PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10489040-B2
Application Number: US-201715677465-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Visual characteristics of user interface elements in a unified interest layer

Abstract:
A user-activatable dashboard (also referred to as a unified interest layer) contains any number of user interface elements, referred to herein as “widgets,” for quick access by a user. In response to a command from a user, the dashboard is invoked and the widgets are shown on the screen. The user can activate the dashboard at any time, causing the dashboard to temporarily replace the existing user interface display on the user&#39;s screen. Once the dashboard has been activated, the user can interact with any or all of the widgets, and can configure the dashboard by adding, deleting, moving, or configuring individual widgets as desired. When the user wishes to return to the normal user interface he or she was working with, the user issues a command causing the dashboard to be dismissed. Once the dashboard has been dismissed, the previous user interface state is restored, allowing the user to resume normal interactions with the operating system.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method comprising:
 at an electronic device with a display and one or more input devices:
 displaying, on the display, a primary user interface with a first appearance; 
 while displaying the primary user interface with the first appearance, receiving a first user input, via the one or more input devices, to activate a user interface layer that includes a plurality of separate user interface elements corresponding to different applications on the device, including a first user interface element including content from a first application and a second user interface element including content from a second application; 
 in response to receiving the first user input:
 displaying, on the display, the user interface layer that includes the plurality of separate user interface elements corresponding to different applications on the device; and 
 changing an appearance of at least a respective portion of the primary user interface from the first appearance to a second appearance that indicates that the portion of the primary user interface displayed with the second appearance is inactive, wherein:
 the first user interface element including content from the first application is spaced apart from the second user interface element including content from the second application such that at least a portion of the primary user interface with the changed appearance is between the first user interface element and the second user interface element; and 
 the first user interface element and the second user interface element can be moved independently of each other in the user interface layer; 
 
 
 while displaying the user interface layer and the respective portion of the primary user interface with the second appearance, receiving a second user input, via the one or more input devices, to dismiss the user interface layer; and 
 in response to receiving the second user input:
 ceasing to display the user interface layer; and 
 changing the appearance of the respective portion of the primary user interface from the second appearance to the first appearance. 
 
 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the first appearance is a visually unobscured appearance and the second appearance is visually obscured appearance. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein changing the appearance of the respective portion of the primary user interface from the first appearance to the second appearance includes blurring the respective portion of the primary user interface. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein changing the appearance of the respective portion of the primary user interface from the first appearance to the second appearance includes darkening the respective portion of the primary user interface. 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 1 , wherein displaying the user interface layer includes displaying an animation in which the plurality of separate user interface elements corresponding to different applications on the device move from an edge of the display to respective positions in the user interface layer. 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 5 , wherein ceasing to display the user interface layer includes displaying an animation in which the plurality of separate user interface elements corresponding to different applications on the device move from the respective positions in the user interface layer to the edge of the display. 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1 , wherein:
 in accordance with a determination that the first user input is a first trigger event, displaying the user interface layer includes displaying a first user interface layer that includes a first plurality of separate user interface elements; and 
 in accordance with a determining that the first user input is a second trigger event, displaying the user interface layer includes displaying a second user interface layer that includes a second plurality of separate user interface elements different than the first plurality of separate user interface elements. 
 
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 1 , wherein receiving the second user input includes receiving a user input indicating a location between two separate user interface elements of the plurality of separate user interface elements of the user interface layer. 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the user interface layer is a widget dashboard. 
     
     
       10. An electronic device comprising:
 a display; 
 one or more input devices; 
 one or more processors; and 
 non-transitory memory storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the electronic device to perform operations comprising:
 displaying, on the display, a primary user interface with a first appearance; 
 while displaying the primary user interface with the first appearance, receiving a first user input, via the one or more input devices, to activate a user interface layer that includes a plurality of separate user interface elements corresponding to different applications on the device, including a first user interface element including content from a first application and a second user interface element including content from a second application; 
 in response to receiving the first user input:
 displaying, on the display, the user interface layer that includes the plurality of separate user interface elements corresponding to different applications on the device; and 
 changing an appearance of at least a respective portion of the primary user interface from the first appearance to a second appearance that indicates that the portion of the primary user interface displayed with the second appearance is inactive, wherein:
 the first user interface element including content from the first application is spaced apart from the second user interface element including content from the second application such that at least a portion of the primary user interface with the changed appearance is between the first user interface element and the second user interface element; and 
 the first user interface element and the second user interface element can be moved independently of each other in the user interface layer; 
 
 
 while displaying the user interface layer and the respective portion of the primary user interface with the second appearance, receiving a second user input, via the one or more input devices, to dismiss the user interface layer; and 
 in response to receiving the second user input:
 ceasing to display the user interface layer; and 
 changing the appearance of the respective portion of the primary user interface from the second appearance to the first appearance. 
 
 
 
     
     
       11. The electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein the first appearance is a visually unobscured appearance and the second appearance is visually obscured appearance. 
     
     
       12. The electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein changing the appearance of the respective portion of the primary user interface from the first appearance to the second appearance includes blurring the respective portion of the primary user interface. 
     
     
       13. The electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein changing the appearance of the respective portion of the primary user interface from the first appearance to the second appearance includes darkening the respective portion of the primary user interface. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein displaying the user interface layer includes displaying an animation in which the plurality of separate user interface elements corresponding to different applications on the device move from an edge of the display to respective positions in the user interface layer. 
     
     
       15. The electronic device of  claim 14 , wherein ceasing to display the user interface layer includes displaying an animation in which the plurality of separate user interface elements corresponding to different applications on the device move from the respective positions in the user interface layer to the edge of the display. 
     
     
       16. The electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein:
 in accordance with a determination that the first user input is a first trigger event, displaying the user interface layer includes displaying a first user interface layer that includes a first plurality of separate user interface elements; and 
 in accordance with a determining that the first user input is a second trigger event, displaying the user interface layer includes displaying a second user interface layer that includes a second plurality of separate user interface elements different than the first plurality of separate user interface elements. 
 
     
     
       17. The electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein receiving the second user input includes receiving a user input indicating a location between two separate user interface elements of the plurality of separate user interface elements of the user interface layer. 
     
     
       18. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device including a display and one or more input devices, causes the electronic device to perform operations comprising:
 displaying, on the display, a primary user interface with a first appearance; 
 while displaying the primary user interface with the first appearance, receiving a first user input, via the one or more input devices, to activate a user interface layer that includes a plurality of separate user interface elements corresponding to different applications on the device, including a first user interface element including content from a first application and a second user interface element including content from a second application; 
 in response to receiving the first user input:
 displaying, on the display, the user interface layer that includes the plurality of separate user interface elements corresponding to different applications on the device; and 
 changing an appearance of at least a respective portion of the primary user interface from the first appearance to a second appearance that indicates that the portion of the primary user interface displayed with the second appearance is inactive, wherein:
 the first user interface element including content from the first application is spaced apart from the second user interface element including content from the second application such that at least a portion of the primary user interface with the changed appearance is between the first user interface element and the second user interface element; and 
 the first user interface element and the second user interface element can be moved independently of each other in the user interface layer; 
 
 
 while displaying the user interface layer and the respective portion of the primary user interface with the second appearance, receiving a second user input, via the one or more input devices, to dismiss the user interface layer; and 
 in response to receiving the second user input:
 ceasing to display the user interface layer; and 
 changing the appearance of the respective portion of the primary user interface from the second appearance to the first appearance. 
 
 
     
     
       19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of  claim 18 , wherein the first appearance is a visually unobscured appearance and the second appearance is visually obscured appearance. 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of  claim 18 , wherein changing the appearance of the respective portion of the primary user interface from the first appearance to the second appearance includes blurring the respective portion of the primary user interface.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/036,807, filed on Sep. 25, 2013, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/495,686, filed Jun. 30, 2009, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/370,743, filed Mar. 7, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/877,968, filed Jun. 25, 2004, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     This application is generally related to the following applications, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/144,384, for “Procedurally Expressing Graphic Objects for Web Pages,” filed Jun. 25, 2004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/874,829, for “User Interface for Assisting in the Installation of an Asset,” filed Jun. 22, 2004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/877,358, for “Display-Wide Visual Effects for a Windowing System Using a Programmable Graphics Processing Unit,” filed Jun. 25, 2004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/826,762, for “High-Level Program Interface for Graphics Operations,” filed Apr. 16, 2004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/866,360, for “System and Method for Processing Graphics Operations with Graphics Processing Unit,” filed Jun. 11, 2004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/826,596, for “Improved Gaussian Blur,” filed Apr. 16, 2004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/826,744, for “System for Emulating Graphics Operations,” filed Apr. 16, 2004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/876,298, for “User-Interface Design,” filed Jun. 24, 2004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/876,039, for “Gaussian Blur Approximation Suitable for GPU,” filed Jun. 24, 2004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/825,694, for “System for Optimizing Graphics Operations,” filed Apr. 16, 2004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/826,773, for “System for Reducing the Number of Programs Necessary to Render an Image,” filed Apr. 16, 2004; and   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/875,483, for “Fast Approximation Functions for Image Processing Filters,” filed Jun. 24, 2004.       

    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to graphical user interfaces, and more particularly to a user-activatable, configurable, unified layer containing items of interest to a user. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A hallmark of modern graphical user interfaces is that they allow a large number of items to be displayed on a screen at the same time. The leading personal computer operating systems, such as Apple MacOS X and Microsoft Windows XP, provide user interfaces in which a number of windows can be displayed, overlapped, resized, moved, configured, and reformatted according to the needs of the user. Taskbars, menus, and other UI elements provide mechanisms for accessing and activating windows even when they are hidden behind other windows. 
     Although many users appreciate the ability of such user interfaces to present such a wealth of information on the screen simultaneously, the resulting “information overload” can be somewhat overwhelming. Users often find that it is difficult to navigate to a particular UI element or window, or to even locate a desired element, among a large number of onscreen elements. The problem is further compounded when user interfaces allow users to position the onscreen elements in any desired arrangement, including overlapping, minimizing, maximizing, and the like. Such flexibility may be useful to some users but may result in chaos for other users. Having too many items on the screen simultaneously leads to information overload, and can act as an inhibiting factor in the effective use of the computer equipment. 
     Some user interfaces dedicate certain areas of the screen for holding certain user interface elements that are commonly used (such as a menu bar, or icons that activate commonly-used programs or files). However, such areas are generally limited in size, so as not to occupy too much valuable screen real estate that could otherwise be devoted to the main workspace area of the display screen. Although small elements, such as a digital clock element or taskbar, may be well suited for display in such dedicated screen areas, other types of elements cannot be usably presented in such a small screen area; thus they must be activated, or enlarged, before they can be used or viewed. This causes yet another level of confusion, since the items need to be activated and dismissed. Furthermore, the items may overlap or otherwise add to the number of onscreen elements that must be dealt with and organized by the user. 
     These problems cause many users to fail to use their computers to their full potential, and can further result in frustration or confusion, particularly in novice users. 
     What is needed is a mechanism for providing easy access to commonly used user interface elements, without introducing additional clutter or confusion. What is further needed is a mechanism for providing such access in a user-configurable manner that allows the user to activate and dismiss the UI elements at will and with a minimum of confusion. What is further needed is a mechanism that allows users to easily activate and dismiss certain user interface elements regardless of the number of open windows currently on the user&#39;s screen, and without requiring the user to search for particular user interface elements among a set of open windows. 
     What is further needed is a mechanism for addressing the above-stated problems in a convenient, easy-to-use manner that is likely to be readily adopted by users, and that fits within the framework of existing graphical user interfaces. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to the techniques of the present invention, a user-activatable dashboard (also referred to as a unified interest layer) is provided. The dashboard can contain any number of user interface elements, referred to herein as “widgets,” for quick access by a user. In response to a command from a user, the dashboard is invoked and the widgets are shown on the screen. In one aspect of the invention, the user can activate the dashboard at any time, causing the dashboard to temporarily replace or overlay the existing user interface display on the user&#39;s screen. 
     Once the dashboard has been activated, the user can interact with any or all of the widgets, and can configure the dashboard by adding, deleting, moving, or configuring individual widgets as desired. When the user wishes to return to the normal user interface, the user issues a command causing the dashboard to be dismissed. Once the dashboard has been dismissed, the previous user interface state is restored, allowing the user to resume normal interactions with the operating system. 
     In one aspect, the dashboard, when activated, temporarily replaces the existing user interface display. In another aspect, the dashboard partially obscures the existing user interface display, but allows some part of the existing display to be visible so as to remind the user of its presence. In another aspect, the existing user interface display is faded, blurred, and/or darkened while the dashboard is active. 
     In one aspect, a transition effect is displayed during activation and/or dismissal of the dashboard, so as to assist the user in understanding what is happening when the dashboard appears and disappears. 
     In one aspect, the user can select from any number of widgets to be placed on the dashboard in any desired arrangement. Whenever the dashboard is activated, the widgets appear in the locations where the user placed them previously. 
     Widgets can be of any type. They can communicate with a remote server to provide information to the user (for example, a weather report), or they can provide commonly needed functionality (for example, a calculator), or they can act as an information repository (for example, a notepad or calendar). Some widgets can provide a combination of these types of functions. In one aspect, an application programming interface (API) is provided so as to allow third-party developers to create and distribute additional widgets that provide different types of functionality. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings illustrate several embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram depicting an overall architecture for implementing the present invention according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a flowchart depicting a method for activating and using a dashboard according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram depicting a software architecture for implementing the present invention according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a screen shot depicting a desktop user interface prior to activation of a dashboard. 
         FIG. 5  is a screen shot depicting an initial state for a dashboard, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a screen shot depicting a configuration bar for a dashboard, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a screen shot depicting user selection of a widget from the configuration bar, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard including a calculator widget, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard including a calculator widget and a music player widget, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a screen shot depicting activation of a music player application as invoked by a music player widget, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard including a calculator widget, a music player widget, and an address book widget, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  is a screen shot depicting operation of an address book widget, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard including a number of widgets including a notes widget, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard where the configuration bar has been closed, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 15  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard wherein widgets have been moved to new positions. 
         FIGS. 16A through 16C  are screen shots depicting a transition animation for dismissing the dashboard, according to one embodiment. 
         FIGS. 17A through 17D  are screen shots depicting a transition animation for activating the dashboard, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 18  is an example of a calendar widget according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 19  is an example of a stock quote widget according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 20  is an example of a weather widget according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 21  is an example of a traffic webcam widget according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 22  is an example of a music player widget according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 23  is an example of a package tracking widget according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 24  is an example of an address book widget according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 25  is an example of a clock widget according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 26  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard where the configuration bar has been closed, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 27  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard where the configuration bar has been opened to show favorite widgets, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 28  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard where the configuration bar has been opened to allow access to additional widgets, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 29  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard including rollover icons for closing and configuring a widget, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 30  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard wherein some labels in the configuration bar have changed in appearance, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 31  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard wherein some labels in the configuration bar have changed in appearance, and wherein the dashboard includes rollover icons for closing and configuring a widget according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 32  is a screen shot depicting a dashboard showing preferences controls for two widgets, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 33  is an example of a calculator widget according to one embodiment. 
         FIGS. 34A and 34B  depict an example of a dictionary/thesaurus widget according to one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     One skilled in the art will recognize that these Figures are merely examples of the operation of the invention according to one embodiment, and that other user interface arrangements and modes of operation can be used without departing from the essential characteristics of the invention. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention is now described more fully with reference to the accompanying Figures, in which several embodiments of the invention are shown. The present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be complete and will fully convey the invention to those skilled in the art. 
     Hardware Architecture 
     In one embodiment, the present invention is implemented as part of an operating system for a personal computer. One example of an implementation of the present invention is in a Macintosh personal computer running the MacOS X operating system. Referring now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown an example of an architecture for a system  100  for implementing the present invention. Personal computer  102  includes processor  103 , memory  105 , input devices  114  such as keyboard and mouse, and output device  115  such as a display screen. A graphics module  113 , such as a graphics card, may be provided for generating output for output device  115 . User  101  interacts with system  100  by providing input via device  114  and viewing output via device  115 . Computer  102  also includes local storage  106 , such as a hard drive, and can also include network connection  108  for accessing remote server  107 . These components are well-known hardware components commonly used for running software applications. In one embodiment, software embodying the invention is provided on a computer-readable medium such as local storage  106 . 
     In another embodiment, the present invention is implemented as a plug-in that can be installed and run on personal computer  102 , and that interacts with the operating system of personal computer  102  to perform the functions described herein. In yet another embodiment, the present invention is implemented as functionality in a software application running on a personal computer. 
     For illustrative purposes, in the following description the invention is described as a feature of an operating system; however, one skilled in the art will recognize that the techniques of the present invention can be implemented in other contexts as well, including those described above. 
     Method of Operation 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a flowchart depicting a method for activating and using a dashboard according to one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the user can activate the functionality of the present invention at any time, for example by hitting a designated function key or key combination, or by clicking on an icon, or by selecting a command from an onscreen menu, or by moving an onscreen cursor to a designated corner of the screen. In response to the user performing such an action  202 , the current state of the user interface is saved  203 , the user interface is temporarily inactivated (and/or faded  204 ), an animation is played  205  to introduce the dashboard, and the dashboard of the present invention is displayed  206 . If applicable, a previous state of the dashboard is retrieved, so that the dashboard can be displayed in the same configuration as the last time the user saw it. 
     In one embodiment, the dashboard is overlaid on the existing desktop user interface; the user interface may be darkened, brightened, blurred, distorted, or otherwise altered so as to emphasize that it is temporarily inactivated. The existing desktop may be visible behind the dashboard. In another embodiment, the existing desktop is not visible while the dashboard is active. In another embodiment, the desktop is shrunk to a small portion of the screen while the dashboard is active, and can be reactivated by clicking on it. In another embodiment, the desktop is shrunk and presented as a widget similar to the widgets described herein; the desktop can be reactivated by clicking on the widget. 
     The dashboard (also referred to herein as a “unified interest layer”) includes a number of elements, referred to herein as “widgets”. These widgets generally include software accessories for performing useful, commonly needed functions. Examples of widgets include, without limitation, a calendar, a calculator, an address book, a package tracker, a weather module, and the like. In one embodiment, some widgets may interact with remote sources of information, such as servers, to provide information; for example, a weather module may retrieve live weather data from a remote server. Widgets may be interactive, so that a user performs common input operations (such as clicking a mouse or typing on a keyboard) to utilize the functionality of a widget. 
     The user interacts with and/or configures widgets as desired  207 . In one embodiment, the user can move widgets around the screen, and can resize widgets if applicable. Some widgets may be resizable, and some may be of fixed size; the widget author may specify whether a widget can be resized. Some widgets may automatically resize themselves based on the amount or nature of the data being displayed. In one embodiment, widgets may overlap one another. In another embodiment, widgets do not overlap one another; if the user attempts to move one widget to the position occupied by another widget, one of the widgets may automatically move out of the way to make room. In one embodiment, the position, configuration, and size of widgets are saved when the dashboard is dismissed, so that the same state can be restored the next time the dashboard is invoked. 
     When the user wishes to dismiss  208  the dashboard and return to the normal user interface, he or she does so by invoking a dismissal command. In various embodiments, the user hits a function key or key combination (which may be the same or different than the key or combination used to activate the dashboard), or clicks on a close box or other icon, or clicks on negative space within the dashboard (in other words, a space between widgets), or moves an onscreen cursor to a predefined corner of the screen. In another embodiment, the dashboard is automatically dismissed after some predetermined period of time without any user activity, or upon some other trigger event. An animation may be played  209  to provide a transition as the dashboard is dismissed. 
     In one embodiment, when the dashboard is dismissed, the current configuration of the widgets is stored so that it can be retrieved the next time the dashboard is activated. In one embodiment, an animation is played to dismiss the dashboard and reintroduce the user interface. The user interface is restored  210  to its previous state, so that the user can resume normal interaction with the software applications and operating system of the computer. 
     In one embodiment, the dashboard is configurable. The user can select any number of widgets to be displayed, for example by dragging the widgets from a configuration bar (or other user interface element) onto a location on the dashboard. In one embodiment, the configuration bar can include different types of widgets, and can be categorized and/or hierarchically organized. In one embodiment, in response to the user dragging a widget onto the configuration bar, the widget is downloaded from a server and installed (if it is not already installed on the user&#39;s machine). In one embodiment, certain widgets may cost money, so that the user must provide a credit card or some other payment means before the widget is installed on the user&#39;s machine. In another embodiment, widgets are already installed on the user&#39;s machine, but are only made visible when they have been dragged from the configuration bar onto the dashboard. One skilled in the art will recognize that the configuration bar is merely an example of one type of user interface element for configuring the dashboard, and that other configuration mechanisms can be used without departing from the essential characteristics of the present invention. 
     As mentioned above, various types of animations can be used to emphasize and clarify transitions in connection with the present invention. For example, activation of the dashboard can be signaled by a “fly-in” animation, wherein the widgets move from the edge of the screen inwards to their respective positions in the dashboard. Simultaneously, the user interface can be darkened, blurred, distorted, or otherwise altered to indicate that it is temporarily inactive. Dismissal of the dashboard can be signaled by a “fly-out” animation, wherein the widgets move towards the edge of the screen and then appear to fly off the screen. Simultaneously, the user interface is restored to its normal state. In one embodiment, when the user drags a widget from the configuration bar onto the desktop, an animation such as a ripple effect can be shown, to emphasize that the widget has been placed onto the desktop in the selected location. The ripple effect distorts the background temporarily to give the impression that the widget is being placed into water. In one embodiment, the effect is implemented according to animation and distortion techniques described in detail in the related cross-referenced patent applications. In one embodiment, such animations are configurable by the user. 
     In one embodiment, more than one dashboard is available. For example, the user can configure one dashboard to contain widgets related to work, and another for widgets related to personal matters. Different trigger events (such as different key combinations) can be used for triggering the various dashboards; alternatively, the user can select from a pop-up menu which dashboard he or she wishes to activate. The system of the present invention stores state information for each of the dashboards. Different dashboards can contain one or more of the same widgets; state information for a widget can be maintained separately for each dashboard in which the widget appears, or it can be commonly maintained across all dashboards in which the widget appears. In addition, different dashboards can be available for different users of computer  102 , so that each user can only access the dashboard(s) he or she created. A user can specify a dashboard as being available to other users, if desired. A user can also specify, for any or all of the dashboards he or she creates, whether other users are permitted to make changes to the dashboard(s). 
     In one embodiment, some or all widgets are associated with related, fully functional applications providing expanded versions of the functionality of the corresponding widgets. These widgets include a button, or icon, or other element, for quickly launching the associated application. When the user clicks on the button, the dashboard is dismissed, the normal desktop user interface is reactivated, and the associated application is automatically launched. For example, as will be described in more detail below, a music player widget can include a button for launching a fully functional music player application containing additional features beyond what is available in the widget. 
     In one embodiment, a button can be provided for accessing a website, web page, or web-based application having functionality or information related to a widget. When the user clicks on the button, the dashboard is dismissed, the normal desktop user interface is reactivated, a web browser is launched, and the web page (or the like) associated with the widget is automatically launched. For example, a stock quote widget may include a button for accessing a website that includes more detailed information on a portfolio or on a particular stock. In another embodiment, related fully functional applications, websites, web pages, or web-based applications can be accessed by other means than a button within the widget. For example, such functionality can be launched via an on-screen icon or menu, or via a keystroke or key combination. 
     In one embodiment, the fully functional application or related website provides context for a launched widget. For example, if the user has highlighted a word in a document before activating a dictionary widget, the dictionary widget&#39;s text field is automatically populated with the highlighted word. In one embodiment, a word search is automatically activated, and the results automatically displayed, so that activating the dictionary widget causes a definition to be displayed without any further user interaction. Similarly, if an email message is open on the user&#39;s screen when an address book widget is launched, the address book is automatically opened to a page corresponding to the contact information for the sender of the email message. In one embodiment, such prepopulation or automatic opening is not performed under certain situations, such as for example if the widget is already open to another page or entry. In one embodiment, the user can configure the operation of the widget, including whether or not such prepopulation or automatic opening occurs and under what circumstances it should occur. One skilled in the art will recognize that there are many other situations where a widget can use context information from a currently-running application or website. 
     In one embodiment, some or all widgets have rollover elements; these are user interface elements that appear when the onscreen cursor is moved over the widget. The rollover elements disappear when the onscreen cursor is moved so that it is no longer over the widget. In one embodiment, rollover elements only appear if the cursor is held over the widget for at least a predetermined period of time, such as half a second. An example of a rollover element is a volume ring (not shown) for music player application. 
       FIGS. 4 through 17D and 26 through 32  depict examples of dashboard operations in response to various user commands; these Figures illustrate various techniques and capabilities of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a desktop user interface  400  prior to activation of the dashboard. Desktop user interface  400  (referred to herein as “desktop”) is a conventional user interface as may be provided by an operating system such as MacOS X. Desktop  400  has a background image, menu bar  401 , and other standard features. As is known in the art, desktop  400  may also include windows, icons, and other elements (not shown). 
     The user activates the dashboard by selecting an item from a menu, or by clicking on an icon, or by pressing a function key or key combination, or by some other means for invoking a command.  FIG. 5  depicts an initial state for a dashboard, according to one embodiment. In the example of  FIG. 5 , a configuration icon  501  is initially displayed. Alternatively, upon activation, the dashboard can include one or more default widgets. Alternatively, if the dashboard has previously been activated and configured, the widgets are displayed as previously configured. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the dashboard itself is not necessarily visible as a distinct layer; rather its various components (such as widgets, icon  501 , and other features) are visible. In one embodiment, these components are displayed in a transparent layer that allows desktop  400  to be seen through it. In one embodiment desktop  400  and its components are darkened (or blurred, or otherwise visually modified) while the dashboard is active, so as to emphasize that desktop  400  is temporarily inactive. The user can easily reactivate desktop  400  and dismiss the dashboard by simply clicking on an area of the screen where no dashboard element is being displayed; in one embodiment, clicking on this “negative space” causes the dashboard to be dismissed according to techniques described in more detail below. In another embodiment, other commands, key combinations, icons, or other user input is used to cause the dashboard to be dismissed. In another embodiment, desktop  400  is not visible while the dashboard is active. 
     In one embodiment, the user can move icon  501  to any location on the screen by dragging it, and the position of icon  501  is persistent from one invocation of the dashboard to the next. 
     The user clicks on icon  501  to activate configuration bar  601 , as shown in  FIG. 6 . Configuration bar  601  provides access to various widgets that can be placed on the dashboard. In one embodiment, a text label is shown for each available widget. In another embodiment, an icon is shown for each available widget. If many widgets are available, they may be arranged hierarchically by type, or alphabetically, or by any other categorization methodology. For example, a number of categories may be displayed; clicking on one of the categories causes a pull-down menu to be displayed, listing a number of widgets in that category. In one embodiment, a buy command  602  is also available, allowing the user to select widgets from an online store or website. One skilled in the art will recognize that the particular configuration and appearance of configuration bar  601  in  FIG. 6  is merely exemplary, and that many other arrangements are possible. The user can dismiss configuration bar  601  by clicking on dismissal icon  603 . Referring now briefly to  FIG. 31 , a Done button  3101  can also be provided for dismissing configuration bar  601 . 
     In one embodiment, the user can move configuration bar  601  to any location on the screen by dragging it, and the position of configuration bar  601  is persistent from one invocation of the dashboard to the next. Also, in one embodiment the state of configuration bar  601  (open or closed) is persistent from one invocation of the dashboard to the next. 
     The user can drag widgets from configuration bar  601  onto the surface of the dashboard (in other words, anywhere on the screen), using standard drag-and-drop functionality for moving objects on a screen.  FIG. 7  depicts user selection of a calculator widget from the configuration bar, according to one embodiment. Calculator label  701  is highlighted, to indicate that it has been selected by the user.  FIG. 8  depicts the dashboard after the calculator widget  801  has been placed on the screen. In one embodiment, an animation, such as a ripple animation, is shown when the user “drops” widget  801  by releasing a mouse button (or equivalent input device) to place widget  801  at the desired location. The user can move widget  801  after it has been placed, to any other desired location, or can remove widget  801  from the screen, for example by dragging it off the screen, or dragging it back onto configuration bar  601 , or by invoking a remove command. The position, state, and configuration of widget  801  are preserved when the dashboard is dismissed, so that these characteristics are restored the next time the dashboard is activated. 
     In one embodiment, multiple instances of some widgets can be activated, by dragging the widget from configuration bar  601  onto the dashboard surface two or more times. In another embodiment, only one instance of each widget can be activated. In another embodiment, some widgets can have multiple instances and others cannot. 
     Once calculator widget  801  has been placed on the dashboard, the user can interact with it by entering numbers via a mouse or other pointing device, or via a keyboard. Conventional operations for calculator applications are available. 
       FIG. 9  depicts the screen after the user has dragged both a calculator widget  801  and a music player widget  901  onto the dashboard, according to one embodiment. Music player widget  901  is placed by clicking and dragging from “iTunes” label  903  in configuration bar  601 . Music player widget  901 , in this embodiment, provides a subset of the functionality associated with a fully functional music player application. In one embodiment, music player widget  901  includes button  902  for activating a fully functional music player application. Thus, the user can easily launch an application that provides enhanced functionality with respect to a widget. 
     In one embodiment, in response to the user clicking button  902  to activate the full music player application, the dashboard is dismissed, the normal desktop  400  is restored, and the full music player application is launched. All of these steps take place automatically, without requiring additional user intervention.  FIG. 10  depicts the screen after the user has activated the full music player application  1001  by clicking on button  902  in music player widget  901 , according to one embodiment. The dashboard has been dismissed, and the various elements of desktop  400 , including menu bar  401 , are once again active. 
     In  FIG. 11 , the user has reactivated the dashboard (thus restoring widgets  801  and  901  in their previous states and locations), and has placed an address book widget  1101  by dragging it from label  1102 . Again, in one embodiment, a ripple animation is displayed when widget  1101  is dropped onto its location on the dashboard. 
     The user can interact with address book widget  1101  as he or she would normally interact with an address book application. For example, as shown in  FIG. 12 , the user can type in the first few letters of a person&#39;s name in field  1201 ; once sufficient information has been entered to identify an individual, that individual&#39;s address card is displayed. 
       FIG. 13  depicts the dashboard after a number of widgets have been placed, including notes widget  1301 , calculator widget  801 , music player widget  901 , and address book widget  1101 . In one embodiment, double-clicking in notes widget  1301  causes it to enter an edit mode wherein text can be entered or edited. When not in edit mode, widget  1301  can be moved around the dashboard. In other embodiments, other types of user actions (for example pressing modifier keys) can be used to distinguish between text editing operations and widget-dragging operations. 
     The user can dismiss configuration bar  601  by clicking on dismissal icon  603 .  FIG. 14  depicts a dashboard after configuration bar  601  has been closed, according to one embodiment. Configuration icon  501  is displayed, which allows the user to reactivate configuration bar  601  as desired. 
     The user can move widgets around the screen as desired. Widget locations are preserved when the dashboard is dismissed, so that the widgets reappear at the same location where they were left, when the dashboard is activated.  FIG. 15  depicts the dashboard after widgets  801 ,  901 ,  1101 ,  1301  have been moved to new positions. 
     As discussed above, in one embodiment a transition animation is played when the dashboard is dismissed.  FIGS. 16A through 16C  are screen shots depicting a “fly-out” transition animation, wherein widgets  801 ,  901 ,  1101 ,  1301  appear to fly off the edges of the screen when the dashboard is dismissed. While they are flying off the edges of the screen, widgets  801 ,  901 ,  1101 ,  1301  grow in size and fade, so as to reinforce the appearance of movement and transition. At the same time, desktop  400  and its features (such as menu bar  401 ) are restored to their normal, non-faded appearance. 
     As discussed above, in one embodiment a transition animation is played when the dashboard is activated.  FIGS. 17A through 17D  are screen shots depicting a “fly-in” transition animation, wherein widgets  801 ,  901 ,  1101 ,  1301  appear to fly in from the edges of the screen when the dashboard is activated. Widgets  801 ,  901 ,  1101 ,  1301  are faded and enlarged when they first appear at the screen edges; they reduce in size and become more solid in appearance while they are flying in, so as to reinforce the appearance of movement and transition. At the same time, desktop  400  and its features (such as menu bar  401 ) gradually fade into the background. 
     In one embodiment, the system of the present invention includes the capability to alert the user when a widget needs attention or has new information to display to the user, even if the dashboard is not currently active. For example, an icon on a “Dock”, or taskbar, or other user interface element commonly associated with a desktop user interface, can blink or bounce or otherwise indicate an alert condition. A distinctive sound can also be played. Alternatively, a dialog box can be presented, or a text alert can be displayed. Whatever form it may take, the alert can be of a generalized type or it may indicate the specific widget that issued the alert, and may even have additional information specifying the nature of the alert. The user can then activate the dashboard (either by a dashboard activation command as described above, or by clicking on an icon or button associated with the alert) to see the widget that issued the alert. Alternatively, the dashboard can automatically be activated in such a situation, or a dialog box can be presented to allow the user to indicate whether or not the dashboard should be activated. 
     For example, a package tracking widget may issue an alert when a package has been delivered. The alert may be generalized, or it may indicate that the package tracking widget is the source of the alert, or it may even provide the delivery information. The user can dismiss the alert, or activate the dashboard to see the widget and interact with it to obtain more information. As another example, a traffic webcam widget can issue an alert when an accident has occurred on the route covered by the webcam. 
     In one embodiment, configuration bar  601  has several possible states. Referring now to  FIG. 26 , there is shown an example of the dashboard where the configuration bar is closed, so that configuration icon  501  is displayed. Two stickies widgets  1301  are currently being displayed, along with two clock widgets  2500 A,  2500 B. 
     Clicking on configuration icon  501  causes configuration bar  601  to be displayed in a first state, as shown in  FIG. 27 . The first state includes labels  2701  for various widgets that are designated as “favorites”; in one embodiment, these are a subset of all of the widgets currently installed on the user&#39;s machine. Thus, in this state, the user is presented with only those widgets that are commonly needed. As will be seen, the user is able to configure this view so that it includes any desired subset of installed widgets. In one embodiment, configuration bar  601  in this state includes a “More” label or icon. The user clicks on this label or icon to cause configuration bar  601  to expand to its second state, as shown in  FIG. 28 . Dismissal icon  603  causes configuration bar  601  to be dismissed, reverting to configuration icon  501  as shown in  FIG. 26 . In one embodiment, the on-screen position of icon  603  matches that of icon  501 , so that the user can easily open and close configuration bar  601  without moving the cursor around. 
     The user can drag labels  2701  onto the dashboard surface to place widgets onto the dashboard. As described above, in one embodiment a distinctive animation, such as a ripple effect, is shown to reinforce the notion that the widget is being placed at the specified location. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 28 , there is shown an example of configuration bar  601  in its second, expanded state, providing access to additional widgets as well as the favorite widgets that were presented in the first state. In this state, configuration bar  601  has two sections  2802 ,  2803 . Section  2802  includes labels  2701  for favorite widgets; this includes the same subset of widgets that is included in the first state of configuration bar  601 , as shown in  FIG. 27 . Section  2803  includes labels  2701  for other widgets that are not included in the set of favorite widgets. Dragging a label  2701  from section  2802  to  2803  causes the corresponding widget to be removed from the favorites subset. Dragging a label  2701  from section  2803  to  2802  causes the corresponding widget to be added to the favorites subset. Dragging a label  2701  from either section  2802  or  2803  onto the dashboard surface causes the corresponding widget to be placed at the specified location. Dragging a label  2701  from either section  2802  or  2803  onto trash icon  2801  causes the label  2701  to be removed from configuration bar  601 ; in one embodiment, this also causes the corresponding widget to be removed from the dashboard (if it is currently open). In one embodiment, dragging a label  2701  onto trash icon  2801  also causes the corresponding widget to be deleted from the user&#39;s machine, or made unavailable. In one embodiment, the user is presented with a dialog box to confirm that he or she wishes to delete the widget. In one embodiment, the user can also drag widgets onto trash icon  2801  to cause the widgets to be closed, dismissed, and/or uninstalled. More gadgets label  2602  provides access to a website, online store, or other resource for obtaining and installing additional widgets; in one embodiment it offers functionality that is similar to buy command  602  as described above in connection with  FIG. 6 . 
     In one embodiment the state of configuration bar  601  is persistent from one invocation of the dashboard to the next. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 30 , there is shown an example of a dashboard wherein some labels  2701 A in configuration bar  601  have changed in appearance, while other labels  2701 B,  2701 C are unchanged, according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, when a widget is open, its corresponding label  2701  on configuration bar  601  changes in appearance; for example, it is grayed out or displayed in some other color. In another embodiment, label  2701  is grayed out (or otherwise changed) only if the widget is a single-instance widget (as described above); for multiple-instance widgets, label  2701  remains unchanged when the widget is opened. Such a technique provides an indication to the user as to which labels  2701  can be used to activate a widget (either because they are not currently open or because they are multiple-instance widgets) and which labels  2701  are currently inactive (because they correspond to single-instance widgets that have already been opened). In the example of  FIG. 30 , address book  1101 , calculator  801 , calendar  1801 , music player  901 , and stock quote widget  1901  are open, single-instance widgets; therefore their corresponding labels  2701 A are grayed-out. Stickies  1301  and clock  2500  are open, multiple-instance widgets; therefore their corresponding labels  2701 B are unchanged. Labels  2701 C are also unchanged, since they correspond to widgets that are not currently open. 
     In another embodiment, labels  2701  corresponding to open multiple-instance widgets have a different appearance than labels  2701  corresponding to widgets that are not currently open. 
     In another embodiment, when a widget is opened, its label  2701  is removed from configuration bar  601 . When the widget is closed, its label  2701  is restored in configuration bar  601 . In another embodiment, when a single-instance widget is opened, its label  2701  is removed from configuration bar  601 , but when a multiple-instance widget is opened, its label  2701  remains on configuration bar  601 . When the single-instance widget is closed, its label  2701  is restored in configuration bar  601 . Removing and/or restoring labels  2701  can be accompanied by animations to reinforce the transition from configuration bar  601  onto dashboard surface and vice versa. For example, when closing a widget, the widget can appear to be sucked into configuration bar  601  as the corresponding label  2701  is restored. 
     If a widget is deleted or removed (by dragging it or its label to trash icon  2801 , for example), its label  2701  is removed from configuration bar  601 . 
     In one embodiment, the user can close a widget by clicking on a close icon, or by dragging the widget back to configuration bar  601 . Referring now to  FIG. 29 , there is shown a screen shot depicting a dashboard including close icon  2901  for closing widget  2500 B. In one embodiment, icon  2901  is a rollover icon; it appears when the user has positioned the cursor over widget  2500 B, and it disappears when the cursor is no longer positioned over widget  2500 B. In one embodiment, rollover icon  2901  only appears if the cursor is held over widget  2500 B for at least a predetermined period of time, such as half a second. In one embodiment, when a widget is closed, an animation is played to reinforce the notion that the widget is closing. For example, the widget may be momentarily distorted in such a way that it appears to be sucked into close icon  2901 , or onto configuration bar  601 , before it disappears from the screen. Other types of animations or effects may also be used, such as a fade, or a wipe, or a shrinking effect. In one embodiment, the user can configure which effect is desired, or if no effect is desired. 
     Widget  2500 B also includes preferences icon  2902  for accessing preferences controls for widget  2500 B. In one embodiment, icon  2902  is a rollover icon; it appears when the user has positioned the cursor over widget  2500 B, and it disappears when the cursor is no longer positioned over widget  2500 B (although it continues to be visible when the cursor is moved over to icon  2902 ). In one embodiment, icon  2902  only appears if the cursor is held over widget  2500 B for at least a predetermined period of time, such as half a second. Clicking on icon  2902  causes preferences controls to be displayed. In one embodiment, preferences are entered using a conventional dialog box (not shown) as is known in the art. In another embodiment, clicking on icon  2902  causes widget  2500 B to appear to flip over, revealing its reverse side, which contains preferences controls. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 32 , there is shown an example of the dashboard where two widgets  2500 A and  1301 A have been flipped over, revealing preferences controls  3201 . In the example, preferences controls  3201  include menus for selecting a location (for clock widget  2500 A), and paper color selector and font selector (for stickies widget  1301 A). One skilled in the art will recognize that any type of controls, menus, fields, or other elements can be included in preferences controls  3201 . The user can dismiss preferences controls  3201  by clicking on Done button  3203  or on close box  3202 . In one embodiment, close box  3202  is a rollover icon, so that it is only visible when the cursor is positioned over widget  1301 A (although it continues to be visible when the cursor is moved over to close box  3202 ). In one embodiment, when preferences controls  3201  are dismissed, a flip-over animation is again played, and the normal appearance of the widget is restored (reflecting any changes that were made via preferences controls  3201 ). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 31 , there is shown another example of a dashboard wherein some labels  2701 A in configuration bar  601  have changed in appearance, while other labels  2701 B,  2701 C are unchanged, according to one embodiment. Address book  1101 , calculator  801 , calendar  1801 , music player  901 , and stock quote widget  1901  are open, single-instance widgets; therefore their corresponding labels  2701 A are grayed-out. Stickies  1301 A and  1301 B are open, multiple-instance widgets; therefore their corresponding label  2701 B is unchanged. Labels  2701 C, including world clock label, are also unchanged, since they correspond to widgets that are not currently open. In  FIG. 31 , the cursor (not shown) is positioned over stickies widget  1301 B, so that close box  2901  and preferences icon  2902  are displayed, as described above in connection with  FIG. 29 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 31 , configuration bar  601  includes Done button  3101 , which dismisses configuration bar  601  and restores configuration icon  501 . Thus, Done button  3101  performs the same action as dismissal icon  603 . 
     In one embodiment, flipping a widget over reveals other information, fields, or controls in addition to (or instead of) preferences fields and controls. One skilled in the art will recognize that the reverse side of a widget can include any type of auxiliary information, fields, or controls, and is not limited to a mechanism for accessing preferences controls. 
     Widget Installation 
     In one embodiment, widgets are preinstalled on the user&#39;s computer, so that dragging them onto the dashboard merely makes them active. In another embodiment, widgets are not preinstalled, but are installed in response to the user dragging them onto the dashboard. In another embodiment, dragging a widget onto the desktop causes code for the widget to be downloaded from a remote server and installed on the user&#39;s machine. In another embodiment, installing a widget in this manner also causes a fully functional application containing related functionality to be automatically installed as well (although the user can be given the option to decline such an installation); for example, installing a music player widget can cause a fully functional music player application to be installed as well. Authentication and payment may be prerequisites for such operations in some embodiments. 
     For example, referring briefly to  FIG. 28 , in one embodiment the user clicks on more gadgets label  2602  to access an online widget store or website where widgets are available for purchase or for free download. The user selects widget(s) for installation on his or her machine, and pays via credit card (if required). The online store or website is dismissed, the selected widget(s) are downloaded and installed, the dashboard is automatically reactivated, and the selected widget appears in configuration bar  601 , ready to be dragged onto the dashboard surface. Alternatively the new widget can automatically be placed on the dashboard surface. Thus, the present invention provides an easy, seamless way to install widgets. 
     In one embodiment, an online store or free distribution site is provided for making widgets  303  available. Available widgets  303  can be viewed, previewed, selected and installed from a website, or from a configuration option within the dashboard. In one embodiment, users can pay for widgets  303  using a credit card or any other conventional means for online purchases. Widgets  303  are transmitted and installed on the user&#39;s computer according to conventional means. In one embodiment, widgets  303  are installed according to techniques describe in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/874,829, for “User Interface for Assisting in the Installation of an Asset,” filed Jun. 22, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In one embodiment, widgets such as  801  are implemented using HTML technology with enhancements that are more fully described below and in the related cross-referenced applications. One skilled in the art will recognize, however, that any graphics technology can be used for implementing widgets such as  801 . 
     In one embodiment, widgets  303  are encrypted into a flat file that is expandable in memory, either in whole or in parts. Widget  303  contents are indexed so that particular resources can be accessed as needed. Widgets  303  may be encrypted according to any conventional encryption technology. 
     In one embodiment, clients  302  have complete control of resource loading of the WebView. When a relative resource is requested, the client  302  converts the protocol to one specific to the process. In one embodiment, the NSURL Protocol in Foundation is used to fetch data from the encrypted source. 
     Software Architecture 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , there is shown an example of a software architecture  300  for implementing the present invention according to one embodiment. In the embodiment, the present invention operates in connection with an operating system  109  as described above. 
     In one embodiment, software architecture  300  includes dashboard server  301 , dashboard client(s)  302 , and widget(s)  303 . Dashboard configuration information  304  is used by server  301  and/or clients  302  to specify the configuration options for displaying widgets  303 . All of the dashboard configuration information, including access levels and the like (if applicable), is stored in dashboard configuration information  304 . As described above, such information may include dashboard configuration information for two or more dashboards configured by the same user or by different users. 
     In one embodiment, widgets  303  are displayed using HTML and related web technology. Dashboard server  301  manages and launches dashboard client  302  processes. Each dashboard client  302  loads a widget  303 , which in one embodiment is an HTML webpage and related resources needed to display the page. In one embodiment, a client  302  is initiated for each widget  303  to be displayed. In one embodiment, clients  302  display widgets  303  without a conventional window frame, menu bar, or other components typically associated with on-screen windows; this provides a clean, straightforward display of the overall dashboard that avoids confusion and clutter. Clients  302  display widgets  303  by rendering web pages into a “WebView”; the size of each WebView is defined as metadata associated with the corresponding widget  303 . Server  301  is a window server that provides data for rendering a layer that can be overlaid on the normal desktop of the user interface. Widgets  303  are rendered into the separate layer, and then that layer is drawn on top of the normal desktop, so as to partially or completely obscure the desktop while the dashboard is active. 
     Dashboard Server  301   
     Dashboard server  301  is a lightweight process that can stand alone or be imbedded in another process. Server  301  can be located at computer  102 , or at remote server  107 . Server  301  provides the following functionality: 
     Non-widget UI. In one embodiment, server  301  handles user interface functionality that is not directly related to widgets. This includes, for example: activation; deactivation; dashboard background; background animations; and the like. 
     Window management. In one embodiment, server  301  acts as a lightweight window server for the dashboard client  302  processes. Windows are created in server  301  process and then passed to dashboard clients  302 . Operations performed on windows go through dashboard server  301 . Such operations include, for example: resizing; moving; fetching of position and size; and the like. One advantage to having window operations pass through server  301  is that server  301  can then react to widget  303  changes and update the overall environment. For example, server  301  can cause displayed widgets  303  to bounce off of each other, stick to sides of the screen, snap to grids, or the like. 
     Fast login. In one embodiment, dashboard clients  302  are launched and then rendered into a window from dashboard server  301 . Since this can take some time, dashboard server  301  provides an initial image to be rendered in the window while client  302  is launched, so as to improve visual feedback and to make initial activation animation appear instantaneous. As dashboard clients  302  load and render, they take over the window and draw their content. 
     Event management. In one embodiment, server  301  acts as an event server as well as a window server. Events come from the operating system window server to dashboard server  301  and are routed to the appropriate dashboard client  302 . This indirection allows for a variety of features, including: server-side dragging (even if a dashboard client  302  is hung); filtering of events; insertion of server-generated events; and the like. Dashboard clients  302  communicate with server  301  to describe control regions, so that server  301  can initiate server-side drags correctly. 
     Loading widgets  303 . In one embodiment, server  301  is responsible for loading widgets  303 . It maintains the list of widgets  303  to load when starting up. In one embodiment, the dashboard client  302  corresponding to a particular widget  303  is not launched until the first time the dashboard is activated. 
     Arbitration of widgets  303 . In one embodiment, server  301  is the arbitrator of dashboard clients  302 . It controls the process and passes information to and from each widget  303 . If a widget  303  crashes, dashboard server  301  re-launches the process automatically. It also prevents crash loops where a widget  303  crashes repeatedly at startup. In one embodiment, all communication to a widget  303  goes through dashboard server  301  first. 
     CoreImage integration. In one embodiment, server  301  uses CoreImage technology, as described in related U.S. Utility patent applications cross-referenced above. Filters are applied to the background window of the server to provide spotlight and ripple effects. 
     Widget  303  preference management. In one embodiment, server  301  stores, in configuration information  304  that is stored according to a conventional file system, preferences associated with widgets  303 , and vends those preferences to widgets  303 . 
     Dashboard Client  302   
     In one embodiment, each client  302  is a lightweight process that uses, for example, objects defined as part of a development environment such as Cocoa Application Framework (also referred to as the Application Kit, or AppKit), described for example at Mac OS X Panther Release Notes Cocoa Application Framework, available at “http://developer.apple.com/documentation/ReleaseNotes/Cocoa/AppKit.html”). Clients  302  can be implemented as simplified browser screens that omit conventional interface features such as a menu bar, window frame, and the like. In one embodiment, clients  302  provide the following functionality in implementing the present invention: 
     Control of the WebView. Client  302  creates a WebView and attaches the HTML of widget  303  to the WebView. Client  302  acts as the delegate for user interface requests made by the WebView. In one embodiment, client  302  overrides much of AppKit&#39;s default behavior as it regards to communication to server  301  and event handling. WebViews are generic controls for viewing and manipulating HTML and XHTML; they are described, for example, at Web Kit Reference for Objective-C, available at “http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Cocoa/Reference/WebKit/ObjC_classic/index.html”. 
     JavaScript extensions. In one embodiment, client  302  inserts a custom object in the JavaScript runtime of the WebView. This allows for a variety of extensions for widgets  303 , including without limitation: copy/cut/paste; getting/setting preferences; notifications when preferences have changed; opening a linked application (for example, a widget  303  may include a button or other trigger that causes a corresponding application to be launched); quitting; moving/resizing; and the like. 
     Managing Plug-ins. Some widgets  303  use native code as part of their implementations. In one embodiment, client  302  includes the capability to interface with such native code and/or with databases and data stores available locally or remotely. In one embodiment, widgets  303  also have the ability to create a custom AppKit NSView. A widget developer can use a custom view to enable other types of animations, such as OpenGL views, plug-ins such as Flash, and the like. 
     In one embodiment, plug-ins are implemented as follows. An Obj-C bundle is loaded from a resources folder associated with widget  303 . The bundle has two methods on its Principal Class:
         (id) initWithWebView:(WebView*)webview;   (void) windowScriptObjectAvailable:(WebScriptObject*)windowScriptObject (this allows the plugin to add JavaScript extensions before the web page has loaded);   initWithWebView is called when the Dashboard Client starts up, and webViewLoaded is called when the page finishes loading. The developer of a plug-in can use the WebKit&#39;s scripting APIs to extend the JavaScript for a particular widget  303 .
 
Widget  303  Format
       

     In one embodiment, each widget  303  is implemented as an HTML file. The HTML file can reference other local and remote resources such as style sheets, other HTML files, JavaScript files, images, and the like. Widgets  303  can be implemented using, for example, a flat bundle file format or a packaged HTML file format. 
     Flat Bundle. The Flat Bundle format has the following directory structure:
         My.widget (directory/Bundle)   Info.plist (file)   My.html (file)   My.png (file)   English.1proj (optional directory)   Localizable.strings (file)       

     The Info.plist describes widget  303 . It also provides an identifier for widget  303 , and points to the main HTML file and default PNG file. The default PNG file is used as a temporary display while dynamic elements are loaded from server  301 . An example of a structure for Info.plist is as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Key 
                 Type 
                 Description/Value 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 CFBundleIdentifier 
                 CFString. 
                 com.apple.widget 
               
               
                   
                   
                 &lt;widget name&gt; 
               
               
                 CFBundleName 
                 CFString 
                 name of the widget 
               
               
                 MainHTML 
                 CFString 
                 name of main HTML resource 
               
               
                 Width 
                 CFNumber 
                 default width of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 widget 
               
               
                 Height 
                 CFNumber 
                 default height of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 widget 
               
               
                 DefaultImage 
                 CFString 
                 resource name of default 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PNG 
               
               
                 Plugin (optional) 
                 CFString 
                 resource name of native 
               
               
                   
                   
                 plugin 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     My.html can reference any other local resource as well. In one embodiment, the resources are specified relative to the HTML file&#39;s location. 
     My.png can have any name, based on the “DefaultImage” key in the Info.plist. This image is rendered by server  301  if there is no cached representation. 
     The English.1proj and other localizable directories are for localizable strings. 
     Widget  303  Location 
     In one embodiment, widgets  303  are stored locally in storage device  106  such as a hard drive. Per-machine widgets  303  are stored at, for example:
         /Library/Widgets/   /Applications/Widgets/       

     Widgets  303  can also be made available on a per-user basis, particularly in situations where more than one user uses the same computer  102 . Per-user widgets  303  are stored, for example, at:
         ˜/Widgets   ˜/Library/Widgets/       

     One skilled in the art will recognize that these configurations are merely exemplary, and that any other file format or directory structure can be used. 
     Widget  303  Development 
     In one embodiment, widgets  303  can be developed using WebKit, described, for example, at Web Kit Reference for Objective-C, available at “http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Cocoa/Reference/WebKit/ObjC_classic/inde x.html”. Additional functionality can also be provided, such as the ability to drag to and from web pages, detect control regions, stop plug-ins and timers from firing when the dashboard is hidden, and the like. In one embodiment, such additional functionality is provided using an enhanced Canvas architecture, as described in related U.S. Provisional Patent App. No. 60/583,125, for “Procedurally Expressing Graphic Objects for Web Pages,” filed Jun. 25, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, web extensions that are well known in the art can be used for providing additional functionality such as drag-and-drop capability, detection of control regions, and the like. 
     For widgets that involve additional, more detailed rendering than is available from WebKit/HTML, a &lt;canvas&gt; tag is provided. A CoreGraphics context is fetchable from the &lt;canvas&gt; tag, and JavaScript is then used to draw into the context and effectively the HTML page. Detailed description of this implementation can be found in the related applications. 
     Remote Server  107  Access 
     In one embodiment, some or all widgets  303  communicate with a remote server  107  in order to perform their functions. For example, a weather widget requests current weather data from a remote server  107 , while a package tracking widget requests current data regarding package locations from a remote server  107 . Such communication takes place according to well-known techniques for requesting and receiving information across a network such as the Internet: widget  303  or client  302  forms a request for data, and transmits the request according to HTTP or some other network protocol; server  107  responds to the request with the information; and widget  303  uses the information in forming the output that will be displayed to the user. In one embodiment, these operations take place in response to JavaScript code within widget  303 . Server  107  can be a resource that is available generally to the public, or it can be a proprietary source of information to which the user has been given access. Where appropriate, authorization and/or user verification can be required before server  107  transmits requested information. If desired, the information can be transmitted across a secure channel and/or encrypted prior to transmission, according to techniques that are well known in the art. 
     Examples of Widgets  303   
     The following is a list of examples of widgets  303  that can be provided using the techniques of the present invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that many other types of widgets  303  can be provided.
         buddy list   calculator   date book   dictionary   online music store and music player   movie show times   news feed   package tracker   rolodex   sports scores   stickies   stock quotes   webcam   weather   world clock   currency converter   online auction viewer and tool   lottery   mini inbox for receiving email   puzzle   telephone directory (e.g., yellow pages)       

       FIGS. 18 through 25  depict examples of some of these types of widgets  303 . One skilled in the art will recognize that the particular layout, appearance, and arrangement of each of these widgets  303  are merely exemplary. In particular, any or all of these widgets  303  can include a button for accessing a fully functional application having expanded functionality, as described above in connection with  FIGS. 9 and 10 . 
       FIG. 18  depicts an example of a calendar widget  1801  according to one embodiment, including current date  1802 , calendar display  1803  showing current month, and appointments  1803  A. In one embodiment, data for the calendar is stored locally at computer  102 ; in another embodiment, widget  1801  retrieves calendar data from a remote server  107 . 
       FIG. 19  depicts an example of a stock quote widget  1901  according to one embodiment, including several stock quotes  1902 , a graph  1903  for a selected stock, and an edit button  1904  for making changes to the stocks to be included in widget  1901 . In one embodiment, widget  1901  retrieves stock quote data from a remote server  107 . 
       FIG. 20  depicts an example of a weather widget  2001  according to one embodiment, including current temperature conditions  2002 , current time  2003 , and forecast  2004 . Widget  2001  can be configured to show weather information for any one or more locations of interest to the user. In one embodiment, widget  2001  retrieves weather data from a remote server  107 . 
       FIG. 21  depicts an example of a traffic webcam widget  2100 , including a current photograph  2102  (or live video feed) of a specified location, and an identifier  2101  of the location according to one embodiment. Widget  2100  can be configured to show images for any one or more locations of interest to the user. In one embodiment, widget  2100  retrieves photographs and/or video from a remote server  107 . 
       FIG. 22  depicts an example of a music player widget  901  according to one embodiment, including now-playing indicator  909 , counter  2202 , controls  2201  for pausing, playing, rewinding and fast-forwarding, and button  902  for accessing a fully functional music player application, as described above in connection with  FIGS. 9 and 10 . In one embodiment, widget  901  retrieves music data from a remote server  107 . 
       FIG. 23  depicts an example of a package tracking widget  2300  according to one embodiment, including a list of delivery services  2303 , one of which is currently selected. Package tracking information  2301  for the selected delivery service is shown, including a name for each item being delivered, current status, tracking number, and the date of the last update for that item. Detailed tracking info  2302  is shown for a selected item in  2301 . The user can configure widget  2300  to add items to be tracked, format the results, and the like. In one embodiment, widget  2300  retrieves package tracking data from a remote server  107 . 
       FIG. 24  depicts an example of an address book widget  1101  according to one embodiment. Widget  1101  includes the following information for an individual: a name  2402 , photograph  2401 , and contact information  2403 . Arrows  2404  allow the user to navigate to other records in the address book. Search field  1201  allows the user to search for names that begin with or include the search terms. In one embodiment, data for the address book is stored locally at computer  102 ; in another embodiment, widget  1101  retrieves address book data from a remote server  107 . 
       FIG. 25  depicts an example of a clock widget  2500  according to one embodiment, including a current time display  2501  (which can take any form, digital and/or analog), and a location  2502  corresponding to the current time display  2501 . The user can configure widget  2500  to change the time, location, and/or format of the display. 
     In one embodiment, clock widget  2500  changes in appearance according to the time of day. For example, a light-colored face can be shown during the day, and a dark face can be shown at night. Referring again to  FIG. 26 , clock widget  2500 A has a light-colored face because the local time in San Francisco is 11:28 am, while clock widget  2500 B has a dark face because the local time in London is 7:28 pm. In one embodiment, other distinguishing visual characteristics are used to denote day and night. In one embodiment, local times from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm are indicated as being daytime, while local times from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am are indicated as being night time. In another embodiment, actual sunrise and sunset times are used for controlling the appearance of clock widget  2500  (based on the selected location for the clock widget  2500 , and further based on sunrise/sunset information retrieved from stored tables or from a resource such as a website). In another embodiment, a continuous gradation is used, so that times near sunset or sunrise are shown in some gradation between the dark and light-colored faces; such times may also be shown in a pinkish hue to further reinforce the sunset or sunrise time period. 
       FIG. 33  depicts an example of a calculator widget  801  according to one embodiment, including numeric display  3301 , keypad  3304 , arithmetic operator keys  3302 , memory keys  3305 , and equals key  3303 . Keys  3302 ,  3303 ,  3304 , and  3305  generally function in a manner similar to that of conventional calculators and calculator accessories, except as noted herein. Display  3301  shows results of calculations in a manner similar to that of conventional calculators and calculator accessories, except as noted herein. 
     In one embodiment, display  3301  lights up, or otherwise changes in appearance, to indicate that calculator widget  801  is active. For example, display  3301  may light up when the user first clicks somewhere within widget  801 , and may stay lit until the user dismisses widget  801  or clicks somewhere outside widget  801 . While display  3301  is lit, widget  801  is active and can receive user input via the onscreen cursor or via a keyboard or other input device. 
     In one embodiment, operator keys  3302  light up when lit, and stay lit until the next key is pressed, so as to remind the user what operation is being performed. For example, in  FIG. 33  the division operator key  3302  is lit, signifying that the user has clicked on that key, and reminds the user that the current operation is a division operation. In one embodiment, operator key  3302  stays lit until another operator key  3302  is pressed, or until the clear button is pressed, or until equals key  3303  is pressed; in another embodiment, operator key  3302  stays lit until any other key is pressed. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 34A and 34B , there is shown an example of a dictionary/thesaurus widget  3400  according to one embodiment. A user can type a word in text input field  3403 , and can select dictionary or thesaurus functionality by clicking on text labels  3401  or  3402 , respectively, to see either definition  3406  or synonyms  3408 . If either definition  3406  or synonyms  3408  do not fit within the bounds of widget  3400 , widget  3400  can auto-resize accordingly, or can display arrows  3407  for accessing the rest of the information. Thumb index  3405  can also be presented, allowing the user to quickly access other words that appear on the same dictionary page as the entered word. In one embodiment, a reverse lookup dictionary (not shown) can also be provided (the user enters a definition or part thereof, and widget  303  responds with one or more words that match the entry). In one embodiment, data for the dictionary/thesaurus is stored locally at computer  102 ; in another embodiment, the dictionary/thesaurus widget retrieves its data from a remote server  107 . 
     In one embodiment, the dashboard is also available to a user from a remote location. Configuration information for the user&#39;s dashboard is stored at a remote server, pursuant to a user command or automatically. The user can then log in from a remote computer or other device, and be presented with a web page that duplicates the user&#39;s dashboard as it would be viewed from his or her own computer. Widgets  303  are provided via HTML pages per the extended functionality described above. The user can interact with widgets  303  in the same manner as from his or her own computer. 
     In the above description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the invention can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the invention. 
     In particular, one skilled in the art will recognize that other architectures and graphics environments may be used, and that the present invention can be implemented using graphics tools and products other than those described above. In particular, the client/server approach is merely one example of an architecture for providing the dashboard functionality of the present invention; one skilled in the art will recognize that other, non-client/server approaches can also be used. 
     Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
     Some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. 
     It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. 
     The algorithms and modules presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatuses to perform the method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the invention as described herein. Furthermore, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art, the modules, features, attributes, methodologies, and other aspects of the invention can be implemented as software, hardware, firmware or any combination of the three. Of course, wherever a component of the present invention is implemented as software, the component can be implemented as a standalone program, as part of a larger program, as a plurality of separate programs, as a statically or dynamically linked library, as a kernel loadable module, as a device driver, and/or in every and any other way known now or in the future to those of skill in the art of computer programming. Additionally, the present invention is in no way limited to implementation in any specific operating system or environment. 
     It will be understood by those skilled in the relevant art that the above-described implementations are merely exemplary, and many changes can be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications that come within the true spirit and scope of this invention.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20170815
Publication Date: 20191126
Grant Date: 20191126
Priority Date: 20040625
Inventors: CHAUDHRI, IMRAN A.
LOUCH, JOHN O.
GRIGNON, ANDREW M.
CHRISTIE, GREGORY N.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/0482", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0484", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/048", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04847", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F9/451", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04842", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0481", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/048", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F9/451", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0484", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0482", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04842", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0481", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04847", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0481", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F9/451", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 35600880