PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11972083-B2
Application Number: US-202318175961-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Continuous touch input over multiple independent surfaces

Abstract:
Touch input devices are provided with the capability of sensing a capacitive load in a two-dimensional array while also being able to sense deflection or movement of the input device in multiple different locations under an input pad. A touch input device can beneficially be used in a remote control device and can be used with multiple input buttons or platforms overlaying multiple capacitive touch input regions on a capacitive touch sensor substrate. Movement and position of a capacitive load can be tracked and calculated via output signals from a set of electrodes or other capacitance sensors with irregular shapes, with inconsistent distances from the capacitive load, and which are positioned below variable materials and material compositions. Thus, tracking gestures and taps can be detected using the capacitance sensing devices, and deflection input can be detected using switches or other actuators situated under the capacitance sensing devices.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic controller, comprising:
 a housing defining an internal cavity; and 
 a capacitive touch input assembly disposed within the internal cavity, the capacitive touch input assembly comprising:
 a central platform; 
 an outer platform disposed around the central platform; 
 a central substrate positioned beneath the central platform, the central substrate being configured to sense touches at the central platform; 
 an outer substrate positioned beneath the outer platform, the outer substrate being configured to sense touches at the outer platform; 
 a first switch positioned beneath the central substrate, the first switch being actuatable in response to movement of the central platform; and 
 a second switch positioned beneath the outer substrate, the second switch being actuatable in response to movement of the outer platform. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic controller of  claim 1 , wherein the first switch and the second switch are independently actuatable. 
     
     
       3. The electronic controller of  claim 1 , wherein at least one the central substrate or the outer substrate comprise a plurality of conductive regions spaced apart by a plurality of non-conductive regions. 
     
     
       4. The electronic controller of  claim 3 , wherein the plurality of conductive regions are bounded by the plurality of non-conductive regions, the plurality of non-conductive regions forming a gridline-shaped pattern of non-conductive material. 
     
     
       5. The electronic controller of  claim 1 , further comprising a carrier structure disposed on a top surface of the central substrate. 
     
     
       6. The electronic controller of  claim 5 , further comprising a plurality of adhesive layers, at least one adhesive layer of the plurality of adhesive layers being disposed between each of the central platform, the central substrate, and the carrier structure. 
     
     
       7. The electronic controller of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the first switch is positioned on a bottom surface defining the internal cavity; and 
 the second switch is positioned on a raised surface relative to the bottom surface, the raised surface comprising a surface depth less than a surface depth of the bottom surface. 
 
     
     
       8. The electronic controller of  claim 1 , wherein the outer substrate and the central substrate are electronically connected. 
     
     
       9. The electronic controller of  claim 1 , further comprising an adhesive layer disposed between the outer platform and the outer substrate. 
     
     
       10. The electronic controller of  claim 1 , wherein a first portion of the outer platform and a second portion of the central platform each define an outer surface of the electronic controller. 
     
     
       11. The electronic controller of  claim 10 , wherein:
 the first portion of the outer platform defines the outer surface at a first depth; and 
 the second portion of the central platform defines the outer surface at a second depth that differs from the first depth. 
 
     
     
       12. The electronic controller of  claim 11 , wherein the outer surface of the central platform is convex, and the outer surface of the outer platform is concave. 
     
     
       13. The electronic controller of  claim 10 , wherein the outer surface is contoured. 
     
     
       14. A remote control device comprising:
 a housing with an internal cavity; and 
 a capacitive touch input device disposed in the internal cavity, the capacitive touch input device including:
 a conductive substrate having a plurality of conductive regions spaced apart by a plurality of non-conductive regions; 
 an input platform disposed on top of the conductive substrate; and 
 a plurality of switches disposed beneath the conductive substrate, wherein at least one switch of the plurality of switches is actuatable in response to movement of the input platform. 
 
 
     
     
       15. The remote control device of  claim 14 , wherein a non-conductive region of the plurality of non-conductive regions vertically overlaps with a conductive region of the plurality of conductive regions. 
     
     
       16. The remote control device of  claim 14 , wherein the plurality of conductive regions includes a first plurality of conductive regions arranged within an inner region and a second plurality of conductive regions arranged in an outer region surrounding the inner region, the outer region being separated from the inner region by a flexible connector. 
     
     
       17. The remote control device of  claim 14 , wherein the plurality of conductive regions are rectangular. 
     
     
       18. The remote control device of  claim 14 , wherein the plurality of conductive regions are non-rectangular. 
     
     
       19. A touch sensitive control assembly comprising:
 a housing having an internal cavity; and 
 a touch input assembly disposed within the internal cavity, the touch input assembly including:
 an input surface movably disposed within the internal cavity; 
 a touch sensitive substrate positioned below the input surface and comprising a non-rectangular region containing a set of touch-sensitive electrodes arranged in a two-dimensional grid and having edges following a set of square-shaped gridlines; and 
 a switch disposed beneath the touch sensitive substrate and actuatable in response to a force applied to the input surface. 
 
 
     
     
       20. The touch sensitive control assembly of  claim 19 , wherein at least some touch-sensitive electrodes of the set of touch-sensitive electrodes are spaced apart by non-conductive material arranged in gridlines.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/444,262, filed 2 Aug. 2021, and titled “CONTINUOUS TOUCH INPUT OVER MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT SURFACES,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/160,639, filed 12 Mar. 2021, and titled “CONTINUOUS TOUCH INPUT OVER MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT SURFACES,” the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The described embodiments relate generally to hybrid touch and switch-based input devices. More particularly, the present embodiments relate to controllers configured to receive capacitive touch input and switch-actuating input through one or more adjacent surfaces. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Many styles of input devices exist for performing operations in a consumer electronic device. The operations often correspond to moving a cursor, making selections on a display screen or providing other input. By way of example, the input devices may include buttons, switches, keyboards, mice, trackballs, touch pads, joy sticks, touch screens and the like. Each of these devices has advantages and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing the consumer electronic device. In handheld devices, the input devices are generally selected from buttons and switches. Buttons and switches are generally mechanical in nature and provide limited control with regards to the movement of a cursor (or other selector) and making selections. For example, they are generally dedicated to moving the cursor in a specific direction (e.g., arrow keys) or to making specific selections (e.g., enter, delete, home, number, etc.). 
     In portable computing devices such as laptop computers, the input devices may include track pads (also known as touch pads). With a track pad, the movement of an input pointer (i.e., cursor) corresponds to the relative movements of the user&#39;s finger (or stylus) as the finger is moved along a surface of the track pad. Track pads can also make a selection on the display screen when one or more taps are detected on the surface of the track pad. In some cases, any portion of the track pad may be tapped, and in other cases a dedicated portion of the track pad may be tapped. In stationary devices such as desktop computers, the input devices are generally selected from mice and trackballs. With a mouse, the movement of the input pointer corresponds to the relative movements of the mouse as the user moves the mouse along a surface. With a trackball, the movement of the input pointer corresponds to the relative movements of a ball as the user rotates the ball within a housing. Both mice and trackballs generally include one or more buttons for making selections on the display screen. 
     Some devices, such as television remote controllers, video game controllers, and virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR) controllers are intended to be used for inputs in a very small, typically handheld, form factor and without a user having to look at the controller to determine how to provide input. However, it can be difficult for users to navigate the different operations of a remote controller by touch, and large numbers of remote controller buttons can be overwhelming. Additionally, users are often unable to provide the kinds of fine inputs that are enabled by track pads. Accordingly, there is a constant need for improvements in the field of input devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a remote control device, comprising a body housing, a capacitive touch input device including a first capacitive touch input region having a first edge and a second capacitive touch input region having a second edge, with the second edge being vertically aligned with the first edge, a controller device connected to the capacitive touch input device, and an electronic transmitter configured to transmit a signal based on input from the first and second capacitive touch input regions. 
     In some embodiments, the remote control device further comprises a first button overlaying the first capacitive touch input region and a second button overlaying the second capacitive touch input region, wherein the first button is vertically movable independent of the second button. The capacitive touch input device may have a first side surface and a second side surface, with the first capacitive touch input region being positioned on the first side surface, and with the second capacitive touch input region being positioned on the second side surface. The first capacitive touch input region and the second capacitive touch input region can collectively form a grid of sensors across the capacitive touch input device. A switch can be positioned beneath the capacitive touch input device, wherein the switch is actuatable upon application of a force against the capacitive touch input device. The capacitive touch input device can comprise a substrate bearing the first and second capacitive touch input regions, wherein the first edge and the second edge are positioned within a perimeter of the substrate, and wherein a portion of the perimeter overlaps the first capacitive touch input region or the second capacitive touch input region. In some embodiments, the first capacitive touch input region surrounds the second capacitive touch input region. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure relates to an electronic controller, comprising an enclosure, a capacitive touch input device having a first region and a second region, a first switch positioned in the enclosure and aligned with the first region of the capacitive touch input device, a second switch positioned in the enclosure and aligned with the second region of the capacitive touch input device, and a controller in electronic communication with the capacitive touch input device, the first switch, and the second switch. The controller can be configured to output a first signal indicating two-dimensional coordinates of a touch sensed by the capacitive touch input device, output a second signal in response to actuation of the first switch, and output a third signal in response to actuation of the second switch. 
     In some embodiments, the first switch can be actuatable by application of a force against a surface at the first region and the second switch is actuatable by application of a force against a surface at the second region. The first switch can provide tactile feedback when actuated. The two-dimensional coordinates can indicate a two-dimensional position of the touch on a touch surface adjacent to the capacitive touch input device. The controller can be configured to output a signal indicating a two-dimensional gesture based on movement of a capacitive load substantially parallel to the capacitive touch input device. The first region and the second region can be arranged concentrically on the capacitive touch input device. The capacitive touch input device can comprise a two-dimensional grid of touch-sensitive pixels. 
     Yet another aspect of the disclosure relates to a touch-sensitive controller, comprising a housing, a touch input assembly supported by the housing, with the touch input assembly including a first button having a first outer surface, a second button having a second outer surface, with the second outer surface being separated from the first outer surface by a gap, a capacitance-sensing input device having an input region overlapping the first and second buttons, wherein the capacitance-sensing input device is positioned at a first depth from the first outer surface and at a second depth from the second outer surface, the first and second distances being different from each other, and a touch controller in electronic communication with the capacitance-sensing input device and configured to continuously track movement of a capacitive load moving across the gap using the capacitance-sensing input device. 
     The capacitance-sensing input device can include a first portion of the input region corresponding to the first outer surface and a second portion of the input region corresponding to the second outer surface, wherein the first and second portions of the input region are vertically offset from each other within the housing. The first outer surface can comprise a convex curvature and the second outer surface comprises a concave curvature. The capacitance-sensing input device can include a flex circuit having a first portion corresponding to the first outer surface and a second portion corresponding to the second outer surface, wherein the first and second portions overlap each other within the housing. The capacitance-sensing input device can include a first electrode corresponding to the first outer surface and a second electrode corresponding to the second outer surface, wherein the first and second electrodes are non-rectangular. The input region can be rectangular. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which: 
         FIGS.  1 A- 1 C  show top views of various controller devices. 
         FIG.  2    shows an exploded orthographic view of a controller device at an input area. 
         FIG.  3    shows a top view of a capacitive touch input device in a folded configuration. 
         FIG.  4    shows a top view of the capacitive touch input device of  FIG.  3    in an unfolded configuration. 
         FIG.  5    shows a side section view of an input area of a controller device. 
         FIG.  5 A  shows a detail view as indicated by detail indicator  5 A in  FIG.  5   . 
         FIG.  6    shows a top view of another capacitive touch input device. 
         FIG.  7    shows a top view of another capacitive touch input device. 
         FIG.  8    shows a side section view of an input area of another controller device. 
         FIG.  9    shows a side section view of an input area of another controller device. 
         FIG.  10    shows a side section view of an input area of another controller device. 
         FIG.  11    shows a schematic diagram of an input device connected to a computing device. 
         FIG.  12    shows a schematic diagram of an input device that is part of a remote controller device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following descriptions are not intended to limit the embodiments to one preferred embodiment. To the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by the appended claims. 
     Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a remote control device with an input area that is capable of receiving touch input and button/switch-press input in multiple areas on its surface. Thus, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to touch input devices such as trackpads that have multiple functions, including sensing capacitive touch input via a capacitance-sensing input device and sensing electro-mechanical or electronic switch input via switches or other position sensors positioned beneath multiple regions of the trackpad. The touch input device can therefore form multiple buttons (or multiple switch-registering regions of a single button) that, when deflected or depressed, can operate like typical buttons on a controller device while simultaneously, through those same buttons or regions, tracking movement of a capacitive load (e.g., a user&#39;s thumb, finger, stylus, other virtual ground, etc.) across those buttons or regions. Thus, using embodiments of the present disclosure, a user can provide input to a controller via two-dimensional touch gestures (e.g., swiping, scrolling, pinching, drawing shapes, etc.) and via button presses (e.g., collapsing a dome or other switch beneath the touch sensing structures) across multiple buttons or designated regions of an input area on the controller. 
     The multiple buttons or regions of the touch input device can have different tactile surface characteristics (e.g., different surface textures, tactile bumps/recesses, surface curvature, surface smoothness, ridges/grooves, etc.) that enable the user to feel the difference between different portions of the input device while still allowing the user to smoothly move an object/finger across the surface to provide two-dimensional touch gesture input. In some embodiments, multiple buttons have a single capacitance-sensing flex component positioned beneath them, and the component includes multiple interconnected sections that correspond to the positions of at least two of the buttons&#39; outer surfaces. The interconnected sections can be positioned adjacent to each other (or partially overlapping each other) so that a single touch gesture movement, from a first button to a neighboring button across a threshold or gap between the buttons, can be tracked seamlessly, such as if the buttons collectively formed a single track pad. The buttons can have varying thicknesses above the interconnected sections, and touch sensitive pixel regions in each of the interconnected sections can have various shapes and sizes, including non-rectangular shapes (e.g., at least one non-perpendicular angle or curved perimeter edge) and otherwise differing touch-sensitive areas. In some embodiments, multiple separate touch sensing components can be included that are positioned next to each other, wherein the output of the components may be combined to provide tracking of a capacitive load as it moves across the components. 
     Accordingly, a touch input area of a remote controller can be used as a trackpad while also being usable as a depressible button input area for functions such as directional control (e.g., moving a cursor or input selector up, down, left, right, etc.) and selection control (e.g., identifying a selection using the cursor or input selector). This allows a large number of different inputs to be provided to the remote controller within a small space, thereby permitting the controller to have a simplified appearance, simplified manufacturing, easier to understand operation, and improved ergonomics, among other benefits. 
     These and other embodiments are discussed below with reference to the figures. However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these Figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. Furthermore, as used herein, a system, a method, an article, a component, a feature, or a sub-feature comprising at least one of a first option, a second option, or a third option should be understood as referring to a system, a method, an article, a component, a feature, or a sub-feature that can include one of each listed option (e.g., only one of the first option, only one of the second option, or only one of the third option), multiple of a single listed option (e.g., two or more of the first option), two options simultaneously (e.g., one of the first option and one of the second option), or combination thereof (e.g., two of the first option and one of the second option). 
       FIGS.  1 A- 1 C  illustrate various examples of controller devices  100 ,  102 ,  104  for providing remote control to another electronic device such as, for example, a separate computing device, a display screen (e.g., television or computer monitor) or a device connected to a display screen (e.g., a digital video disc (DVD) player, a BLU-RAY® player, an augmented reality (AR) device, a virtual reality (VR) device, an internet-connected streaming device (e.g., an APPLE TV®, notebook computer, or desktop computer), a gaming console, similar devices, and combinations thereof). See, e.g., computing device  1142  in  FIG.  11    and its related description below. The controller devices  100 ,  102 ,  104  can each comprise a housing  106  (i.e., an enclosure or container) configured to be held in the hand of a user and can comprise input buttons  108 ,  110  for providing input using the user&#39;s fingers. For example, the buttons  108 ,  110  can be pressed by the user to control functions of the computing device, display screen, or other device. For instance, when controlling a television, the buttons  108 ,  110  can be pressed to change the volume or channel of the television. Although two buttons  108 ,  110  are shown in each controller device  100 ,  102 ,  104 , the total number of buttons can be changed to suit the needs of each controller device, such as by providing no buttons  108 ,  110 , one button  108 , three buttons, four buttons, etc. 
     The buttons  108 ,  110  can be movable relative to the housing  106 . Thus, an outer surface of a button  108 ,  110  can be deflected toward the opposite side of the housing  106  (e.g., the opposite side of the housing  106  as compared to the views of  FIGS.  1 A- 1 C ), and the pressure applied to the buttons  108 ,  110  can actuate a switch for each button  108 ,  110  within the controller device  100 ,  102 ,  104  that triggers production of an electrical signal that is transmitted to the electronic device using the controller device  100 ,  102 ,  104  as an input device. For example, the controller device  100 ,  102 ,  104  can transmit the input signal via a wireless transmission interface  112  which may include an infrared emitter, a radio frequency (RF) emitter, a wireless networking antenna (e.g., a WI-FI®, BLUETOOTH®, cellular network, or similar interface), similar transmission devices, and combinations thereof. See also input device  1140  and remote control  1280  of  FIGS.  11  and  12    and their descriptions below. 
     In some embodiments, the buttons  108 ,  110  do not move relative to the housing  106  and are instead object-sensitive (e.g., capacitive-load-sensitive) portions of the housing  106  configured to sense a capacitive load or object brought into proximity of the area of a button at or near the surface of the housing  106 . Other types of buttons  108 ,  110  can also be used, such as knobs, keys, mechanisms, sliders, rockers, similar devices known in the art, and combinations thereof. 
     Each controller device  100 ,  102 ,  104  can also comprise an input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118 . Each input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118  can be positioned adjacent to, but separate from, the other input buttons  108 ,  110 . Each input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118  can be positioned near an end of the housing  106 , such as at an end of the housing  106  configured to be positioned at or under the end of a thumb or forefinger of a user&#39;s hand while the user grasps a handle end  120  of the controller device  100 ,  102 ,  104  and orients the wireless transmission interface  112  toward the electronic device being controlled. In some embodiments, the wireless transmission interface  112  is non-directional and can transmit a signal to a controlled device irrespective of the orientation of the housing  106  or interface  112  (e.g., BLUETOOTH® or WI-FI®). Thus, the input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118  can be configured to receive input from a finger of a hand of a user while the same hand grasps and holds the opposite end  120  and, potentially, other portions of the housing  106  with the remaining fingers of that hand. In some embodiments, this means the input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118  is positioned entirely on one side of a halfway point (e.g., past middle line  131  in  FIG.  1 B ) along the length of the housing  106 . In some configurations, the controller device can be configured to be held with two hands, wherein the fingers of each hand are positioned behind the device and the thumbs are used to operate buttons  108 ,  110  and input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118 . 
     In some embodiments, the size of the input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118  can be configured to allow the user to slide an input-providing finger across the outer surface  122 ,  124 / 126 , and  128 / 130  in two directions (e.g., along axes x and y in  FIG.  1 A ) without the input-providing finger moving out of the maximum perimeter of the input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118 . The tip of a human finger is about 0.6 inches along the x-axis and 0.6 inches along the y-axis, so the input pad  114 ,  116 ,  116  can have dimensions of least about 1.8 inches along the x-axis (to permit the finger to comfortably press three side-by-side buttons) and about 1.8 inches along the y-axis (for the same reason). Furthermore, as described in further detail below, each input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118  can be used to sense two-dimensional gesture input from a user object (e.g., finger) moving across an outer surface  122 ,  124 / 126 , or  128 / 130  of an input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118 . 
     Each input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118  can also have a set of button regions  132 ,  134  where the input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118  is configured to be pressed to actuate a switch in the housing  106  underneath the input pad  114 ,  116 ,  118 , which switches are discussed in further detail below. Input pad  114  has four button regions  132  allowing inputs such as up, down, left, and right directional input via the input pad  114 . Input pad  116  has four outer button regions  132  on a ring-shaped portion  136  (i.e., a ring-shaped button) of the input pad  116  that can provide similar directional input and a central button region  134  in a central portion  138  (i.e., a central button) for an additional input, such as, for example, a selection input or a menu input. Input pad  118  has eight outer button regions  132  on a square-shaped portion  140  with a central portion  142  positioned centered within the square-shaped portion  140  and having a central button region  134 . In some configurations, input pad  114  can deflect or compress relative to the housing  106  when the button regions  132  are pressed and internal switches actuate, as further discussed below. In some embodiments, input pad  116  has its ring-shaped portion  136  and the central portion  138  formed as a single integral piece, and in some cases, the ring-shaped portion  136  and the central portion  138  are two independently movable pieces (relative to each other and the housing  106 ) or are joined by a flexible joint that allows them to be installed as a single piece but that allows one portion to move relative to the other after installation. Principles of these embodiments can be applied to other embodiments shown in other figures. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an exploded orthographic view of an embodiment of controller device  102  having features that are applicable to other embodiments disclosed herein. This controller device  102  has an input pad  116  with a ring-shaped portion  136  that is a separate piece from the central portion  138 . The ring-shaped portion  136  and central portion  138  are concentrically aligned with each other, and the ring-shaped portion  136  at least partially overlaps a flange  200  of the central portion  138 . The flange  200  can prevent debris from passing between the portions  136 ,  138  of the input pad  116  and into the housing  106 . The ring-shaped portion  136  and central portion  138  both are positioned above a capacitive touch input device  202  and a set of switches  204 ,  206 . These parts  137 ,  138 ,  202 ,  204 ,  206  are all configured to be positioned in a cavity  208  in the housing  106  and can be collectively referred to as a touch input assembly or a hybrid input assembly because they are operable to receive capacitive load-based input (e.g., taps and gestures) and switch-based input (e.g., as triggered by actuation of the switches  204 ,  206 ). 
     The switches  204 ,  206  can comprise various actuatable electrical or electromechanical switch mechanisms configured to transduce movement of at least a portion of the input pad  116 . The switches  204 ,  206  can include devices such as, for example, collapsible domes (e.g., made of metal, rubber, or a similar flexible material), springs, or flexible, movable contacts. In some embodiments, the switches  204 ,  206  can include capacitance sensors configured to sense the position of the input pad  116  relative to a housing  106  or a sensor device by measuring a capacitance that changes in response to movement of the input pad  116 , such as a capacitance between a first capacitor plate on the input pad  116  and a second capacitor plate on the housing  106 . In some embodiments, the switches  204 ,  206  can comprise a Hall-effect sensor usable to measure movement of the input pad  116  based on changes to a magnetic field resulting from movement of the input pad  116 . For instance, a magnet can be attached to the input pad  116  or housing  106 , and the Hall-effect sensor can be positioned on the opposite structure to sense movement of the magnet relative to the Hall-effect sensor. 
     The capacitive touch input device  202  can be referred to as a touch flex, a touch sensor, a flexible circuit board having capacitance sensors, a substrate, a sensor substrate, or a capacitance-sensitive input device. In some embodiments, the capacitive touch input device  202  can comprise a dielectric substrate with a conductive layer (e.g., copper) coated thereon. The copper layer can optionally be etched and adhered to another dielectric substrate with an etched copper layer. This process can be repeated until the desired number of copper/conducting layers is reached for proper functionality of the touch input device  202 . The capacitive touch input device  202  can therefore be referred to as a layered substrate or a multi-layered substrate, and the layers can be used to provide electrical connectivity between various sensors and switches of the capacitive touch input device  202  which are described in further detail below. 
     The capacitive touch input device  202  can have a set of capacitive touch input regions  210 ,  212  on an at least partially flexible substrate  400 . See  FIG.  4   . Outer touch input region  210  is annular shaped with a central opening and is non-overlapping with non-conductive rings  312 - a  and  312 - b  on the substrate  400 . Inner touch input region  212  is circular shaped and is non-overlapping with non-conductive ring  312 - c  on the substrate  400 . The substrate  400  can have a connector  214  configured to provide electrical communication between the capacitive touch input device  202  and an electrical controller or control logic board of the controller device  102 , such as control system  1150  or processor  1157  in  FIG.  11    or IR controller  1290  in  FIG.  12   , as described further below. The touch input regions  210 ,  212  can be connected to each other by a flexible connector portion  216  of the substrate  400 . 
       FIG.  3    shows a top view of the capacitive touch input device  202  with the touch input regions  210 ,  212  concentrically aligned with each other (i.e., with the flexible connector portion  216  folded under the outer touch input region  210 ). As seen by comparing  FIGS.  3  and  4   , the outer touch input region  210  can have an inner edge that is vertically aligned with the outer edge of the inner touch input region  212  when the inner touch input region  212  is positioned below and centered relative the opening of outer touch input region  210  (e.g., they are coaxially aligned). See also  FIGS.  5  and  5 A , wherein boundary B aligns with the inner edge of touch outer input region  210  and the outer edge of inner touch input region  212 , as explained in further detail below.  FIG.  4    shows a top view of the touch input device  202  with the flexible connector portion  216  unfolded so that the inner touch input region  212  is facing downward/away from the viewer, and the outer touch input region  210  is facing upward. Thus,  FIG.  4    shows that the outer touch input region  210  is positioned on a first side of the substrate  400  of the capacitive touch input device  202  (i.e., the upward-facing side when the device  202  is unfolded), and the inner touch input region  212  is positioned on a second, opposite side of the capacitive touch input device  202  (i.e., the downward-facing side when the device is unfolded). 
     The touch input regions  210 ,  212  can each be sized and positioned relative to each other to correspond to the horizontal positions of the ring-shaped portion  136  and central portion  138  of the input pad  116 , respectively. Thus, the ring-shaped portion  136  can overlay the outer touch input region  210  and can substantially entirely overlap the surface area of the outer touch input region  210 . The central portion  138  can similarly overlay the area of the inner touch input region  212 . In like manner, a capacitive touch input device used with input pad  114  or  118  can have one or more touch input regions that would correspond to the square surface  122  or square surfaces  128 ,  130  of those input pads  114 ,  118 . Capacitive touch input devices of various other surface shapes can be adapted to match or substantially match the shapes of input pads with various other surface shapes. 
     In some embodiments, one or more layers of adhesive, such as pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), can be positioned between these separate layers  136 ,  138 ,  210 ,  212  to keep them attached to each other and to ensure that the distance between the bottom surfaces of the input pad portions  136 ,  138  and the top surfaces of the touch input regions  210 ,  212  remains constant as the input pad  116  is touched and pressed. See  FIG.  5    and its related descriptions below. As shown in  FIG.  4    the outer perimeter of the outer touch input region  210  can be slightly smaller than the outer perimeter of the substrate  400  on which it is positioned, and the inner perimeter of the outer touch input region  210  can be slightly larger than the inner perimeter of the substrate bearing the outer touch input region  210 , as indicated by non-conductive rings  312 - a  and  312 - b  which surround the outer touch input region  210  on the inside and outside of the ring. The substrate portion holding the disc-shaped inner touch input region  212  can have an outer perimeter slightly larger than the outer perimeter of the inner touch input region  212 , as shown in  FIG.  4    and in ring  312 - c . See also  FIGS.  3 ,  5 , and  5 A . Thus, the substrate can comprise a portion (i.e., ring  312 - c ) that is slightly larger than another portion (i.e., ring  312 - b ) and that ensures that adjacent edges of the touch input regions  210 ,  212  vertically align with each other when the regions  210 ,  212  are concentrically aligned. 
     As shown in  FIGS.  3 - 4   , the touch input regions  210 ,  212  collectively form a grid-shaped set of electrodes such as electrodes  300 ,  302 - a ,  302 - b ,  304 , etc. with boundaries defined by gridline-shaped non-conductive material  305  that spaces apart neighboring electrodes (e.g.,  302 - b ,  304 ) from each other. The set of electrodes can be referred to as a set of capacitance sensors, sensor pads, touch sensor “pixels,” electrically conductive nodes, subdivided input regions, etc. The electrodes can comprise conductive material (e.g., copper) printed on or adhered to the substrates (e.g., dielectric material) of the capacitive touch input device  202 , and can each be connected to conductive traces extending through the capacitive touch input device  202  to the connector  214  via the flexible connector portion  216  and tail  306 . In some embodiments, traces can be configured to permit multiplexing or logical combinations of the electrodes, as understood by those having skill in the art and having the benefit of the present disclosure. 
     The touch input regions  210 ,  212  of input pad  116  do not have square outer perimeters, so some electrodes can be entirely square (e.g.,  300 ) and some (or all) electrodes can have edges that are at least partially square and at least partially non-square, curved, angled, etc. (e.g., electrodes  302 - a ,  302 - b ,  304 ). In other words, electrodes can have edges (e.g., edges  308  in  FIG.  4   ) defined by square-shaped gridlines/gaps of non-conductive material  305  extending across the surfaces of the touch input regions  210 ,  212  while the touch input regions  210 ,  212  are concentrically aligned with each other (i.e., in the positions shown in  FIGS.  2  and  3   ). The electrodes can also have edges (e.g.,  310  in  FIG.  4   ) defined by an inactive/non-conductive material region (e.g., rings  312 - a ,  312 - b , and  312 - c  in  FIG.  4   ) extending around the outer or inner perimeter of the touch input regions  210 ,  212  on which they are located. In some embodiments, the electrodes can have non-squared edges that extend to the edges or outer circumferences of the touch input regions  210 ,  212  in which they are located. 
     Accordingly, various electrodes can have different surface areas that cause each electrode (or certain groups of electrodes) to have different sensitivity to changes in capacitance or electric field of a capacitive load (e.g., a finger) positioned near or in contact with the input pad  116 . Some electrodes (e.g., those in touch input region  212 ) can also be positioned at a different vertical offset from the outer surface of the input pad  116  as compared to other electrodes (e.g., those in touch input region  210 ) due to overlapping/vertical offset between portions of the capacitive touch input device  202 . See  FIG.  5    and related description below. Furthermore, the vertical thickness and material construction of the ring-shaped portion  136  can differ from the thickness and material construction of the central portion  138 , and thicknesses of subdivided portions of each portion  136 / 138  can vary, such as when their structures have top surface curvature, as explained in further detail below. Those thicknesses, positions, and material constructions can therefore cause varying degrees of attenuation of the sensed capacitive load/electric field emitted at the input pad  116  and can cause electrodes, even ones having equal sizes, to provide different outputs in response to equal capacitive loads. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure can compensate for the attenuation and variation caused by the dimensions and materials of the input pad  116  and by the shapes and sizes of the electrodes to enable two-dimensional capacitive touch input across the input pad  116 . In other words, the output of the electrodes can be provided to a control system of the controller device  102  which can sense the movement of a capacitive load across the input pad  116  as the load moves over a portion of the non-conductive material  305 ,  312  in a first direction across a plane of the capacitive touch input device  202  (e.g., parallel to the x-axis in  FIG.  3   ), as it moves in a second direction across that plane (e.g., parallel to the y-axis in  FIG.  3   ), and along multiple directions (e.g., partially along both the x-axis and the y-axis). This also means that the output of the electrodes can be used to identify a point on the touch input regions  210 ,  212  where the capacitive load is being applied, such as, for example, a two-dimensional coordinate for that point relative to an origin point (e.g., the center of the input pad  116 ) and to track the movement of the capacitive load as it moves in just one lateral direction (e.g., parallel to the x- or y-axis) anywhere on the input pad  116 . 
     Other touch input pads, especially circular-shaped ones, have a one-dimensional array of electrodes only capable of determining a position of a capacitive load based on its angular position relative to a center point rather than being capable of detecting radial movement or movement in a two-dimensional array of electrodes. Such devices also can only detect movement along a single axis (e.g., parallel to an x-axis) at certain sections of the input device (e.g., only at the top and bottom sections of the input pad) rather than anywhere on the input device (i.e., they cannot detect x-direction movement at the left and right sections). 
     The output of the electrodes of the capacitive touch input device  202  can also be used to identify a position of a capacitive load using radial coordinates, such as by being measured along a radial direction (e.g., along widths W 1  or W 2  in  FIG.  3   ) and with an angle relative to an origin axis (e.g., the angle A). The electrode output can be used to track movement of the point along the radial direction and as the angle (e.g., A) changes. This beneficially enables fully two-dimensional, trackpad-like capacitive touch sensing at the input pad  116  even though the individual electrodes are not all equally sized or shaped. Conventional circular touch input pads can only use a one-dimensional input array to detect angular position, making radial movement tracking impossible. 
     The foldability of the capacitive touch input device  202  enables the inner and outer touch input regions  210 ,  212  to be formed on a single substrate  400  for simplified construction and assembly. This also allows different parts of the substrate  400  to be attached to different parts of the input pad  116  (e.g., separate surfaces of the ring-shaped portion  136  and central portion  138 ) or separate buttons (e.g., when the ring-shaped portion  136  and central portion  138  are separate, independently movable structures) so that movement of one part (e.g., region  210 ) of the substrate  400  does not cause movement of a second part (e.g., region  212 ) and vice versa. In other words, the regions  210 ,  212  can vertically move independent of each other. 
       FIG.  5    shows an example side section view of the touch input assembly and housing  106  taken centrally through the cavity  208 . Key-like structures of a ring-shaped platform  500  (similar to  136 ) and central platform  502  (similar to  138 ) are positioned above layers of adhesive (e.g., pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) layers  504 ,  506 ). The central platform  502  is adhered to a carrier structure  508  using PSA  506 . Carrier structure  508  is adhered to a central substrate  510  using another layer of PSA  512 . A switch  514  is positioned below the central substrate  510  and between the substrate  510  and a wall of the housing  106 . The ring-shaped platform  500  is adhered to a ring-shaped substrate  516  to which a set of switches  518 ,  520  are connected on opposite sides thereof. Those switches  518 ,  520 , are positioned below the ring-shaped substrate  516  and between the substrate  516  and the housing  106 . It is noted that  FIG.  5    is simplified and not to scale. Thus, additional components, such as an additional layer below the switches  514 ,  518 , or  520 , can be added, components can be attached to the housing  106  between the switches and the cavity  208 , additional switches can be added, some switches can be removed, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the ring-shaped platform  500  and the central platform  502  can comprise a rigid material such as glass or plastic. In some embodiments, they can each comprise different materials. The carrier structure  508  can beneficially be used to reinforce the central platform  502 , such as when the central platform  502  is very thin and breakable (e.g., when it is glass). In some embodiments, the central platform  502  can be formed as a single integral piece with the carrier structure  508 , in which case the PSA  506  can be omitted. 
     The ring-shaped substrate  516  and the central substrate  510  can be electrically connected to each other or can be part of a single substrate, similar to how touch input regions  210 ,  212  are part of substrate  400 . In some embodiments, the substrates  510 ,  516  can be separate parts with their own individual connectors (like  214 ). Both substrates  510 ,  516  can be touch sensitive and can comprise arrays of electrodes and can collectively form an array of electrodes similar to the arrays shown in  FIG.  2 - 4 ,  6   , or  7 . 
     The top surfaces  530 ,  532  of the ring-shaped platform  500  and central platform  502  can be formed with curvature as shown in  FIG.  5   . In an example embodiment, the ring-shaped platform  500  can have a convex top surface curvature, and the central platform  502  can have a concave top surface curvature. As shown in broken lines, the top surfaces of the platforms can also be substantially flat and planar with different heights or vertical positions relative to the housing  106 . The difference in heights can provide a tactile boundary between the platforms so that the user can feel where one button ends and the other begins. In some embodiments, the top surfaces are planar (see  FIG.  9   ) or part of a single integral piece (see  FIG.  8   ). 
     The top surfaces of the platforms  500 ,  502  can be configured to provide tactility based on their curvature (e.g., different parts having concave vs. convex surfaces), texture (e.g., rough vs. smooth surfaces), tactile surface features (e.g., tactile nubs/bumps/grooves/ridges/recesses vs. no bumps or different feeling surface features), surface friction (e.g., lower friction surface material or texture vs. higher friction surface material or texture), similar elements, and combinations thereof. The top surfaces can beneficially be defined nearly continuously or with substantially small (e.g., about 0.5 mm to about 0.8 mm) gaps or ridges between platform top surfaces (see, e.g., gaps  522  in  FIGS.  5  and  5 A ), so that the user&#39;s finger can smoothly move across the top surface without being caught on a ridge or bump that could significantly interfere with the movement flow of a gesture being provided to the top surface of the platforms  500 ,  502 . In some embodiments, a corner edge  515  of outer top surface  530  can be positioned at a substantially equal vertical height (as measured relative to the bottom of the cavity  208 ) as a corner edge  517  of the inner top surface  532 . Additionally, embodiments can have top surfaces with indicators (e.g., visual or tactile indicators) that indicate to a user the location(s) under the top surfaces where switches (e.g.,  514 ,  518 ,  520 ) are located so that the user can more easily find and trigger those switches when desired. See also  FIG.  10   . 
     Applying downward pressure to a platform  500 ,  502  can cause deflection of the platform  500 ,  502  and the components adhered to the bottom of it (e.g.,  506 ,  508 ,  510 ,  512  or  504 ,  516 ) toward or into the cavity  208  and bottom surface of the housing  106 . This deflection can trigger actuation of a switch  514 ,  518 ,  520  below where the downward pressure is applied. The switches  514 ,  518 ,  520  can beneficially include collapsible domes that are configured to bias the platforms  500 ,  502  in a direction pointing out of the housing  106  so that when the downward pressure is removed, the platform  500 ,  502  can return to a default or rest position like the positions shown in  FIG.  5   . 
     When the downward pressure is applied, the domes can collapse to a reduced vertical height. In some embodiments, the switches  514 ,  518 ,  520  can be configured to close an electrical circuit or make electrical contact with conductors (e.g., conductive traces) positioned on and extending through the central substrate  510  or ring-shaped substrate  516 . Thus, actuation of a switch (e.g., collapsing a dome) can cause an electrical make that triggers a signal to be generated at a control system of the controller device via a connector (e.g.,  214 ). In some embodiments, at least some switches  514 ,  518 ,  520  can cause electrical make by triggering a signal in a substrate or circuit board positioned below the switches  514 ,  518 ,  520  in the housing  106  that is separate from the central substrate  510  or ring-shaped substrate  516 . Each switch  514 ,  518 ,  520  can provide a distinguishable, different signal to the control system so that the control system can transmit a control signal to the remote electronic device corresponding to a specific switch&#39;s intended function (e.g., moving a cursor left, right, up, or down, changing a television channel up or down, changing brightness levels, volume levels, etc.). 
     Application of a downward pressure to the platform  500 ,  502  can cause one side of the platform (e.g., the left side of platform  500  in  FIG.  5   ) to tilt downward as the switch  518  below it collapses and while a switch  520  on the opposite side (e.g., the right side in  FIG.  5   ) remains substantially in the same vertical position. Additionally, the strength of the switches  514 ,  518 ,  520  can be designed to require a threshold amount of downward pressure to be exceeded before a switch starts to collapse. In other words, downward pressure below a threshold value that is applied above a switch can be insufficient to actuate the switch (e.g., when sliding touch/gesture input is provided to the top surface), and applying downward pressure at or above the threshold value can cause the switch to actuate. Additionally, upon sensing actuation of the switch, a control system connected to the capacitive touch input device can disable the system from sending gesture input signals until the downward pressure is released. This can help the system avoid misinterpreting a “button click” switch actuation action provided by the user as a sliding touch gesture input action provided by the user. 
     As shown in  FIG.  5   , the ring-shaped platform  500  and central platform  502  can be separate parts with a gap  522  extending around the perimeter/circumference of the central platform  502  and around an inner perimeter/circumference of the ring-shaped platform  500 . This allows the central platform  502  to have a small amount of surrounding space that allows it to move vertically and laterally and to rotate/roll slightly relative to the ring-shaped platform  500 . This can enable a greater travel distance of one platform relative to another when the user depresses one platform with a downward force. 
       FIG.  5 A  shows a detail view of the portions of the controller device where the platforms  500 ,  502  and the components underneath them are positioned adjacent to each other, as indicated by detail indicator  5 A in  FIG.  5   . This view shows how the top surfaces  530 ,  532  of the platforms  500 ,  502  are separated from each other by the gap  522 , but that the top surfaces  530 ,  532  have top surface curvatures that align with each other on each side of the gap  522  to along a continuous surface spline. This view also indicates how the thickness of the stack-up of components (i.e.,  500 ,  504 ) above the substrate  516  differs due to that curvature of the top surface  530 , wherein a thickness T 1  between the substrate  516  and the top surface  530  and a thickness T 2  between the substrate  516  and the top surface  530  differ from each other. In this embodiment, T 1  is greater than T 2  because of the downward slope or curvature of the top surface  530 . This difference in thicknesses can cause variation in the attenuation of a capacitive load or electric field signal measured by electrodes on the top surface of the substrate  516 . 
     Generally, more material and longer distance between the capacitive load and the electrode weakens the strength of the signal, and less material and shorter distance relatively strengthens the signal. Accordingly, two identical electrodes, such as one under T 1  and one under T 2 , can detect the same load at the top surface  530  yet produce two different output signals. Accordingly, a control system receiving the signals of the two electrodes can be programmed (e.g., with instructions for processor  1157  stored using program storage area  1162  in  FIG.  11   , as explained below) to compensate for the difference in signals caused by material and distance attenuation at T 1  and T 2  so that the control system can reliably detect the position of the capacitive load relative to the two electrodes. Otherwise, the control system could be biased to detect the capacitive load as being closer to the electrode under T 2  because that electrode would produce a stronger signal in most conditions. Similarly, an electrode can be positioned under thickness T 3  which would have different attenuation because of inclusion of the carrier structure  508 , additional PSA  506 , and different thickness or material at platform  502 . 
     Therefore, in some embodiments, the control system can implement a method of applying a correction factor to each signal processed from each electrode in the capacitive touch input device, and the correction factor can be determined and tuned based on the amount of correction needed at each electrode, as influenced by thickness of material over the electrode, distance between the position at which a capacitive load is applied (e.g., the thickness of overlaying material on the electrode up to the top surface), material variations (e.g., the variation in attenuation caused by the transition from the platform  500  having PSA  504  below the bottom of the platform  500  and having an air gap  534  below the bottom of the platform  500 ), the shape and size of the electrode, similar factors, and other factors discussed herein. 
     In order to determine a correction factor to apply to each electrode, a method of the present disclosure includes application of a consistent capacitive load across the entire top surfaces (e.g.,  530 ,  532 ) of the platforms  500 ,  502  (e.g., in a controlled environment). In other words, the consistent capacitive load can be applied with equal magnitude at all points across the top surfaces  530 ,  532 . The electrode outputs under this loading can then be measured. For example, a large electrode under a thin overlaying button material (e.g.,  300 ) may output a signal magnitude of 1000, another electrode that is smaller and under a thin button material (e.g.,  302 - a ) may output a signal magnitude of  300 , another electrode that is moderately sized and under a thicker button material (e.g.,  302 - b ) may output  650 , and another electrode that is moderately sized and under the thickest button material (e.g.,  304 ) may output  500 . In this simplified example, a correction factor would be calculated for each of the electrodes based on these output levels so that they would all output a signal proportional to their surface areas and proportional to the other attenuating effects on their outputs. In effect, this can cancel out the attenuation caused by the overlaying button material thickness, distance from the capacitive load, and other factors while enabling each electrode to function as if it was part of a uniform grid of electrodes. For example, multiple side-by-side electrodes that collectively form a surface area equal to one whole square electrode (e.g.,  302 - a  plus  302 - b ) can have their combined signal level equal to the output of a whole square electrode  300  of equivalent size and with compensated attenuation. Other electrodes around the circumference of the touch input device (e.g.,  304 ) can have their signals modified to ensure they are not “overweight” or otherwise outputting a signal that is not proportional to their size and position in the overall array of electrodes. 
     The position of a capacitive load can be determined by collecting output signals from many (e.g., all) electrodes on the capacitive touch input device and, through application of formulae and algorithms known in the art, calculating a position of a center point of the load based on those outputs. For example, if four center square electrodes in touch input region  212  all produce an equal, relatively high output signal as compared to the rest of the electrodes in the input regions  210 ,  212 , the center point can be calculated at the center of those electrodes (i.e., at the center of touch input region  212 ). This calculation would potentially become error-prone if the load is positioned near the boundary between the touch input regions  210 ,  212 , but by applying a correction factor to the electrodes as discussed above, multiple electrodes (e.g.,  302 - a ,  302 - b ) can be substantially treated as a single, combined electrode, and smaller electrodes (e.g.,  304 ) can be treated appropriately (e.g., proportionally) based on their shape and positioning. As a result, the position or movement of a capacitive load can be determined at any point across the two-dimensional surfaces of the touch input regions  210 ,  212  after accounting for the variation in signal sensing caused by overlaying material thickness, overlaying material variations, varying distance from the surface at which the load is applied, and the size, shape, and positioning of the electrodes themselves. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  5 A , the ring-shaped substrate  516  and central substrate  510  can be positioned at different vertical levels within the housing  106 . This difference can be necessary due to differences in the desired positions of the outer surfaces  530 ,  532 . Additionally, their vertical levels can differ in order to allow the substrates  510 ,  516  to overlap each other at the outer perimeter of the central substrate  510  and at the inner perimeter of the ring-shaped substrate  516 . Electrodes on the substrates  510 ,  516  may not extend to the outer edges of the substrates  510 ,  516  (e.g., as shown by non-conductive material rings  312 - a ,  312 - b , and  312 - c ). In order to improve sensing effectiveness of the electrodes (e.g., eliminating dead zones or other sensing discontinuities as a capacitive load moves across the input pad), the electrodes on the substrates  510 ,  516  can be configured to have substantially equal amounts of non-conductive material between each square region of the overall/combined array of electrodes. 
     In embodiments where the substrates  510 ,  516  do not overlap, the outer edges of the substrates (e.g., at  312 ) would make lateral gaps between electrodes (e.g., between  302 - a  and  302 - b ) that may interfere with continuous, smooth detection of a capacitive load as it moves over the edges of the substrates. However, in embodiments where the substrates  510 ,  516  overlap, the non-electrode-bearing outer edges (e.g., across widths  540 ,  542  in  FIG.  5 A ) can be positioned above or below usable, electrode-bearing portions of the substrates  510 ,  516 , thereby ensuring that as a capacitive load moves across a boundary B (which is at the inner edge of an electrode (e.g.,  302 - b ) on substrate  516  and is also at the outer edge of an electrode (e.g.,  302 - a ) on substrate  510 ), it consistently remains above and aligned with one of the electrodes on at least one of the substrates rather than moving over a position where only a non-electrode-bearing zone (e.g.,  540 ,  542 ) would be below the load momentarily. The system can therefore permit smooth transition from an electrode of the ring-shaped substrate  516  at thickness T 2  to an electrode of the central substrate  510  at thickness T 4  on each side of PSA edge boundary B even though the edges of the substrates  510 ,  516  do not bear electrodes.. 
     Additionally, the overlapping substrates  510 ,  516  can be configured to reduce the effects of attenuation due to variations in material composition overlaying the electrodes by aligning the inner edge  544  of the PSA  504  of the ring-shaped substrate  516  with the outer edge  546  of the PSA  512  of the central substrate  510 . In this way, there are fewer transitions between different layered material compositions and vertical air gaps, which can be difficult to compensate for when determining correction factors, can be minimized. 
     The overlapping substrates can also be configured with a vertical gap  548  between the bottom of the lowest part of the outer ring stack-up (e.g., the bottom of substrate  516 ) and the top of the vertically next nearest part of the central portion stack-up (e.g., the top of the carrier structure  508 ). This vertical gap  548  can permit vertical deflection of the outer ring stack-up without the outer ring stack-up causing vertical deflection of the central portion stack-up (or causing reduced or limited deflection thereof). The size of the gap  548  is not to scale and can be determined based on the amount of deflection needed for the outer ring stack-up to actuate a switch (e.g.,  518 ). 
       FIG.  6    illustrates a top view of a capacitive touch input device  600  illustrating additional features and principles that can be applied to or combined with other embodiments disclosed herein. The capacitive touch input device  600  includes a substrate  602  comprising a circular portion  604 , a tail  606  extending from an edge of the circular portion  604 , and a connector  608  at the end of the tail  606 . The connector  608  can be used to connect the touch input device  600  to a control system of a controller device similar to the other connectors described herein. The substrate  602  can include a set of perimeter electrodes  610  that surround a set of central electrodes  612 . As with other substrates disclosed herein, the electrodes  610 ,  612  can have non-conductive material positioned between and spacing apart their edges from each other. All of the electrodes  610 ,  612  can be connected to a set of conductors (not shown) extending through the substrate  602  to the connector  608  so that an output signal for each electrode  610 ,  612  (or multiplexed combinations of electrodes) can be provided via electrical communication to a control system. 
     In this embodiment, the perimeter electrodes  610  are configured in a one-dimensional circular array that can be used to detect an angular position of a capacitive load applied near the electrodes  610  around the area of the substrate  602  occupied by the perimeter electrodes  610 . Accordingly, movement of the capacitive load across the perimeter electrodes  610  can be sensed and converted into a calculated position including only angle information or information corresponding to an angle representing the position of the load relative to a reference origin (e.g., the 12:00 position between the top two electrodes in  FIG.  6   ). For example, the position of the capacitive load can be calculated to be at the 9:00 position, the 5:15 position, the 1:00 position, etc., and the movement of the load can be calculated as, for example, movement clockwise from the 12:00 position to the 1:00 position or counterclockwise from the 6:00 position to the 9:00 position. 
     In addition, the central electrodes  612  can provide capacitive load sensing for the central area of the substrate  602 . For example, the central electrodes  612  can be used to determine a binary value (e.g., whether a touch occurs over the central electrodes  612  or not) or a magnitude-related value (e.g., the strength of the capacitive load over the central electrodes  612 ) to detect a touch or type of touch applied to the central area of the substrate  602 . 
     In an alternative embodiment, the perimeter electrodes  610  and the central electrodes  612  can used to detect a two-dimensional position of a capacitive load at the capacitive touch input device  600 . The position of the capacitive load can be determined based on the combined output signals of electrodes  610 ,  612  adjacent to the load. In this embodiment, the central portion and outer ring of the circular portion  604  can be positioned in the same plane and on a substrate  602  without overlapping sections. With a lower number of electrodes and with the electrodes being irregularly shaped along paths moving parallel to the x- and y-axes, the touch input device  600  can have less consistent position detection as compared to embodiments of  FIGS.  2 - 5   , but, for some applications, lower position resolution and higher position calculation error may be acceptable, such as if the touch input device  600  is in a device where the user is expected to wear gloves, the touch input device  600  diameter is substantially small as compared to a typical finger width (e.g., less than about one inch across), or the user is expected to use a large stylus to provide the capacitive load (and thus, the capacitive load is provided across a relatively large area of the device). 
     Additionally, a set of switches  614  can be positioned under or attached to the substrate  602  and can be operable by pressing on the substrate  602  to provide switch input in addition to the capacitive touch input detected by the electrodes  610 ,  612 . The switches  614  can be of the type and can have properties corresponding to other switches disclosed elsewhere herein. In an example embodiment, the touch input device  600  can be used with the input pad  116  of controller device  102  of  FIG.  1 B . 
       FIG.  7    illustrates a top view of a capacitive touch input device  700  illustrating additional features and principles that can be applied to or combined with other embodiments disclosed herein. The capacitive touch input device  700  includes a substrate  702  having a generally square or rectangular shape connected to a tail  704  and connector  706  configured to function as other tails and connectors described herein. In this embodiment, the electrodes  708  of the substrate  702  can all be square and arranged in a two-dimensional array. The electrodes  708  can each be electrically linked to the connector  706  via conductors extending through the substrate  702 . Using principles described in connection with the other embodiments herein, the array of electrodes  708  can be used to sense a position and movement of a capacitive load in two dimensions and, due to the continuous nature of the substrate  702  (i.e., it is a single sheet of material defining the generally square shape), the signals of the electrodes  708  may need only minor correction factors based on properties of button structures, adhesives, etc. overlaying the electrodes  708  rather than also needing to be corrected for the vertical position differences between different parts of the substrate and different shapes and sizes of the electrodes  708 . 
     Capacitive touch input device  700  can also be used with a set of switches at positions  710 , wherein pressure on or movement of the substrate  702  can actuate the switches to provide an switch-based input using the device  700  in addition to capacitance-based input. For example, the capacitive touch input device  700  can beneficially be implemented with the input pad  114  of the controller device  100  of  FIG.  1 A  or with the input pad  118  of  FIG.  1 C . 
       FIG.  8    illustrates a side section view of a controller device  800  illustrating additional features and principles that can be applied to or combined with other embodiments disclosed herein. In this embodiment, the touch input assembly  802  is positioned in a cavity  804  of a housing  805 , wherein the assembly  802  includes an input pad  806  attached to a capacitive touch input device  808  using an adhesive layer  810 . A set of switches  812 ,  814  are positioned below the touch input device  808 . This touch input assembly  802  can be used when a single-piece input pad is used in a controller device, such as in controller device  100  or in embodiments of controller devices  102  or  104  wherein the central surfaces  126 ,  130  are not separate parts relative to the perimeter/outer surfaces  124 ,  128 . 
     Thus, as shown in  FIG.  8   , the input pad  806  can comprise a single substantially rigid piece (e.g., made of glass or rigid plastic) that (at least substantially) extends across the entire opening of the cavity  804  including covering a center of the cavity  804 . Thus, the touch input device  808  can sense a two-dimensional position of capacitive load positioned at the outer surface of the input pad  806  across its entire outer area. A downward force can be applied to the input pad  806  to cause at least portions of the pad to deflect or rotate downward where the force is applied. A force applied above a switch  812  on one side (e.g., below outer surface  124 / 128 ) can compress and actuate the switch  812  between the touch input device  808  and the housing  805  while other switches  812 ,  814  (e.g., on an opposite side of the input pad  806 ) are not sufficiently compressed to be actuated. The other switches  812 ,  814  can provide an upward biasing force to the bottom of the touch input device  808  that is not sufficiently overcome by the downward force applied to a different part of the input pad  806 . Downward force applied to the center of the input pad  806  can cause deflection and actuation of the center switch  814 . This can be caused by bending of the input pad  806  at the center relative to its edges or due to the center switch  814  requiring less force to deform and actuate. In some embodiments, multiple switches, including the center switch  814  (e.g.,  814  plus a combination of other switches  812 ) can actuate simultaneously, and the control system for the controller device  800  can interpret those simultaneous signals as a new input type as compared to those switches being actuated individually. For instance, if deflection of the input pad  806  causes actuation of the center switch  814  in addition to other switches  812 , the control system can determine that the force was applied substantially at the center of the input pad  806  and that the function of the center switch  814  should be the output from the device since the center switch  814  would not actuate if the user depressed a side portion of the input pad  806 . 
     In some configurations, the input pad  806  can comprise a compressible or bendable material such as rubber or flexible polymer. Therefore, application of a downward force on the input pad  806  can deform the input pad  806  locally over the switch  812 ,  814  being actuated so that other switches are unaffected by the downward force. In some cases, a set of supports  815  (i.e., ridges, walls, or bending prevention protrusions) can be positioned between the touch input device  808  and the housing  805  that can help prevent the touch input device  808  from flexing or bending in a manner that causes neighboring switches (e.g.,  812 ) to be actuated when one switch (e.g.,  814 ) is being actuated. The supports  815  can do so by providing support to the bottom surface of the touch input device  808  between the switches and by being rigid enough to resist downward movement of the touch input device  808  where they are located. Thus, the supports  815  can help isolate bending or deflection of the touch input device  808  to localized areas above switches and thereby prevent unwanted actuations of switches that are not under where the user presses down on the input pad  806 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , the touch input surface  816  of the input pad  806  can be substantially flat across its entire width. A flat touch input surface  816  can simplify capacitive load detection using the principles described above, can provide clean, easy to read aesthetics, can be smoother to provide input using a finger or stylus, and can be easier and less expensive to manufacture. In some embodiments, the touch input surface  816  can be modified to include other surface shapes and features such as, for example, different curvatures for the center areas and outer areas of the touch input surface  816 . Outer surface areas can have a concave touch input surface  820  or a convex touch input surface  822 , and the center surface area can have a concave or convex touch input surface  824 ,  826 . Various combinations of these surface curvatures  820 ,  822 ,  824 ,  826  can be used, such as a concave outer surface and convex center surface, a convex outer surface and concave center surface, concave outer and center surfaces, convex outer and center surfaces, flat outer surfaces and concave or convex center surface, or concave or convex outer surfaces and a flat center surface. In any case, the curvatures (or lack thereof) can provide tactile information to the user to allow the user to determine, by feel, the location of the capacitive load (i.e., their finger) relative to the width and length of the input pad  806 . Without looking, a user can therefore more easily determine whether they are above a particular switch  812 ,  814  or whether they are near the center or edge of the input pad  806 . 
     A small gap  818  can be positioned between the side of the input pad  806  and the housing  805 . The gap  818  can permit the touch input assembly  802  to translate or pivot slightly relative to the housing  805  without binding or scraping side surfaces together, thereby providing more consistency and more durability. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates a side section view of a controller device  900  illustrating additional features and principles that can be applied to or combined with other embodiments disclosed herein. In this embodiment, similar indicator numerals are used for parts having similar functions to those shown in  FIG.  8   . The controller device  900  can have an input pad that is divided into at least two parts such as, for example, an outer part  906  and a center part  907 . With this configuration, the different parts  906 ,  907  of the input pad can move more independently when pressed, thereby reducing unwanted actuations of switches  912 ,  914 . Gaps  909  can permit a small amount of lateral or rotational movement of one part (e.g.,  906 ) relative to another (e.g.,  907 ). The touch input device  908  can remain a single piece and can extend underneath all of the parts of the input pad and may include electrodes configured to sense capacitive loads or touches applied across the entire top surfaces  916 ,  917  of the parts  906 ,  907 . Separate adhesives  910 ,  911  can be used for each respective part  906 ,  907 . The top surfaces can also include different curvatures, including flat designs, as described above in connection with  FIG.  8    (i.e., as indicated by  916 ,  917 ,  920 ,  922 ,  924 , and  926 ). Additionally, the gaps  909  can help define boundaries between the parts  906 ,  907  to give further tactile definition to the input pad. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates a side section view of another controller device  1000  illustrating additional features and principles that can be applied to or combined with other embodiments disclosed herein. In this embodiment, similar indicator numerals are used for parts having similar functions to those shown in  FIGS.  8  and  9   . Here, the input pad is divided into multiple parts  1006 ,  1007  that are each adhered (via  1010 ,  1011 ) to separate touch input devices  1008 ,  1013  (or to different relatively movable parts of a single touch input device like the one shown in  FIGS.  3 - 4   ). Thus, movement of one part  1006  is substantially isolated from movement of a separate part  1007 , and switches  1012 ,  1014  can be actuated individually. In this embodiment, the gaps  1009  include gaps between portions of the touch input devices  1008 ,  1013  that can potentially cause errors in the detection of position or movement of a capacitive load across the top surfaces  1016 ,  1017 . 
     This device  1000  also comprises tactile surface features  1030 . The surface features  1030  can each be positioned over the top of a respective switch  1012 ,  1014  so that a user instrument can detect the position of a switch  1012 ,  1014  by feeling a protrusion. In some embodiments, the surface features  1030  comprise a set of protrusions, one or more recesses, ridges, areas with different surface friction when contacted by a user instrument, similar features, or combinations thereof. Example recess surface features  1032  are shown in  FIG.  2   . 
       FIG.  11    illustrates an example of a simplified block diagram of a computing system  1100  that can be used to implement various embodiments disclosed herein. The computing system  1100  may generally include an input device  1140  operatively connected to computing device  1142 . By way of example, input device  1140  can generally correspond to capacitive touch input devices of  FIGS.  1 A- 10   , and the computing device  1142  can correspond to a computer, smartphone, tablet computer, media player, or the like that is connected to the input device  1140 . Accordingly, in some embodiments, the input pads and touch input assemblies of the present disclosure can be used in input devices (e.g., peripheral desktop input devices, keyboards, trackballs, trackpads, etc.) configured to connect to a computing device  1142  via a communication interface  1154 . 
     As shown, input device  1140  may include depressible touch pad  1144  (e.g., a capacitive touch input device) and one or more movement detectors  1146  (e.g., switches). Touch pad  1144  can be configured to generate tracking signals, and movement detector  1146  can be configured to generate a movement signal when the touch pad is depressed. Although touch pad  1144  may be widely varied, in this embodiment, touch pad  1144  can include capacitance sensors  1148  (e.g., electrodes described above) and a control system  1150  for acquiring position signals from sensors  1148  and supplying the signals to computing device  1142 . Control system  1150  can include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that can be configured to monitor the signals from sensors  1148 , to compute the absolute location, angular location, direction, speed and/or acceleration of the monitored signals and to report this information to a processor of computing device  1142 . In some embodiments, the control system  1150  can implement the correction factors to signals output by the capacitance sensors  1148 , as discussed above. 
     Movement detector  1146  may also be widely varied. In this embodiment, however, movement detector  1146  can take the form of a switch that generates a movement signal when touch pad  1144  is depressed. Movement detector  1146  can correspond to a mechanical, electrical or optical style switch. In one particular implementation, movement detector  1146  can be a mechanical style switch that includes protruding actuator  1152  that may be pushed by touch pad  1144  to generate the movement signal. By way of example, the switch may be a tactile dome switch. The movement detector  1146  can also comprise the switches described in connection with other figures. 
     Both touch pad  1144  and movement detector  1146  can be operatively coupled to computing device  1142  through communication interface  1154 . The communication interface provides a connection point for direct or indirect connection between the input device and the electronic device. Communication interface  1154  may be wired (wires, cables, connectors) or wireless (e.g., transmitter/receiver). 
     Computing device  1142  may include processor  1157  (e.g., CPU or microprocessor) configured to execute instructions and to carry out operations associated with computing device  1142 . For example, using instructions retrieved from memory, the processor can control the reception and manipulation of input and output data between components of computing device  1142 . Processor  1157  can be configured to receive input from both movement detector  1146  and touch pad  1144  and can form a signal/command that may be dependent upon both of these inputs. In most cases, processor  1157  can execute instruction under the control of an operating system or other software. Processor  1157  may be a single-chip processor or may be implemented with multiple components. 
     Computing device  1142  may also include an input/output (I/O) controller  1156  that can be operatively coupled to processor  1157 . I/O controller  1156  can be integrated with processor  1157  or it may be a separate component as shown. I/O controller  1156  can generally be configured to control interactions with one or more I/O devices that may be coupled to the computing device  1142 , as for example input device  1140  and optional orientation detector  1155 , such as an accelerometer. I/O controller  1156  can generally operate by exchanging data between computing device  1142  and I/O devices that desire to communicate with computing device  1142 . 
     Computing device  1142  may also include display controller  1158  that can be operatively coupled to processor  1157 . Display controller  1158  can be integrated with processor  1157  or it may be a separate component as shown. Display controller  1158  can be configured to process display commands to produce text and graphics on display screen  1160 . By way of example, display screen  1160  may be a monochrome display, color graphics adapter (CGA) display, enhanced graphics adapter (EGA) display, variable-graphics-array (VGA) display, super VGA display, liquid crystal display (e.g., active matrix, passive matrix and the like), cathode ray tube (CRT), plasma displays, and the like. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  11   , the display device corresponds to a liquid crystal display (LCD). 
     In some cases, processor  1157 , together with an operating system, operates to execute computer code and produce and use data. The computer code and data can reside within program storage area  1162  (e.g., a memory device) that may be operatively coupled to processor  1157 . Program storage area  1162  can generally provide a place to hold data that may be used by computing device  1142 . By way of example, the program storage area may include Read-Only Memory (ROM), Random-Access Memory (RAM), hard disk drive and/or the like. The computer code and data could also reside on a removable program medium and loaded or installed onto the computing device when needed. In one embodiment, program storage area  1162  can be configured to store information for controlling how the tracking and movement signals generated by the input device may be used, either alone or in combination for example, by computing device  1142  to generate an input event command, such as a single button press. 
       FIG.  12    illustrates a simplified block diagram of a remote control  1280  incorporating an input device  1282  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. By way of example, input device  1282  may generally correspond to any of the previously described input devices. In this particular embodiment, input device  1282  may correspond to the capacitive touch input devices and switches shown in connection with other embodiments herein. Thus, the input device  1282  may include a touch pad  1284  and plurality of switches  1286 . Touch pad  1284  and switches  1286  can be operatively coupled to wireless transmitter  1288 . One or more connections can be made between the touch pad  1284  and the wireless transmitter  1288 . For example, in some embodiments, a separate connection can be used for each electrode of the touch pad  1284 . In some embodiments, the touch pad  1284  can include a control system (e.g.,  1150 ) configured to receive and convert signals from the capacitive sensors (e.g.,  1148 ) before sending them to the wireless transmitter  1288 . 
     Wireless transmitter  1288  can be configured to transmit information over a wireless communication link so that an electronic device that has receiving capabilities can receive the information over the wireless communication link. Wireless transmitter  1288  may be widely varied. For example, it can be based on wireless technologies such as FM, radio frequency (RF), BLUETOOTH®, 802.11 UWB (ultra wide band), infrared (IR), magnetic link (induction), similar technologies, and combinations thereof. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  12   , wireless transmitter  1288  can be based on IR. IR generally refers to wireless technologies that convey data through infrared radiation. As such, wireless transmitter  1288  may generally include IR controller  1290 . IR controller  1290  can take the information reported from touch pad  1284  and switches  1286  and convert this information into infrared radiation, as for example using light emitting diode  1292  which emits the radiation in a manner detectable by an IR receiving device. 
     To the extent applicable to the present technology, gathering and use of data available from various sources can be used to improve the delivery to users of invitational content or any other content that may be of interest to them. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, TWITTER® ID&#39;s, home addresses, data or records relating to a user&#39;s health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying or personal information. 
     The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For example, the personal information data can be used to deliver targeted content that is of greater interest to the user. Accordingly, use of such personal information data enables users to calculated control of the delivered content. Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure. For instance, health and fitness data may be used to provide insights into a user&#39;s general wellness, or may be used as positive feedback to individuals using technology to pursue wellness goals. 
     The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of or access to certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country. 
     Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, in the case of advertisement delivery services, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In another example, users can select not to provide mood-associated data for targeted content delivery services. In yet another example, users can select to limit the length of time mood-associated data is maintained or entirely prohibit the development of a baseline mood profile. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app. 
     Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including in certain health related applications, data de-identification can be used to protect a user&#39;s privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth, etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data a city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users), and/or other methods. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, content can be selected and delivered to users by inferring preferences based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the content delivery services, or publicly available information. 
     The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the specific embodiments described herein are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not target to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20230228
Publication Date: 20240430
Grant Date: 20240430
Priority Date: 20210312
Inventors: WILLIAMS, REUBEN J.
WATERFALL, CLARK E.
GOH, ENG EOW
JAIN, KARAN S.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04883", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04883", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0485", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0414", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G08C17/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G08C23/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04883", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 83194787