PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10986622-B2
Application Number: US-201916406594-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: User equipment (UE) downlink transmission configuration indication (TCI)-state selection

Abstract:
Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer-readable media are provided for selecting a TCI-State for receiving downlink transmissions. In one example a processor/UE is configured to determine one or more candidate TCIs for a downlink slot; determine a scheduling offset between a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); prioritize the candidate TCIs based on the scheduling offset; identify a highest priority candidate TCI; and select the highest priority candidate TCI for receiving the PDSCH.

Claims:
We claim: 
     
       1. An apparatus for a user equipment (UE) device, comprising baseband circuitry having:
 a radio frequency (RF) interface configured to receive downlink signals during a plurality of downlink slots, wherein signals in each downlink slot are received according to a transmission configuration indication (TCI) that is mapped to a unique TCI-State in a set of preconfigured TCI-States assigned to the downlink slot; and 
 one or more processors configured to:
 determine one or more candidate TCIs for a downlink slot; 
 determine a scheduling offset between a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); 
 prioritize the candidate TCIs based on the scheduling offset; 
 identify a highest priority candidate TCI; and 
 select the highest priority candidate TCI for receiving the PDSCH. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to:
 identify a first TCI associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; 
 identify a second TCI associated with a downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI; and 
 when the scheduling offset is below a threshold, assign a lowest priority to the first candidate TCI. 
 
     
     
       3. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to:
 identify a first TCI associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; 
 identify a second TCI associated with a first downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI; and 
 when the scheduling offset is above a threshold, assign a higher priority to the first candidate TCI than the second candidate TCI. 
 
     
     
       4. The apparatus of  claim 3 , wherein the first downlink reference signal comprises a periodic channel state information (CSI)-reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) or a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). 
     
     
       5. The apparatus of  claim 3 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to:
 identify a third TCI associated with a second downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a third candidate TCI; and 
 when the scheduling offset is above a threshold, assign a higher priority to the first candidate TCI than the second candidate TCI and assign a lower priority to the first candidate TCI than the third candidate TCI. 
 
     
     
       6. The apparatus of  claim 5 , wherein the second downlink reference signal comprises an aperiodic CSI-RS. 
     
     
       7. The apparatus of  claim 5 , wherein the second downlink reference signal comprises a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH scrambled by system information (SI)-radio network transmission indicator (RNTI) or a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH scrambled by paging (P)-RNTI. 
     
     
       8. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to:
 identify a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; and 
 identify a second TCI associated with a first downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI, wherein the first downlink reference signal comprises a signal multiplexed with the PDSCH in a frequency division multiplexing or time division multiplexing manner. 
 
     
     
       9. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of the set of preconfigured TCIs is acknowledged prior to when the PDCCH is transmitted and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted:
 select the TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDCCH is transmitted. 
 
     
     
       10. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of the set of preconfigured TCIs was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted:
 select the TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDSCH is transmitted. 
 
     
     
       11. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of control resource set (CORESET) of TCIs associated with the PDCCH was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted:
 determine that no TCI is present in the PDCCH; and 
 identify a CORESET TCI associated with the PDCCH as the highest priority candidate, wherein the identified CORESET TCI is selected from the CORESET as defined prior to the MAC CE reconfiguration. 
 
     
     
       12. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of control resource set (CORESET) of TCIs associated with the PDCCH was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted:
 determine that no TCI is present in the PDCCH; and 
 identify a CORESET TCI associated with the PDCCH as the highest priority candidate, wherein the identified CORESET TCI is selected from the CORESET as defined after to the MAC CE reconfiguration. 
 
     
     
       13. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received:
 select a TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDCCH is transmitted. 
 
     
     
       14. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received:
 select a TCI from a set of predetermined TCI-States associated with a starting slot of the PDSCH. 
 
     
     
       15. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received:
 select a TCI from respective sets of predetermined TCI-States associated with each respective slot of the multi-slot PDSCH. 
 
     
     
       16. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media having instructions that, when executed, cause a user equipment (UE) device to:
 determine one or more candidate TCIs for a downlink slot; 
 determine a scheduling offset between a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); 
 prioritize the candidate TCIs based on the scheduling offset; 
 identify a highest priority candidate TCI; and 
 select the highest priority candidate TCI for receiving the PDSCH. 
 
     
     
       17. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to:
 identify a first TCI associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; 
 identify a second TCI associated with a downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI; and 
 when the scheduling offset is below a threshold, assign a lowest priority to the first candidate TCI. 
 
     
     
       18. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to:
 identify a first TCI associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; 
 identify a second TCI associated with a first downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI; and 
 when the scheduling offset is above a threshold, assign a higher priority to the first candidate TCI than the second candidate TCI. 
 
     
     
       19. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 18 , wherein the first downlink reference signal comprises a periodic channel state information (CSI)-reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) or a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 18 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to:
 identify a third TCI associated with a second downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a third candidate TCI; and 
 when the scheduling offset is above a threshold, assign a higher priority to the first candidate TCI than the second candidate TCI and assign a lower priority to the first candidate TCI than the third candidate TCI. 
 
     
     
       21. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 20 , wherein the second downlink reference signal comprises an aperiodic CSI-RS. 
     
     
       22. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 20 , wherein the second downlink reference signal comprises a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH scrambled by system information (SI)-radio network transmission indicator (RNTI) or a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH scrambled by paging (P)-RNTI. 
     
     
       23. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to:
 identify a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; and 
 identify a second TCI associated with a first downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI, wherein the first downlink reference signal comprises a signal multiplexed with the PDSCH in a frequency division multiplexing or time division multiplexing manner. 
 
     
     
       24. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of the set of preconfigured TCIs is acknowledged prior to when the PDCCH is transmitted and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted:
 select the TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDCCH is transmitted. 
 
     
     
       25. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of the set of preconfigured TCIs was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted:
 select the TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDSCH is transmitted. 
 
     
     
       26. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of control resource set (CORESET) of TCIs associated with the PDCCH was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted:
 determine that no TCI is present in the PDCCH; and 
 identify a CORESET TCI associated with the PDCCH as the highest priority candidate, wherein the identified CORESET TCI is selected from the CORESET as defined prior to the MAC CE configuration. 
 
     
     
       27. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of control resource set (CORESET) of TCIs associated with the PDCCH was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted:
 determine that no TCI is present in the PDCCH; and 
 identify a CORESET TCI associated with the PDCCH as the highest priority candidate, wherein the identified CORESET TCI is selected from the CORESET as defined after to the MAC CE reconfiguration. 
 
     
     
       28. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received:
 select a TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDCCH is transmitted. 
 
     
     
       29. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received:
 select a TCI from a set of predetermined TCI-States associated with a starting slot of the PDSCH. 
 
     
     
       30. The non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received:
 select a TCI from respective sets of predetermined TCI-States associated with each respective slot of the multi-slot PDSCH.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/669,916 filed on May 10, 2018, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR UE DOWNLINK QCL ASSUMPTION”, and is a Continuation-in-Part of PCT Patent Application PCT/CN2018/103288 filed on Aug. 30, 2018, entitled “USER EQUIPMENT (UE) DOWNLINK QUASI CO-LOCATION (QCL) ASSUMPTION”, which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  depicts an exemplary beam management and selection model in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  depicts an exemplary framework for PDSCH QCL assumption. 
         FIG. 3  depicts an exemplary UE QCL assumption during MAC CE reconfiguration of candidate TCI states. 
         FIG. 4A  depicts an exemplary UE AP QCL assumption in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4B  depicts an exemplary for UE AP QCL assumption during MAC CE reconfiguration in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary method for receiving a downlink signal. 
         FIG. 6  depicts an exemplary architecture of a system of a network in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7A  depicts an exemplary architecture of a system including a first core network in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7B  depicts an exemplary architecture of a system including a second core network in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 8A  depicts exemplary infrastructure equipment in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG. 8B  depicts exemplary components of a computer platform in accordance with various embodiments 
         FIG. 9  depicts exemplary components of baseband circuitry and radio frequency circuitry in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  depicts exemplary interfaces of baseband circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  is an illustration of a example control plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  is an illustration of various exemplary protocol functions that may be used for various protocol stacks in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates components of an exemplary core network in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG. 14  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components, according to some example embodiments, of a system to support NFV. 
         FIG. 15  depicts a block diagram illustrating exemplary components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrase “A or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B). 
     In 5G systems, gNBs and UEs may maintain a plurality of beams. A good gNB-UE beam pair can help to increase the link budget. An Antenna Port (AP) QCL can be used to indicate the downlink Tx and Rx beam, where the Rx beam can be indicated by QCL with a Rx parameter, which is defined as QCL type-D. The QCL information is configured in one TCI. 
     Beam management refers to a set of L1/L2 procedures to acquire and maintain a set of transmission/reception point(s) (TRP or TRxP) and/or UE beams that can be used for DL and UL transmission/reception. Beam management includes various operations or procedures, such as beam determination, beam management, beam reporting, and beam sweeping operations/procedures. Beam determination refers to TRxP(s) or UE ability to select of its own Tx/Rx beam(s). Beam measurement refers to TRP or UE ability to measure characteristics of received beamformed signals. Beam reporting refers the UE ability to report information of beamformed signal(s) based on beam measurement. Beam sweeping refers to operation(s) of covering a spatial area, with beams transmitted and/or received during a time interval in a predetermined manner. 
     Tx/Rx beam correspondence at a TRxP holds if at least one of the following conditions are satisfied: TRxP is able to determine a TRxP Rx beam for the uplink reception based on UE&#39;s downlink measurement on TRxP&#39;s one or more Tx beams; and TRxP is able to determine a TRxP Tx beam for the downlink transmission based on TRxP&#39;s uplink measurement on TRxP&#39;s one or more Rx beams. Tx/Rx beam correspondence at a UE holds if at least one of the following is satisfied: UE is able to determine a UE Tx beam for the uplink transmission based on UE&#39;s downlink measurement on UE&#39;s one or more Rx beams; UE is able to determine a UE Rx beam for the downlink reception based on TRxP&#39;s indication based on uplink measurement on UE&#39;s one or more Tx beams; and Capability indication of UE beam correspondence related information to TRxP is supported. 
     In some implementations, DL beam management includes procedures P-1, P-2, and P-3. Procedure P-1 is used to enable UE measurement on different TRxP Tx beams to support selection of TRxP Tx beams/UE Rx beam(s). For beamforming at TRxP, procedure P-1 typically includes a intra/inter-TRxP Tx beam sweep from a set of different beams. For beamforming at the UE, procedure P-1 typically includes a UE Rx beam sweep from a set of different beams. 
     Procedure P-2 is used to enable UE measurement on different TRxP Tx beams to possibly change inter/intra-TRxP Tx beam(s). Procedure P-2 may be a special case of procedure P-1 wherein procedure P-2 is used for a possibly smaller set of beams for beam refinement than procedure P-1. Procedure P-3 is used to enable UE measurement on the same TRxP Tx beam to change UE Rx beam in the case UE uses beamforming. Procedures P-1, P-2, and P-3 may be used for aperiodic beam reporting. 
     UE measurements based on RS for beam management (at least CSI-RS) is composed of K beams (where K is a total number of configured beams), and the UE reports measurement results of N selected Tx beams (where N may or may not be a fixed number). The procedure based on RS for mobility purpose is not precluded. Beam information that is to be reported includes measurement quantities for the N beam(s) and information indicating N DL Tx beam(s), if N&lt;K. Other information or data may be included in or with the beam information. When a UE is configured with K′&gt;1 non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources, a UE can report N′ CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRIs). 
     The UE can trigger a mechanism to recover from beam failure, which is referred to a “beam recovery”, “beam failure recovery request procedure”, and/or the like. A beam failure event may occur when the quality of beam pair link(s) of an associated control channel falls below a threshold, when a time-out of an associated timer occurs, or the like. The beam recovery mechanism is triggered when beam failure occurs. The network may explicitly configure the UE with resources for UL transmission of signals for recovery purposes. Configurations of resources are supported where the base station (e.g., a TRP, gNB, or the like) is listening from all or partial directions (e.g., a random access region). The UL transmission/resources to report beam failure can be located in the same time instance as a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) or resources orthogonal to PRACH resources, or at a time instance (configurable for a UE) different from PRACH. Transmission of DL signal is supported for allowing the UE to monitor the beams for identifying new potential beams. 
     For beam failure recovery, a beam failure may be declared if one, multiple, or all serving PDCCH beams fail. The beam failure recovery request procedure is initiated when a beam failure is declared. For example, the beam failure recovery request procedure may be used for indicating to a serving gNB (or TRP) of a new SSB or CSI-RS when beam failure is detected on a serving SSB(s)/CSI-RS(s). A beam failure may be detected by the lower layers and indicated to a Media Access Control (MAC) entity of the UE. 
     Beam management also includes providing or not providing beam-related indications. When beam-related indication is provided, information pertaining to UE-side beamforming/receiving procedure used for CSI-RS-based measurement can be indicated through QCL to the UE. The same or different beams on the control channel and the corresponding data channel transmissions may be supported. 
     DL beam indications are based on a Transmission Configuration Indication (TCI) state(s). The TCI-State(s) are indicated in a TCI list that is configured by radio resource control (RRC) and/or Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE). 
     Antenna Port Quasi Co-Location 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the UE can be configured by the gNB with a list of up to M preconfigured TCI-States configurations within the higher layer parameter PDSCH-Config to decode PDSCH according to a detected PDCCH with DCI intended for the UE and the given serving cell, where M depends on the UE capability. Each TCI-State contains parameters for configuring a quasi co-location relationship between one or two downlink reference signals and the DM-RS ports of the PDSCH. The quasi co-location relationship is configured by the higher layer parameter qcl-Type1 for the first DL RS, and qcl-Type2 for the second DL RS (if configured). For the case of two DL RSs, the QCL types shall not be the same, regardless of whether the references are to the same DL RS or different DL RSs. The quasi co-location types corresponding to each DL RS is given by the higher layer parameter qcl-Type in QCL-Info and may take one of the following values: QCL-TypeA: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread}; QCL-TypeB: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}; QCL-TypeC: {average delay, Doppler shift}; QCL-TypeD: {Spatial Rx parameter}. 
     The UE receives an activation command used to map up to 8 TCI-States to the codepoints (illustrated as indexed  1 - 8  in  FIG. 1 ) of the DCI field ‘Transmission Configuration Indication’. When the HARQ-ACK corresponding to the PDSCH carrying the activation command is transmitted in slot n, the indicated mapping between TCI-States and codepoints of the DCI field ‘Transmission Configuration Indication’ should be applied starting from slot n+3N slot   subframe,μ +1. After the UE receives the higher layer configuration of TCI-States and before reception of the activation command, the UE may assume that the DM-RS ports of PDSCH of a serving cell are quasi co-located with the SS/PBCH block determined in the initial access procedure with respect to ‘QCL-TypeA’, and when applicable, also with respect to ‘QCL-TypeD’. 
     If a UE is configured with the higher layer parameter tci-PresentInDCI that is set as ‘enabled’ for the CORESET scheduling the PDSCH, the UE assumes that the TCI field is present in the DCI format 1_1 of the PDCCH transmitted on the CORESET. If tci-PresentInDCI is not configured for the CORESET scheduling the PDSCH or the PDSCH is scheduled by a DCI format 1_0, for determining PDSCH antenna port quasi co-location, the UE assumes that the TCI-State for the PDSCH is identical to the TCI-State applied for the CORESET used for the PDCCH transmission. 
     If the tci-PresentInDCI is set as ‘enabled’, when the PDSCH is scheduled by DCI format 1_1, the UE shall use the TCI-State according to the value of the ‘Transmission Configuration Indication’ field in the detected PDCCH with DCI for determining PDSCH antenna port quasi co-location. The UE may assume that the DM-RS ports of PDSCH of a serving cell are quasi co-located with the RS(s) in the TCI-State with respect to the QCL type parameter(s) given by the indicated TCI-State if the time offset between the reception of the DL DCI and the corresponding PDSCH is equal to or greater than a threshold Threshold-Sched-Offset, where the threshold is based on reported UE capability. 
     For both the cases when tci-PresentInDCI is set to ‘enabled’ and tci-PresentInDCI is not configured, if the offset between the reception of the DL DCI and the corresponding PDSCH is less than the threshold Threshold-Sched-Offset, the UE may assume that the DM-RS ports of PDSCH of a serving cell are quasi co-located with the RS(s) in the TCI-State with respect to the QCL parameter(s) used for PDCCH quasi co-location indication of the lowest CORESET-ID in the latest slot in which one or more CORESETs within the active BWP of the serving cell are configured for the UE. If none of configured TCI-States contains ‘QCL-TypeD’, the UE shall obtain the other QCL assumptions from the indicated TCI-States for its scheduled PDSCH irrespective of the time offset between the reception of the DL DCI and the corresponding PDSCH. 
     For a periodic CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info, the UE shall expect that a TCI-State indicates one of the following quasi-colocation type(s):
         ‘QCL-TypeC’ with an SS/PBCH block and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with the same SS/PBCH block, or   ‘QCL-TypeC’ with an SS/PBCH block and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with a CSI-RS resource in an NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter repetition, or       

     For an aperiodic CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info, the UE shall expect that a TCI-State indicates ‘QCL-TypeA’ with a periodic CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with the same periodic CSI-RS resource. 
     For a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured without higher layer parameter trs-Info and without the higher layer parameter repetition, the UE shall expect that a TCI-State indicates one of the following quasi co-location type(s):
         ‘QCL-TypeA’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with an SS/PBCH block, or   ‘QCL-TypeA’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter repetition, or   ‘QCL-TypeB’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info when ‘QCL-TypeD’ is not applicable.       

     For a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter repetition, the UE shall expect that a TCI-State indicates one of the following quasi co-location type(s):
         ‘QCL-TypeA’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with the same CSI-RS resource, or   ‘QCL-TypeA’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter repetition, or   ‘QCL-TypeC’ with an SS/PBCH block and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with the same SS/PBCH block.       

     For the DM-RS of PDCCH, the UE shall expect that a TCI-State indicates one of the following quasi co-location type(s):
         ‘QCL-TypeA’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with the same CSI-RS resource, or   ‘QCL-TypeA’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with a CSI-RS resource in an NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter repetition, or   ‘QCL-TypeA’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured without higher layer parameter trs-Info and without higher layer parameter repetition, when ‘QCL-TypeD’ is not applicable.       

     For the DM-RS of PDSCH, the UE shall expect that a TCI-State indicates one of the following quasi co-location type(s):
         ‘QCL-TypeA’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with the same CSI-RS resource, or   ‘QCL-TypeA’ with a CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter trs-Info and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with a CSI-RS resource in an NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter repetition, or   QCL-TypeA′ with CSI-RS resource in a NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet configured without higher layer parameter trs-Info and without repetition and, when applicable, ‘QCL-TypeD’ with the same CSI-RS resource.       

     A beam failure recovery request could be delivered over dedicated PRACH or PUCCH resources. For example, a UE can be configured, for a serving cell, with a set  q   0  of periodic CSI-RS resource configuration indexes by higher layer parameter Beam-Failure-Detection-RS-ResourceConfig and with a set  q   1  of CSI-RS resource configuration indexes and/or SS/PBCH block indexes by higher layer parameter Candidate-Beam-RS-List for radio link quality measurements on the serving cell. If there is no configuration, the beam failure detection could be based on CSI-RS or SSB, which is spatially Quasi Co-Located (QCLed) with the PDCCH Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS). For example, if the UE is not provided with the higher layer parameter Beam-Failure-Detection-RS-ResourceConfig, the UE determines  q   0  to include SS/PBCH blocks and periodic CSI-RS configurations with same values for higher layer parameter TCI-StatesPDCCH as for control resource sets (CORESET) that the UE is configured for monitoring PDCCH. 
     The physical layer of a UE assesses the radio link quality according to a set  q   0  of resource configurations against a threshold Qout,LR. The threshold Qout,LR corresponds to a default value of higher layer parameter RLM-IS-OOS-thresholdConfig and Beam-failure-candidate-beam-threshold, respectively. For the set  q   0 , the UE assesses the radio link quality only according to periodic CSI-RS resource configurations or SS/PBCH blocks that are quasi co-located, with the DM-RS of PDCCH receptions DM-RS monitored by the UE. The UE applies the configured Qin,LR threshold for the periodic CSI-RS resource configurations. The UE applies the Qout,LR threshold for SS/PBCH blocks after scaling a SS/PBCH block transmission power with a value provided by higher layer parameter Pc_SS. 
     If a beam failure indication has been received by a MAC entity from lower layers, then the MAC entity starts a beam failure recovery timer (beamFailureRecoveryTimer) and initiates a Random Access procedure. If the beamFailureRecoveryTimer expires, then the MAC entity indicates a beam failure recovery request failure to upper layers. If a DL assignment or UL grant has been received (e.g., on a PDCCH addressed for a cell radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI)), then the MAC entity may stop and reset beamFailureRecoveryTimer and consider the beam failure recovery request procedure to be successfully completed. 
     Beam Measurement 
     The UE in the RRC_CONNECTED mode is to measure one or multiple beams of a cell, and the measurement results (e.g., power values) are averaged to derive the cell quality. 
     The UE derives cell measurement results by measuring one or multiple beams associated per cell as configured by the network. For all cell measurement results in RRC_CONNECTED mode, the UE applies layer 4 filtering before using the measured results for evaluation of reporting criteria and measurement reporting. For cell measurements, the network can configure RSRP, RSRQ, and/or SINR as a trigger quantity. Reporting quantities can be the same as the trigger quantity or combinations of quantities (e.g., RSRP and RSRQ; RSRP and SINR; RSRQ and SINR; RSRP, RSRQ and SINR). 
     The network may also configure the UE to report measurement information per beam, which can either be measurement results per beam with respective beam identifier(s) or only beam identifier(s)). If beam measurement information is configured to be included in measurement reports, the UE applies the layer 4 beam filtering. However, the exact layer 2 filtering of beam measurements used to derive cell measurement results is implementation dependent. 
     The UE may be configured to consider a subset of the detected beams, such as the N best beams above an absolute threshold. Filtering takes place at two different levels include at the physical layer (PHY) to derive beam quality and then at the RRC level to derive cell quality from multiple beams. Cell quality from beam measurements may be derived in the same way for the serving cell(s) and for the non-serving cell(s). 
     Measurement reports contain the measurement results of the X best beams if the UE is configured to do so by the gNB. For channel state estimation purposes, the UE may be configured to measure CSI-RS resources and estimate a downlink channel state based on the CSI-RS measurements. The UE feeds the estimated channel state back to the gNB to be used in link adaptation. 
     An example measurement model is shown by  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 1 , point A includes measurements (e.g., beam specific samples) internal to the PHY. Layer 2 (L1) filtering includes internal layer 2 filtering circuitry for filtering the inputs measured at point A. The exact filtering mechanisms and how the measurements are actually executed at the PHY may be implementation specific. The measurements (e.g., beam specific measurements) are reported by the L1 filtering to layer 4 (L3) beam filtering circuitry and the beam consolidation/selection circuitry at point A1. 
     The Beam Consolidation/Selection circuitry includes circuitry where beam specific measurements are consolidated to derive cell quality. For example, if N&gt;1, else when N=2 the best beam measurement may be selected to derive cell quality. The configuration of the beam is provided by RRC signaling. A measurement (e.g., cell quality) derived from the beam-specific measurements are then be reported to L3 filtering for cell quality circuitry after beam consolidation/selection. In some embodiments, the reporting period at point B may be equal to one measurement period at point A1. 
     The L3 filtering for cell quality circuitry is configured to filter the measurements provided at point B. The configuration of the Layer 4 filters is provided by the aforementioned RRC signaling or different/separate RRC signaling. In some embodiments, the filtering reporting period at point C may be equal to one measurement period at point B. A measurement after processing in the layer 4 filter circuitry is provided to the evaluation of reporting criteria circuitry at point C. In some embodiments, the reporting rate may be identical to the reporting rate at point B. This measurement input may be used for one or more evaluation of reporting criteria. 
     Evaluation of reporting criteria circuitry is configured to check whether actual measurement reporting is necessary at point D. The evaluation can be based on more than one flow of measurements at reference point C. In one example, the evaluation may involve a comparison between different measurements, such as a measurement provided at point C and another measurement provided at point C1. In embodiments, the UE may evaluate the reporting criteria at least every time a new measurement result is reported at point C, C1. The reporting criteria configuration is provided by the aforementioned RRC signaling (UE measurements) or different/separate RRC signaling. After the evaluation, measurement report information (e.g., as a message) is sent on the radio interface at point D. 
     Referring back to point A1, measurements provided at point A1 are provided to L3 Beam filtering circuitry, which is configured to perform beam filtering of the provided measurements (e.g., beam specific measurements). The configuration of the beam filters is provided by the aforementioned RRC signaling or different/separate RRC signaling. In embodiments, the filtering reporting period at point E may be equal to one measurement period at A1. The K beams may correspond to the measurements on New Radio (NR)-synchronization signal (SS) block (SSB) or Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) resources configured for L3 mobility by a gNB and detected by the UE at L1. 
     After processing in the beam filter measurement (e.g., beam-specific measurement), a measurement is provided to beam selection for reporting circuitry at point E. This measurement is used as an input for selecting the X measurements to be reported. In embodiments, the reporting rate may be identical to the reporting rate at point A1. The beam selection for beam reporting circuitry is configured to select the X measurements from the measurements provided at point E. The configuration of this module is provided by the aforementioned RRC signaling or different/separate RRC signaling. The beam measurement information to be included in a measurement report is sent or scheduled for transmission on the radio interface at point F. 
     L1 filtering introduces a certain level of measurement averaging. Exactly how and when the UE performs the required measurements is implementation specific to the point that the output at B fulfils the predefined performance requirements. L3 filtering for cell quality and related parameters do not introduce any delay in the sample availability between B and C. Measurement at point C, C1 is the input used in the event evaluation. L3 Beam filtering and related parameters do not introduce any delay in the sample availability between E and F 
     The measurement reports include a measurement identity of an associated measurement configuration that triggered the reporting; cell and beam measurement quantities to be included in measurement reports are configured by the network (e.g., using RRC signaling); the number of non-serving cells to be reported can be limited through configuration by the network; cells belonging to a blacklist configured by the network are not used in event evaluation and reporting, and conversely when a whitelist is configured by the network, only the cells belonging to the whitelist are used in event evaluation and reporting (by contrast), when a whitelist is configured by the network, only the cells belonging to the whitelist are used in event evaluation and reporting; and beam measurements to be included in measurement reports are configured by the network (beam identifier only, measurement result and beam identifier, or no beam reporting). 
     Intra-frequency neighbor (cell) measurements include SSB based intra-frequency measurement(s) and CSI-RS based intra-frequency measurements. SSB based intra-frequency measurements is/are defined as an SSB based intra-frequency measurement provided the center frequency of the SSB of the serving cell and the center frequency of the SSB of the neighbour cell are the same, and the subcarrier spacing of the two SSBs is also the same. CSI-RS based intra-frequency measurements is/are defined as a CSI-RS based intra-frequency measurement provided the bandwidth of the CSI-RS resource on the neighbour cell configured for measurement is within the bandwidth of the CSI-RS resource on the serving cell configured for measurement, and the subcarrier spacing of the two CSI-RS resources is the same. 
     Inter-frequency neighbor (cell) measurements include SSB based inter-frequency measurement(s) and CSI-RS based inter-frequency measurements. SSB based inter-frequency measurements is/are defined as an SSB based inter-frequency measurement provided the center frequency of the SSB of the serving cell and the center frequency of the SSB of the neighbour cell are different, or the subcarrier spacing of the two SSBs is different. For SSB based measurements, one measurement object corresponds to one SSB and the UE considers different SSBs as different cells. CSI-RS based inter-frequency measurements is/are measurement is defined as a CSI-RS based inter-frequency measurement provided the bandwidth of the CSI-RS resource on the neighbour cell configured for measurement is not within the bandwidth of the CSI-RS resource on the serving cell configured for measurement, or the subcarrier spacing of the two CSI-RS resources is different. 
     Whether a measurement is non-gap-assisted or gap-assisted depends on the capability of the UE, the active BWP of the UE and the current operating frequency. In non-gap-assisted scenarios, the UE is to carry out such measurements without measurement gaps. In gap-assisted scenarios, the UE cannot be assumed to be able to carry out such measurements without measurement gaps. 
     Candidate TCI Ranking and Selection for PDSCH 
     Recall that once the X beams or TCI-States have been identified by the RRC layer, the MAC layer selects a set of preconfigured TCI-states from this set of X TCI-States. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 1 , there are 8 TCI-states in the set of preconfigured TCI-states. The preconfigured TCI-states are indexed or mapped to a TCI ranging from 1-8. When a TCI-State or beam is selected by the PHY layer, the beam is identified by one of the TCIs  0 - 7  which in turn is mapped to the appropriate TCI-State referred to by the TCI. For example, the TCI-State selected by the PHY layer is identified as TCI  4 , which is mapped to TCI-State  6  in the top set of pre-configured TCI-States. A MAC control element (CE) may occasionally reconfigure the set of preconfigured TCI-States as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . It can be seen that TCI  4  is mapped to TCI-State  8  after this reconfiguration. 
     During downlink communication, the gNB may transmit a scheduling PDCCH that provides control information (e.g., bandwidth, modulation order, and so on) for a scheduled PDSCH that will be transmitted some number of slots after transmission of the PDCCH. The difference in time between the transmission of a scheduling PDCCH and the scheduled PDSCH is referred to herein as the “scheduling offset”, which is indicated in the PDCCH. As described above, the PDCCH may have DCI present that indicates a TCI to be used in receiving the scheduled PDSCH. For example, as shown in  FIG. 1 , the PDCCH DCI may indicate TCI  5 . In this case, the PHY layer should use the TCI-State mapped to TCI  5  to receive the scheduled PDSCH. 
     There may be multiple sets of preconfigured TCI-States, including a control resource set (CORESET) that may be used as a default set of TCIs for use when another TCI has not been specified for a given signal. For a CORESET, a UE can be configured with a CORESET of TCI-States by RRC signaling and one of these preconfigured TCI-States can be selected by the MAC CE in the absence of another indicated TCI-State. For example, when a PDCCH does not include DCI that indicates a TCI for the scheduled PDSCH, a “default” TCI selected from the CORESET may be used to receive the PDSCH. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the current framework for a UE selection of a TCI-State for a scheduled PDSCH when QCL type-D is configured in a given TCI-State. When the scheduling offset is below or equal to a threshold the UE reported, the UE could select a TCI-State associated with a particular CORESET of a TCI-State configured in the latest slot with the lowest CORESET-ID if multiple CORESETs are configured. Otherwise, the UE could select a TCI-State indicated by a TCI in the PDSCH or a TCI indicated by DCI, if present, in the scheduling PDCCH. 
     An additional downlink reference signal, such as a CSI-RS or SSB, may be multiplexed with the PDSCH for one symbol/slot. In this case the UE may select a TCI-State associated with the scheduled PDSCH or a TCI-State indicated by the other signal. However, due to short time between the scheduling PDCCH and the scheduled PDSCH, it is not clear whether the PDSCH will be transmitted in that slot. In other words, when multiple signals are multiplexed with a PDSCH, the UE may have multiple candidate TCIs for use in receiving the PDSCH. How to prioritize these multiple candidate TCIs (taking into account the scheduling offset) to select a TCI the PDSCH in the presence of multiplexed signals for each downlink symbol/slot could be one issue. 
     Further, when the gNB down-selects a new set of preconfigured TCI-States from the X RRC configured TCI-States using the MAC CE, there is a latency (e.g., 4 ms) for the UE to apply the new configuration. If the time to apply the new configured TCI-State happens to be in the middle of the scheduling offset, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the UE assumption for the TCI-State becomes an issue. For example, referring back to  FIG. 1 , it is unclear whether the TCI-State  6  (as configured when the PDCCH was transmitted) or the TCI-State  8  (as configured when the PDSCH is transmitted) should be mapped to the TCI  4  that is selected by the PHY layer. 
     Apparatus, methods, and systems described herein provide UE downlink access point (AP) TCI-State selection. Apparatus, methods, and systems described herein include TCI-State selection when multiplexing with other signals with regard to scheduling offset also and TCI-State selection during MAC CE reconfiguration of preconfigured TCI-States. 
     When the scheduling offset is below or equal to a threshold, the UE can use a default beam to buffer the downlink signal, as it cannot decode DCI immediately. In one example the threshold, which is reported by the UE, is determined based on the UE&#39;s processing delay for PDCCH decoding as well as UE beam switching. For the purposes of this description when the scheduling offset is below the threshold, the PDSCH is categorized as a “possible transmitted PDSCH”. When the scheduling offset is above the threshold it can be assumed that a UE can have enough time to decode the PDCCH so that it can make sure the PDSCH would really happen with indicated TCI-State. For the purposes of this description when the scheduling offset is above threshold the PDSCH is categorized as an “actually transmitted PDSCH”. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4A , in one example, a candidate TCI associated with a possible transmitted PDSCH is assigned the lowest priority when the possible transmitted PDSCH is multiplexed with other downlink reference signals. Examples of downlink reference signals include periodic CSI-RS, aperiodic CSI-RS, PDCCH or a channel in Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) manner in one component carrier (CC) or different CCs. The lowest priority indicates that the UE may not receive the possible transmitted PDSCH and as such may use a TCI associated with another reference signal/physical channel multiplexed in the same symbol/slot to receive the possible transmitted PDSCH. 
     In another example, also illustrated in  FIG. 4A , a TCI associated with an actually transmitted PDSCH is assigned a higher priority than some downlink reference signals, such as periodic CSI-RS. The UE may use the TCI associated with the actually transmitted PDSCH to receive signals in that slot. Hence, the priority for a candidate TCI associated with an actually transmitted PDSCH is assigned a higher priority than a candidate TCI associated with a possible transmitted PDSCH. 
     In another example, a candidate TCI associated with a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH that is scrambled by different types of radio network temporary identities (RNTI) would have different priority. In one example, a candidate TCI associated with a PDSCH scheduled by a system information RNTI (SI-RNTI) or paging RNTI (P-RNTI) could have a higher priority than a candidate TCI associated with a PDSCH scheduled by a cell RNTI (C-RNTI). In another example, a ranking of candidate TCI priority could be as follows. A candidate TCI associated with a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH with SI-RNTI or P-RNTI has a higher priority that a candidate TCI associated with an aperiodic CSI-RS signal. A candidate TCI associated with an aperiodic CSI-RS signal has a higher priority than a candidate TCI associated with an actually transmitted PDSCH. A candidate TCI associated with an actually transmitted PDSCH has a higher priority than a candidate TCI associated with a periodic CSI-RS and/or SSB. A candidate TCI associated with a periodic CSI-RS and/or SSB has a higher priority than a candidate TCI associated with possible transmitted PDSCH. 
     In another example, the priority rules for ranking candidate TCIs described above may also be applied to the case when some downlink channel or signals which are multiplexed in a time-division multiplexing (TDM) manner for some subcarrier spacing, e.g. downlink signals in consecutive symbols when subcarrier spacing is 120 kHz, or in partial FDM manner, e.g. a different subcarrier spacing is applied. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates one an example in which a scheduling PDCCH includes DCI specifying TCI  0  for a scheduled PDSCH. A MAC CE reconfiguration of the preconfigured TCI-State is acknowledged prior to the transmission of the scheduling PDCCH. However, the expiration of the period allowed for the UE to apply the new preconfigured after the scheduling PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the scheduled PDSCH is transmitted. When the scheduling offset is above the threshold, the TCI-State for PDSCH may be based on a TCI-State mapped to the TCI (e.g., TCI  0 ) as defined when the scheduling PDCCH is transmitted. Alternatively, when the scheduling offset is above the threshold, the TCI-State for PDSCH may be based on a TCI-State mapped to the TCI (e.g., TCI  0 ) as defined when the scheduled PDSCH is transmitted. 
     A similar ambiguity occurs during MAC CE reconfiguration of TCI-States for CORESET for the scheduling PDCCH and DCI indicating a TCI for the scheduled PDSCH is not present in the PDCCH. When the scheduling offset is greater than the threshold the TCI-State for PDSCH may be based on a TCI-State mapped to the CORESET TCI associated with the PDCCH as defined prior to the MAC CE reconfiguration. Alternatively, when the scheduling offset is greater than the threshold the TCI-State for PDSCH may be based on a TCI-State mapped to the CORESET TCI associated with the PDCCH as defined after the MAC CE reconfiguration. 
     For multi-slot PDSCH transmission, when a TCI is present in DCI of the scheduling PDCCH and the scheduling offset is above the threshold, the TCI-State for the multi-slot PDSCH may be based on the TCI-State mapped to the indicated TCI when the scheduling PDCCH is transmitted. Alternatively, when a TCI is present in DCI of the scheduling PDCCH and the scheduling offset is above the threshold, the TCI-State for the multi-slot PDSCH may be based on the TCI-State mapped to the indicated TCI in a set of preconfigured TCI-States associated with a starting slot of the scheduled PDSCH. Alternatively, when a TCI is present in DCI of the scheduling PDCCH and the scheduling offset is above the threshold, the TCI-State for the multi-slot PDSCH may be based on respective TCI-States mapped to the indicated TCI in respective sets of preconfigured TCI-States associated with each respective slot of the scheduled PDSCH. 
     Alternatively, the UE shall not expect to receive MAC CE based candidate TCI-State reconfiguration within N slots, where N can be predefined per subcarrier spacing or across subcarrier spacing, e.g. it can be determined by maximum number of slots for multi-slot PDSCH transmission, and/or maximum scheduling offset. In other words, in one example, the gNB is configured to transmit a PDSCH during a plurality of at most N (N&gt;1) downlink slots. In each slot, the PDSCH is transmitted according to a TCI that identifies a unique TCI-State in the set of preconfigured TCI-States associated with a downlink slot. The gNB is configured to configure the set of pre-configured TCI-States for at least N slots so that the UE need not deal with a MAC CE reconfiguration during a multi-slot PDSCH. In one example, N is a maximum scheduling offset. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating a process or method  500  for selecting of a TCI based on a scheduling offset by a user equipment (UE) device in accordance with one or more embodiments. The method  500  is provided for illustrative purposes and it is appreciated that suitable variations are contemplated. The UE device can be the UE  601  described below with regard to system  600 . The method may be embodied as a set of computer-executable instructions, that when executed, cause the UE to perform the functions outlined in the method  500 . The method includes, at  502 , determining one or more candidate TCIs for a downlink slot. The method includes, at  504 , determining a scheduling offset between a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). The method includes, at  506 , prioritizing the candidate TCIs based on the scheduling offset. The method includes, at  508 , identifying a highest priority candidate TCI. The method includes, at  510 , selecting the highest priority candidate TCI for receiving the PDSCH. It is appreciated that the above description for  FIG. 5  is provided as an example for illustrative purposes and that suitable variations are contemplated. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example architecture of a system  600  of a network in accordance with some embodiments. The system  600  is shown to include a user equipment (UE)  601  and a UE  602 . As used herein, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may refer to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface. In this example, UEs  601  and  602  are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or “smart” appliances, machine-type communications (MTC) devices, machine-to-machine (M2M), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and/or the like. 
     In some embodiments, any of the UEs  601  and  602  can comprise an Internet of Things (IoT) UE, which can comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as machine-to-machine (M2M) or machine-type communications (MTC) for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a public land mobile network (PLMN), Proximity-Based Service (ProSe) or device-to-device (D2D) communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network. 
     The UEs  601  and  602  may be configured to connect, e.g., communicatively couple, with a radio access network (RAN)  610 . The RAN  610  may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), a NextGen RAN (NG RAN), or some other type of RAN. The UEs  601  and  602  utilize connections (or channels)  603  and  604 , respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail infra). As used herein, the term “channel” may refer to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” may refer to a connection between two devices through a Radio Access Technology (RAT) for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information. In this example, the connections  603  and  604  are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. 
     In this embodiment, the UEs  601  and  602  may further directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface  605 . The ProSe interface  605  may alternatively be referred to as a sidelink (SL) interface comprising one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), a Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), a Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH), and a Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH). In various implementations, the SL interface  605  may be used in vehicular applications and communications technologies, which are often referred to as V2X systems. V2X is a mode of communication where UEs (for example, UEs  601 ,  602 ) communicate with each other directly over the PC5/SL interface  605  and can take place when the UEs  601 ,  602  are served by RAN nodes  611 ,  612  or when one or more UEs are outside a coverage area of the RAN  610 . V2X may be classified into four different types: vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P). These V2X applications can use “co-operative awareness” to provide more intelligent services for end-users. For example, vehicle UEs (vUEs)  601 ,  602 , RAN nodes  611 ,  612 , application servers  630 , and pedestrian UEs  601 ,  602  may collect knowledge of their local environment (for example, information received from other vehicles or sensor equipment in proximity) to process and share that knowledge in order to provide more intelligent services, such as cooperative collision warning, autonomous driving, and the like. In these implementations, the UEs  601 ,  602  may be implemented/employed as Vehicle Embedded Communications Systems (VECS) or vUEs. 
     The UE  602  is shown to be configured to access an access point (AP)  606  (also referred to as “WLAN node  606 ”, “WLAN  606 ”, “WLAN Termination  606 ” or “WT  606 ” or the like) via connection  607 . The connection  607  can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP  606  would comprise a wireless fidelity (WiFi®) router. In this example, the AP  606  is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). In various embodiments, the UE  602 , RAN  610 , and AP  606  may be configured to utilize LTE-WLAN aggregation (LWA) operation and/or WLAN LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel (LWIP) operation. The LWA operation may involve the UE  602  in RRC_CONNECTED being configured by a RAN node  611 ,  612  to utilize radio resources of LTE and WLAN. LWIP operation may involve the UE  602  using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection  607 ) via Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., internet protocol (IP) packets) sent over the connection  607 . IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating entirety of original IP packets and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packets. 
     The RAN  610  can include one or more access nodes that enable the connections  603  and  604 . As used herein, the terms “access node,” “access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as base stations (BS), NodeBs, evolved NodeBs (eNBs), next Generation NodeBs (gNB), RAN nodes, Road Side Units (RSUs), and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). The term “Road Side Unit” or “RSU” may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity implemented in or by a gNB/eNB/RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where an RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU”, an RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU.” The RAN  610  may include one or more RAN nodes for providing macrocells, e.g., macro RAN node  611 , and one or more RAN nodes for providing femtocells or picocells (e.g., cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells), e.g., low power (LP) RAN node  612 . 
     Any of the RAN nodes  611  and  612  can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs  601  and  602 . In some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes  611  and  612  can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN  610  including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the UEs  601  and  602  can be configured to communicate using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes  611  and  612  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. 
     In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes  611  and  612  to the UEs  601  and  602 , while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. 
     The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may carry user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs  601  and  602 . The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may carry information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs  601  and  602  about the transport format, resource allocation, and H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE  602  within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes  611  and  612  based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs  601  and  602 . The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs  601  and  602 . 
     The PDCCH may use control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as resource element groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8). 
     Some embodiments may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some embodiments may utilize an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more enhanced control channel elements (ECCEs). Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as an enhanced resource element groups (EREGs). An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some situations. 
     The RAN  610  is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network (CN)  620  via an S1 interface  613 . In embodiments, the CN  620  may be an evolved packet core (EPC) network, a NextGen Packet Core (NPC) network, or some other type of CN. In this embodiment the S1 interface  613  is split into two parts: the S1-U interface  614 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  611  and  612  and the serving gateway (S-GW)  622 , and the S1-mobility management entity (MME) interface  615 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  611  and  612  and MMEs  621 . 
     In this embodiment, the CN  620  comprises the MMEs  621 , the S-GW  622 , the Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW)  623 , and a home subscriber server (HSS)  624 . The MMEs  621  may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Nodes (SGSN). The MMEs  621  may manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. The HSS  624  may comprise a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions. The CN  620  may comprise one or several HSSs  624 , depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS  624  can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. 
     The S-GW  622  may terminate the S1 interface  613  towards the RAN  610 , and routes data packets between the RAN  610  and the CN  620 . In addition, the S-GW  622  may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. 
     The P-GW  623  may terminate an SGi interface toward a PDN. The P-GW  623  may route data packets between the EPC network  620  and external networks such as a network including the application server  630  (alternatively referred to as application function (AF)) via an Internet Protocol (IP) interface  625 . Generally, the application server  630  may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS Packet Services (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). In this embodiment, the P-GW  623  is shown to be communicatively coupled to an application server  630  via an IP communications interface  625 . The application server  630  can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs  601  and  602  via the CN  620 . 
     The P-GW  623  may further be a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection. Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)  626  is the policy and charging control element of the CN  620 . In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UE&#39;s Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UE&#39;s IP-CAN session: a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within an HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF  626  may be communicatively coupled to the application server  630  via the P-GW  623 . The application server  630  may signal the PCRF  626  to indicate a new service flow and select the appropriate Quality of Service (QoS) and charging parameters. The PCRF  626  may provision this rule into a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown) with the appropriate traffic flow template (TFT) and QoS class of identifier (QCI), which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server  630 . 
       FIG. 7A  illustrates an example architecture of a system  700  including a first CN  720 , in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, system  700  may implement the LTE standard wherein the CN  720  is an EPC  720  that corresponds with CN  620  of  FIG. 6 . Additionally, the UE  701  may be the same or similar as the UEs  601  of  FIG. 6 , and the E-UTRAN  710  may be a RAN that is the same or similar to the RAN  610  of  FIG. 6 , and which may include RAN nodes  611  discussed previously. The CN  720  may comprise MMEs  721 , an S-GW  722 , a P-GW  723 , a HSS  724 , and a SGSN  725 . 
     The MMEs  721  may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy SGSN, and may implement MM functions to keep track of the current location of a UE  701 . The MMEs  721  may perform various MM procedures to manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. MM (also referred to as “EPS MM” or “EMM” in E-UTRAN systems) may refer to all applicable procedures, methods, data storage, etc. that are used to maintain knowledge about a present location of the UE  701 , provide user identity confidentiality, and/or perform other like services to users/subscribers. Each UE  701  and the MME  721  may include an MM or EMM sublayer, and an MM context may be established in the UE  701  and the MME  721  when an attach procedure is successfully completed. The MM context may be a data structure or database object that stores MM-related information of the UE  701 . The MMEs  721  may be coupled with the HSS  724  via an S6a reference point, coupled with the SGSN  725  via an S3 reference point, and coupled with the S-GW  722  via an S11 reference point. 
     The SGSN  725  may be a node that serves the UE  701  by tracking the location of an individual UE  701  and performing security functions. In addition, the SGSN  725  may perform Inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between 2G/3G and E-UTRAN 4GPP access networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by the MMEs  721 ; handling of UE  701  time zone functions as specified by the MMEs  721 ; and MME selection for handovers to E-UTRAN 4GPP access network. The S3 reference point between the MMEs  721  and the SGSN  725  may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active states. 
     The HSS  724  may comprise a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions. The EPC  720  may comprise one or several HSSs  724 , depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS  724  can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS  724  and the MMEs  721  may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the EPC  720  between HSS  724  and the MMEs  721 . 
     The S-GW  722  may terminate the S1 interface  613  (“S1-U” in  FIG. 7A ) toward the RAN  710 , and routes data packets between the RAN  710  and the EPC  720 . In addition, the S-GW  722  may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. The S11 reference point between the S-GW  722  and the MMEs  721  may provide a control plane between the MMEs  721  and the S-GW  722 . The S-GW  722  may be coupled with the P-GW  723  via an S5 reference point. 
     The P-GW  723  may terminate an SGi interface toward a PDN  730 . The P-GW  723  may route data packets between the EPC  720  and external networks such as a network including the application server  630  (alternatively referred to as an “AF”) via an IP interface  625  (see e.g.,  FIG. 6 ). In embodiments, the P-GW  723  may be communicatively coupled to an application server (application server  630  of  FIG. 6  or PDN  730  in  FIG. 7A ) via an IP communications interface  625  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 6 ). The S5 reference point between the P-GW  723  and the S-GW  722  may provide user plane tunneling and tunnel management between the P-GW  723  and the S-GW  722 . The S5 reference point may also be used for S-GW  722  relocation due to UE  701  mobility and if the S-GW  722  needs to connect to a non-collocated P-GW  723  for the required PDN connectivity. The P-GW  723  may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (e.g., PCEF (not shown)). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the P-GW  723  and the packet data network (PDN)  730  may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The P-GW  723  may be coupled with a PCRF  726  via a Gx reference point. 
     PCRF  726  is the policy and charging control element of the EPC  720 . In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF  726  in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UE  701 &#39;s Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UE  701 &#39;s IP-CAN session, a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within an HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF  726  may be communicatively coupled to the application server  730  via the P-GW  723 . The application server  730  may signal the PCRF  726  to indicate a new service flow and select the appropriate QoS and charging parameters. The PCRF  726  may provision this rule into a PCEF (not shown) with the appropriate TFT and QCI, which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server  730 . The Gx reference point between the PCRF  726  and the P-GW  723  may allow for the transfer of QoS policy and charging rules from the PCRF  726  to PCEF in the P-GW  723 . An Rx reference point may reside between the PDN  730  (or “AF  730 ”) and the PCRF  726 . 
       FIG. 7B  illustrates an architecture of a system  700  including a second CN  720  in accordance with various embodiments. The system  700  is shown to include a UE  701 , which may be the same or similar to the UEs  601  and UE  701  discussed previously; a (R)AN  710 , which may be the same or similar to the RAN  610  and RAN  710  discussed previously, and which may include RAN nodes  611  discussed previously; and a DN  7203 , which may be, for example, operator services, Internet access or 3rd party services; and a 5GC  720 . The 5GC  720  may include an AUSF  722 ; an AMF  721 ; a SMF  724 ; a NEF  723 ; a PCF  726 ; a NRF  725 ; a UDM  727 ; an AF  728 ; a UPF  702 ; and a NSSF  729 . 
     The UPF  702  may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to DN  703 , and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF  702  may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform Uplink Traffic verification (e.g., SDF to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF  702  may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. The DN  703  may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services. DN  703  may include, or be similar to, application server  630  discussed previously. The UPF  702  may interact with the SMF  724  via an N4 reference point between the SMF  724  and the UPF  702 . 
     The AUSF  722  may store data for authentication of UE  701  and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF  722  may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. The AUSF  722  may communicate with the AMF  721  via an N12 reference point between the AMF  721  and the AUSF  722 ; and may communicate with the UDM  727  via an N13 reference point between the UDM  727  and the AUSF  722 . Additionally, the AUSF  722  may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface. 
     The AMF  721  may be responsible for registration management (e.g., for registering UE  701 , etc.), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, and lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF  721  may be a termination point for the an N11 reference point between the AMF  721  and the SMF  724 . The AMF  721  may provide transport for SM messages between the UE  701  and the SMF  724 , and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF  721  may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE  701  and an SMSF (not shown by  FIG. 7B ). AMF  721  may act as SEAF, which may include interaction with the AUSF  722  and the UE  701 , receipt of an intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE  701  authentication process. Where USIM based authentication is used, the AMF  721  may retrieve the security material from the AUSF  722 . AMF  721  may also include a SCM function, which receives a key from the SEA that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. Furthermore, AMF  721  may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the (R)AN  710  and the AMF  721 ; and the AMF  721  may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signalling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection. 
     AMF  721  may also support NAS signalling with a UE  701  over an N3 IWF interface. The N3IWF may be used to provide access to untrusted entities. N3IWF may be a termination point for the N2 interface between the (R)AN  710  and the AMF  721  for the control plane, and may be a termination point for the N3 reference point between the (R)AN  710  and the UPF  702  for the user plane. As such, the AMF  721  may handle N2 signalling from the SMF  724  and the AMF  721  for PDU sessions and QoS, encapsulate/de-encapsulate packets for IPSec and N3 tunneling, mark N3 user-plane packets in the uplink, and enforce QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking taking into account QoS requirements associated with such marking received over N2. N3IWF may also relay uplink and downlink control-plane NAS signalling between the UE  701  and AMF  721  via an N1 reference point between the UE  701  and the AMF  721 , and relay uplink and downlink user-plane packets between the UE  701  and UPF  702 . The N3IWF also provides mechanisms for IPsec tunnel establishment with the UE  701 . The AMF  721  may exhibit an Namf service-based interface, and may be a termination point for an N14 reference point between two AMFs  721  and an N17 reference point between the AMF  721  and a 5G-EIR (not shown by  FIG. 7B ). 
     The UE  701  may need to register with the AMF  721  in order to receive network services. RM is used to register or deregister the UE  701  with the network (e.g., AMF  721 ), and establish a UE context in the network (e.g., AMF  721 ). The UE  701  may operate in an RM-REGISTERED state or an RM-DEREGISTERED state. In the RM-DEREGISTERED state, the UE  701  is not registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF  721  holds no valid location or routing information for the UE  701  so the UE  701  is not reachable by the AMF  721 . In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE  701  is registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF  721  may hold a valid location or routing information for the UE  701  so the UE  701  is reachable by the AMF  721 . In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE  701  may perform mobility Registration Update procedures, perform periodic Registration Update procedures triggered by expiration of the periodic update timer (e.g., to notify the network that the UE  701  is still active), and perform a Registration Update procedure to update UE capability information or to re-negotiate protocol parameters with the network, among others. 
     The AMF  721  may store one or more RM contexts for the UE  701 , where each RM context is associated with a specific access to the network. The RM context may be a data structure, database object, etc. that indicates or stores, inter alia, a registration state per access type and the periodic update timer. The AMF  721  may also store a 5GC MM context that may be the same or similar to the (E)MM context discussed previously. In various embodiments, the AMF  721  may store a CE mode B Restriction parameter of the UE  701  in an associated MM context or RM context. The AMF  721  may also derive the value, when needed, from the UE&#39;s usage setting parameter already stored in the UE context (and/or MM/RM context). 
     CM may be used to establish and release a signaling connection between the UE  701  and the AMF  721  over the N1 interface. The signaling connection is used to enable NAS signaling exchange between the UE  701  and the CN  720 , and comprises both the signaling connection between the UE and the AN (e.g., RRC connection or UE-N3IWF connection for non-3GPP access) and the N2 connection for the UE  701  between the AN (e.g., RAN  710 ) and the AMF  721 . The UE  701  may operate in one of two CM states, CM-IDLE mode or CM-CONNECTED mode. When the UE  701  is operating in the CM-IDLE state/mode, the UE  701  may have no NAS signaling connection established with the AMF  721  over the N1 interface, and there may be (R)AN  710  signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE  701 . When the UE  701  is operating in the CM-CONNECTED state/mode, the UE  701  may have an established NAS signaling connection with the AMF  721  over the N1 interface, and there may be a (R)AN  710  signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE  701 . Establishment of an N2 connection between the (R)AN  710  and the AMF  721  may cause the UE  701  to transition from CM-IDLE mode to CM-CONNECTED mode, and the UE  701  may transition from the CM-CONNECTED mode to the CM-IDLE mode when N2 signaling between the (R)AN  710  and the AMF  721  is released. 
     The SMF  724  may be responsible for SM (e.g., session establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF over N2 to AN; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between a UE  701  and a data network (DN)  703  identified by a Data Network Name (DNN). PDU sessions may be established upon UE  701  request, modified upon UE  701  and 5GC  720  request, and released upon UE  701  and 5GC  720  request using NAS SM signaling exchanged over the N1 reference point between the UE  701  and the SMF  724 . Upon request from an application server, the 5GC  720  may trigger a specific application in the UE  701 . In response to receipt of the trigger message, the UE  701  may pass the trigger message (or relevant parts/information of the trigger message) to one or more identified applications in the UE  701 . The identified application(s) in the UE  701  may establish a PDU session to a specific DNN. The SMF  724  may check whether the UE  701  requests are compliant with user subscription information associated with the UE  701 . In this regard, the SMF  724  may retrieve and/or request to receive update notifications on SMF  724  level subscription data from the UDM  727 . 
     The SMF  724  may include the following roaming functionality: handling local enforcement to apply QoS SLAs (VPLMN); charging data collection and charging interface (VPLMN); lawful intercept (in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI system); and support for interaction with external DN for transport of signalling for PDU session authorization/authentication by external DN. An N16 reference point between two SMFs  724  may be included in the system  700 , which may be between another SMF  724  in a visited network and the SMF  724  in the home network in roaming scenarios. Additionally, the SMF  724  may exhibit the Nsmf service-based interface. 
     The NEF  723  may provide means for securely exposing the services and capabilities provided by 4GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, Application Functions (e.g., AF  728 ), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF  723  may authenticate, authorize, and/or throttle the AFs. NEF  723  may also translate information exchanged with the AF  728  and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF  723  may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF  723  may also receive information from other network functions (NFs) based on exposed capabilities of other network functions. This information may be stored at the NEF  723  as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF  723  to other NFs and AFs, and/or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF  723  may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface. 
     The NRF  725  may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF  725  also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF  725  may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface. 
     The PCF  726  may provide policy rules to control plane function(s) to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behaviour. The PCF  726  may also implement an FE to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM  727 . The PCF  726  may communicate with the AMF  721  via an N15 reference point between the PCF  726  and the AMF  721 , which may include a PCF  726  in a visited network and the AMF  721  in case of roaming scenarios. The PCF  726  may communicate with the AF  728  via an N5 reference point between the PCF  726  and the AF  728 ; and with the SMF  724  via an N7 reference point between the PCF  726  and the SMF  724 . The system  700  and/or CN  720  may also include an N24 reference point between the PCF  726  (in the home network) and a PCF  726  in a visited network. Additionally, the PCF  726  may exhibit an Npcf service-based interface. 
     The UDM  727  may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE  701 . For example, subscription data may be communicated between the UDM  727  and the AMF  721  via an N8 reference point between the UDM  727  and the AMF. The UDM  727  may include two parts, an application FE and a UDR (the FE and UDR are not shown by  FIG. 7B ). The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM  727  and the PCF  726 , and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs  701 ) for the NEF  723 . The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR  221  to allow the UDM  727 , PCF  726 , and NEF  723  to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. The UDR may interact with the SMF  724  via an N10 reference point between the UDM  727  and the SMF  724 . UDM  727  may also support SMS management, wherein an SMS-FE implements the similar application logic as discussed previously. Additionally, the UDM  727  may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface. 
     The AF  728  may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to the NCE, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. The NCE may be a mechanism that allows the 5GC  720  and AF  728  to provide information to each other via NEF  723 , which may be used for edge computing implementations. In such implementations, the network operator and third party services may be hosted close to the UE  701  access point of attachment to achieve an efficient service delivery through the reduced end-to-end latency and load on the transport network. For edge computing implementations, the 5GC may select a UPF  702  close to the UE  701  and execute traffic steering from the UPF  702  to DN  703  via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF  728 . In this way, the AF  728  may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF  728  is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF  728  to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF  728  may exhibit an Naf service-based interface. 
     The NSSF  729  may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE  701 . The NSSF  729  may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF  729  may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE  701 , or a list of candidate AMF(s)  721  based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF  725 . The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE  701  may be triggered by the AMF  721  with which the UE  701  is registered by interacting with the NSSF  729 , which may lead to a change of AMF  721 . The NSSF  729  may interact with the AMF  721  via an N22 reference point between AMF  721  and NSSF  729 ; and may communicate with another NSSF  729  in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown by  FIG. 7B ). Additionally, the NSSF  729  may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface. 
     As discussed previously, the CN  720  may include an SMSF, which may be responsible for SMS subscription checking and verification, and relaying SM messages to/from the UE  701  to/from other entities, such as an SMS-GMSC/IWMSC/SMS-router. The SMS may also interact with AMF  721  and UDM  727  for a notification procedure that the UE  701  is available for SMS transfer (e.g., set a UE not reachable flag, and notifying UDM  727  when UE  701  is available for SMS). 
     The CN  120  may also include other elements that are not shown by  FIG. 7 , such as a Data Storage system/architecture, a 5G-EIR, a SEPP, and the like. The Data Storage system may include a SDSF, an UDSF, and/or the like. Any NF may store and retrieve unstructured data into/from the UDSF (e.g., UE contexts), via N18 reference point between any NF and the UDSF (not shown by  FIG. 7B ). Individual NFs may share a UDSF for storing their respective unstructured data or individual NFs may each have their own UDSF located at or near the individual NFs. Additionally, the UDSF may exhibit an Nudsf service-based interface (not shown by  FIG. 7B ). The 5G-EIR may be an NF that checks the status of PEI for determining whether particular equipment/entities are blacklisted from the network; and the SEPP may be a non-transparent proxy that performs topology hiding, message filtering, and policing on inter-PLMN control plane interfaces. 
     Additionally, there may be many more reference points and/or service-based interfaces between the NF services in the NFs; however, these interfaces and reference points have been omitted from  FIG. 7B  for clarity. In one example, the CN  720  may include an Nx interface, which is an inter-CN interface between the MME (e.g., MME  71 ) and the AMF  721  in order to enable interworking between CN  720  and CN  70 . Other example interfaces/reference points may include an N5g-EIR service-based interface exhibited by a 5G-EIR, an N27 reference point between the NRF in the visited network and the NRF in the home network; and an N31 reference point between the NSSF in the visited network and the NSSF in the home network. 
       FIG. 8A  illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment  800  in accordance with various embodiments. The infrastructure equipment  800  (or “system  800 ”) may be implemented as a base station, radio head, RAN node, etc., such as the RAN nodes  611  and/or AP  606  shown and described previously. In other examples, the system  800  could be implemented in or by a UE, application server(s)  630 , and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The system  800  may include one or more of application circuitry  805 , baseband circuitry  810 , one or more radio front end modules  815 , memory circuitry  820 , power management integrated circuitry (PMIC)  825 , power tee circuitry  830 , network controller circuitry  835 , network interface connector  840 , satellite positioning circuitry  845 , and user interface  850 . In some embodiments, the device  800  may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, or input/output (I/O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device (e.g., said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for CRAN, vBBU, or other like implementations). 
     As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. In addition, the term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry. 
     The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.” As used herein, the term “processor circuitry” may refer to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. 
     Furthermore, the various components of the core network  620  (or CN  720  discussed supra) may be referred to as “network elements.” The term “network element” may describe a physical or virtualized equipment used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like. 
     Application circuitry  805  may include one or more central processing unit (CPU) cores and one or more of cache memory, low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input/output (I/O or IO), memory card controllers such as Secure Digital (SD) MultiMediaCard (MMC) or similar, Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces, Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. As examples, the application circuitry  805  may include one or more Intel Pentium®, Core®, or Xeon® processor(s); Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s), Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), or Epyc® processors; and/or the like. In some embodiments, the system  800  may not utilize application circuitry  805 , and instead may include a special-purpose processor/controller to process IP data received from an EPC or SGC, for example. 
     Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry  805  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  805  may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  805  may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up-tables (LUTs) and the like. 
     The baseband circuitry  810  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. Although not shown, baseband circuitry  810  may comprise one or more digital baseband systems, which may be coupled via an interconnect subsystem to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem may include digital signal processing circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry  810  may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules  815 ). 
     User interface circuitry  850  may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system  800  or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system  800 . User interfaces may include, but are not limited to, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), one or more indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), a physical keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, speakers or other audio emitting devices, microphones, a printer, a scanner, a headset, a display screen or display device, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a nonvolatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc. 
     The radio front end modules (RFEMs)  815  may comprise a millimeter wave RFEM and one or more sub-millimeter wave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-millimeter wave RFICs may be physically separated from the millimeter wave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays, and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical radio front end module  815 . The RFEMs  815  may incorporate both millimeter wave antennas and sub-millimeter wave antennas. 
     The memory circuitry  820  may include one or more of volatile memory including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc., and may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. Memory circuitry  820  may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory modules and plug-in memory cards. 
     The PMIC  825  may include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry, and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The power tee circuitry  830  may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the infrastructure equipment  800  using a single cable. 
     The network controller circuitry  835  may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet, Ethernet over GRE Tunnels, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), or some other suitable protocol. Network connectivity may be provided to/from the infrastructure equipment  800  via network interface connector  840  using a physical connection, which may be electrical (commonly referred to as a “copper interconnect”), optical, or wireless. The network controller circuitry  835  may include one or more dedicated processors and/or FPGAs to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned protocols. In some implementations, the network controller circuitry  835  may include multiple controllers to provide connectivity to other networks using the same or different protocols. 
     The positioning circuitry  845  may include circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted by one or more navigation satellite constellations of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) may include United States&#39; Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia&#39;s Global Navigation System (GLONASS), the European Union&#39;s Galileo system, China&#39;s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., Navigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC), Japan&#39;s Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), France&#39;s Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry  845  may comprise various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. 
     Nodes or satellites of the navigation satellite constellation(s) (“GNSS nodes”) may provide positioning services by continuously transmitting or broadcasting GNSS signals along a line of sight, which may be used by GNSS receivers (e.g., positioning circuitry  845  and/or positioning circuitry implemented by UEs  601 ,  602 , or the like) to determine their GNSS position. The GNSS signals may include a pseudorandom code (e.g., a sequence of ones and zeros) that is known to the GNSS receiver and a message that includes a time of transmission (ToT) of a code epoch (e.g., a defined point in the pseudorandom code sequence) and the GNSS node position at the ToT. The GNSS receivers may monitor/measure the GNSS signals transmitted/broadcasted by a plurality of GNSS nodes (e.g., four or more satellites) and solve various equations to determine a corresponding GNSS position (e.g., a spatial coordinate). The GNSS receivers also implement clocks that are typically less stable and less precise than the atomic clocks of the GNSS nodes, and the GNSS receivers may use the measured GNSS signals to determine the GNSS receivers&#39; deviation from true time (e.g., an offset of the GNSS receiver clock relative to the GNSS node time). In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry  845  may include a Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (Micro-PNT) integrated circuit (IC) that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. 
     The GNSS receivers may measure the time of arrivals (ToAs) of the GNSS signals from the plurality of GNSS nodes according to its own clock. The GNSS receivers may determine time of flight (ToF) values for each received GNSS signal from the ToAs and the ToTs, and then may determine, from the ToFs, a three-dimensional (3D) position and clock deviation. The 4D position may then be converted into a latitude, longitude and altitude. The positioning circuitry  845  may provide data to application circuitry  805  that may include one or more of position data or time data. Application circuitry  805  may use the time data to synchronize operations with other radio base stations (e.g., RAN nodes  611  or the like). 
     The components shown by  FIG. 8A  may communicate with one another using interface circuitry. As used herein, the term “interface circuitry” may refer to, is part of, or includes circuitry providing for the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, input/output (I/O) interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like. Any suitable bus technology may be used in various implementations, which may include any number of technologies, including industry standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), peripheral component interconnect extended (PCIx), PCI express (PCIe), or any number of other technologies. The bus may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus systems may be included, such as an I2C interface, an SPI interface, point to point interfaces, and a power bus, among others. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates an alternative example of a platform  800 ′ (or “device  800 ′”) in accordance with various embodiments. In embodiments, the computer platform  800 ′ may be suitable for use as UEs  601 ,  602 ,  701 , application servers  630 , and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The platform  800 ′ may include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform  800 ′ may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof adapted in the computer platform  800 , or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of  FIG. 8B  is intended to show a high level view of components of the computer platform  800 ′. However, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations. 
     The application circuitry  805  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, single-core or multi-core processors and one or more of cache memory, low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as serial peripheral interface (SPI), inter-integrated circuit (I2C) or universal programmable serial interface circuit, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input/output (IO), memory card controllers such as secure digital/multi-media card (SD/MMC) or similar, universal serial bus (USB) interfaces, mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and/or dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors (or cores) may be coupled with or may include memory/storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the platform  800 . In some embodiments, processors of application circuitry  805  may process IP data packets received from an EPC or 5GC. 
     Application circuitry  805  may be or include a microprocessor, a multi-core processor, a multithreaded processor, an ultra-low voltage processor, an embedded processor, or other known processing element. In one example, the application circuitry  805  may include an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, such as a Quark™, an Atom™, an i3, an i5, an i7, or an MCU-class processor, or another such processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. The processors of the application circuitry  805  may also be one or more of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s) or Accelerated Processing Units (APUs); A5-A9 processor(s) from Apple® Inc., Snapdragon™ processor(s) from Qualcomm® Technologies, Inc., Texas Instruments, Inc.® Open Multimedia Applications Platform (OMAP)™ processor(s); a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc.; an ARM-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd.; or the like. In some implementations, the application circuitry  805  may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry  805  and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit, or a single package, such as the Edison™ or Galileo™ SoC boards from Intel® Corporation. 
     Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry  805  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as FPGAs and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  805  may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  805  may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up tables (LUTs) and the like. 
     The baseband circuitry  810  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. Although not shown, baseband circuitry  810  may comprise one or more digital baseband systems, which may be coupled via an interconnect subsystem to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem may include digital signal processing circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry  810  may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules  815 ). 
     The radio front end modules (RFEMs)  815  may comprise a millimeter wave RFEM and one or more sub-millimeter wave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-millimeter wave RFICs may be physically separated from the millimeter wave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays, and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical radio front end module  815 . The RFEMs  815  may incorporate both millimeter wave antennas and sub-millimeter wave antennas. 
     The memory circuitry  820  may include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry  820  may include one or more of volatile memory including random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc. The memory circuitry  820  may be developed in accordance with a Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC) low power double data rate (LPDDR)-based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like. Memory circuitry  820  may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SDP), dual die package (DDP) or quad die package (Q17P), socketed memory modules, dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) including microDIMMs or MiniDIMMs, and/or soldered onto a motherboard via a ball grid array (BGA). In low power implementations, the memory circuitry  820  may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry  805 . To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry  820  may include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, inter alia, a solid state disk drive (SSDD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. For example, the computer platform  800  may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. 
     Removable memory circuitry  823  may include devices, circuitry, enclosures/housings, ports or receptacles, etc. used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform  800 . These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards, and the like), and USB flash drives, optical discs, external HDDs, and the like. 
     The platform  800  may also include interface circuitry (not shown) that is used to connect external devices with the platform  800 . The external devices connected to the platform  800  via the interface circuitry may include sensors  821 , such as accelerometers, level sensors, flow sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, barometric pressure sensors, and the like. The interface circuitry may be used to connect the platform  800  to electro-mechanical components (EMCs)  822 , which may allow platform  800  to change its state, position, and/or orientation, or move or control a mechanism or system. The EMCs  822  may include one or more power switches, relays including electromechanical relays (EMRs) and/or solid state relays (SSRs), actuators (e.g., valve actuators, etc.), an audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors, etc.), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, and/or other like electro-mechanical components. In embodiments, platform  800  may be configured to operate one or more EMCs  822  based on one or more captured events and/or instructions or control signals received from a service provider and/or various clients. 
     In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform  800  with positioning circuitry  845 , which may be the same or similar as the positioning circuitry  8145  discussed with regard to  FIG. 8A . 
     In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform  800  with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry  840 , which may include an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device. The NFC circuitry  840  may be configured to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device. 
     The driver circuitry  846  may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform  800 , attached to the platform  800 , or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform  800 . The driver circuitry  846  may include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform  800  to interact with or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform  800 . For example, driver circuitry  846  may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform  800 , sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensors  821  and control and allow access to sensors  821 , EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMCs  822  and/or control and allow access to the EMCs  822 , a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices. 
     The power management integrated circuitry (PMIC)  825  (also referred to as “power management circuitry  825 ”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform  800 . In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry  810 , the PMIC  825  may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC  825  may often be included when the platform  800 ′ is capable of being powered by a battery  830 , for example, when the device is included in a UE  601 ,  602 ,  701 . 
     In some embodiments, the PMIC  825  may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the platform  800 . For example, if the platform  800  is in an RRC_Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform  800  may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform  800  may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The platform  800  goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The platform  800  may not receive data in this state; in order to receive data, it must transition back to RRC_Connected state. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable. 
     A battery  830  may power the platform  800 , although in some examples the platform  800  may be mounted deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery  830  may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, and the like. In some implementations, such as in V2X applications, the battery  830  may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery. 
     In some implementations, the battery  830  may be a “smart battery,” which includes or is coupled with a Battery Management System (BMS) or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform  800  to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery  830 . The BMS may be used to monitor other parameters of the battery  830  to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the battery  830 . The BMS may communicate the information of the battery  830  to the application circuitry  805  or other components of the platform  800 . The BMS may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the application circuitry  805  to directly monitor the voltage of the battery  830  or the current flow from the battery  830 . The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the platform  800  may perform, such as transmission frequency, network operation, sensing frequency, and the like. 
     A power block, or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery  830 . In some examples, the power block  830  may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the computer platform  800 . In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS. The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size of the battery  830 , and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfuel standard promulgated by the Airfuel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others. 
     User interface circuitry  850  includes various input/output (I/O) devices present within, or connected to, the platform  800 , and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform  800  and/or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform  800 . The user interface circuitry  850  includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including, inter alia, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, headset, and/or the like. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position(s), or other like information. Output device circuitry may include any number and/or combinations of audio or visual display, including, inter alia, one or more simple visual outputs/indicators (e.g., binary status indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)) and multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g., Liquid Chyrstal Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, projectors, etc.), with the output of characters, graphics, multimedia objects, and the like being generated or produced from the operation of the platform  800 . The output device circuitry may also include speakers or other audio emitting devices, printer(s), and/or the like. In some embodiments, the sensor circuitry  821  may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device, motion capture device, or the like) and one or more EMCs may be used as the output device circuitry (e.g., an actuator to provide haptic feedback or the like). In another example, NFC circuitry comprising an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device may be included to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc 
     Although not shown, the components of platform  800  may communicate with one another using a suitable bus technology, which may include any number of technologies, including industry standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), peripheral component interconnect extended (PCIx), PCI express (PCIe), a Time-Trigger Protocol (TTP) system, a FlexRay system, or any number of other technologies. The bus may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus systems may be included, such as an I2C interface, an SPI interface, point-to-point interfaces, and a power bus, among others. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates example components of baseband circuitry  810  and radio front end modules (RFEM)  815  in accordance with various embodiments. As shown, the RFEMs  815  may include Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry  906 , front-end module (FEM) circuitry  908 , one or more antennas  911  coupled together at least as shown. 
     The baseband circuitry  810  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry  810  may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry  906  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  906 . Baseband processing circuitry  810  may interface with the application circuitry  805  for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry  906 . For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  810  may include a third generation (3G) baseband processor  904 A, a 5G baseband processor  904 B, a 5G baseband processor  904 C, or other baseband processor(s)  904 D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., second generation (2G), sixth generation (6G), etc.). The baseband circuitry  810  (e.g., one or more of baseband processors  904 A-D) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry  906 . In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  904 A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory  904 G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU)  904 E. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry  810  may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry  810  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  810  may include one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP)  904 F. The audio DSP(s)  904 F may include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip or a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  810  and the application circuitry  805  may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC). 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  810  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  810  may support communication with an E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, a WPAN. Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry  810  is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry. 
     RF circuitry  906  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry  906  may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry  906  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  908  and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry  810 . RF circuitry  906  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  810  and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry  908  for transmission. 
     In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry  906  may include mixer circuitry  906   a , amplifier circuitry  906   b  and filter circuitry  906   c . In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  906  may include filter circuitry  906   c  and mixer circuitry  906   a . RF circuitry  906  may also include synthesizer circuitry  906   d  for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  908  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry  906   d . The amplifier circuitry  906   b  may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry  906   c  may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry  810  for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry  906   d  to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry  908 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry  810  and may be filtered by filter circuitry  906   c.    
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry  906  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry  810  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry  906 . 
     In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  906   d  may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry  906   d  may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. 
     The synthesizer circuitry  906   d  may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  906   a  of the RF circuitry  906  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  906   d  may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry  810  or the application circuitry  805  depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry  805 . 
     Synthesizer circuitry  906   d  of the RF circuitry  906  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle. 
     In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry  906   d  may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  906  may include an IQ/polar converter. 
     FEM circuitry  908  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas  911 , amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry  906  for further processing. FEM circuitry  908  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry  906  for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas  911 . In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry  906 , solely in the FEM circuitry  908 , or in both the RF circuitry  906  and the FEM circuitry  908 . 
     In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry  908  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry  908  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry  908  may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  906 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  908  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  906 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas  911 ). 
     Processors of the application circuitry  805  and processors of the baseband circuitry  810  may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry  810 , alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 4, Layer 2, or Layer 2 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry  805  may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 5 functionality (e.g., TCP and UDP layers). As referred to herein, Layer 4 may comprise a RRC layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a MAC layer, an RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a PHY layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry in accordance with various embodiments. As discussed above, the baseband circuitry  810  of  FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 9  may comprise processors  904 A- 904 E and a memory  904 G utilized by said processors. Each of the processors  904 A- 904 E may include a memory interface,  1004 A- 1004 E, respectively, to send/receive data to/from the memory  904 G. 
     The baseband circuitry  810  may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as a memory interface  1012  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry  810 ), an application circuitry interface  1014  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry  805  of  FIGS. 8A-9 ), an RF circuitry interface  1016  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry  906  of  FIG. 9 ), a wireless hardware connectivity interface  1018  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components), and a power management interface  1020  (e.g., an interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMIC  825 . 
       FIG. 11  is an illustration of a control plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments. In this embodiment, a control plane  1100  is shown as a communications protocol stack between the UE  601  (or alternatively, the UE  602 ), the RAN node  611  (or alternatively, the RAN node  612 ), and the MME  621 . 
     The PHY layer  1101  may transmit or receive information used by the MAC layer  1102  over one or more air interfaces. The PHY layer  1101  may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC layer  1105 . The PHY layer  1101  may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing. 
     The MAC layer  1102  may perform mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC service data units (SDUs) from one or more logical channels onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to PHY via transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from transport blocks (TB) delivered from the PHY via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), and logical channel prioritization. 
     The RLC layer  1103  may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC layer  1103  may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC layer  1103  may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment. 
     The PDCP layer  1104  may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.). 
     The main services and functions of the RRC layer  1105  may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in Master Information Blocks (MIBs) or System Information Blocks (SIBs) related to the non-access stratum (NAS)), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and E-UTRAN (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. Said MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more information elements (IEs), which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures. 
     The UE  601  and the RAN node  611  may utilize a Uu interface (e.g., an LTE-Uu interface) to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack comprising the PHY layer  1101 , the MAC layer  1102 , the RLC layer  1103 , the PDCP layer  1104 , and the RRC layer  1105 . 
     The non-access stratum (NAS) protocols  1106  form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE  601  and the MME  621 . The NAS protocols  1106  support the mobility of the UE  601  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  601  and the P-GW  623 . 
     The S1 Application Protocol (S1-AP) layer  1115  may support the functions of the S1 interface and comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An EP is a unit of interaction between the RAN node  611  and the CN  620 . The S1-AP layer services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer. 
     The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer)  1114  may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node  611  and the MME  621  based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP layer  1113 . The L2 layer  1112  and the L1 layer  1111  may refer to communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) used by the RAN node and the MME to exchange information. 
     The RAN node  611  and the MME  621  may utilize an S1-MME interface to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack comprising the L1 layer  1111 , the L2 layer  1112 , the IP layer  1113 , the SCTP layer  1114 , and the S1-AP layer  1115 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to various embodiments. In particular,  FIG. 12  includes an arrangement  1200  showing interconnections between various protocol layers/entities. The following description of  FIG. 12  is provided for various protocol layers/entities that operate in conjunction with the 5G/NR system standards and LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of  FIG. 12  may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well. 
     The protocol layers of arrangement  1200  may include one or more of PHY  1210 , MAC  1220 , RLC  1230 , PDCP  1240 , SDAP  1247 , RRC  1255 , and NAS layer  1257 , in addition to other higher layer functions not illustrated. The protocol layers may include one or more service access points (e.g., items  1259 ,  1256 ,  1250 ,  1249 ,  1245 ,  1235 ,  1225 , and  1215  in  FIG. 12 ) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers. 
     The PHY  1210  may transmit and receive physical layer signals  1205  that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals  1205  may comprise one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PHY  1210  may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC  1255 . The PHY  1210  may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. In embodiments, an instance of PHY  1210  may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC  1220  via one or more PHY-SAP  1215 . According to some embodiments, requests and indications communicated via PHY-SAP  1215  may comprise one or more transport channels. 
     Instance(s) of MAC  1220  may process requests from, and provide indications to, an instance of RLC  1230  via one or more MAC-SAPs  1225 . These requests and indications communicated via the MAC-SAP  1225  may comprise one or more logical channels. The MAC  1220  may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or more logical channels onto TBs to be delivered to PHY  1210  via the transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY  1210  via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, and logical channel prioritization. 
     Instance(s) of RLC  1230  may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP  1240  via one or more radio link control service access points (RLC-SAP)  1235 . These requests and indications communicated via RLC-SAP  1235  may comprise one or more RLC channels. The RLC  1230  may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode™, Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC  1230  may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC  1230  may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment. 
     Instance(s) of PDCP  1240  may process requests from and provide indications to instance(s) of RRC  1255  and/or instance(s) of SDAP  1247  via one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP-SAP)  1245 . These requests and indications communicated via PDCP-SAP  1245  may comprise one or more radio bearers. The PDCP  1240  may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.). 
     Instance(s) of SDAP  1247  may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities via one or more SDAP-SAP  1249 . These requests and indications communicated via SDAP-SAP  1249  may comprise one or more QoS flows. The SDAP  1247  may map QoS flows to DRBs, and vice versa, and may also mark QFIs in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity  1247  may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the NG-RAN  610  may control the mapping of QoS Flows to DRB(s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP  1247  of a UE  601  may monitor the QFIs of the DL packets for each DRB, and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP  1247  of the UE  601  may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows(s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID(s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN  710  may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC  1255  configuring the SDAP  1247  with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP  1247 . In embodiments, the SDAP  1247  may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations. 
     The RRC  1255  may configure, via one or more management service access points (M-SAP), aspects of one or more protocol layers, which may include one or more instances of PHY  1210 , MAC  1220 , RLC  1230 , PDCP  1240  and SDAP  1247 . In embodiments, an instance of RRC  1255  may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities  1257  via one or more RRC-SAPs  1256 . The main services and functions of the RRC  1255  may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in MIBs or SIBs related to the NAS), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE  601  and RAN  610  (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more IEs, which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures. 
     The NAS  1257  may form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE  601  and the AMF  721 . The NAS  1257  may support the mobility of the UEs  601  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  601  and a P-GW in LTE systems. 
     According to various embodiments, one or more protocol entities of arrangement  1200  may be implemented in UEs  601 , RAN nodes  611 , AMF  721  in NR implementations or MME  71  in LTE implementations, UPF  702  in NR implementations or S-GW  72  and P-GW  73  in LTE implementations, or the like to be used for control plane or user plane communications protocol stack between the aforementioned devices. In such embodiments, one or more protocol entities that may be implemented in one or more of UE  601 , gNB  611 , AMF  721 , etc. may communicate with a respective peer protocol entity that may be implemented in or on another device using the services of respective lower layer protocol entities to perform such communication. In some embodiments, a gNB-CU of the gNB  611  may host the RRC  1255 , SDAP  1247 , and PDCP  1240  of the gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs, and the gNB-DUs of the gNB  611  may each host the RLC  1230 , MAC  1220 , and PHY  1210  of the gNB  611 . 
     In a first example, a control plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, NAS  1257 , RRC  1255 , PDCP  1240 , RLC  1230 , MAC  1220 , and PHY  1210 . In this example, upper layers  1260  may be built on top of the NAS  1257 , which includes an IP layer  1261 , an SCTP  1262 , and an application layer signaling protocol (AP)  1263 . 
     In NR implementations, the AP  1263  may be an NG application protocol layer (NGAP or NG-AP)  1263  for the NG interface  613  defined between the NG-RAN node  611  and the AMF  721 , or the AP  1263  may be an Xn application protocol layer (XnAP or Xn-AP)  1263  for the Xn interface  612  that is defined between two or more RAN nodes  611 . 
     The NG-AP  1263  may support the functions of the NG interface  613  and may comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An NG-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the NG-RAN node  611  and the AMF  721 . The NG-AP  1263  services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services (e.g., services related to a UE  601 ,  602 ) and non-UE-associated services (e.g., services related to the whole NG interface instance between the NG-RAN node  611  and AMF  721 ). These services may include functions including, but not limited to: a paging function for the sending of paging requests to NG-RAN nodes  611  involved in a particular paging area; a UE context management function for allowing the AMF  721  to establish, modify, and/or release a UE context in the AMF  721  and the NG-RAN node  611 ; a mobility function for UEs  601  in ECM-CONNECTED mode for intra-system HOs to support mobility within NG-RAN and inter-system HOs to support mobility from/to EPS systems; a NAS Signaling Transport function for transporting or rerouting NAS messages between UE  601  and AMF  721 ; a NAS node selection function for determining an association between the AMF  721  and the UE  601 ; NG interface management function(s) for setting up the NG interface and monitoring for errors over the NG interface; a warning message transmission function for providing means to transfer warning messages via NG interface or cancel ongoing broadcast of warning messages; a Configuration Transfer function for requesting and transferring of RAN configuration information (e.g., SON information, performance measurement (PM) data, etc.) between two RAN nodes  611  via CN  620 ; and/or other like functions. 
     The XnAP  1263  may support the functions of the Xn interface  612  and may comprise XnAP basic mobility procedures and XnAP global procedures. The XnAP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the NG RAN  611  (or E-UTRAN  710 ), such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The XnAP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE  601 , such as Xn interface setup and reset procedures, NG-RAN update procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like. 
     In LTE implementations, the AP  1263  may be an S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP)  1263  for the S1 interface  613  defined between an E-UTRAN node  611  and an MME, or the AP  1263  may be an X2 application protocol layer (X2AP or X2-AP)  1263  for the X2 interface  612  that is defined between two or more E-UTRAN nodes  611 . 
     The S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP)  1263  may support the functions of the S1 interface, and similar to the NG-AP discussed previously, the S1-AP may comprise S1-AP EPs. An S1-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the E-UTRAN node  611  and an MME  71  within an LTE CN  620 . The S1-AP  1263  services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer. 
     The X2AP  1263  may support the functions of the X2 interface  612  and may comprise X2AP basic mobility procedures and X2AP global procedures. The X2AP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the E-UTRAN  620 , such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The X2AP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE  601 , such as X2 interface setup and reset procedures, load indication procedures, error indication procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like. 
     The SCTP layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer)  1262  may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages (e.g., NGAP or XnAP messages in NR implementations, or S1-AP or X2AP messages in LTE implementations). The SCTP  1262  may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node  611  and the MME/AMF  721  based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP  1261 . The Internet Protocol layer (IP)  1261  may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. In some implementations the IP layer  1261  may use point-to-point transmission to deliver and convey PDUs. In this regard, the RAN node  611  may comprise L2 and L1 layer communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) with the MME/AMF to exchange information. 
     In a second example, a user plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP  1247 , PDCP  1240 , RLC  1230 , MAC  1220 , and PHY  1210 . The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE  601 , the RAN node  611 , and UPF  702  in NR implementations or an S-GW  722  and P-GW  723  in LTE implementations. In this example, upper layers  1251  may be built on top of the SDAP  1247 , and may include a user datagram protocol (UDP) and IP security layer (UDP/IP)  1252 , a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U)  1253 , and a User Plane PDU layer (UP PDU)  1263 . 
     The transport network layer  1254  (also referred to as a “transport layer”) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U  1253  may be used on top of the UDP/IP layer  1252  (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to carry user plane PDUs (UP-PDUs). The IP layer (also referred to as the “Internet layer”) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. 
     The GTP-U  1253  may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP/IP  1252  may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node  611  and the S-GW  722  may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer (e.g., PHY  1210 ), an L2 layer (e.g., MAC  1220 , RLC  1230 , PDCP  1240 , and/or SDAP  1247 ), the UDP/IP layer  1252 , and the GTP-U  1253 . The S-GW  722  and the P-GW  723  may utilize an 55/58a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/IP layer  1252 , and the GTP-U  1253 . As discussed previously, NAS protocols may support the mobility of the UE  601  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  601  and the P-GW  723 . 
     Moreover, although not shown by  FIG. 12 , an application layer may be present above the AP  1263  and/or the transport network layer  1254 . The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE  601 , RAN node  611 , or other network element interacts with software applications being executed, for example, by application circuitry  805  or application circuitry  805 , respectively. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE  601  or RAN node  611 , such as the baseband circuitry  810 . In some implementations the IP layer and/or the application layer may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7—the application layer, OSI Layer 6—the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5—the session layer). 
       FIG. 13  illustrates components of a core network in accordance with various embodiments. The components of the CN  720  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In embodiments, the components of CN  720  may be implemented in a same or similar manner as discussed herein with regard to the components of CN  720 . In some embodiments, NFV is utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN  720  may be referred to as a network slice  1301 , and individual logical instantiations of the CN  720  may provide specific network capabilities and network characteristics. A logical instantiation of a portion of the CN  720  may be referred to as a network sub-slice  1302  (e.g., the network sub-slice  1302  is shown to include the P-GW  723  and the PCRF  726 ). 
     As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. A network instance may refer to information identifying a domain, which may be used for traffic detection and routing in case of different IP domains or overlapping IP addresses. A network slice instance may refer to a set of network functions (NFs) instances and the resources (e.g., compute, storage, and networking resources) required to deploy the network slice. 
     With respect to 5G systems (see, e.g.,  FIG. 7B ), a network slice always comprises a RAN part and a CN part. The support of network slicing relies on the principle that traffic for different slices is handled by different PDU sessions. The network can realize the different network slices by scheduling and also by providing different L1/L2 configurations. The UE  701  provides assistance information for network slice selection in an appropriate RRC message, if it has been provided by NAS. While the network can support large number of slices, the UE need not support more than 8 slices simultaneously. 
     A network slice may include the CN  720  control plane and user plane NFs, NG-RANs  710  in a serving PLMN, and a N3IWF functions in the serving PLMN. Individual network slices may have different S-NSSAI and/or may have different SSTs. NSSAI includes one or more S-NSSAIs, and each network slice is uniquely identified by an S-NSSAI. Network slices may differ for supported features and network functions optimizations, and/or multiple network slice instances may deliver the same service/features but for different groups of UEs  701  (e.g., enterprise users). For example, individual network slices may deliver different committed service(s) and/or may be dedicated to a particular customer or enterprise. In this example, each network slice may have different S-NSSAIs with the same SST but with different slice differentiators. Additionally, a single UE may be served with one or more network slice instances simultaneously via a 5G AN and associated with eight different S-NSSAIs. Moreover, an AMF  721  instance serving an individual UE  701  may belong to each of the network slice instances serving that UE. 
     Network Slicing in the NG-RAN  710  involves RAN slice awareness. RAN slice awareness includes differentiated handling of traffic for different network slices, which have been pre-configured. Slice awareness in the NG-RAN  710  is introduced at the PDU session level by indicating the S-NSSAI corresponding to a PDU session in all signalling that includes PDU session resource information. How the NG-RAN  710  supports the slice enabling in terms of NG-RAN functions (e.g., the set of network functions that comprise each slice) is implementation dependent. The NG-RAN  710  selects the RAN part of the network slice using assistance information provided by the UE  701  or the 5GC  720 , which unambiguously identifies one or more of the pre-configured network slices in the PLMN. The NG-RAN  710  also supports resource management and policy enforcement between slices as per SLAs. A single NG-RAN node may support multiple slices, and the NG-RAN  710  may also apply an appropriate RRM policy for the SLA in place to each supported slice. The NG-RAN  710  may also support QoS differentiation within a slice. 
     The NG-RAN  710  may also use the UE assistance information for the selection of an AMF  721  during an initial attach, if available. The NG-RAN  710  uses the assistance information for routing the initial NAS to an AMF  721 . If the NG-RAN  710  is unable to select an AMF  721  using the assistance information, or the UE  701  does not provide any such information, the NG-RAN  710  sends the NAS signaling to a default AMF  721 , which may be among a pool of AMFs  721 . For subsequent accesses, the UE  701  provides a temp ID, which is assigned to the UE  701  by the 5GC  720 , to enable the NG-RAN  710  to route the NAS message to the appropriate AMF  721  as long as the temp ID is valid. The NG-RAN  710  is aware of, and can reach, the AMF  721  that is associated with the temp ID. Otherwise, the method for initial attach applies. 
     The NG-RAN  710  supports resource isolation between slices. NG-RAN  710  resource isolation may be achieved by means of RRM policies and protection mechanisms that should avoid that shortage of shared resources if one slice breaks the service level agreement for another slice. In some implementations, it is possible to fully dedicate NG-RAN  710  resources to a certain slice. How NG-RAN  710  supports resource isolation is implementation dependent. 
     Some slices may be available only in part of the network. Awareness in the NG-RAN  710  of the slices supported in the cells of its neighbors may be beneficial for inter-frequency mobility in connected mode. The slice availability may not change within the UE&#39;s registration area. The NG-RAN  710  and the 5GC  720  are responsible to handle a service request for a slice that may or may not be available in a given area. Admission or rejection of access to a slice may depend on factors such as support for the slice, availability of resources, support of the requested service by NG-RAN  710 . 
     The UE  701  may be associated with multiple network slices simultaneously. In case the UE  701  is associated with multiple slices simultaneously, only one signalling connection is maintained, and for intra-frequency cell reselection, the UE  701  tries to camp on the best cell. For inter-frequency cell reselection, dedicated priorities can be used to control the frequency on which the UE  701  camps. The 5GC  720  is to validate that the UE  701  has the rights to access a network slice. Prior to receiving an Initial Context Setup Request message, the NG-RAN  710  may be allowed to apply some provisional/local policies, based on awareness of a particular slice that the UE  701  is requesting to access. During the initial context setup, the NG-RAN  710  is informed of the slice for which resources are being requested. 
     NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more NFs, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions. 
       FIG. 14  is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, of a system  1400  to support NFV. The system  1400  is illustrated as including a VIM  1402 , an NFVI  1404 , an VNFM  1406 , VNFs  1408 , an EM  1410 , an NFVO  1412 , and a NM  1414 . 
     The VIM  1402  manages the resources of the NFVI  1404 . The NFVI  1404  can include physical or virtual resources and applications (including hypervisors) used to execute the system  1400 . The VIM  1402  may manage the life cycle of virtual resources with the NFVI  1404  (e.g., creation, maintenance, and tear down of VMs associated with one or more physical resources), track VM instances, track performance, fault and security of VM instances and associated physical resources, and expose VM instances and associated physical resources to other management systems. 
     The VNFM  1406  may manage the VNFs  1408 . The VNFs  1408  may be used to execute EPC components/functions. The VNFM  1406  may manage the life cycle of the VNFs  1408  and track performance, fault and security of the virtual aspects of VNFs  1408 . The EM  1410  may track the performance, fault and security of the functional aspects of VNFs  1408 . The tracking data from the VNFM  1406  and the EM  1410  may comprise, for example, PM data used by the VIM  1402  or the NFVI  1404 . Both the VNFM  1406  and the EM  1410  can scale up/down the quantity of VNFs of the system  1400 . 
     The NFVO  1412  may coordinate, authorize, release and engage resources of the NFVI  1404  in order to provide the requested service (e.g., to execute an EPC function, component, or slice). The NM  1414  may provide a package of end-user functions with the responsibility for the management of a network, which may include network elements with VNFs, non-virtualized network functions, or both (management of the VNFs may occur via the EM  1410 ). 
       FIG. 15  is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG. 15  shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources  1500  including one or more processors (or processor cores)  1510 , one or more memory/storage devices  1520 , and one or more communication resources  1530 , each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus  1540 . As used herein, the term “computing resource,” “hardware resource,” etc., may refer to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time and/or processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, and/or the like. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor  1502  may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources  1500 . A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. 
     The processors  1510  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP) such as a baseband processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, a processor  1512  and a processor  1514 . 
     The memory/storage devices  1520  may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  1520  may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile or nonvolatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc. 
     The communication resources  1530  may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices  1504  or one or more databases  1506  via a network  1508 . For example, the communication resources  1530  may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via a universal serial bus (USB)), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components. As used herein, the term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to computing resources that are accessible by computer devices via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable. 
     Instructions  1550  may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors  1510  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions  1550  may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors  1510  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), the memory/storage devices  1520 , or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions  1550  may be transferred to the hardware resources  1500  from any combination of the peripheral devices  1504  or the databases  1506 . Accordingly, the memory of processors  1510 , the memory/storage devices  1520 , the peripheral devices  1504 , and the databases  1506  are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. 
     For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section 
     Examples 
     Example 1 is an apparatus for a user equipment (UE) device, including baseband circuitry having a radio frequency (RF) interface and one or more processors. The RF interface is configured to receive downlink signals during a plurality of downlink slots, wherein signals in each downlink slot are received according to a transmission configuration indication (TCI) that is mapped to a unique TCI-State in a set of preconfigured TCI-States assigned to the downlink slot. The one or more processors are configured to determine one or more candidate TCIs for a downlink slot; determine a scheduling offset between a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); prioritize the candidate TCIs based on the scheduling offset; identify a highest priority candidate TCI; and select the highest priority candidate TCI for receiving the PDSCH. 
     Example 2 includes the subject matter of example 1, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to: identify a first TCI associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; identify a second TCI associated with a downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI; and when the scheduling offset is below a threshold, assign a lowest priority to the first candidate TCI. 
     Example 3 includes the subject matter of example 1, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to: identify a first TCI associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; identify a second TCI associated with a first downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI; and when the scheduling offset is above a threshold, assign a higher priority to the first candidate TCI than the second candidate TCI. 
     Example 4 includes the subject matter of example 3, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the first downlink reference signal includes a periodic channel state information (CSI)-reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) or a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). 
     Example 5 includes the subject matter of example 3, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to: identify a third TCI associated with a second downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a third candidate TCI; and when the scheduling offset is above a threshold, assign a higher priority to the first candidate TCI than the second candidate TCI and assign a lower priority to the first candidate TCI than the third candidate TCI. 
     Example 6 includes the subject matter of example 5, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the second downlink reference signal includes an aperiodic CSI-RS. 
     Example 7 includes the subject matter of example 5, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the second downlink reference signal includes a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH scrambled by system information (SI)-radio network transmission indicator (RNTI) or a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH scrambled by paging (P)-RNTI. 
     Example 8 includes the subject matter of example 1, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to: identify a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; and identify a second TCI associated with a first downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI, wherein the first downlink reference signal includes a signal multiplexed with the PDSCH in a frequency division multiplexing or time division multiplexing manner. 
     Example 9 includes the subject matter of example 1, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of the set of preconfigured TCIs is acknowledged prior to when the PDCCH is transmitted and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted, select the TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDCCH is transmitted. 
     Example 10 includes the subject matter of example 1, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of the set of preconfigured TCIs was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted, select the TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDSCH is transmitted. 
     Example 11 includes the subject matter of example 1, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of control resource set (CORESET) of TCIs associated with the PDCCH was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted: determine that no TCI is present in the PDCCH; and identify a CORESET TCI associated with the PDCCH as the highest priority candidate, wherein the identified CORESET TCI is selected from the CORESET as defined prior to the MAC CE reconfiguration. 
     Example 12 includes the subject matter of example 1, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of control resource set (CORESET) of TCIs associated with the PDCCH was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted: determine that no TCI is present in the PDCCH; and identify a CORESET TCI associated with the PDCCH as the highest priority candidate, wherein the identified CORESET TCI is selected from the CORESET as defined after to the MAC CE reconfiguration. 
     Example 13 includes the subject matter of example 1, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received, select a TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDCCH is transmitted. 
     Example 14 includes the subject matter of example 1, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received select a TCI from a set of predetermined TCI-States associated with a starting slot of the PDSCH. 
     Example 15 includes the subject matter of example 1, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the one or more processors are configured to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received, select a TCI from respective sets of predetermined TCI-States associated with each respective slot of the multi-slot PDSCH. 
     Example 16 is an apparatus for a gNB device, including baseband circuitry having a radio frequency (RF) interface configured to transmit PDSCH during a plurality of N downlink slots, wherein N is greater than 1, further wherein signals in each downlink slot are transmitted according to a transmission configuration indication (TCI) that identifies a unique TCI-State in a set of predetermined TCI-States assigned to the downlink slots; and one or more processors configured to configure a set of predetermined TCIs associated with a set of N downlink slots. 
     Example 17 is one or more computer-readable media having instructions that, when executed, cause a user equipment (UE) device to: determine one or more candidate TCIs for a downlink slot; determine a scheduling offset between a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); prioritize the candidate TCIs based on the scheduling offset; identify a highest priority candidate TCI; and select the highest priority candidate TCI for receiving the PDSCH. 
     Example 18 includes the subject matter of example 17, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to: identify a first TCI associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; identify a second TCI associated with a downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI; and when the scheduling offset is below a threshold, assign a lowest priority to the first candidate TCI. 
     Example 19 includes the subject matter of example 17, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to: identify a first TCI associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; identify a second TCI associated with a first downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI; and when the scheduling offset is above a threshold, assign a higher priority to the first candidate TCI than the second candidate TCI. 
     Example 20 includes the subject matter of example 19, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the first downlink reference signal includes a periodic channel state information (CSI)-reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) or a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). 
     Example 21 includes the subject matter of example 19, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to: identify a third TCI associated with a second downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a third candidate TCI; and when the scheduling offset is above a threshold, assign a higher priority to the first candidate TCI than the second candidate TCI and assign a lower priority to the first candidate TCI than the third candidate TCI. 
     Example 22 includes the subject matter of example 21, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the second downlink reference signal includes an aperiodic CSI-RS. 
     Example 23 includes the subject matter of example 21, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the second downlink reference signal includes a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH scrambled by system information (SI)-radio network transmission indicator (RNTI) or a PDSCH scheduled by a PDCCH scrambled by paging (P)-RNTI. 
     Example 24 includes the subject matter of example 17, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to: identify a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) associated with the PDSCH as a first candidate TCI; and identify a second TCI associated with a first downlink reference signal multiplexed with the PDSCH as a second candidate TCI, wherein the first downlink reference signal includes a signal multiplexed with the PDSCH in a frequency division multiplexing or time division multiplexing manner. 
     Example 25 includes the subject matter of example 17, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of the set of preconfigured TCIs is acknowledged prior to when the PDCCH is transmitted and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted, select the TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDCCH is transmitted. 
     Example 26 includes the subject matter of example 17, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of the set of preconfigured TCIs was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted, select the TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDSCH is transmitted. 
     Example 27 includes the subject matter of example 17, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of control resource set (CORESET) of TCIs associated with the PDCCH was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted: determine that no TCI is present in the PDCCH; and identify a CORESET TCI associated with the PDCCH as the highest priority candidate, wherein the identified CORESET TCI is selected from the CORESET as defined prior to the MAC CE configuration. 
     Example 28 includes the subject matter of example 17, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) reconfiguration of control resource set (CORESET) of TCIs associated with the PDCCH was acknowledged prior to the PDCCH and a period to apply new TCI-States expires after the PDCCH is transmitted but prior to when the PDSCH is transmitted determine that no TCI is present in the PDCCH; and identify a CORESET TCI associated with the PDCCH as the highest priority candidate, wherein the identified CORESET TCI is selected from the CORESET as defined after to the MAC CE reconfiguration. 
     Example 29 includes the subject matter of example 17, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received, select a TCI from the set of preconfigured TCI-States as defined when the PDCCH is transmitted. 
     Example 30 includes the subject matter of example 17, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received, select a TCI from a set of predetermined TCI-States associated with a starting slot of the PDSCH. 
     Example 31 includes the subject matter of example 17, including or omitting optional elements, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the UE device to, when the scheduling offset is above a threshold and when a multi-slot PDSCH is being received, select a TCI from respective sets of predetermined TCI-States associated with each respective slot of the multi-slot PDSCH. 
     Any of the above described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. 
     Abbreviations 
     For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein.
     3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project   4G Fourth Generation   5G Fifth Generation   5GC 5G Core network   ACK Acknowledgement   AF Application Function   AM Acknowledged Mode   AMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate   AMF Access and Mobility Management Function   AN Access Network   ANR Automatic Neighbour Relation   AP Application Protocol, Antenna Port, Access Point   API Application Programming Interface   APN Access Point Name   ARP Allocation and Retention Priority   ARQ Automatic Repeat Request   AS Access Stratum   ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One   AUSF Authentication Server Function   AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise   BCH Broadcast Channel   BER Bit Error Ratio   BLER Block Error Rate   BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying   BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server   BSS Business Support System   BS Base Station   BSR Buffer Status Report   BW Bandwidth   BWP Bandwidth Part   C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity   CA Carrier Aggregation, Certification Authority   CAPEX CAPital EXpenditure   CBRA Contention Based Random Access   CC Component Carrier, Country Code, Cryptographic Checksum   CCA Clear Channel Assessment   CCE Control Channel Element   CCCH Common Control Channel   CE Coverage Enhancement, Control Element   CDM Content Delivery Network   CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access   CFRA Contention Free Random Access   CG Cell Group   CI Cell Identity   CID Cell-ID (e.g., positioning method)   CIM Common Information Model   CIR Carrier to Interference Ratio   CK Cipher Key   CM Connection Management, Conditional Mandatory   CMAS Commercial Mobile Alert Service   CMD Command   CMS Cloud Management System   CO Conditional Optional   CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point   CORESET Control Resource Set   COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf   CP Control Plane, Cyclic Prefix, Connection Point   CPD Connection Point Descriptor   CPE Customer Premise Equipment   CPICH Common Pilot Channel   CQI Channel Quality Indicator   CPU CSI processing unit, Central Processing Unit   C/R Command/Response field bit   CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network, Cloud RAN   CRB Common Resource Block   CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check   CRI Channel-State Information Resource Indicator, CSI-RS Resource Indicator   C-RNTI Cell RNTI   CS Circuit Switched   CSAR Cloud Service Archive   CSI Channel-State Information   CSI-IM CSI Interference Measurement   CSI-RS CSI Reference Signal   CSI-RSRP CSI reference signal received power   CSI-RSRQ CSI reference signal received quality   CSI-SINR CSI signal-to-noise and interference ratio   CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access   CSMA/CA CSMA with collision avoidance   CSS Common Search Space, Cell-specific Search Space   CTS Clear-to-Send   CW Codeword   CWS Contention Window Size   D2D Device-to-Device   DC Dual Connectivity, Direct Current   DCI Downlink Control Information   DF Deployment Flavour   DL Downlink   DMTF Distributed Management Task Force   DPDK Data Plane Development Kit   DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal   DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal   DN Data network   DRB Data Radio Bearer   DRS Discovery Reference Signal   DRX Discontinuous Reception   DSL Domain Specific Language. Digital Subscriber Line   DSLAM DSL Access Multiplexer   DwPTS Downlink Pilot Time Slot   E-LAN Ethernet Local Area Network   E2E End-to-End   ECCA extended clear channel assessment, extended CCA   ECCE Enhanced Control Channel Element, Enhanced CCE   ED Energy Detection   EDGE Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (GSM Evolution)   EGMF Exposure Governance Management Function   EGPRS Enhanced GPRS   EIR Equipment Identity Register   eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, enhanced LAA   EM Element Manager   eMBB enhanced Mobile Broadband   EMS Element Management System   eNB evolved NodeB, E-UTRAN Node B   EN-DC E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity   EPC Evolved Packet Core   EPDCCH enhanced PDCCH, enhanced Physical Downlink Control Cannel   EPRE Energy per resource element   EPS Evolved Packet System   EREG enhanced REG, enhanced resource element groups   ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute   ETWS Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System   eUICC embedded UICC, embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card   E-UTRA Evolved UTRA   E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN   F1AP F1 Application Protocol   F1-C F1 Control plane interface   F1-U F1 User plane interface   FACCH Fast Associated Control CHannel   FACCH/F Fast Associated Control Channel/Full rate   FACCH/H Fast Associated Control Channel/Half rate   FACH Forward Access Channel   FAUSCH Fast Uplink Signalling Channel   FB Functional Block   FBI Feedback Information   FCC Federal Communications Commission   FCCH Frequency Correction CHannel   FDD Frequency Division Duplex   FDM Frequency Division Multiplex   FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access   FE Front End   FEC Forward Error Correction   FFS For Further Study   FFT Fast Fourier Transformation   feLAA further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, further enhanced LAA   FN Frame Number   FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array   FR Frequency Range   G-RNTI GERAN Radio Network Temporary Identity   GERAN GSM EDGE RAN, GSM EDGE Radio Access Network   GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node   GLONASS GLObal&#39;naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (Engl.: Global Navigation Satellite System)   gNB Next Generation NodeB   gNB-CU gNB-centralized unit, Next Generation NodeB centralized unit   gNB-DU gNB-distributed unit, Next Generation NodeB distributed unit   GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System   GPRS General Packet Radio Service   GSM Global System for Mobile Communications, Groupe Spécial Mobile   GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol   GTP-U GPRS Tunneling Protocol for User Plane   GUMMEI Globally Unique MME Identifier   GUTI Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity   HARQ Hybrid ARQ, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request   HANDO, HO Handover   HFN HyperFrame Number   HHO Hard Handover   HLR Home Location Register   HN Home Network   HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile Network   HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access   HSN Hopping Sequence Number   HSPA High Speed Packet Access   HSS Home Subscriber Server   HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access   HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol   HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (https is http /1.1 over SSL, i.e. port 543)   I-Block Information Block   ICCID Integrated Circuit Card Identification   ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Coordination   ID Identity, identifier   IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform   IE Information element   IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers   IEI Information Element Identifier   IEIDL Information Element Identifier Data Length   IETF Internet Engineering Task Force   IF Infrastructure   IM Interference Measurement, Intermodulation, IP Multimedia   IMC IMS Credentials   IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity   IMGI International mobile group identity   IMPI IP Multimedia Private Identity   IMPU IP Multimedia PUblic identity   IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem   IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity   IoT Internet of Things   IP Internet Protocol   Ipsec IP Security, Internet Protocol Security   IP-CAN IP-Connectivity Access Network   IP-M IP Multicast   IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 5   IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6   IR Infrared   IRP Integration Reference Point   ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network   ISIM IM Services Identity Module   ISO International Organisation for Standardisation   ISP Internet Service Provider   IWF Interworking-Function   I-WLAN Interworking WLAN   K Constraint length of the convolutional code, USIM Individual key   kB Kilobyte (1000 bytes)   kbps kilo-bits per second   Kc Ciphering key   Ki Individual subscriber authentication key   KPI Key Performance Indicator   KQI Key Quality Indicator   KSI Key Set Identifier   ksps kilo-symbols per second   KVM Kernel Virtual Machine   L1 Layer 2 (physical layer)   L1-RSRP Layer 2 reference signal received power   L2 Layer 3 (data link layer)   L3 Layer 4 (network layer)   LAA Licensed Assisted Access   LAN Local Area Network   LBT Listen Before Talk   LCM LifeCycle Management   LCR Low Chip Rate   LCS Location Services   LI Layer Indicator   LLC Logical Link Control, Low Layer Compatibility   LPLMN Local PLMN   LPP LTE Positioning Protocol   LSB Least Significant Bit   LTE Long Term Evolution   LWA LTE-WLAN aggregation   LWIP LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel   LTE Long Term Evolution   M2M Machine-to-Machine   MAC Medium Access Control (protocol layering context)   MAC Message authentication code (security/encryption context)   MAC-A MAC used for authentication and key agreement (TSG T WG3 context)   MAC-I MAC used for data integrity of signalling messages (TSG T WG3 context)   MANO Management and Orchestration   MBMS Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service   MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency Network   MCC Mobile Country Code   MCG Master Cell Group   MCOT Maximum Channel Occupancy Time   MCS Modulation and coding scheme   MDAF Management Data Analytics Function   MDAS Management Data Analytics Service   MDT Minimization of Drive Tests   ME Mobile Equipment   MeNB master eNB   MER Message Error Ratio   MGL Measurement Gap Length   MGRP Measurement Gap Repetition Period   MIB Master Information Block, Management Information Base   MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output   MLC Mobile Location Centre   MM Mobility Management   MME Mobility Management Entity   MN Master Node   MO Measurement Object, Mobile Originated   MPBCH MTC Physical Broadcast CHannel   MPDCCH MTC Physical Downlink Control CHannel   MPDSCH MTC Physical Downlink Shared CHannel   MPRACH MTC Physical Random Access CHannel   MPUSCH MTC Physical Uplink Shared Channel   MPLS Multi Protocol Label Switching   MS Mobile Station   MSB Most Significant Bit   MSC Mobile Switching Centre   MSI Minimum System Information, MCH Scheduling Information   MSID Mobile Station Identifier   MSIN Mobile Station Identification Number   MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number   MT Mobile Terminated, Mobile Termination   MTC Machine-Type Communications   mMTC massize MTC, massive Machine-Type Communications   MU-MIMO Multi User MIMO   MWUS MTC wake-up signal, MTC WUS   NACK Negative Acknowledgement   NAI Network Access Identifier   NAS Non-Access Stratum, Non-Access Stratum layer   NCT Network Connectivity Topology   NEC Network Capability Exposure   NE-DC NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity   NEF Network Exposure Function   NF Network Function   NFP Network Forwarding Path   NFPD Network Forwarding Path Descriptor   NFV Network Functions Virtualization   NFVI NFV Infrastructure   NFVO NFV Orchestrator   NG Next Generation, Next Gen   NGEN-DC NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity   NM Network Manager   NMS Network Management System   N-PoP Network Point of Presence   NMIB, N-MIB Narrowband MIB   NPBCH Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannel   NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannel   NPDSCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannel   NPRACH Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel   NPUSCH Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel   NPSS Narrowband Primary Synchronization Signal   NSSS Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal   NR New Radio, Neighbour Relation   NRF NF Repository Function   NRS Narrowband Reference Signal   NS Network Service   NSA Non-Standalone operation mode   NSD Network Service Descriptor   NSR Network Service Record   NSSAI Network Slice Selection Assistance Information   S-NNSAI Single-NSSAI   NSSF Network Slice Selection Function   NW Network   NWUS Narrowband wake-up signal, Narrowband WUS   NZP Non-Zero Power   O&amp;M Operation and Maintenance   ODU2 Optical channel Data Unit—type 2   OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing   OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access   OOB Out-of-band   OPEX OPerating EXpense   OSI Other System Information   OSS Operations Support System   OTA over-the-air   PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio   PAR Peak to Average Ratio   PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel   PC Power Control, Personal Computer   PCC Primary Component Carrier, Primary CC   PCell Primary Cell   PCI Physical Cell ID, Physical Cell Identity   PCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Function   PCF Policy Control Function   PCRF Policy Control and Charging Rules Function   PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol, Packet Data Convergence Protocol layer   PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel   PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol   PDN Packet Data Network, Public Data Network   PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel   PDU Protocol Data Unit   PEI Permanent Equipment Identifiers   PFD Packet Flow Description   P-GW PDN Gateway   PHICH Physical hybrid-ARQ indicator channel   PHY Physical layer   PLMN Public Land Mobile Network   PIN Personal Identification Number   PM Performance Measurement   PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator   PNF Physical Network Function   PNFD Physical Network Function Descriptor   PNFR Physical Network Function Record   POC PTT over Cellular   PP, PTP Point-to-Point   PPP Point-to-Point Protocol   PRACH Physical RACH   PRB Physical resource block   PRG Physical resource block group   ProSe Proximity Services, Proximity-Based Service   PRS Positioning Reference Signal   PS Packet Services   PSBCH Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel   PSDCH Physical Sidelink Downlink Channel   PSCCH Physical Sidelink Control Channel   PSSCH Physical Sidelink Shared Channel   PSCell Primary SCell   PSS Primary Synchronization Signal   PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network   PT-RS Phase-tracking reference signal   PTT Push-to-Talk   PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel   PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel   QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation   QCI QoS class of identifier   QCL Quasi co-location   QFI QoS Flow ID, QoS Flow Identifier   QoS Quality of Service   QPSK Quadrature (Quaternary) Phase Shift Keying   QZSS Quasi-Zenith Satellite System   RA-RNTI Random Access RNTI   RAB Radio Access Bearer, Random Access Burst   RACH Random Access Channel   RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service   RAN Radio Access Network   RAND RANDom number (used for authentication)   RAR Random Access Response   RAT Radio Access Technology   RAU Routing Area Update   RB Resource block, Radio Bearer   RBG Resource block group   REG Resource Element Group   Rel Release   REQ REQuest   RF Radio Frequency   RI Rank Indicator   RIV Resource indicator value   RL Radio Link   RLC Radio Link Control, Radio Link Control layer   RLF Radio Link Failure   RLM Radio Link Monitoring   RLM-RS Reference Signal for RLM   RM Registration Management   RMC Reference Measurement Channel   RMSI Remaining MSI, Remaining Minimum System Information   RN Relay Node   RNC Radio Network Controller   RNL Radio Network Layer   RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier   ROHC RObust Header Compression   RRC Radio Resource Control, Radio Resource Control layer   RRM Radio Resource Management   RS Reference Signal   RSRP Reference Signal Received Power   RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality   RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator   RSU Road Side Unit   RSTD Reference Signal Time difference   RTP Real Time Protocol   RTS Ready-To-Send   RTT Round Trip Time   Rx Reception, Receiving, Receiver   S1 AP S1 Application Protocol   S1-MME S1 for the control plane   S1-U S1 for the user plane   S-GW Serving Gateway   S-RNTI SRNC Radio Network Temporary Identity   S-TMSI SAE Temporary Mobile Station Identifier   SA Standalone operation mode   SAE System Architecture Evolution   SAP Service Access Point   SAPD Service Access Point Descriptor   SAPI Service Access Point Identifier   SCC Secondary Component Carrier, Secondary CC   SCell Secondary Cell   SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access   SCG Secondary Cell Group   SCM Security Context Management   SCS Subcarrier Spacing   SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol   SDAP Service Data Adaptation Protocol, Service Data Adaptation Protocol layer   SDL Supplementary Downlink   SDNF Structured Data Storage Network Function   SDP Service Discovery Protocol (Bluetooth related)   SDSF Structured Data Storage Function   SDU Service Data Unit   SEAF Security Anchor Function   SeNB secondary eNB   SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy   SFI Slot format indication   SFTD Space-Frequency Time Diversity, SFN and frame timing difference   SFN System Frame Number   SgNB Secondary gNB   SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node   S-GW Serving Gateway   SI System Information   SI-RNTI System Information RNTI   SIB System Information Block   SIM Subscriber Identity Module   SIP Session Initiated Protocol   SiP System in Package   SL Sidelink   SLA Service Level Agreement   SM Session Management   SMF Session Management Function   SMS Short Message Service   SMSF SMS Function   SMTC SSB-based Measurement Timing Configuration   SN Secondary Node, Sequence Number   SoC System on Chip   SON Self-Organizing Network   SpCell Special Cell   SP-CSI-RNTISemi-Persistent CSI RNTI   SPS Semi-Persistent Scheduling   SQN Sequence number   SR Scheduling Request   SRB Signalling Radio Bearer   SRS Sounding Reference Signal   SS Synchronization Signal   SSB Synchronization Signal Block, SS/PBCH Block   SSBRI SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator, Synchronization Signal Block Resource Indicator   SSC Session and Service Continuity   SS-RSRP Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received Power   SS-RSRQ Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received Quality   SS-SINR Synchronization Signal based Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio   SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal   SST Slice/Service Types   SU-MIMO Single User MIMO   SUL Supplementary Uplink   TA Timing Advance, Tracking Area   TAC Tracking Area Code   TAG Timing Advance Group   TAU Tracking Area Update   TB Transport Block   TBS Transport Block Size   TBD To Be Defined   TCI Transmission Configuration Indicator   TCP Transmission Communication Protocol   TDD Time Division Duplex   TDM Time Division Multiplexing   TDMA Time Division Multiple Access   TE Terminal Equipment   TEID Tunnel End Point Identifier   TFT Traffic Flow Template   TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity   TNL Transport Network Layer   TPC Transmit Power Control   TPMI Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator   TR Technical Report   TRP, TRxP Transmission Reception Point   TRS Tracking Reference Signal   TRx Transceiver   TS Technical Specifications, Technical Standard   TTI Transmission Time Interval   Tx Transmission, Transmitting, Transmitter   U-RNTI UTRAN Radio Network Temporary Identity   UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter   UCI Uplink Control Information   UE User Equipment   UDM Unified Data Management   UDP User Datagram Protocol   UDSF Unstructured Data Storage Network Function   UICC Universal Integrated Circuit Card   UL Uplink   UM Unacknowledged Mode   UML Unified Modelling Language   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System   UP User Plane   UPF User Plane Function   URI Uniform Resource Identifier   URL Uniform Resource Locator   URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency   USB Universal Serial Bus   USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module   USS UE-specific search space   UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access   UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network   UwPTS Uplink Pilot Time Slot   V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastructure   V2P Vehicle-to-Pedestrian   V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle   V2X Vehicle-to-everything   VIM Virtualized Infrastructure Manager   VL Virtual Link,   VLAN Virtual LAN, Virtual Local Area Network   VM Virtual Machine   VNF Virtualized Network Function   VNFFG VNF Forwarding Graph   VNFFGD VNF Forwarding Graph Descriptor   VNFM VNF Manager   VoIP Voice-over-IP, Voice-over-Internet Protocol   VPLMN Visited Public Land Mobile Network   VPN Virtual Private Network   VRB Virtual Resource Block   WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access   WLAN Wireless Local Area Network   WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Network   WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network   X2-C X2-Control plane   X2-U X2-User plane   XML eXtensible Markup Language   XRES EXpected user RESponse   XOR eXclusive OR   ZC Zadoff-Chu   ZP Zero Power   

     In the present disclosure, “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration; 
     “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block; “field” may refer to individual contents of an information element; 
     “information element” refers to a structural element containing a single or multiple fields; 
     a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure; 
     a “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation; 
     a “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA; 
     a “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells including the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC; 
     a “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell; 
     a “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED configured with CA/DC; and 
     a “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190508
Publication Date: 20210420
Grant Date: 20210420
Priority Date: 20180510
Inventors: ZHANG, YUSHU
WANG, GUOTONG
XIONG, GANG
MONDAL, BISHWARUP
DAVYDOV, ALEXEI
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W72/56", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/23", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/088", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0053", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0695", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L1/0026", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0094", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/042", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 67844167