PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-12150157-B2
Application Number: US-202017437758-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Methods for fast serving cell activation with short channel-state information reporting

Abstract:
A method for communicating, by user equipment (UE), on a secondary cell (SCell) with fast activation or deactivation includes obtaining channel state information (CSI) configuration data including a short CSI reporting scheme that indicates a particular number of CSI reports for transmitting on physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources by the UE. The method includes sending the particular number of CSI reports on the PUCCH resources in accordance with the CSI configuration data. The CSI configuration data can be received from a serving cell of a new radio (NR) access node (gNB) in a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) that indicates a status of a short CSI report configuration within a configuration list, and wherein the UE sends one or more of the CSI reports in accordance with the status of the short CSI report configuration.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An apparatus comprising one or more processors configured to perform operations for wireless communication, the operations comprising:
 obtaining channel state information (CSI) configuration data including a short CSI reporting scheme that indicates a particular number of CSI reports, a periodicity of the CSI reports, and an offset value for the CSI reports at a slot level, the reporting scheme specified by fields of a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) included in the CSI configuration data to control CSI reporting at a slot level, for transmitting on physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources by a user equipment (UE); and 
 sending the particular number of CSI reports on the PUCCH resources in accordance with the CSI configuration data, 
 wherein a secondary cell (SCell) activation delay is less than 10 milliseconds. 
 
     
     
       2. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the CSI configuration data is configured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling. 
     
     
       3. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the particular number of CSI reports is 1 to 16. 
     
     
       4. The apparatus of  claim 1 , the operations further comprising:
 receiving, from a serving cell of a new radio (NR) access node (gNB), a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) including a plurality of bits, wherein at least one individual bit of the plurality indicates a status of a short CSI report configuration within a configuration list, and wherein the UE sends one or more of the CSI reports in accordance with the status of the short CSI report configuration with the configuration list. 
 
     
     
       5. The apparatus of  claim 4 , wherein the MAC CE further comprises additional individual bits of the plurality of bits, the additional individual bits each indicating whether respective secondary cells (SCells) of a fifth generation (5G) wireless cellular network are activated or deactivated. 
     
     
       6. The apparatus of  claim 4 , wherein the MAC CE further comprises a number of reports field indicating the particular number of reports for transmitting by the UE on the PUCCH. 
     
     
       7. An apparatus comprising one or more processors configured to perform operations for wireless communication, the operations comprising:
 sending channel state information (CSI) configuration data including a short CSI reporting scheme that indicates a particular number of CSI reports, a periodicity of the CSI reports, and an offset value for the CSI reports at a slot level, the reporting scheme specified by fields of a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) included in the CSI configuration data to control CSI reporting at a slot level, for transmitting on physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources by a user equipment (UE); and 
 receiving the particular number of CSI reports on the PUCCH resources in accordance with the CSI configuration data, 
 wherein a secondary cell (SCell) activation delay is less than 10 milliseconds. 
 
     
     
       8. The apparatus of  claim 7 , wherein the CSI configuration data is configured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling. 
     
     
       9. The apparatus of  claim 7 , wherein the particular number of CSI reports is 1 to 16. 
     
     
       10. The apparatus of  claim 7 , the operations further comprising:
 sending, to the UE, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) including a plurality of bits, wherein at least one individual bit of the plurality indicates a status of a short CSI report configuration within a configuration list. 
 
     
     
       11. The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein the MAC CE further comprises additional individual bits of the plurality of bits, the additional individual bits each indicating whether respective SCells are activated or deactivated. 
     
     
       12. The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein the MAC CE further comprises a number of reports field indicating the particular number of reports for transmitting by the UE on the PUCCH. 
     
     
       13. An apparatus comprising one or more processors configured to perform operations comprising:
 obtaining a medium access control (MAC) protocol data unit (PDU) comprising at least two MAC control elements (CEs), wherein a first MAC CE specifies a channel state information (CSI) reporting configuration that specifies a particular number of CSI reports, a periodicity of the CSI reports, and an offset value for the CSI reports at a slot level and wherein a second MAC CE specifies a secondary cell (SCell) activation; 
 determining CSI resources associated with the CSI reporting configuration to enable a UE to perform CSI calculation and reporting; and 
 sending at least one CSI report generated by the CSI calculation and reporting. 
 
     
     
       14. The apparatus of  claim 13 , the operations further comprising:
 in response to sending the at least one CSI report, receiving a MAC CE for deactivation of the CSI reporting. 
 
     
     
       15. The apparatus of  claim 13 , wherein the CSI report is sent on a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). 
     
     
       16. The apparatus of  claim 13 , wherein the CSI reporting configuration is a semi-persistent CSI (SP-CSI) reporting configuration. 
     
     
       17. The apparatus of  claim 13 , wherein a periodicity specified in the CSI reporting configuration is one of 2, 4, or 5 time slots. 
     
     
       18. The apparatus of  claim 13 , wherein channel aware scheduling is performed based on the CSI report.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/868,484 titled METHODS FOR FAST SCELL ACTIVATION WITH SHORT CSI REPORTING, filed Jun. 28, 2019, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates generally to timing adjustment of uplink transmissions in wireless communications. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Wireless communication systems are rapidly growing in usage. Further, wireless communication technology has evolved from voice-only communications to also include the transmission of data, such as Internet and multimedia content, to a variety of devices. To accommodate a growing number of devices communicating both voice and data signals, many wireless communication systems share the available communication channel resources among devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     In 3GPP Rel-15 new radio (NR) wireless communication networks, the carrier aggregation (CA) activation or deactivation command is sent in medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), as discussed in 3GPP TS 38.321, NR, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification (Release 15), version 15.4.0, published in April 2019, incorporated in entirety by reference herein. Generally, the minimum required activation delay is about 5 milliseconds (ms) for a typical activation or deactivation scenario. In comparison with other NR procedures, the 5 ms delay time is relatively long. Furthermore, the maximum allowed activation delays, described in 3GPP TS 38.133, NR, Requirements for support of radio resource management (Release 15), Version 15.4.0, published in April 2019, incorporated in entirety by reference herein, yield big concern for CA operation for the services with stringent latency requirements, and similar issues already existed for long term evolution (LTE) CA operation. Due to such long delays, it is risky for the NR network to frequently deactivate the serving cells (SCell) due to the fact that reconfiguring the UE back to the SCell-activated state can take any time from a minimum of ˜5 ms to a maximum allowed value of tens or hundreds of milliseconds, depending on the specific scenario and LIE implementation. 
     One new key element in NR is to enable the possibility of utilizing much larger spectrum bandwidths, ultimately leading to about 10 times higher peak data rates than for LTE. Delays in accessing the high capacity (small) cells are detrimental to the performance and in NR this can be even more pronounced (e.g. especially if the macro is still LTE). In order to fully take advantage on the large bandwidth (BW) possibilities, efficient and fast utilization of the large BW should be ensured in all cases, including initial connection establishment, reconfiguration of CA and dual connectivity (DC) and addition of secondary cells. 
     The embodiments described in this specification include one or more of the following advantages. This specification describes configuring a UE for communication using SCells in which activation or deactivation uses only a few timing slots, and far less than 5 ms of time for activation or deactivation of the SCells. Specifically, the methods described in this specification are configured to efficiently and dynamically signal the fast SCell activation or deactivation and significantly reduce the activation and deactivation timing delay of SCells. As a result, SCell activation and deactivation can be achieved at the timing slot level so that a NR carrier aggregation/dual connectivity (CA/DC) procedure can operate more efficiently according to the traffic needs and bandwidth availability. 
     In a general aspect, a process for communicating, by user equipment (UE), on a secondary cell (SCell) with fast activation or deactivation includes obtaining channel state information (CSI) configuration data including a short CSI reporting scheme that indicates a particular number of CSI reports for transmitting on physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources by the UE. The process includes sending the particular number of CSI reports on the PUCCH resources in accordance with the CSI configuration data. 
     In some implementations, the CSI configuration data is configured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling. In some implementations, the particular number of CSI reports is 1 to 16. 
     In embodiments, the process includes receiving, from a serving cell of a new radio (NTS) access node (gNB), a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) including a plurality of bits, wherein at least one of the individual bits of the plurality indicates a status of a short CSI report configuration within a configuration list, and wherein the UE sends one or more of the CSI reports in accordance with the status of the short CSI report configuration with the configuration list. In some implementations, the MAC CE further comprises additional individual bits of the plurality of bits, the additional individual bits each indicating whether respective secondary cells (SCells) of a fifth generation (5G) wireless cellular network are activated or deactivated. In some implementations, the MAC CE further comprises a number of reports field indicating the particular number of reports for transmitting by the UE on the PUCCH. 
     In some implementations, a SCell activation delay is less than 10 milliseconds. 
     In a general aspect, a process for communicating with user equipment (UE), by a new radio (NR) access node (gNB), on a secondary cell (SCell) with fast activation or deactivation, includes sending channel state information (CSI) configuration data including a short CSI reporting scheme that indicates a particular number of CSI reports for transmitting on physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources by the UE. The process includes receiving the particular number of CSI reports on the PUCCH resources in accordance with the CSI configuration data. 
     In some implementations, the CSI configuration data is configured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling. In some implementations, the particular number of CSI reports is 1 to 16. 
     In embodiments, the process includes sending, to the UE, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) including a plurality of bits, wherein at least one of the individual bits of the plurality indicates a status of a short CSI report configuration within a configuration list. In some implementations, the MAC CE further comprises additional individual bits of the plurality of bits, the additional individual bits each indicating whether respective SCells are activated or deactivated. In some implementations, the MAC CE further comprises a number of reports field indicating the particular number of reports for transmitting by the UE on the PUCCH. 
     In some implementations, a SCell activation delay is less than 10 milliseconds. 
     In a general aspect, a process for communicating, by user equipment (UE), on a secondary cell (SCell) with fast activation or deactivation includes sending, to the UE, a medium access control (MAC) protocol data unit (PDU) comprising at least two MAC control elements (CEs), wherein a first MAC CE specifies a CSI reporting configuration for the UE, and wherein a second MAC CE specifies SCell activation. The process includes sending, to the UE, CSI resources associated with the CSI reporting configuration to enable the UE to perform C calculation and reporting. The process includes receiving at least one CSI report generated by the CSI calculation and reporting of the UE. 
     In some implementations, the process includes in response to receiving the at least one CSI report, sending a MAC CE for deactivation of the CSI reporting. In some implementations, the CSI report is received on a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). In some implementations, the CSI reporting configuration is a semi-persistent CSI (SP-CSI) reporting configuration. In some implementations, a periodicity specified in the CSI reporting configuration is one of 2, 4, or 5 time slots. In some implementations, the process includes performing channel aware scheduling based on the CSI report. 
     In some implementations, one or more non-transitory computer readable media are configured to store instructions for fast CSI reporting, that, when executed by one or more processing devices, cause the one or more processing devices to perform operations including obtaining channel state information (CSI) configuration data including a short CSI reporting scheme that indicates a particular number of CSI reports for transmitting on physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources by the LTE. The process includes sending the particular number of CSI reports on the PUCCH resources in accordance with the CSI configuration data. 
     In some implementations, one or more non-transitory computer readable media are configured to store instructions for fast CSI reporting, that, when executed by one or more processing devices, cause the one or more processing devices to perform operations including sending, to the UE, a medium access control (MAC) protocol data unit (PDU) comprising at least two MAC control elements (CEs), wherein a first MAC CE specifies a CSI reporting configuration for the UE, and wherein a second MAC CE specifies SCell activation. The process includes sending, to the UE, CSI resources associated with the CSI reporting configuration to enable the UE to perform CSI calculation and reporting. The process includes receiving at least one CSI report generated by the CSI calculation and reporting of the UE. 
     The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example wireless communication system. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example of a platform or device. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates example components of baseband circuitry and radio front end circuitry. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates example protocol functions that may be implemented in wireless communication systems. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example system to support network function virtualization. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an example computer system. 
         FIG.  8    shows an example of a MAC CE for SCell activation with short CSI reporting. 
         FIG.  9    shows an example of a MAC CE for fast secondary serving cell activation/deactivation and short CSI reporting activation/deactivation. 
         FIG.  10    shows a process for short CSI reporting based on concurrent MAC CEs for SCell activation and SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH activation/deactivation. 
         FIGS.  11 ,  12 , and  13    show example processes for configuration short CSI reporting by the UE. 
     
    
    
     Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This specification describes processes to enable fast serving cell activation and/or deactivation. The fast SCell activation and/or deactivation reduces SCell activation and deactivation delay by at least several tens of milliseconds (ms) to one or more time slots for transmissions with the SCell. 
     A Channel State Information (CSI) reporting type is configured to include short CSI reporting. The short CSI reporting can reduce delay for SCell activation or deactivation by several milliseconds. The short CSI reporting type is added to existing CSI report types in the CSI report configuration CSI-ReportConfig, which is described in 3GPP TS 38.331, NR; Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification (Release 15), version 15.5.1, released in May 2019, incorporated by reference herein in entirety. The CSI-ReportConfig is an information element (IE) that is used to configure a periodic or semi-persistent reports sent on the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) on the cell in which the CSI-ReportConfig is included. In some implementations, the CSI-ReportConfig IE is used to configure a semi-persistent or an aperiodic report sent on the PUSCH and triggered by Downlink Control Information (DCI) received on the cell in which the CSI-ReportConfig is included. In this case, the cell on which the report is sent is determined by the received DCI. This is further described in 3GPP TS 38.214 version 15.5.0, clause 5.2.1, published in May 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in entirety. 
     The CSI reporting type is generally referred to as a “short on PUCCH” or “shortOnPUCCH.” The CSI reporting scheme is a short reporting scheme that enables User Equipment (UE) to apply a short CSI reporting scheme. As a result, a particular number of CSI reports can be transmitted on PUCCH resources. The number of CSI reports for transmitting on PUCCH is configured by Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling. The short CSI reporting corresponding to shortOnPUCCH can be triggered by Medium Access Control (MAC) control element (CE), such as now described. 
     A MAC CE is configured for SCell activation with short CSI reporting. The MAC CE is configured to activate a SCell and trigger a short CSI reporting on the SCell being activated. In some implementations, the MAC CE is configured to trigger CSI reporting using the shortOnPUCCH reporting type. Generally, the triggered short CSI reporting scheme corresponds to a CSI reporting configuration that is configured to request that the UE send a particular number of CSI reports as configured by either RRC or the MAC CE. The CSI reports are sent by the UE on the PUCCH. After sending the hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) response to the new SCell activation MAC CE, the UE initiates performance of short CSI reporting. After the reception of first CSI report, a New Radio (NR) access node (gNB) initiates scheduling of data transmission to the UE in the SCell being activated. 
     In an embodiment, the short CSI reporting configuration is based on concurrent MAC CEs for SCell activation and semi-persistent (SP-CSI) reporting on PUCCH activation or deactivation. The short CSI reporting during the initial phase of SCell activation period can be achieved by two stages. A first stage includes two concurrent MAC CEs for SCell activation and SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH activation. The concurrent MAC CEs are described in 3GPP TS 38.321 Section 5.9 and 6.1.3.18. A second stage includes a MAC CE of SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH deactivation. Specifically, the MAC CEs during the first stage is configured to initiate the SCell activation and the start of short CSI reporting. The MAC CE in the second stage is configured to signal the end of short CSI reporting. The two-stage short CSI reporting enables the gNB and the UE to control SCell activation delay by the configuration of SP-CSI resources and by the reporting periodicity dedicated for short CSI reporting. The reporting periodicity is independent from Synchronization Signal Block (SSB)-based Measurement Timing Configuration periodicity (SMTC). 
     As previously described, these processes are configured to efficiently and dynamically signal fast SCell activation/deactivation and significantly (e.g., by tens of milliseconds) reduce the activation/deactivation delay of SCells. As a result, SCell activation/deactivation can occur at the slot level so that NR carrier aggregation/dual connectivity (CA/DC) procedures can operate more efficiently according to the traffic needs and bandwidth availability, relative to when activation/deactivation does not occur at the slot level. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates an example wireless communication system  100 . For purposes of convenience and without limitation, the example system  100  is described in the context of the LTE and 5G NR communication standards as defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) technical specifications. More specifically, the wireless communication system  100  is described in the context of a Non-Standalone (NSA) networks that incorporate both LTE and NR, for example, E-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)—NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) networks, and NE-DC networks. However, the wireless communication system  100  may also be a Standalone (SA) network that incorporates only NR. Furthermore, other types of communication standards are possible, including future 3GPP systems (e.g., Sixth Generation (6G)) systems, IEEE 802.16 protocols (e.g., WMAN, WiMAX, etc.), or the like. 
     The system  100  includes UE  101   a  and UE  101   b  (collectively referred to as the “UEs  101 ”). In this example, the UEs  101  are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks). In other examples, any of the UEs  101  may include other mobile or non-mobile computing devices, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or “smart” appliances, machine-type communications (MTC) devices, machine-to-machine (M2M) devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, or combinations of them, among others. 
     In some examples, any of the UEs  101  may be IoT UEs, which can include a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived LT connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device using, for example, a public land mobile network (PLMN), proximity services (ProSe), device-to-device (D2D) communication, sensor networks, IoT networks, or combinations of them, among others. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages or status updates) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network. 
     The UEs  101  are configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with an access network (AN) or radio access network (RAN)  110 . In some examples, the RAN  110  may be a next generation RAN (NG RAN), an evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN), or a legacy RAN, such as a UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) or a GSM EDGE radio access network (GERAN). As used herein, the term “NG RAN” may refer to a RAN  110  that operates in a 5G NR system  100 , and the term “E-UTRAN” may refer to a RAN  110  that operates in an LTE or 4G system  100 . 
     To connect to the RAN  110 , the UEs  101  utilize connections (or channels)  103  and  104 , respectively, each of which may include a physical communications interface or layer, as described below. In this example, the connections  103  and  104  are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a global system for mobile communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a push-to-talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over cellular (POC) protocol, a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP LTE protocol, a 5G NR protocol, or combinations of them, among other communication protocols. In some examples, the UEs  101  may directly exchange communication data using an interface  105 , such as a ProSe interface. The interface  105  may alternatively be referred to as a sidelink interface  105  and may include one or more logical channels, such as a physical sidelink control channel (PSSCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), a physical sidelink downlink channel (PSDCH), or a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), or combinations of them, among others. 
     The UE  101   b  is shown to be configured to access an access point (AP)  106  (also referred to as “WLAN node  106 ,” “WLAN  106 ,” “WLAN Termination  106 ,” “WT  106 ” or the like) using a connection  107 . The connection  107  can include a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, in which the AP  106  would include a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In this example, the AP  106  is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system, as described in further detail below. In various examples, the UE  101   b , RAN  110 , and AP  106  may be configured to use LTE-WLAN aggregation (LWA) operation or LTW/WLAN radio level integration with IPsec tunnel (LWIP) operation. The LWA operation may involve the UE  101   b  in RRC_CONNECTED being configured by a RAN node  111   a ,  111   b  to utilize radio resources of LTE and WLAN. LWIP operation may involve the UE  101   b  using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection  107 ) using IPsec protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., IP packets) sent over the connection  107 . IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating the entirety of original IP packets and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packets. 
     The RAN  110  can include one or more AN nodes or RAN nodes  111   a  and  111   b  (collectively referred to as “RAN nodes  111 ” or “RAN node  111 ”) that enable the connections  103  and  104 . As used herein, the terms “access node,” “access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data or voice connectivity, or both, between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as base stations (BS), gNodeBs, gNBs, eNodeBs, eNBs, NodeBs, RAN nodes, rode side units (RSUs), transmission reception points (TRxPs or TRPs), and the link, and can include ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell), among others. As used herein, the term “NG RAN node” may refer to a RAN node  111  that operates in an 5G NR system  100  (for example, a gNB), and the term “E-UTRAN node” may refer to a RAN node  111  that operates in an LTE or 4G system  100  (e.g., an eNB). In some examples, the RAN nodes  111  may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. 
     In some examples, some or all of the RAN nodes  111  may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a cloud RAN (CRAN) or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). The CRAN or vBBUP may implement a RAN function split, such as a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) split in which radio resource control (RRC) and PDCP layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and other layer two (e.g., data link layer) protocol entities are operated by individual RAN nodes  111 ; a medium access control (MAC)/physical layer (PHY) split in which RRC, PDCP, MAC, and radio link control (RLC) layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and the PHY layer is operated by individual RAN nodes  111 ; or a “lower PHY” split in which RRC, PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers and upper portions of the PHY layer are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and lower portions of the layer are operated by individual RAN nodes  111 . This virtualized framework allows the freed-up processor cores of the RAN nodes  111  to perform, for example, other virtualized applications. In some examples, an individual RAN node  111  may represent individual gNB distributed units (DUs) that are connected to a gNB central unit (CU) using individual F1 interfaces (not shown in  FIG.  1   ). In some examples, the gNB-DUs may include one or more remote radio heads or RFEMs (see, e.g.,  FIG.  2   ), and the gNB-CU may be operated by a server that is located in the RAN  110  (not shown) or by a server pool in a similar manner as the CRAN/vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes  111  may be next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs), including RAN nodes that provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UEs  101 , and are connected to a 5G core network (e.g., core network  120 ) using a next generation interface. 
     In vehicle-to-everything (V2X) scenarios, one or more of the RAN nodes may be or act as RSUs. The term “Road Side Unit” or “RSU” refers to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. A RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where a RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU,” a RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU,” a RSU implemented in or by a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU,” and the like. In some examples, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs  101  (vUEs  101 ). The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications or other software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may operate on the 5.9 GHz Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate on the cellular V2X band to provide the aforementioned low latency communications, as well as other cellular communications services. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot (2.4 GHz band) or provide connectivity to one or more cellular networks to provide uplink and downlink communications, or both. The computing device(s) and some or all of the radiofrequency circuitry of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network, or both. 
     Any of the RAN nodes  111  can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs  101 . In some examples, any of the RAN nodes  111  can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN  110  including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. 
     In some examples, the UEs  101  can be configured to communicate using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes  111  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, OFDMA communication techniques (e.g., for downlink communications) or SC-FDMA communication techniques (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the techniques described here not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. 
     In some examples, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes  111  to the UEs  101 , while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. 
     In some examples, the UEs  101  and the RAN nodes  111  communicate (e.g., transmit and receive) data over a licensed medium (also referred to as the “licensed spectrum” or the “licensed band”) and an unlicensed shared medium (also referred to as the “unlicensed spectrum” or the “unlicensed band”). The licensed spectrum may include channels that operate in the frequency range of approximately 400 MHz to approximately 3.8 GHz, whereas the unlicensed spectrum may include the 5 GHz band. NR in the unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U, and LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire. 
     To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the UEs  101  and the RAN nodes  111  may operate using license assisted access (LAA), enhanced-LAA (eLAA), or further enhanced-LAA (feLAA) mechanisms. In these implementations, the UEs  101  and the RAN nodes  111  may perform one or more known medium-sensing operations or carrier-sensing operations, or both, to determine whether one or more channels in the unlicensed spectrum are unavailable or otherwise occupied prior to transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum. The medium/carrier sensing operations may be performed according to a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol. LBT is a mechanism in which equipment (for example, UEs  101 , RAN nodes  111 ) senses a medium (for example, a channel or carrier frequency) and transmits when the medium is sensed to be idle (or when a specific channel in the medium is sensed to be unoccupied). The medium sensing operation may include clear channel assessment (CCA), which uses energy detection to determine the presence or absence of other signals on a channel in order to determine if a channel is occupied or clear. This LBT mechanism allows cellular/LAA networks to coexist with incumbent systems in the unlicensed spectrum and with other LAA networks. Energy detection may include sensing RF energy across an intended transmission band for a period of time and comparing the sensed RF energy to a predefined or configured threshold. 
     The incumbent systems in the 5 GHz band can be WLANs based on IEEE 802.11 technologies. WLAN employs a contention-based channel access mechanism (e.g., CSMA with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)). In some examples, when a WLAN node (e.g., a mobile station (MS), such as UE  101 , AP  106 , or the like) intends to transmit, the WLAN node may first perform CCA before transmission. Additionally, a backoff mechanism is used to avoid collisions in situations where more than one WLAN node senses the channel as idle and transmits at the same time. The backoff mechanism may be a counter that is drawn randomly within the contention window size (CWS), which is increased exponentially upon the occurrence of collision and reset to a minimum value as the transmission succeeds. In some examples, the LBT mechanism designed for LAA is similar to the CSMA/CA of WLAN. In some examples, the LBT procedure for DL or UL transmission bursts, including PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions, respectively, may have an LAA contention window that is variable in length between X and Y extended CAA (ECCA) slots, where X and Y are minimum and maximum values for the CWSs for LAA. In one example, the minimum CWS for an LAA transmission may be 9 microseconds (μs); however, the size of the CWS and a maximum channel occupancy time (for example, a transmission burst) may be based on governmental regulatory requirements. 
     In some examples, the LAA mechanisms are built on carrier aggregation technologies of LTE-Advanced systems. In CA, each aggregated carrier is referred to as a component carrier. In some examples, a component carrier may have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz, and a maximum of five component carriers can be aggregated to provide a maximum aggregated bandwidth is 100 MHz. In frequency division duplex (FDD) systems, the number of aggregated carriers can be different for DL and UL. For example, the number of UL component carriers can be equal to or lower than the number of DL component carriers. In some cases, individual component carriers can have a different bandwidth than other component carriers. In time division duplex (TDD) systems, the number of component carriers as well as the bandwidths of each component carrier is usually the same for DL and UL. 
     Carrier aggregation can also include individual serving cells to provide individual component carriers. The coverage of the serving cells may differ, for example, because component carriers on different frequency bands may experience different path loss. A primary service cell (PCell) may provide a primary component carrier for both UL and DL, and may handle RRC and non-access stratum (NAS) related activities. The other serving cells are referred to as secondary component carriers (SCells), and each SCell may provide an individual secondary component carrier for both UL and DL. The secondary component carriers may be added and removed as required, while changing the primary component carrier may require the UE  101  to undergo a handover. In LAA, eLAA, and feLAA, some or all of the SCells may operate in the unlicensed spectrum (referred to as “LAA SCells”), and the LAA SCells are assisted by a PCell operating in the licensed spectrum. When a UE is configured with more than one LAA SCell, the UE may receive UL grants on the configured LAA SCells indicating different PDSCH starting positions within a same subframe. 
     The PDSCH carries user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs  101 . The PDCCH carries information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs  101  about the transport format, resource allocation, and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information related to the uplink shared channel. Downlink scheduling (e.g., assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE  101   b  within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes  111  based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs  101 . The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs  101 . 
     The PDCCH uses control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. In some examples, each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, in which each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements collectively referred to as resource element groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and the channel condition. In LTE, there can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8). 
     Some implementations may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some implementations may utilize an enhanced PDCCH (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more enhanced CCEs (ECCEs). Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements collectively referred to as an enhanced REG (EREG). An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some examples. 
     The RAN nodes  111  are configured to communicate with one another using an interface  112 . In examples, such as where the system  100  is an LTE system (e.g., when the core network  120  is an evolved packet core (EPC) network), the interface  112  may be an X2 interface  112 . The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes  111  (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to the EPC  120 , or between two eNBs connecting to EPC  120 , or both. In some examples, the X2 interface may include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface, and may be used to communicate information about the delivery of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from a master eNB to a secondary eNB; information about successful in sequence delivery of PDCP protocol data units (PDUs) to a LTE  101  from a secondary eNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE  101 ; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the secondary eNB for transmitting to the UE user data, among other information. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs or user plane transport control; load management functionality; inter-cell interference coordination functionality, among other functionality. 
     In some examples, such as where the system  100  is a 5G NR system (e.g., when the core network  120  is a 5G core network), the interface  112  may be an Xn interface  112 . The Xn interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes  111  (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to the 5G core network  120 , between a RAN node  111  (e.g., a gNB) connecting to the 5G core network  120  and an eNB, or between two eNBs connecting to the 5G core network  120 , or combinations of them. In some examples, the Xn interface may include an Xn user plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn control plane (Xn-C) interface. The Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support for UE  101  in a connected mode (e.g., CM-CONNECTED) including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes  111 , among other functionality. The mobility support may include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAN node  111  to new (target) serving RAN node  111 , and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node  111  to new (target) serving RAN node  111 . A protocol stack of the Xn-U may include a transport network layer built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer, and a GPRS tunneling protocol for user plane (GTP-U) layer on top of a user datagram protocol (UDP) or IP layer(s), or both, to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack may include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as Xn Application Protocol (Xn-AP)) and a transport network layer that is built on a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer, and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point-to-point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack or the Xn-C protocol stack, or both, may be same or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein. 
     The RAN  110  is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network  120  (referred to as a “CN  120 ”). The CN  120  includes one or more network elements  122 , which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs  101 ) who are connected to the CN  120  using the RAN  110 . The components of the CN  120  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes and may include components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some examples, network functions virtualization (NFV) may be used to virtualize some or all of the network node functions described here using executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums, as described in further detail below. A logical instantiation of the CN  120  may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN  120  may be referred to as a network sub-slice. NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more network components or functions, or both. 
     Generally, an application server  130  may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS packet services (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, among others). The application server  130  can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, among others) for the UEs  101  using the CN  120 . 
     In some examples, the CN  120  may be a 5G core network (referred to as “5GC  120 ”), and the RAN  110  may be connected with the CN  120  using a next generation interface  113 . In some examples, the next generation interface  113  may be split into two parts, an next generation user plane (NG-U) interface  114 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  111  and a user plane function (UPF), and the S1 control plane (NG-C) interface  115 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  111  and access and mobility management functions (AMFs). 
     In some examples, the CN  120  may be an EPC (referred to as “EPC  120 ” or the like), and the RAN  110  may be connected with the CN  120  using an S1 interface  113 . In some examples, the S1 interface  113  may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface  114 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  111  and the serving gateway (S-GW), and the S1-MME interface  115 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  111  and mobility management entities (MMEs). 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment  400 . The infrastructure equipment  400  (or “system  400 ”) may be implemented as a base station, a radio head, a RAN node, such as the RAN nodes  111  or AP  106  shown and described previously, an application server(s)  130 , or any other component or device described herein. In other examples, the system  400  can be implemented in or by a UE. 
     The system  400  includes application circuitry  405 , baseband circuitry  410 , one or more radio front end modules (RFEMs)  415 , memory circuitry  420 , power management integrated circuitry (PMIC)  425 , power tee circuitry  430 , network controller circuitry  435 , network interface connector  440 , satellite positioning circuitry  445 , and user interface circuitry  450 . In some examples, the system  400  may include additional elements such as, for example, memory, storage, a display, a camera, one or more sensors, or an input/output (I/O) interface, or combinations of them, among others. In other examples, the components described with reference to the system  400  may be included in more than one device. For example, the various circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for CRAN, vBBU, or other implementations. 
     The application circuitry  405  includes circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, one or more of low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input/output (I/O or IO), memory card controllers such as Secure Digital (SD) MultiMediaCard (MMC) or similar, Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces, Mobile industry Processor Interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry  405  may be coupled with or may include memory or storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory or storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system  400 . In some examples, the memory or storage elements may include on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, or combinations of them, among other types of memory. 
     The processor(s) of the application circuitry  405  may include, for example, one or more processor cores (CPUs), one or more application processors, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, one or more Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processors, one or more complex instruction set computing (CISC) processors, one or more digital signal processors (DSP), one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, or combinations of them, among others. In some examples, the application circuitry  405  may include, or may be, a special-purpose processor or controller configured to carry out the various techniques described here. As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry  405  may include one or more Intel Pentium®, Core®, or Xeon® processor(s); Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s), Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), or Epyc® processors; ARM-based processor(s) licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd. such as the ARM Cortex-A family of processors and the ThunderX2® provided by Cavium™, Inc.; a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior P-class processors; and/or the like. In some examples, the system  400  may not utilize application circuitry  405 , and instead may include a special-purpose processor or controller to process IP data received from an EPC or 5GC, for example. 
     In some examples, the application circuitry  405  may include one or more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) or deep learning (DL) accelerators, or both. In some examples, the programmable processing devices may be one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs) or high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs); ASICs such as structured ASICs; programmable SoCs (PSoCs), or combinations of them, among others. In such implementations, the circuitry of application circuitry  405  may include logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions described herein. In some examples, the circuitry of application circuitry  405  may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM) or anti-fuses)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, or other data in look-up-tables (LUTs) and the like. 
     The baseband circuitry  410  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry  410  are discussed with regard to  FIG.  4   . 
     The user interface circuitry  450  may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system  400  or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system  400 . User interfaces may include, but are not limited to, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), one or more indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), a physical keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, speakers or other audio emitting devices, microphones, a printer, a scanner, a headset, a display screen or display device, or combinations of them, among others. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a nonvolatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, among others. 
     The radio front end modules (RFEMs)  415  may include a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some examples, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see, e.g., antenna array  611  of  FIG.  6   ), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In some examples, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM  415 , which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave. 
     The memory circuitry  420  may include one or more of volatile memory, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM), such as high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), or magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), or combinations of them, among others. In some examples, the memory circuitry  420  may include three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. Memory circuitry  420  may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory modules and plug-in memory cards, for example. 
     The PMIC  425  may include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry, and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The power tee circuitry  430  may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the infrastructure equipment  400  using a single cable. 
     The network controller circuitry  435  may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet, Ethernet over GRE Tunnels, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), or some other suitable protocol. Network connectivity may be provided to and from the infrastructure equipment  400  using network interface connector  440  using a physical connection, which may be electrical (commonly referred to as a “copper interconnect”), optical, or wireless. The network controller circuitry  435  may include one or more dedicated processors or FPGAs, or both, to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned protocols. In some examples, the network controller circuitry  435  may include multiple controllers to provide connectivity to other networks using the same or different protocols. 
     The positioning circuitry  445  includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted or broadcasted by a positioning network of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Examples of a GNSS include United States&#39; Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia&#39;s Global Navigation System (GLONASS), the European Union&#39;s Galileo system, China&#39;s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., Navigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC), Japan&#39;s Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), France&#39;s Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS)), among other systems. The positioning circuitry  445  can include various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some examples, the positioning circuitry  445  may include a Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (Micro-PNT) IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking and estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry  445  may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry  410  or RFEMs  415 , or both, to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry  445  may also provide data (e.g., position data, time data) to the application circuitry  405 , which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., RAN nodes  111 ). 
     The components shown by  FIG.  2    may communicate with one another using interface circuitry, which may include any number of bus or interconnect (IX) technologies such as industry standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), peripheral component interconnect extended (PCIx), PCI express (PCIe), or any number of other technologies. The bus or IX may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus or IX systems may be included, such as an I2C interface, an SPI interface, point to point interfaces, and a power bus, among others. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example of a platform  500  (or “device  500 ”). In some examples, the computer platform  500  may be suitable for use as UEs  101 ,  201 ,  301 , application servers  130 , or any other component or device discussed herein. The platform  500  may include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform  500  (or portions thereof) may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination of them adapted in the computer platform  500 , or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of  FIG.  5    is intended to show a high level view of components of the platform  500 . However, in some examples, the platform  500  may include fewer, additional, or alternative components, or a different arrangement of the components shown in  FIG.  5   . 
     The application circuitry  505  includes circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of LDOs, interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface module, RTC, timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as SD MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces, and JTAG test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry  505  may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory or storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system  500 . In some examples, the memory or storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, or combinations of them, among other types of memory. 
     The processor(s) of application circuitry  405  may include, for example, one or more processor cores, one or more application processors, one or more GPU s, one or more RISC processors, one or more ARM processors, one or more CISC processors, one or more DSP, one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, a multithreaded processor, an ultra-low voltage processor, an embedded processor, some other known processing element, or any suitable combination thereof. In some examples, the application circuitry  405  may include, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to carry out the techniques described herein. 
     As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry  505  may include an Apple A-series processor. The processors of the application circuitry  505  may also be one or more of an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, such as a Quark™, an Atom™, an i3, an i5, an i7, or an MCU-class processor, or another such processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, CA; Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s) or Accelerated Processing Units (APUs); Snapdragon™ processor(s) from Qualcomm® Technologies, Texas Instruments, Inc.® Open Multimedia Applications Platform (OMAP)™ processor(s); a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior M-class, Warrior I-class, and Warrior P-class processors; an ARM-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd., such as the ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M family of processors; or the like. In some implementations, the application circuitry  505  may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry  505  and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the application circuitry  505  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as FPGAs; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs); ASICs such as structured ASICs; programmable SoCs (PSoCs), or combinations of them, among others. In some examples, the application circuitry  505  may include logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions described herein. In some examples, the application circuitry  505  may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), or anti-fuses)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, or other data in look-up tables (LUTs) and the like. 
     The baseband circuitry  510  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry  510  are discussed with regard to  FIG.  4   . 
     The RFEMs  515  may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some examples, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see, e.g., antenna array  611  of  FIG.  4   ), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In some examples, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM  515 , which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave. 
     The memory circuitry  520  may include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry  520  may include one or more of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM), such as high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), or magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), or combinations of them, among others. The memory circuitry  520  may be developed in accordance with a Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC) low power double data rate (LPDDR)-based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like. Memory circuitry  520  may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SDP), dual die package (DDP) or quad die package (Q17P), socketed memory modules, dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) including microDIMMs or MiniDIMMs, or soldered onto a motherboard using a ball grid array (BGA). In low power implementations, the memory circuitry  520  may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry  505 . To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry  520  may include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, for example, a solid state disk drive (SSDD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. In some examples, the computer platform  500  may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. 
     The removable memory circuitry  523  may include devices, circuitry, enclosures, housings, ports or receptacles, among others, used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform  500 . These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards), and USB flash drives, optical discs, or external HDDs, or combinations of them, among others. 
     The platform  500  may also include interface circuitry (not shown) for connecting external devices with the platform  500 . The external devices connected to the platform  500  using the interface circuitry include sensor circuitry  521  and electro-mechanical components (EMCs)  522 , as well as removable memory devices coupled to removable memory circuitry  523 . 
     The sensor circuitry  521  include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information (e.g., sensor data) about the detected events to one or more other devices, modules, or subsystems. Examples of such sensors include inertial measurement units (IMUs) such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, or magnetometers; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) including 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors); pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors; gravimeters; altimeters; image capture devices (e.g., cameras or lensless apertures); light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors; proximity sensors (e.g., infrared radiation detector and the like), depth sensors, ambient light sensors, ultrasonic transceivers; microphones or other audio capture devices, or combinations of them, among others. 
     The EMCs  522  include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to enable the platform  500  to change its state, position, or orientation, or move or control a mechanism, system, or subsystem. Additionally, the EMCs  522  may be configured to generate and send messages or signaling to other components of the platform  500  to indicate a current state of the EMCs  522 . Examples of the EMCs  522  include one or more power switches, relays, such as electromechanical relays (EMRs) or solid state relays (SSRs), actuators (e.g., valve actuators), an audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g., DC motors or stepper motors), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, or combinations of them, among other electro-mechanical components. In some examples, the platform  500  is configured to operate one or more EMCs  522  based on one or more captured events, instructions, or control signals received from a service provider or clients, or both. 
     In some examples, the interface circuitry may connect the platform  500  with positioning circuitry  545 . The positioning circuitry  545  includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted or broadcasted by a positioning network of a GNSS. Examples of a GNSS include United States&#39; GPS, Russia&#39;s GLONASS, the European Union&#39;s Galileo system, China&#39;s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., NAVIC), Japan&#39;s QZSS, France&#39;s DORIS, among other systems. The positioning circuitry  545  comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some examples, the positioning circuitry  545  may include a Micro-PNT IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking or estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry  545  may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry  410  or RFEMs  515 , or both, to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry  545  may also provide data (e.g., position data, time data) to the application circuitry  505 , which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., radio base stations), for turn-by-turn navigation applications, or the like. 
     In some examples, the interface circuitry may connect the platform  500  with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry  540 . The NEC circuitry  540  is configured to provide contactless, short-range communications based on radio frequency identification (RFID) standards, in which magnetic field induction is used to enable communication between NFC circuitry  540  and NFC-enabled devices external to the platform  500  (e.g., an “NFC touchpoint”). The NFC circuitry  540  includes an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processor coupled with the NFC controller. The NFC controller may be a chip or IC providing NFC functionalities to the NFC circuitry  540  by executing NFC controller firmware and an NFC stack. The NFC stack may be executed by the processor to control the NFC controller, and the NFC controller firmware may be executed by the NFC controller to control the antenna element to emit short-range RF signals. The RF signals may power a passive NFC tag (e.g., a microchip embedded in a sticker or wristband) to transmit stored data to the NFC circuitry  540 , or initiate data transfer between the NFC circuitry  540  and another active NFC device (e.g., a smartphone or an NFC-enabled POS terminal) that is proximate to the platform  500 . 
     The driver circuitry  546  may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform  500 , attached to the platform  500 , or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform  500 . The driver circuitry  546  may include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform  500  to interact with or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform  500 . For example, the driver circuitry  546  may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform  500 , sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensor circuitry  521  and control and allow access to sensor circuitry  521 , EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMCs  522  or control and allow access to the EMCs  522 , a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices. 
     The power management integrated circuitry (PMIC)  525  (also referred to as “power management circuitry  525 ”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform  500 . In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry  510 , the PMIC  525  may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC  525  may be included when the platform  500  is capable of being powered by a battery  530 , for example, when the device is included in a UE  101 ,  201 ,  301 . 
     In some examples, the PMIC  525  may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the platform  500 . For example, if the platform  500  is in an RRC_Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform  500  may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform  500  may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback or handover. This can allow the platform  500  to enter a very low power state, where it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. In some examples, the platform  500  may not receive data in the RRC_Idle state and instead must transition back to RRC_Connected state to receive data. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device may be unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time may incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable. 
     A battery  530  may power the platform  500 , although in some examples the platform  500  may be deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery  530  may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, or a lithium-air battery, among others. In some examples, such as in V2X applications, the battery  530  may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery. 
     In some examples, the battery  530  may be a “smart battery,” which includes or is coupled with a Battery Management System (BMS) or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform  500  to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery  530 . The BMS may be used to monitor other parameters of the battery  530  to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the battery  530 . The BMS may communicate the information of the battery  530  to the application circuitry  505  or other components of the platform  500 . The BMS may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the application circuitry  505  to directly monitor the voltage of the battery  530  or the current flow from the battery  530 . The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the platform  500  may perform, such as transmission frequency, network operation, or sensing frequency, among others. 
     A power block, or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery  530 . In some examples, the power block  530  may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the computer platform  500 . In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS. The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size of the battery  530 , and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfuel standard promulgated by the Airfuel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others. 
     The user interface circuitry  550  includes various input/output (I/O) devices present within, or connected to, the platform  500 , and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform  500  or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform  500 . The user interface circuitry  550  includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, or headset, or combinations of them, among others. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position(s), or other information. Output device circuitry may include any number or combinations of audio or visual display, including one or more simple visual outputs or indicators (e.g., binary status indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g., Liquid Chrystal Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, or projectors), with the output of characters, graphics, or multimedia objects being generated or produced from the operation of the platform  500 . The output device circuitry may also include speakers or other audio emitting devices, or printer(s). In some examples, the sensor circuitry  521  may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device or motion capture device), and one or more EMCs may be used as the output device circuitry (e.g., an actuator to provide haptic feedback). In another example, NFC circuitry comprising an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device may be included to read electronic tags or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a USB port, an audio jack, or a power supply interface. 
     Although not shown, the components of platform  500  may communicate with one another using a suitable bus or interconnect (IX) technology, which may include any number of technologies, including ISA, EISA, PCI, PCIx, PCIe, a Time-Trigger Protocol (TTP) system, a FlexRay system, or any number of other technologies. The bus or IX may be a proprietary bus or IX, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus or IX systems may be included, such as an I2C interface, an SPI interface, point-to-point interfaces, and a power bus, among others. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates example components of baseband circuitry  610  and radio front end modules (RFEM)  615 . The baseband circuitry  610  can correspond to the baseband circuitry  410  and  510  of  FIGS.  4  and  5   , respectively. The RFEM  615  can correspond to the RFEM  415  and  515  of  FIGS.  4  and  5   , respectively. As shown, the RFEMs  615  may include Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry  606 , front-end module (FEM) circuitry  608 , antenna array  611  coupled together. 
     The baseband circuitry  610  includes circuitry or control logic, or both, configured to carry out various radio or network protocol and control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks using the RF circuitry  606 . The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation and demodulation, encoding and decoding, and radio frequency shifting. In some examples, modulation and demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry  610  may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), preceding, or constellation mapping and demapping functionality. In some examples, encoding and decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry  610  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder and decoder functionality. Modulation and demodulation and encoder and decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other examples. The baseband circuitry  610  is configured to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry  606  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  606 . The baseband circuitry  610  is configured to interface with application circuitry (e.g., the application circuitry  405 ,  505  shown in  FIGS.  2  and  3   ) for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry  606 . The baseband circuitry  610  may handle various radio control functions. 
     The aforementioned circuitry and control logic of the baseband circuitry  610  may include one or more single or multi-core processors. For example, the one or more processors may include a 3G baseband processor  604 A, a 4G or LTE baseband processor  604 B, a 5G or NR baseband processor  604 C, or some other baseband processor(s)  604 D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., sixth generation (6G)). In some examples, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  604 A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory  604 G and executed using a Central Processing Unit (CPU)  604 E. In some examples, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  604 A-D may be provided as hardware accelerators (e.g., FPGAs or ASICs) loaded with the appropriate bit streams or logic blocks stored in respective memory cells. In some examples, the memory  604 G may store program code of a real-time OS (RTOS) which, when executed by the CPU  604 E (or other baseband processor), is to cause the CPU  604 E (or other baseband processor) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry  610 , schedule tasks, or carry out other operations. Examples of the RTOS may include Operating System Embedded (OSE)™ provided by Enea®, Nucleus RTOS™ provided by Mentor Graphics®, Versatile Real-Time Executive (VRTX) provided by Mentor Graphics®, ThreadX™ provided by Express Logic®, FreeRTOS, REX OS provided by Qualcomm®, OKL4 provided by Open Kernel (OK) Labs®, or any other suitable RTOS, such as those discussed herein. In addition, the baseband circuitry  610  includes one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP)  604 F. The audio DSP(s)  604 F include elements for compression and decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in some examples. 
     In some examples, each of the processors  604 A- 604 E include respective memory interfaces to send and receive data to and from the memory  604 G. The baseband circuitry  610  may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries or devices, such as an interface to send and receive data to and from memory external to the baseband circuitry  610 ; an application circuitry interface to send and receive data to and from the application circuitry  405 ,  505  of  FIGS.  2  and  3   ); an RF circuitry interface to send and receive data to and from RF circuitry  606  of  FIG.  4   ; a wireless hardware connectivity interface to send and receive data to and from one or more wireless hardware elements (e.g., Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth®/Bluetooth® Low Energy components, Wi-Fi® components, and/or the like); and a power management interface to send and receive power or control signals to and from the  525 . 
     In some examples (which may be combined with the above described examples), the baseband circuitry  610  includes one or more digital baseband systems, which are coupled with one another using an interconnect subsystem and to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem using another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem may include DSP circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, among other components. In some examples, the baseband circuitry  610  may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules  615 ). 
     Although not shown in  FIG.  4   , in some examples, the baseband circuitry  610  includes individual processing device(s) to operate one or more wireless communication protocols (e.g., a “multi-protocol baseband processor” or “protocol processing circuitry”) and individual processing devices) to implement PHY layer functions. In some examples, the PHY layer functions include the aforementioned radio control functions. In some examples, the protocol processing circuitry operates or implements various protocol layers or entities of one or more wireless communication protocols. For example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate LTE protocol entities or 5G NR protocol entities, or both, when the baseband circuitry  610  or RF circuitry  606 , or both, are part of mmWave communication circuitry or some other suitable cellular communication circuitry. In this example, the protocol processing circuitry can operate MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP, RRC, and NAS functions. In some examples, the protocol processing circuitry may operate one or more IEEE-based protocols when the baseband circuitry  610  or RF circuitry  606 , or both, are part of a Wi-Fi communication system. In this example, the protocol processing circuitry can operate Wi-Fi MAC and logical link control (LLC) functions. The protocol processing circuitry may include one or more memory structures (e.g.,  604 G) to store program code and data for operating the protocol functions, as well as one or more processing cores to execute the program code and perform various operations using the data. The baseband circuitry  610  may also support radio communications for more than one wireless protocol. 
     The various hardware elements of the baseband circuitry  610  discussed herein may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits (ICs), a single packaged IC soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more ICs. In some examples, the components of the baseband circuitry  610  may be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board. In some examples, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  610  and RF circuitry  606  may be implemented together such as, for example, a system on a chip (SoC) or System-in-Package (SiP). In some examples, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  610  may be implemented as a separate SoC that is communicatively coupled with and RF circuitry  606  (or multiple instances of RF circuitry  606 ). In some examples, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  610  and the application circuitry  405 ,  505  may be implemented together as individual SoCs mounted to a same circuit board (e.g., a “multi-chip package”). 
     In some examples, the baseband circuitry  610  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, the baseband circuitry  610  may support communication with an E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, or a WPAN. Examples in which the baseband circuitry  610  is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry. 
     The RF circuitry  606  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In some examples, the RF circuitry  606  may include switches, filters, or amplifiers, among other components, to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. The RF circuitry  606  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  608  and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry  610 . The RF circuitry  606  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  610  and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry  608  for transmission. 
     The receive signal path of the RF circuitry  606  includes mixer circuitry  606   a , amplifier circuitry  606   b  and filter circuitry  606   c . In some examples, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  606  may include filter circuitry  606   c  and mixer circuitry  606   a . The RF circuitry  606  also includes synthesizer circuitry  606   d  for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some examples, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  608  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry  606   d . The amplifier circuitry  606   b  may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry  606   c  may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry  610  for further processing. In some examples, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some examples, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers. 
     In some examples, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry  606   d  to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry  608 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry  610  and may be filtered by filter circuitry  606   c.    
     In some examples, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some examples, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some examples, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some examples, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some examples, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals. In some examples, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals, and the RF circuitry  606  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry  610  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry  606 . 
     In some dual-mode examples, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the techniques described here are not limited in this respect. 
     In some examples, the synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although other types of frequency synthesizers may used. For example, synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. 
     The synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the RF circuitry  606  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some examples, the synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some examples, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry  610  or the application circuitry  405 / 505  depending on the desired output frequency. In some examples, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry  405 ,  505 . 
     The synthesizer circuitry  606   d  of the RF circuitry  606  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some examples, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some examples, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some examples, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. The delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle. 
     In some examples, synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other examples, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some examples, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some examples, the RF circuitry  606  may include an IQ or polar converter. 
     The FEM circuitry  608  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from antenna array  611 , amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry  606  for further processing. The FEM circuitry  608  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry  606  for transmission by one or more of antenna elements of antenna array  611 . The amplification through transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry  606 , solely in the FEM circuitry  608 , or in both the RF circuitry  606  and the FEM circuitry  608 . 
     In some examples, the FEM circuitry  608  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry  608  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry  608  may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  606 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  608  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  606 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission by one or more antenna elements of the antenna array  611 . 
     The antenna array  611  comprises one or more antenna elements, each of which is configured convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. For example, digital baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  610  is converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted using the antenna elements of the antenna array  611  including one or more antenna elements (not shown). The antenna elements may be omnidirectional, directional, or a combination thereof. The antenna elements may be formed in a multitude of arranges as are known and/or discussed herein. The antenna array  611  may comprise microstrip antennas or printed antennas that are fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards. The antenna array  611  may be formed as a patch of metal foil (e.g., a patch antenna) in a variety of shapes, and may be coupled with the RF circuitry  606  and/or FEM circuitry  608  using metal transmission lines or the like. 
     Processors of the application circuitry  405 / 505  and processors of the baseband circuitry  610  may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry  610 , alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry  405 ,  505  may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., TCP and UDP layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a RRC layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a MAC layer, an RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device, in particular,  FIG.  5    includes an arrangement  800  showing interconnections between various protocol layers/entities. The following description of  FIG.  5    is provided for various protocol layers and entities that operate in conjunction with the 5G NR system standards and the LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of  FIG.  5    may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well. 
     The protocol layers of arrangement  800  may include one or more of PHY  810 , MAC  820 , RLC  830 , PDCP  840 , SDAP  847 , RRC  855 , and NAS layer  857 , in addition to other higher layer functions not illustrated. The protocol layers may include one or more service access points (e.g., items  859 ,  856 ,  850 ,  849 ,  845 ,  835 ,  825 , and  815  in  FIG.  5   ) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers. 
     The PHY  810  may transmit and receive physical layer signals  805  that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals  805  may include one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PRY  810  may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC  855 . The PHY  810  may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding and decoding of the transport channels, modulation and demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. In some examples, an instance of PHY  810  may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC  820  using one or more PHY-SAP  815 . In some examples, requests and indications communicated using PRY-SAP  815  may comprise one or more transport channels. 
     Instance(s) of MAC  820  may process requests from, and provide indications to, an instance of RLC  830  using one or more MAC-SAPs  825 . These requests and indications communicated using the MAC-SAP  825  may include one or more logical channels. The MAC  820  may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC service data units (SDUs) from one or more logical channels onto transport blocks (TBs) to be delivered to PHY  810  using the transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY  810  using transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, and logical channel prioritization. 
     Instance(s) of RLC  830  may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP  840  using one or more radio link control service access points (RLC-SAP)  835 . These requests and indications communicated using RLC-SAP  835  may include one or more RLC channels. The RLC  830  may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC  830  may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC  830  may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment. 
     Instance(s) of PDCP  840  may process requests from and provide indications to instance(s) of RRC  855  or instance(s) of SDAP  847 , or both, using one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP-SAP)  845 . These requests and indications communicated using PDCP-SAP  845  may include one or more radio bearers. The PDCP  840  may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, or integrity verification). 
     Instance(s) of SDAP  847  may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities using one or more SDAP-SAP  849 . These requests and indications communicated using SDAP-SAP  849  may include one or more QoS flows. The SDAP  847  may map QoS flows to data radio bearers (DRBs), and vice versa, and may also mark QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity  847  may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the NG-RAN  110  may control the mapping of QoS Flows to DRB(s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP  847  of a UE  101  may monitor the QFIs of the DL packets for each DRB, and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP  847  of the UE  101  may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows(s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID(s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN  310  may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC  855  configuring the SDAP  847  with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP  847 . In some examples, the SDAP  847  may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations. 
     The RRC  855  may configure, using one or more management service access points (M-SAP), aspects of one or more protocol layers, which may include one or more instances of PHY  810 , MAC  820 , RLC  830 , PDCP  840  and SDAP  847 . In some examples, an instance of RRC  855  may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities  857  using one or more RRC-SAPs  856 . The main services and functions of the RRC  855  may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in master information blocks (MIBs) or system information blocks (SIBs) related to the NAS), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE  101  and RAN  110  (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBS may comprise one or more information elements, which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures. 
     The NAS  857  may form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE  101  and the AMF  321 . The NAS  857  may support the mobility of the UEs  101  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  101  and a P-GW in LTE systems. 
     In some examples, one or more protocol entities of arrangement  800  may be implemented in UEs  101 , RAN nodes  111 , AMF  321  in NR implementations or MME  221  in LTE implementations, UPF  302  in NR implementations or S-GW  222  and P-GW  223  in LTE implementations, or the like to be used for control plane or user plane communications protocol stack between the aforementioned devices. In some examples, one or more protocol entities that may be implemented in one or more of UE  101 , gNB  111 , AMF  321 , among others, may communicate with a respective peer protocol entity that may be implemented in or on another device using the services of respective lower layer protocol entities to perform such communication. In some examples, a gNB-CU of the gNB  111  may host the RRC  855 , SDAP  847 , and PDCP  840  of the gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs, and the gNB-DUs of the gNB  111  may each host the RLC  830 , MAC  820 , and PHY  810  of the gNB  111 . 
     In some examples, a control plane protocol stack may include, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, NAS  857 , RRC  855 , PDCP  840 , RLC  830 , MAC  820 , and PHY  810 . In this example, upper layers  860  may be built on top of the NAS  857 , which includes an IP layer  861 , an SCTP  862 , and an application layer signaling protocol (AP)  863 . 
     In some examples, such as NR implementations, the AP  863  may be an NG application protocol layer (NGAP or NG-AP)  863  for the NG interface  113  defined between the NG-RAN node  111  and the AMF  321 , or the AP  863  may be an Xn application protocol layer (XnAP or Xn-AP)  863  for the Xn interface  112  that is defined between two or more RAN nodes  111 . 
     The NG-AP  863  may support the functions of the NG interface  113  and may comprise elementary procedures (EPs). An NG-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the NG-RAN node  111  and the AMF  321 . The NG-AP  863  services may include two groups: UE-associated services (e.g., services related to a UE  101 ) and non-UE-associated services (e.g., services related to the whole NG interface instance between the NG-RAN node  111  and AMF  321 ). These services may include functions such as, but not limited to: a paging function for the sending of paging requests to NG-RAN nodes  111  involved in a particular paging area; a UE context management function for allowing the AMF  321  to establish, modify, or release a UE context in the AMP  321  and the NG-RAN node  111 ; a mobility function for UEs  101  in ECM-CONNECTED mode for intra-system HOs to support mobility within NG-RAN and inter-system HOs to support mobility from/to EPS systems; a NAS Signaling Transport function for transporting or rerouting NAS messages between UE  101  and AMF  321 ; a NAS node selection function for determining an association between the AMF  321  and the UE  101 ; NG interface management function(s) for setting up the NG interface and monitoring for errors over the NG interface; a warning message transmission function for providing means to transfer warning messages using NG interface or cancel ongoing broadcast of warning messages; a configuration transfer function for requesting and transferring of RAN configuration information (e.g., SON information or performance measurement (PM) data) between two RAN nodes  111  using CN  120 , or combinations of them, among others. 
     The XnAP  863  may support the functions of the Xn interface  112  and may comprise XnAP basic mobility procedures and XnAP global procedures. The XnAP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the NG RAN  111  (or E-UTRAN  210 ), such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, or dual connectivity related procedures, among others. The XnAP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE  101 , such as Xn interface setup and reset procedures, NG-RAN update procedures, or cell activation procedures, among others. 
     In LTE implementations, the AP  863  may be an S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP)  863  for the S1 interface  113  defined between an E-UTRAN node  111  and an MME, or the AP  863  may be an X2 application protocol layer (X2AP or X2-AP)  863  for the X2 interface  112  that is defined between two or more E-UTRAN nodes  111 . 
     The S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP)  863  may support the functions of the S1 interface, and similar to the NG-AP discussed previously, the S1-AP may include S1-AP EPs. An S1-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the E-UTRAN node  111  and an MME  221  within a LTE CN  120 . The S1-AP  863  services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer. 
     The X2AP  863  may support the functions of the X2 interface  112  and may include X2AP basic mobility procedures and X2AP global procedures. The X2AP basic mobility procedures may include procedures used to handle UE mobility within the E-UTRAN  120 , such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, or dual connectivity related procedures, among others. The X2AP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE  101 , such as X2 interface setup and reset procedures, load indication procedures, error indication procedures, or cell activation procedures, among others. 
     The SCTP layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer)  862  may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages (e.g., NGAP or XnAP messages in NR implementations, or S1-AP or X2AP messages in LTE implementations). The SCTP  862  may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node  111  and the AMF  321 /MME  221  based in part on the IP protocol, supported by the IP  861 . The Internet Protocol layer (IP)  861  may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. In some implementations the IP layer  861  may use point-to-point transmission to deliver and convey PDUs. In this regard, the RAN node  111  may include L2 and L1 layer communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) with the MME/AMF to exchange information. 
     In some examples, a user plane protocol stack may include, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP  847 , PDCP  840 , RLC  830 , MAC  820 , and PHY  810 . The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE  101 , the RAN node  111 , and UPF  302  in NR implementations or an S-GW  222  and P-GW  223  in LTE implementations. In this example, upper layers  851  may be built on top of the SDAP  847 , and may include a user datagram protocol (UDP) and IP security layer (UDP/IP)  852 , a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U)  853 , and a User Plane PDU layer (UP PDU)  863 . 
     The transport network layer  854  (also referred to as a “transport layer”) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U  853  may be used on top of the UDP/IP layer  852  (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to carry user plane PDUs (UP-PDUs). The IP layer (also referred to as the “Internet layer”) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. 
     The GTP-U  853  may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP/IP  852  may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node  111  and the S-GW  222  may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data using a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer (e.g., PHY  810 ), an L2 layer (e.g., MAC  820 , RLC  830 , PDCP  840 , and/or SDAP  847 ), the UDP/IP layer  852 , and the GTP-U  853 . The S-GW  222  and the P-GW  223  may utilize an S5/S8a interface to exchange user plane data using a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/IP layer  852 , and the GTP-U  853 . As discussed previously, NAS protocols may support the mobility of the UE  101  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  101  and the P-GW  223 . 
     Moreover, although not shown by  FIG.  5   , an application layer may be present above the AP  863  and/or the transport network layer  854 . The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE  101 , RAN node  111 , or other network element interacts with software applications being executed, for example, by application circuitry  405  or application circuitry  505 , respectively. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE  101  or RAN node  111 , such as the baseband circuitry  610 . In some examples, the IP layer or the application layer, or both, may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7—the application layer, OSI Layer 6—the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5—the session layer). 
       FIG.  6    is a block diagram illustrating components of a system  1000  to support NFV. The system  1000  is illustrated as including a virtualized infrastructure manager (VIM)  1002 , a network function virtualization infrastructure (NFVI)  1004 , a virtualized network function manager (VNFM)  1006 , virtualized network functions (VNFs)  1008 , an element manager (EM)  1010 , a network function virtualization orchestrator (NFVO)  1012 , and a network manager (NM)  1014 . 
     The VIM  1002  manages the resources of the NFVI  1004 . The NFVI  1004  can include physical or virtual resources and applications (including hypervisors) used to execute the system  1000 . The VIM  1002  may manage the life cycle of virtual resources with the NFVI  1004  (e.g., creation, maintenance, and tear down of VMs associated with one or more physical resources), track VM instances, track performance, fault and security of VM instances and associated physical resources, and expose VM instances and associated physical resources to other management systems. 
     The VNFM  1006  may manage the VNFs  1008 . The VNFs  1008  may be used to execute, for example, EPC components and functions. The VNFM  1006  may manage the life cycle of the VNFs  1008  and track performance, fault and security of the virtual aspects of VNFs  1008 . The EM  1010  may track the performance, fault and security of the functional aspects of VNFs  1008 . The tracking data from the VNFM  1006  and the EM  1010  may comprise, for example, PM data used by the VIM  1002  or the NFVI  1004 . Both the VNFM  1006  and the EM  1010  can scale up or down the quantity of VNFs of the system  1000 . 
     The NFVO  1012  may coordinate, authorize, release and engage resources of the NFVI  1004  in order to provide the requested service (e.g., to execute an EPC function, component, or slice). The NM  1014  may provide a package of end-user functions with the responsibility for the management of a network, which may include network elements with VNFs, non-virtualized network functions, or both (management of the VNFs may occur using the EM  1010 ). 
       FIG.  7    is a block diagram illustrating components for reading instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and performing any one or more of the techniques described herein. Specifically,  FIG.  7    shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources  1100  including one or more processors (or processor cores)  1110 , one or more memory or storage devices  1120 , and one or more communication resources  1130 , each of which may be communicatively coupled using a bus  1140 . For implementations where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor  1102  may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices or sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources  1100 . 
     The processors  1110  may include a processor  1112  and a processor  1114 . The processor(s)  1110  may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof. 
     The memory/storage devices  1120  may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  1120  may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile or nonvolatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, or solid-state storage, or combinations of them, among others. 
     The communication resources  1130  may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices  1104  or one or more databases  1106  using a network  1108 . For example, the communication resources  1130  may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling using USB), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, components, and other communication components. 
     Instructions  1150  may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors  1110  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions  1150  may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors  1110  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), the memory/storage devices  1120 , or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions  1150  may be transferred to the hardware resources  1100  from any combination of the peripheral devices  1104  or the databases  1106 . Accordingly, the memory of processors  1110 , the memory/storage devices  1120 , the peripheral devices  1104 , and the databases  1106  are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. 
       FIG.  8    shows an example of a MAC CE  1200  for SCell activation with short CSI reporting. The MAC CE  1200  is configured to activate the SCell and trigger short CSI reporting on the SCell that is being activated. The triggered short CSI reporting scheme corresponds to a new CSI reporting configuration that requests that the UE send a particular number of CSI reports on the PUCCH. In some implementations, a RRC configures the short CSI reporting scheme. 
     The CSI reporting type, called “shortOnPUCCH”, is added to CSI report configuration, CSI-ReportConfig. This CSI reporting scheme is configured to enable a UE to apply a short CSI reporting scheme. The UE is configured to transmit a particular number of CSI reports on PUCCH resources. The number of CSI reports to be transmitted on PUCCH is configured by RRC signaling. The short CSI reporting corresponding to shortOnPUCCH can be triggered by a MAC CE  1200  of  FIG.  8    or the MAC CE  1300  of  FIG.  9   , as subsequently described. Specifically, the enhanced CSI-ReportConfig with the CSI configuration of shortOnPUCCH report type can be specified as shown in the following IE. 
     Structure 1: CSI-ReportConfig 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CSI-ReportConfig ::= 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                   
                  reportConfigId 
                  CSI-ReportConfigId, 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                  carrier         ServCellIndex  OPTIONAL, 
               
               
                   
                  resourcesForChannelMeasurement  CSI-ResourceConfigId, 
               
               
                   
                  csi-LM-ResourcesForInterference  CSI-ResourceConfigId OPTIONAL, 
               
               
                   
                  nzp-CSI-RS-ResourcesforInterference CSI-ResourceConfigId OPTIONAL, 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  reportConfigType 
                  CHOICE { 
               
               
                   
                   periodic 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                    reportSlotConfig   CSI-ReportPeriodicityAndOffset, 
               
               
                   
                    pucch-CSI-ResourceList SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofBWPs)) OF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PUCCH-CSI-Resource 
                   
               
               
                   
                   } 
                   
               
               
                   
                   semiPersistentOnPUCCH 
                    SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                    reportSlotConfig   CSI-ReportPeriodicityAndOffset, 
               
               
                   
                    pucch-CSI-ResourceList SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofBWPs)) OF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PUCCH-CSI-Resource 
                   
               
               
                   
                   } 
                   
               
               
                   
                   semiPersistentOnPUSCH 
                    SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                    reportSlotConfig  ENUMERATED {sl5, sl10, sl20, sl40, sl80, sl160, sl320}, 
               
               
                   
                    reportSlotOffsetList SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofUL-Allocations)) OF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 INTEGER(0..32), 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                    p0alpha    P0-PUSCH-AlphaSetId 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   } 
                   
               
               
                   
                   aperiodic 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                    reportSlotOffsetList SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofUL-Allocations)) OF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 INTEGER(0..32) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   } 
                   
               
               
                   
                 shortOnPUCCH 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                    numberofReports   INTEGER (1..16), 
               
               
                   
                     reportSlotConfig   CSI-ReportPeriodicityAndOffset, 
               
               
                   
                    pucch-CSI-ResourceList SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofBWPs)) OF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PUCCH-CSI-Resource 
                   
               
               
                   
                   } 
                   
               
               
                   
                   ....... 
                   
               
               
                   
                  }, 
                   
               
               
                   
                  ....... 
                   
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In in the CS1-ReportConfig, the shortOnPUCCH element includes three parameters. The numberofReports parameter defines the number of CSI reports for being transmitted on the PUCCH by the UE for the triggered short CSI reporting. In some implementations, the number of reports can be 1-16 reports. The parameter reportSlotConfig defines the CSI-Report periodicity and offset values. The parameter PUCCH-CSI-ResourceList defines the sequence size of the PUCCH CSI resource. This is further described in relation to the MAC CE  1200  and the MAC CE  1300 . 
     The MAC CE  1200  of  FIG.  8    is sent to the UE. After sending the HARQ-ACK response to the new SCell activation MAC CE  1200 , UE initiates short CSI reporting. In some implementations, after the reception of first CQI report, a gNB initiates scheduling of data transmission to the UE in the SCell being activated. 
     The MAC CE  1200  activating SCell and short CSI reporting is configured to activate the SCell and initiate the short CSI reporting with an RRC-configured number of CSI reports. The fields of the MAC CE  1200  are defined as follows. 
     The Ci fields (e.g. C 1 -C 7 ) in row  1202  are associated with SCells. There is a SCell configured for the MAC entity with SCellIndex i as specified in 3GPP TS 38.331 Section 6.2. The C i  fields each indicate the activation or deactivation status of a SCell with SCellIndex i, else the MAC entity ignores that Ci field. A Ci field is set to “1” to indicate that the SCell with SCellIndex i shall be activated. A Ci field is set to “0” to indicate that the SCell with SCellIndex i shall be deactivated. 
     A bandwidth part (BWP) identifier  1206  indicates an upload (UL) BWP for which the MAC CE  1200  applies. In some implementations, the length of the BWP ID field is 2 bits. 
     The S fields of row  1204 , designated S i , each indicate an activation or deactivation status of the short CSI report configuration. Generally, the status indicates the short CSI report configuration within csi-ReportConfigToAddModList. The csi-ReportConfigToAddModList includes a list of reporting configurations to add or modify, as specified in TS 38.331 Section 6.3.2. Specifically, S 0  indicates the report configuration which includes PUCCH resources for short CSI reporting in the indicated BWP and has the lowest CS1-ReportConfigId within the list with type set to “shortOnPUCCH.” S 1  indicates the report configuration which includes PUCCH resources for short CSI reporting in the indicated BWP and has the second lowest CSI-ReportConfigId, and so on for each S i+1 . If the number of report configurations within the list with type set to “shortOnPUCCH” in the indicated BWP is less than i+1, the MAC entity ignores the unused S i  fields. Generally, the S i  field is set to “1” to indicate that the corresponding short CSI report configuration is to be activated. The S i  field is set to “0” to indicate that the corresponding short CSI report configuration i is to be deactivated. The R bit is a reserved bit, set to “0”. 
       FIG.  9    shows an example of a MAC CE  1300  for fast secondary serving cell activation/deactivation and short CSI reporting activation/deactivation. The MAC CE  1300  includes a signaled number of reports. The MAC CE activates the SCell and the short CSI reporting with a signaled number of reports. In addition to the fields defined for MAC CE  1200  of  FIG.  8   , an additional field nrOfReports  1310  is included in the MAC CE  1300 . The nrOfReports  1310  field is signaled to indicate the number of CSI reports to be transmitted on PUCCH by the UE. Because the number of reports is signaled by the MAC CE  1300 , the parameter defining the number of reports can be removed in the shortOnPUCCH report type definition of the CSI-ReportConfig IE. 
     Similar to MAC CE  1200 , MAC CE  1300  includes a bandwidth part (BWP) identifier  1306  indicates an upload (UL) BWP for which the MAC CE  1300  applies. In some implementations, the length of the BWP ID field is 2 bits. 
     The Ci fields (e.g. C 1 -C 7 ) in row  1302  are associated with SCells. There is a SCell configured for the MAC entity with SCellIndex i  as specified in 3GPP TS 38.331 Section 6.2. The C i  fields each indicate the activation or deactivation status of a SCell with SCellIndex i, else the MAC entity ignores that C i  field. A C i  field is set to “1” to indicate that the SCell with SCellIndex i shall be activated. A C i  field is set to “0” to indicate that the SCell with SCellIndex i  shall be deactivated. 
     The S fields of row  1304 , designated S i , each indicate an activation or deactivation status of the short CSI report configuration. Generally, the status indicates the short CSI report configuration within csi-ReportConfigToAddModList. The CSI-ReportConfigToAddModList includes a list of reporting configurations to add or modify, as specified in TS 38.331 Section 6.3.2. Specifically, S 0  indicates the report configuration which includes PUCCH resources for short CSI reporting in the indicated BWP and has the lowest CSI-ReportConfigId within the list with type set to “shortOnPUCCH.” S 1  indicates the report configuration which includes PUCCH resources for short CSI reporting in the indicated BWP and has the second lowest CSI-ReportConfigId, and so on for each S i+1 . If the number of report configurations within the list with type set to “shortOnPUCCH” in the indicated BWP is less than i+1, the MAC entity ignores the unused S i  fields. Generally, the S i  field is set to “1” to indicate that the corresponding short CSI report configuration is to be activated. The S 1  field is set to “0” to indicate that the corresponding short CSI report configuration i is to be deactivated. The R bits of rows  1304  and  1306  are reserved bits, set to “0”. 
       FIG.  10    shows a process  1400  for short CSI reporting based on concurrent MAC CEs for SCell activation and SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH activation/deactivation. The short CSI reporting during the initial phase of SCell activation period can be achieved by two stages. A first stage includes two concurrent MAC CEs for SCell activation and SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH activation. The concurrent MAC CEs include MAC CE  1406 , which includes sending a SCell activation CE. The concurrent MAC CEs include MAC CE  1408 , which includes sending a SCI reporting on PUCCH activation CE. A gNB  1402  is configured to send the concurrent MAC CEs  1406  and  1408  to a UE  1404 . The concurrent MAC CEs are described in 3GPP TS 38.321 Section 6.1.3.18. Specifically, the MAC CEs during the first stage is configured to initiate the SCell activation and the start of short CSI reporting. 
     A second stage includes a MAC CE of SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH deactivation. The MAC CE  1424  includes an SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH deactivation sent from the gNB  1402  to the UE  1404 . The MAC CE  1424  in the second stage is configured to signal the end of short CSI reporting by the UE  1404  to the gNB  1402 . The two-stage short CSI reporting enables the gNB  1402  and the UE  1404  to control SCell activation delay by the configuration of SP-CSI resources and by the reporting periodicity dedicated for short CSI reporting. The reporting periodicity is independent from SMTC. 
     The UE  1404  is configured to perform short CSI reporting after sending the HARQ-ACK  1410  back to the gNB  1402 . The HARQ-ACK  1410  acknowledges receiving the concurrent MAC CE  1406  configuring the SCell activation and the MAC CE  1408  for SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH. While performing the short CSI reporting during the short CSI reporting duration  1420 , the UE  1404  is configured to receive ( 1412 ) SP-CSI/IM resources associated with the SP-CSI report and prepare ( 1414 ) the CSI report for sending to the gNB  1402 . The UE  1404  performs ( 1418 ) periodic CSI reporting on the PUCCH as configured by the MAC CE  1408  and the MAC CE  1406 . 
     The gNB  1402  receives ( 1422 ) the CSI reports. When the valid CSI report indicating that the UE  1404  is ready for data reception is received, the gNB sends the MAC CE  1424  for deactivating SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH. The UE  1404  send an acknowledgement message HARQ-ACK  1426 , and the short CSI reporting duration  1420  ends. 
     In some implementations, the process  1400  is performed as a series of actions between the gNB  1402  and the UE  1404  based on a particular timing, as now described. At a given time slot n, the gNB transmits a MAC protocol data unit (PDU) comprising at least the two MAC CEs including MAC CE  1406  for SCell activation and the MAC CE  1408  for SP CSI reporting on PUCCH. At a time slot n+k1, which is signaled in downlink control information (DCI) and indicates the delay from HARQ-ACK response  1410  to the scheduling DCI, the UE  1404  sends the HARQ-ACK response  1410  to the gNB  1402 . 
     Upon the reception of HARQ-ACK response  1410  from the UE  1404 , the gNB  1402  initiates transmission of the CSI resources associated with the activated SP CSI reporting configuration. This enables the UE  1404  to perform the CSI calculation and reporting. The periodicity of SP-CSI resources is generally small, such as 2, 4 or 5 slots. However, larger periodicities can be used. 
     Based on the activated SP CSI reporting configuration, and based on the received SP CSI resources, the UE performs ( 1412 ) the CSI calculation and prepares ( 1414 ) the CSI report. The UE  1404  transmits ( 1418 ) the SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH. The periodicity of PUCCH CSI reporting is typically small, such as 2, 4 or 5 time slots. In some implementations, a larger periodicity is used. After the transmission of the first CSI report on PUCCH, the UE  1404  can start to monitor data scheduling in the SCell. 
     The gNB, when receiving of one or several UE  1404  CSI reports on PUCCH, is informed about the completion of UE  1404  SCell activation. The gNB  1402  obtains ( 1422 ) sufficient knowledge on CSI for channel aware scheduling to be conducted by the gNB for UE  1404  data transmission. Once this occurs, the gNB  1402  sends a MAC CE  1424  for deactivation of the SP-CSI reporting on PUCCH to the UE  1404 . This deactivates the short CSI reporting duration  1420 . The UE  1404  transmits a HARQ-ACK response  1426  to the gNB  1402  and stops the associated short CSI reporting on PUCCH. 
     In some implementations, until the gNB receives ( 1422 ) the valid CSI report, the gNB  1402  can schedule data transmission to UE  1404 . This timing can take about 10 time slots after the given time slot n when SCell activation MAC CE is sent by gNB  1402 . Depending on subcarrier spacing of SCell being activated, the resulting SCell activation delay can be reduced under 10 milliseconds (e.g., to 5 or less milliseconds). 
     In some implementations, a delay time depends on the sub-carrier spacing in the NR as a function of f=15 kHz*2 n , where n is the numerology sub-carrier spacing step. The numerology thus includes a subcarrier spacing and/or symbol length used by the serving cell. The delay can be less than 5 ms, down to several timing slots, depending on the delay of the HARQ-ACK response delay. The delay time is based on a numerology of the serving cell. The exact delay time can be indicated by the MAC CE 
       FIGS.  11 ,  12 , and  13    show example processes for configuration short CSI reporting by the UE.  FIG.  11    shows process  1500  for configuring a UE by a MAC CE for fast short CSI reporting. This can reduce the delay for SCell activation or deactivation to less than 5 ms or to several timing slots at maximum, depending on the numerology of the serving cell. The process  1500  includes obtaining ( 1502 ) channel state information (CSI) configuration data including a short CSI reporting scheme that indicates a particular number of CSI reports for transmitting on physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources by the UE. In some implementations, the CSI configuration data is configured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling. In some implementations, the particular number of CSI reports is 1 to 16. 
     The process  1500  can include receiving, from a serving cell of a new radio (NR) access node (gNB), a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) including a plurality of bits. In some implementations, at least one of the individual bits of the plurality indicates a status of a short CSI report configuration within a configuration list. The UE sends one or more of the CSI reports in accordance with the status of the short CSI report configuration with the configuration list. In some implementations, the MAC CE further comprises additional individual bits of the plurality of bits, the additional individual bits each indicating whether respective secondary cells (SCells) of a fifth generation (5G) wireless cellular network are activated or deactivated. In some implementations, the MAC CE further comprises a number of reports field indicating the particular number of reports for transmitting by the UE on the PUCCH. 
     The process  1500  includes sending ( 1504 ) the particular number of CSI reports on the PUCCH resources in accordance with the CSI configuration data. In some implementations, the SCell activation delay is less than 10 milliseconds. 
       FIG.  12    shows process  1600  for configuring a UE by a MAC CE for fast short CSI reporting. This can reduce the delay for SCell activation or deactivation to less than 5 ms or to several timing slots at maximum, depending on the numerology of the serving cell. The process  1600  includes sending ( 1602 ) channel state information (CSI) configuration data including a short CSI reporting scheme that indicates a particular number of CSI reports for transmitting on physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources by the UE. In some implementations, the CSI configuration data is configured by radio resource control (RRC) signaling. In some implementations, the particular number of CSI reports is 1 to 16. 
     The process  1600  can include receiving, from a serving cell of a new radio (NR) access node (gNB), a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) including a plurality of bits. In some implementations, at least one of the individual bits of the plurality indicates a status of a short CSI report configuration within a configuration list. The UE sends one or more of the CSI reports in accordance with the status of the short CSI report configuration with the configuration list. In some implementations, the MAC CE further comprises additional individual bits of the plurality of bits, the additional individual bits each indicating whether respective secondary cells (SCells) of a fifth generation (5G) wireless cellular network are activated or deactivated. In some implementations, the MAC CE further comprises a number of reports field indicating the particular number of reports for transmitting by the UE on the PUCCH. 
     The process  1600  includes receiving ( 1604 ) the particular number of CSI reports on the PUCCH resources in accordance with the CSI configuration data. In some implementations, the SCell activation delay is less than 10 milliseconds. 
       FIG.  13    shows a process  1700  for communicating, by user equipment (UE), on a secondary cell (SCell) with fast activation or deactivation. The process  1700  includes sending ( 1702 ), to the UE, a medium access control (MAC) protocol data unit (PDU) comprising at least two MAC control elements (CEs). A first MAC CE specifies a CSI reporting configuration for the UE. A second MAC CE specifies SCell activation. The process  1700  includes sending ( 1704 ), to the UE, CSI resources associated with the CSI reporting configuration to enable the UE to perform CSI calculation and reporting. The process  1700  includes receiving ( 1706 ) at least one CSI report generated by the CSI calculation and reporting of the UE. 
     In some implementations, the process  1700  includes, in response to receiving the at least one CSI report, sending a MAC CE for deactivation of the CSI reporting. In some implementations, the CSI report is received on a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). In some implementations, the CSI reporting configuration is a semi-persistent CSI (SP-CSI) reporting configuration. In some implementations, a periodicity specified in the CSI reporting configuration is one of 2, 4, or 5 time slots. In some implementations, the process includes performing channel aware scheduling based on the CSI report. 
     The techniques described herein can be performed by an apparatus that is implemented in or employed by one or more types of network components, user devices, or both. In some implementations, one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more of the described techniques. An apparatus can include one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform one or more of the described techniques. 
     The methods described here may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof, in different implementations. In addition, the order of the blocks of the methods may be changed, and various elements may be added, reordered, combined, omitted, modified, and the like. Various modifications and changes may be made as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The various implementations described here are meant to be illustrative and not limiting. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible. Accordingly, plural instances may be provided for components described here as a single instance. Boundaries between various components, operations and data stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in the context of specific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within the scope of claims that follow. Finally, structures and functionality presented as discrete components in the example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. 
     The methods described herein can be implemented in circuitry such as one or more of: integrated circuit, logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an ASIC, a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), or some combination thereof. Examples of processors can include Apple A-series processors, Intel® Architecture Core™ processors, ARM processors, AMD processors, and Qualcomm processors. Other types of processors are possible. In some implementations, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry. Circuitry can also include radio circuitry such as a transmitter, receiver, or a transceiver. 
     As described above, some aspects of the subject matter of this specification include gathering and use of data available from various sources to improve services a mobile device can provide to a user. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may identify a particular location or an address based on device usage. Such personal information data can include location-based data, addresses, subscriber account identifiers, or other identifying information. 
     The present disclosure further contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. For example, personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection should occur only after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities would take any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. 
     In the case of advertisement delivery services, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, in the case of advertisement delivery services, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, content can be selected and delivered to users by inferring preferences based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the content delivery services, or publically available information. 
     The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface. 
     The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like. 
     The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources. 
     The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource. 
     The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable. 
     The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information. 
     The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. 
     The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or ink, and/or the like. 
     It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users. 
     The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content. 
     The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration. 
     The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block. 
     The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure. 
     The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation. 
     The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA. 
     The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC. 
     The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell. 
     The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED configured with CA/DC. 
     The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell. 
     A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made. Elements of one or more implementations may be combined, deleted, modified, or supplemented to form further implementations. As yet another example, the logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In addition, other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 may include a method, comprising: generating a message to indicate a fast SCell activation/deactivation with respect to a UE; and transmitting the message to the UE. 
     Example 2 may include a method, comprising: decoding a message to indicate a fast SCell activation/deactivation configuration transmitted by a gNB; and conducting one or more performances according to the decoded configuration. Various examples below describe various example embodiments of the fast SCell activation/deactivation configuration. 
     Examples for Short CSI report configuration include at least the following. 
     Example 3 may include a method, comprising new CSI reporting type, namely “shortOnPUCCH”, is added to CSI report configuration, CSI-ReportConfig, to enable UE to apply a short CSI reporting scheme, thereby a particular number of CSI reports can be transmitted on PUCCH resources. 
     Example 4 may include a method, comprising generating a message to include a CSI report configuration that configure, among other things, a “shortOnPUCCH” to enable a short CSI reporting scheme so that a number of CSI reports can be transmitted on PUCCH resources; and transmitting the generated message to a UE. 
     Example 5 may include the method of examples 3 to 4 or some other example herein, wherein the number of CSI reports to be transmitted on PUCCH is configured by RRC signaling. 
     Example 6 may include the method of examples 3 to 4 or some other example herein, wherein the short CSI reporting corresponding to the shortOnPUCCH can be triggered by one or more MAC CEs. 
     Example 7 may include the method of enhanced CSI-ReportConfig in examples 1.X or some other example herein, the shortOnPUCCH report type can be specified as shown in Structure 1: CSI-ReportConfig IE. 
     Example 8 may include the method of examples 7 or some other example herein, wherein the numberofReports defines the number of CSI reports shall be transmitted on PUCCH for the triggered short CSI reporting. 
     Example 9 may include the method of examples 3 to 8, wherein the method is executed by a gNB. 
     Example 10 may include a method, comprising decoding a message to include a CSI report configuration that configure, among other things, a “shortOnPUCCH” to enable a short CSI reporting scheme so that a number of CSI reports can be transmitted on PUCCH resources; and generating one or more CSI reports based on the CSI report configuration. 
     Example 11 may include the method of examples 10 or some other example herein, wherein the number of CSI reports to be transmitted on PUCCH is configured by RRC signaling. 
     Example 12 may include the method of examples 10 or some other example herein, wherein the short CSI reporting corresponding to the shortOnPUCCH can be triggered by one or more MAC CEs. 
     Example 13 may include the method of enhanced CSI-ReportConfig in examples 10 or some other example herein, the shortOnPUCCH report type can be specified as shown in Structure 1: CSI-ReportConfig IE. 
     Example 14 may include the method of example 13 or some other example herein, wherein the numberofReports defines the number of CSI reports shall be transmitted on PUCCH for the triggered short CSI reporting. 
     Example 15 may include the method of examples 10 to 13, wherein the method is executed by a UE. 
     Examples for a MAC CE for SCell activation with short CSI reporting include at least the following. 
     Example 16 may include a method of configuring a new MAC CE can be designed to activate SCell as well as trigger a short CSI reporting on the SCell being activated. 
     Example 17 may include the method of examples 1 and 10, wherein a new MAC CE is configured for the fast SCell activation/deactivation. 
     Example 18 may include the method of examples 16 to 17, wherein the new MAC CE is to indicate an activation of a SCell as well as a short CSI reporting on the SCell being activated. 
     Example 19 may include the example 16, wherein the triggered short CSI reporting scheme corresponds to a new CSI reporting configuration which requests a UE to send a particular number, configured by RRC described in example 4.0 or MAC CE, of CSI reports on PUCCH. 
     Example 20 may include the examples 16 to 19, wherein the short CSI reporting scheme corresponds to a new CSI reporting configuration which requests a UE to send a particular number of the CSI reports. 
     Example 21 may include the example 20, wherein the particular number is configured by an RRC or MAC CE, of the CSI reports on PUCCH. 
     Example 22 may include the method of examples 16 to 19, wherein after sending the HARQ-ACK response to the new SCell activation MAC CE, UE starts to perform short CSI reporting. 
     Example 23 may include the method of examples 10 and 16 to the performance includes to perform short CSI reporting. 
     Example 24 may include the method of examples 2 and 23, wherein the performance includes to generate and transmit a HARQ-ACK response to the new SCell activation MAC CE. 
     Example 25 may include the method of examples 16-19 wherein upon the reception of first CQI report, gNB can start to schedule data transmission to the LE in the SCell being activated. 
     Example 26 may include the method of examples 16-19, further comprising: receive or decode a first CQI report. 
     Example 27 may include the method of examples 26, further comprising: scheduling data transmission to the UE in the activated SCell. 
     Examples for a MAC CE for activating SCell and short CSI reporting with RRC configured reports number can include at least the following. 
     Example 28 may include the method of examples 16-19 or some other example herein, wherein the MAC CE that activates the SCell as well as the short CSI reporting with RRC configured number of reports. As illustrated in  FIG.  1   , the fields of the MAC CE are defined as follows: Ci: If there is an SCell configured for the MAC entity with SCellIndex i as specified in TS 38.331 as previously described, this field indicates the activation/deactivation status of the SCell with SCellIndex i, else the MAC entity shall ignore the Ci field. The Ci field is set to “1” to indicate that the SCell with SCellIndex i shall be activated. The Ci field is set to “0” to indicate that the SCell with SCellIndex i shall be deactivated; BWP ID: This field indicates a UL BWP for which the MAC CE applies. The length of the BWP ID field is 2 bits; Si: This field indicates the activation/deactivation status of the short CSI report configuration within csi-ReportConfigToAddModList, as specified in TS 38.331 as previously described. S0 refers to the report configuration which includes PUCCH resources for short CSI reporting in the indicated BWP and has the lowest CSI-ReportConfigId within the list with type set to “shortOnPUCCH”, S1 to the report configuration which includes PUCCH resources for short CSI reporting in the indicated BWP and has the second lowest CSI-ReportConfigId and so on. If the number of report configurations within the list with type set to “shortOnPUCCH” in the indicated BWP is less than i+1, MAC entity shall ignore the Si field. The Si field is set to “1” to indicate that the corresponding short CSI report configuration shall be activated. The Si field is set to “0” to indicate that the corresponding short CSI report configuration i shall be deactivated; and R: Reserved bit, set to “0”. 
     Examples for a MAC CE for activating SCell and short CSI reporting with signaled reports number can include at least the following. 
     Example 29 may include the method of examples 16-19 or some other example herein, wherein the new MAC CE activates the SCell as well as the short CSI reporting with signaled number of reports. 
     Example 30 may include a method of example 10 or some other example herein, in addition to the fields defined in example 28, wherein a new field nrOfReports of the MAC CE is signaled to indicate the number of CSI reports to be transmitted on PUCCH by the UE. 
     Example 31 may include a method of example 28 or some other example herein, wherein the fields of the MAC CE further include a new field nrOfReports to indicate the number of CSI reports to be transmitted on PUCCH by the UE. 
     Example 32 may include the method of examples 30 to 31 or some other example herein, further comprising removing a parameter defining the number of reports in the shortOnPUCCH report type, since the number of reports is signaled by the MAC CE. 
     Example 33 may include the method of example 30 to 31 or some other example herein, wherein the number of reports in the shortOnPUCCH report type is removed. 
     Examples for short CSI reporting based on concurrent MAC CEs for SCell activation and SP CSI reporting on PUCCH activation/deactivation can include at least the following. 
     Example 34 may a method of examples 1 to 2 or some other example herein, wherein a short CSI reporting during the initial phase of SCell activation period can be achieved by two stages including: 1) concurrent two MAC CEs for SCell activation and SP CSI reporting on PUCCH activation; and 2) MAC CE of SP CSI reporting on PUCCH deactivation. 
     Example 35 may a method of examples 1 to 2 or some other example herein, further comprising: generating two concurrent MAC CEs for the SCell activation and Semi-persistent (SP) CSI reporting on a PUCCH activation; and generating a MAC CE of the SP CSI reporting on PUCCH deactivation. 
     Example 36 may include the method of examples 34 to 35 or some other example herein, wherein the two current MAC CEs in stage-1 initiate the SCell activation and the start of short CSI reporting, and the MAC CE in stage-2 signals the end of short CSI reporting. 
     Example 37 may include the method of examples 34 to 36 or some other example herein, wherein by virtue of two-stage based short CSI reporting, SCell activation delay can be fully controlled by the configuration of SP CSI resources and reporting periodicity dedicated for short CSI reporting, which are independent from SMTC periodicity. 
     Example 38 may include the method of example 37 or some other example herein, wherein, at time slot n, gNB transmits a MAC PDU (protocol data unit) consisting of at least two MAC CEs: 1) MAC CE for SCell activation; and 2) MAC CE for SP CSI reporting on PUCCH. 
     Example 39 may include the method of examples 1 and 37 or some other example herein, further comprising transmitting, at time slot n, a MAC PDU that includes at least two MAC CEs: 1) MAC CE for SCell activation; and 2) MAC GE for SP CSI reporting on PUCCH. 
     Example 40 may include the method of examples 2 and 38 to 39 or some other example herein, wherein at time slot n+k1, which is signaled in a DCI and indicates the delay from HARQ-ACK response to the scheduling DCI, UE generate a HARQ-ACK response for the gNB. 
     Example 41 may include the method of examples 2 and 38 to 39 or some other example herein, further comprising generating a HARQ-ACK response for the gNB, at time slot n+k1, which is signaled in a DCI and indicates the delay from HARQ-ACK response to the scheduling DCI. 
     Example 42 may include the method of examples 40 to 41 or some other example herein, wherein upon the reception of HARQ-ACK response from UE, gNB starts to transmit the CSI resources associated with the activated SP CSI reporting configuration to enable UE to perform the CSI calculation and reporting. The periodicity of SP CSI resources can be quite small, such as 2, 4 or 5 slots. 
     Example 43 may include the method of examples 1, 38 to 41, or some other example herein, further comprising transmitting the CSI resources associated with the activated SP CSI reporting configuration to enable UE to perform the CSI calculation and reporting, based on a reception of the HARQ-ACK response from UE, wherein the periodicity of SP CSI resources can be quite small, such as 2, 4 or 5 slots. 
     Example 44 may include the method of examples 42 to 43 or some other example herein, wherein based on activated SP CSI reporting configuration, and by virtue of received SP CSI resources, UE performs the CSI calculation and prepares the CSI report. 
     Example 45 may include the method of examples 2, and 39 to 43, or some other example herein, further comprising performing a CSI calculation; and preparing the CSI report. 
     Example 45 may include the method of examples 44 to 45 or some other example herein, wherein UE transmits SP CSI reporting on PUCCH. The periodicity of PUCCH CSI reporting can be quite small, e.g., 2, 4 or 5 slots. After the transmission of the first CSI report on PUCCH, UE can start to monitor data scheduling in SCell. 
     Example 46 may include the method of examples 44 to 45 or some other example herein, further comprising: transmitting the SP CSI reporting on PUCCH, wherein the periodicity of PUCCH CSI reporting can be quite small, e.g., 2, 4 or 5 slots. 
     Example 47 may include the method of example 46 or some other example herein, further comprising starting to monitor data scheduling in SCell, after the transmission of the first CSI report on PUCCH. 
     Example 48 may include the method of examples 46 to 47 or some other example herein, wherein upon the reception of one or several UE CSI reports on PUCCH, gNB is informed about the completion of UE SCell activation, and further obtain sufficient knowledge on CSI. As a result, channel aware scheduling can be conducted by gNB for UE data transmission. 
     Example 49 may include the method of examples 1, 42 to 43, and 45 to 47, or some other example herein, further comprising receiving an information to indicate a completion of UE SCell activation, based on the reception of one or more UE CSI reports on PUCCH. 
     Example 50 may include the method of examples 1, 42 to 43, and 45 to 47, or some other example herein, further comprising obtaining knowledge on CSI; and performing channel aware scheduling for UE data transmission. 
     Example 51 may include the method of examples 48 to 50 or some other example herein, wherein gNB sends MAC CE for SP CSI reporting on PUCCH deactivation to UE to deactivate the short CSI reporting. 
     Example 52 may include the method of examples 48 to 50 or some other example herein, further comprising generating and transmitting a MAC CE for SP CSI reporting on PUCCH deactivation to UE to deactivate the short CSI reporting. 
     Example 53 may include the method of examples 51 to 52 or some other example herein, wherein HE transmit HARQ-ACK response to gNB and stop the associated short CSI reporting on PUCCH. 
     Example 54 may include the method of examples 2, 45 to 47 and 51 to 52 or some other example herein, further comprising transmitting the HARQ-ACK response to the gNB; and stopping the associated short CSI reporting on PUCCH. 
     Example 55 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1 to 54, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 56 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1 to 54, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 57 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1.X/1a.X-24.X, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 58 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1 to 54, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example 59 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1 to 54, or portions thereof. 
     Example 60 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1 to 54, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example 61 may include a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1 to 54, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example 62 may include a signal encoded with data as described in or related to any of examples 1 to 54, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example 63 may include a signal encoded with a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1 to 54, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example 64 may include an electromagnetic signal carrying computer-readable instructions, wherein execution of the computer-readable instructions by one or more processors is to cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1 to 54, or portions thereof. 
     Example 65 may include a computer program comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1 to 54, or portions thereof. 
     Example 66 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example 67 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example 68 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Example 69 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20200626
Publication Date: 20241119
Grant Date: 20241119
Priority Date: 20190628
Inventors: MIAO, HONGLEI
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W72/21", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W80/02", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/001", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0057", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0057", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0094", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/542", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0094", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/001", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W80/02", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/21", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/542", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 71728915