PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11415491-B2
Application Number: US-201816145054-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Pumping mechanism for gas sensors

Abstract:
A gas-sensing apparatus with gas convection capability includes a gas sensor mounted inside a container, a substrate forming a bottom plate of the container and an actuator. The gas sensor is mounted over a first surface of the substrate internal to the container. The actuator is coupled to a second surface of the substrate external to the container. The actuator can cause convection of a gas within the container by enabling movements of the substrate in response to an activation signal.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A gas-sensing apparatus with gas convection capability, the apparatus comprising:
 a housing filled with air and gas; 
 a gas sensor entirely enclosed by the housing; 
 a substrate configured to form a bottom plate of the housing of the apparatus; and 
 an actuator coupled to the substrate and configured to induce mechanical motions of the substrate in response to an activation signal to generate a convection flow of the air and the gas within the housing,
 wherein the actuator is coupled to a surface of the substrate external to the housing, and 
 
 wherein the substrate forming the bottom plate of the housing includes a central solid portion bonded via interconnect layers to the gas sensor and a compliant ring portion that allows mechanical motion of the central solid portion. 
 
     
     
       2. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the actuator comprises one of a piezo-electric actuator or an electromechanical actuator, and wherein the activation signal comprises an electric voltage resulting in the mechanical motions. 
     
     
       3. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the actuator comprises one of a thermal bi-stable actuator or a shape memory alloy, wherein the activation signal comprises an electric current resulting in a resistive heat generation. 
     
     
       4. The apparatus of  claim 3 , further comprising a heat insulating block decoupling the gas sensor from the substrate. 
     
     
       5. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a flexible membrane, and wherein the flexible membrane comprises polyimide. 
     
     
       6. The apparatus of  claim 5 , wherein the compliant ring portion is configured to flexibly couple the central solid portion of the flexible membrane to a surrounding solid portion of the substrate. 
     
     
       7. The apparatus of  claim 1 , further comprising a springy structure used to flexibly couple the gas sensor to the substrate. 
     
     
       8. The apparatus of  claim 1 , further comprising an air-permeable membrane covering a top opening of the housing. 
     
     
       9. The apparatus of  claim 8 , wherein the apparatus is configured to detect clogging of pores of the air-permeable membrane when used to measure gas concentration with and without activation of the actuator. 
     
     
       10. A communication device comprising:
 a processor; and 
 a gas-sensing device with gas convection capability comprising:
 a housing filled with air and gas and including a substrate configured to form a bottom plate of the housing; 
 a gas sensor entirely enclosed by the housing; and 
 an actuator coupled to an external surface of the substrate and configured to induce mechanical motions of the substrate in response to an activation signal from the processor to generate a convection flow of air including a gas within the housing, wherein the substrate forming the bottom plate of the housing includes a central solid portion bonded via interconnect layers to the gas sensor and a compliant ring portion that allows mechanical motion of the central solid portion. 
 
 
     
     
       11. The communication device of  claim 10 , wherein the gas sensor comprises a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) pressure sensor disposed on a semiconductor chip that is placed on the substrate. 
     
     
       12. The communication device of  claim 10 , wherein the actuator is coupled to a surface of the substrate external to the housing. 
     
     
       13. The communication device of  claim 10 , wherein the activation signal comprises an electric voltage, and wherein the actuator comprises one of a piezo-electric actuator or an electromechanical actuator configured to generate mechanical motion induced by the electric voltage. 
     
     
       14. The communication device of  claim 10 , wherein the activation signal comprises an electric current, and wherein the actuator comprises one of a thermal hi-stable actuator or a shape memory alloy configured to generate mechanical motion induced by a resistive heat generated by the electric current. 
     
     
       15. The communication device of  claim 10 , wherein the substrate comprises a flexible membrane including polyimide, and wherein the gas-sensing device further comprises a heat-insulating block decoupling the gas sensor from the substrate. 
     
     
       16. The communication device of  claim 15 , wherein the compliant ring portion is configured to flexibly couple the central solid portion of the flexible membrane to a surrounding solid portion of the substrate, and wherein the gas-sensing device further comprises a springy structure used to flexibly couple the gas sensor to the substrate. 
     
     
       17. The communication device of  claim 15 , wherein the gas-sensing device further comprises an air-permeable membrane covering a top opening of the housing, wherein the processor is configured to detect a clogging of pores of the air-permeable membrane, when the gas sensing device is used to measure gas concentration, by turning activation of the actuator on and off. 
     
     
       18. An apparatus for venting a gas sensor, the apparatus comprising:
 a housing filled with air and a gas; 
 a substrate configured to form a bottom plate of the housing; 
 an actuator coupled to the substrate and configured to induce mechanical motions of the substrate in response to an activation signal; and 
 a gas sensor entirely enclosed by the housing, 
 wherein the substrate is made of a central solid portion bonded to the gas sensor via interconnect layers and a compliant ring portion that allows mechanical motion of the central solid portion, and wherein the mechanical motion of the central solid portion is capable of inducing convection flow of the air and the gas within the housing. 
 
     
     
       19. The apparatus of  claim 18 , wherein the actuator is coupled to a surface of the substrate external to the housing, and wherein the actuator comprises one of a piezo-electric actuator, an electromechanical actuator, a thermal bi-stable actuator or a shape memory alloy. 
     
     
       20. The apparatus of  claim 18 , wherein the activation signal comprises an electric voltage resulting in the mechanical motions of the actuator or an electric current resulting in a resistive heat generation.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present description relates generally to sensor technology, and more particularly, to a pumping mechanism for gas sensors. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Portable communication devices (e.g., smart phones and smart watches) are becoming increasingly equipped with environmental sensors such as pressure, temperature and humidity sensors, gas sensors and particulate matter (PM) sensors. For example, a pressure sensor can enable health and fitness features in a smart watch or a smart phone. A measured pressure can then be converted (e.g., by a processor) to other parameters related to pressure, for example, elevation, motion, flow, or other parameters. Pressure sensors can be used to measure pressure in a gas or liquid environment. 
     Gas sensors may be used in e-nose devices which use various sampling techniques to detect a variety of gas species, for example, oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), natural gas, ozone, water vapor, toxic gases and other gas species. The gas sample can induce a reversible physical or chemical change in the sensing material of the gas sensor, which can cause a corresponding change in electrical properties such as conductivity of the sensing material. Gas sensors can be fabricated using thick films or thin-film technology. For example, metal oxide sensors such as tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) gas sensors can be built using thick film deposition methods on substrates such as silicon. The sensing properties of metal oxide sensors may be altered by doping. For instance, a SnO 2  gas sensing layer may be doped with 1 or 2 percent of cadmium sulphide (CdS). Thin-film gas sensors may have a lower sensitivity compared to thick-film sensors. Selectivity of a gas sensor may be adversely affected by buildup of residual gases around the sensor. There is a need for gas sensors that can prevent buildup of residual gases around the sensor. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Certain features of the subject technology are set forth in the appended claims. However, for purposes of explanation, several embodiments of the subject technology are set forth in the following figures. 
         FIGS. 1A through 1C  are diagrams illustrating an example of a gas-sensing apparatus and corresponding cross-sectional and top views, in accordance with one or more aspects of the subject technology. 
         FIGS. 2A through 2C  are diagrams illustrating cross-sectional and top views of the example gas-sensing apparatus of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with one or more aspects of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of the example gas-sensing apparatus of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with one or more aspects of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of the example gas-sensing apparatus of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with one or more aspects of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram illustrating an example method for providing a gas sensing apparatus, in accordance with one or more aspects of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating a wireless communication device, within which one or more aspects of the subject technology can be implemented. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of various configurations of the subject technology and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the subject technology may be practiced. The appended drawings are incorporated herein and constitute part of the detailed description. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the subject technology. However, the subject technology is not limited to the specific details set forth herein and may be practiced without one or more of the specific details. In some instances, structures and components are shown in a block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology. 
     The subject technology is directed to a gas-sensing apparatus with gas convection capability. The apparatus includes a gas sensor, a substrate and an actuator. The gas sensor is mounted inside a container, and the substrate forms a bottom plate of the container. The actuator is coupled to the substrate and can cause convection of a gas within the container by enabling movements of the substrate in response to an activation signal. The gas sensor is mounted over a first surface of the substrate that is internal to the container, and the actuator is coupled to a second surface of the substrate that is external to the container. 
     In one or more implementations, the actuator is a piezo-electric actuator or an electromechanical actuator, and the activation signal is an electric voltage that can cause a mechanical motion of the actuator. In other implementations, the actuator can be a thermal bi-stable actuator or a shape memory alloy, and the activation signal is an electric current that can result in resistive heating of the actuator. The apparatus may include a heat-insulating block decoupling the gas sensor from the substrate to prevent unwanted heating of the gas sensor. 
     In some implementations, the substrate is a flexible membrane, for example, made of a polymer such as polyimide. In one or more implementations, the flexible membrane can have a compliant ring portion that flexibly couples a central portion of the flexible membrane to a surrounding portion. In some implementations, the apparatus includes a springy structure used to flexibly couple the gas sensor to the substrate. The apparatus can further include an air-permeable membrane covering a top opening of the container. The apparatus can be used to detect clogging of pores of the air-permeable membrane by using it to measure a gas concentration inside the container with and without activation of the actuator. 
       FIGS. 1A through 1C  are diagrams illustrating an example of a gas-sensing apparatus  100  and corresponding cross-sectional and top views, in accordance with one or more aspects of the subject technology.  FIG. 1A  shows a high-level diagram of the gas-sensing apparatus  100 , the structural and functional details of which are described herein with respect to various drawings showing different embodiments of the subject technology. The gas-sensing apparatus  100  can be a miniature gas-sensing apparatus suitable for integration with a handheld device, for example, a portable communication device such as a smart phone and/or a smart watch. 
       FIG. 1B  shows a cross-sectional view  100 B of the gas-sensing apparatus  100 . As shown in the cross-sectional view  100 B, the gas-sensing apparatus  100  includes a wall  102  disposed on a substrate  104 , forming a container  110 . A gas sensor  106  is mounted inside the container  110  over the substrate  104  using, for example, interconnect layers  105  (e.g., solder bumps). In one or more implementations, the gas sensor  106  can be mounted on a semiconductor chip (not shown for simplicity) including electronic circuitry. The gas-sensing apparatus  100  further includes an actuator  108 , which is the heart of the current disclosure, as discussed in more detail herein. The gas-sensing apparatus  100  can be a miniature apparatus (e.g., with a few mm dimensions) integratable with a portable communication device, such as a smart phone or a smart watch. 
     The gas sensor  106  can detect a variety of gas species, for example, oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), natural gas, ozone, water vapor (e.g., humidity), toxic gases and other gas species. In one or more implementations, the gas sensor  106  can be a miniature gas sensor such as a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) sensor, for example, of a sensor array of an e-noise system. The sensing material of the gas sensor  106  can, for instance, be a conducting polymer, which is deposited as a thick film on a substrate. In some implementations, the substrate can be the substrate  104 . The output signal of the sensor  106  is an electrical signal that can be used to identify one or more gases in a gas sample. Interaction of different gases with the gas sensor  106  may change an electrical property of the gas sensor  106 , for example, a resistance or a conductance of the gas sensor  106 . 
     For proper functioning of the gas-sensing apparatus  100 , there has to be a convection of the gas sample around the gas sensor  106 , so that the gas sensor  106  can sense a gas species of interest. The convection prevents buildup of unwanted and/or residual gas species over the gas sensor  106  that can result in affecting the sensitivity and selectivity of the gas sensor  106 . The actuator  108  of the subject technology is introduced to solve this problem by generating a convection flow of the air including the gas sample near the sensor  106 . The actuator  108  generates the convection flow by inducing mechanical motions of the substrate  104 , which can result in a pumping action that generates the convection flow. The substrate  104  can be a flexible substrate made, for example, of a polymer such as polyimide or can have a flexible or compliant portion on which the gas sensor  106  is mounted or formed. 
     The actuator  108  can be a voltage-activated actuator such as a piezo-electric actuator or an electromechanical actuator, where the activation signal is an electric voltage. Applying the voltage activation signal to the actuator  108 , a mechanical motion can be generated that can induce motion such as vibration of the substrate  104 , which in turn causes a convention flow of the air including the gas sample near the gas sensor  106 . The activation voltage can be within a range of a few millivolts to a few volts, depending on the type of the actuator. Typically, the piezo-electric actuators may work with lower voltages than the electromechanical actuators. In some implementations, the activation signal can be a series of voltage pulses such as a periodic pulse signal that can sequentially (e.g., periodically) change the state of the actuator between off and on states. 
     In some implementations, the actuator  108  can be a current-activated actuator such as a thermal bi-stable actuator or a shape memory alloy. A thermal bi-stable actuator can be a MEMS actuator that is activated by heat generated by an activation current. The activation current can generate heat in a resistor element of the MEMS actuator. The shape memory alloy is a lightweight alloy made of a solid-state material that can remember its original shape and when deformed, can return to its pre-deformed shape, in response to applied heat. Examples of shape memory alloys include copper-aluminum-nickel, and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys, but the shape memory alloys are not limited to these alloys and can also be created by alloying zinc, copper, gold and iron. In some implementations, the heat used for activation of the thermal bi-stable actuator or the shape memory alloy can be generated by the activation current. The generated heat by the activation current for the shape memory alloy is within a range of about 35° C.-45° C., which can bring the shape memory alloy into a hot state. In some implementations, the activation signal can be a series of current pulses such as a periodic current pulse signal that can sequentially (e.g., periodically) change the state of the shape memory alloy between hot and cold states. The activation signal can be generated by an electronic circuit integrated with the gas sensor  106  on the same semiconductor chip or substrate such as a flex substrate. In some implementations, the activation signal can be generated by an electronic circuit or a processor of a host device (e.g., a portable communication device). 
       FIG. 1C  shows a top view  100 C of the gas-sensing apparatus  100 . In the top view  100 C, the wall  102  of the container  110  is shown as a ring and the gas sensor  106  as a square. The top view of the shape of the wall  102  can be a different shape than shown in  FIG. 1C , for example, a square shape or other simple shapes. 
       FIGS. 2A through 2C  are diagrams illustrating cross-sectional and top views of the example gas-sensing apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with one or more aspects of the subject technology. The cross-sectional view  200 A of  FIG. 2A  depicts an embodiment of the gas-sensing apparatus  100 , which is similar to the embodiment shown in the cross-sectional view  100 B of  FIG. 1B , except for a change in the structure of the substrate  104  of  FIG. 1B . The substrate  204 , replacing the substrate  104  of  FIG. 1B , includes a compliant portion (e.g., ring)  115 , which allows mechanical motion of a central portion  205  of the substrate  204 . The actuator  208  is similar to the actuator  108  of  FIG. 1B , but its mechanical motion is applied only to the central portion  205  of the substrate  204 . 
     The top view  200 B of  FIG. 2B  is similar to the top view  100 C of  FIG. 1C , except that it shows the compliant portion (ring)  207 , separating the central portion  205  from the rest of the substrate  204 . The shape of the top view of the compliant portion (ring)  207  can be a different shape than shown in  FIG. 2B , for example, a square shape or other simple shapes. 
     The cross-sectional view  200 C of  FIG. 2C  depicts an embodiment of the gas-sensing apparatus  100 , which is similar to the embodiment shown in the cross-sectional view  100 B of  FIG. 1B , except for a change in mounting of the gas sensor  106  over the substrate  104 . In the example embodiment of the gas-sensing apparatus  100  shown in  FIG. 2C , the gas sensor  106  is coupled to the substrate  104  via a number (e.g., three or more) of springy structures  210 . The springy structures  210  can be actual miniature (about 1 mm in size) springs or made of a compressible material. It is understood that the displacement of the springy structure  210  can be maximized when it is run at a resonance frequency of the springy structure  210 . The gas sensor  106  can be attached to the springy structure  210 , for example, via interconnect layers  105  or other epoxy layers. The springy structures  210  can be attached to the substrate  104  by using an epoxy layer. In some implementations, the springy structures  210  can be created on the substrate  104  when the substrate is being fabricated. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view  300  of the example gas-sensing apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with one or more aspects of the subject technology. The cross-sectional view  300  of  FIG. 3  depicts an embodiment of the gas-sensing apparatus  100 , which is similar to the embodiment shown in the cross-sectional view  200 C of  FIG. 2C , except for a change in mounting of the gas sensor  106  over the substrate  104 . In the embodiment of the gas-sensing apparatus  100  shown in the cross-sectional view  300 , the coupling of the gas sensor  106  to the substrate  104  is provided by a layer  310 , which is a heat-insulating layer, instead of the springy structures  210  of  FIG. 2C . The heat-insulating layer  310  can block heat transfer between the actuator  108  and the gas sensor  106 , thus preventing the gas sensor  106  from being exposed to temperatures that are not within its operating temperature range. This is particularly important when the actuator  108  is a thermal bi-stable actuator or a shape memory alloy working with heat generating activation signals. The gas sensor  106  can be mounted over the heat insulating layer  310  via the interconnect layers  105  or any other attachment layers such as a suitable epoxy. In some implementations, the heat-insulating layer  310  can be created on the substrate  104  when the substrate is being fabricated. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view  400  of the example gas-sensing apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with one or more aspects of the subject technology. The cross-sectional view  400  of  FIG. 4  depicts an embodiment of the gas-sensing apparatus  100 , which is similar to the embodiment shown in the cross-sectional view  100 B of  FIG. 1B , except for the addition of a membrane  402  covering a top opening of the gas-sensing apparatus  100 , which was not used in the embodiment shown in the cross-sectional view  100 B. In one or more implementations, the membrane  402  can be an air-permeable membrane that can allow air and/or gas circulation between a cavity  410  of the gas-sensing apparatus  100  and the surrounding environment. When some pores of the membrane  402  are clogged by particulate matters, the operation of the gas-sensing apparatus  100  can be affected as the response time of the gas sensor  106  may change. The response time can be compared with the initial (e.g., factory) response time of the gas sensor to detect whether the pores of the membrane  402  are clogged (e.g., partially). In one or more implementations, measuring concentrations of an environmental gas (e.g., humidity) with and without activation of the actuator  108  and comparing the results can reveal if the pores of the membrane  402  are clogged. For equal measurement times, with and without activation of the actuator  108 , the measured concentration of the environmental gas is expected to be less when the pores of the membrane  402  are clogged. 
       FIG. 5  is a flow diagram illustrating an example method  500  for providing a gas-sensing apparatus, in accordance with one or more aspects of the subject technology. The method  500  includes mounting a gas sensor (e.g.,  106  of  FIG. 1B ) in a container (e.g.,  110  of  FIG. 1B ) on a first surface (e.g., top surface) of a substrate (e.g.,  104  of  FIG. 1B ) forming a bottom plate of the container ( 502 ). The method  500  further includes coupling an actuator (e.g.,  108  of  FIG. 1B ) to a second surface (e.g., bottom surface) of the substrate external to the container ( 504 ). The actuator is configured to cause convection of a gas within the container by enabling movements of the substrate in response to an activation signal ( 506 ). 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating a wireless communication device, within which one or more aspects of the subject technology can be implemented. In one or more implementations, the wireless communication device  600  can be a smart phone or a smart watch that hosts an apparatus of the subject technology including a sensor (e.g., a gas sensor) and an activation layer capable of pumping the gas samples near the gas sensor. The wireless communication device  600  may comprise a radio-frequency (RF) antenna  610 , a receiver  620 , a transmitter  630 , a baseband processing module  640 , a memory  650 , a processor  660 , a local oscillator generator (LOGEN)  670 , and one or more transducers  680 . In various embodiments of the subject technology, one or more of the blocks represented in  FIG. 6  may be integrated on one or more semiconductor substrates. For example, the blocks  620 - 670  may be realized in a single chip or a single system on a chip, or may be realized in a multi-chip chipset. 
     The receiver  620  may comprise suitable logic circuitry and/or code that may be operable to receive and process signals from the RF antenna  610 . The receiver  620  may, for example, be operable to amplify and/or down-convert received wireless signals. In various embodiments of the subject technology, the receiver  620  may be operable to cancel noise in received signals and may be linear over a wide range of frequencies. In this manner, the receiver  620  may be suitable for receiving signals in accordance with a variety of wireless standards, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, and various cellular standards. In various embodiments of the subject technology, the receiver  620  may not require any surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters and few or no off-chip discrete components such as large capacitors and inductors. 
     The transmitter  630  may comprise suitable logic circuitry and/or code that may be operable to process and transmit signals from the RF antenna  610 . The transmitter  630  may, for example, be operable to up-convert baseband signals to RF signals and amplify RF signals. In various embodiments of the subject technology, the transmitter  630  may be operable to up-convert and amplify baseband signals processed in accordance with a variety of wireless standards. Examples of such standards may include Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, and various cellular standards. In various embodiments of the subject technology, the transmitter  630  may be operable to provide signals for further amplification by one or more power amplifiers. 
     The duplexer  612  may provide isolation in the transmit band to avoid saturation of the receiver  620  or damaging parts of the receiver  620 , and to relax one or more design requirements of the receiver  620 . Furthermore, the duplexer  612  may attenuate the noise in the receive band. The duplexer may be operable in multiple frequency bands of various wireless standards. 
     The baseband processing module  640  may comprise suitable logic, circuitry, interfaces, and/or code that may be operable to perform processing of baseband signals. The baseband processing module  640  may, for example, analyze received signals and generate control and/or feedback signals for configuring various components of the wireless communication device  600 , such as the receiver  620 . The baseband processing module  640  may be operable to encode, decode, transcode, modulate, demodulate, encrypt, decrypt, scramble, descramble, and/or otherwise process data in accordance with one or more wireless standards. 
     The processor  660  may comprise suitable logic, circuitry, and/or code that may enable processing data and/or controlling operations of the wireless communication device  600 . In this regard, the processor  660  may be enabled to provide control signals to various other portions of the wireless communication device  600 . The processor  660  may also control transfer of data between various portions of the wireless communication device  600 . Additionally, the processor  660  may enable implementation of an operating system or otherwise execute code to manage operations of the wireless communication device  600 . In one or more implementations, the processor  660  can be used to send commands to the actuator  108  of  FIG. 1B  to induce mechanical motion of the substrate  104  that results in convection of gas around the gas sensor  106  of  FIG. 1B . In one or more implementations, the processor  660  can process signals received from the gas sensor (e.g.,  106  of  FIG. 1B ) to detect presence, type and/or concentration of the gas inside the cavity  410  of the gas-sensing apparatus of  FIG. 4 . 
     The memory  650  may comprise suitable logic, circuitry, and/or code that may enable storage of various types of information such as received data, generated data, code, and/or configuration information. The memory  650  may comprise, for example, RAM, ROM, flash, and/or magnetic storage. In various embodiments of the subject technology, information stored in the memory  650  may be utilized for configuring the receiver  620  and/or the baseband processing module  640 . In some implementations, the memory  650  may store information regarding the type of the gas and/or the concentration or other information related to the gas inside the cavity  410  of the gas-sensing apparatus of  FIG. 4 . 
     The local-oscillator generator (LOGEN)  670  may comprise suitable logic, circuitry, interfaces, and/or code that may be operable to generate one or more oscillating signals of one or more frequencies. The LOGEN  670  may be operable to generate digital and/or analog signals. In this manner, the LOGEN  670  may be operable to generate one or more clock signals and/or sinusoidal signals. Characteristics of the oscillating signals such as the frequency and duty cycle may be determined based on one or more control signals from, for example, the processor  660  and/or the baseband processing module  640 . 
     In operation, the processor  660  may configure the various components of the wireless communication device  600  based on a wireless standard according to which it is desired to receive signals. Wireless signals may be received via the RF antenna  610 , amplified, and down-converted by the receiver  620 . The baseband processing module  640  may perform noise estimation and/or noise cancellation, decoding, and/or demodulation of the baseband signals. In this manner, information in the received signal may be recovered and utilized appropriately. For example, the information may be audio and/or video to be presented to a user of the wireless communication device, data to be stored to the memory  650 , and/or information affecting and/or enabling operation of the wireless communication device  600 . The baseband processing module  640  may modulate, encode, and perform other processing on audio, video, and/or control signals to be transmitted by the transmitter  630  in accordance with various wireless standards. 
     In one or more implementations, the transducers  680  may include a miniature sensor such as the MEMS sensor (e.g., a gas sensor) of the subject technology, for example, as shown in  FIG. 1A  and described above with respect to  FIGS. 1B through 1C, 2A through 2C, 3 and 4 . The gas-sensing apparatus  100  of the subject technology can be readily integrated into the communication device  600 , in particular, when the communication device  600  is a smart mobile phone or a smart watch. 
     The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter genders (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the subject disclosure. 
     The predicate words “configured to,” “operable to,” and “programmed to” do not imply any particular tangible or intangible modification of a subject, but, rather, are intended to be used interchangeably. For example, a processor configured to monitor and control an operation or a component may also mean the processor being programmed to monitor and control the operation or the processor being operable to monitor and control the operation. Likewise, a processor configured to execute code can be construed as a processor programmed to execute code or operable to execute code. 
     A phrase such as an “aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A phrase such as an aspect may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A phrase such as a configuration may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa. 
     The word “example” is used herein to mean “serving as an example or illustration.” Any aspect or design described herein as “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. 
     All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20180927
Publication Date: 20220816
Grant Date: 20220816
Priority Date: 20180927
Inventors: YANG, HENRY H.
RIBEIRO, ROBERTO M.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "F04B45/047", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N2001/2276", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "F04B43/046", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "F04B45/047", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N33/0027", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N1/2273", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N1/2273", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N33/0027", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N33/0027", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N1/2273", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N2001/2276", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "F04B45/047", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 69947415