM  40 , and/or may be incorporated into antenna  42  (e.g., to support antenna tuning, to support operation in desired frequency bands, etc.). These components, sometimes referred to herein as antenna tuning components, may be adjusted (e.g., using control circuitry  14 ) to adjust the frequency response and wireless performance of antenna  42  over time. 
     Transceiver  28  may be separate from front end module  40 . For example, transceiver  28  may be formed on another substrate such as the main logic board of device  10 , a rigid printed circuit board, or flexible printed circuit that is not a part of front end module  40 . While control circuitry  14  is shown separately from wireless circuitry  24  in the example of  FIG.  1    for the sake of clarity, wireless circuitry  24  may include processing circuitry that forms a part of processing circuitry  18  and/or storage circuitry that forms a part of storage circuitry  16  of control circuitry  14  (e.g., portions of control circuitry  14  may be implemented on wireless circuitry  24 ). As an example, baseband processor  26  and/or portions of transceiver  28  (e.g., a host processor on transceiver  28 ) may form a part of control circuitry  14 . Control circuitry  14  (e.g., portions of control circuitry  14  formed on baseband processor  26 , portions of control circuitry  14  formed on transceiver  28 , and/or portions of control circuitry  14  that are separate from wireless circuitry  24 ) may provide control signals (e.g., over one or more control paths in device  10 ) that control the operation of front end module  40 . 
     Transceiver circuitry  28  may include wireless local area network transceiver circuitry that handles WLAN communications bands (e.g., Wi-Fi® (IEEE 802.11) or other WLAN communications bands) such as a 2.4 GHz WLAN band (e.g., from 2400 to 2480 MHz), a 5 GHz WLAN band (e.g., from 5180 to 5825 MHz), a Wi-Fi® 6E band (e.g., from 5925-7125 MHz), and/or other Wi-Fi® bands (e.g., from 1875-5160 MHz), wireless personal area network transceiver circuitry that handles the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® band or other WPAN communications bands, cellular telephone transceiver circuitry that handles cellular telephone bands (e.g., bands from about 600 MHz to about 5 GHz, 3G bands, 4G LTE bands, 5G New Radio Frequency Range 1 (FR1) bands below 10 GHz, 5G New Radio Frequency Range 2 (FR2) bands between 20 and 60 GHz, etc.), near-field communications (NFC) transceiver circuitry that handles near-field communications bands (e.g., at 13.56 MHz), satellite navigation receiver circuitry that handles satellite navigation bands (e.g., a GPS band from 1565 to 1610 MHz, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) band, a BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) band, etc.), ultra-wideband (UWB) transceiver circuitry that handles communications using the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and/or other ultra-wideband communications protocols, and/or any other desired radio-frequency transceiver circuitry for covering any other desired communications bands of interest. 
     Wireless circuitry  24  may include one or more antennas such as antenna  42 . Antenna  42  may be formed using any desired antenna structures. For example, antenna  42  may be an antenna with a resonating element that is formed from loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, helical antenna structures, monopole antennas, dipoles, hybrids of these designs, etc. Two or more antennas  42  may be arranged into one or more phased antenna arrays (e.g., for conveying radio-frequency signals at millimeter wave frequencies). Parasitic elements may be included in antenna  42  to adjust antenna performance. Antenna  42  may be provided with a conductive cavity that backs the antenna resonating element of antenna  42  (e.g., antenna  42  may be a cavity-backed antenna such as a cavity-backed slot antenna). 
     As described above, mixer circuitry  50  can be used to down-convert radio-frequency signals to baseband frequencies for demodulation.  FIG.  3    is a diagram of illustrative mixer circuitry  50 . As shown in  FIG.  3   , mixer circuitry  50  may include an input port RFIN, a first mixer portion  50 -I, a second mixer portion  50 -Q, and an associated local oscillator (LO)  52 . Input port RFIN is configured to receive radio-frequency signals from front-end module  40 . As an example, input port RFIN may be configured to receive radio-frequency from a low noise amplifier within front-end module  40 . As another example, input port RFIN may be configured to receive radio-frequency signals from a balun. As another example, input port RFIN may be configured to receive radio-frequency signals from other front-end module components or directly from antenna  42 . 
     Oscillator  52  may be configured to generate a first oscillator output signal and a second oscillator output signal that is phase shifted by 90° with respect to the first oscillator output signal. The first oscillator output signal is fed to first mixer portion  50 -I. First mixer portion  50 -I may mix the radio-frequency input signals received at input port RFIN with the first oscillator output signal to generate corresponding in-phase signals I(n). Second mixer portion  50 -Q may mix the radio-frequency input signals received at the RFIN port with the second oscillator output signal to generate corresponding quadrature-phase signals Q(n). In-phase signals I(n) and quadrature-phase signals Q(n) may generated at the output of the mixer may collectively be referred to as baseband signals, which are then fed to baseband processor  26 . 
       FIG.  4    is a block diagram of local oscillator  52 . As shown in  FIG.  4   , oscillator  52  may include a voltage controlled oscillator such as voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)  60 , one or more digital flip-flops such as digital flip-flops  62 , and associated buffer circuits such as buffers  64 . Voltage controlled oscillator  60  can output a periodic signal to control digital flip-flops  62 . Flip-flops  62  can be any latch-based digital circuit for generating clock signals based on the periodic signal provided by voltage controlled oscillator  60 . The clock signals generated by flip-flops  62  may be fed through respective chains of buffer circuits  64  to generate one or more oscillator output signals  66 . 
     As shown in the example of  FIG.  3   , oscillator  52  can generate at least two different oscillator output signals with different phases (see, e.g., a 0° LO phase signal and a 90° LO phase signal). As another example, oscillator  52  may generate at least four different oscillator output signals (e.g., a 0° LO phase signal, a 90° LO phase signal, a 180° LO phase signal, and a 270° LO phase signal). In general, oscillator  52  may generate any suitable number of LO phases (e.g., two or more LO phases, three or more LO phases, more than four LO phases, four to ten LO phases, more than ten LO phases, etc.). In practice, digital flip-flops  62  and buffer circuits  64  are susceptible to rise and fall time variations, random phase shift and signal jitter, which can all contribute to random phase noise that can be introduced by the local oscillator to degrade the noise figure performance of the overall mixer circuitry. 
     Mixer circuitry  50  may be an active mixer or a passive mixer. Active mixers constantly consume power but can be used to provide gain. Passive mixers can also provide gain but can achieve improved linearity and consume less power than active mixers. Conventional passive mixers can suffer from noise figure degradation due to phase noise associated with the local oscillator (e.g., due to noise associated with the digital flip-flop and buffer circuits when generating the various LO phases). If care is not taken, the different oscillator signals generated by the local oscillator can couple to the input port of the passive mixer through parasitics, which can then self-mix with the local oscillator frequency. This undesired coupling of the local oscillator signals (sometimes times referred to herein as a local oscillator phase noise, oscillator phase noise, or LO phase noise) can result in noise degradation at baseband. This noise degradation is exacerbated at advance complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processes, which are more susceptible to flicker noise. 
       FIG.  5    is a diagram of illustrative passive mixer circuitry  50  provided with an oscillator phase noise cancelling component to cancel (compensate) LO phases that can inadvertently couple to the input port of the passive mixer. As shown in  FIG.  5   , mixer circuitry  50  may include at least one passive mixer switch such as switch  51 . Switch  51  may, for example, be implemented as a transistor such as an n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistor. This is merely illustrative. As another example, switch  51  may be implemented as a p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) transistor. In general, any suitable type of semiconductor switching component may also be used. Configurations in which switch  51  is implemented as an NMOS transistor may sometimes be described herein as an example. 
     Switch  51  may have an input terminal (e.g., a transistor source terminal) coupled to the mixer input port RFIN. Switch  51  may have an output terminal (e.g., a transistor drain terminal) coupled to the mixer output port BBout. Baseband signals may be provided at mixer output port BBout. Switch  51  may further include a control terminal (e.g., a transistor gate terminal) configured to receive an oscillator signal  66  generated by oscillator  52 . The terms “source” and “drain” terminals used to refer to current-conveying terminals in a transistor may be used interchangeably and are sometimes referred to as “source-drain” terminals. Thus, the arrangement of  FIG.  5    can also be described as transistor  51  having a first source-drain terminal coupled to the RFIN port and a second source-drain terminal coupled to the BBout port. 
     As shown in  FIG.  5   , there may be parasitic components such as parasitic capacitance Cpar existing between the control (G) terminal and the input (S) terminal of switch  51 . Parasitic capacitance Cpar can couple random noise sources associated with the LO signal  66  to input port RFIN, which can then self-mix with the LO frequency and can directly degrade the noise figure of the baseband signals generated at output port BBout. 
     To help compensate (mitigate) this undesired parasitic coupling effect, mixer circuitry  50  is provided with an oscillator phase noise cancelling capacitor Ccancel. Phase noise cancelling capacitor Ccancel has a first terminal coupled to mixer input port RFIN and a second terminal configured to receive an inverted oscillator signal  68 . Signal  68  may be inverted with respect to signal  66  (e.g., signal  68  may be an inverted version of signal  66 ). Configured and operated in this way, any phase noise that is injected from the control (G) terminal of switch  51  into the RFIN node through parasitic capacitance Cpar can be offset or canceled by a corresponding compensation coupling signal that is simultaneously injected into the RFIN node as a result of controlling capacitor Ccancel using the inverted (opposite) oscillator signal  68 . Thus, the phase noise coupled through Cpar associated with switch  51  will not translate to the baseband output port BBout. Capacitor Ccancel is therefore sometimes referred to as an oscillator phase noise canceling component, an oscillator phase noise canceller, an oscillator phase noise canceling circuit, an oscillator phase noise reduction circuit, an oscillator phase noise compensation circuit, or an oscillator phase noise mitigation circuit. 
     In some embodiments, oscillator phase noise canceling capacitor Ccancel has a fixed capacitance value. As another example, capacitor Ccancel may exhibit a variable capacitance that can be adjusted to tune a cancellation gain associated with capacitor Ccancel (e.g., to adjust the amount of LO phase noise cancellation provided by Ccancel). Capacitor Ccancel may be implemented as a capacitor bank (e.g., an array or capacitors at least some of which can be switched into use depending on the desired capacitance value). 
       FIG.  6    is a circuit diagram of first mixer portion  50 -I formed as a passive differential mixer. As shown in  FIG.  6   , first mixer portion  50 -I may have a differential input port with a positive input port rfp and a negative input port rfn. Differential input ports rfp and rfn may collectively represent mixer input port RFIN shown in  FIGS.  3  and  5   . Mixer portion  50 -I may have a differential output port with a positive output port iop and a negative output port ion. In-phase signals I(n) may be generated across differential output ports iop and ion. 
     Mixer portion  50 -I may further include switches M 1 -M 12  and capacitors C 1 -C 8 . In the example of  FIG.  6   , switches M 1 -M 12  are implemented as n-channel transistors (e.g., NMOS transistors). This is merely illustrative. In other embodiments, at least some of the switches or all of the switches in mixer portion  50 -I may be implemented as p-channel transistors (e.g., PMOS transistors). 
     Transistors M 1 , M 2 , and M 3  may be coupled in series between positive input port rfp and positive output port iop. Transistor M 1  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IN. Transistor M 2  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IP. Transistor M 3  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IN. Signals IP and IN are generated by local oscillator  52  and are described in detail below in connection with  FIGS.  8  and  9   . Capacitor C 1  has a first terminal coupled to positive input port rfp and a second terminal coupled to a node interposed between the source-drain terminals of transistors M 4  and M 5 . Capacitor C 3  has a first terminal coupled to positive input port rfp and a second terminal coupled to node A interposed between the source-drain terminals of transistors M 2  and M 3 . 
     Transistors M 4 , M 5 , and M 6  may be coupled in series between negative input port rfn and positive output port iop. Transistor M 4  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IP. Transistor M 5  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IN. Transistor M 6  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IP. Capacitor C 2  has a first terminal coupled to negative input port rfn and a second terminal coupled to a node interposed between the source-drain terminals of transistors M 1  and M 2 . Capacitor C 4  has a first terminal coupled to negative input port rfn and a second terminal coupled to node B interposed between the source-drain terminals of transistors M 5  and M 6 . 
     The phase noise associated with oscillator signal IP may be coupled to node A via the parasitic capacitance of transistor M 2 . Similarly, the phase noise associated with oscillator signal IN may also be coupled to node A via the parasitic capacitance of transistor M 3 . The phase noise coupled to node A can then mix with oscillator signal IN through transistor M 3 , which results in noise degradation in the baseband output signals. To cancel the LO phase noise associated with signals IP and IN, mixer portion  50 -I is provided with capacitors n 1  and n 2  that re coupled to node A. In the example of  FIG.  6   , capacitors n 1  and n 2  are implemented as metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs). This is merely illustrative. As another example, capacitors n 1  and n 2  can be implemented as metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors. As another example, capacitors n 1  and n 2  can be implemented as metal-oxide-metal (MOM) capacitors. In general, capacitors n 1  and n 2  can be implemented using any suitable semiconductor capacitor structure. 
     Capacitor n 1  has a first (body) terminal coupled to node A and a second (gate) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IPb (e.g., a signal that is inverted with respect to signal IP). Capacitor n 2  has a first (body) terminal coupled to node A and a second (gate) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal INb (e.g., a signal that is inverted with respect to signal IN). By connecting capacitor n 1  to the source-drain (output) terminal of transistor M 2  and modulating capacitor n 1  using the opposite (inverted) LO phase IPb, any phase noise coupling to node A through the parasitic capacitance of transistor M 2  can be canceled by an equal and opposite coupling effect from capacitor n 1 . The other source-drain (input) terminal of transistor M 2  is directly connected to transistor M 1 . Similarly, by connecting capacitor n 2  to the source-drain (input) terminal of transistor M 3  and modulating capacitor n 2  using the opposite (inverted) LO phase INb, any phase noise coupling to node A through the parasitic capacitance of transistor M 3  can be canceled by an equal and opposite coupling effect from capacitor n 2 . The other source-drain (output) terminal of transistor M 3  is connected to positive output port iop. 
     Mixer portion  50 -I may also be provided with capacitors n 3  and n 4  that re coupled to node B. In the example of  FIG.  6   , capacitors n 3  and n 4  are implemented as metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs), which is merely illustrative. If desired, capacitors n 3  and n 4  can be implemented as metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors, metal-oxide-metal (MOM) capacitors, or any suitable semiconductor capacitor structure. 
     Capacitor n 3  has a first (body) terminal coupled to node B and a second (gate) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IPb (e.g., a signal that is inverted with respect to signal IP). Capacitor n 4  has a first (body) terminal coupled to node B and a second (gate) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal INb (e.g., a signal that is inverted with respect to signal IN). By connecting capacitor n 4  to the source-drain (output) terminal of transistor M 5  and modulating capacitor n 4  using the opposite (inverted) LO phase INb, any phase noise coupling to node B through the parasitic capacitance of transistor M 5  can be canceled by an equal and opposite coupling effect from capacitor n 4 . Similarly, by connecting capacitor n 3  to the source-drain (input) terminal of transistor M 6  and modulating capacitor n 3  using the opposite (inverted) LO phase IPb, any phase noise coupling to node B through the parasitic capacitance of transistor M 6  can be canceled by an equal and opposite coupling effect from capacitor n 3 . 
     Capacitors n 1 , n 2 , n 3 , and n 4  that are used to cancel out the LO phase noise may be referred to collectively as oscillator phase noise cancellation circuitry  70 . Each of capacitors n 1 -n 4  may be referred to as an oscillator phase noise cancellation capacitor, oscillator phase noise compensation capacitor, oscillator phase noise cancellation component, or oscillator phase noise cancellation circuit. 
     In a single-ended approach, passive in-phase mixer portion  50 -I may include only components M 1 -M 6 , C 1 -C 4 , and n 1 -n 4  connected in the way described above. In a differential signaling scheme, mixer portion  50 -I may include another half circuit for generating signals at negative output port ion (see, e.g., transistors M 7 -M 12 , C 5 -C 8 , and n 5 -n 8 ). 
     Transistors M 7 , M 8 , and M 9  may be coupled in series between positive input port rfp and negative output port ion. Transistor M 7  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IP. Transistor M 8  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IN. Transistor M 9  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IP. Capacitor C 5  has a first terminal coupled to positive input port rfp and a second terminal coupled to a node interposed between the source-drain terminals of transistors M 10  and M 11 . Capacitor C 7  has a first terminal coupled to positive input port rfp and a second terminal coupled to node C interposed between the source-drain terminals of transistors M 8  and M 9 . 
     Transistors M 10 , M 11 , and M 12  may be coupled in series between negative input port rfn and negative output port ion. Transistor M 10  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IN. Transistor M 11  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IP. Transistor M 12  has a gate (control) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IN. Capacitor C 6  has a first terminal coupled to negative input port rfn and a second terminal coupled to a node interposed between the source-drain terminals of transistors M 7  and M 8 . Capacitor C 8  has a first terminal coupled to negative input port rfn and a second terminal coupled to node D interposed between the source-drain terminals of transistors M 11  and M 12 . 
     The phase noise associated with oscillator signal IN may be coupled to node C via the parasitic capacitance associated with transistor M 8 . Similarly, the phase noise associated with oscillator signal IP may also be coupled to node C via the parasitic capacitance associated with transistor M 9 . The phase noise coupled to node C can then mix with oscillator signal IP through transistor M 9 , which results in noise degradation in the baseband output signals at output port ion. 
     Oscillator phase noise cancelling capacitors n 5 -n 8  may be used to cancel the LO phase noise associated with signals IP and IN. In the example of  FIG.  6   , capacitors n 5 -n 8  are implemented as metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs), which is merely illustrative. As other examples, capacitors n 5 -n 8  can be implemented as MIM capacitors, MOM capacitors, or other suitable semiconductor capacitor structures. 
     Capacitor n 5  has a first (body) terminal coupled to node C and a second (gate) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal INb. Capacitor n 6  has a first (body) terminal coupled to node C and a second (gate) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IPb. By connecting capacitor n 5  to the source-drain (output) terminal of transistor M 8  and modulating capacitor n 5  using the opposite (inverted) LO phase INb, any phase noise coupling to node C through the parasitic capacitance of transistor M 8  can be canceled by an equal and opposite coupling effect from capacitor n 5 . The other source-drain (input) terminal of transistor M 8  is directly connected to transistor M 7 . Similarly, by connecting capacitor n 6  to the source-drain (input) terminal of transistor M 9  and modulating capacitor n 6  using the opposite (inverted) LO phase IPb, any phase noise coupling to node C through the parasitic capacitance of transistor M 9  can be canceled by an equal and opposite coupling effect from capacitor n 6 . The other source-drain (output) terminal of transistor M 9  is connected to negative output port ion. 
     Capacitor n 7  has a first (body) terminal coupled to node D and a second (gate) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal INb. Capacitor n 8  has a first (body) terminal coupled to node D and a second (gate) terminal configured to receive oscillator signal IPb. By connecting capacitor n 8  to the source-drain (output) terminal of transistor M 11  and modulating capacitor n 8  using the opposite (inverted) LO phase IPb, any phase noise coupling to node D through the parasitic capacitance of transistor M 11  can be canceled by an equal and opposite coupling effect from capacitor n 8 . Similarly, by connecting capacitor n 7  to the source-drain (input) terminal of transistor M 12  and modulating capacitor n 7  using the opposite (inverted) LO phase INb, any phase noise coupling to node D through the parasitic capacitance of transistor M 12  can be canceled by an equal and opposite coupling effect from capacitor n 7 . 
     Capacitors n 5 , n 6 , n 7 , and n 8  that are used to cancel out the LO phase noise may also be considered to be part of oscillator phase noise cancellation circuitry  70 . Each of capacitors n 5 -n 8  may be referred to as an oscillator phase noise cancellation capacitor, oscillator phase noise compensation capacitor, oscillator phase noise cancellation component, or oscillator phase noise cancellation circuit. 
     The size of each oscillator phase noise cancellation capacitors n 1 -n 8  may be carefully selected. Since capacitor n 1  is configured to offset the coupling effects associated with the gate-to-source parasitic capacitance Cgs of transistor M 2  (which represents only half of the parasitic capacitance at the gate terminal of M 2 ), MOS capacitor n 1  may be at least half the size of transistor M 2  or otherwise suitably sized to match the Cgs of transistor M 2 . Similarly, since capacitor n 2  is configured to offset the coupling effects associated with the gate-to-drain parasitic capacitance Cgd of transistor M 3  (which represents only half of the parasitic capacitance at the gate terminal of M 3 ), MOS capacitor n 2  may be at least half the size of transistor M 3  or otherwise suitably sized to match the Cgd of transistor M 3 . Likewise, capacitors n 3 , n 4 , n 5 , n 6 , n 7 , and n 8  may be half the size of transistors M 5 , M 6 , M 8 , M 9 , M 11 , and M 12 , respectively. 
     The oscillator signals controlling some of the other switches can also couple to internal nodes A, B, C, and D. For instance, oscillator signal IN controlling the gate of transistor M 1  might also be coupled to node A via capacitor C 3 . As another example, oscillator signal IN controlling the gate of transistor M 5  might be coupled to node A via capacitors C 1  and C 3 . As yet another example, oscillator signal IP controlling the gate of transistor M 4  might be coupled to node A via capacitors C 1  and C 3 . As another example, oscillator signal IP controlling the gate of transistor M 7  might be coupled to node A via capacitor C 3 . As another example, oscillator signal IN controlling the gate of transistor M 10  might be coupled to node A via capacitors C 5  and C 3 . As another example, oscillator signal IP controlling the gate of transistor M 11  might also be coupled to node A via capacitors C 5  and C 3 . The sizes of LO phase noise cancelling capacitors n 1  and n 2  may be optimized to cancel the LO noise from all of these coupling paths. The size of capacitor n 1  might be greater than half the size of M 2  to help compensate for the additional parasitic coupling paths. Similarly, the size of capacitor n 2  might be greater than half the size of M 3  to help compensate for the additional parasitic coupling paths. 
     The example of  FIG.  6    in which mixer portion  50 -I includes 12 switches, 8 capacitors, and 8 LO phase noise cancellation capacitors is merely illustrative. In general, mixer portion  50 -I may be any passive mixer circuitry that is configured to provide voltage gain and that includes any suitable number of components. As an example, mixer portion  50 -I may include fewer than 12 switches, 1-11 switches, 2-10 switches, 3-9 switches, more than 12 switches, 12-20 switches, 13-19 switches, 14-18 switches, or more than 20 switches. As another example, mixer portion  50 -I may include fewer than 8 capacitors, 1-7 capacitors, 2-6 capacitors, more than 8 capacitors, 8-16 capacitors, more than 10 capacitors, 10-20 capacitors, more than 20 capacitors, or no capacitors. As another example, mixer portion  50 -I may include fewer than 8 phase noise cancellation capacitors, at least one phase noise cancellation capacitor, at least two phase noise cancellation capacitors, four or more phase noise cancellation capacitors, 1-7 phase noise cancellation capacitors, 2-6 phase noise cancellation capacitors, more than 8 phase noise cancellation capacitors, 8-16 phase noise cancellation capacitors, or more than 16 phase noise cancellation capacitors. 
     First mixer portion  50 -I of  FIG.  6    is used to generate the in-phase signals I(n).  FIG.  7    is a circuit diagram of second mixer portion  50 -Q that is used to generate the quadrature-phase signals Q(n). As shown in  FIG.  7   , second mixer portion  50 -Q may have a differential input port with a positive input port rfp and a negative input port rfn. Differential input ports rfp and rfn may collectively represent mixer input port RFIN shown in  FIGS.  3  and  5   . Mixer portion  50 -Q may have a differential output port with a positive output port qop and a negative output port qon. Quadrature-phase signals Q(n) may be generated across differential output ports qop and qon. 
     Mixer portion  50 -Q may include switches, capacitors, and LO phase noise canceling circuitry  70 . The structure and connection of the switches, capacitors, and circuitry  70  in mixer portion  50 -Q may be similar to that of mixer portion  50 -I and need not be reiterated in detail to avoid obscuring the present embodiments. The mixer switches may be controlled by oscillator signals QN and QP. To help mitigate the LO phase noise associated with signals QN and QP coupling to internal nodes E, F, G, and H within mixer portion  50 -Q, oscillator phase noise cancellation capacitors  70  are directly connected to internal nodes E, F, G, and H and are modulated by inverted oscillator signals QPb and QNb to provide an equal and opposite coupling effect. 
       FIG.  8    is a circuit diagram of local oscillator  52  configured to generate the oscillator signals IP, IPb, IN, INb for controlling in-phase mixer portion  50 -I and signals QP, QPb, QN, QNb for controlling quadrature-phase mixer portion  50 -Q. As shown in  FIG.  8   , oscillator  52  uses voltage-controlled oscillator  60  to generate a periodic signal (e.g., a clock signal, square wave, or sinusoidal signal). The periodic signal generated by voltage-controlled oscillator  60  is fed to clock inputs of digital flip-flops  62 -I and  62 -Q. Flip-flop  62 -I has a first output at which a first oscillator signal is generated and a second output at which a second oscillator signal is generated. The second oscillator signal may be 180° phase shifted with respect to the first oscillator signal. The first oscillator signal may be fed through a first chain of buffers  64  to generate corresponding oscillator output signal IP. The second oscillator signal may be fed through a second chain of buffers  64  to generate corresponding oscillator output signal IN. 
     Oscillator  52  may further include an inverting buffer such as inverter  80 - 1  that is coupled to the input of the final buffer stage  64 ′ in the first chain of buffers. In other words, inverter  80 - 1  receives signals from the penultimate buffer in the first chain of buffers. Inverter  80 - 1  is used to generate oscillator output signal IPb, which is inverted with respect of signal IP. By coupling inverter  80 - 1  to only the final buffer stage  64 ′, any potential noise contribution arising from the uncommon inverter path is minimized. 
     Oscillator  52  may further include an inverting buffer such as inverter  80 - 2  that is coupled to the input of the final buffer stage  64 ′ in the second chain of buffers. In other words, inverter  80 - 2  receives signals from the penultimate buffer (i.e., from the buffer immediately preceding the final buffer stage  64 ′) in the second chain of buffers. Inverter  80 - 2  is used to generate oscillator output signal INb, which is inverted with respect of signal IN. By coupling inverter  80 - 2  to only the final buffer stage  64 ′, any potential noise contribution arising from the uncommon inverter path is minimized. 
     Flip-flop  62 -Q has a first output at which a third oscillator signal is generated and a second output at which a fourth oscillator signal is generated. The third oscillator signal may be 90° phase shifted with respect to the first oscillator signal. The third oscillator signal may be fed through a third chain of buffers  64  to generate corresponding oscillator output signal QP. The fourth oscillator signal may be fed through a fourth chain of buffers  64  to generate corresponding oscillator output signal QN. 
     Oscillator  52  may further include an inverting buffer such as inverter  80 - 3  that is coupled to the input of the final buffer stage  64 ′ in the third chain of buffers. In other words, inverter  80 - 3  receives signals from the penultimate buffer in the third chain of buffers. Inverter  80 - 3  is used to generate oscillator output signal QPb, which is inverted with respect of signal QP. By coupling inverter  80 - 3  to only the final buffer stage  64 ′, any potential noise contribution arising from the uncommon inverter path is minimized. 
     Oscillator  52  may further include an inverting buffer such as inverter  80 - 4  that is coupled to the input of the final buffer stage  64 ′ in the fourth chain of buffers. In other words, inverter  80 - 4  receives signals from the penultimate buffer in the fourth chain of buffers. Inverter  80 - 4  is used to generate oscillator output signal QNb, which is inverted with respect of signal QN. By coupling inverter  80 - 4  to only the final buffer stage  64 ′, any potential noise contribution arising from the uncommon inverter path is minimized. 
     In some embodiments, inverters  80 - 1 ,  80 - 2 ,  80 - 3 , and  80 - 4  may be programmable inverters with an adjustable delay. The delay of these inverters may be statically adjusted during calibration operations or dynamically adjusted during normal wireless operation to compensate for potential process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. 
       FIG.  9    is a diagram showing illustrative signal waveforms involved in the operation of local oscillator  52 . As shown in  FIG.  9   , the VCO output may serve as the base clock signal. Although the VCO waveform is shown as a digital square wave, the VCO waveform can be an analog oscillating signal, a sinusoidal signal, or other periodic waveform. Oscillator signal IP may be aligned to the rising edge of VCO (e.g., with a 0° phase offset). Signal IP may (for example) be fed to the control/gate terminal of mixer switches M 2 , M 4 , M 6 , M 7 , M 9 , and M 11  of  FIG.  6   . Oscillator signal IPb may be inverted with respect to signal IP and may therefore sometime be referred to as inverted oscillator signal IPb. Inverted signal IPb may (for example) be fed to oscillator phase noise cancelling circuits n 1 , n 3 , n 6 , and n 8  in  FIG.  6   . 
     Oscillator signal IN may be offset by a 180° phase shift with respect to signal IP, as indicated by arrow  104 . Signal IN may (for example) be fed to the control/gate terminal of mixer switches M 1 , M 3 , M 5 , M 8 , M 10 , and M 12  of  FIG.  6   . Oscillator signal INb may be inverted with respect to signal IN and may therefore sometime be referred to as inverted oscillator signal INb. Inverted signal INb may (for example) be fed to oscillator phase noise cancelling circuits n 2 , n 4 , n 5 , and n 7  in  FIG.  6   . 
     Oscillator signal QP may be offset by a 90° phase shift with respect to signal IP, as indicated by arrow  100 . Signal QP may (for example) be fed to the control/gate terminal of corresponding mixer switches in  FIG.  7   . Oscillator signal QPb may be inverted with respect to signal QP and may therefore sometime be referred to as inverted oscillator signal QPb. Inverted signal QPb may (for example) be fed to corresponding oscillator phase noise cancelling MOSCAPs in  FIG.  7   . Oscillator signal QN may be offset by a 180° phase shift with respect to signal IN, as indicated by arrow  106 . Signal QN may (for example) be fed to the control/gate terminal of corresponding mixer switches in  FIG.  7   . Oscillator signal QNb may be inverted with respect to signal QN and may therefore sometime be referred to as inverted oscillator signal QNb. Inverted signal QNb may (for example) be fed to corresponding oscillator phase noise cancelling capacitors in  FIG.  7   . 
     The example of  FIG.  9    in which the oscillator signals IP, IPb, QP, QPb, IN, INb, QN, and QNb have a 25% duty cycle is merely illustrative. As another example, the oscillator signals may have a 50% duty cycle. As another example, the oscillator signals may have a 10% duty cycle. As another example, the oscillator signals may have a 20% duty cycle. As another example, the oscillator signals may have a 30% duty cycle. As another example, the oscillator signals may have a 40% duty cycle. As another example, the oscillator signals may have a 10-50% duty cycle. As another example, the oscillator signals may have a duty cycle greater than 50%. As another example, the oscillator signals may have a 60% duty cycle. As another example, the oscillator signals may have a 50-90% duty cycle. If desired, the duty cycle of the oscillator signals may be adjustable. 
       FIG.  10    is a diagram showing how performing oscillator phase noise cancellation can reduce noise figure for the baseband signals. Curve  110  plots the noise figure for signals output by the passive mixer circuitry as a function of frequency (in log scale) without using the oscillator phase noise cancellation circuitry. Curve  112  plots the noise figure for signals output from the passive mixer circuitry as a function of frequency when the oscillator phase noise cancellation circuitry is enabled. As shown in  FIG.  10   , using the oscillator phase noise cancellation circuitry can help reduce the noise figure across a wide range of operating frequencies. 
       FIG.  11    is a flow chart of illustrative steps involved in operating mixer circuitry of the type shown in at least  FIGS.  2 - 8   . At step  120 , a local oscillator (e.g., oscillator  52 ) generates oscillator signals and inverted oscillator signals. The oscillator signals may include signals IP, QP, IN, and QN, whereas the inverted oscillator signals may include signals IPb, QPb, INb, and QNb. Signals IP, QP, IN, QN, IPb, QPb, INb, and QNb may all be generated on different oscillator output terminals. 
     At step  122 , the mixer circuitry may receive radio-frequency signals from the antenna or other circuitry within the front-end module (see  FIG.  2   ). 
     At step  124 , the mixer circuitry may down-convert the radio-frequency signals by controlling the mixer switches with the oscillator signals while controlling the phase noise cancellation circuitry (see, e.g., capacitor Ccancel in  FIG.  5    and circuitry  70  in  FIGS.  6 - 7   ) with the inverted oscillator signals. Modulating the LO phase noise cancellation circuitry using the inverted LO signals can help offset or compensate the parasitic coupling of the non-inverted LO signals into internal nodes within the mixer circuitry. This can help improve the noise figure performance of the mixer circuitry. 
     At step  126 , the mixer circuitry can then output corresponding baseband signals to one or more baseband processors. 
     These steps are merely illustrative. At least some of the described steps may be modified or omitted; some of the described steps may be performed in parallel; additional steps may be added or inserted between the described steps; the order of certain steps may be reversed or altered; the timing of the described steps may be adjusted so that they occur at slightly different times, or the described steps may be distributed in a system. 
     The methods and operations described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 - 11    may be performed by the components of device  10  using software, firmware, and/or hardware (e.g., dedicated circuitry or hardware). Software code for performing these operations may be stored on non-transitory computer readable storage media (e.g., tangible computer readable storage media) stored on one or more of the components of device  10  (e.g., storage circuitry  16  and/or wireless communications circuitry  24  of  FIG.  1   ). The software code may sometimes be referred to as software, data, instructions, program instructions, or code. The non-transitory computer readable storage media may include drives, non-volatile memory such as non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM), removable flash drives or other removable media, other types of random-access memory, etc. Software stored on the non-transitory computer readable storage media may be executed by processing circuitry on one or more of the components of device  10  (e.g., processing circuitry in wireless circuitry  24 , processing circuitry  18  of  FIG.  1   , etc.). The processing circuitry may include microprocessors, application processors, digital signal processors, central processing units (CPUs), application-specific integrated circuits with processing circuitry, or other processing circuitry. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made to the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20220621
Publication Date: 20230530
Grant Date: 20230530
Priority Date: 20200918
Inventors: ZHAO, FENG
SECKIN, UTKU
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04B15/005", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/1458", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/165", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/1466", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03B5/1265", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B15/005", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/1441", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/1458", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/1466", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03B5/1265", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/165", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/1466", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/1458", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/1458", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B15/005", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/1458", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03B5/1265", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03D7/1466", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 77274208