PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11233113-B2
Application Number: US-202016826521-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Light-emitting diode displays

Abstract:
A display may have an array of pixels. Display driver circuitry may supply data and control signals to the pixels. Each pixel may have seven transistors, a capacitor, and a light-emitting diode such as an organic light-emitting diode. The seven transistors may receive control signals using horizontal control lines. Each pixel may have first and second emission enable transistors that are coupled in series with a drive transistor and the light-emitting diode of that pixel. The first and second emission enable transistors may be coupled to a common control line or may be separately controlled so that on-bias stress can be effectively applied to the drive transistor. The display driver circuitry may have gate driver circuits that provide different gate line signals to different rows of pixels within the display. Different rows may also have different gate driver strengths and different supplemental gate line loading structures.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A display having an active area with a notch, comprising:
 a substrate; 
 organic light-emitting diode pixels on the substrate, wherein some of the organic light-emitting diode pixels are positioned on a first side of the notch and some of the organic light-emitting diode pixels are positioned on a second side of the notch; 
 display driver circuitry; 
 data lines coupled to the display driver circuitry and the organic light-emitting diode pixels; 
 gate lines coupled to the display driver circuitry and the organic light-emitting diode pixels, wherein the organic light-emitting diode pixels are arranged in columns and rows, wherein the gate lines in a first area of the display that includes the notch are coupled to fewer of the organic light-emitting diode pixels than the gate lines in a second area of the display; and 
 dummy pixels that are coupled to the gate lines in the first area. 
 
     
     
       2. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the dummy pixels do not emit light. 
     
     
       3. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the dummy pixels do not contain emissive material for light-emitting diodes. 
     
     
       4. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the dummy pixels impose progressively decreasing amounts of loading on the gate lines of the first area at progressively increasing distances between the second area and the gate lines of the first area. 
     
     
       5. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein a first gate line in the first area of the display is coupled to a first number of dummy pixels, wherein a second gate line in the first area of the display is coupled to a second number of dummy pixels, and wherein the first number is greater than the second number. 
     
     
       6. The display defined in  claim 5 , wherein the first gate line is a first distance from the second area, wherein the second gate line is a second distance from the second area, and wherein the second distance is greater than the first distance. 
     
     
       7. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the dummy pixels do not include anodes. 
     
     
       8. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the dummy pixels are positioned in the notch. 
     
     
       9. The display defined in  claim 8 , wherein the dummy pixels are positioned on the substrate in an inactive area of the display. 
     
     
       10. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein rows in the first area of the display are interrupted by the notch. 
     
     
       11. A display having an active area and an inactive area, comprising:
 a substrate with a notch, wherein the notch has first and second opposing sides; 
 organic light-emitting diode pixels on the substrate that form the active area, wherein some of the organic light-emitting diode pixels are positioned on the first side of the notch and some of the organic light-emitting diode pixels are positioned on the second side of the notch; 
 display driver circuitry; 
 gate lines coupled to the display driver circuitry and rows of the organic light-emitting diode pixels; and 
 dummy pixels that are coupled to at least some of the gate lines and that are formed in the inactive area between the active area and the notch. 
 
     
     
       12. The display defined in  claim 11 , wherein the dummy pixels do not emit light. 
     
     
       13. The display defined in  claim 11 , wherein the dummy pixels do not contain emissive material for light-emitting diodes. 
     
     
       14. The display defined in  claim 11 , wherein the dummy pixels do not include anodes. 
     
     
       15. The display defined in  claim 11 , wherein the dummy pixels impose loading on the gate lines of rows interrupted by the notch. 
     
     
       16. A display having an active area and an inactive area, comprising:
 a substrate with a notch, wherein the notch has first and second opposing sides connected by a third side; 
 organic light-emitting diode pixels on the substrate that form the active area, wherein some of the organic light-emitting diode pixels are positioned on the first side of the notch and some of the organic light-emitting diode pixels are positioned on the second side of the notch; 
 display driver circuitry; 
 data lines coupled to the display driver circuitry and the organic light-emitting diode pixels; and 
 gate lines coupled to the display driver circuitry and the organic light-emitting diode pixels, wherein the organic light-emitting diode pixels are arranged in columns and rows, wherein the gate lines in a first area of the display that includes the notch are coupled to fewer of the organic light-emitting diode pixels than the gate lines in a second area of the display, wherein the gate lines in the first area include a gate line that extends in the inactive area between the notch and the active area from the first side of the notch to the second side of the notch, wherein the gate line in the first area of the display is coupled to only one gate driver, and wherein an additional gate line in the second area of the display is coupled to first and second gate drivers. 
 
     
     
       17. The display defined in  claim 16 , wherein the gate line extends parallel to the third side of the notch in the inactive area between the notch and the active area from the first side of the notch to the second side of the notch. 
     
     
       18. The display defined in  claim 16 , wherein the gate line is one of multiple gate lines in the first area that extends in the inactive area between the notch and the active area from the first side of the notch to the second side of the notch.

Description:
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/224,607, filed Dec. 18, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/919,057, filed Mar. 12, 2018, which is a continuation of International Application PCT/US2017/022808, with an international filing date of Mar. 16, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/314,281, filed Mar. 28, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/327,584, filed Apr. 26, 2016, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to displays, and, more particularly, to displays with pixels formed from light-emitting diodes. 
     Electronic devices often include displays. For example, cellular telephones and portable computers include displays for presenting information to users. 
     Displays such as organic light-emitting diode displays have arrays of pixels based on light-emitting diodes. In this type of display, each pixel includes a light-emitting diode and thin-film transistors for controlling application of a signal to the light-emitting diode to produce light. The thin-film transistors include drive transistors. Each drive transistor is coupled in series with a respective light-emitting diode and controls current flow through that light-emitting diode. 
     The threshold voltages of the drive transistors in an organic light-emitting diode display may vary due to operating history effects, which can lead to brightness nonuniformity. Brightness variations may also arise from control issues in displays with non-rectangular shapes. If care is not taken, effects such as these may adversely affect display performance. 
     SUMMARY 
     A display may have an array of pixels. Display driver circuitry may supply data and control signals to the pixels. Each pixel may have seven transistors, a capacitor, and a light-emitting diode such as an organic light-emitting diode or may have other thin-film transistor circuitry. 
     The transistors of each pixel may receive control signals using horizontal control lines. Each pixel may have first and second emission enable transistors that are coupled in series with a drive transistor and a light-emitting diode. The first and second emission enable transistors may be coupled to a common horizontal control line or may be separately controlled using separate control signals supplied over separate horizontal control lines. When the emission enable transistors of a pixel are individually controlled, on-bias stress can be effectively applied to the drive transistor of that pixel, because the source node of the drive transistor can be shorted to the positive power supply terminal of the pixel rather than floating. 
     Not all of the rows in a display may have the same number of pixels and may therefore be characterized by different amounts of capacitive loading. To ensure brightness uniformity for the display, the display driver circuitry may have gate drive circuits that provide different gate line signals to different rows of pixels within the display. This allows the display driver circuitry to generate row-location-dependent gate line signals to counteract variations in display brightness from different capacitive loading effects in different rows. Displays may also be provided with row-dependent supplemental gate line loading structures and/or gate drivers of different strengths in different rows to smooth out brightness variations. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device having a display in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative display in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an illustrative pixel circuit in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a timing diagram showing operations involved in using a pixel circuit of the type shown in  FIG. 3  in a display in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram showing an illustrative emission enable control signal and illustrative gate lines signals for controlling switching transistors in a pixel of the type shown in  FIG. 3  in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of an illustrative display that has a pixel-free notch along its upper edge and that therefore has different capacitive loading in different rows of the display in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram of display driver circuitry of the type that may be used to provide different rows of pixels with different gate line signals to counteract for different capacitive loading effects in different rows in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 8, 9, and 10  each show first and second illustrative gate line signals to be provided respectively to first and second sets of rows in a display that are characterized by respective first and second different capacitive loading effects in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram of an illustrative pixel circuit having individually controlled emission enable transistors in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  is a timing diagram showing how on-bias stress can be applied to the pixels in a display and showing how data writing operations may be performed in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  is a graph showing how gate line loading may be adjusted as a function of row position in a display to help minimize display brightness variations in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram showing how supplemental data line loading structures such as dummy pixel structures may be added to rows in a display to even out brightness variations in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 15  is a diagram showing how different amounts of supplemental gate line loading structures may be added to rows in a display to even out brightness variations in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  is a diagram showing how gate line loading structures that are located in one row of a display may be used to increase gate line loading in another row in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 17  is a diagram of a portion of a display showing how row-dependent supplemental gate line loading structures may be implemented by increasing gate line width for short rows as a function of row position in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 18  is a diagram of a portion of a display showing how gate driver strength may be varied as a function of row position in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 19  is a circuit diagram showing how capacitors may be coupled to a gate line to add loading to the gate line in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 20 and 21  are cross-sectional side views of illustrative capacitors in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 22  is a diagram of an illustrative row in a display with capacitors for providing gate line loading in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 23  is a diagram of an illustrative row in a display in which a gate line has been provided with a meandering path segment to adjust gate line loading in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 24  is a diagram of an illustrative row in a display in which a gate line has been loaded with reduced-footprint non-emissive pixel circuits that serve as supplemental gate line loading structures in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 25  is a diagram of an illustrative display with gate lines having extensions that extend across an inactive area of the display past a notch in the display in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Electronic devices may be provided with displays. A schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device with a display is shown in  FIG. 1 . Device  10  of  FIG. 1  may be a computing device such as a laptop computer, a computer monitor containing an embedded computer, a tablet computer, a cellular telephone, a media player, or other handheld or portable electronic device, a smaller device such as a wrist-watch device (e.g., a watch with a wrist strap), a pendant device, a headphone or earpiece device, a device embedded in eyeglasses or other equipment worn on a user&#39;s head, or other wearable or miniature device, a television, a computer display that does not contain an embedded computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, an embedded system such as a system in which electronic equipment with a display is mounted in a kiosk or automobile, equipment that implements the functionality of two or more of these devices, or other electronic equipment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , electronic device  10  may have control circuitry  16 . Control circuitry  16  may include storage and processing circuitry for supporting the operation of device  10 . The storage and processing circuitry may include storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in control circuitry  16  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . The processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, baseband processors, power management units, audio chips, application specific integrated circuits, etc. 
     Input-output circuitry in device  10  such as input-output devices  18  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  18  may include buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, speakers, tone generators, vibrators, cameras, sensors, light-emitting diodes and other status indicators, data ports, etc. A user can control the operation of device  10  by supplying commands through input-output devices  18  and may receive status information and other output from device  10  using the output resources of input-output devices  18 . 
     Input-output devices  18  may include one or more displays such as display  14 . Display  14  may be a touch screen display that includes a touch sensor for gathering touch input from a user or display  14  may be insensitive to touch. A touch sensor for display  14  may be based on an array of capacitive touch sensor electrodes, acoustic touch sensor structures, resistive touch components, force-based touch sensor structures, a light-based touch sensor, or other suitable touch sensor arrangements. 
     Control circuitry  16  may be used to run software on device  10  such as operating system code and applications. During operation of device  10 , the software running on control circuitry  16  may display images on display  14 . 
     Display  14  may be an organic light-emitting diode display, a display formed from an array of discrete light-emitting diodes each formed from a crystalline semiconductor die, or any other suitable type of display. Configurations in which the pixels of display  14  include light-emitting diodes are sometimes described herein as an example. This is, however, merely illustrative. Any suitable type of display may be used for device  10 , if desired. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram of an illustrative display. As shown in  FIG. 2 , display  14  may include layers such as substrate layer  26 . Substrate layers such as layer  26  may be formed from rectangular planar layers of material or layers of material with other shapes (e.g., circular shapes or other shapes with one or more curved and/or straight edges). The substrate layers of display  14  may include glass layers, polymer layers, composite films that include polymer and inorganic materials, metallic foils, etc. 
     Display  14  may have an array of pixels  22  for displaying images for a user such as pixel array  28 . Pixels  22  in array  28  may be arranged in rows and columns. The edges of array  28  may be straight or curved (i.e., each row of pixels  22  and/or each column of pixels  22  in array  28  may have the same length or may have a different length). There may be any suitable number of rows and columns in array  28  (e.g., ten or more, one hundred or more, or one thousand or more, etc.). Display  14  may include pixels  22  of different colors. As an example, display  14  may include red pixels, green pixels, and blue pixels. If desired, a backlight unit may provide backlight illumination for display  14 . 
     Display driver circuitry  20  may be used to control the operation of pixels  22 . Display driver circuitry  20  may be formed from integrated circuits, thin-film transistor circuits, and/or other suitable circuitry. Illustrative display driver circuitry  20  of  FIG. 2  includes display driver circuitry  20 A and additional display driver circuitry such as gate driver circuitry  20 B. Gate driver circuitry  20 B may be formed along one or more edges of display  14 . For example, gate driver circuitry  20 B may be arranged along the left and right sides of display  14  as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , display driver circuitry  20 A (e.g., one or more display driver integrated circuits, thin-film transistor circuitry, etc.) may contain communications circuitry for communicating with system control circuitry over signal path  24 . Path  24  may be formed from traces on a flexible printed circuit or other cable. The control circuitry may be located on one or more printed circuits in electronic device  10 . During operation, the control circuitry (e.g., control circuitry  16  of  FIG. 1 ) may supply circuitry such as a display driver integrated circuit in circuitry  20  with image data for images to be displayed on display  14 . Display driver circuitry  20 A of  FIG. 2  is located at the top of display  14 . This is merely illustrative. Display driver circuitry  20 A may be located along the bottom edge of display  14 , at both the top and bottom of display  14 , or in other portions of device  10 . 
     To display the images on pixels  22 , display driver circuitry  20 A may supply corresponding image data to data lines D while issuing control signals to supporting display driver circuitry such as gate driver circuitry  20 B over signal paths  30 . With the illustrative arrangement of  FIG. 2 , data lines D run vertically through display  14  and are associated with respective columns of pixels  22 . 
     Gate driver circuitry  20 B (sometimes referred to as gate line driver circuitry or horizontal control signal circuitry) may be implemented using one or more integrated circuits and/or may be implemented using thin-film transistor circuitry on substrate  26 . Horizontal control lines G (sometimes referred to as gate lines, scan lines, emission control lines, etc.) run horizontally through display  14 . Each gate line G is associated with a respective row of pixels  22 . If desired, there may be multiple horizontal control lines such as gate lines G associated with each row of pixels (e.g., a first gate line signal GI and a second gate line signal GW, one or more emission control signals, etc.). Individually controlled and/or global signal paths in display  14  may also be used to distribute other signals (e.g., power supply signals, etc.). 
     Gate driver circuitry  20 B may assert control signals on the gate lines G in display  14 . For example, gate driver circuitry  20 B may receive clock signals and other control signals from circuitry  20 A on paths  30  and may, in response to the received signals, assert a gate line signal on gate lines G in sequence, starting with the gate line signal G in the first row of pixels  22  in array  28 . As each gate line is asserted, data from data lines D may be loaded into a corresponding row of pixels. In this way, control circuitry such as display driver circuitry  20 A and  20 B may provide pixels  22  with signals that direct pixels  22  to display a desired image on display  14 . Each pixel  22  may have a light-emitting diode and circuitry (e.g., thin-film circuitry on substrate  26 ) that responds to the control and data signals from display driver circuitry  20 . 
     An illustrative pixel circuit of the type that may be used for each pixel  22  in array  28  is shown in  FIG. 3 . In the example of  FIG. 3 , pixel circuit  22  has seven transistors T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 , T 5 , T 6 , and TD and one capacitor Cst, so pixel circuit  22  may sometimes be referred to as a 7T1C pixel circuit. Other numbers of transistors and capacitors may be used in pixels  22  if desired (e.g., fewer transistors, more transistors, more capacitors, etc.). The transistors may be p-channel transistors (e.g., p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors as shown in  FIG. 3 ) and/or may be n-channel transistors or other types of transistors. The active regions of thin-film transistors for pixel circuit  22  and other portions of display  14  may be formed from silicon (e.g., polysilicon channel regions), semiconducting oxides (e.g., indium gallium zinc oxide channel regions), or other suitable semiconductor thin-film layers. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , pixel circuit  22  includes light-emitting diode  44  (e.g., an organic light-emitting diode, a crystalline micro-light-emitting diode die, etc.). Light-emitting diode  44  may emit light  46  in proportion to the amount of current I that is driven through light-emitting diode  44  by transistor TD. Transistor TD, transistor T 4 , transistor T 5 , and light-emitting diode  44  may be coupled in series between respective power supply terminals (see, e.g., positive power supply terminal ELVDD and ground power supply terminal ELVSS). Transistor TD may have a source terminal coupled to node Nb, a drain terminal coupled to transistor T 5 , and a gate terminal coupled to node Na. The voltage on node Na at the gate of transistor TD controls the amount of current I that is produced by transistor TD. This current is driven through light-emitting diode  44 , so transistor TD may sometimes be referred to as a drive transistor. 
     Transistors T 4  and T 5  can be turned off to interrupt current flow between transistor TD and diode  44  and transistors T 4  and T 5  may be turned on to enable current flow between transistor TD and diode  44 . Emission enable control signal EM may be applied to the gates of transistors T 4  and T 5  from a shared gate line. During operation, transistors T 4  and T 5  are controlled by emission enable control signal EM and are therefore sometimes referred to as emission transistors or emission enable transistors. Control signals GW and GI which may sometimes be referred to as switching transistor control signals, scan signals, or gate line signals (e.g., gate initialization and gate write signals, gate signals, etc.), are applied to the gates of switching transistors T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 6  and control the operation of transistors T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 6 . 
     Control signals EM, GI, and GW may be controlled by display driver circuitry  20  to place pixels  22  of display  14  in different states during the operation of display  14 . During these different states, image data is loaded into pixels  22  and pixels  22  use light-emitting diodes  44  to emit light  46  in proportion to the loaded pixel data. To minimize threshold voltage variations due to differences in transistor history (e.g., historical Vgs values), each of the pixels can be conditioned by deliberately applying a known voltage stress to drive transistors TD (sometimes referred to as on-bias stress). 
     As an example, display driver circuitry  20  may use control signals EM, GI, and GW to place pixels  22  in a first mode of operation (see, e.g., phase  60  of  FIG. 4 ) before using pixels to emit light (in a second mode of operation such as phase  62  of  FIG. 4 ). During operation, phases  60  and  62  can repeatedly alternate. 
     During phase  60 , which may sometimes be referred to as a preconditioning phase or an on-bias stress, data writing, and threshold voltage compensation phase, on-bias stress may be applied to the drive transistor TD of each pixel  22  and data (D) from the data line may be loaded onto capacitor Cst (node Na) of that pixel  22 . During phase  62 , which may sometimes be referred to as an emission phase, drive transistor TD of each pixel  22  supplies drive current I to light-emitting diode  44  of that pixel, so that light-emitting diode  44  emits light  46 . During phase  60 , the data loaded onto capacitor Cst may be shifted from Vdata (the voltage on data line D) by an amount equal to the threshold voltage Vt of drive transistor TD, so that the drive current I of transistor TD is independent of Vt during emission phase  62  (i.e., the pixel circuit of  FIG. 3  may be used to implement an internal threshold voltage compensation scheme). 
       FIG. 5  shows illustrative signal traces for emission signal EM and gate line signals GI and GW of pixel  22  during phase  60 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , emission signal EM may be taken high at time t 1  and held high during phase  60 , thereby turning off transistors T 4  and T 5  and preventing current I from passing through light-emitting diode  44 . With EM high, gate line signal GI may be taken low at time t 1 . This turns on transistor T 3  and thereby places initialization voltage Vini (e.g., a low voltage signal such as −2 volts or other suitable voltage) onto node Na at the gate of drive transistor TD (i.e., a known on-bias stress is applied to drive transistor TD to precondition transistor TD and thereby help minimize threshold voltage variations in threshold voltage Vt of transistor TD due to the operating history of transistor TD). Transistor T 3  may then be turned off at time t 2  by taking signal GI high. At time t 3 , gate line signal GW may be taken low. This turns on transistors T 1 , T 2 , and TD, so that data (Vdata) from data line D is loaded onto node Na via path  64 . If desired, the process of taking signals GI and GW low may be repeated (e.g., three times as shown in  FIG. 5  or other suitable number of times) to help precondition transistor TD and satisfactorily load Vdata onto node Na. 
     In configurations for device  10  in which display  14  has the same number of pixels  22  in each row of display  14 , the capacitive loading on the gate lines of display  14  will be relatively even across all of the rows of display  14 . In other configurations for display  14  such as the illustrative configuration of  FIG. 6 , different rows of display  14  may contain different numbers of pixels  22 . This may give rise to a row-dependent capacitive loading on the gate lines (e.g., the gate lines carrying signals such as signals GI and GW) that can affect the preconditioning operations and the data loaded onto node Na and therefore the resulting brightness of light  46  in the pixels  22  of each row. 
     In the illustrative arrangement of  FIG. 6 , display  14  has a rectangular shape with four curved corners and a recess (i.e., pixel-free notched region  66 ). The notch interrupts the rows of pixels  22  and creates short rows having fewer pixels than the normal-length rows that span the width of the substrate of display  14 . Due to the curved corners of display  14 , each row in the top and bottom edge of display  14  will have a slightly different amount of capacitive loading. Due to the gradually curved shape of the peripheral edge of display  14  at the top and bottom edges of display  14 , the row-to-row change in the number of pixels  22  that load the gate lines will be gradual in these regions. As a result, luminance variations due to changes in row length (and therefore pixel count) between adjacent rows will be minimal and not noticeable to a viewer of display  14 . 
     More abrupt shape changes such as the changes in display  14  due to notch  66  will introduce more significant changes in pixel loading on the gate lines. Rows such as row RM+1 . . . RN in display  14  of  FIG. 6  have pixel counts that are equal (or, in the case of the rows at near the bottom edge of display  14 , are nearly equal) to each other. Rows such as rows R0 . . . RM will have pixel counts that are less than half of the pixel counts of rows RM+1 . . . RN. This is because each gate line in rows R0 . . . RM will only extend to the left or right boundary of region  66  and will not be able to traverse region  66 . 
     Because the gate lines in area A of display  14  (i.e., the gate lines of rows R0 . . . RM in the top edge of display  14  adjacent to region  66 ) and the gate lines in area B of display  14  (i.e., the gate lines of rows RM+1 . . . RN) experience different amounts of loading in the example of  FIG. 6 , there is a risk that pixels  22  in areas A and B will be loaded with different voltages on their storage capacitors Cst, even in the presence of identical Vdata values on their data lines. To compensate for these row-dependent gate line loading effects, display driver circuitry  20  can create gate line signals G that vary as a function of row. For example, display driver circuitry  20  can produce gate line signals for the rows in area A that have shorter pulse widths than the gate lines signals for the rows in area B. The gate line signals with shorter pulse widths that are used in area A will then load the pixels in area A in the same way that the gate line signals with longer pulse widths that are used in area B will load the pixels in area B. 
     Illustrative display driver circuitry for providing the rows of pixels  22  in area A with different gate signals than the rows of pixels  22  in area B is shown in  FIG. 6 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , display driver circuitry  20 A (e.g., an integrated circuit, thin-film transistor circuitry, etc.) may include clock generators such as clock generators  70  and  72  that produce different clock signals (e.g., clock signals that different in pulse width, pulse slew rate, and/or other attributes). These signals may be provided to the clock inputs of gate driver circuits  78  of gate driver circuitry  20 B via multiplexer  74  and clock distribution path  76 . The output G of each gate driver circuit  78  may be provided to a subsequent gate driver circuit  78  to form a shift register. In the example of  FIG. 7 , each gate driver circuit produces a gate signal for a respective row of pixels  22 . If desired, circuitry  20 B may produce multiple gate line output signals (e.g., signals GI and GW) for each row. The shift register formed from circuits  78  allows a gate line signal (or gate line signals when each circuit  78  has multiple outputs corresponding to multiple gate lines in each row) to be asserted in each row of display  14  in sequence. 
     The clock signals from line  76  are distributed to the clock inputs of each gate driver circuit  78 , which then use these clocks in producing corresponding output signals G. The shape of the clock signal on line  76  when a given gate line signal is being produced can be used to control the shape of the given gate line signal. In particular, clock signal attributes (e.g., pulse width) for the clock signals on line  76  affect gate line signal attributes (e.g., pulse width), so changes to clock signals on path  76  can be used in controlling gate line signals G. 
     When it is desired to supply a first type of clock signal to gate driver circuits  78  of gate driver circuitry  20 B (e.g., when producing gate line signals for the pixels in area A), display driver circuitry  20 A may configure multiplexer  74  so that output CLKA of clock generator  70  is routed to gate driver circuits  78  in circuitry  20 A via path  76 . When it is desired to supply a second type of clock signal to gate driver circuits  78  of gate driver circuitry  20 B (e.g., when producing gate line signals for the pixels in area B), display driver circuitry  20 A may configure multiplexer  74  so that output CLKB of clock generator  72  is routed to gate driver circuits  78  in circuitry  20 A via path  76 . During each frame of image data, multiplexer  74  may be placed in its first state (coupling clock generator  70  to path  76 ) during the rows of area A and may be placed in its second state (coupling clock generator  72  to path  76 ) during the rows of area B. 
       FIGS. 8, 9, and 10  show illustrative signals CLKB and CLKA of the type that may be provided to respective areas B and A to reduce luminance variations between areas B and A. In the example of  FIG. 8 , the slew rate of clocks CLKB and CLKA are different. There is a parasitic capacitance between the gate of transistor T 2  and node Na that allows faster slew rate signals such as the CLKB signal to pass more data from data line D onto node Na than slower slew rate signals such as the CLKA signal. By using faster slew rate signal CLKB in region B (where gate lines are more heavily loaded by pixels  22 ) and using slower slew rate signal CLKA in region A (where gate lines are less heavily loaded by pixels  22 ), data signals Vdata will be uniformly loaded onto nodes Na in regions A and B, thereby reducing undesired pixel brightness variations between regions A and B. In the example of  FIG. 9 , the pulse width (pulse duration) of signal CLKA is smaller than the pulse width (pulse duration) of signal CLKB. The longer pulse width of CLKB, which is used in region B, helps compensate for the additional loading on the gate lines in the rows of pixels in region B. In the example of  FIG. 10 , clock signals CLKA have a two-step profile that provides the pulses of CLKA with a shorter pulse shape and slower slew rate than CLKB (which has a one-step profile) to help compensate for the additional loading on the gate lines in the rows of pixels in region B relative to region A. The examples of  FIGS. 8, 9, and 10  are examples of signal profiles that may be used for clocks CLKA and CLKB (and therefore the gate line signals G that are supplied to pixels  22  in respective areas A and B of display  14 ). Other types of signals and other combinations of signals CLKA and CLKB may be used, if desired. 
     To enhance the effectiveness of the application of the known on-bias stress to drive transistor TD, it may be desirable to separate emission signal EM into two respective independently controlled emission signals EM 1  and EM 2 , as shown in the illustrative pixel circuit for pixel  22  of  FIG. 11 . In the example of  FIG. 11 , emission control signal (emission enable signal) EM 2  is used in controlling emission transistor T 4  and emission control signal (emission enable signal) EM 1  is used in controlling emission transistor T 5 . In arrangements of the type shown by pixel circuit  22  of  FIG. 3 , emission signal EM is high during on-bias stress operations in which voltage Vini is being driven onto node Na via transistor T 3 . Because EM is high, transistor T 4  of  FIG. 3  is off during the on-bias stress operations of phase  60  and the voltage on node Nb at the source of transistor TD of  FIG. 3  can float and thereby reduce the Vgs voltage across drive transistor TD. In contrast, signal EM 2  of  FIG. 11  may be held low during on-bias stress operations to turn transistor T 4  on and thereby hold node Nb (the source of transistor TD) high at positive power supply voltage ELVDD to effectively apply a large gate-source voltage Vgs to drive transistor TD. This is shown in  FIG. 12 , which shows how EM 1  is high and EM 2  is low when GI is taken low during on-bias stress phase. 
     If desired, display driver circuitry  20  may supply row-dependent gate line signals to pixels  22  to reduce row-to-row luminance variation in a display whose pixels have commonly controlled emission control transistors (see, e.g., pixels  22  of  FIG. 3 ) or whose pixels have independently controlled emission transistors. 
     The amount of charge (signal Vdata) that is loaded onto node Na of each pixel  22  from data line D is dependent on the characteristics of the gate line signals for that pixel. During data loading operations, gate line signal GW (i.e., the third GW pulse in  FIG. 5 ) is asserted (taken low in the example of  FIG. 5 ) to load data from data line D onto node Na through transistors T 1 , TD, and T 2 . Due to the parasitic capacitance (Cgs) of transistor T 3  of  FIG. 3 , signals GW with faster slew rates and longer pulse durations tend to load more of voltage Vdata onto node Na than signals GW with slower slew rates and shorter durations. 
     Gate line loading affects the shape of the gate line pulses on the gate lines and can therefore affect pixel brightness. Gate lines with larger amounts of gate line loading will tend to be dimmer than gate lines with smaller amounts of gate line loading. Rows in display  14  can be provided with different amounts of gate line loading to help reduce brightness variations. These gate line loading adjustments may made in addition to and/or instead of using techniques in which the shape of the gate line pluses that are provided to the rows of pixels in display  14  are adjusted to reduce row dependent brightness variations as described in connection with  FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 . As an example, shorter rows that have fewer pixels can be provided with supplemental loads (sometimes referred to as dummy loads or supplemental gate line loading structures) to help make those rows behave similarly to or identically to longer rows in the display. 
     A graph illustrating the impact of various loading schemes that may be used to help smooth out brightness variations in a display having rows of pixels of unequal lengths (different numbers of pixels) is shown in  FIG. 13 . In the example of  FIG. 13 , gate line loading (LOAD) has been plotted as a function of row number (e.g., for the upper portion of display  14  starting at row R 0  of  FIG. 6 ). Solid line  90  corresponds to a display of the type shown in  FIG. 6  without any supplemental loading structures. Rows less than row RM (i.e., rows in area A of  FIG. 6 ) experience gradually increasing amounts of loading. After row RM (i.e., in area B), loading reaches load value LM. With an uncompensated display configuration (solid line  90 ), there may be a relatively sharp discontinuity (loading difference DLM) in the amount of loading experience by the gate lines of respective rows RM and row RM+1. This discontinuity can lead to a noticeable variation between the brightness of the pixels in row RM and the brightness of the pixels in row RM+1. For example, if the load varies by more than 10% between successive rows, the brightness of the pixels in the successive rows may vary by more than 10% or other visible amount. 
     Brightness variations such as these can be smoothed out by adding supplemental gate line loading structures to appropriate rows of display  14  (e.g., those rows that would otherwise be underloaded due to a lack of pixels on the gate lines of those rows). For example, brightness variations between a first area of the display in which gate lines are coupled to a given number of pixels and a second area of the display in which gate lines are coupled to fewer than the given number of pixels can be reduced to less than a 10% brightness variation, less than a 20% brightness variation, a brightness variation that is less than 50%, less than 15%, less than 5%, less than 2%, less than 1%, or less than other suitable brightness variation values). With one illustrative arrangement, which is illustrated by line  92 , gate line loading is smoothed out by adding supplemental loads to the gate lines of rows  98 . If desired, further smoothing may be achieved (e.g., by adding varying amounts of load to each of the gate lines of rows R 0  through RM, as illustrate by line  94 ). If desired, gate lines in rows R 0 -RM may be compensated by adding sufficient supplemental gate line loading to equalize the loading on the gate lines of all of the rows in display  14  (see, e.g., illustrative loading line  96  of  FIG. 13 ). In general, any suitable amount of supplemental loading may be added to appropriate rows of display  14 . Supplemental loads may be significant (e.g., to completely equalize loading for all rows as illustrated by line  96 ), may be moderate (e.g., to smooth loading as shown by line  94 ), or may be relatively small (e.g., to help smooth out the load discontinuity at rows RM/RM+1 by adding loading to a relatively modest number of rows (e.g., rows  98 ), as illustrated by line  92 . Any of these schemes may also be combined with row-dependent gate signal shaping schemes of the types described in connection with  FIGS. 8, 9, and 10  and/or other display brightness smoothing arrangements (which may also extend over any suitable number of rows in display  14  to help smooth out brightness discontinuities). 
     Illustrative arrangements for adding supplemental loads to the gate lines of appropriate rows of display  14  are shown in  FIGS. 14-25 . 
     As shown in the illustrative configuration of  FIG. 14 , selected gate lines G (e.g., gate lines GI and/or GW of  FIG. 3  or other suitable gate lines) may be provided with extended portions such as gate line extensions GE that are coupled to supplemental loading structures (supplemental gate line loading structures) such as dummy pixels  22 D. Display  14  of  FIG. 14  has a notch or other pixel-free area such as pixel-free notch  66 . Display  14  may have one or more substrate layers such as substrate  102 . Substrate  102  may have an edge such as edge  104 . Edge  104  may be straight or curved (as in the example of  FIG. 14 ). A narrow border portion of substrate  102  adjacent to the display notch (i.e., inactive area IA) is free of pixels  22 , but may contain supplemental gate line loading structures such as dummy pixels  22 D. In  FIG. 14 , inactive area IA is separated from active area AA (which contains active pixels  22 ) by dashed line  100 . To ensure that dummy pixels  22 D do not encroach too far into inactive area IA (i.e., to ensure that dummy pixels  22 D are not too close to edge  104  of substrate  102 ), the layout of dummy pixels  22 D may accommodate curved edge  104 . To smoothly transition between the large amount of loading experienced by gate lines G in rows RM+1 (sometimes referred to as long rows) and the smaller amount of loading experienced by gate lines G in rows R 0 -RM (sometimes referred to as short rows), a relatively large amount of supplemental loading may be supplied in row RM (e.g., four dummy pixels  22 D in the  FIG. 14  example) and progressively smaller amounts of supplemental loading may be supplied in rows that are progressively farther from row RM (e.g., two supplemental dummy pixels  22 D may be coupled to a gate line in row RM-1 in the  FIG. 14  example, etc.). In the illustrative configuration of  FIG. 14 , only two rows (RM and RM-1 have been supplied with supplemental loading, but, in general, any suitable number of rows may be supplied with supplemental loading (e.g., 2-20 rows, 2-100 rows, 50-1000 rows, more than 25 rows, fewer than 2000 rows, etc.). Any suitable number of dummy pixels  22 D (e.g., 1-1000, more than 10, fewer than 500, etc.) may be coupled to the gate line GW in each row of display  14  (see, e.g., gate line GW of  FIG. 3 ) and/or may be coupled to other suitable horizontal control lines in display  14  to reduce row-dependent brightness variations. 
     Dummy pixels  22 D may contain all of the pixel circuitry of regular pixels  22  with small but critical modifications that prevent these pixels from emitting light. Examples of modifications that may be made to convert active pixels  22  into dummy pixels  22 D include: omitting the emissive material of pixels  22  from pixels  22 D, omitting the anodes of pixels  22 D, omitting small portions of metal traces coupling the thin-film transistor circuitry in pixels  22 D to the light-emitting diodes in pixels  22 D to create open circuits, etc. The footprint (outline when viewed from above) of each of pixels  22 D of  FIG. 14  may be the same as the footprint of each of pixels  22 . 
     If desired, supplemental loading structures formed from capacitors may be used. This type of arrangement is shown in  FIG. 15 . In the example of  FIG. 15 , supplemental loads  22 LD have been provided in rows k and k+1 to help smooth out a loading discontinuity between rows k+1 and k+2. The circuit diagram in  FIG. 15  shows how gate line signals on gate lines GI and GW may be produced by the same gate drivers in gate driver circuitry  20 B. For example, gate line signal GI(k+1) may be produced by coupling the GI line in row k+1 to the output of the gate driver  20 B-D for gate line GW in row k (i.e., GI(k+1)=GW(k)). Supplemental gate line loading structures (supplemental gate line loads)  22 LD may be coupled to both gate line GI and to gate line GW in each row or may, as shown in  FIG. 15 , be coupled to only a single gate line (i.e., gate line GW) in each row to reduce the area consumed by the gate lines extensions GE. 
     In the example of  FIG. 15 , each supplemental load  22 LD is located in the same row as the gate line to which it is coupled. If desired, gate line extensions GE may have bent portions such as portions GE′ of  FIG. 16  that span multiple rows. This allows some of the loading structures to be located in rows other than the gate lines to which they are coupled. In the arrangement of  FIG. 16 , for example, supplemental loading structure  22 LD′ is located in row RM, but is coupled to gate line GW in row RM-2 using gate line extension GE. This type of arrangement may be used to help optimize the placement of supplemental loading structures (e.g., so that more supplemental loading structures may be incorporated into border IA without locating these structures too close to substrate edge  104  or excessively increasing the size of border IA). 
     Illustrative display  14  of  FIG. 17  includes gate lines of different widths in different rows. Long row RM+1 has a normally sized gate line G (i.e., a gate line of width W 2 ). Short rows may be provided with appropriately enlarged gate lines to enhance loading. For example, a supplemental loading structure may be formed for row RM by increasing the width of gate line G in row RM to a value W 1  that is larger than W 2 . The additional capacitance provided by enhancing the width of gate line G allows the additional width to serve as a supplemental gate line loading structure. 
       FIG. 18  shows how gate drivers such as gate drivers  20 B-D may be varied in strength to compensate for rows with different numbers of pixels. For example, output buffers (gate drivers)  20 B-D in normal (long) rows such as row RM+1 may have transistors of normal sizes so that the output buffers drive gate lines signals onto gate lines G with normal strength, whereas output buffers  20 B-D in short rows such as row RM may have reduced strengths (e.g., transistors that are smaller and therefore weaker than the transistors in the gate drivers of the long rows). Row-dependent gate driver strength adjustments may be made in combination with one or more other brightness discontinuity smoothing arrangements (e.g., supplemental loading structures, gate line signal slew rate modifications, etc.). 
       FIG. 19  is a circuit diagram of an illustrative supplemental loading structure formed from two capacitors C coupled between in parallel between gate line G and ground line GND. Ground line GND may be formed from a ground power supply line (e.g., ELVSS), from a gate driver ground (e.g., VGL), or other suitable signal path. Capacitors C of  FIG. 19  may be formed from structures of the type shown in  FIGS. 20 and 21  (as examples). 
     In the example of  FIG. 20 , capacitor C has first electrode  110  and second electrode  112  separated by dielectric  114 . Dielectric  114  may be formed from one or more layers of inorganic and/or organic dielectric material in display  14 . Electrodes  110  and  112  may be formed from metal layers, conductive semiconductor layers (e.g., doped polysilicon, etc.), or other conductive layers. For example, electrodes  110  and  112  may be formed from conductive layers such as a first gate metal layer, second gate metal layer, source-drain metal layer, silicon layer, or other suitable conductive layers in the thin-film transistor circuitry of display  14 . In particular, electrode  110  may be an upper electrode formed from a second gate metal layer and electrode  112  may be a lower electrode formed from a first gate metal layer, upper electrode  110  may be formed from a source-drain metal layer and lower electrode  112  may be formed from a second gate metal layer, or upper electrode  110  may be formed from a first gate metal layer or a source-drain metal layer and lower electrode  112  may be formed from a doped polysilicon layer or other doped semiconductor layer. 
     In the illustrative configuration of  FIG. 21 , a first electrode for capacitor C is formed from upper layer  116 A and lower layer  116 B, which are shorted together. A second electrode for capacitor C of  FIG. 21  is formed from conductive layer  118 . Dielectric  114  may separate the first and second electrodes. Electrode layer  116 A may be formed from a source-drain metal layer and electrode layer  116 B may be formed from a conductive layer such as a doped semiconductor layer (e.g., a doped polysilicon layer). Electrode  118  may be formed from a gate metal layer (e.g., a first gate metal layer in a configuration in which display  14  has multiple gate metal layers). 
     Other capacitor arrangements may be used, if desired. The illustrative capacitor structures of  FIGS. 20 and 21  are merely illustrative. Capacitors C may be formed from individual capacitor electrodes that are coupled together using signal lines (e.g., gate lines and ground line). Different numbers of capacitors may be added or removed from each row to adjust how much supplemental gate line loading is provided or each row of display  14  may have a single undivided capacitor structure for supplemental loading. The use of multiple smaller capacitors that are coupled together by signal lines (e.g., gate lines and ground lines) may help reduce the risk of damage from electrostatic discharge events during manufacturing (e.g., by reducing the amount of charge stored in any given capacitor). 
       FIG. 22  shows a row of display  14  in an illustrative configuration in which supplemental loading structure  22 D has been formed from multiple capacitors C (e.g., capacitors of the type shown in  FIGS. 20 and/or 21 ) coupled to gate line G and coupled to an associated ground line GND. 
       FIG. 23  shows how the resistance of gate line G in gate line extension GE can be adjusted by providing a portion of gate line extensions GE such as portion  122  with a meandering path shape. Gate line extension G may be coupled to a supplemental load such as loading structures  22 D formed from one or more capacitors C or other loading structures. Adjustments to the resistance of line portion GE may help adjust the loading effects imposed on gate line G (i.e., the meandering path may be considered to form part of the supplemental gate line loading structures in a row). 
       FIG. 24  shows how supplemental loading structures  22 D may be formed from small pixel-like dummy pixel circuits. These circuits may include some of the same transistors, capacitors, signal traces, and other thin-film circuitry of normal pixels  22 , but have smaller footprints because some of the components of pixels  22  have been omitted. The omission of one or more pixel components from pixels  22  allows the footprint of the dummy pixel circuits to be reduced and renders the dummy pixel circuits incapable of emitting light. At the same time, the amount of loading imposed on gate lines G may be the same or nearly the same as that imposed by normal pixels  22 . An example of a pixel component that may be removed from pixels  22  to form reduced-size (compressed) dummy pixel circuits for supplemental loading structures  22 D of  FIG. 24  is the anode of light-emitting diode  44  (which normally consumes a relatively large amount of pixel area). To reduce the size of the dummy pixel circuit relative to a normal pixel  22 , the layout of the pixel circuit may be shrunken after the anode is removed. In contrast, dummy pixels  22 D of the type shown in  FIG. 14  may have the same footprint as pixels  22 . 
     If desired, each of the gate lines in area A may have a pixel-free portion (gate line extension portion) that extends past the notch in display  14  and that helps increase loading for that gate line. As shown in  FIG. 25 , for example, gate line extensions GE may be extended sufficiently to allow each of the gate lines in the short rows to span the width of display  14  (i.e., the substrate of display  14 ) even though the short rows contain fewer pixels than the long rows due to the presence of notch  66 . Gate line extensions GE of  FIG. 25  may impose sufficient loading on the short rows of display  14  to partly or completely obviate the need for additional supplemental gate line loading structures and/or gate signal slew rate modifications, gate driver circuit modifications, etc. 
     In the illustrative configuration of  FIG. 25 , gate driver circuitry  20 B includes gate drivers  20 B-D coupled to both the left and right ends of gate lines G. In the long rows of display  14  (i.e., in area B), the use of drivers on both the left and right ends of each gate line can help ensure satisfactory data loading. In short rows (i.e., in area A), both left and right drivers may not be needed and one of these drivers may be omitted to help reduce display brightness variations. With this type of arrangement, some or all of gate drivers  20 B-D along one of the edges of display  14  (e.g., the right-hand edge of  FIG. 25 ) may be omitted from the short rows of display  14  so that some or all of the short rows may be driven by gate drivers coupled to only one gate line end (e.g., the left end of gate lines G), whereas all of the long rows may be driven by gate drivers coupled to both opposing ends of gate lines G (e.g., to the left and right ends of each gate line G). Configurations of this type (in which the number of gate drivers coupled to each gate line is varied between different rows) may be combined with one or more other arrangements for smoothing out display brightness variations (row-dependent gate line signal slew rate variations, row-dependent gate driver strengths, row-dependent supplemental loading variations, etc.). 
     In accordance with an embodiment, a display is provided that includes display driver circuitry, data lines coupled to the display driver circuitry, gate lines coupled to the display driver circuitry, and an array of pixels having columns and rows, the rows in a first area of the display are shorter than the rows in a second area of the display and the display driver circuitry is configured to provide gate line signals on the gate lines of the rows in the first and second areas that are different. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the display driver circuitry includes a first clock generator that generates a first clock signal and a second clock generator that generates a second clock signal. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the display driver circuitry includes a multiplexer having a first input that receives the first clock signal, a second input that receives the second clock signal, and an output coupled to a clock path. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the display driver circuitry includes gate driver circuitry having gate driver circuits in each of the rows, the gate driver circuits receive signals over the clock path. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the first area has a pixel-free notch and the display driver circuitry is configured to direct the multiplexer to supply the first clock signal to the gate driver circuits in the rows of the first area and to supply the second clock signal to the gate driver circuits in the rows of the second area. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the first clock signal and corresponding gate line signals produced by the gate driver circuits in the rows of the first area have a slower slew rate than the second clock signal and corresponding gate line signals produced by the gate driver circuits in the rows of the second area. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the first clock signal and corresponding gate line signals produced by the gate driver circuits in the rows of the first area have a shorter pulse duration than the second clock signal and corresponding gate line signals produced by the gate driver circuits in the rows of the second area. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the first clock signal and corresponding gate line signals produced by the gate driver circuits in the rows of the first area have a two-step profile and the second clock signal and corresponding gate line signals produced by the gate driver circuits in the rows of the second area have a one-step profile. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, each pixel has seven transistors and one capacitor. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the seven transistors in each pixel include a drive transistor and first and second emission transistors coupled in series with an organic light-emitting diode between first and second power supply terminals. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the display includes in each row, a first emission control line that passes a first emission control signal to the pixels of that row from the display driver circuitry and a second emission control line that passes a second emission control signal to the pixels of that row from the display driver circuitry. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, each pixel has seven transistors and one capacitor. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the seven transistors in each pixel include a drive transistor and first and second emission transistors coupled in series with an organic light-emitting diode between first and second power supply terminals. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the first emission line in each row is coupled to the first emission transistor of each pixel in that row and the second emission line in each row is coupled to the second emission transistor of each pixel in that row. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, a display is provided that includes display driver circuitry, data lines coupled to the display driver circuitry, gate lines coupled to the display driver circuitry, an array of pixels having columns and rows, each pixel has seven transistors and one capacitor, the seven transistors in each pixel include a drive transistor and first and second emission transistors coupled in series with an organic light-emitting diode between first and second power supply terminals, and in each row, a first emission control line that passes a first emission control signal to the pixels of that row from the display driver circuitry and a second emission control line that passes a second emission control signal to the pixels of that row from the display driver circuitry. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the first emission line in each row is coupled to the first emission transistor of each pixel in that row and the second emission line in each row is coupled to the second emission transistor of each pixel in that row. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, a display is provided that includes display driver circuitry, data lines coupled to the display driver circuitry, gate lines coupled to the display driver circuitry, an array of pixels having columns and rows, each pixel has at least seven p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors and at least one capacitor, the transistors in each pixel include a drive transistor and first and second emission transistors coupled in series with an organic light-emitting diode between first and second power supply terminals, a first emission control line in each row that passes a first emission control signal to the pixels of that row from the display driver circuitry, a second emission control line in each row that passes a second emission control signal to the pixels of that row from the display driver circuitry, and first and second gate lines in each row that control at least first and second switching transistors in the transistors of each pixel in that row. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the display driver circuitry includes a first clock generator that generates a first clock signal and a second clock generator that generates a second clock signal and includes a multiplexer having a first input that receives the first clock signal, a second input that receives the second clock signal and an output coupled to a clock path. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the first emission line in each row is coupled to the first emission transistor of each pixel in that row and the second emission line in each row is coupled to the second emission transistor of each pixel in that row. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the display driver circuitry includes a gate driver circuit in each of the rows that receive signals over the clock path. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, a display is provided that includes display driver circuitry, data lines coupled to the display driver circuitry, gate lines coupled to the display driver circuitry, an array of pixels having rows and columns, the gate lines of rows in a first area of the display are coupled to fewer of the pixels in the array of pixels than the rows in a second area of the display, and supplemental gate line loading structures that are coupled to at least some of the gate lines in the first area to increase loading on those gate lines and thereby smooth out display brightness variations between the first and second areas of the display. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the supplemental gate line loading structures include dummy pixels that do not emit light. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the dummy pixels do not contain emissive material for light-emitting diodes. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the supplemental gate line loading structures include capacitors. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, a first of the rows in the first area is coupled to a supplemental gate line loading structure in a second of the rows of the first area. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the pixels of the first of the rows are associated with a given one of the gate lines and the given one of the gate lines has a gate line extension that extends from the first of the rows to the second of the rows. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the supplemental gate line loading structures impose progressively decreasing amounts of loading on the gate lines of the first area at progressively increasing distances from the second area into the first area. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, an organic light-emitting diode display is provided that includes a substrate with a notch, organic light-emitting diode pixels on the substrate, display driver circuitry, data lines coupled to the display driver circuitry and the organic light-emitting diode pixels, gate lines coupled to the display driver circuitry and the organic light-emitting diode pixels, the organic light-emitting diode pixels are arranged in columns and rows, the rows in a first area of the display that includes the notch are coupled to fewer of the pixels than the rows in a second area of the display, and supplemental gate line loading structures that are coupled to at least a portion of the gate lines in the first area to increase gate line loading on those gate lines and thereby reduce differences in gate line loading between the gate lines in the first and second areas. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the supplemental gate line loading structures include capacitors coupled to the gate lines in the portion of the gate lines. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, each gate line in the portion of the gate lines is coupled to a plurality of the capacitors. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, each of the capacitors has an upper electrode and a lower electrode. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, each of the capacitors has a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer, and a third conductive layer, the first and third conductive layers are shorted together and form a first capacitor electrode and the second conductive layer is interposed between the first and third conductive layers and forms a second capacitor electrode. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the supplemental gate line loading structures apply different amounts of capacitance to different gate lines in the first area. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the gate driver circuitry includes a gate driver coupled to one of the gate lines in each row and at least one of the gate drivers in the first area has a different strength than at least one of the gate drivers in the second area. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the display driver circuitry is configured to provide gate line signals on the gate lines of the rows in the first and second areas that have different slew rates. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, an organic light-emitting diode display is provided that includes a substrate with a notch, the substrate has a width, organic-light-emitting diode pixels on the substrate, display driver circuitry, data lines coupled to the display driver circuitry and coupled to the pixels, and gate lines coupled to the display driver circuitry and coupled to the pixels, the pixels have columns and rows, the gate lines of the rows in a first area of the display are coupled to fewer of the pixels than the gate lines of the rows in the second area, the gate lines of the rows in both the first area and the second area span the width of the substrate, and the gate lines of the rows in the first area each have a pixel-free portion that extends past the notch. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the organic light-emitting diode display includes supplemental gate line loading structures that are coupled to a first set of gate lines in the first area to increase gate line loading on the first set of gate lines and thereby reduce differences in gate line loading between the first set of gate lines and a second set of gate lines in the second area. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the supplemental gate line loading structures include dummy pixels. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the supplemental gate line loading structures include at least one capacitor coupled to each gate line in the first set of gate lines. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the supplemental gate line loading structures includes capacitors coupled to the first set of gate lines and at least a given one of the gate lines in the first set of gate lines is coupled to a capacitor in a different row than the given one of the gate lines. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20200323
Publication Date: 20220125
Grant Date: 20220125
Priority Date: 20160328
Inventors: YU, CHENG-HO
LIN, CHIN-WEI
YANG, SHYUAN
CHANG, TING-KUO
TSAI, TSUNG-TING
RIEUTORT-LOUIS, WARREN S.
CHANG, SHIH-CHANG
CHEN, YU CHENG
ZHONG, JOHN Z.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G09G3/3266", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0413", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3233", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3266", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0223", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0842", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0233", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0413", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0233", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3233", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0233", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2310/0232", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0842", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0809", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0223", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0233", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3266", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0426", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0809", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0426", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3266", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2310/0232", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0426", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3233", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0223", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2310/0232", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0223", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0426", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2310/0232", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0223", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0809", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0233", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01L27/3276", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3266", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3233", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01L27/323", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2300/0426", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01L27/3223", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01L2227/32", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2310/0232", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3233", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H10K59/10", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H10K59/88", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H10K59/131", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H10K59/88", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H10K59/40", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H10K59/131", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 58428413