PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10110354-B2
Application Number: US-201715602318-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Methods and systems for channelization

Abstract:
Methods and systems are described that are suitable for channelization, in particular, but not limited to, the IEEE 80216.m telecommunications standard. For a time-frequency resource, physical sub-carriers for each of one or more zones in the time-frequency resource are assigned to one or more zones having a respective type of transmission. At least one zone is allocated for a type of transmission using localized sub-carriers. The physical sub-carriers assigned to each zone are permuted to map to logical sub-carriers. Groups of resource blocks are formed, in which each resource block includes at least one logical sub-carrier for each of the one or more zones. The information defining the groups of resource blocks for each of the one or more zones can then be transmitted to a user. The information may be in the form of a zone configuration index.

Claims:
The invention claimed is: 
     
       1. A method for facilitating communication using a two-dimensional time-frequency resource including one or more frames, the method comprising:
 receiving zone configuration information for one or more zones in the two-dimensional time-frequency resource, wherein each of the one or more zones comprises a respective set of one or more OFDM symbols, wherein, for each of the one or more zones, the zone configuration information indicates a respective size of the zone, wherein each of the one or more zones includes a respective control channel that spans the temporal width of the zone; 
 receiving the control channel within a first zone, wherein the control channel within the first zone comprises an assignment of resource blocks within the first zone, wherein each of the resource blocks includes at least one sub-carrier; and 
 extract data bits conveyed in the assignment of resource blocks based on the zone configuration information. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more zones include a plurality of zones, wherein two or more of the plurality of zones share one or more sub-carriers. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein each of the resource blocks comprises logical sub-carriers, wherein logical subcarriers map to physical subcarriers through a permutation. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein a given one of the one or more zones is allocated for a single frequency network (SFN) type of transmission, wherein at least a subset of the resource blocks in the given zone are allocated for at least one of multicast SFN transmission and broadcast SFN transmission. 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the resource blocks in a given one of the one or more zones is allocated in a distributed fashion. 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the resource blocks in a given one of the one or more zones is allocated in a localized fashion. 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1 , wherein, for a given one of the one or more zones, the respective control channel within that zone specifies an assignment of resource blocks within the zone to two or more user equipment devices. 
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more zones includes two or more zones, wherein the two or more zones are non-overlapping rectangular regions within the two-dimensional time-frequency resource. 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 8 , wherein the one or more zones includes two or more zones, wherein each of the two or more zones spans the same window in time. 
     
     
       10. An apparatus for facilitating communication using a two-dimensional time-frequency resource including one or more frames, the apparatus comprising:
 digital circuitry configured to:
 receive zone configuration information for one or more zones in the two-dimensional time-frequency resource, wherein each of the one or more zones comprises a respective set of one or more OFDM symbols, wherein, for each of the one or more zones, the zone configuration information indicates a respective size of the zone, wherein each of the one or more zones includes a respective control channel that spans the temporal width of the zone; 
 receive the control channel within a first zone, wherein the control channel within the first zone comprises an assignment of resource blocks within the first zone, wherein each of the resource blocks includes at least one sub-carrier; and 
 process data bits conveyed in the assignment of resource blocks based on the zone configuration information. 
 
 
     
     
       11. The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein the one or more zones include a plurality of zones, wherein two or more of the plurality of zones share one or more sub-carriers. 
     
     
       12. The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein each of the resource blocks comprises logical sub-carriers, wherein logical subcarriers map to physical subcarriers through a permutation. 
     
     
       13. The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein a given one of the one or more zones is allocated for a single frequency network (SFN) type of transmission, wherein at least a subset of the resource blocks in the given zone are allocated for at least one of multicast SFN transmission and broadcast SFN transmission. 
     
     
       14. The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein, for a given one of the one or more zones, the respective control channel within that zone specifies an assignment of resource blocks within the zone to two or more user equipment devices. 
     
     
       15. The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein the one or more zones includes two or more zones, wherein the two or more zones are non-overlapping rectangular regions within the two-dimensional time-frequency resource. 
     
     
       16. An non-transitory memory medium for facilitating communication using a two-dimensional time-frequency resource including one or more frames, the memory medium storing program instructions, wherein the program instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to implement:
 receiving zone configuration information for one or more zones in the two-dimensional time-frequency resource, wherein each of the one or more zones comprises a respective set of one or more OFDM symbols, wherein, for each of the one or more zones, the zone configuration information indicates a respective size of the zone, wherein each of the one or more zones includes a respective control channel that spans the temporal width of the zone; 
 receiving the control channel within a first zone, wherein the control channel within the first zone comprises an assignment of resource blocks within the first zone, wherein each of the resource blocks includes at least one sub-carrier; and 
 extracting data bits conveyed in the assignment of resource blocks based on the zone configuration information. 
 
     
     
       17. The non-transitory memory medium of  claim 16 , wherein the one or more zones include a plurality of zones, wherein two or more of the plurality of zones share one or more subcarners. 
     
     
       18. The non-transitory memory medium of  claim 16 , wherein each of the resource blocks comprises logical sub-carriers, wherein logical subcarriers map to physical subcarriers through a permutation. 
     
     
       19. The non-transitory memory medium of  claim 16 , wherein a given one of the one or more zones is allocated for a single frequency network (SFN) type of transmission, wherein at least a subset of the resource blocks in the given zone are allocated for at least one of multicast SFN transmission and broadcast SFN transmission. 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory memory medium of  claim 16 , wherein, for a given one of the one or more zones, the respective control channel within that zone specifies an assignment of resource blocks within the zone to two or more user equipment devices.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/297,108, filed Jun. 5, 2014, invented by Sophie Vrzic et al., which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/741,561, filed May 5, 2010, entitled “Methods and Systems for Channelization”, invented by Sophie Vrzic et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 8,761,192, which claims the benefit of and is a National Phase Entry of International Application No. PCT/CA2008/001986, filed Nov. 7, 2008, which claims the benefit of: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/986,166 filed on Nov. 7, 2007; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/033,631 filed on Mar. 4, 2008. All of the above-identified Applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties as though fully and completely set forth herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to channelization of wireless communication systems. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Various wireless access technologies have been proposed or implemented to enable mobile stations to perform communications with other mobile stations or with wired terminals coupled to wired networks. Examples of wireless access technologies include GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) technologies, defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP); and CDMA 2000 (Code Division Multiple Access 2000) technologies, defined by 3GPP2. 
     As part of the continuing evolution of wireless access technologies to improve spectral efficiency, to improve services, to lower costs, and so forth, new standards have been proposed. One such new standard is the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard from 3GPP, which seeks to enhance the UMTS wireless network. The CDMA 2000 wireless access technology from 3GPP2 is also evolving. The evolution of CDMA 2000 is referred to as the Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) access technology, which supports significantly higher rates and reduced latencies. 
     Another type of wireless access technology is the WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) technology. WiMax is based on the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.16 Standard. The WiMax wireless access technology is designed to provide wireless broadband access. 
     The existing control channel design used for the various wireless access technologies discussed above are relatively inefficient. The control channel, which contains control information sent from a base station to mobile stations to enable the mobile stations to properly receive downlink data and to transmit uplink data, typically includes a relatively large amount of information. In some cases, such control channels with relatively large amounts of information are broadcast to multiple mobile stations in a cell or cell sector. 
     The overhead associated with such broadcasts of control channels makes using such techniques inefficient, since substantial amounts of available power and bandwidth may be consumed by the broadcast of such control channels. Note that the power of the broadcast control channel has to be high enough to reach the mobile station with the weakest wireless connection in the cell or cell sector. 
     The control channel design in IEEE 802.16e, as a particular example is inefficient in both power and bandwidth. Since the control channel is always broadcast to all users using full power with a frequency reuse factor of N=3, it consumes a significant portion of the available power and bandwidth. Another disadvantage of the current control channel design is that it allows for many different signalling options, which significantly increases the control channel overhead. 
     Although the control channel design in UMB and LTE is more efficient, both can be further optimized in order to reduce power and bandwidth overhead. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a method suitable for channelization, the method comprising the steps of: for a time-frequency resource: assigning physical sub-carriers for each of one or more zones in the time-frequency resource, each zone used for a respective type of transmission; permuting the physical sub-carriers assigned to each zone to map to logical sub-carriers; forming groups of resource blocks including at least one logical sub-carrier for each of the one or more zones; and transmitting information defining the groups of resource blocks for each of the one or more zones. 
     In some embodiments assigning physical sub-carriers for each of the one or more zones in the time-frequency resource comprises assigning physical sub-carriers to a zone used for distributed channel transmission. 
     In some embodiments assigning physical sub-carriers for each of the one or more zones in the time-frequency resource comprises assigning physical sub-carriers to a zone used for frequency selective scheduling channel transmission. 
     In some embodiments assigning physical sub-carriers for each of the one or more zones in the time-frequency resource comprises assigning physical sub-carriers to a zone used for at least one of: fractional frequency channel transmission; unicast single frequency network (SFN) channel transmission; network multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel transmission; and multicast broadcast service (MBS) SFN channel transmission. 
     In some embodiments permuting physical sub-carriers to map to logical sub-carriers is performed using a zone specific permutation, which defines a mapping of the physical sub-carriers to logical sub-carriers for a given zone. 
     In some embodiments transmitting information defining the groups of resource blocks for each of the one or more zones comprises transmitting a zone configuration index in a control channel. 
     In some embodiments transmitting zone configuration index in a control channel of each of the one or more zones comprises: transmitting one of: a zone specific combination index, in which the order of the groups of resource blocks for each of the one or more zones is unimportant; and a zone specific permutation index, in which the order of the groups of resource blocks for each of the one or more zones is important. 
     In some embodiments the time-frequency resource is an OFDM sub-frame including a plurality of OFDM symbols transmitted on a plurality of sub-carriers. 
     In some embodiments a plurality of OFDM sub-frames comprise an OFDM frame, the method further comprising: allocating the plurality of OFDM sub-frames in the OFDM frame. 
     In some embodiments, wherein for multi-carrier operation, the method comprises: for each carrier, configuring a different channelization depending on the number of zones that are configured. 
     In some embodiments for multi-carrier operation, the method comprises: spanning channelization across multiple bands. 
     In some embodiments the method is for use with IEE802.16m. 
     In some embodiments the method further comprises, prior to permuting the physical sub-carriers assigned to each zone to map to logical sub-carriers: if there is at least one zone of the one or more zones for a type of transmission using localized sub-carriers, allocating at least one zone of the one or more zones using localized sub-carriers before allocating at least one zone of the one or more zones for a type of transmission using diversity sub-carriers. 
     In some embodiments, for uplink communication between a mobile station and a base station: assigning physical sub-carriers for each of one or more zones comprises assigning physical tiles, which are two dimensional time-frequency resources of at least one OFDM symbol over at least one sub-carrier, for each zone; permuting the physical sub-carriers assigned to each zone to map to logical sub-carriers comprises permuting the physical tiles assigned to each zone to map to logical tiles; and forming groups of resource blocks, each resource block including at least one logical sub-carrier for each of the one or more zones comprises forming groups of resource blocks, each resource block including at least one logical tile for each of the one or more zones. 
     In some embodiments the method further comprises: performing interference coordination among neighbouring sectors as a function of selection of the type of transmission signalling used in the one or more zones. 
     According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer readable medium having stored thereon computer readable instructions to be executed by a processor, the computer readable instructions for: for a time-frequency resource: assigning physical sub-carriers for each of one or more zones in the time-frequency resource, each zone used for a respective type of transmission; permuting the physical sub-carriers assigned to each zone to map to logical sub-carriers; forming groups of logical sub-carriers for each of the one or more zones; and transmitting information defining the groups of logical sub-carriers for each of the one or more zones. 
     According to yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method suitable for channelization, the method comprising the steps of: for a time-frequency resource defined as a frame that includes a plurality of sub-frames, each sub-frame having one or more zones, allocating the plurality of sub-frames in the frame; transmitting information defining the plurality of sub-frames; for each sub-frame, assigning physical sub-carriers for each of the one or more zones in the sub-frame, each zone used for a respective type of transmission; permuting the physical sub-carriers assigned to each zone to map to logical sub-carriers; forming groups of logical sub-carriers for each of the one or more zones; and transmitting information defining the groups of logical sub-carriers for each of the one or more zones. 
     According to yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a transmitter configured to implement any of the methods described above. 
     Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the attached drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a cellular communication system on which embodiments of the invention may be implemented; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of a Downlink (DL) sub-frame according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 3  is schematic diagram of an example pair of downlink (DL) frames according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 4  is schematic diagram of another example of a pair of DL frames according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 5A  is a schematic diagram of an example of how physical uplink (UL) tiles are allocated for diversity and localized transmissions; 
         FIG. 5B  is a schematic diagram of an example of how logical UL tiles are assigned to the physical UL tiles of  FIG. 5A ; 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart describing a method for configuring zones in a time-frequency resource according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C  are schematic diagrams illustrating an example of how zones are configured according to the method of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a flow chart describing a method for configuring zones and sub-frames in a frame according to another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are schematic diagrams of examples of time-frequency resources allocated for multi-carrier operation according to different embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a block diagram of an example base station that might be used to implement some embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram of an example wireless terminal that might be used to implement some embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a block diagram of a logical breakdown of an example OFDM transmitter architecture that might be used to implement some embodiments of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 13  is a block diagram of a logical breakdown of an example OFDM receiver architecture that might be used to implement some embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Described herein are embodiments of an inventive channelization scheme to enable an efficient control channel design. A control channel (which may also be referred to as a control segment) is used for assigning resources in a wireless communications network. A “control channel” or “control segment” refers to signalling or messaging for communicating information used to control or enable communications between nodes of the wireless communications network. Some aspects of the present invention use an indexing method in the control channel to reduce control overhead. 
     For the purpose of providing context for embodiments of the invention for use in a communication system,  FIG. 1  shows a base station controller (BSC)  10  which controls wireless communications within multiple cells  12 , which cells are served by corresponding base stations (DS)  14 . In general, each base station  14  facilitates communications using OFDM with mobile and/or wireless terminals  16  (also referred to herein as “users” or “UE”), which are within the cell  12  associated with the corresponding base station  14 . The individual cells may have multiple sectors (not shown). The movement of the mobile terminals  16  in relation to the base stations  14  results in significant fluctuation in channel conditions. As illustrated, the base stations  14  and mobile terminals  16  may include multiple antennas to provide spatial diversity for communications. 
     In the inventive resource management scheme, control of transmission resource allocation may be performed for one or both of uplink (UL) and downlink (DL). UL is transmitting in a direction from a mobile station to a base station. DL is transmitting in a direction from the base station to the mobile station. 
     DL Channelization 
     Control channel information for DL is implemented in a time-frequency resource that is formed of multiple OFDM symbols, each transmitted on multiple sub-carriers. An example of such a time-frequency resource is a transmission sub-frame. Multiple sub-frames can together form a transmission frame. The time-frequency resource is divided into one or more zones. Each zone is used for transmitting to one or more users. In some embodiments, the zones are formed based on the type of transmission being transmitted. For example, some zones are used for diversity transmissions, in which sub-carriers of the time-frequency resource are non-contiguous and spread out over the available band of the zone. Other zones may be used for localized transmissions, in which sub-carriers of the time-frequency resource are contiguous in the available band of the zone. The sub-carriers may be physical sub-carriers or logical sub-carriers, which are physical sub-carriers that have been reorganized based on a permutation mapping. In some embodiments, sub-carriers belonging to different zones are mutually exclusive, i.e. a sub-carrier does not belong to more than one zone. In some embodiments, multiple zones share the same sub-carrier. 
     As mentioned above, the zones in the time-frequency resource can be used for different types of DL transmissions. 
     Some particular examples of different types of DL transmissions include, but are not limited to: normal diversity transmissions; frequency selective transmissions; fractional frequency reuse (FFR) transmissions; unicast Single Frequency Network (SFN) transmissions; network MIMO transmissions; and multicast/broadcast service (MBS) SFN transmissions. 
     Diversity transmissions permits logical channel construction through sub-carriers distributed across the band of available sub-carriers. 
     Frequency selective transmissions permit channel construction through physically adjacent (localized) sub-carriers. With frequency selective transmissions, adaptive matching of modulation, of coding, and of other signal and protocol parameters, to conditions of a wireless link may be performed to increase the likelihood of successful receipt of data by a receiving entity over a wireless link. 
     SFN transmissions utilize several transmitters simultaneously to send the same signal over the same frequency channel. SFN transmissions can be used for unicast communication, which is communication between a base station and a specific mobile station, or for multicast and/or broadcast communication, which is communication between a base station and all mobile stations in a given area (broadcast) or between a base station and at least a select group of mobile stations in a given area (multicast). 
     FFR transmissions reuse some frequencies in non-adjacent sectors. 
     MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) transmissions utilize multiple transmitters at a base station and multiple receivers at a mobile station and can be used for DL and/or UL communications. 
     In some embodiments, for unicast SFN, MBS SFN and Network MIMO transmissions the allocation of physical sub-carriers is the same in corresponding zones in sectors that are involved in the SFN or network MIMO zone transmissions. 
     In some embodiments, for FFR diversity transmissions the allocation of physical sub-carriers is different for different telecommunication sectors in a cell in the network. 
     In some embodiments, each zone contains a control channel that indicates how the resources within the zone are assigned to different users. 
     Some legacy IEEE802.16e systems use a time division multiplexing (TDM) approach for configuring diversity, localized and MIMO zones. Some embodiments of the present invention use a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) approach, in which the channelization can span across all OFDM symbols of a zone in a sub-frame. Different zones are configured to use different portions of the band. Spanning the channelization across all symbols allows for efficient power control of both control and traffic. Extended sub-frames can be defined to concatenate the sub-channel resources across multiple sub-frames to reduce overhead and improve UL coverage, in particular for diversity allocation zones. 
     Referring to the figures,  FIG. 2  illustrates one example embodiment of how a DL sub-frame may be configured. The DL sub-frame  130  includes five zones  140 , 150 , 160 , 170 , 180 . The zones are formed from one or more resource blocks (RBs). In some embodiments, groups of one or more RBs form basic channel units (BCUs). BCUs are shown in zone  140  indicated by references  142 ,  146  and  148 . BCU  148  is shown having three RBs indicated by references  143 , 144 , 145 . Each RB is formed of one or more sub-carriers (individual sub-carriers are not shown). A particular implementation of a BCU is two RBs where each RB is 6 OFDM symbols, in which each OFDM symbol utilizes  12  sub-carriers. In some embodiments, each zone spans over all symbols in the DL sub-frame  130 . 
     Each zone  140 , 150 , 160 , 170 , 180  has a control channel  141 , 151 , 161 , 171 , 181  that spans across the all the OFDM symbols of the respective zones. The control channel in each zone includes information that assigns the location of resources in the zone for specific users. For example, resources may be assigned using a combination of multicast message and separate unicast messages for each assignment. 
     In the example of  FIG. 2 , the first three zones  140 , 150 , 160  are used for FFR channel assignments, the fourth zone  170  is used for frequency selective channel assignments and the fifth zone  180  is a diversity zone used for normal diversity channel assignments. 
     The zones defined in the  FIG. 2  include logical sub-carriers. Logical sub-carriers are physical sub-carriers that have been permuted based on zone specific and sector specific mappings. 
     The number of physical sub-carriers and OFDM symbols in an RB, the number of RBs in a zone, the number of RBs in a BCU, the number of BCUs in zone, the type of transmission allocated to each zone in a sub-frame, the number of zones in a sub-frame, and the arrangement of zones in the sub-frame are all examples of parameters that are implementation specific. 
     To simplify the discussion of subsequent figures, the types of zones consistent with the zones defined in  FIG. 2  have been identified as follows in the subsequent figures. A first FFR transmission zone consistent with zone  140  is identified by reference character “R”, a second FFR transmission zone consistent with zone  150  is identified by reference character “O”, a third FFR transmission zone consistent with zone  160  is identified by reference character “Y”, a frequency selective transmission zone consistent with zone  170  is identified by reference character “G” and a normal diversity transmission zone consistent with zone  180  is identified by reference character “B”. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a first example embodiment of two DL frames  210 , 220 . A first frame  210  of the two frames includes a first frame header  212  and a first frame body  214 . A second frame  220  includes a second frame header  222  and a second frame body  224 . The second frame body  220  include multiple sub-frames  230 , 232 , 234 , 236 , 238 , 240 , 242 , wherein the horizontal arrangement of the concatenated zones in  FIG. 2  have been rearranged in a vertical arrangement of concatenated zones. Thus the frequency, i.e. the individual sub-carriers that form the RBs and zones, are represented along the vertical axis and time, which is represented by the number of OFDM symbols, is represented along the horizontal axis. In the illustrated example, sub-frames  230  and  240  are of similar arrangement to sub-frame  130  illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     While only two frames are illustrated in  FIG. 2 , it is to be understood that the figure is merely exemplary of how two frames may be configured in an overall series of frames that form a transmission between a transmitter and a receiver. 
     In some embodiments, each zone in  FIG. 3  includes a number of RBs as described above with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
     In some embodiments, the number and configuration of zones for each sub-frame of a given frame is broadcast using a zone configuration index as part of system information broadcast signaling. The system information broadcast signaling is transmitted by the base station either periodically or when at least a portion of the system information is changed. In some embodiments, the system information broadcast signaling is sent on every frame. In some embodiments, the system information broadcast signaling is sent in the beginning of the frame, for example as part of a frame header. Subsequent description of the invention uses the frame header as an example for illustration purposes. This particular implementation does not preclude other means of sending the system information broadcast signaling. 
     In some embodiments, the respective frame headers  212  and  222  include a control channel consistent with that described in commonly owned patent application Ser. No. 12/202,741 filed Sep. 2, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The control cannel may include for example a combination index and/or a permutation index as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/202,741. 
     In some embodiments, the same number and configuration of zones is used for the duration of the frame. 
     In some embodiments, once the zones are defined, the ordering of the zones is permuted from sub-frame to sub-frame as shown in  FIG. 3 . The ordering of zones in a sub-frame will be referred to as a sub-frame zone allocation pattern. In particular, the frame body  224  of frame  220  includes seven sub-frames. The same sequential order of zones is seen in each sub-frame, that being “ROYGB”, but the pattern is cyclically shifted or advanced by one zone in each subsequent sub-frame. In the first sub-frame  230 , the R type zone is located in the first zone (top zone in the column of zones) of sub-frame  230  and the B type zone is the last zone (bottom zone in the column of zones) in sub-frame  230 . In the second sub-frame  232 , the R type zone is the second zone, the other zone types are similarly shifted down by one zone and the B type zone, which was the last zone in sub-frame  230 , is in the first zone in sub-frame  232 . This continues for each subsequent sub-frame in the illustrated example. 
     In the example of  FIG. 3 , during frame  210 , base stations in the network coordinate and define the number and configuration of zones for the subsequent frame, which is frame  220 . In the illustrated example, the zone definitions include three FFR transmission zones R, O, Y, a frequency selective transmission zone G and a normal diversity transmission zone B. 
     The configuration of zones in frame  220 , which is defined during frame  210 , is broadcast to the mobile stations in frame header  212  of frame  220 . In some embodiments, this configuration information is sent as a zone configuration index. The configuration of the zones may refer to one or both of the physical sub-carrier to logical sub-carrier permutation and/or the ordering of zones in the sub-frame. 
     For each zone, as described above, a control channel then provides additional information regarding the assignment of resources for the zone to respective users. 
     In some embodiments, the size of the frame header, the size of the frame body, the number of sub-frames in a frame, the configuration of zones, and types of transmission zones in the sub-frames of the respective frame are each parameters that are implementation specific. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a second example embodiment of two DL frames  210 , 320 . Frames  210  and  320  have frame bodies  214 , 324  and frame headers  212 , 322 . During frame  210 , base stations in the network coordinate and define the zones for frame  320 . The various zones included in frame  320  are three FFR transmission zones R, O, Y, two zones for frequency selective transmissions, both identified as G, and a normal diversity transmission zone B. 
     In  FIG. 4 , only two sub-frame zone allocation patterns are defined, specifically “GRGOYB” as illustrated in sub-frames  330 , 334 , 338  and  342  and “YGRGOB”, as illustrated in sub-frames  332 , 336 , and  340 , which alternate from sub-frame to sub-frame. 
     Each zone in the illustrated example of  FIG. 4  includes multiple RBs, as described above with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
     In some embodiments all the RBs in a zone have the same number of sub-carriers. In the zones used for frequency selective channel assignment, an RB is formed from contiguous physical sub-carriers. 
     In the zones used for diversity channel assignment, a RB is formed from physical sub-carriers that are distributed over the entire band of sub-carriers that are available, which may be referred to as logical sub-carriers. 
     In some embodiments, the physical sub-carrier to logical sub-carrier permutation is sector specific, that is, different sectors of a cell have different and distinct physical to logical sub-carrier permutations. In some embodiments, the physical sub-carrier to logical sub-carrier permutation is a common to multiple sectors. 
     In some embodiments, a given zone is indicated to be a diversity zone or a frequency selective zone by using one or more bits in the system information broadcast signaling. For example, a single bit, “0” indicating a diversity zone and “1” indicating a frequency selective zone, is used to indicate whether a zone is a diversity or frequency selective zone. 
     UL Channelization 
     A UL RB is a time-frequency resource that is formed of multiple UL tiles. Each tile is a given number of OFDM symbols on one or more sub-carriers. The sub-carriers in the band may be a group of contiguous sub-carriers. A particular example of a tile is six OFDM symbols on six sub-carriers. 
     Each UL tile contains dedicated pilot sub-carriers. A UL RB can be formed from one or more UL tiles of a single zone. 
     In some embodiments, the use of multiple zones aids in interference mitigation coordination among neighbouring sectors. For example, using different physical sub-carrier to logical sub-carrier permutations in the multiple zones may aid in reducing interference between adjacent sectors. In some embodiments, the number of zones and the configuration of the zones are signaled in a frame header for each sub-frame in the frame. The configuration of the zones may refer to the sub-frame zone allocation pattern. In some embodiments, such information is sent in the control channel described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/202,741, as mentioned above. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5A and 5B , an example of how tiles are allocated to diversity and localized zones and how particular zone types are assigned to those diversity and localized zones will now be discussed. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates an example embodiment of the physical location of UL tiles assigned to zones, each zone having at least one logical tile. Logical tiles are formed by permuting physical tiles. 
     The example in  FIG. 5A  shows the physical location of the UL tiles for a given time-frequency resource. The physical tiles in the time-frequency resource are allocated as either a diversity assignment zone, indicated by tiles having the reference character D, or as a frequency selective (localized) assignment zone, indicated by tiles having a reference character L. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates a diversity assignment zone  400  having nine tiles, followed by a localized assignment zone  410  having seven tiles, followed by another diversity assignment zone  420  having nine tiles. 
     The assignment of the number of physical tiles to each zone can change from time to time, e.g. symbol to symbol, set of symbols to set of symbols, frame to frame, etc. In some embodiments, the same ordering of zones is allocated across multiple sectors of a cell and the physical tiles mapped to each zone are the same across all the sectors involved. 
       FIG. 5B  shows how particular zone types are assigned to the distributed and localized assignment zones  400 ,  410 , 420  of  FIG. 5A . 
     The mapping of localized zone type G tiles, which are frequency selective transmission type tiles, to physical tile locations L shown in  FIG. 5A , is performed in a sequential order. Therefore, a sequential grouping of localized zone type G tiles is assigned to the 7 tiles of the localized assignment zone  410 . 
     The mapping of diversity zone type R, O, Y tiles, which are three particular FFR transmission type tiles, to physical tile locations D shown in  FIG. 5A , is performed by permuting the diversity zones R, O, Y according to a sector specific tile assignment pattern “ROY”. As shown in  FIG. 5B , the diversity zone type R, O, Y tiles are assigned to the first and second sets of the 9 tiles of the diversity assignment zones  400 , 420  using the tile assignment pattern “ROY”, repeated three times in each of the 9 tile groups. Specifically, in  FIG. 5B  it can be seen that the diversity zone type R tiles  430  are located in every third tile assigned to the diversity assignment zone, i.e. in the first, fourth and seventh tiles, the diversity zone type O tiles  440  are located in the second, fifth and eighth tiles, and the diversity zone type Y tiles  450  are located in the third, sixth and ninth tiles. 
     If there are multiple diversity zones for the purpose of interference coordination between sectors of the network then each corresponding diversity zone across sectors of the network involved in interference coordination should consist of the same physical tile locations, but the tile assignment pattern used to map the logical tiles of the respective diversity type zones to the physical tile locations is sector specific. 
     Once the zone type tiles are assigned to the physical locations, D or L, partitions within the zone type are formed using logical tiles. This will be described in further detail below. 
     The size of a UL resource used for channelization, the number of tiles, the size of tiles, the grouping of tiles for localized and distributed transmissions, the number and type of zones are all examples of implementation specific parameters. 
     Zone Configuration Signalling 
     In some embodiments, the configuration of the zones for a frame is signaled in the frame header. In some embodiments, the configuration is signaled using a zone configuration index. 
     The zone configuration index may be a value representative in a look-up table of predefined configurations that indicate the size, type and number of zones per sub-frame. 
     In some implementations, a zone configuration index is a permutation index, PI. The PI represents a vector in which for a predefined order of zones, the number of BCUs in each different type of zones is defined. As an example, a predefined order of zones used in a vector to define the zones in a sub-frame is [D, DFFR1, DFFR2, DFFR3, L, LFFR1, LFFR2, LFFR3], where: D is a normal diversity allocation zone; DFFR1 is a first diversity FFR allocation zone; DFFR2 is a second diversity FFR allocation zone; DFFR3 is a third diversity FFR allocation zone; L is normal localized allocation zone; LFFR1 is a first localized FFR allocation zone; LFFR2 is a second localized FFR allocation zone; and LFFR3 is a third localized FFR allocation zone. 
     By way of further example, a particular vector defining a sub-frame based on the above defined vector is [1 4 3 0 3 1 0 2], which defines the D zone having 1 RB, the DFFR1 zone having 4 RBs, the DFFR2 zone having 3 RBs, the DFFR3 zone having 0 RBs, the L zone having 3 RBs, the LFFR1 zone having 1 RB, the LFFR2 zone having 0 RBs, and the LFFR3 zone having 2 RBs. In some embodiments, the resultant vector [1 4 3 0 3 1 0 2] is used directly as the PI. In some embodiments, the resultant vector [1 4 3 0 3 1 0 2] is used to determine a representative value to be used as the PI, for example an integer value, which may be expressed as a binary number. 
     For a vector having a given list of zone types, if certain types of zones are not included in a given sub-frame, the number of RBs for that zone type would be 0. 
     The above description is for exemplary purposes and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. In a real world implementation there may be fewer types of zones defined in a vector, additional types of zones defined in a vector, or types of zones not specifically identified in the above example. In addition, the order of the types of zones and number of RBs per zone are examples of implementation specific parameters. 
     In some embodiments, to reduce the number of permutations, the number of RBs per zone is a multiple of k, where k is an integer greater than zero such that the total number of RBs in a respective sub-frame is divisible by k. 
     The resource allocation index indicates the order of the zones based on the pre-determined order of the zone types in the vector. 
     Since the physical sub-carrier to logical sub-carrier permutation is either sector specific or common to more than one sector, it is also signaled in the frame header. 
     Procedure For Zone Configuration 
     A method for DL channelization with now be described with reference to the flow chart of  FIG. 6  and schematic diagrams of  FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C  illustrating the result of the respective method steps, for a particular example of zone configuration. 
     Referring back to the description of  FIGS. 3 and 4 , in which it was described that base stations in the network coordinate and define the number and configuration of zones for a subsequent frame, it may be considered that steps in the flow chart of  FIG. 6  described below are performed during a subsequent frame to the frame for which the channelization is being arranged. 
     In  FIG. 6 , step  6 - 1  involves assigning physical sub-carriers for each of one or more zones in a space-time frequency resource, each zone used for a respective type of transmission. Contiguous sub-carriers are allocated to localized transmission type zones and evenly distributed sub-carriers are allocated for distributed transmission type zones. In some embodiments, “evenly” distributed means the sub-carriers have a periodic, or at least, reoccurring spacing. 
       FIG. 7A  shows allocation of physical sub-carrier locations to four distributed allocation zone types R, O, Y, B, having a repetitive sub-carrier allocation pattern of “ROYB”. In the repetitive sub-carrier allocation pattern every fifth physical sub-carrier location is assigned to the same zone type.  FIG. 7A  also shows allocation of physical sub-carrier locations to single localized allocation zone type G. The sub-carrier allocation shown in  FIG. 7A  is for one OFDM symbol  710  in the sub-frame. The remaining OFDM symbols in the sub-frame are allocated to the different zones similarly. The localized zones are formed using the same sub-carriers across all OFDM symbols. The diversity zones can use a different sub-carrier mapping across OFDM symbols in a sub-frame. 
     The first  20  sub-carriers of OFDM symbol  710  starting from left to right are allocated for diversity transmission, the subsequent  8  sub-carriers are allocated for localized transmission and the subsequent  28  sub-carriers are allocated for diversity transmission. The R type sub-carriers are spaced apart in a manner that every fifth sub-carrier location is allocated to an R type sub-carrier in the first  20  sub-carriers. The sub-carriers which are allocated for R type zone transmissions are indicated by references  722   a - 722   c ,  724   a - 724   c ,  726   a - 726   c ,  728   a - 728   c . Similar allocation is done for the 0, Y and B sub-carriers. Therefore, a first physical sub-carrier location is assigned for R zone type transmission  722 A, a second physical sub-carrier location is assigned for 0 zone type transmission  724 A, a third physical sub-carrier location is assigned for Y zone type transmission  726 A, a fourth physical sub-carrier location is assigned for B zone type transmission  728 A, a fifth physical sub-carrier location is assigned for R zone type transmission  722 B, etc. 
     The sub-carrier locations used for localized allocation zone type G are allocated to the 8 contiguous sub-carrier locations allocated for localized transmission. 
     In some embodiments, the same set of zones are configured across multiple sectors and the physical sub-carrier locations mapped to each zone are the same across the sectors involved. 
     In some embodiments, the allocation of zone types to physical sub-carrier locations can change occasionally, for example, symbol to symbol, set of symbols to set of symbols, frame to frame, etc. 
     Step  6 - 2  involves allocating at least one zone of the one or more zones for a transmission type that uses localized sub-carriers. If there are no transmission types that use localized sub-carriers, then step  6 - 2  is not performed. In some embodiments, each of one or more localized diversity zones is allocated a particular zone in the time-frequency resource. In some embodiments, if there is at least one zone of the one or more zones for a type of transmission using localized sub-carriers, allocating at least one zone of the one or more zones using localized sub-carriers before allocating at least one zone of the one or more zones for a type of transmission using diversity sub-carriers. 
     Step  6 - 3  involves, once the zones are allocated to a set of physical sub-carrier locations, permuting the physical sub-carriers assigned to each zone so as to map to logical sub-carriers. The allocated sub-carriers for a given zone are permuted with a sector specific permutation and/or zone specific permutation to map to the logical sub-carriers. 
       FIG. 7B  illustrates how the physical sub-carriers are permuted to logical sub-carriers. In the particular example of the R type zone sub-carriers, all of the R type zone sub-carriers  722   a - 722   c ,  724   a - 724   c ,  726   a - 726   c , and  728   a - 728   c  from OFDM symbol  710  are grouped together, along with the R type zone sub-carriers from other OFDM symbols, as collectively indicated by reference  720 . Similarly, all of the O type zone sub-carriers are grouped together, as collectively indicated by reference  730 , all of the Y type zone sub-carriers are grouped together, as collectively indicated by reference  740 , and all of the B type zone sub-carriers are grouped together, as collectively indicated by reference  750 . All of the G type zone sub-carriers are grouped together, as collectively indicated by reference  760 . There are 12 logical sub-carriers, individually shown in  FIG. 7A , that form the complete R type zone in  720  of  FIG. 7B . The same is true for the 0, Y and B type zones. There are 8 logical sub-carriers, individually shown in  FIG. 7A , that form the G type zone in  760  of  FIG. 7B . 
     Step  6 - 4  involves forming groups of RBs for each zone where each RB includes a set of logical sub-carriers. The groups of RBs may be known as basic channel units. In some embodiments the BCUs are ordered lists of RBs. 
       FIG. 7C  illustrates the grouping of RBs for each zone type, in which each RB is formed of multiple sub-carriers. For example, references  722 A,  722 B,  722 C are each RBs that form a first BCU  722 , references  724 A,  724 B,  724 C are each RBs that form a second BCU  724 , references  726 A,  726 B,  726 C are each RBs that form a third BCU  726  and references  728 A,  728 B,  728 C are each RBs that form a fourth BCU  728 . A similar type of grouping is performed for each of zones O, Y, B and G. 
     Step  6 - 5  involves transmitting information defining the groups of RBs for each of the one or more zones. 
     In some embodiments, transmitting information defining the groups of RBs in a control channel of each of the one or more zones comprises transmitting one of: a zone specific combination index, in which the order of the arrangement of groups of logical sub-carriers for each of the one or more zones is unimportant and a zone specific permutation index, in which the order of the arrangement of groups of logical sub-carriers for each of the one or more zones is important. 
     The method illustrated in  FIG. 6  is described for use in DL channelization. A similar method could be implemented for UL channelization in which the physical sub-carriers and logical sub-carriers of DL channelization would more appropriately be referred to as physical tiles and logical tiles for UL channelization and the groups of logical sub-carriers of DL channelization would more appropriately be referred to as groups of logical tiles for UL channelization. 
     The number of physical sub-carriers/tiles in an RB, the number of RBs in a zone, the number of BCUs in a zone, the number and type of zones in a sub-frame, and the arrangement of different types of zones in the sub-frame are all examples of implementation specific parameters. 
     Reference will now be made to  FIG. 8 , which illustrates a further example of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention. The method illustrated in  FIG. 8  is directed to defining the sub-frames in a frame in addition to defining the zones in a sub-frame. 
     In some embodiments a zone configuration index is used to define the channelization of one or more sub-frames. For example, the zone configuration may be associated with an integer value in a look-up table, accessible to the base station and/or mobile station, that defines the channelization of one or more sub-frames. 
     The zone configuration is then used, in the system information broadcast signaling discussed above with reference to  FIGS. 3 and 4  to define the channelization of sub-frames in one or more frames in the manner described. 
     Step  8 - 1  involves for a frame that includes a plurality of sub-frames, in which each sub-frame has one or more zones, allocating the plurality of sub-frames in the frame. 
     Step  8 - 2  involves transmitting information defining the plurality of sub-frames. 
     Step  8 - 3  involves for each sub-frame, assigning physical sub-carriers for each of one or more zones in the sub-frame, each zone used for a respective type of transmission. 
     Step  8 - 4  involves allocating at least one zone of the one or more zones for a transmission type that uses localized sub-carriers. If there are no transmission types that use localized sub-carriers, then step  6 - 2  is not performed. In some embodiments, each of one or more localized diversity zones is allocated a particular zone in the time-frequency resource. In some embodiments, if there is at least one zone of the one or more zones for a type of transmission using localized sub-carriers, allocating at least one zone of the one or more zones using localized sub-carriers before allocating at least one zone of the one or more zones for a type of transmission using diversity sub-carriers. 
     Step  8 - 5  involves permuting the physical sub-carriers assigned to each zone to map to logical sub-carriers. 
     Step  8 - 6  involves forming groups of RBs for each of the one or more zones. 
     Step  8 - 7  involves transmitting information defining the groups of RBs for each of the one or more zones. 
     Steps  8 - 3 ,  8 - 4 ,  8 - 5  and  8 - 6  are substantially the same as steps  6 - 1 ,  6 - 2 ,  6 - 3  and  6 - 4  of  FIG. 6 , wherein the time-frequency resource of  FIG. 6  is defined as sub-frame. 
     While  FIG. 8  illustrates a particular sequence to the steps, this is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. In some embodiments alternative sequences of steps are contemplated. For example, steps  8 - 1 ,  8 - 3 ,  8 - 4  and  8 - 5  may be performed sequentially and once these steps have been performed, the transmitting steps  8 - 2  and  8 - 6  may be performed. In some embodiments step  8 - 2  is the transmission of a portion of the frame header and step  8 - 6  is the transmission of a control channel in the respective zone of each sub-frame. 
     In multi-carrier, for example network MIMO, operation there are different ways to implement channelization. Two examples are shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
     In some embodiments, each carrier has a different channelization depending on the number of zones that are configured. In this case, each carrier will have a separate control channel.  FIG. 9A  shows a time-frequency resource  910  having two zones, one for each carrier. Each zone has its own control channel  920 , 930  and data transmission zone  925 , 935 . 
     In the illustrated example, each zone is shown to be 5 MHz. This is not intended to limit the invention, but for example purposes only. 
     In some embodiments, the channelization can span multiple bands. In this case, a single control channel can be used. Such a configuration may be used to transmit to a wide band user, when no support is needed for narrow band users.  FIG. 9B  shows a time-frequency resource  940  having a single zone for one wideband user, i.e. 10 MHz in place of the two 5 MHz narrow bans users of  FIG. 9A . The single zone has one control channel  950  and a data transmission zone  960 . 
     The methods and systems described above may be implemented for transmitting information according to IEEE802.16m. While IEEE 802.16m is a particular telecommunications standard, it is to be understand that the principles of the invention as described herein could be used with other types of standards that may benefit from aspects of the invention. 
     Description of Example Components of a Relay System 
     A high level overview of the mobile terminals  16  and base stations  14  upon which aspects of the present invention are implemented is provided prior to delving into the structural and functional details of the preferred embodiments. With reference to  FIG. 10 , a base station  14  is illustrated. The base station  14  generally includes a control system  20 , a baseband processor  22 , transmit circuitry  24 , receive circuitry  26 , multiple antennas  28 , and a network interface  30 . The receive circuitry  26  receives radio frequency signals bearing information from one or more remote transmitters provided by mobile terminals  16  (illustrated in  FIG. 1 ). A low noise amplifier and a filter (not shown) may co-operate to amplify and remove broadband interference from the signal for processing. Downconversion and digitization circuitry (not shown) will then downconvert the filtered, received signal to an intermediate or baseband frequency signal, which is then digitized into one or more digital streams. 
     The baseband processor  22  processes the digitized received signal to extract the information or data bits conveyed in the received signal. This processing typically comprises demodulation, decoding, and error correction operations. As such, the baseband processor  22  is generally implemented in one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). The received information is then sent across a wireless network via the network interface  30  or transmitted to another mobile terminal  16  serviced by the base station  14 . 
     On the transmit side, the baseband processor  22  receives digitized data, which may represent voice, data, or control information, from the network interface  30  under the control of control system  20 , and encodes the data for transmission. The encoded data is output to the transmit circuitry  24 , where it is modulated by a carrier signal having a desired transmit frequency or frequencies. A power amplifier (not shown) will amplify the modulated carrier signal to a level appropriate for transmission, and deliver the modulated carrier signal to the antennas  28  through a matching network (not shown). Various modulation and processing techniques available to those skilled in the art are used for signal transmission between the base station and the mobile terminal. 
     With reference to  FIG. 11 , a mobile terminal  16  configured according to one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. Similarly to the base station  14 , the mobile terminal  16  will include a control system  32 , a baseband processor  34 , transmit circuitry  36 , receive circuitry  38 , multiple antennas  40 , and user interface circuitry  42 . The receive circuitry  38  receives radio frequency signals bearing information from one or more base stations  14 . A low noise amplifier and a filter (not shown) may co-operate to amplify and remove broadband interference from the signal for processing. Downconversion and digitization circuitry (not shown) will then downconvert the filtered, received signal to an intermediate or baseband frequency signal, which is then digitized into one or more digital streams. 
     The baseband processor  34  processes the digitized received signal to extract the information or data bits conveyed in the received signal. This processing typically comprises demodulation, decoding, and error correction operations. The baseband processor  34  is generally implemented in one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) and application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). 
     For transmission, the baseband processor  34  receives digitized data, which may represent voice, data, or control information, from the control system  32 , which it encodes for transmission. The encoded data is output to the transmit circuitry  36 , where it is used by a modulator to modulate a carrier signal that is at a desired transmit frequency or frequencies. A power amplifier (not shown) will amplify the modulated carrier signal to a level appropriate for transmission, and deliver the modulated carrier signal to the antennas  40  through a matching network (not shown). Various modulation and processing techniques available to those skilled in the art are used for signal transmission between the mobile terminal and the base station. 
     In OFDM modulation, the transmission band is divided into multiple, orthogonal carrier waves. Each carrier wave is modulated according to the digital data to be transmitted. Because OFDM divides the transmission band into multiple carriers, the bandwidth per carrier decreases and the modulation time per carrier increases. Since the multiple carriers are transmitted in parallel, the transmission rate for the digital data, or symbols, on any given carrier is lower than when a single carrier is used. 
     OFDM modulation utilizes the performance of an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) on the information to be transmitted. For demodulation, the performance of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the received signal recovers the transmitted information. In practice, the IFFT and FFT are provided by digital signal processing carrying out an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), respectively. Accordingly, the characterizing feature of OFDM modulation is that orthogonal carrier waves are generated for multiple bands within a transmission channel. The modulated signals are digital signals having a relatively low transmission rate and capable of staying within their respective bands. The individual carrier waves are not modulated directly by the digital signals. Instead, all carrier waves are modulated at once by IFFT processing. 
     In operation, OFDM is preferably used for at least down-link transmission from the base stations  14  to the mobile terminals  16 . Each base station  14  is equipped with “n” transmit antennas  28 , and each mobile terminal  16  is equipped with “m” receive antennas  40 . Notably, the respective antennas can be used for reception and transmission using appropriate duplexers or switches and are so labelled only for clarity. 
     With reference to  FIG. 12 , a logical OFDM transmission architecture will be described. Initially, the base station controller  10  will send data to be transmitted to various mobile terminals  16  to the base station  14 . The base station  14  may use the channel quality indicators (CQIs) associated with the mobile terminals to schedule the data for transmission as well as select appropriate coding and modulation for transmitting the scheduled data. The CQIs may be directly from the mobile terminals  16  or determined at the base station  14  based on information provided by the mobile terminals  16 . In either case, the CQI for each mobile terminal  16  is a function of the degree to which the channel amplitude (or response) varies across the OFDM frequency band. 
     Scheduled data  44 , which is a stream of bits, is scrambled in a manner reducing the peak-to-average power ratio associated with the data using data scrambling logic  46 . A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for the scrambled data is determined and appended to the scrambled data using CRC adding logic  48 . Next, channel coding is performed using channel encoder logic  50  to effectively add redundancy to the data to facilitate recovery and error correction at the mobile terminal  16 . Again, the channel coding for a particular mobile terminal  16  is based on the CQI. In some implementations, the channel encoder logic  50  uses known Turbo encoding techniques. The encoded data is then processed by rate matching logic  52  to compensate for the data expansion associated with encoding. 
     Bit interleaver logic  54  systematically reorders the bits in the encoded data to minimize the loss of consecutive data bits. The resultant data bits are systematically mapped into corresponding symbols depending on the chosen baseband modulation by mapping logic  56 . Preferably, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK) modulation is used. The degree of modulation is preferably chosen based on the CQI for the particular mobile terminal. The symbols may be systematically reordered to further bolster the immunity of the transmitted signal to periodic data loss caused by frequency selective fading using symbol interleaver logic  58 . 
     At this point, groups of bits have been mapped into symbols representing locations in an amplitude and phase constellation. When spatial diversity is desired, blocks of symbols are then processed by space-time block code (STC) encoder logic  60 , which modifies the symbols in a fashion making the transmitted signals more resistant to interference and more readily decoded at a mobile terminal  16 . The STC encoder logic  60  will process the incoming symbols and provide “n” outputs corresponding to the number of transmit antennas  28  for the base station  14 . The control system  20  and/or baseband processor  22  as described above with respect to  FIG. 10  will provide a mapping control signal to control STC encoding. At this point, assume the symbols for the “n” outputs are representative of the data to be transmitted and capable of being recovered by the mobile terminal  16 . 
     For the present example, assume the base station  14  has two antennas  28  (n=2) and the STC encoder logic  60  provides two output streams of symbols. Accordingly, each of the symbol streams output by the STC encoder logic  60  is sent to a corresponding IFFT processor  62 , illustrated separately for ease of understanding. Those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more processors may be used to provide such digital signal processing, alone or in combination with other processing described herein. The IFFT processors  62  will preferably operate on the respective symbols to provide an inverse Fourier Transform. The output of the IFFT processors  62  provides symbols in the time domain. The time domain symbols are grouped into frames, which are associated with a prefix by prefix insertion logic  64 . Each of the resultant signals is up-converted in the digital domain to an intermediate frequency and converted to an analog signal via the corresponding digital up-conversion (DUC) and digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion circuitry  66 . The resultant (analog) signals are then simultaneously modulated at the desired RF frequency, amplified, and transmitted via the RF circuitry  68  and antennas  28 . Notably, pilot signals known by the intended mobile terminal  16  are scattered among the sub-carriers. The mobile terminal  16 , which is discussed in detail below, will use the pilot signals for channel estimation. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 13  to illustrate reception of the transmitted signals by a mobile terminal  16 . Upon arrival of the transmitted signals at each of the antennas  40  of the mobile terminal  16 , the respective signals are demodulated and amplified by corresponding RF circuitry  70 . For the sake of conciseness and clarity, only one of the two receive paths is described and illustrated in detail. Analog-to-digital (A/D) converter and down-conversion circuitry  72  digitizes and downconverts the analog signal for digital processing. The resultant digitized signal may be used by automatic gain control circuitry (AGC)  74  to control the gain of the amplifiers in the RF circuitry  70  based on the received signal level. 
     Initially, the digitized signal is provided to synchronization logic  76 , which includes coarse synchronization logic  78 , which buffers several OFDM symbols and calculates an auto-correlation between the two successive OFDM symbols. A resultant time index corresponding to the maximum of the correlation result determines a fine synchronization search window, which is used by fine synchronization logic  80  to determine a precise framing starting position based on the headers. The output of the fine synchronization logic  80  facilitates frame acquisition by frame alignment logic  84 . Proper framing alignment is important so that subsequent FFT processing provides an accurate conversion from the time domain to the frequency domain. The fine synchronization algorithm is based on the correlation between the received pilot signals carried by the headers and a local copy of the known pilot data. Once frame alignment acquisition occurs, the prefix of the OFDM symbol is removed with prefix removal logic  86  and resultant samples are sent to frequency offset correction logic  88 , which compensates for the system frequency offset caused by the unmatched local oscillators in the transmitter and the receiver. Preferably, the synchronization logic  76  includes frequency offset and clock estimation logic  82 , which is based on the headers to help estimate such effects on the transmitted signal and provide those estimations to the correction logic  88  to properly process OFDM symbols. 
     At this point, the OFDM symbols in the time domain are ready for conversion to the frequency domain using FFT processing logic  90 . The results are frequency domain symbols, which are sent to processing logic  92 . The processing logic  92  extracts the scattered pilot signal using scattered pilot extraction logic  94 , determines a channel estimate based on the extracted pilot signal using channel estimation logic  96 , and provides channel responses for all sub-carriers using channel reconstruction logic  98 . In order to determine a channel response for each of the sub-carriers, the pilot signal is essentially multiple pilot symbols that are scattered among the data symbols throughout the OFDM sub-carriers in a known pattern in both time and frequency. Examples of scattering of pilot symbols among available sub-carriers over a given time and frequency plot in an OFDM environment are found in PCT Patent Application No. PCT/CA2005/000387 filed Mar. 15, 2005 assigned to the same assignee of the present application. Continuing with  FIG. 13 , the processing logic compares the received pilot symbols with the pilot symbols that are expected in certain sub-carriers at certain times to determine a channel response for the sub-carriers in which pilot symbols were transmitted. The results are interpolated to estimate a channel response for most, if not all, of the remaining sub-carriers for which pilot symbols were not provided. The actual and interpolated channel responses are used to estimate an overall channel response, which includes the channel responses for most, if not all, of the sub-carriers in the OFDM channel. 
     The frequency domain symbols and channel reconstruction information, which are derived from the channel responses for each receive path are provided to an STC decoder  100 , which provides STC decoding on both received paths to recover the transmitted symbols. The channel reconstruction information provides equalization information to the SIC decoder  100  sufficient to remove the effects of the transmission channel when processing the respective frequency domain symbols. 
     The recovered symbols are placed back in order using symbol de-interleaver logic  102 , which corresponds to the symbol interleaver logic  58  of the transmitter. The de-interleaved symbols are then demodulated or de-mapped to a corresponding bitstream using de-mapping logic  104 . The bits are then de-interleaved using bit de-interleaver logic  106 , which corresponds to the bit interleaver logic  54  of the transmitter architecture. The de-interleaved bits are then processed by rate de-matching logic  108  and presented to channel decoder logic  110  to recover the initially scrambled data and the CRC checksum. Accordingly, CRC logic  112  removes the CRC checksum, checks the scrambled data in traditional fashion, and provides it to the de-scrambling logic  114  for de-scrambling using the known base station de-scrambling code to recover the originally transmitted data  116 . 
     In parallel to recovering the data  116 , a CQI, or at least information sufficient to create a CQI at the base station  14 , is determined and transmitted to the base station  14 . As noted above, the CQI may be a function of the carrier-to-interference ratio (CR), as well as the degree to which the channel response varies across the various sub-carriers in the OFDM frequency band. The channel gain for each sub-carrier in the OFDM frequency band being used to transmit information is compared relative to one another to determine the degree to which the channel gain varies across the OFDM frequency band. Although numerous techniques are available to measure the degree of variation, one technique is to calculate the standard deviation of the channel gain for each sub-carrier throughout the OFDM frequency band being used to transmit data. 
       FIGS. 1 and 10 to 13  each provide a specific example of a communication system or elements of a communication system that could be used to implement embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood that embodiments of the invention can be implemented with communications systems having architectures that are different than the specific example, but that operate in a manner consistent with the implementation of the embodiments as described herein. 
     Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practised otherwise than as specifically described herein.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20170523
Publication Date: 20181023
Grant Date: 20181023
Priority Date: 20071107
Inventors: VRZIC, SOPHIE
YU, DONG-SHENG
FONG, MO-HAN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04L5/0007", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0092", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0005", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0046", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0094", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0039", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/003", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0041", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0094", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0092", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0041", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0039", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/53", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0007", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0453", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0053", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/003", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0094", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0092", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0092", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0046", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0041", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0039", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/003", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0007", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0007", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0005", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0053", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0092", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0041", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0039", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0041", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0039", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0094", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/003", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0046", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0007", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 40625335