PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11662867-B1
Application Number: US-202117306318-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B1

Title: Hover detection on a touch sensor panel

Abstract:
Some touch screens can be formed with rows and columns of touch electrodes. In some examples, during a first time period, a first set of row electrodes are driven while a second set of row electrodes are sensed. In some examples, during a second time period, the first set of row electrodes are sensed while the second set of row electrodes are driven. In some examples, during a third time period, a first set of column electrodes are driven while a second set of column electrodes are sensed. In some examples, during a fourth time period, the first set of column electrodes are sensed while the second set of column electrodes are driven. In some examples, a touch image can be generated based on the data sensed from the first, second, third, and fourth time periods.

Claims:
The invention claimed is: 
     
       1. A method comprising:
 at a touch sensor panel having a first plurality of electrodes electrically coupled together along a first direction and a second plurality of electrodes electrically coupled together along a second direction, different from the first direction: 
 during a first time period:
 applying a drive signal to a first set of electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes corresponding to a set of odd electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes, wherein the first set of electrodes includes a first electrode and a second electrode; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the first set of electrodes:
 sensing a second set of electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes corresponding to a set of even electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes; and 
 applying the drive signal to the second plurality of electrodes, wherein:
 the second set of electrodes is different from the first set of electrodes; 
 the second set of electrodes includes a third electrode and a fourth electrode; 
 the third electrode is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode absent intervening electrodes; and 
 the second electrode is positioned between the third electrode and the fourth electrode absent intervening electrodes. 
 
 
 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 during a second time period, after the first time period:
 applying the drive signal to the second set of electrodes; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the second set of electrodes, sensing the first set of electrodes. 
 
 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 2 , further comprising:
 during a third time period, different from the second time period and after the first time period:
 applying the drive signal to a first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes:
 sensing a second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes, different from the first set of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 applying the drive signal to the first plurality of electrodes. 
 
 
 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 3 , further comprising:
 during a fourth time period, different from the second and third time period and after the first time period:
 applying the drive signal to the second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes:
 sensing the first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 applying the drive signal to the first plurality of electrodes. 
 
 
 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 4 , further comprising generating a touch image based on a sensed touch data from the first time period, the second time period, the third time period, and the fourth time period. 
     
     
       6. A touch controller, comprising:
 a touch sensor panel having a first plurality of electrodes electrically coupled together along a first direction and a second plurality of electrodes electrically coupled together along a second direction, different from the first direction; 
 switching circuitry coupled to the first plurality of electrodes and the second plurality of electrodes and including a first set of switching circuits and a second set of switching circuits, wherein:
 each switching circuit of the first set of switching circuits is coupled to a respective electrode of the first plurality of electrodes and is configured to selectively couple the respective electrode to a drive circuitry or a sense circuitry; and 
 each switching circuit of the second set of switching circuits is coupled to a respective electrode of the second plurality of electrodes and is configured to selectively couple the respective electrode to the drive circuitry or the sense circuitry; and wherein: 
 
 the touch controller is configured to:
 during a first time period:
 apply a drive signal to a first set of electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes corresponding to a set of odd electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes, wherein the first set of electrodes includes a first electrode and a second electrode; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the first set of electrodes:
 sense a second set of electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes corresponding to a set of even electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes; and 
 apply the drive signal to the second plurality of electrodes, wherein: 
  the second set of electrodes is different from the first set of electrodes; 
  the second set of electrodes includes a third electrode and a fourth electrode; 
  the third electrode is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode absent intervening electrodes; and 
  the second electrode is positioned between the third electrode and the fourth electrode absent intervening electrodes. 
 
 
 
 
     
     
       7. The touch controller of  claim 6 , wherein:
 applying the drive signal to the first set of electrodes includes configuring a first set of respective switching circuits corresponding to the first set of electrodes to couple the first set of electrodes to the drive circuitry; and 
 sensing the second set of electrodes includes configuring a second set of respective switching circuits corresponding to the second set of electrodes to couple the second set of electrodes to the sense circuitry. 
 
     
     
       8. The touch controller of  claim 6 , wherein the touch controller is further configured to:
 during a second time period, after the first time period:
 apply the drive signal to the second set of electrodes; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the second set of electrodes, sense the first set of electrodes. 
 
 
     
     
       9. The touch controller of  claim 8 , wherein the touch controller is further configured to:
 during a third time period, different from the second time period and after the first time period:
 apply the drive signal to a first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes:
 sense a second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes, different from the first set of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 apply the drive signal to the first plurality of electrodes. 
 
 
 
     
     
       10. The touch controller of  claim 9 , wherein the touch controller is further configured to:
 during a fourth time period, different from the second and third time period and after the first time period:
 apply the drive signal to the second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes:
 sense the first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 apply the drive signal to the first plurality of electrodes. 
 
 
 
     
     
       11. The touch controller of  claim 10 , wherein the touch controller is further configured to generate a touch image based on a sensed touch data from the first time period, the second time period, the third time period, and the fourth time period. 
     
     
       12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions, which when executed by an electronic device including one or more processors, cause the electronic device to:
 at a touch sensor panel having a first plurality of electrodes electrically coupled together along a first direction and a second plurality of electrodes electrically coupled together along a second direction, different from the first direction:
 during a first time period:
 apply a drive signal to a first set of electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes corresponding to a set of odd electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes, wherein the first set of electrodes includes a first electrode and a second electrode; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the first set of electrodes:
 sense a second set of electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes corresponding to a set of even electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes; and 
 apply the drive signal to the second plurality of electrodes, wherein: 
  the second set of electrodes is different from the first set of electrodes; 
  the second set of electrodes includes a third electrode and a fourth electrode; 
  the third electrode is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode absent intervening electrodes; and 
  the second electrode is positioned between the third electrode and the fourth electrode absent intervening electrodes. 
 
 
 
 
     
     
       13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 12 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the electronic device, further cause the electronic device to:
 during a second time period, after the first time period:
 apply the drive signal to the second set of electrodes; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the second set of electrodes, sense the first set of electrodes. 
 
 
     
     
       14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 13 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the electronic device, further cause the electronic device to:
 during a third time period, different from the second time period and after the first time period:
 apply the drive signal to a first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes:
 sense a second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes, different from the first set of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 apply the drive signal to the first plurality of electrodes. 
 
 
 
     
     
       15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 14 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the electronic device, further cause the electronic device to:
 during a fourth time period, different from the second and third time period and after the first time period:
 apply the drive signal to the second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 while applying the drive signal to the second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes:
 sense the first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes; and 
 apply the drive signal to the first plurality of electrodes. 
 
 
 
     
     
       16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 15 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the electronic device, further cause the electronic device to:
 generate a touch image based on a sensed touch data from the first time period, the second time period, the third time period, and the fourth time period. 
 
     
     
       17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 12 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the electronic device, further cause the electronic device to:
 apply the drive signal to the first set of electrodes by configuring a first set of respective switching circuits corresponding to the first set of electrodes to couple the first set of electrodes to drive circuitry of the electronic device; and 
 sense the second set of electrodes by configuring a second set of respective switching circuits corresponding to the second set of electrodes to couple the second set of electrodes to sense circuitry of the electronic device.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/032,575, filed May 30, 2020, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This relates generally to methods and systems for performing hover detection on a touch sensor paned. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Many types of input devices are presently available for performing operations in a computing system, such as buttons or keys, mice, trackballs, joysticks, touch sensor panels, touch screens and the like. Touch screens, in particular, are popular because of their ease and versatility of operation as well as their declining price. Touch screens can include a touch sensor panel, which can be a clear panel with a touch-sensitive surface, and a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED) display or organic light emitting diode (OLED) display that can be positioned partially or fully behind the panel so that the touch-sensitive surface can cover at least a portion of the viewable area of the display device. Touch screens can allow a user to perform various functions by touching the touch sensor panel using a finger, stylus or other object at a location often dictated by a user interface (UI) being displayed by the display device. In general, touch screens can recognize a touch and the position of the touch on the touch sensor panel, and the computing system can then interpret the touch in accordance with the display appearing at the time of the touch, and thereafter can perform one or more actions based on the touch. In the case of some touch sensing systems, a physical touch on the display is not needed to detect a touch. For example, in some capacitive-type touch sensing systems, fringing electric fields used to detect touch can extend beyond the surface of the display, and objects approaching near the surface may be detected near the surface without actually touching the surface. 
     Capacitive touch sensor panels can be formed by a matrix of partially or fully transparent or non-transparent conductive plates (e.g., touch electrodes or sensing electrodes) made of materials such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). In some examples, the conductive plates can be formed from other materials including conductive polymers, metal mesh, graphene, nanowires (e.g., silver nanowires) or nanotubes (e.g., carbon nanotubes). It is due in part to their substantial transparency that some capacitive touch sensor panels can be overlaid on a display to form a touch screen, as described above. Some touch screens can be formed by at least partially integrating touch sensing circuitry into a display pixel stackup (i.e., the stacked material layers forming the display pixels). In some cases, capacitive touch sensor panel can operate in a mutual capacitance or self-capacitance mode. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This relates to systems and methods of improving detection sensitivity of touch sensor panels that are operating in mutual capacitance mode, such as to detect proximity (e.g., hover) events, for example. In some examples, a touch sensor panel can be arranged in rows and columns of touch electrodes. In a mutual capacitance sensing mode, the intersection of the rows or columns form a capacitance that can be measured by a touch sensing circuit. In some examples, the rows and/or columns can be driven by a known drive signal and other rows and/or columns can be sensed to determine the capacitance at the respective intersections. When an object such as a finger or stylus approaches and/or contacts the touch sensor panel, the capacitance at respective intersections changes due to the object&#39;s interference with the electromagnetic fields between the touch electrodes. In some examples, multiple rows and/or columns can be driven simultaneously (optionally with the same drive signal) to increase the field penetration of the generated electromagnetic fields. In some examples, the sensed change in capacitance due to the object&#39;s interaction with the touch sensor panel can be small relative to the overall capacitance formed by the intersection of the touch electrodes. In some examples, an offset signal can be injected into touch sensing circuits to offset baseline capacitance. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS.  1 A- 1 E  illustrate example systems that can implement touch sensing according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a block diagram of an example computing system that can implement touch sensing according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example touch screen including touch sensing circuitry configured as drive and sense regions or lines according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example touch screen including touch sensing circuitry configured as pixelated electrodes according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an example mutual capacitance scan of an example row-column touch sensor panel. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example touch screen system according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  illustrate an exemplary method of operating a touch panel according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  8 A- 8 B  illustrates exemplary touch sensor circuits according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  9 A- 9 B  illustrate signal graphs of exemplary driving schemes for touch sensor circuits according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  illustrate a method of demodulating a touch sense signal. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates an example multi-scan scan sequence. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description of examples, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which it is shown by way of illustration specific examples that can be practiced. It is to be understood that other examples can be used and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosed examples. 
     This relates to systems and methods of improving detection sensitivity of touch sensor panels that are operating in mutual capacitance mode, such as to detect proximity (e.g., hover) events, for example. In some examples, a touch sensor panel can be arranged in rows and columns of touch electrodes. In a mutual capacitance sensing mode, the intersection of the rows or columns form a capacitance that can be measured by a touch sensing circuit. In some examples, the rows and/or columns can be driven by a known drive signal and other rows and/or columns can be sensed to determine the capacitance at the respective intersections. When an object such as a finger or stylus approaches and/or contacts the touch sensor panel, the capacitance at respective intersections changes due to the object&#39;s interference with the electromagnetic fields between the touch electrodes. In some examples, the change in capacitance can be small relative to the overall capacitance formed by the intersection of the touch electrodes. In some examples, multiple rows and/or columns can be driven simultaneously to increase the field penetration of the generated electromagnetic fields. In some examples, an offset signal can be injected into touch sensing circuits to offset baseline capacitance. 
       FIGS.  1 A- 1 E  illustrate example systems that can implement touch sensing (e.g., hover sensing) according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 A  illustrates an example mobile telephone  136  that includes a touch screen  124  and a computing system that can implement touch sensing according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 B  illustrates an example digital media player  140  that includes a touch screen  126  and a computing system that can implement touch sensing according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 C  illustrates an example personal computer  144  that includes a touch screen  128  and a computing system that can implement touch sensing according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 D  illustrates an example tablet computing device  148  that includes a touch screen  130  and a computing system that can implement touch sensing according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 E  illustrates an example wearable device  150  that includes touch screen  152  and a computing system and can be attached to a user using a strap  154  and that can implement touch sensing according to examples of the disclosure. The touch screen and computing system that can implement touch sensing can be implemented in other devices. 
     Touch screens  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  and  150  can be based on, for example, self-capacitance or mutual capacitance sensing technology, or another touch sensing technology. For example, a self-capacitance based touch system can include a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material that can be referred to as touch node electrodes (as described below with reference to touch screen  420  in  FIG.  4   ). For example, a touch screen can include a plurality of individual touch node electrodes, each touch node electrode identifying or representing a unique location on the touch screen at which touch or proximity (i.e., a touch or proximity event) is to be sensed, and each touch node electrode being electrically isolated from the other touch node electrodes in the touch screen/panel. Such a touch screen can be referred to as a pixelated self-capacitance touch screen, though it is understood that in some examples, the touch node electrodes on the touch screen can be used to perform scans other than self-capacitance scans on the touch screen (e.g., mutual capacitance scans). During operation, a touch node electrode can be stimulated with an AC waveform, and the self-capacitance to ground of the touch node electrode can be measured. As an object approaches the touch node electrode, the self-capacitance to ground of the touch node electrode can change (e.g., increase). This change in the self-capacitance of the touch node electrode can be detected and measured by the touch sensing system to determine the positions of multiple objects when they touch, or come in proximity to, the touch screen. In some examples, the electrodes of a self-capacitance based touch system can be formed from rows and columns of conductive material (as described below with reference to touch screen  320  in  FIG.  3   ), and changes in the self-capacitance to ground of the rows and columns can be detected, similar to above. In some examples, a touch screen can be multi-touch, single touch, projection scan, full-imaging multi-touch, capacitive touch, etc. 
     In some examples, touch screens  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  and  150  can be based on mutual capacitance. A mutual capacitance based touch system can include drive and sense lines that may cross over each other on different layers, or may be adjacent to each other on the same layer (e.g., as illustrated in touch screen  320  in  FIG.  3   ). The crossing or adjacent locations can be referred to as touch nodes. During operation, the drive line can be stimulated with an AC waveform and the mutual capacitance of the touch node can be measured. As an object approaches the touch node, the mutual capacitance of the touch node can change (e.g., decrease). This change in the mutual capacitance of the touch node can be detected and measured by the touch sensing system to determine the positions of multiple objects when they touch, or come in proximity to, the touch screen. In some examples, the electrodes of a mutual-capacitance based touch system can be formed from a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material, and changes in the mutual capacitance between plates of conductive material can be detected, similar to above. 
     In some examples, touch screens  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  and  150  can be based on mutual capacitance and/or self-capacitance. The electrodes can be arranged as a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material (e.g., as in touch screen  420  in  FIG.  4   ) or as drive lines and sense lines (e.g., as in touch screen  320  in  FIG.  3   ), or in another pattern. The electrodes can be configurable for mutual capacitance or self-capacitance sensing or a combination of mutual and self-capacitance sensing. For example, in one mode of operation electrodes can be configured to sense mutual capacitance between electrodes and in a different mode of operation electrodes can be configured to sense self-capacitance of electrodes. In some examples, some of the electrodes can be configured to sense mutual capacitance therebetween and some of the electrodes can be configured to sense self-capacitance thereof. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a block diagram of an example computing system that can implement touch sensing (e.g., hover sensing) according to examples of the disclosure. Computing system  200  could be included in, for example, mobile telephone  136 , digital media player  140 , personal computer  144 , tablet computing device  148 , wearable device  150 , or any mobile or non-mobile computing device that includes a touch screen. Computing system  200  can include an integrated touch screen  220  to display images and to detect touch and/or proximity (e.g., hover) events from an object (e.g., finger  203  or active or passive stylus  205 ) at or proximate to the surface of the touch screen  220 . Computing system  200  can also include an application specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”) illustrated as touch ASIC  201  to perform touch and/or stylus sensing operations. Touch ASIC  201  can include one or more touch processors  202 , peripherals  204 , and touch controller  206 . Touch ASIC  201  can be coupled to touch sensing circuitry of touch screen  220  to perform touch and/or stylus sensing operations (described in more detail below). Peripherals  204  can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) or other types of memory or storage, watchdog timers and the like. Touch controller  206  can include, but is not limited to, one or more sense channels in receive circuitry  208 , panel scan engine  210  (which can include channel scan logic) and transmit circuitry  214  (which can include analog or digital driver logic). In some examples, the transmit circuitry  214  and receive circuitry  208  can be reconfigurable by the panel scan engine  210  based the scan event to be executed (e.g., mutual capacitance row-column scan, mutual capacitance row-row scan, differential mutual capacitance scan, mutual capacitance column-column scan, row self-capacitance scan, column self-capacitance scan, touch spectral analysis scan, stylus spectral analysis scan, stylus scan, etc.). Panel scan engine  210  can access RAM  212 , autonomously read data from the sense channels and provide control for the sense channels (e.g., described in more detail with respect to sense channel  780  in  FIG.  7 E ). The touch controller  206  can also include a scan plan (e.g., stored in RAM  212 ) which can define a sequence of scan events to be performed at the touch screen. The scan plan can include information necessary for configuring or reconfiguring the transmit circuitry and receive circuitry for the specific scan event to be performed. Results (e.g., touch signals or touch data) from the various scans can also be stored in RAM  212 . In addition, panel scan engine  210  can provide control for transmit circuitry  214  to generate stimulation signals at various frequencies and/or phases that can be selectively applied to drive regions of the touch sensing circuitry of touch screen  220 . Touch controller  206  can also include a spectral analyzer to determine low noise frequencies for touch and stylus scanning. The spectral analyzer can perform spectral analysis on the scan results from an unstimulated touch screen. Although illustrated in  FIG.  2    as a single ASIC, the various components and/or functionality of the touch ASIC  201  can be implemented with multiple circuits, elements, chips, and/or discrete components. 
     Computing system  200  can also include an application specific integrated circuit illustrated as display ASIC  216  to perform display operations. Display ASIC  216  can include hardware to process one or more still images and/or one or more video sequences for display on touch screen  220 . Display ASIC  216  can be configured to generate read memory operations to read the data representing the frame/video sequence from a memory (not shown) through a memory controller (not shown), for example. Display ASIC  216  can be configured to perform various processing on the image data (e.g., still images, video sequences, etc.). In some examples, display ASIC  216  can be configured to scale still images and to dither, scale and/or perform color space conversion on the frames of a video sequence. Display ASIC  216  can be configured to blend the still image frames and the video sequence frames to produce output frames for display. Display ASIC  216  can also be more generally referred to as a display controller, display pipe, display control unit, or display pipeline. The display control unit can be generally any hardware and/or firmware configured to prepare a frame for display from one or more sources (e.g., still images and/or video sequences). More particularly, display ASIC  216  can be configured to retrieve source frames from one or more source buffers stored in memory, composite frames from the source buffers, and display the resulting frames on touch screen  220 . Accordingly, display ASIC  216  can be configured to read one or more source buffers and composite the image data to generate the output frame. 
     Display ASIC  216  can provide various control and data signals to the display, including timing signals (e.g., one or more clock signals) and/or vertical blanking period and horizontal blanking interval controls. The timing signals can include a pixel clock that can indicate transmission of a pixel. The data signals can include color signals (e.g., red, green, blue). The display ASIC  216  can control the touch screen  220  in real-time, providing the data indicating the pixels to be displayed as the touch screen is displaying the image indicated by the frame. The interface to such a touch screen  220  can be, for example, a video graphics array (VGA) interface, a high definition multimedia interface (HDMI), a digital video interface (DVI), a LCD interface, an LED display interface, an OLED display interface, a plasma interface, or any other suitable interface. 
     In some examples, a handoff module  218  can also be included in computing system  200 . Handoff module  218  can be coupled to the touch ASIC  201 , display ASIC  216 , and touch screen  220 , and can be configured to interface the touch ASIC  201  and display ASIC  216  with touch screen  220 . The handoff module  218  can appropriately operate the touch screen  220  according to the scanning/sensing and display instructions from the touch ASIC  201  and the display ASIC  216 . In other examples, the display ASIC  216  can be coupled to display circuitry of touch screen  220  and touch ASIC  201  can be coupled to touch sensing circuitry of touch screen  220  without handoff module  218 . 
     Touch screen  220  can use liquid crystal display (LCD) technology, light emitting polymer display (LPD) technology, light emitting diode (LED) technology, organic LED (OLED) technology, or organic electro luminescence (OEL) technology, although other display technologies can be used in other examples. In some examples, the touch sensing circuitry and display circuitry of touch screen  220  can be stacked on top of one another. For example, a touch sensor panel can cover some or all of a surface of the display (e.g., fabricated one on top of the next in a single stack-up or formed from adhering together a touch sensor panel stack-up with a display stack-up). In other examples, the touch sensing circuitry and display circuitry of touch screen  220  can be partially or wholly integrated with one another. The integration can be structural and/or functional. For example, some or all of the touch sensing circuitry can be structurally in between the substrate layers of the display (e.g., between two substrates of a display pixel cell). Portions of the touch sensing circuitry formed outside of the display pixel cell can be referred to as “on-cell” portions or layers, whereas portions of the touch sensing circuitry formed inside of the display pixel cell can be referred to as “in cell” portions or layers. Additionally, some electronic components can be shared, and used at times as touch sensing circuitry and at other times as display circuitry. For example, in some examples, common electrodes can be used for display functions during active display refresh and can be used to perform touch sensing functions during touch sensing periods. A touch screen stack-up sharing components between sensing functions and display functions can be referred to as an in-cell touch screen. 
     Computing system  200  can also include a host processor  228  coupled to the touch ASIC  201 , and can receive outputs from touch ASIC  201  (e.g., from touch processor  202  via a communication bus, such as an serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus, for example) and perform actions based on the outputs. Host processor  228  can also be connected to program storage  232  and display ASIC  216 . Host processor  228  can, for example, communicate with display ASIC  216  to generate an image on touch screen  220 , such as an image of a user interface (UI), and can use touch ASIC  201  (including touch processor  202  and touch controller  206 ) to detect a touch on or near touch screen  220 , such as a touch input to the displayed UI. The touch input can be used by computer programs stored in program storage  232  to perform actions that can include, but are not limited to, moving an object such as a cursor or pointer, scrolling or panning, adjusting control settings, opening a file or document, viewing a menu, making a selection, executing instructions, operating a peripheral device connected to the host device, answering a telephone call, placing a telephone call, terminating a telephone call, changing the volume or audio settings, storing information related to telephone communications such as addresses, frequently dialed numbers, received calls, missed calls, logging onto a computer or a computer network, permitting authorized individuals access to restricted areas of the computer or computer network, loading a user profile associated with a user&#39;s preferred arrangement of the computer desktop, permitting access to web content, launching a particular program, encrypting or decoding a message, and/or the like. Host processor  228  can also perform additional functions that may not be related to touch processing. 
     Computing system  200  can include one or more processors, which can execute software or firmware implementing various functions. Specifically, for integrated touch screens which share components between touch and/or stylus sensing and display functions, the touch ASIC and display ASIC can be synchronized so as to properly share the circuitry of the touch sensor panel. The one or more processors can include one or more of the one or more touch processors  202 , a processor in display ASIC  216 , and/or host processor  228 . In some examples, the display ASIC  216  and host processor  228  can be integrated into a single ASIC, though in other examples, the host processor  228  and display ASIC  216  can be separate circuits coupled together. In some examples, host processor  228  can act as a master circuit and can generate synchronization signals that can be used by one or more of the display ASIC  216 , touch ASIC  201  and handoff module  218  to properly perform sensing and display functions for an in-cell touch screen. The synchronization signals can be communicated directly from the host processor  228  to one or more of the display ASIC  216 , touch ASIC  201  and handoff module  218 . Alternatively, the synchronization signals can be communicated indirectly (e.g., touch ASIC  201  or handoff module  218  can receive the synchronization signals via the display ASIC  216 ). 
     Computing system  200  can also include a wireless module (not shown). The wireless module can implement a wireless communication standard such as a WiFi®, BLUETOOTH™ or the like. The wireless module can be coupled to the touch ASIC  201  and/or host processor  228 . The touch ASIC  201  and/or host processor  228  can, for example, transmit scan plan information, timing information, and/or frequency information to the wireless module to enable the wireless module to transmit the information to an active stylus, for example (i.e., a stylus capable generating and injecting a stimulation signal into a touch sensor panel). For example, the computing system  200  can transmit frequency information indicative of one or more low noise frequencies the stylus can use to generate a stimulation signal. Additionally or alternatively, timing information can be used to synchronize the stylus  205  with the computing system  200 , and the scan plan information can be used to indicate to the stylus  205  when the computing system  200  performs a stylus scan and expects stylus stimulation signals (e.g., to save power by generating a stimulus only during a stylus scan period). In some examples, the wireless module can also receive information from peripheral devices, such as an active stylus  205 , which can be transmitted to the touch ASIC  201  and/or host processor  228 . In other examples, the wireless communication functionality can be incorporated in other components of computing system  200 , rather than in a dedicated chip. 
     Note that one or more of the functions described herein can be performed by firmware stored in memory and executed by the touch processor in touch ASIC  201 , or stored in program storage and executed by host processor  228 . The firmware can also be stored and/or transported within any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” can be any medium (excluding a signal) that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The non-transitory computer readable medium storage can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), a random access memory (RAM) (magnetic), a read-only memory (ROM) (magnetic), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) (magnetic), a portable optical disc such a CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW, or flash memory such as compact flash cards, secured digital cards, USB memory devices, memory sticks, and the like. 
     The firmware can also be propagated within any transport medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “transport medium” can be any medium that can communicate, propagate or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The transport readable medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic or infrared wired or wireless propagation medium. 
     It is to be understood that the computing system  200  is not limited to the components and configuration of  FIG.  2   , but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations according to various examples. Additionally, the components of computing system  200  can be included within a single device, or can be distributed between multiple devices. 
     As discussed above, the touch screen  220  can include touch sensing circuitry.  FIG.  3    illustrates an example touch screen including touch sensing circuitry configured as drive and sense regions or lines according to examples of the disclosure. Touch screen  320  can include touch sensing circuitry that can include a capacitive sensing medium having a plurality of drive lines  322  and a plurality of sense lines  323 . It should be noted that the term “lines” is sometimes used herein to mean simply conductive pathways, as one skilled in the art will readily understand, and is not limited to elements that are strictly linear, but includes pathways that change direction, and includes pathways of different size, shape, materials, etc. Additionally, the drive lines  322  and sense lines  323  can be formed from smaller electrodes coupled together to form drive lines and sense lines. Drive lines  322  can be coupled to transmit circuitry and sense lines  323  can be coupled to receive circuitry. As used herein, an electrical component “coupled to” or “connected to” another electrical component encompasses a direct or indirect connection providing electrical path for communication or operation between the coupled components. Thus, for example, drive lines  322  may be directly connected to transmit circuitry or indirectly connected to sense circuitry via drive interface  324 , but in either case an electrical path may be provided for driving stimulation signals to drive lines. Likewise, sense lines  323  may be directly connected to sense channels or indirectly connected to sense channels via sense interface  325 , but in either case an electrical path may be provided for sensing the sense lines  323 . Drive lines  322  can be driven by stimulation signals from the transmit circuitry  214  through a drive interface  324 , and resulting sense signals generated in sense lines  323  can be transmitted through a sense interface  325  to sense channels in receive circuitry  208  in touch controller  206 . In this way, drive lines and sense lines can be part of the touch sensing circuitry that can interact to form capacitive sensing nodes, which can be thought of as touch nodes, such as touch nodes  326  and  327 . This way of understanding can be particularly useful when touch screen  320  is viewed as capturing an “image” of touch (or “touch image”). In other words, after touch controller  206  has determined whether a touch has been detected at each touch node in the touch screen, the pattern of touch pixels in the touch screen at which a touch occurred can be thought of as an “image” of touch (e.g., a pattern of fingers or other objects touching the touch screen). 
     It should be understood that the row/drive and column/sense associations can be exemplary, and in other examples, columns can be drive lines and rows can be sense lines. In some examples, row and column electrodes can be perpendicular such that touch nodes can have x and y coordinates, though other coordinate systems can also be used, and the coordinates of the touch nodes can be defined differently. It should be understood that touch screen  220  can include any number of row electrodes and column electrodes to form the desired number and pattern of touch nodes. The electrodes of the touch sensor panel can be configured to perform various scans including some or all of row-column and/or column-row mutual capacitance scans, differential mutual capacitance scans, self-capacitance row and/or column scans, row-row mutual capacitance scans, column-column mutual capacitance scans, and stylus scans. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the touch screen can include touch sensing circuitry including an array of touch node electrodes arranged in a pixelated touch node electrode configuration.  FIG.  4    illustrates an example touch screen including touch sensing circuitry configured as pixelated touch node electrodes according to examples of the disclosure. Touch screen  420  can include touch sensing circuitry that can include a plurality of individual touch node electrodes  422 , each touch node electrode identifying or representing a unique location on the touch screen at which touch or proximity (i.e., a touch or proximity event) is to be sensed, and each touch node electrode being electrically isolated from the other touch node electrodes in the touch screen/panel. Touch node electrodes  408  can be on the same or different material layers on touch screen  420 . In some examples, touch screen  420  can sense the self-capacitance of touch node electrodes  422  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  420 . For example, in a self-capacitance configuration, touch node electrodes  422  can be coupled to sense channels in receive circuitry  208  in touch controller  206 , can be driven by stimulation signals from the sense channels (or transmit circuitry  214 ) through drive/sense interface  425 , and can be sensed by the sense channels through the drive/sense interface as well, as described above. Labeling the conductive plates used to detect touch (i.e., touch node electrodes  422 ) as “touch pixel” electrodes can be particularly useful when touch screen  420  is viewed as capturing an “image” of touch. In other words, after touch controller  206  has determined an amount of touch detected at each touch node electrode  422  in touch screen  420 , the pattern of touch node electrodes in the touch screen at which a touch occurred can be thought of as an “image” of touch (e.g., a pattern of fingers or other objects touching the touch screen). In some examples, touch screen  420  can sense the mutual capacitance between touch node electrodes  422  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  420  Although discussed herein primarily with reference to a row-column touch sensor panel (e.g., with reference to  FIGS.  6  and  7 A- 7 D ), the principles of the touch sensing can be applied to a pixelated touch sensor panel configured to detect mutual capacitance. Additionally, although discussed herein primarily with reference to mutual capacitance based touch sensor panels, the principles of the touch sensing can be applied to other capacitance based touch sensor panels (e.g., self-capacitance based touch sensor panels), resistive touch sensor panels, and other types of touch sensor panels. Additionally, it should be understood that a force sensor panel can also be implemented using mutual capacitance sensing techniques. In some examples, force sensor panel can measure mutual capacitance between electrodes mounted on the backplane of the display and electrodes mounted on a proximate flex circuit. As force is exerted, the distance between the electrodes mounted on the backplane of the display and electrodes mounted on a proximate flex circuit can change the mutual capacitance coupling therebetween. The change in mutual capacitance can be measured to detect force applied to the touch screen. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an example mutual capacitance scan of an example row-column touch sensor panel. Touch sensor panel  500  can include an array of touch nodes formed at the crossing points of row electrodes  510  and column electrodes  520 . For example, touch node  506  can be formed at the crossing point of row electrode  501  and column electrode  502 . During a single-stimulation mutual capacitance scan, a row electrode  501  (configured as a drive line) can be coupled to the transmit circuitry  214  which can stimulate the row electrode  501  with a drive signal (“Vstim”). One or more column electrodes (configured as sense lines) can be coupled to the receive circuitry  208  to sense mutual capacitance (or changes in mutual capacitance) between row electrode  501  and each of the one or more column electrodes. For each step of the single-stimulation mutual capacitance scan, one row electrode can be stimulated and the one or more column traces can be sensed. A touch node  506  can have a mutual capacitance Cm at the touch node  506  (between stimulated row electrode  501  and sensed column electrode  502 ) when there is no object touching or proximate to (e.g., within a threshold distance of) touch node  506 . When an object touches or is proximate to the touch node  506  (e.g., a finger or stylus), the mutual capacitance Cm can be reduced by ΔCm, i.e., (Cm−ΔCm), corresponding to the amount of charge shunted through the object to ground. This mutual capacitance change can be sensed by sense amplifier  508  in the receive circuitry  208 , which can be coupled to the column electrode  502  corresponding to touch node  506 , to sense a touch signal that can be used to indicate the touch or proximity of an object at touch node  506 . The sensing described with respect to touch node  506  can be repeated for the touch nodes of the touch sensor panel to generate an image of touch for the touch sensor panel (e.g., in subsequent single-stimulation mutual capacitance steps different row electrodes, such as row electrodes  503 ,  505 , and  507 , can be stimulated). In examples with a dedicated sense amplifier  508  for each column electrode (sense line) and N row electrodes (drive lines), the touch image for the touch sensor panel can be generated using N single-stimulation mutual capacitance scan steps. 
     In some examples, rather than using a single-stimulation mutual capacitance scan, the row-column touch sensor panel  500  can be stimulated using a multi-stimulation (“multi-stim”) mutual capacitance scan. In multi-stim scan, multiple drive lines (e.g., row electrodes  510 ) can be simultaneously stimulated with different stimulation signals for multiple stimulation steps, and the sense signals generated at one or more sense lines (e.g., column electrodes  520 ) in response to the multiple stimulation steps can be processed to determine the presence and/or amount of touch for each touch node in the touch sensor panel (corresponding to the multiple drive lines). For example,  FIG.  5    illustrates four row electrodes  510  and four column electrodes  520 . In some examples, each of the four row electrodes  510  can be stimulated with a drive signal Vstim, but the phases of the drive signals applied to the drive lines can be different for four stimulation steps. In some examples, the drive signal can be in-phase (Vstim+, 0° phase) or out-of-phase (Vstim−, 180° phase). For example, the polarities of the stimulation signals (e.g., cosine of the phase) for two example multi-stim scans can be represented by Table 1 or Table 2: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Step 1 
                 Step 2 
                 Step 3 
                 Step 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Row 501 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 Row 503 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 Row 505 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 Row 507 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Step 1 
                 Step 2 
                 Step 3 
                 Step 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Row 501 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 Row 503 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 Row 505 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                 Row 507 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For each sense line and for each step, the sensed signal can include contributions from the four drive lines (e.g., due to the capacitive coupling between the four drive lines and the sense line), encoded based on the polarity of the stimulation signal. At the end of the four steps, four sensed signals for a respective sense line can be decoded based on the stimulation phases to extract the capacitive signal for each touch node formed by one of the drive lines and the respective sense line. For example, assuming a linear system, the sensed signal for a sense line for each scan step can be proportional to the total signal charge, Q sig_tot , which can be equal to the sum of the product of the stimulation voltage and the touch node capacitance for each touch node of the sense line. Mathematically, this can be expressed for step S by equation (1) as:
 
 Q   sig_tot ( S )=Σ i=0   M-1 stim i ( S )· C sig i   (1)
 
where Vstim can represent the stimulation voltage indexed for drive line (row electrode) i and step S and Csig can represent the capacitance at each touch node for the sense line indexed for corresponding drive line (row electrode) i and M is the total number of drive lines. In vector form, the above expression can be rewritten in equation (2) as:
 
 {tilde over (Q)}   sig_tot   =V stim· {tilde over (M)}·{tilde over (C)} sig  (2)
 
where {tilde over (Q)} sig_tot  can represent a vector of the sensed signals from each scan step of the multi-stim scan, Vstim can represent a constant stimulation voltage, {tilde over (M)} can represent a matrix of polarities of the stimulation voltage (stimulation matrix) indexed by row and step (e.g., as shown in Table 1 or Table 2 above), and {tilde over (C)}sig can represent a vector of the capacitance at each touch node for the sense line. The capacitance value at each touch node of the sense line can be decoded using equation (3):
 
                       C   ˜     ⁢   s   ⁢   i   ⁢   g     =           M   ~       -   1         V   ⁢   s   ⁢   t   ⁢   i   ⁢   m       ·       Q   ~     sig_tot               (   3   )               
where {tilde over (M)} −1  can represent the inverse of stimulation matrix. Repeating the measurements and calculations above for each sense line can determine a capacitance signal for each touch node of the touch sensor panel scanned during the multi-stim scan. Although the multi-stim scan described above with respect to  FIG.  5    includes four scan steps, it should be understood that the total duration of all four scan steps of the multi-stimulation scan can be the same duration as each scan step of the single-stimulation scan without any reduction in the integration time for sensing the capacitive signal at each touch node. Additional discussion of multi-stimulation touch sensing can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,827 entitled “Simultaneous Sensing Arrangement” by Steve Hotelling, et al. (filed Jan. 3, 2007) and in U.S. Pat. No. 8,592,697 entitled “Single-Chip Multi-Stimulus Sensor Controller” by Steve Hotelling, et al. (filed Sep. 10, 2008) both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an example touch screen system  600  according to examples of the disclosure. In some embodiments, touch screen system  600  includes a touch screen  601 , drive circuitry  602 , sense circuitry  603 , and one or more multiplexers  608  and  610 . In some examples, touch screen  601  can include patterned touch electrodes (e.g., row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes) configured for measuring touch (or proximity) of an object to touch screen  600 . In  FIG.  6   , touch screen  601  includes four rows of touch electrodes  604 - 1 ,  604 - 2 ,  604 - 3 , and  604 - 4  and four columns of touch electrodes  606 - 1 ,  606 - 2 ,  606 - 3 , and  606 - 4 . As shown, each touch electrode in a column of touch electrodes are electrically coupled and each touch electrode in a row of touch electrodes are electrically coupled. It is understood that the number of rows and columns are merely exemplary and a touch screen can have more or fewer rows or columns of touch electrodes. It is also understood that the shape of the touch electrodes shown in  FIG.  6    are merely exemplary and need not be diamond shaped. 
     In some examples, any of the rows and/or columns of touch electrodes can be configured as drive or sense electrodes based on the switching states of one or more multiplexers. In  FIG.  6 A , each row and each column of touch electrodes has an associated multiplexer for controlling what circuitry is coupled to the corresponding row or column of touch electrodes. For example, row multiplexer  608 - 1  is coupled to row  604 - 1  such that row multiplexer  608 - 1  controls whether row  604 - 1  is coupled to drive circuitry  602  or sense circuitry  603 . Similarly, column multiplexer  610 - 1  is coupled to column  606 - 1  and controls whether column  606 - 1  is coupled to drive circuitry  602  or sense circuitry  603 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  6   , each multiplexer can be a bi-directional 2:1 multiplexer (e.g., an analog multiplexer, a multidirectional multiplexer, etc.). For example, multiplexer  608 - 1  has two input ports  609 - 1  and  609 - 2  and one output port  609 - 3 . Input port  609 - 1  of row multiplexer  608 - 1  is coupled to drive circuitry  602  such that if multiplexer  608 - 1  is set to “select” input port  609 - 1 , then output port  609 - 3  of row multiplexer  608 - 1 , which is coupled to row  604 - 1 , is coupled to drive circuitry  602  (e.g., drive circuitry  602  can then drive row  604 - 1 ). On the other hand, input port  609 - 2  of row multiplexer  608 - 1  is coupled to sense circuitry  603  such that if row multiplexer  608 - 1  is set to “select” the input port  609 - 2 , then output port  609 - 3  of row multiplexer  608 - 1  is coupled to sense circuitry  603  (e.g., row  604 - 1  can provide signals to sense circuitry  603 ). Row multiplexers  608 - 2 ,  608 - 3 , and  608 - 4  are coupled to row  604 - 2 ,  604 - 3 ,  604 - 4  and the drive and sense circuitries similarly. 
     In some examples, certain rows and/or columns can share the same drive line and/or sense lines. For example, input port  611 - 1  of column multiplexer  610 - 1  is coupled to the same drive line as input port  609 - 1  of row multiplexer  608 - 1 . Thus, in some embodiments, if row multiplexer  608 - 1  and column multiplexer  610 - 1  are both set to “select” the first input port (e.g., input port  609 - 1  and input port  611 - 1 , respectively), then both row  604 - 1  and column  606 - 1  are driven by the same signal from drive circuitry  602 . In some examples, input port  611 - 2  of column multiplexer  610 - 1  is coupled to sense circuitry  603  such that if column multiplexer  610 - 1  is set to “select” input port  611 - 2 , then output port  611 - 3  of column multiplexer  610 - 1  is coupled to sense circuitry  603  (e.g., column  606 - 1  can provide signals to sense circuitry  603 ). In some examples, input port  611 - 2  of column multiplexer  610 - 1  is coupled to the same sense line as input port  609 - 2  of row multiplexer  608 - 1 . Thus, in some embodiments, if row multiplexer  608 - 1  and column multiplexer  610 - 1  are both set to “select” the second port (e.g., input port  609 - 2  and input port  611 - 2 , respectively), then both row  604 - 1  and column  606 - 1  provide sense signals to sense circuitry  603  on the same sense line. Column multiplexers  610 - 2 ,  610 - 3 , and  610 - 4  are coupled to columns  606 - 2 ,  606 - 3 ,  606 - 4  and the drive and sense circuitries similarly. Thus, as shown above, each row of touch electrodes can have a corresponding column of touch electrodes that can be configured to be coupled to the same drive and sense lines. It is understood, however, that each row and/or column of touch electrodes can have their own dedicated sense and drive lines (e.g., does not share drive or sense lines with another row or column). In some embodiments, sharing drive and/or sense lines can reduce the area requirements of touch screen system  600 , while having dedicated drive and/or sense lines can increase flexibility in driving and/or sensing touch panel  601 . Thus, as described above, touch screen system  600  allows any of the row or column electrodes to be configured as drive electrodes or sense electrodes. 
       FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  illustrate a method of operating touch panel  700  according to examples of the disclosure. In  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D , touch panel  700  is configured in a mutual capacitance sense mode. As described above, when detecting touch activity, the electromagnetic field generated at the intersection of a drive and sense electrode can be limited to the volume immediately around the respective intersection. As a result, the ability for conventional touch panels to reliably sense hovering objects is minimal. Thus,  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  illustrate a method of simultaneously driving multiple rows and/or columns to increase the electromagnetic field penetration to improve detection of hovering objects.  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  illustrate four sequential scan steps to generate a full touch image. 
     In  FIG.  7 A , touch panel  700  includes row electrodes  702 - 1 ,  702 - 2 ,  702 - 3 , and  702 - 4 , and column electrodes  704 - 1 ,  704 - 2 ,  704 - 3 , and  704 - 4 . In  FIG.  7 A , the row and column electrodes are illustrated as rectangular rows and columns for simplicity, but it is understood that the row and columns can be either a single element as shown, or multiple elements that are electrically coupled together (such as shown in  FIG.  6   ). Furthermore, the row electrodes can be coupled along a horizontal direction (e.g., each electrode in a row can be coupled to the next adjacent electrode) and the column electrodes can be coupled together along a vertical direction (e.g., each electrode in a column can be coupled to the next adjacent electrode), as shown in  FIG.  7 A . Thus, touch panel  700  can be similar to touch panel  601  described above with respect to  FIG.  6   . 
     In  FIG.  7 A , row  702 - 1  is coupled to drive/sense node  706 - 1 , row  702 - 2  is coupled to drive/sense node  706 - 2 , row  702 - 3  is coupled to drive/sense node  706 - 3 , and row  702 - 4  is coupled to drive/sense node  706 - 4 . Column  704 - 1  is coupled to drive/sense node  708 - 1 , column  704 - 2  is coupled to drive/sense node  708 - 2 , column  704 - 3  is coupled to drive/sense node  708 - 3 , and column  704 - 4  is coupled to drive/sense node  708 - 4 . In some examples, the drive/sense nodes shown in  FIG.  7 A  are a simplified illustration of the multiplexer circuitry described above with respect to  FIG.  6   . Thus, if a respective drive/sense node is described herein as being configured to be driven or sensed, it is understood that the corresponding multiplexers for the respective row or column are set to select the respective ports to enable the respective row or column to be driven or sensed (e.g., coupled to drive or sense circuitry), respectively. 
       FIG.  7 A  illustrates a first scan step of simultaneously driving multiple rows and/or columns to increase the electromagnetic field penetration to improve detection of hovering objects. In  FIG.  7 A , rows  702 - 1  and  702 - 3  and columns  704 - 1 ,  704 - 2 ,  704 - 3 , and  704 - 4  are driven by drive/sense nodes  706 - 1 ,  706 - 3 ,  708 - 1 ,  708 - 2 ,  708 - 3 , and  708 - 4 , respectively, while rows  702 - 2  and  702 - 4  are sensed by drive/sense nodes  706 - 2  and  706 - 4 , respectively. Thus, in the first scan step, all columns of touch electrodes are driven while every other row of touch electrodes (e.g., non-adjacent rows) are driven and the remaining rows are sensed. Thus, for each row of electrodes that is being sensed, two adjacent rows of electrodes are being simultaneously driven and the column electrodes are being driven. Thus, instead of only have a single drive element for each sense element, each sense element has multiple drive elements. In this way, the electromagnetic field penetration is increased due to the number of elements being driven, thus allowing for an object hovering over touch panel  700  to be detected. In some embodiments, performing the above-described first scan step provides the system with a partial touch image (e.g., every other row, such as the odd rows). 
       FIG.  7 B  illustrates a second scan step of simultaneously driving multiple rows and/or columns to increase the electromagnetic field penetration to improve detection of hovering objects. In  FIG.  7 B , rows  702 - 2  and  702 - 4  and columns  704 - 1 ,  704 - 2 ,  704 - 3 , and  704 - 4  are driven by drive/sense nodes  706 - 2 ,  706 - 4 ,  708 - 1 ,  708 - 2 ,  708 - 3 , and  708 - 4 , respectively, while rows  702 - 1  and  702 - 3  are sensed by drive/sense nodes  706 - 1  and  706 - 3 , respectively. Thus, in the second scan step, all columns of touch electrodes remain driven while the rows that were driven in the first scan step are now scanned and the rows that were scanned are now driven. Thus, the second scan step scans the rows of touch electrodes that were not scanned in the first scan step. In this way, the partial touch image from the first scan step (e.g., the odd rows) and the partial touch image from the second scan step (e.g., the even rows) can be combined to generate a touch image in which every row has been scanned. 
       FIGS.  7 C- 7 D  illustrate a third and fourth scan step in which the drive/sense scheme of the rows and columns are swapped.  FIG.  7 C  illustrates a third scan step of simultaneously driving multiple rows and/or columns to increase the electromagnetic field penetration to improve detection of hovering objects. In  FIG.  7 C , rows  702 - 1 ,  702 - 2 ,  702 - 3 , and  702 - 4  are all driven (by drive/sense nodes  706 - 1 ,  706 - 2 ,  706 - 3 , and  706 - 4 , respectively), while columns  702 - 2  and  702 - 4  are sensed (by drive/sense nodes  708 - 2  and  708 - 4 , respectively) and columns  702 - 1  and  702 - 3  are driven (by drive/sense nodes  708 - 1  and  708 - 3 , respectively. Thus, similarly to the first scan step described above with respect to  FIG.  7 A , every row is driven while every other column are driven (e.g., non-adjacent columns) and the remaining columns are sensed. In some embodiments, performing the above-described third scan step provides the system with a partial touch image (e.g., the odd columns). 
       FIG.  7 D  illustrates a fourth scan step of simultaneously driving multiple rows and/or columns to increase the electromagnetic field penetration to improve detection of hovering objects. In  FIG.  7 D , rows  702 - 1 ,  702 - 2 ,  702 - 3 , and  702 - 4  are all driven (by drive/sense nodes  706 - 1 ,  706 - 2 ,  706 - 3 , and  706 - 4 , respectively), while columns  702 - 1  and  702 - 3  are sensed (by drive/sense nodes  708 - 1  and  708 - 3 , respectively) and columns  702 - 2  and  702 - 4  are driven (by drive/sense nodes  708 - 2  and  708 - 4 , respectively. In some embodiments, performing the above-described fourth scan step provides the system with a partial touch image (e.g., the even columns). In this way, the partial touch image from the third scan step (e.g., the odd columns) and the partial touch image from the fourth scan step (e.g., the even columns) can be combined to generate a touch image in which every column has been scanned. In some embodiments, combining the partial touch images of all scan steps generates a full touch image in which every row and column is scanned. Performing the above four scan steps provides a full resolution touch image, but the increased number of drive elements increases the sensitivity of the touch electrodes (e.g., improving the signal to noise ratio), thereby enabling the touch panel to better detect touch and hover activities. 
     In some examples, instead of driving and sensing every other row and/or column of touch electrodes as described above with respect to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D , a single row or column can be sensed while all other rows and columns can be driven. In some embodiments, driving every row and column except for one row significantly increases the electromagnetic field penetration by maximizing the number of drive elements. In some embodiments, to achieve a full touch image, multiple scans are required such that each row and column is sensed (e.g., for a total of n+m number of scans, where n is the number of rows and m is the number of columns). 
     It is understood that a full resolution touch image may not be necessary and in some examples, scanning every other row or column, or scanning every third row or column can achieve a touch image with a sufficiently high resolution to determine whether there is touch or hover activity. Similarly, it is understood that the every-other-row and every-other-column scheme discussed above can be modified to be one scan element out of every three elements, or one every four, one every five, etc. 
     In some examples, as discussed above, rather than using a single-stimulation mutual capacitance scan (e.g., each driven row or column is driven by the same signal or signals that have the same phase and/or amplitude), the row-column touch sensor panel can be stimulated using a multi-stimulation (“multi-stim”) mutual capacitance scan. As discussed above, in a multi-stim scan, multiple drive lines (e.g., row electrodes or column electrodes) can be simultaneous stimulated with different stimulation signals for multiple stimulation steps, and the sense signals generated at one or more sense lines (e.g., the undriven row or column electrodes) in response to the multiple stimulation steps can be processed to determine the presence and/or amount of touch for each touch node in the touch sensor panel (corresponding to the multiple drive lines). 
     In some embodiments, because multi-stim scan inherently drive multiple rows or columns simultaneously, multi-stim scan techniques can be used in conjunction with the multiple drive technique discussed above with respect to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  to improve the detection sensitivity of the touch panel. Table 3 in  FIG.  11    illustrates an example multi-scan scan sequence in which columns of electrodes are driven by a drive signal that is in-phase (Vstim+, 0° phase) or out-of-phase (Vstim−, 180° phase). In the example illustrated in Table 3, the touch panel has ten columns of touch node electrodes and the entirety of the column is driven by an in-phase signal, an out-of-phase signal, or no signal (e.g., 0 voltage, reference voltage, ground voltage, guard voltage, etc.). In some embodiments, the row electrodes are sensed while the columns are driven as shown in Table 3. 
     As shown in Table 3 of  FIG.  11   , a touch panel can be divided evenly among a number of groups (e.g., “banks”) and each column within a group can be “ganged” (e.g., coupled together such that they are driven by the same drive signal). As shown, a touch panel with ten column electrodes can be divided into three groups such that each group includes three columns and a fourth overflow group. In Table 3, each group is shaded (or not shaded, as the case may be) for ease of illustration. In some examples, each column electrode in each group is driven while the overflow group is not driven (e.g., 0 voltage, reference voltage, ground voltage, guard voltage, etc.). Because the touch panel is divided into three groups, each group is subjected to three scan steps (e.g., the number of groups). In some examples, during the first scan step, the first group is driven with Vstim− (e.g., out-of-phase drive signal) while the second and third groups are driven with Vstim+ (e.g., in-phase drive signal). During the second scan step, the first and third groups are driven with Vstim+ while the second group is driven with Vstim-. During the third scan step, the first and second groups are driven with Vstim+ while the third group is driven with Vstim-. Thus, each group is driven by Vstim− during the first set of scan steps. 
     During the second set of scan steps (e.g., scan steps 4-6), the groups of electrodes are shifted by one. For example, the first group is now composed of columns 2, 3, and 4; the second group is now composed of columns 5, 6, and 7, and the third group is now composed of columns 8, 9, and 10; and the overflow group is composed of column 1. During the second set of scan steps, the groups are subject to the same sequence of drive signals as during the first set of scan steps (e.g., each group is driven by Vstim− once). As shown in Table 3, the groups “wrap” such that the overflow group shifted from including column 10 to including column 1. 
     During the third set of scan steps (e.g., scan steps 7-9), the groups of electrodes are shifted by one again. For example, the first group is now composed of columns 3, 4, and 5; the second group is now composed of columns 6, 7, and 8, and the third group is now composed of columns 9, 10, and 1; and the overflow group is composed of column 2. During the third set of scan steps, the groups are subject to the same sequence of drive signals as during the first set of scan steps (e.g., each group is driven by Vstim− once). As shown in Table 3, the groups “wrap” such that the third group shifted from including columns 8-10 to including columns 9, 10, and 1, and the overflow group shifted from including column 1 to including column 2. 
     In the fourth set of scan steps (e.g., scan step 10), a common mode scan is performed in which each column of touch electrodes is driven by the Vstim+ signal. Thus, as described above, within each grouping, three scans per set are performed (e.g., the number of columns in each group, resulting in three scans per set), and each group is shifted three times (e.g., the number of groups, resulting in four sets of scans). As shown, if the number of columns does not divide evenly into the number of groups, then an overflow group of columns can be used which is not driven by either Vstim+ or Vstim−. 
     After performing the four sets of scan steps described above, the sensed signal generated at the row electrodes can be modeled using equation (4):
 
 {tilde over (Q)}={tilde over (B)}·{tilde over (C)}   (4)
 
where {tilde over (Q)} is a vector with a length of four (e.g., the number of sets of scans) of the sensed signals from each scan step of the multi-stim scan, {tilde over (B)} is a 4×4 matrix of polarities of the stimulation voltage (e.g., stimulation matrix) indexed by column and step (e.g., as shown in Table 3 in  FIG.  11   ), and {tilde over (C)} is a vector with a length of four (e.g., the number of sets of scans) at each touch node for the sense line. The capacitance value at each touch node of the sense line can then be decoded using equation (5):
 
 {tilde over (C)}={tilde over (B)}   −1   ·{tilde over (Q)}   (5)
 
where {tilde over (B)} −1  represents the inverse of the stimulation matrix. Repeating the measurements and calculations above for each sense line can determine a capacitance signal for each touch node of the touch sensor panel scanned during the multi-stim scan. Thus, as shown, the equations for decoding the multi-stim scan described herein are similar to those described above with respect to equations 1-3. In this way, the system is able to determine the amount of capacitance at each touch node while simultaneously being able to drive multiple adjacent columns with the same drive signal (e.g., each column in a group), thus increasing the electromagnetic field penetration of the generated electromagnetic fields and improving the detection sensitivity of the touch panel. It is understood that the stimulus matrix illustrated in Table 3 of  FIG.  11    is merely exemplary and any sized matrix can be used (e.g., any number of rows and/or any number of columns).
 
       FIGS.  8 A- 8 B  illustrate exemplary touch sensor circuits according to examples of the disclosure. As discussed above, a touch sensor circuit is able to sense the total capacitance between one or more drive electrodes and a sense electrode. In some examples, the total capacitance comprises a baseline component and an interaction component. The baseline component is the amount of capacitance when the touch panel experiences no touch or hover activity. In some examples, the baseline capacitance is the amount of capacitance inherent in the design of the system. In some embodiments, the baseline capacitance can drift over time as changes in the environment cause the amount of baseline capacitance to change (e.g., temperature, humidity, noise from components of the device, noise in the environment, etc.). In some examples, the interaction component is the change in the capacitance due to a user&#39;s interaction with the touch panel (e.g., touch the touch sensor panel or hovering over the touch sensor panel). In some embodiments, the interaction component is dynamic and changes based on how close or far the object is to the touch panel, how well grounded the object is, the type of material of the object, and other such factors that affect the conductivity of the object.  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B  illustrate exemplary systems and methods for injecting an offset signal to offset the effects of the baseline capacitance, thereby improving the signal to noise ratio and sensitivity of the touch sensor panel. 
       FIG.  8 A  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor circuit  800  according to examples of the disclosure. In some examples, touch sensor circuit  800  receives a touch sense signal from one or more touch electrodes on a touch panel, amplifies and/or buffers the touch sense signal, and transmits the touch sense signal for further processing, such as by touch processor  202 . In some examples, components of touch sensor circuit  800  are integrated with touch controller  206 . In some embodiments, touch sensor circuit  800  includes touch panel  801 . In some examples, touch panel  801  is a touch sensitive surface similar to touch screen  220 , touch screen  320 , touch screen  420 , and/or touch panel  500 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  8 A , touch panel  801  is a circuit model of a touch sensor panel (e.g., touch screen  220 , touch screen  320 , touch screen  420 , and/or touch panel  500 ). It is understood that the components in touch panel  801  are a simplified representation of a touch panel. In some examples, touch panel  801  includes a stimulation source  802  that generates stimulation signal V STM . In some examples, stimulation source  802  provides a stimulation signal (e.g., drive signal) to one or more touch electrodes on a touch panel. In some examples, the one or more touch electrodes on the touch panel receive the stimulation signal from stimulation source  802 . As shown in  FIG.  8 A , the one or more touch electrodes can be modeled as capacitor  804  having a capacitance C SIG  (e.g., the baseline capacitance between one or more drive electrodes and one or more sense electrodes in a mutual capacitance sensing scheme and the capacitance caused by an object interacting with the touch panel). In some examples, touch panel  801  outputs a touch signal that is based on the total capacitance sensed by capacitor  804 . In some embodiments, the touch panel outputs a touch sense current, I IN , which includes a baseline current component, I BASE , and touch current component, I TOUCH . In some examples, the touch current component varies (e.g., increases or decreases) the total output current and can be modeled as the delta change in the current due to the touch or hover activity. 
     In  FIG.  8 A , touch sensor circuit  800  includes amplifier  806 . In some embodiments, touch sensor circuit  800  includes feedback capacitor  808  and/or feedback resistor  810 . As shown in  FIG.  8 A , amplifier  806  is an operational amplifier and/or a differential amplifier including an inverting input port, a noninverting input port, and an output port. Amplifier  806  amplifies the difference between the signal on the inverting input port and the signal on the noninverting input port and outputs the amplified difference to the output port. For example, if the noninverting input port of amplifier  806  is coupled to a reference voltage, such as system ground, then amplifier  806  amplifies the signal on the inverting input port with respect to ground. In  FIG.  8 A , the noninverting input port of amplifier  806  is coupled to a bias voltage VBIAS and the inverting input port of amplifier  806  is coupled to the output of touch panel  801 . Thus, in some embodiments, amplifier  806  receives and amplifies a touch signal received from touch panel  801 . In some embodiments, amplifier  806  outputs an amplified touch signal, which is forwarded for further processing (e.g., such as by touch processor  202 , to determine whether there is any touch or hover activity, the magnitude of the activity, the location of the activity, or any other relevant characteristics). 
     In some embodiments, feedback capacitor  808  and feedback resistor  810  are coupled in parallel, forming a feedback network coupled between the output port of amplifier  806  and the inverting input port of amplifier  806 . In some examples, the values of feedback capacitor  808  and feedback resistor  810  control the amplification characteristics of amplifier  806  (e.g., gain, frequency response, etc.). In some examples, feedback capacitor  808  and feedback resistor  810  are fixed components. In some examples, feedback capacitor  808  and feedback resistor  810  are variable components that can be adjusted at manufacture time (e.g., calibrated static components) or adjusted during runtime (e.g., dynamic components). 
     In some examples, touch sensor circuit  800  includes offset generator  812  and offset resistor  814 . In some embodiments, offset resistor  814  is a variable resistor. In some embodiments, offset resistor  814  can be used to match the output impedance of offset generator  812  with the input impedance of amplifier  806 . In some embodiments, offset generator  812  applies a signal (e.g., a voltage) that, when applied to offset resistor  814 , generates an offset current that is equal and opposite to the baseline touch signal from touch panel  801  (e.g., I BASE , the signal generated by touch panel  801  due to stimulation source  802  when there is no touch or hover activity). In some embodiments, injecting a signal that is equal and opposite to the baseline touch signal from touch panel  801  into the noninverting input port of amplifier  806  offsets or “cancels out” the touch signal resulting from the baseline capacitance, leaving the touch signal resulting from a touch or hover interaction (e.g., I TOUCH ). In some embodiments, the signal generated by offset generator  812  is a large percentage of the baseline touch signal (e.g., a percentage greater than or equal to 50% of the baseline touch signal) and is able to cancel out the large percentage of the baseline touch signal. 
     In some embodiments, cancelling a large percentage of the baseline touch signal decreases the proportion of the overall touch signal due to the baseline capacitance and thus increases the proportion of the overall touch signal due to the touch or hover activity. In some embodiments, increasing the ratio of the signal due to the touch or hover activity to the overall touch signal increases the system&#39;s sensitivity and ability to identify touch and hover events. In some examples, offset generator  812  decreases touch signal drift. In some examples, the baseline touch signal (e.g. touch signal in the absence of touch) induces a touch baseline drift component, which is optionally equivalent to the product of the temperature coefficient of the touch sensing circuitry, the temperature of the touch sensing circuitry, and/or the baseline touch signal. In some examples, by performing offset compensation (e.g., by cancelling the baseline touch component via offset generator  812 ), the associated touch baseline drift component can be eliminated or reduced and thus the associated touch baseline drift can be eliminated or reduced. 
     In some embodiments, the circuit generated by the combination of capacitor  804 , amplifier  806 , feedback capacitor  808 , and feedback resistor  810  forms a differentiator that performs a derivative function on the stimulation signal. In some embodiments (e.g., such as those illustrated in  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B ), the amplifier&#39;s feedback network impedance is dominated by R FB  and therefore, the amplifier is configured in transimpedance mode. Thus, in some embodiments, the signal generated by offset generator  812  can have a waveform that is the same or similar to the derived waveform of the stimulation signal generated by stimulation source  802 . 
     For example,  FIG.  9 A  illustrates signal graphs of an example driving scheme for exemplary touch sensor circuit  800  according to examples of the disclosure. In  FIG.  9 A , stimulation source  802  generates a triangular wave stimulation signal (e.g., signal  902 ). In some embodiments, driving capacitor  804  with a triangular wave causes a square wave output current profile, as shown by signal  904 . In some embodiments, the current output of capacitor  804  is a square wave due to the touch sensor circuit forming a differentiator. In some examples, the output current can be modeled with equation (6): 
                       I   C     (   t   )     =       C   SIG     ·       d   ⁢     V   ⁡   (   t   )         d   ⁢   t                 (   6   )               
where V(t) is the stimulation signal (e.g., signal  902 ) generated by stimulation source  802 , C SIG  is the capacitance of capacitor  804 , and I C (t) is the output current (e.g., I IN ). In some embodiments, triangular stimulation signal V(t) can have the form:
 
 V ( t )= V stm 0 ·2· F   STM   ·t   (7)
 
during time period t=0 to
 
               t   =     1     2   ·     F     S   ⁢   T   ⁢   M             ,         
where F STM  is the frequency of the stimulation signal and Vstm0 is the amplitude of stimulation signal Vstm. In some embodiments, triangular stimulation signal V(t) can have the form:
 
 V ( t )=2 ·V stm 0 ·(1− F   STM   ·t )  (8)
 
during time period
 
             t   =         1     2   ·     F   STM         ⁢         to   ⁢       t     =       1     F     S   ⁢   T   ⁢   M         .             
Thus, in some embodiments, during the first time period (e.g., t=0 to
 
                 t   =     1     2   ·     F     S   ⁢   T   ⁢   M             )     ,         
the input current into the amplifier can be derived from equation (7) (e.g., by differentiating equation (7)) to yield equation (9):
 
 I ( t )= C   SIG   ·V stm 0 ·2· F   STM   (9)
 
and during the second time period, the input current into the amplifier can derived from equation (8) (e.g., by differentiating equation (8) to yield equation (10):
 
 I ( t )=− C   SIG   ·V stm 0 ·2· F   STM   (10)
 
     In some embodiments, when the amplifier is configured in a TIA mode (e.g., if R FB  dominates the feedback impedance), during the first time period (e.g., t=0 to 
                 t   =     1     2   ·     F     S   ⁢   T   ⁢   M             )     ,         
the output of the amplifier can be modeled by equation (11):
 
 V   OUT ( t )= R   FB   ·C   SIG   ·V stm 0 ·2· F   STM   (12)
 
and during the second time period the output of the amplifier can be modeled by equation (12):
 
 V   OUT ( t )=− R   FB   ·C   SIG   ·V stm 0 ·2· F   STM   (12)
 
     As shown, providing a triangular stimulation signal results in a square current signal that is based on the slope of the triangle signal as described above. In some examples, signal  902  includes a baseline current component, I BASE , and touch current component, I TOUCH . In some examples, the touch current component can be significant smaller than the baseline current component (e.g., small perturbations to signal  902  which are not perceptible due to the scale of the graph). 
     As shown in  FIG.  9 A , because touch sensor circuit  800  uses an offset resistor  814  with offset generator  812 , touch sensor circuit  800  does not form a differentiator with offset generator  812 . Thus, generating a square wave voltage signal (e.g., signal  906 ) causes a square wave current signal (e.g., signal  908 ) to be injected into amplifier  806 . In some embodiments, offset resistor  814  can be selected (e.g., adjusted, tuned, etc.) to improve the cancellation (e.g., cancellation of the baseline touch signal as described above) based on equation (13): 
                       ❘   &#34;\[LeftBracketingBar]&#34;         C     S   ⁢   I   ⁢   G       ·     Vstm   0     ·   2   ·     F     S   ⁢   T   ⁢   M           ❘   &#34;\[RightBracketingBar]&#34;       =       V     off   0         2     R     O   ⁢   F   ⁢   F                   (   13   )               
where V off     0    is the amplitude of offset signal (e.g., generated by offset generator  832 ).
 
     In some examples, because signal  908  (e.g., the current injected by offset generator  812 ) has a similar or the same signal profile as signal  904  (e.g., the current output from touch panel  802 , the current flowing through capacitor  804 ) and has a similar or the same amplitude as the baseline current component (I BASE ) of signal  904 , the resulting current flowing into the inverting input of amplifier  806  includes the signal due to touch or hover activity (I TOUCH ) and little or none of the baseline current component, I BASE , which has been cancelled out or reduced by signal  908 . Thus, the resulting output signal of amplifier  806  is an amplified signal based on I TOUCH , as illustrated by signal  910 . In some embodiments, as illustrated by signal  910 , the output signal has peaks and valleys (e.g., due to the sudden change in input current at the transitions and/or due to any phase misalignment between signals  904  and  908 ). In some embodiments, the output signal can be sampled on each cycle after the signal has settled to a steady state (e.g., after the peaks and valleys). In some embodiments, the output signal can be sampled on each cycle before the half cycle (e.g., before the next peak or valley). 
       FIG.  8 B  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor circuit  820  according to examples of the disclosure. Touch sensor circuit  820  is similar to touch sensor circuit  800  except instead of an offset resistor coupling offset generator  812  to the inverting input of amplifier  806 , touch sensor circuit  820  includes an offset capacitor  834  coupling offset generator  832  to the inverting input of amplifier  826 . In some embodiments, offset capacitor  834  is a variable capacitor. In some embodiments, the use of offset capacitor  834  instead of an offset resistor causes touch sensor circuit  820  to form a differentiator that performs a derivative function on the offset signal. Thus, in some embodiments, in order to generate a current of equal but opposite magnitude as the current through capacitor  824 , the signal generated by offset generator  832  can have a waveform that is the same or similar to the waveform of the stimulation signal generated by stimulation source  832  (e.g., not the derived waveform of the stimulation signal). For example, if the stimulation signal generated by stimulation source  822  is a triangular wave, then the waveform generated by offset generator  832  is also a triangular wave. In some embodiments, offset capacitor  834  can be set have the same baseline capacitance as capacitor  824  and offset generator  832  can be set to generate the same signal (but opposite) as signal generator  822 . In some embodiments, instead of using a separate offset generator  812 , touch sensor circuit  820  can include an inverter that receives the stimulation signal from stimulation source  822 , inverts the stimulation signal, and drives offset capacitor  834  with the inverted version of the stimulation signal. In some embodiments, using offset capacitor  834  (e.g., as opposed to offset resistor  814 ) can be advantageous over using an offset resistor  814  because on-chip capacitors (e.g., integrated capacitors) have lower temperature coefficients than on-chip resistors. 
       FIG.  9 B  illustrates signal graphs of an example driving scheme for exemplary touch sensor circuit  820  according to examples of the disclosure. In  FIG.  9 B , stimulation source  822  generates a triangular wave stimulation signal (e.g., signal  922 ). In some embodiments, driving capacitor  824  with a triangular wave causes a square wave output current profile, as shown by signal  924 . In some embodiments, the current output of capacitor  824  is a square wave due to the touch sensor circuit forming a differentiator. In some examples, the output current can be modeled with equation (6) above. 
     In some examples, signal  922  includes a baseline current component, I BASE , and touch current component, I TOUCH . In some examples, the touch current component can be significant smaller than the baseline current component. 
     As shown in  FIG.  9 B , because touch sensor circuit  820  uses an offset capacitor  834  with offset generator  832 , touch sensor circuit  820  forms a differentiator with offset generator  832 . Thus, generating a triangle wave voltage signal (e.g., signal  926 ) causes a square wave current signal (e.g., signal  928 ) to be injected into amplifier  826 . 
     In some examples, because signal  928  (e.g., the current injected by offset generator  832 ) has a similar or the same signal profile as signal  924  (e.g., the current output from touch panel  822 , the current flowing through capacitor  824 ) and has a similar or the same amplitude as the baseline current component (I BASE ) of signal  924 , the resulting current flowing into the inverting input of amplifier  826  includes the signal due to touch or hover activity (I TOUCH ) and little or none of the baseline current component, I BASE , which has been cancelled out or reduced by signal  902 . Thus, the resulting output signal of amplifier  826  is an amplified signal based on I TOUCH , as illustrated by signal  930 . In some embodiments, as illustrated by signal  930 , the output signal has peaks and valleys (e.g., due to the sudden change in input current at the transitions and/or due to any phase misalignment between signals  924  and  928 ) and a finite panel bandwidth. In some embodiments, the output signal can be sampled on each cycle after the signal has settled to a steady state (e.g., after the peaks and valleys). In some embodiments, the output signal can be sampled on each cycle before the half cycle (e.g., before the next peak or valley). 
       FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  illustrate a method of demodulating a touch sense signal. In some examples, the output signal of a touch sensor circuit (e.g., such as the touch sensor circuits described above) are further post processed before the signal is analyzed to determine whether or what type of touch activity occurred. In some examples, the post processing includes demodulating the touch sense signal. In some examples, the touch sense signal is converted to a digital signal before demodulation. In some examples, as will be described in further detail, demodulation includes multiplying the touch sense signal with one or more demodulation waveforms (e.g., predetermined waveforms that, when multiplied with the touch sense signal, performs one or more demodulation functions on the touch sense signal). 
       FIG.  10 A  illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a touch sensing system  1000 . In some examples, touch sensing system  1000  includes touch electrode  1002  (e.g., such as touch node  422 , touch electrode  604 , touch electrode  606 , row electrodes  702 , and/or column electrodes  706  described above) that generates one or more touch sense signals indicative of touch activity detected on a touch panel. It is understood that touch electrode  1002  can represent a single touch electrode or a combination of multiple touch electrodes. 
     In  FIG.  10 A , touch electrode  1002  is coupled to touch amplifier  1004 , which amplifies the output signal from touch electrode  1002  and optionally performs one or more preliminary filtering or post-processing steps (e.g., such as described above with respect to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B ). In some examples, touch sensing system  1000  includes an analog-to-digital converter  1006 . Analog-to-digital converter  1006  can convert the analog output signal from amplifier  1004  into a digital signal representative of the amplified analog touch signal. 
     The touch sensing system  1000  in  FIG.  10 A  includes demodulation block  1008 . Demodulation block  808  can perform one or more demodulation functions on the digitized touch signal. In some embodiments, demodulation block  1008  includes one or more multipliers that multiplies the digitized touch signal with one or more demodulation waveforms. The demodulation waveforms can be selected and/or designed to perform particular demodulation functions. For example, demodulation block  808  includes a square wave demodulator that filters the touch signal and generates a “squared” output signal (e.g., a signal in which the transitions are short and the steady state levels (the peaks and troughs) are relatively flat). Thus, a square wave demodulator can be used to clean up the touch signal that is conducive to better sampling of the touch signal. 
     In  FIG.  10 A , demodulation block  1008  includes multiplier  1010 , multiplier  1011 , and integrator  1013 . As illustrated in  FIG.  10 A , multiplier  1010  can multiply the touch signal with a square wave demodulation waveform, multiplier  1011  can multiply the touch signal with a window waveform, and integrator  1013  can perform an integrating function on the touch signal (e.g., integrates the touch signal over a threshold period and outputs a value representative of the integral of the touch signal over the threshold period). It is understood that although  FIG.  10 A  illustrates demodulation block  1008  including multiplier  1010  and multiplier  101 , other multipliers can be additionally included in demodulation block  1008  for performing other functions. For example, demodulation block  1008  can include a multi-stimulation demodulator (e.g., a demodulator that decodes the multi-stimulation codes, such as those described above). It is also understood that certain functions can be combined. For example, a windowing function can be combined with the square wave demodulator. 
     Multiplier  1010  can multiply the touch signal with a gated square wave demodulation waveform (e.g., as opposed to an ungated square wave demodulation waveform), which performs a gated square wave demodulation function on the touch signal. A gated square wave demodulation can perform a square wave demodulation function (e.g., “squaring” the touch signal as described above), and a gating function. Performing a gating function can include applying a square wave demodulation waveform with certain portions of the square wave demodulation waveform zeroed out (e.g., as will be illustrated below in  FIG.  10 B ). In some examples, the zeroed portions of the demodulation waveform zeroes out the respective portions of the touch signal. Configuring the demodulation waveform such that the zeroed portion aligns with the transitions in the touch signal (e.g., the transitions of the carrier waveform generated by the stimulation voltage source, such as stimulation sources  802  and  822 ) can eliminate (e.g., zero out) or reduce the transition periods in which the touch signal has not yet settled. 
     In some examples, gating the touch signal (e.g., performing the gating function described above) provides one or more benefits. One benefit includes reducing the touch signal drift by eliminating and/or reducing the unsettled portions of the touch signal (e.g., before the touch signal has reached 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% of the peak value, and/or the first 10%, 20%, 30%, 33% of the pulse), which is potentially more susceptible to temperature drift. Another benefit includes optimizing and/or improving the interference rejection of the demodulator. For example, the frequency response of a square wave demodulator is equivalent to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of a square wave demodulation waveform. The FFT of the square wave demodulation waveform has a passband at the at the fundamental frequency of the square wave demodulation waveform and at the odd harmonics (e.g., 3 rd , 5 th , etc.). In some examples, setting the duty cycle of the gating (e.g., the duty cycle of the square wave) to 33% (e.g., ⅓ of the waveform is zero) causes the third harmonic to be eliminated, thus reducing the amount of interference that is coupled through the demodulator at the frequency of the third harmonic and improves the interference rejection. It is understood that the duty cycle can be set to any value and the frequency response of the demodulator can be adjusted accordingly. 
     In some examples, additionally or alternatively, multiplier  1011  multiplies the touch signal with a window waveform, which performs a windowing function on the touch signal. A window waveform generally tapers to zero outside of a predetermined window of time, peaks at the center of the waveform, is symmetric before and after the peak of the waveform. Examples of suitable window waveforms include a Taylor window, a Gaussian window, a Chebyshev window (e.g., a Dolph-Chebyshev window), etc. Other suitable window functions are possible. 
     In some examples, a window function can be applied to optimize and/or improve the filter properties of the demodulator, and/or optionally improving interference rejection. The filter properties that can be optimized and/or improved include the stop band attenuation, passband ripple, stopband ripple, stop band roll-off, filter bandwidth, roll-off and/or any other suitable filter properties. Applying a windowing function to the touch signal can apply a stop-band filtering function to the touch signal. In some examples, the windowing function is able to reduce or eliminate noise at certain frequencies while maintaining the touch signal frequencies (e.g., the fundamental frequency, for example). Thus, applying a windowed demodulation function can perform stop-band attenuation. The windowing function can also be configured to attenuate frequencies between the harmonics of the touch signal (e.g., first harmonic, fifth harmonic, etc.). 
     In some examples, after performing the one or more demodulation steps, the demodulated touch signal is integrated by integrator  1013 . Integrator  1013  can integrate the demodulated touch signal over a period of time and outputs a representative output value. In some embodiments, the output of integrator  1013  is forwarded to touch processor  1012  (e.g., touch processor  202 ) for processing (e.g., to determine whether there was touch activity and respond accordingly). It is understood that additional multipliers and/or integrators can be included in demodulation block  1008  for performing other post-processing functions on the touch signal. 
       FIG.  10 B  illustrates signal graphs of an exemplary demodulation module according to examples of the disclosure. In  FIG.  10 B , touch amplifier  1004  (optionally analog-to-digital converter  1006 ) outputs signal  1022  corresponding to a touch signal. As shown, signal  1022  has a shark fin shape (e.g., a square wave with an extended rise and fall transition) with a rise and fall time based on the characteristics of the touch sensing circuit. As discussed above, signal  1022  transitions from negative to positive and positive to negative over a certain period of time. In some examples, while signal  1022  is transitioning, energy (e.g., electrical energy) is being transferred from touch amplifier  804  to downstream circuitry. In some examples, as signal  1022  approaches and/or reaches its steady state, the majority of energy has been transferred to the downstream circuitry and signal  1022  begins to settle. Thus, as discussed above, square wave demodulation waveform (e.g., such as described above in  FIG.  10 A , represented by signal  1024 ) can be configured to gate (e.g., zero out) signal  1022  during the initial transition period (e.g., first 10%, 20%, 25%, 33%, 40%, of a pulse) and to not gate (e.g., pass through, using a 1 multiplier) as signal  1022  approaches and/or reaches its steady state level (e.g., 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% of the steady state level). 
     As described above, signal  1024  has a value of zero during the initial ⅓ of the width of the positive pulse of signal  1022  and a value of 1 during the subsequent ⅔ of the width of the positive pulse of signal  1022 . Thus, signal  1024  gates the initial ⅓ of the positive pulse of signal  1022  and passes through the subsequent ⅔ of the width of the positive pulse of signal  1022 . On the negative pulse, signal  1024  is zero for the first third of the negative pulse and −1 during the subsequent ⅔ of the width of the negative pulse of signal  1022 . Thus, signal  1024  gates the initial ⅓ of the negative pulse of signal  1022  and passes through the subsequent ⅔ of the width of the negative pulse of signal  1022 . 
       FIG.  10 C  illustrates graph  1030  and graph  1040  that illustrate an exemplary windowed gated square wave demodulation waveform and an exemplary frequency domain graph of the touch signal multiplied by a windowed gated square wave demodulation waveform. Graph  1030  is a time domain graph (e.g., amplitude against time) that includes signal  1032  that represents an exemplary window waveform (e.g., such as described above in  FIG.  10 A ). In some embodiments, signal  1032  is the waveform of a windowed gated square wave demodulator (e.g., combining the window waveform with the gated square wave demodulation waveform). As shown, signal  1032  is a square wave waveform that increases in amplitude from zero, reaches a peak amplitude, and then reduces in amplitude (optionally symmetrically) to zero. In some examples, signal  1032  has a Taylor window waveform. As described above, multiplying a touch signal (e.g., such as signal  1022 ) with signal  1032  can result in a signal with frequency domain signal  1042 . As shown in  FIG.  10 C , signal  1042  is a frequency domain graph (e.g., magnitude against frequency) of the touch signal after being demodulated by a windowed gated square wave demodulation waveform (e.g., such as signal  1032 ). In some examples, signal  1042  has a peak at 100 kHz (e.g., the first harmonic, the fundamental frequency) of the touch signal and at 500 kHz (e.g., the fifth harmonic of the touch signal). As shown, the third harmonic (e.g., at 300 kHz) has been eliminated (optionally reduced) because the demodulation waveform has a 33% duty cycle, which eliminates or reduces the third harmonic of the touch signal. Thus, as shown in  FIG.  10 C , applying a windowed gated square wave demodulation waveform (e.g., as opposed to one that is not windowed) applies a bandpass filtering effect in which 100 kHz and 500 kHz are passed through (or only minimally attenuated) while the frequencies other than the 100 kHz and 500 kHz are attenuated. It is understood that the windowing illustrated in signal  1032  is merely illustrative and can be modified to provide the transfer function desired according to the characteristics of the frequency spectrum of the touch signal. It is also understood that the reference to the first, third, and fifth harmonics at 100 kHz, 300 kHz, and 500 kHz is merely exemplary and any suitable frequency is possible. 
     It is understood that the demodulation technique described here (e.g., the use of a square wave demodulator, the user of a gated square wave demodulator, and/or the use of a windowed gated square wave demodulator) can be combined with any of the techniques described above (e.g., the driving and sensing patterns described in  FIGS.  6  and  7 A- 7 D , the multi-stimulation technique described with respect to Table 3, and/or the baseline offset techniques described with respect to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B and  9 A- 9 B ). 
     Accordingly, some examples of this disclosure describe a method. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, additionally or alternatively, the method is performed at a touch sensor panel having a first plurality of electrodes electrically coupled together along a first direction and a second plurality of electrodes electrically coupled together along a second direction, different from the first direction. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the method includes, during a first time period, driving a first set of electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the method includes, while driving the first set of electrodes, sensing a second set of electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes, wherein the second set of electrodes are different from the first set of electrodes. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the first set of electrodes includes a first electrode, and the second set of electrodes includes a second electrode, adjacent to the first electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the first set of electrodes comprises a first electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the second set of electrodes comprises a plurality of electrodes other than the first electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the first set of electrodes includes a first electrode and a second electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the second set of electrodes includes a third electrode and a fourth electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the third electrode is adjacent to the first electrode and the second electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the second electrode is adjacent to the third electrode and the fourth electrode. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the method includes, during the first time period, while driving the first set of electrodes and sensing the second set of electrodes, driving the second plurality of electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the method includes, during a second time period, after the first time period, driving the second set of electrodes and while driving the second set of electrodes, sensing the first set of electrodes. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the method includes, during a third time period, different from the second time period and after the first time period, driving a first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the method includes, while driving the first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes, sensing a second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes, different from the first set of the second plurality of electrodes and driving the first plurality of electrodes. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the method includes, during a fourth time period, different from the second and third time period and after the first time period, driving the second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the method includes, while driving the second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes, sensing the first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes and driving the first plurality of electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the method includes generating a touch image based on a sensed touch data from the first time period, the second time period, the third time period, and the fourth time period. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium can store instructions, which when executed by a device including one or more processors, can cause the device to perform any of the above methods. 
     Some examples of this disclosure describe a touch controller. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the touch controller includes a touch sensor panel having a first plurality of electrodes electrically coupled together along a first direction and a second plurality of electrodes electrically coupled together along a second direction, different from the first direction. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, switching circuitry coupled to the first plurality of electrodes and the second plurality of electrodes and including a first set of switching circuits and a second set of switching circuits. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, each switching circuit of the first set of switching circuits is coupled to a respective electrode of the first plurality of electrodes and is configured to selectively couple the respective electrode to a drive circuitry or a sense circuitry. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, each switching circuit of the second set of switching circuits is coupled to a respective electrode of the second plurality of electrodes and is configured to selectively couple the respective electrode to the drive circuitry or the sense circuitry. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the touch controller is configured to, during a first time period, drive a first set of electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes and while driving the first set of electrodes, sense a second set of electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes, different from the first set of electrodes. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, driving the first set of electrodes includes configuring a first set of respective switching circuits corresponding to the first set of electrodes to couple the first set of electrodes to the drive circuitry. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, sensing the second set of electrodes includes configuring a second set of respective switching circuits corresponding to the second set of electrodes to couple the second set of electrodes to the sense circuitry. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the first set of electrodes includes a first electrode, and the second set of electrodes includes a second electrode, adjacent to the first electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the first set of electrodes comprises a first electrode of the first plurality of electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the second set of electrodes comprises a plurality of electrodes other than the first electrode. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the first set of electrodes includes a first electrode and a second electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the second set of electrodes includes a third electrode and a fourth electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the third electrode is adjacent to the first electrode and the second electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the second electrode is adjacent to the third electrode and the fourth electrode. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the touch controller is configured to, during the first time period, while driving the first set of electrodes and sensing the second set of electrodes, drive the second plurality of electrodes. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the touch controller is configured to, during a second time period, after the first time period, drive the second set of electrodes and while driving the second set of electrodes, sense the first set of electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the touch controller is configured to, during a third time period, different from the second time period and after the first time period, drive a first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the touch controller is configured to, during a third time period, different from the second time period and after the first time period, while driving the first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes, sense a second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes, different from the first set of the second plurality of electrodes and drive the first plurality of electrodes. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the touch controller is configured to, drive the second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes and while driving the second set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes, sense the first set of electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes and drive the first plurality of electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the touch controller is configured to generate a touch image based on a sensed touch data from the first time period, the second time period, the third time period, and the fourth time period. 
     Although the disclosed examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosed examples as defined by the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20210503
Publication Date: 20230530
Grant Date: 20230530
Priority Date: 20200530
Inventors: KRAH, CHRISTOPH H.
DEVINE, JESSE MICHAEL
ZHOU, XIAOQI
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04166", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 86506217