PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11368055-B2
Application Number: US-201916452117-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Wireless power system with debounced charging indicator

Abstract:
A wireless power system may have a wireless power transmitting device and a wireless power receiving device. The wireless power receiving device may have a coil that receives wireless power signals from the wireless power transmitting device and may have a rectifier that produces direct-current power from the received wireless power signals. A charging status indicator may be displayed by the wireless power receiving device during wireless power transmission. Control circuitry in the wireless power receiving device may monitor the output voltage to determine whether wireless power transmission has been lost. The charging status indicator may continue to be displayed for a debounce period following detection of loss of wireless power transmission. The debounce period may be adjusted based on whether power loss is due to user movement of the receiving device or termination of power transmission by the transmitting device.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A wireless power receiving device configured to wirelessly receive power during wireless power transmission from a wireless power transmitting device, comprising:
 wireless power receiving circuitry including a coil and rectifier that is configured to receive wireless power signals with the coil and that is configured to supply a corresponding output voltage; 
 control circuitry configured to:
 monitor the output voltage to determine when the wireless power transmission is present; and 
 in response to determining that the wireless power transmission has been lost, distinguish between whether the loss of wireless power transmission is (1) due to a user removal event in which the wireless power receiving circuitry is moved away from the wireless power transmitting device and (2) due to a wireless power transmitting device depowering event where the wireless power transmitting device ceases transmission of the wireless power signals. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 1  further comprising:
 a battery; and 
 a light-emitting device, wherein the control circuitry is configured to display a charging status indicator on the light-emitting device. 
 
     
     
       3. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 2  wherein the control circuitry is configured to:
 maintain display of the charging status indicator on the light-emitting device for a debounce period following determination that loss of wireless power transmission is due to a wireless power transmitting device depowering event; and 
 forgo maintaining display of the charging status indicator for the debounce period following determination that the loss of wireless power transmission is due to a user removable event. 
 
     
     
       4. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 2 ,
 wherein the control circuitry is configured to display the charging status indicator on the light-emitting device for a selected one of: a first amount of time and a second amount of time, wherein the second amount of time is longer than the first amount of time, and 
 wherein the control circuitry is configured to display the charging status indicator for the second amount of time following determination that the wireless power transmission has been lost and then, in response to determining that the loss of wireless power transmission is due to the wireless power transmitting device depowering event and that wireless power transmission is not present at expiration of the second amount of time, cease displaying the charging status indicator. 
 
     
     
       5. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 4  wherein the control circuitry is configured to display the charging status indicator on the light-emitting device for the first amount of time following determination that the wireless power transmission has been lost and then, in response to determining that the loss of wireless power transmission is due to the user removal event and that wireless power transmission is not present at the expiration of the first amount of time, cease displaying the charging status indicator. 
     
     
       6. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 5  wherein the control circuitry is configured to determine whether the loss of wireless power transmission is due to the user removal event or the wireless power transmitting device depowering event by measuring a speed of transition of the output voltage between a first value and a second value that is lower than the first value. 
     
     
       7. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 5  wherein the control circuitry is configured to determine whether the loss of wireless power transmission is due to the user removal event or the wireless power transmitting device depowering event by comparing a transition time that corresponds to transition of the output voltage from a first value to a second value that is lower than the first value to a threshold time value. 
     
     
       8. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 7  wherein the control circuitry is configured to determine that the loss of wireless power transmission is due to the user removal event in response to determining that the transition time is greater than the threshold time value. 
     
     
       9. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 8  wherein the control circuitry is configured to determine that the loss of wireless power transmission is due to the wireless power transmitting device depowering event in response to determining that the transition time is less than the threshold time value. 
     
     
       10. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 9  wherein the rectifier is configured to supply the output voltage to the battery to charge the battery when the output voltage is at the first value. 
     
     
       11. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 5  wherein the control circuitry is configured to determine whether the loss of wireless power transmission is due to the user removal event or the wireless power transmitting device depowering event by measuring a speed of transition of at least a selected one of: 1) a voltage at the coil and 2) a current at an input of the rectifier. 
     
     
       12. A wireless power receiving device configured to wirelessly receive power during wireless power transmission from a wireless power transmitting device, comprising:
 wireless power receiving circuitry including a coil and a rectifier, wherein the rectifier is configured to receive wireless power signals with the coil and is configured to supply a corresponding output voltage; 
 a light-emitting device; and 
 control circuitry configured to:
 monitor the output voltage to determine whether the wireless power transmission is present; 
 display a charging status indicator on the light-emitting device when the wireless power transmission is determined to be present; and 
 in response to determining that the wireless power transmission has been lost, evaluate a transition in the output voltage. 
 
 
     
     
       13. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 12  wherein the control circuitry is configured to continue to display the charging status indicator on the light-emitting device for a debounce period when the wireless power transmission is lost. 
     
     
       14. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 13  wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor for resumption of the wireless power transmission during the debounce period. 
     
     
       15. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 14  wherein the control circuitry is configured to remove the charging status indicator from the light-emitting device upon expiration of the debounce period without detection of resumption of the wireless power transmission during the debounce period. 
     
     
       16. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 15  wherein the control circuitry is configured to evaluate the transition in the output voltage to determine whether to assign the debounce period a first value or a second value that is more than the first value. 
     
     
       17. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 16  wherein the control circuitry is configured to evaluate the transition in the output voltage to determine whether the loss of wireless power transmission is (1) due to a user removal event in which the wireless power receiving circuitry is moved away from the wireless power transmitting device or (2) due to a wireless power transmitting device depowering event where the wireless power transmitting device ceases transmission of the wireless power signals. 
     
     
       18. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 17  wherein the control circuitry is configured to set the debounce period to the first value in response to determining that the loss of wireless power is due to the user removal event. 
     
     
       19. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 18  wherein the control circuitry is configured to set the debounce period to the second value in response to determining that the loss of wireless power is due to the wireless power transmitting device depowering event. 
     
     
       20. A wireless power receiving device configured to receive power transmitted wirelessly from a wireless charging mat, comprising:
 wireless power receiving circuitry configured to receive wireless power signals from the wireless charging mat and provide a corresponding output voltage; 
 a light-emitting device; and 
 control circuitry configured to:
 monitor the output voltage to determine whether the wireless power transmission is present; 
 display a charging status indicator on the light-emitting device in response to determining that the wireless power transmission is present; and 
 in response to determining that the wireless power transmission has been lost, evaluate the output voltage as a function of time to determine whether the output voltage has dropped from a first value to a second value that is lower than the first value in a first time that is greater than a threshold time and that is indicative of user movement of wireless power receiving circuitry relative to the wireless charging mat or has dropped from the first value to the second value in a second time that is less than the threshold time and that is indicative of halting of wireless power transmission by the wireless charging mat. 
 
 
     
     
       21. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 20  wherein the control circuitry is configured to continue to display the charging status indicator for a debounce period that is initiated in response to determining that the wireless power transmission has been lost. 
     
     
       22. The wireless power receiving device of  claim 21  wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the debounce period in response to evaluating the output voltage.

Description:
FIELD 
     This relates generally to power systems, and, more particularly, to wireless power systems for charging electronic devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In a wireless charging system, a wireless charging mat wirelessly transmits power to a portable electronic device that is placed on the mat. The portable electronic device has a coil and rectifier circuitry. The coil receives alternating-current wireless power signals from a coil in the wireless charging mat that is overlapped by the coil in the portable electronic device. The rectifier circuitry converts the received signals into direct-current power. 
     SUMMARY 
     A wireless power system has a wireless power transmitting device and a wireless power receiving device. The wireless power transmitting device may be a wireless charging mat with a charging surface. The wireless power receiving device has a coil that receives wireless power signals from the wireless power transmitting device when the wireless power receiving device is resting on the charging surface. The wireless power receiving device has a rectifier that produces direct-current power from the received wireless power signals. 
     The wireless power receiving device may be a portable device with a display or other light-emitting device (e.g., status indicator with one or more light-emitting diodes, etc.). A charging status indicator may be displayed by the wireless power receiving device on the display or other light-emitting device during wireless power transmission. Control circuitry in the wireless power receiving device monitors the output voltage of the rectifier to determine whether wireless power transmission is interrupted. The charging status indicator continues to be displayed for a debounce period following detection of loss of wireless power transmission. This could improve the user&#39;s experience by reducing flickering in the displayed charging status indicator due to momentary interruptions in wireless power transmission that may arise either when a user moves the receiving device on the charging surface or when the charging mat momentarily interrupts power transmission to perform coil measurements or other operations. 
     Long debounce periods help provide sufficient time for control circuitry in the wireless charging mat to conduct coil measurements and other operations that are performed during periods of time in which transmission of wireless power is momentarily halted. Short debounce periods allow the charging status indicator to be removed from the display rapidly following power loss, thereby providing a user with status information that is rapidly updated. To help accommodate both of these desires, the debounce period is adjusted based on whether a detected power loss is due to user movement of the receiving device or termination of power transmission by the transmitting device. The output voltage of the rectifier is evaluated to determine whether power loss (and output voltage drop) is rapid and therefore indicative of a wireless power transmission device depowering even or is slow and therefore indicative of a user removal event. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative wireless charging system that includes a wireless power transmitting device and a wireless power receiving device in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a top view of an illustrative wireless power transmitting device having a charging surface in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram of illustrative wireless power transmitting circuitry and illustrative wireless power receiving circuitry in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a front view of an illustrative wireless power receiving device in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph of rectifier output voltage under two different illustrative operating scenarios in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart of illustrative operations involved in operating wireless power transmitting and receiving devices in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A wireless power system includes a wireless power transmitting device such as a wireless charging mat. The wireless power transmitting device wirelessly transmits power to a wireless power receiving device such as a wristwatch, cellular telephone, tablet computer, laptop computer, or other electronic equipment. The wireless power receiving device uses power from the wireless power transmitting device for powering the device and for charging an internal battery. 
     The wireless power transmitting device communicates with the wireless power receiving device and obtains information on the characteristics of the wireless power receiving device. The wireless power transmitting device uses information from the wireless power receiving device and measurements made in the wireless power transmitting device to determine which coil or coils in the transmitting device are magnetically coupled to wireless power receiving devices. Coil selection is then performed in the wireless power transmitting device. Wireless power is transmitted from the wireless power transmitting device to the wireless power receiving device using selected coil(s) to charge a battery in the wireless power receiving device and/or to power other load circuitry. 
     During charging operations, the wireless power receiving device displays a corresponding wireless power charging status indicator (e.g., a green battery icon, text such as “device is currently charging”, or other information indicative of the current charging status of the wireless power receiving device). When power is no longer being transmitted, the charging indicator is removed. A debounce arrangement is used by the wireless power system to ensure that the state of the charging indicator is not changed too rapidly, which could create an undesirable flicker in the charge indicator or other undesired output. 
     An illustrative wireless power system (wireless charging system) is shown in  FIG. 1 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , wireless power system  8  includes a wireless power transmitting device such as wireless power transmitting device  12  and includes a wireless power receiving device such as wireless power receiving device  24 . Wireless power transmitting device  12  includes control circuitry  16 . Wireless power receiving device  24  includes control circuitry  30 . Control circuitry in system  8  such as control circuitry  16  and control circuitry  30  is used in controlling the operation of system  8 . This control circuitry may include processing circuitry associated with microprocessors, power management units, baseband processors, digital signal processors, microcontrollers, and/or application-specific integrated circuits with processing circuits. The processing circuitry implements desired control and communications features in devices  12  and  24 . For example, the processing circuitry may be used in selecting coils, determining power transmission levels, processing sensor data and other data, processing user input, handling negotiations between devices  12  and  24 , sending and receiving in-band and out-of-band data, making measurements, and otherwise controlling the operation of system  8 . 
     Control circuitry in system  8  may be configured to perform operations in system  8  using hardware (e.g., dedicated hardware or circuitry), firmware and/or software. Software code for performing operations in system  8  is stored on non-transitory computer readable storage media (e.g., tangible computer readable storage media) in control circuitry  8 . The software code may sometimes be referred to as software, data, program instructions, instructions, or code. The non-transitory computer readable storage media may include non-volatile memory such as non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM), one or more hard drives (e.g., magnetic drives or solid state drives), one or more removable flash drives or other removable media, or the like. Software stored on the non-transitory computer readable storage media may be executed on the processing circuitry of control circuitry  16  and/or  30 . The processing circuitry may include application-specific integrated circuits with processing circuitry, one or more microprocessors, a central processing unit (CPU) or other processing circuitry. 
     Power transmitting device  12  may be a stand-alone power adapter (e.g., a wireless charging mat that includes power adapter circuitry), may be a wireless charging mat that is coupled to a power adapter or other equipment by a cable, may be a portable device, may be equipment that has been incorporated into furniture, a vehicle, or other system, or may be other wireless power transfer equipment. Illustrative configurations in which wireless power transmitting device  12  is a wireless charging mat are sometimes described herein as an example. 
     Power receiving device  24  may be a portable electronic device such as a wristwatch, a cellular telephone, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, an accessory such as an earbud, or other electronic equipment. Power transmitting device  12  may be coupled to a wall outlet (e.g., an alternating current power source), may have a battery for supplying power, and/or may have another source of power. Power transmitting device  12  may have an alternating-current (AC) to direct-current (DC) power converter such as AC-DC power converter  14  for converting AC power from a wall outlet or other power source into DC power. DC power may be used to power control circuitry  16 . During operation, a controller in control circuitry  16  uses power transmitting circuitry  52  to transmit wireless power to power receiving circuitry  54  of device  24 . Power transmitting circuitry  52  may have switching circuitry (e.g., inverter circuitry  61  formed from transistors) that is turned on and off based on control signals provided by control circuitry  16  to create AC current signals through one or more wireless power transmitting coils such as transmit coils  36 . Coils  36  may be arranged in a planar coil array (e.g., in configurations in which device  12  is a wireless charging mat). 
     As the AC currents pass through one or more coils  36 , alternating-current electromagnetic (e.g., magnetic) fields (signals  44 ) are produced that are received by one or more corresponding receiver coils such as coil  48  in power receiving device  24 . When the alternating-current electromagnetic fields are received by coil  48 , corresponding alternating-current currents are induced in coil  48 . Rectifier circuitry such as rectifier  50 , which contains rectifying components such as synchronous rectification metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors arranged in a bridge network, converts received AC signals (received alternating-current signals associated with electromagnetic signals  44 ) from coil  48  into DC voltage signals for powering device  24 . 
     The DC voltages produced by rectifier  50  (sometime referred to as rectifier output voltage Vrect) can be used in charging a battery such as battery  58  and can be used in powering other components in device  24 . For example, device  24  may include input-output devices  56  such as a display, touch sensor, communications circuits, audio components, sensors, light-emitting diode status indicators, other light-emitting and light detecting components, and other components and these components may be powered by the DC voltages produced by rectifier  50  (and/or DC voltages produced by battery  58 ). 
     Device  12  and/or device  24  may communicate wirelessly using in-band or out-of-band communications. Device  12  may, for example, have wireless transceiver circuitry  40  that wirelessly transmits out-of-band signals to device  24  using an antenna. Wireless transceiver circuitry  40  may be used to wirelessly receive out-of-band signals from device  24  using the antenna. Device  24  may have wireless transceiver circuitry  46  that transmits out-of-band signals to device  12 . Receiver circuitry in wireless transceiver  46  may use an antenna to receive out-of-band signals from device  12 . 
     Wireless transceiver circuitry  40  can use one or more coils  36  to transmit in-band signals to wireless transceiver circuitry  46  that are received by wireless transceiver circuitry  46  using coil  48 . Any suitable modulation scheme may be used to support in-band communications between device  12  and device  24 . With one illustrative configuration, frequency-shift keying (FSK) is used to convey in-band data from device  12  to device  24  and amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is used to convey in-band data from device  24  to device  12 . Power may be conveyed wirelessly from device  12  to device  24  during these FSK and ASK transmissions. Other types of in-band communications may be used, if desired. 
     During wireless power transmission operations, circuitry  52  supplies AC drive signals to one or more coils  36  at a given power transmission frequency. The power transmission frequency may be, for example, a predetermined frequency of about 125 kHz, at least 80 kHz, at least 100 kHz, less than 500 kHz, less than 300 kHz, or other suitable wireless power frequency. In some configurations, the power transmission frequency may be negotiated in communications between devices  12  and  24 . In other configurations, the power transmission frequency may be fixed. 
     During wireless power transfer operations, while power transmitting circuitry  52  is driving AC signals into one or more of coils  36  to produce signals  44  at the power transmission frequency, wireless transceiver circuitry  40  uses FSK modulation to modulate the power transmission frequency of the driving AC signals and thereby modulate the frequency of signals  44 . In device  24 , coil  48  is used to receive signals  44 . Power receiving circuitry  54  uses the received signals on coil  48  and rectifier  50  to produce DC power. At the same time, wireless transceiver circuitry  46  uses FSK demodulation to extract the transmitted in-band data from signals  44 . This approach allows FSK data (e.g., FSK data packets) to be transmitted in-band from device  12  to device  24  with coils  36  and  48  while power is simultaneously being wirelessly conveyed from device  12  to device  24  using coils  36  and  48 . 
     In-band communications between device  24  and device  12  uses ASK modulation and demodulation techniques. Wireless transceiver circuitry  46  transmits in-band data to device  12  by using a switch (e.g., one or more transistors in transceiver  46  that are coupled coil  48 ) to modulate the impedance of power receiving circuitry  54  (e.g., coil  48 ). This, in turn, modulates the amplitude of signal  44  and the amplitude of the AC signal passing through coil(s)  36 . Wireless transceiver circuitry  40  monitors the amplitude of the AC signal passing through coil(s)  36  and, using ASK demodulation, extracts the transmitted in-band data from these signals that was transmitted by wireless transceiver circuitry  46 . The use of ASK communications allows ASK data bits (e.g., ASK data packets) to be transmitted in-band from device  24  to device  12  with coils  48  and  36  while power is simultaneously being wirelessly conveyed from device  12  to device  24  using coils  36  and  48 . 
     Control circuitry  16  has external object measurement circuitry  41  (sometimes referred to as foreign object detection circuitry or external object detection circuitry) that detects external objects on a charging surface associated with device  12 . Circuitry  41  can detect foreign objects such as coils, paper clips, and other metallic objects and can detect the presence of wireless power receiving devices  24 . During object detection and characterization operations, external object measurement circuitry  41  can be used to make measurements on coils  36  to determine whether any devices  24  are present on device  12 . 
     In an illustrative arrangement, measurement circuitry  41  of control circuitry  16  contains signal generator circuitry (e.g., oscillator circuitry for generating AC probe signals at one or more probe frequencies, a pulse generator, etc.) and signal detection circuitry (e.g., filters, analog-to-digital converters, impulse response measurement circuits, etc.). During measurement operations, switching circuitry in device  12  may be adjusted by control circuitry  16  to switch each of coils  36  into use. As each coil  36  is selectively switched into use, control circuitry  16  uses the signal generator circuitry of signal measurement circuitry  41  to apply a probe signal to that coil while using the signal detection circuitry of signal measurement circuitry  41  to measure a corresponding response. Measurement circuitry  43  in control circuitry  30  and/or in control circuitry  16  may also be used in making current and voltage measurements. 
     The characteristics of each coil  36  depend on whether any foreign objects overlap that coil (e.g., coins, wireless power receiving devices, etc.) and also depend on whether a wireless power receiving device with a coil such as coil  48  of  FIG. 1  is present, which could increase the measured inductance of any overlapped coil  36 . Signal measurement circuitry  41  is configured to apply signals to the coil and measure corresponding signal responses. For example, signal measurement circuitry  41  may apply an alternating-current probe signal while monitoring a resulting signal at a node coupled to the coil. As another example, signal measurement circuitry  41  may apply a pulse to the coil and measure a resulting impulse response (e.g., to measure coil inductance). Using measurements from measurement circuitry  41 , the wireless power transmitting device can determine whether an external object is present on the coils. If, for example, all of coils  36  exhibit their expected nominal response to the applied signals, control circuitry  16  can conclude that no external devices are present. If one of coils  36  exhibits a different response (e.g., a response varying from a normal no-objects-present baseline), control circuitry  16  can conclude that an external object (potentially a compatible wireless power receiving device) is present. 
     Control circuitry  30  has measurement circuitry  43 . In an illustrative arrangement, measurement circuitry  43  of control circuitry  30  contains signal generator circuitry (e.g., oscillator circuitry for generating AC probe signals at one or more probe frequencies, a pulse generator, etc.) and signal detection circuitry (e.g., filters, analog-to-digital converters, impulse response measurement circuits, etc.). During measurement operations, device  24  may use measurement circuitry  43  to make measurements to characterize device  24  and the components of device  24 . For example, device  24  may use measurement circuitry  43  to measure the inductance of coil  48  (e.g., signal measurement circuitry  43  may be configured to measure signals at coil  48  while supplying coil  48  with signals at one or more frequencies (to measure coil inductances), signal pulses (e.g., so that impulse response measurement circuitry in the measurement circuitry can be used to make inductance and Q factor measurements), etc. Measurement circuitry  43  may also make measurements of the output voltage of rectifier  50 , the output current of rectifier  50 , etc. 
     A top view of an illustrative configuration for device  12  in which device  12  has an array of coils  36  is shown in  FIG. 2 . Device  12  may, in general, have any suitable number of coils  36  (e.g., 22 coils, at least 5 coils, at least 10 coils, at least 15 coils, fewer than 30 coils, fewer than 50 coils, etc.). In the example of  FIG. 2 , device  12  has an array of coils  36  that lie in the X-Y plane. Coils  36  of device  12  are covered by a planar dielectric structure such as a plastic member or other structure forming charging surface  60 . The lateral dimensions (X and Y dimensions) of the array of coils  36  in device  12  may be 1-1000 cm, 5-50 cm, more than 5 cm, more than 20 cm, less than 200 cm, less than 75 cm, or other suitable size. Coils  36  may overlap or may be arranged in a non-overlapping configuration. Coils  36  can be placed in a rectangular array having rows and columns and/or may be tiled using a hexagonal tile pattern or other pattern. 
     During operation, a user places one or more devices  10  on charging surface  60  (see, e.g., illustrative external objects  62  and  64 ). Foreign objects such as coils, paper clips, scraps of metal foil, and/or other foreign conductive objects may be accidentally placed on surface  60 . System  8  automatically detects whether conductive objects located on surface  60  correspond to wireless power receiving devices such as device  24  of  FIG. 1  or incompatible foreign objects and takes suitable action (e.g., by transmitting wireless power to devices  24  and blocking power transmission to incompatible foreign objects). 
       FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram of illustrative wireless charging circuitry for system  8 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , circuitry  52  may include an inverter such as inverter  61  or other drive circuit that produces wireless power signals that are transmitted through an output circuit that includes one or more coils  36  and capacitors such as capacitor  70 . Control signals for inverter  61  are provided by control circuitry  16  at control input  74 . A single coil  36  is shown in the example of  FIG. 3 , but multiple coils  36  may be used, if desired. During wireless power transmission operations, transistors in inverter  61  are driven by AC control signals from control circuitry  16 . This causes the output circuit formed from coil  36  and capacitor  70  to produce alternating-current electromagnetic fields (signals  44 ) that are received by wireless power receiving circuitry  54  using a wireless power receiving circuit formed from coil  48  and one or more capacitors  72  in device  24 . Rectifier  50  converts received power from AC to DC and supplies a corresponding direct current output voltage Vrect across output terminals  76  for powering load circuitry in device  24  (e.g., for charging battery  58 , etc.). 
     To inform the user of system  8  of the status of battery charging operations, device  24  uses an output device (e.g., a light-emitting device) such as display  56 D of  FIG. 4  and/or other charge status output device (e.g., a light-emitting diode status indicator) to display charging status information. For example, in response to detecting that wireless power is being received from device  12 , control circuitry  30  of device  24  may use a display in input-output devices  56  such as display  56 D of  FIG. 4  to display an icon, text, or other information that serves to inform the user of the current charging status of device  24 . As shown in the example of  FIG. 4 , this information may include a charging status indicator such as charging status indicator  80  (e.g., a green battery icon, text that informs the user that charging operations are underway, and/or other information indicating that the wireless charging operations of system  8  are active). 
     A status indicator debounce scheme is used by device  24  to avoid undesired flickering of the charging status indicator. During charging operations, wireless power transfer may, from time-to-time, be briefly interrupted. For example, a user may move device  24  out of wireless transmission range of charging surface  60  or device  12  may temporarily pause wireless power transfer to device  24  to allow device  12  to perform measurement operations with measurement circuitry  41  (e.g., measurements on coils  36  that are not overlapped by device  24 ) and/or to allow device  12  to perform other operations while wireless signals  44  are interrupted briefly (e.g., for a fraction of a second to a few seconds or other suitable wireless power transfer interruption period). If status indicator  80  is removed during each pause in wireless power transmission, indicator  80  can flicker, which may confuse the user and lead the user to erroneously believe that charging operations are not proceeding normally. With the debounce scheme, removal of status indicator  80  is inhibited for a debounce period (e.g., a period of about 1.5 to 3 seconds, at least 1 second, less than 5 seconds, or other suitable time period), thereby preventing undesired flickering in indicator  80 . 
     A long debounce period (e.g., 3 seconds) may be desirable to ensure that device  12  has sufficient time to perform measurements with circuitry  41  and/or other operations while wireless power transmission is momentarily paused. Shorter debounce periods (e.g., 1.5 seconds) may be desirable to ensure that a user is not presented with a lingering charging status indicator on display  56 D after device  24  is removed from charging surface  60 . To accommodate these different desires, system  8  may detect whether a temporary power transmission pause is due to an intentional break in wireless power transmission from the operations of control circuitry  16  (e.g., a pause made by control circuitry  16  to allow sufficient time for control circuitry  16  to perform non-power-transmission operations such as measurements with measurement circuitry  41 ) or whether the temporary pause is due to removal of device  24  from charging surface  60  by a user. The debounce period used by device  24  can then be automatically adjusted based on the detected cause of the loss in wireless power. 
     Control  30  may use any suitable circuitry in device  24  to determine whether a loss of received power is due to a halt in power transmission by device  12  or a user removal event. With one illustrative arrangement, control circuitry  30  monitors output voltage Vrect of rectifier  50  as a function of time and determines the speed with which Vrect drops in the event that power transmission is interrupted. A graph of Vrect as a function of time under two different power loss scenarios is shown in  FIG. 5 . During normal operation, Vrect is high at voltage VH. When power transfer is halted, Vrect falls to a low (e.g., zero) voltage such as VL. As shown by curve  82  in  FIG. 5 , when power is interrupted by device  12 , Vrect drops rapidly over a time period T 1 . When power is interrupted due to removal of device  24  from the vicinity of device  24  by the user, the process of moving device  24  from charging surface  60  tends to take more time and Vrect drops less rapidly over a longer time period T 2 . The value of T 1  may be, for example, 2-4 ms, at least 1 ms, at least 2 ms, less than 4 ms, less than 15 ms, or other relatively short period of time. The value of T 2  may be, for example, 20-100 ms, at least 15 ms, at least 25 ms, at least 40 ms, at least 60 ms, less than 500 ms, less than 250 m, less than 100 ms, or other relatively long time period (e.g. a time period that is longer than T 1 ). Device  24  can apply a threshold transition time TH that is between T 1  and T 2  when evaluating whether the drop in Vrect from VH (or other suitable voltage threshold associated with normal operation such as VH-ΔV, where ΔV is 0.2 volts or other suitable small offset value) to VL (or other suitable low voltage associated with the absence of wireless power such as VL+ΔV) is slow (and therefore close to time T 2 ) or fast (and therefore close to time T 1 ). If desired, control circuitry  30  can use other measurements to determine whether a loss of received power is due to a halt in power transmission by device  12  or a user removal event. For example, control circuitry  30  can monitor the speed of transmission of the voltage at coil  48  and of the current at the input to rectifier  50  in addition to or instead of monitoring the speed of transition of Vrect. Control circuitry  30  may, as an example, monitor the peak-to-peak voltage and/or current at coil  48  and/or the input to rectifier  50  and can compare the speed of transition of these signal(s) between first (higher) and second (lower) thresholds to a transition threshold setting(s), thereby determining whether a loss of received power is due to an abrupt halt in transmission or a slower user removal scenario. 
       FIG. 6  is a flow chart of illustrative operations in operating system  8 . After a user places device  24  on surface  60 , control circuitry  16  of device  12  uses power transmitting circuitry  52  to transmit wireless power and power receiving device  24  receives the transmitted wireless power with power receiving circuitry  54 . The output voltage Vrect from rectifier  50  is VH during wireless power transmission so that battery  58  is charged (if battery  58  is depleted) and so that the other circuitry of device  24  can be powered. As described in connection with  FIG. 4 , control circuitry  30  uses display  56 D (or other charge status output device in input-output devices  56 ) to display charging indicator  80  for the user. This informs the user that the process of transferring wireless power from device  12  to device  24  (e.g., to charge battery  58 ) is active. 
     During the operations of block  90 , while charging indicator  80  is being displayed, device  24  uses control circuitry  30  to monitor Vrect. If Vrect stays at its normal operating level VH, monitoring operations may continue at block  90 . 
     If, however, wireless power transmission is interrupted and Vrect drops, control circuitry  30  may, during the operations of block  92 , determine whether the loss of wireless power and accompanying change in Vrect is due to a halt in transmission by device  12  or a user removal event. Control circuitry  30  may, for example, measure Vrect as a function of time to determine the speed with which Vrect drops from a high value (e.g., a value at or near VH) to a low value (e.g., a value at or near VL). The time period T (and therefore the speed) associated with any detected transition in Vrect from high to low voltage can be compared to threshold time period TH to determine whether T is less than TH and therefore associated with a wireless power transfer device depowering event where device  12  momentarily ceases power transmission or is greater than TH and is therefore associated with a user removal event where the user has removed device  24  from charging surface  60  or other portion of device  12  and/or the speed of any detected transition in Vrect can be determined by calculating voltage versus time slope data (dVrect/dt), which can then be compared to a threshold slope value. 
     Control circuitry  30  can adjust the debounce period (e.g., to first or second values) depending on the speed of the detected transition. As a default and/or in response to determining that the detected loss of power is not due to user removal, device  24  can set the debounce period to a second debounce period value (e.g., 3 seconds or other suitable time period that is longer than a first debounce period) during the operations of block  96 . In response to determining that the detected loss of power is due to user removal of device  24  (e.g., movement of device  24  out of wireless power reception range by a user), device  24  can set the debounce period to a shortened first debounce period value (e.g., 1.5 seconds or other suitable time period shorter than the second debounce period) during the operations of block  94 . 
     During the debounce period (block  98 ), control circuitry  30  continues to display status indicator  80  on display  56 D (e.g., status indicator  80  is not removed from display  56 D, even though a power loss was detected during the operations of block  90 ). This prevents undesired flickering in status indicator  80  in the event that power is received intermittently. Control circuitry  30  of power receiving device  24  monitors voltage Vrect at the output of rectifier  50  during the operations of block  98  to determine whether power has been restored. If power transmission is resumed (continuously or even briefly in the event that power transmission device  12  issues a brief keep-alive pulse to ensure that status indicator  80  remains displayed), the charging status indicator continues to be displayed and further operations are performed at block  90 . If power transmission is not resumed during block  98  and the debounce period expires, control circuitry  30  removes status indicator  80  from display  56 D during the operations of block  100 . 
     If desired, control circuitry  30  can forgo use of the short debounce period in response to determining that loss of power is due to user removal. In this type of arrangement, control circuitry  30  may set a debounce period of 3 seconds or other suitable length during the operations of block  96  in response to determining that loss of power is due to mat depowering and may, during the operations of block  94 , forgo setting of the debounce period (e.g., control circuitry  30  may effectively set a zero debounce period) in response to determining that loss of power is due to user removal. When this technique is used, control circuitry  30  maintains the display of the charging status indicator  80  for the debounce period set in block  96  following determination at block  92  that loss of wireless power transmission is due to a wireless power transmitting device depowering event and forgoes maintaining display of the charging status indicator for that debounce period following determination at block  92  that the loss of wireless power transmission is due to a user removal event. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made to the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190625
Publication Date: 20220621
Grant Date: 20220621
Priority Date: 20180830
Inventors: YE, DANIEL
TOLVA, CORTLAND S.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H02J50/80", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J7/0047", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/90", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/10", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J7/0047", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/10", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/90", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/80", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J7/025", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J7/0021", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/80", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 69640346