PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10895634-B2
Application Number: US-201815901564-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Electronic devices having millimeter wave ranging capabilities

Abstract:
An electronic device such as a wristwatch may be provided with a phased antenna array for conveying first signals at a first frequency between 10 GHz and 300 GHz and a non-millimeter wave antenna for conveying second signals at a second frequency below 10 GHz. The device may include conductive housing sidewalls and a display. Conductive structures in the display and the conductive housing sidewalls may define a slot element in the non-millimeter wave antenna. The phased antenna array may be mounted within the slot element, aligned with a spatial filter in the display, or aligned with a dielectric window in the conductive housing sidewalls. Control circuitry may process signals transmitted by the phased antenna array and a reflected version of the transmitted signals that has been received by the phased antenna array to detect a range between the device and an external object.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device, comprising:
 a housing having conductive housing walls; 
 a display cover layer; 
 a display module that is overlapped by the display cover layer and that includes conductive display structures; 
 an antenna feed for an antenna having a first feed terminal coupled to the conductive display structures and a second feed terminal coupled to the conductive housing walls, wherein the conductive display structures and the conductive housing walls define edges of a slot element for the antenna; and 
 a phased antenna array mounted within the housing, wherein the antenna is configured to convey first radio-frequency signals at a first frequency below 10 GHz and the phased antenna array is configured to convey second radio-frequency signals at a second frequency between 10 GHz and 300 GHz. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the phased antenna array is mounted within the slot element for the antenna and is configured to transmit the second radio-frequency signals through the display cover layer. 
     
     
       3. The electronic device defined in  claim 2 , wherein the phased antenna array is at least partially embedded within the display cover layer. 
     
     
       4. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein a dielectric window is formed in a given one of the conductive housing walls and the phased antenna array is configured to transmit the second radio-frequency signals through the dielectric window. 
     
     
       5. The electronic device defined in  claim 4 , further comprising:
 an additional phased antenna array mounted within the housing, wherein the additional phased antenna array is mounted within the slot element for the antenna. 
 
     
     
       6. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a spatial filter in the conductive display structures, wherein the spatial filter has a pass band that includes the second frequency and the phased antenna array is configured to transmit the second radio-frequency signals through the display module via the spatial filter and through the display cover layer. 
 
     
     
       7. The electronic device defined in  claim 6 , wherein a dielectric window is formed in a given one of the conductive housing walls, the electronic device further comprising:
 an additional phased antenna array mounted within the housing, wherein the additional phased antenna array is configured to transmit third radio-frequency signals at a third frequency between 10 GHz and 300 GHz through the dielectric window. 
 
     
     
       8. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a radio-frequency transceiver coupled to the antenna feed; 
 a transmitter and a receiver coupled to the phased antenna array, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the second radio-frequency signals and the receiver is configured to receive a reflected version of the second radio-frequency signals that is received by the phased antenna array; and 
 control circuitry configured to detect a range of an external object within a field of view of the phased antenna array with respect to the electronic device based on the transmitted second radio-frequency signals and the received reflected version of the second radio-frequency signals. 
 
     
     
       9. The electronic device defined in  claim 8 , further comprising:
 an accelerometer configured to generate motion data indicative of motion of the electronic device, wherein the control circuitry is configured to detect a predetermined spatial event based on the detected range and the motion data. 
 
     
     
       10. The electronic device defined in  claim 8 , further comprising:
 a switch having a first terminal coupled to the transmitter, a second terminal coupled to the receiver, and a third terminal coupled to the phased antenna array, wherein the switch is configured to couple a selected one of the transmitter and the receiver to the phased antenna array at a given time. 
 
     
     
       11. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the housing is configured to receive a wrist strap. 
     
     
       12. The electronic device defined in  claim 11 , wherein the display cover layer and the display module form a touch screen, and the phased antenna array is configured to convey the second radio-frequency signals through the display cover layer of the touch screen. 
     
     
       13. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the phased antenna array has an elongated dimension that extends along an elongated dimension of the slot element. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device defined in  claim 13 , wherein the phased antenna array comprises a one-dimensional array of antennas.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with wireless communications circuitry. 
     Electronic devices often include wireless communications circuitry. For example, cellular telephones, computers, and other devices often contain antennas and wireless transceivers for supporting wireless communications. 
     It may be desirable to support wireless communications in millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications bands. Millimeter wave communications, which are sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) communications, and centimeter wave communications involve communications at frequencies of about 10-300 GHz. Operation at these frequencies may support high bandwidths, but may raise significant challenges. For example, millimeter wave communications signals generated by antennas can be characterized by substantial attenuation and/or distortion during signal propagation through various mediums. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide electronic devices with improved wireless communications circuitry such as communications circuitry that supports millimeter and centimeter wave communications. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device such as a wristwatch may be provided with wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include antennas arranged in a phased antenna array for conveying first radio-frequency signals at a first frequency between 10 GHz and 300 GHz (e.g., millimeter wave signals at a millimeter wave frequency). The wireless circuitry may include a non-millimeter wave antenna for conveying second radio-frequency signals at a second frequency below 10 GHz. 
     The electronic device may include conductive housing sidewalls and a touch screen display mounted to the conductive housing sidewalls. The touch screen display may display images and gather touch input. The touch screen display may include a display cover layer and a display module. Conductive structures in the display module and the conductive housing sidewalls may define a slot element in the non-millimeter wave antenna. 
     In one suitable arrangement, the phased antenna array may be mounted within the slot element of the non-millimeter wave antenna for conveying the first radio-frequency signals at the first frequency through the display cover layer. If desired, a spatial filter such as a frequency selective surface may be formed in the conductive structures of the display module. The spatial filter may have a passband that includes the first frequency. In another suitable arrangement, the phased antenna array may be mounted below the display module and may convey the first radio-frequency signals at the first frequency through the display module via the spatial filter. If desired, a dielectric window may be formed in one of the conductive housing sidewalls. In another suitable arrangement, the phased antenna array may be aligned with the dielectric window and may convey the first radio-frequency signals at the first frequency through the dielectric window. 
     Control circuitry in the electronic device may perform spatial ranging operations on external objects using the phased antenna array and the first radio-frequency signals if desired. For example, the control circuitry may control millimeter wave circuitry coupled to the phased antenna array to transmit millimeter wave ranging signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals having a predetermined sequence of pulses based on a ranging or object detection protocol at the first frequency). The phased antenna array may receive a reflected version of the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals that have reflected off of external objects in the vicinity of the electronic device. The control circuitry may process the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals and the reflected version of the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals received by the phased antenna array to detect a range between the electronic device and the external objects in the vicinity of the electronic device. The electronic device may include sensor circuitry that gathers sensor data. If desired, the control circuitry may identify a predetermined spatial event based on the detected range and the sensor data. In response to identifying the predetermined spatial event, the control circuitry may control the electronic device issue a notification or alert to a user (wearer) of electronic device  10  and/or to other persons or entities. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device with wireless communications circuitry in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device with wireless communications circuitry in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an illustrative transceiver and antenna in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative slot antenna for handling non-millimeter wave communications in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram of an illustrative phased antenna array that may be adjusted using control circuitry to direct a beam of millimeter or centimeter wave signals in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a circuit diagram of illustrative wireless circuitry that may perform spatial ranging operations using millimeter and centimeter wave signals and a phased antenna array in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an illustrative phased antenna array that may be used to perform spatial ranging operations using millimeter and centimeter wave signals in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 8 and 9  are side views of an illustrative phased antenna array of the type shown in  FIG. 7  including an exemplary radiation pattern envelope associated with the phased antenna array in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a top-down view of an electronic device showing how slot antennas for handling non-millimeter wave communications and phased antenna arrays for performing spatial ranging operations using millimeter and centimeter wave signals may be integrated within an electronic device in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative electronic device of the type shown in  FIG. 10  showing different possible locations for forming phased antenna arrays within the electronic device in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  is a flow chart of illustrative steps that may be performed by an electronic device to perform spatial ranging operations using phased antenna arrays of the type shown in  FIGS. 5-11  in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram showing how an illustrative electronic device of the type shown in  FIGS. 1-11  may issue an alert in response to spatial ranging operations performed using phased antenna arrays and millimeter and centimeter wave signals in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An electronic device such as electronic device  10  of  FIG. 1  may contain wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include one or more antennas. The antennas may include phased antenna arrays that are used for handling millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications. Millimeter wave communications, which are sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) communications, involve signals at 60 GHz or other frequencies between about 30 GHz and 300 GHz. Centimeter wave communications involve signals at frequencies between about 10 GHz and 30 GHz. 
     The antennas may also include dedicated antennas that are used for handling radio-frequency communications at frequencies lower than centimeter wave frequencies (e.g., signals at frequencies less than 10 GHz). Antennas for handling radio-frequency communications at these frequencies may include cellular telephone antennas, wireless local area network, and satellite navigation system antennas. These antennas may, for example, be formed from electrical components such as displays, touch sensors, near-field communications antennas, wireless power coils, peripheral antenna resonating elements, and device housing structures. If desired, device  10  may also contain wireless communications circuitry for handling satellite navigation system signals, cellular telephone signals, local wireless area network signals, near-field communications, light-based wireless communications, or other wireless communications. 
     Electronic device  10  may be a computing device such as a laptop computer, a computer monitor containing an embedded computer, a tablet computer, a cellular telephone, a media player, or other handheld or portable electronic device, a smaller device such as a wristwatch device, a pendant device, a headphone or earpiece device, a device embedded in eyeglasses or other equipment worn on a user&#39;s head, or other wearable or miniature device, a television, a computer display that does not contain an embedded computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, an embedded system such as a system in which electronic equipment with a display is mounted in a kiosk or automobile, equipment that implements the functionality of two or more of these devices, or other electronic equipment. In the illustrative configuration of  FIG. 1 , device  10  is a portable device such as a wristwatch (e.g., a smart watch). Other configurations may be used for device  10  if desired. The example of  FIG. 1  is merely illustrative. 
     In the example of  FIG. 1 , device  10  includes a display such as display  14 . Display  14  may be mounted in a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as an enclosure or case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of any two or more of these materials. Housing  12  may be formed using a unibody configuration in which some or all of housing  12  is machined or molded as a single structure or may be formed using multiple structures (e.g., an internal frame structure, one or more structures that form exterior housing surfaces, etc.). Housing  12  may have metal sidewalls such as sidewalls  12 W or sidewalls formed from other materials. Examples of metal materials that may be used for forming sidewalls  12 W include stainless steel, aluminum, silver, gold, metal alloys, or any other desired conductive material. Sidewalls  12 W may sometimes be referred to herein as housing sidewalls  12 W or conductive housing sidewalls  12 W. 
     Display  14  may be formed at the front side (face) of device  10 . Housing  12  may have a rear housing wall such as rear wall  12 R that opposes front face of device  10 . Conductive housing sidewalls  12 W may surround the periphery of device  10  (e.g., conductive housing sidewalls  12 W may extend around peripheral edges of device  10 ). Rear housing wall  12 R may be formed from conductive materials and/or dielectric materials. Examples of dielectric materials that may be used for forming rear housing wall  12 R include plastic, glass, sapphire, ceramic, wood, polymer, combinations of these materials, or any other desired dielectrics. Rear housing wall  12 R and/or display  14  may extend across some or all of the length (e.g., parallel to the X-axis of  FIG. 1 ) and width (e.g., parallel to the Y-axis) of device  10 . Conductive housing sidewalls  12 W may extend across some or all of the height of device  10  (e.g., parallel to Z-axis). Conductive housing sidewalls  12 W and/or the rear housing wall  12 R may form one or more exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., surfaces that are visible to a user of device  10 ) and/or may be implemented using internal structures that do not form exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., conductive or dielectric housing structures that are not visible to a user of device  10  such as conductive structures that are covered with layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coating layers that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide housing walls  12 R and/or  12 W from view of the user). 
     Display  14  may be a touch screen display that incorporates a layer of conductive capacitive touch sensor electrodes or other touch sensor components (e.g., resistive touch sensor components, acoustic touch sensor components, force-based touch sensor components, light-based touch sensor components, etc.) or may be a display that is not touch-sensitive. Capacitive touch screen electrodes may be formed from an array of indium tin oxide pads or other transparent conductive structures. 
     Display  14  may include an array of display pixels formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic display pixels, an array of plasma display pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display pixels, an array of electrowetting display pixels, or display pixels based on other display technologies. 
     Display  14  may be protected using a display cover layer. The display cover layer may be formed from a transparent material such as glass, plastic, sapphire or other crystalline dielectric materials, ceramic, or other clear materials. The display cover layer may extend across substantially all of the length and width of device  10 , for example. 
     Device  10  may include buttons such as button  18 . There may be any suitable number of buttons in device  10  (e.g., a single button, more than one button, two or more buttons, five or more buttons, etc. Buttons may be located in openings in housing  12  (e.g., openings in conductive housing sidewall  12 W or rear housing wall  12 R) or in an opening in display  14  (as examples). Buttons may be rotary buttons, sliding buttons, buttons that are actuated by pressing on a movable button member, etc. Button members for buttons such as button  18  may be formed from metal, glass, plastic, or other materials. Button  18  may sometimes be referred to as a crown in scenarios where device  10  is a wristwatch device. 
     Device  10  may, if desired, be coupled to a strap such as strap  15 . Strap  15  may be used to hold device  10  against a user&#39;s wrist (as an example). Strap  15  may sometimes be referred to herein as wrist strap  15 . In the example of  FIG. 1 , wrist strap  15  is connected to opposing sides  8  of device  10 . Conductive housing sidewalls  12 W on sides  8  of device  10  may include attachment structures for securing wrist strap  15  to housing  12  (e.g., lugs or other attachment mechanisms that configure housing  12  to receive wrist strap  15 ). Configurations that do not include straps may also be used for device  10 . 
     A schematic diagram showing illustrative components that may be used in device  10  is shown in  FIG. 2 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , device  10  may include storage and processing circuitry such as control circuitry  20 . Control circuitry  20  may include storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in control circuitry  20  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . This processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, application specific integrated circuits, etc. 
     Control circuitry  20  may be used to run software on device  10 , such as internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, control circuitry  20  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using control circuitry  20  include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as WiFi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol or other WPAN protocols, IEEE 802.11ad protocols, cellular telephone protocols, MIMO protocols, antenna diversity protocols, satellite navigation system protocols, antenna ranging protocols (e.g., radio detection and ranging (RADAR) protocols or other desired range detection protocols for signals conveyed at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies), etc. 
     Device  10  may include input-output circuitry  22 . Input-output circuitry  22  may include input-output devices  24 . Input-output devices  24  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  24  may include user interface devices, data port devices, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices  24  may include touch screens, displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, buttons, speakers, status indicators, light sources, audio jacks and other audio port components, vibrators or other haptic feedback engines, digital data port devices, light sensors (e.g., infrared light sensors, visible light sensors, etc.), light-emitting diodes, motion sensors (accelerometers), capacitance sensors, proximity sensors, magnetic sensors, force sensors (e.g., force sensors coupled to a display to detect pressure applied to the display), etc. 
     Input-output circuitry  22  may include wireless circuitry  34 . Wireless circuitry  34  may include coil  44  and wireless power receiver  26  for receiving wirelessly transmitted power from a wireless power adapter. To support wireless communications, wireless circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas such as antennas  40 , transmission lines, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  42  for handling various radio-frequency communications bands. For example, circuitry  34  may include transceiver circuitry  38 ,  36 ,  32 ,  30 , and  28 . Transceiver circuitry  36  may be wireless local area network transceiver circuitry. Transceiver circuitry  36  may handle 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for WiFi® (IEEE 802.11) communications or other wireless local area network (WLAN) bands and may handle the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band or other wireless personal area network (WPAN) bands. 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may use cellular telephone transceiver circuitry  32  for handling wireless communications in frequency ranges such as a low communications band from 600 to 960 MHz, a midband from 1400 MHz or 1500 MHz to 2170 or 2200 MHz (e.g., a midband with a peak at 1700 MHz), and a high band from 2200 or 2300 to 2700 MHz (e.g., a high band with a peak at 2400 MHz) or other communications bands between 600 MHz and 4000 MHz or other suitable frequencies (as examples). Circuitry  32  may handle voice data and non-voice data. 
     Millimeter wave circuitry  28  (sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) transceiver circuitry  28 , transceiver circuitry  28 , or millimeter wave transceiver circuitry) may support communications at frequencies between about 10 GHz and 300 GHz. For example, millimeter wave circuitry  28  may support communications in Extremely High Frequency (EHF) or millimeter wave communications bands between about 30 GHz and 300 GHz and/or in centimeter wave communications bands between about 10 GHz and 30 GHz (sometimes referred to as Super High Frequency (SHF) bands). As examples, millimeter wave circuitry  28  may support communications in an IEEE K communications band between about 18 GHz and 27 GHz, a K a  communications band between about 26.5 GHz and 40 GHz, a Ku communications band between about 12 GHz and 18 GHz, a V communications band between about 40 GHz and 75 GHz, a W communications band between about 75 GHz and 110 GHz, or any other desired frequency band between approximately 10 GHz and 300 GHz. If desired, circuitry  28  may support IEEE 802.11ad communications at 60 GHz and/or 5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems (5G) communications bands between 27 GHz and 90 GHz. If desired, circuitry  28  may support communications at multiple frequency bands between 10 GHz and 300 GHz such as a first band from 27.5 GHz to 28.5 GHz, a second band from 37 GHz to 41 GHz, and a third band from 57 GHz to 71 GHz, or other communications bands between 10 GHz and 300 GHz. Circuitry  28  may be formed from one or more integrated circuits (e.g., multiple integrated circuits mounted on a common printed circuit in a system-in-package device, one or more integrated circuits mounted on different substrates, etc.). 
     While circuitry  28  is sometimes referred to herein as millimeter wave circuitry  28 , millimeter wave circuitry  28  may handle communications at any desired communications bands at frequencies between 10 GHz and 300 GHz (e.g., circuitry  28  may transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in millimeter wave communications bands and/or centimeter wave communications bands). In one suitable arrangement, millimeter wave circuitry  28  may perform spatial ranging operations using millimeter and/or centimeter wave signals to detect or estimate a range between device  10  and external objects in the surroundings of device  10  (e.g., objects external to housing  12  and device  10  such as the body of the user or other persons, animals, furniture, walls, or other objects or obstacles in the vicinity of device  10 ). 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include satellite navigation system circuitry such as Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver circuitry  38  for receiving GPS signals at 1575 MHz or for handling other satellite positioning data (e.g., GLONASS signals at 1609 MHz). Satellite navigation system signals for receiver  38  are received from a constellation of satellites orbiting the earth. Wireless circuitry  34  can include circuitry for other short-range and long-range wireless links if desired. For example, wireless circuitry  34  may include circuitry for receiving television and radio signals, paging system transceivers, near field communications (NFC) transceiver circuitry  46  (e.g., an NFC transceiver operating at 13.56 MHz or another suitable frequency), etc. 
     In NFC links, wireless signals are typically conveyed over a few inches at most. In satellite navigation system links, cellular telephone links, and other long-range links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over thousands of feet or miles. In WLAN and WPAN links at 2.4 and 5 GHz and other short-range wireless links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over tens or hundreds of feet. Millimeter wave circuitry  28  may convey signals that travel (over short distances) between a transmitter and a receiver over a line-of-sight path. To enhance signal reception for millimeter and centimeter wave communications, phased antenna arrays and beam steering techniques may be used (e.g., schemes in which antenna signal phase and/or magnitude for each antenna in an array is adjusted to perform beam steering). Antenna diversity schemes may also be used to ensure that the antennas that have become blocked or that are otherwise degraded due to the operating environment of device  10  can be switched out of use and higher-performing antennas used in their place. 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include antennas  40 . Antennas  40  may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas  40  may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from slot antenna structures, loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, stacked patch antenna structures, antenna structures having parasitic elements, inverted-F antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, helical antenna structures, monopole antennas, dipole antenna structures, Yagi (Yagi-Uda) antenna structures, surface integrated waveguide structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. If desired, one or more of antennas  40  may be cavity-backed antennas. 
     Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a local wireless link antenna whereas another type of antenna is used in forming a remote wireless link antenna. If desired, space may be conserved within device  10  by using a single antenna to handle two or more different communications bands. For example, a single antenna  40  in device  10  may be used to handle communications in a WiFi® or Bluetooth® communication band at 2.4 GHz, a GPS communications band at 1575 MHz, a WiFi® or Bluetooth® communications band at 5.0 GHz, and one or more cellular telephone communications bands such as a cellular telephone midband between 1500 MHz and 2170 MHz. Dedicated antennas may be used for receiving satellite navigation system signals or, if desired, antennas  40  can be configured to receive both satellite navigation system signals and signals for other communications bands (e.g., wireless local area network signals and/or cellular telephone signals). Antennas  40  can be arranged in phased antenna arrays for handling millimeter and centimeter wave communications. 
     It may be desirable to implement at least some of the antennas in device  10  using portions of electrical components that would otherwise not be used as antennas and that support additional device functions. As an example, it may be desirable to induce antenna currents in components such as display  14  ( FIG. 1 ), so that display  14  and/or other electrical components (e.g., a touch sensor, near-field communications loop antenna, conductive display assembly or housing, conductive shielding structures, etc.) can serve as an antenna for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, cellular frequencies, and/or other frequencies without the need to incorporate bulky antenna structures in device  10 . 
     Transmission line paths may be used to route antenna signals within device  10  (e.g., signals that are transmitted or received over-the-air by antennas  40 ). For example, transmission line paths may be used to couple antenna structures  40  to transceiver circuitry  42 . Transmission line paths in device  10  may include coaxial cable paths, microstrip transmission lines, stripline transmission lines, edge-coupled microstrip transmission lines, edge-coupled stripline transmission lines, waveguide structures for conveying signals at millimeter wave frequencies (e.g., coplanar waveguides or grounded coplanar waveguides), transmission lines formed from combinations of transmission lines of these types, etc. 
     Transmission line paths in device  10  may be integrated into rigid and/or flexible printed circuit boards if desired. In one suitable arrangement, transmission line paths in device  10  may include transmission line conductors (e.g., signal and/or ground conductors) that are integrated within multilayer laminated structures (e.g., layers of a conductive material such as copper and a dielectric material such as a resin that are laminated together without intervening adhesive) that may be folded or bent in multiple dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and that maintain a bent or folded shape after bending (e.g., the multilayer laminated structures may be folded into a particular three-dimensional shape to route around other device components and may be rigid enough to hold its shape after folding without being held in place by stiffeners or other structures). All of the multiple layers of the laminated structures may be batch laminated together (e.g., in a single pressing process) without adhesive (e.g., as opposed to performing multiple pressing processes to laminate multiple layers together with adhesive). Filter circuitry, switching circuitry, impedance matching circuitry, and other circuitry may be interposed within the transmission lines, if desired. 
     Device  10  may contain multiple antennas  40 . The antennas may be used together or one of the antennas may be switched into use while other antenna(s) are switched out of use. If desired, control circuitry  20  may be used to select an optimum antenna to use in device  10  in real time and/or to select an optimum setting for adjustable wireless circuitry associated with one or more of antennas  40 . Antenna adjustments may be made to tune antennas to perform in desired frequency ranges, to perform beam steering with a phased antenna array, and to otherwise optimize antenna performance. Sensors may be incorporated into antennas  40  to gather sensor data in real time that is used in adjusting antennas  40  if desired. 
     In some configurations, antennas  40  may include antenna arrays such as phased antenna arrays that implement beam steering functions. For example, the antennas that are used in handling millimeter wave and centimeter wave signals for millimeter wave circuitry  28  may be implemented in one or more phased antenna arrays. The radiating elements in a phased antenna array for supporting millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications may be patch antennas, dipole antennas, Yagi (Yagi-Uda) antennas, or other suitable antennas. Millimeter wave circuitry  28  can be integrated with the phased antenna arrays to form integrated phased antenna array and transceiver circuit modules or packages if desired. 
     In devices such as handheld devices, the presence of an external object such as the hand of a user or a table or other surface on which a device is resting has a potential to block wireless signals such as millimeter wave signals. In addition, millimeter wave communications typically require a line of sight between antennas  40  and the antennas on an external device. Accordingly, it may be desirable to incorporate multiple phased antenna arrays into device  10 , each of which is placed in a different location within or on device  10 . With this type of arrangement, an unblocked phased antenna array may be switched into use and, once switched into use, the phased antenna array may use beam steering to optimize wireless performance. Similarly, if a phased antenna array does not face or have a line of sight to an external device, another phased antenna array that has line of sight to the external device may be switched into use and that phased antenna array may use beam steering to optimize wireless performance. Configurations in which antennas from one or more different locations in device  10  are operated together may also be used (e.g., to form a phased antenna array, etc.). 
     A schematic diagram of an antenna  40  coupled to transceiver circuitry  42  is shown in  FIG. 3 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  42  may be coupled to antenna feed  100  of antenna  40  using transmission line path  64 . Antenna feed  100  may include a positive antenna feed terminal such as positive antenna feed terminal  96  and may include a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal  98 . Transmission line path  64  may include a positive transmission line signal path such as path  94  that is coupled to terminal  96  and a ground transmission line signal path such as path  92  that is coupled to terminal  98 . Transmission line path  64  may be directly coupled to an antenna resonating element and ground for antenna  40  or may be coupled to near-field-coupled antenna feed structures that are used in indirectly feeding a resonating element for antenna  40 . 
     Any desired antenna structures may be used for implementing antennas  40 . In one suitable arrangement, different antenna structures may be used for implementing antennas  40  that convey millimeter and centimeter wave signals than are used for implementing antennas  40  that convey radio-frequency signals at lower frequencies. 
     An illustrative antenna  40  for conveying radio-frequency signals at frequencies lower than centimeter and millimeter wave frequencies (e.g., at frequencies lower than 10 GHz) is shown in  FIG. 4 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , antennas  40  in device  10  may include an antenna  40 S that handles radio-frequency signals at frequencies lower than 10 GHz. Although antenna  40 S handles frequencies below both centimeter wave and millimeter wave frequencies (i.e., frequencies below 10 GHz), antenna  40 S may sometimes be referred to herein as non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S. Non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S may, for example, be used to convey radio-frequency signals in cellular telephone, WLAN, WPAN, and/or GPS frequency bands. 
     In one suitable arrangement which is sometimes described herein as an example, non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S may be implemented using slot antenna structures (e.g., non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S may be a slot antenna and may sometimes be referred to herein as slot antenna  40 S or non-millimeter wave slot antenna  40 S). This is merely illustrative and, in general, any desired antenna structures may be used for implementing non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S may include a conductive structure such as structure  102  that has been provided with a dielectric opening such as dielectric opening  104 . Openings such as opening  104  of  FIG. 4  are sometimes referred to as slots, slot antenna resonating elements, or slot elements. In the configuration of  FIG. 4 , opening  104  is a closed slot, because portions of conductive structure  102  completely surround and enclose opening  104 . Open slot antennas may also be formed in conductive materials such as conductive structure  102  (e.g., by forming an opening in the right-hand or left-hand end of conductive structure  102  so that opening  104  protrudes through conductive structure  102 ). 
     Antenna feed  100  for non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S may be formed using positive antenna feed terminal  96  and ground antenna feed terminal  98 . In general, the frequency response of an antenna is related to the size and shapes of the conductive structures in the antenna. Slot antennas such as non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S of  FIG. 4  tend to exhibit response peaks when slot perimeter P is equal to the effective wavelength of operation of the antenna (e.g. where perimeter P is equal to two times length L plus two times width W and the effective wavelength takes into account dielectric effects associated with any dielectric materials within slot  104 ). Antenna currents may flow between feed terminals  96  and  98  around perimeter P of slot  104 . As an example, where slot length L&gt;&gt;slot width W, the length of non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S will tend to be about half of the length of other types of antennas such as inverted-F antennas configured to handle signals at the same frequency. Given equal antenna volumes, non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S will therefore be able to handle signals at approximately twice the frequency of other antennas such as inverted-F antennas, for example. 
     Feed  100  may be coupled across slot  104  at a location between opposing edges  114  and  116  of slot  104 . For example, feed  100  may be located at a distance  118  from side  114  of slot  104 . Distance  118  may be adjusted to match the impedance of non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S to the impedance of the corresponding transmission line (e.g., transmission line path  64  of  FIG. 3 ). For example, the antenna current flowing around slot  104  may experience an impedance of zero at edges  114  and  116  of slot  104  (e.g., a short circuit impedance) and an infinite (open circuit) impedance at the center of slot  104  (e.g., at a fundamental frequency of the slot). Distance  118  may be located between the center of slot  104  and edge  114  at a location where the antenna current experiences an impedance that matches the impedance of the corresponding transmission line, for example (e.g., distance  118  may be between 0 and ¼ of the wavelength of operation of non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S). 
     The example of  FIG. 4  is merely illustrative. In general, slot  104  may have any desired shape (e.g., where the perimeter P of slot  104  defines radiating characteristics of non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S). For example, slot  104  may have a meandering shape with different segments extending in different directions, may have straight and/or curved edges, etc. Conductive structures  102  may be formed from any desired conductive electronic device structures. For example, conductive structures  102  may include conductive traces on printed circuit boards or other substrates, sheet metal, metal foil, conductive structures associated with display  14  ( FIG. 1 ), conductive portions of housing  12  (e.g., conductive housing sidewalls  12 W of  FIG. 1 ), or other conductive structures within device  10 . In one suitable arrangement, different sides (edges) of slot  104  may be defined by different conductive structures. 
     Due to the substantial over-the-air attenuation of signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz, antennas  40  in device  10  for handling millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies greater than 10 GHz may be formed in phased antenna arrays that implement beam steering functions. Implementing these antennas in phased antenna arrays may allow for the overall gain of the millimeter and centimeter wave signals to be greater than would otherwise be achievable using a single antenna (e.g., due to constructive interference between individual antennas in the phased antenna array), thereby helping to counteract over-the-air attenuation at these frequencies (e.g., the gain of the signals may be proportional to the number of antennas of the array). Beam steering techniques may be used to allow the phased antenna array to cover all angles within its field of view (e.g., because the increase in gain associated with using a phased antenna array also narrows the area of coverage at any given time). 
       FIG. 5  shows how antennas  40  for handling radio-frequency signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz (e.g., millimeter wave and centimeter wave signals) may be formed in a phased antenna array. As shown in  FIG. 5 , wireless circuitry  34  may include antennas  40  for handling frequencies greater than 10 GHz such as antennas  40 M. Although antennas  40 M may generally handle millimeter wave signals and/or centimeter wave signals between 10 GHz and 300 GHz, antennas  40 M may sometimes be referred to herein as millimeter wave antennas  40 M for the sake of simplicity. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , wireless circuitry  34  may include a phased antenna array  124  (sometimes referred to herein as array  124 , antenna array  124 , or array  124  of millimeter wave antennas  40 M). Phased antenna array  124  may include a number N of millimeter wave antennas  40 M. Phased antenna array  124  may be coupled to signal paths such as transmission line paths  64  (e.g., one or more radio-frequency transmission lines). For example, a first millimeter wave antenna  40 M- 1  in phased antenna array  124  may be coupled to a first transmission line path  64 - 1 , a second millimeter wave antenna  40 M- 2  in phased antenna array  124  may be coupled to a second transmission line path  64 - 2 , an Nth millimeter wave antenna  40 M-N in phased antenna array  124  may be coupled to an Nth transmission line path  64 -N, etc. 
     Millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124  may be arranged in any desired number of rows and columns or in any other desired pattern (e.g., the antennas need not be arranged in a grid pattern having rows and columns). In one suitable arrangement which is sometimes described herein as an example, phased antenna array  124  is a one-by-N array of millimeter wave antennas  40 M (e.g., antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124  may be arranged in a single row or column). 
     During signal transmission operations, transmission line paths  64  may be used to supply signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals such as millimeter wave and/or centimeter wave signals) from millimeter wave circuitry  28  ( FIG. 2 ) to phased antenna array  124  for wireless transmission to external wireless equipment. During signal reception operations, transmission line paths  64  may be used to convey signals received at phased antenna array  124  from external equipment to millimeter wave circuitry  28  ( FIG. 2 ). 
     The use of multiple millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124  allows beam steering arrangements to be implemented by controlling the relative phases and magnitudes (amplitudes) of the radio-frequency signals conveyed by the antennas. In the example of  FIG. 5 , millimeter wave antennas  40 M each have a corresponding radio-frequency phase and magnitude controller  120  (e.g., a first phase and magnitude controller  120 - 1  interposed on transmission line path  64 - 1  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by millimeter wave antenna  40 M- 1 , a second phase and magnitude controller  120 - 2  interposed on transmission line path  64 - 2  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by millimeter wave antenna  40 M- 2 , an Nth phase and magnitude controller  120 -N interposed on transmission line path  64 -N may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by millimeter wave antenna  40 M-N, etc.). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  120  may each include circuitry for adjusting the phase of the radio-frequency signals on transmission line paths  64  (e.g., phase shifter circuits) and/or circuitry for adjusting the magnitude of the radio-frequency signals on transmission line paths  64  (e.g., power amplifier and/or low noise amplifier circuits). Phase and magnitude controllers  120  may sometimes be referred to collectively herein as beam steering circuitry (e.g., beam steering circuitry that steers the beam of radio-frequency signals transmitted and/or received by phased antenna array  124 ). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  120  may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the transmitted signals that are provided to each of the antennas in phased antenna array  124  and may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  124  from external equipment. The term “beam” or “signal beam” may be used herein to collectively refer to wireless signals that are transmitted and received by phased antenna array  124  in a particular direction. The term “transmit beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to wireless radio-frequency signals that are transmitted in a particular direction whereas the term “receive beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to wireless radio-frequency signals that are received from a particular direction. 
     If, for example, phase and magnitude controllers  120  are adjusted to produce a first set of phases and/or magnitudes for transmitted millimeter wave signals, the transmitted signals will form a millimeter wave transmit beam as shown by beam  126  of  FIG. 5  that is oriented in the direction of point A. If, however, phase and magnitude controllers  120  are adjusted to produce a second set of phases and/or magnitudes for the transmitted millimeter wave signals, the transmitted signals will form a millimeter wave transmit beam as shown by beam  128  that is oriented in the direction of point B. Similarly, if phase and magnitude controllers  120  are adjusted to produce the first set of phases and/or magnitudes, wireless signals (e.g., millimeter wave signals in a millimeter wave frequency receive beam) may be received from the direction of point A as shown by beam  126 . If phase and magnitude controllers  120  are adjusted to produce the second set of phases and/or magnitudes, signals may be received from the direction of point B, as shown by beam  128 . 
     Each phase and magnitude controller  120  may be controlled to produce a desired phase and/or magnitude based on a corresponding control signal  122  received from control circuitry  20  ( FIG. 2 ) or other control circuitry in device  10  (e.g., the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  120 - 1  may be controlled using control signal  122 - 1 , the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  120 - 2  may be controlled using control signal  122 - 2 , etc.). If desired, control circuitry  20  may actively adjust control signals  122  in real time to steer the transmit or receive beam in different desired directions over time. 
     When performing millimeter or centimeter wave communications, radio-frequency signals are conveyed over a line of sight path between phased antenna array  60  and external equipment. If the external equipment is located at location A of  FIG. 5 , phase and magnitude controllers  120  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards direction A. If the external equipment is located at location B, phase and magnitude controllers  120  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards direction B. In the example of  FIG. 5 , beam steering is shown as being performed over a single degree of freedom for the sake of simplicity (e.g., towards the left and right on the page of  FIG. 5 ). However, in practice, the beam is steered over two or more degrees of freedom (e.g., in three dimensions, into and out of the page and to the left and right on the page of  FIG. 5 ). When performing spatial ranging operations using phased antenna array  124 , the signal beam may be steered towards direction A to detect a range between device  10  and an external object at location A and may be steered towards direction B to detect a range between device  10  and an external object at location B. 
     If desired, millimeter wave circuitry  28  of  FIG. 2  may perform two-way communications with external equipment (e.g., an external wireless communications device such as a cellular telephone, computer, wearable device, wireless access point or base station, etc.) using a millimeter wave communications protocol. When performing two-way communications, millimeter wave circuitry  28  of  FIG. 2  may encode wireless data using the millimeter wave communications protocol, may transmit the wireless data to the external equipment at millimeter or centimeter wave frequencies, may receive wireless data transmitted by the external equipment at millimeter or centimeter wave frequencies, and may decode the received wireless data using the millimeter wave communications protocol. Such millimeter wave communications protocols may include, for example, IEEE 802.11ad communications protocols or 5th generation wireless systems (5G) communications protocols. 
     Spatial ranging operations performed by millimeter wave circuitry  28  may involve one-way communications that do not require an external communications equipment. Spatial ranging operations may include range detection operations, external object detection operations, and/or external object tracking operations, for example. In performing spatial ranging operations, millimeter wave circuitry  28  may transmit a signal such as a sequence (e.g., series) of pulses or other predetermined signals at millimeter or centimeter wave frequencies using phased antenna array  124  (e.g., based on a RADAR protocol or other range or object detection protocol). Millimeter wave circuitry  28  may then wait for receipt of a reflected version of the transmitted signal that has been reflected off of an external object in the vicinity of device  10  (e.g., within a line-of-sight of device  10 ). Upon receiving the reflected version of the transmitted signal, millimeter wave circuitry  28  or control circuitry  20  ( FIG. 2 ) may compare the transmitted signal (e.g., the sequence of pulses in the transmitted signal) to the received reflected version of the transmitted signal (e.g., the sequence of pulses in the received signal) to identify a distance between device  10  and the external object (e.g., based on a time delay between the transmitted signal and the received signal and the known propagation speed of the signals over the air and using the range or object detection protocol). The sequence of pulses may, for example, allow millimeter wave circuitry  28  to identify that any given received signal is a reflected version of the transmitted signal instead of some other signal received at device  10  (e.g., because the sequence of pulses will be the same for the reflected version of the transmitted signal as the known sequence of pulses in the transmitted signal). 
     In practice, the hardware required to perform spatial ranging operations using millimeter wave circuitry  28  of  FIG. 2  may be smaller and less resource-intensive than the hardware required to perform two-way communications using millimeter wave circuitry  28 . For relatively small form factor devices such as scenarios where device  10  is implemented as a wristwatch or other wearable device (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 1  and described herein by example), there may not be sufficient space within device  10  to form the hardware required to perform two-way communications using millimeter wave circuitry  28 . However, there may still be sufficient space within device  10  to allow for millimeter wave circuitry  28  to perform spatial ranging operations using one or more phased antenna arrays  124 . In another suitable arrangement, even if there is sufficient space within device  10  to form the hardware required to perform two-way communications using millimeter wave circuitry  28 , millimeter wave circuitry  28  may, if desired, include only the hardware necessary for performing spatial ranging operations in order to conserve space within device  10  for use by other components. 
       FIG. 6  is a circuit diagram showing how wireless circuitry  34  may include millimeter wave circuitry for performing spatial ranging operations. As shown in  FIG. 6 , millimeter wave circuitry  28  may be coupled to phased antenna array  124  over transmission line path  64 . A radio-frequency switching circuit such as switch SW may be interposed on transmission line path  64  between millimeter wave circuitry  28  and phased antenna array  124 . 
     Millimeter wave circuitry  28  may include a transmitter such as transmitter  146  and a receiver such as receiver  148  (sometimes referred to herein as millimeter wave transmitter  146  and millimeter wave receiver  148 ). Transmitter  146  may be coupled to terminal  142  of switch SW. Receiver  148  may be coupled to terminal  140  of switch SW. Phased antenna array  124  may be coupled to terminal  144  of switch SW. Millimeter wave circuitry  28  may be coupled to control circuitry  20  ( FIG. 2 ) over path  150 . 
     Control circuitry  20  may provide control signals over path  150  that control millimeter wave circuitry  28  to perform spatial ranging operations. For example, transmitter  146  may generate a signal at a frequency greater than 10 GHz that includes a predetermined sequence of pulses (e.g., based on range or object detection protocol and/or control signals received over path  150 ). In another suitable arrangement, millimeter wave circuitry  28  may include baseband circuitry that generates the predetermined sequence of pulses and transmitter  146  may generate a signal at a frequency greater than 10 GHz that includes the pulses. Transmitter  146  may transmit the signal to switch SW. 
     Millimeter wave circuitry  28  or control circuitry  20  of  FIG. 2  may control (toggle) switch SW between a first state at which terminal  142  is coupled to terminal  144  and a second state at which terminal  144  is coupled to terminal  140  (e.g., switch SW may be a single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch). Switch SW may be placed in the first state to couple terminal  144  to terminal  142  during signal transmission. Switch SW may route the signal from transmitter  146  to phased antenna array  124  and phased antenna array  124  may transmit the signal as a transmit beam. Control circuitry  20  of  FIG. 2  may provide control signals  122  to phased antenna array  124  to steer the transmit beam in a desired direction (e.g., each antenna in phased antenna array  124  may transmit the same signal using a respective phase and/or magnitude as identified by control signals  122 ). 
     After the signal has been transmitted, switch SW may be placed in the second state to couple terminal  144  to terminal  140 . Receiver  148  may wait for reception of a reflected version of the transmitted signal from phased antenna array  124 . Phased antenna array  124  may receive a reflected version of the transmitted signal that has reflected off of an external object in the vicinity of device  10  (e.g., within a line-of-sight of phased antenna array  124 ). Switch SW may route the received reflected version of the transmitted signal to receiver  148 . The received version of the transmitted signal may be passed to control circuitry  20  of  FIG. 2  over path  150  if desired. Millimeter wave circuitry  28  and/or control circuitry  20  may compare the transmitted signal to the received reflected version of the transmitted signal to identify a range between device  10  and the external object and/or to detect the presence of the external object. Switch SW may subsequently be toggled back into the first state and transmitter  146  may transmit another signal to continue to perform spatial ranging operations. Phased antenna array  124  may be steered over all angles within its field of view for performing spatial ranging operations if desired. In this way, millimeter wave circuitry  28  may perform spatial ranging operations using a time division duplex (TDD) scheme in which only one of transmitter  146  and receiver  148  is coupled to phased antenna array  124  at a given time. 
     Transmitter  146  and receiver  148  may perform spatial ranging operations by transmitting and receiving sequences of pulses at frequencies greater than 10 GHz using a range and object detection protocol (e.g., without modulating the signals using a two-way millimeter wave communications protocol). This may greatly simplify the hardware and space required to implement millimeter wave circuitry  28  relative to scenarios where millimeter wave circuitry  28  performs two-way millimeter wave communications (e.g., using a 5G protocol or a IEEE 802.11ad protocol). 
     The example of  FIG. 6  is merely illustrative. If desired, transmitter  146  and receiver  148  may be coupled to multiple phased antenna arrays (e.g., over respective transmission lines coupled to millimeter wave circuitry  28  through a switch matrix or other switching circuitry having a corresponding number of terminals). If desired, wireless circuitry  34  may include multiple transmitters  146  and receivers  148  coupled to the same phased antenna array  124  or coupled to different phased antenna arrays  124  (e.g., each phased antenna array may have a corresponding transmitter  146  and receiver  148  for performing spatial ranging operations if desired). 
     In practice, relatively large phased antenna arrays may be required to perform two-way millimeter wave communications operations. For example, two-dimensional arrays of antennas arranged in rows and columns may be required to obtain sufficient gain for performing two-way millimeter wave communications with satisfactory link quality over relatively long distances. However, when performing spatial ranging operations, millimeter wave signals are generally transmitted over shorter distances and do not have the same link quality requirements as two-way millimeter wave communications. Phased antenna arrays for performing spatial ranging operations such as phased antenna array  124  may therefore be relatively small arrays such as one-dimensional arrays that include relatively few antennas (e.g., two antennas, three antennas, four antennas, five antennas, fewer than nine antennas, etc.). 
       FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an illustrative one-dimensional phased antenna array  124  that may be used by millimeter wave circuitry  28  for performing spatial ranging operations. As shown in  FIG. 9 , phased antenna array  124  includes a single row or column of N millimeter wave antennas  40 M (e.g., a first millimeter wave antenna  40 M- 1 , a second millimeter wave antenna  40 M- 2 , an Nth millimeter wave antenna  40 M-N, etc.). 
     Phased antenna array  124  may be formed on a dielectric substrate such as substrate  160 . Substrate  160  may be, for example, a rigid or flexible printed circuit board or other dielectric substrate. Substrate  160  may include multiple stacked dielectric layers (e.g., multiple layers of printed circuit board substrate such as multiple layers of fiberglass-filled epoxy) or may include a single dielectric layer. Substrate  160  may include any desired dielectric materials such as epoxy, plastic, ceramic, glass, foam, or other materials. Millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124  may be mounted at a surface of substrate  160  or may be partially or completely embedded within substrate  160  (e.g., within a single layer of substrate  160  or within multiple layers of substrate  160 ). 
     In the example of  FIG. 7 , millimeter wave antennas  40 M are shown as being patch antennas having patch antenna resonating elements formed over an antenna ground plane. The ground plane, patch antenna resonating element, and an optional parasitic element over the patch antenna resonating element may each be formed on separate layers of substrate  160  if desired (e.g., the parasitic element or the patch antenna resonating element may be formed on an exposed surface of substrate  160 ). If desired, each millimeter wave antenna  40 M may be fed using a single feed for covering a single polarization or may be fed using multiple feeds for covering multiple polarizations or other polarizations such as circular or elliptical polarizations. This is merely illustrative and, in general, any other desired antenna structures may be used to implement millimeter wave antennas  40 M on phased antenna array  124 . 
     Each millimeter wave antenna  40 M in phased antenna array  124  may be laterally separated (e.g., in the V-U plane of  FIG. 7 ) from an adjacent millimeter wave antenna  40 M by distance  161 . Distance  161  may be, for example, approximately equal to one-half of the effective wavelength of operation of phased antenna array  124  (e.g., one-half of the freespace wavelength of operation after adjusting for contributions from the dielectric materials used to form substrate  160 ). As one example, distance  161  may be between 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm (e.g., approximately 2.5 mm for signals at 60 GHz). 
     When performing spatial ranging operations, phased antenna array  124  may transmit radio-frequency signal  162  (e.g., a sequence of pulses transmitted by transmitter  146  of  FIG. 6 ) at a frequency greater than 10 GHz. Phased antenna array  124  may receive a reflected radio-frequency signal  164  that is a version of transmitted radio-frequency signal  162  that has been reflected off of an external object located in the line-of-sight of phased antenna array  124  (e.g., at the location to which the beam of phased antenna array  124  is steered). 
     Phased antenna array  124  and substrate  160  may sometimes be referred to herein collectively as an antenna module. If desired, millimeter wave circuitry  28  of  FIG. 6  or other transceiver circuits may be mounted to the antenna module (e.g., at a surface of substrate  160  or embedded within substrate  160 ). 
       FIG. 8  is a side view of the one-dimensional phased antenna array  124  of  FIG. 7  (e.g., where the plane of the page in  FIG. 8  lies in the U-W plane of  FIG. 7 ). As shown in  FIG. 8 , phased antenna array  124  may exhibit a radiation pattern associated with a pattern envelope such as pattern envelope  170 . Pattern envelope (curve)  170  may be indicative of the gain of radio-frequency signals  162  ( FIG. 7 ) transmitted by phased antenna array  124  when steered over the entire field of view for the phased antenna array (e.g., the beam of signals handled by phased antenna array  124  and steered in a particular direction at any given time only extends across a small subset of pattern envelope  170 ). 
     The distance of pattern envelope  170  from the center of phased antenna array  124  is indicative of the gain of the phased antenna array at different beam steering angles. As shown by pattern envelope  170 , because phased antenna array  124  is a one-dimensional array having a longitudinal axis aligned with the U-axis of  FIG. 8 , phased antenna array  124  may exhibit a relatively uniform gain across most of the U-W plane above the U-axis (e.g., as characterized by angle C 1  between thresholds  171  beyond which the gain of phased antenna array  124  drops below a predetermined threshold value). 
       FIG. 9  is a side view of the one-dimensional phased antenna array  124  of  FIGS. 7 and 8  (e.g., where the plane of the page in  FIG. 9  lies in the V-W plane of  FIGS. 7 and 8 ). As shown in  FIG. 9 , because phased antenna array  124  is a one-dimensional array having a longitudinal axis aligned perpendicular to the V and W axes of  FIG. 9 , phased antenna array  124  may exhibit a relatively uniform gain across a relatively narrow slice of the V-W plane above the V-axis (e.g., as characterized by angle C 2  between thresholds  173  beyond which the gain of phased antenna array  124  drops below a predetermined threshold value). Angle C 1  of  FIG. 8  and angle C 2  of  FIG. 9  may, for example, characterize the field of view of phased antenna array  124 . As shown in  FIG. 9 , angle C 2  may be less than angle C 1  due to the one-dimensional geometry of phased antenna array  124  in this example (e.g., the field of view of phased antenna array  124  may be relatively narrow when viewed along the longitudinal axis of the phased antenna array but may be relatively wide when viewed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis). 
     The example of  FIGS. 7-9  is merely illustrative. In general, pattern envelope  170  may have any shape (e.g., corresponding to the particular arrangement of millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124 , the materials used to form substrate  160 , the frequency of operation of phased antenna array  124 , etc.). Phased antenna array  60  may include any desired number of millimeter wave antennas  40 M arranged in any desired pattern. 
       FIG. 10  is a top-down of device  10  view showing how non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S and millimeter wave antennas  40 M (e.g., one or more phased antenna arrays  124  of millimeter wave antennas  40 M) may be formed within device  10 . The plane of the page of  FIG. 10  may, for example, lie within the X-Y plane of  FIG. 1 . In the example of  FIG. 10 , the cover layer of display  14  is not shown for the sake of clarity. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , slot  104  of non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S may follow a meandering path and may have edges defined by different conductive electronic device structures. Slot  104  may have a first set of edges (e.g., outer edges) defined by conductive housing sidewalls  12 W and a second set of edges (e.g., inner edges) defined by conductive structures  200 . Conductive structures  200  may, for example, include portions of display  14  ( FIG. 1 ) such as metal portions of a frame or assembly of display  14 , touch sensor electrodes within display  14 , portions of a near field communications antenna embedded within display  14 , ground plane structures within display  14 , a metal back plate for display  14 , or other conductive structures on or in display  14 . Conductive structures  200  may sometimes be referred to herein as conductive display structures  200  or conductive display module structures  200 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 10 , slot  104  follows a meandering path and has a first segment  210  between edge the left conductive housing sidewall  12 W and conductive display structures  200 , a second segment  212  between the top conductive housing sidewall  12 W and conductive display structures  200 , a third segment  214  between the right conductive housing sidewall  12 W and conductive display structures  200 , and a fourth segment  216  between the bottom conductive housing sidewall  12 W and conductive display structures  200 . Segments  210  and  214  may extend along parallel longitudinal axes. Segments  212  and  216  may extend between ends of segments  210  and  214  (e.g., along parallel longitudinal axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of segments  210  and  214 ). In this way, slot  104  may be an elongated slot that extends between conductive display structures  200  and multiple conductive housing sidewalls  12 W (e.g., to maximize the length of slot  104  for covering relatively low frequency bands such as non-millimeter wave frequency bands using non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S, where the perimeter of slot  104  is given by sum of the lengths of the edges of slot  104  that are defined by conductive housing sidewalls  12 W and conductive display structures  200 ). Harmonic modes of slot  104  and/or tuning circuitry such as adjustable matching circuitry coupled to antenna feed  100  or elsewhere on non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S may allow non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S to concurrently cover multiple frequency bands below 10 GHz (e.g., a cellular telephone frequency band, a wireless local area network frequency band, and/or a GPS frequency band). 
     The example of  FIG. 10  is merely illustrative. If desired, conductive structures (not shown) may bridge width W of slot  104  at one or more locations along the length of slot  104  to shorten the perimeter of slot  104  (e.g., to tune the frequency coverage of non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S). The conductive structures may, if desired, be shorted to conductive housing sidewalls  12 W and/or conductive display structures  200 . 
     Non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S may be fed using antenna feed  100  coupled across width W of slot  104 . In the example of  FIG. 10 , antenna feed  100  is coupled across segment  212  of slot  104 . This is merely illustrative and, if desired, feed  100  may be coupled across segments  210 ,  214 , or  216  of slot  104 . Ground feed terminal  98  of antenna feed  100  may be coupled to a given conductive housing sidewall  12 W and positive feed terminal  96  of antenna feed  100  may be coupled to conductive display structures  200 . This is merely illustrative and, if desired, ground feed terminal  98  of antenna feed  100  may be coupled to conductive display structures  200  and positive feed terminal  96  of antenna feed  100  may be coupled to a given conductive housing sidewall  12 W. 
     Antenna feed  100  may convey antenna currents at non-millimeter wave frequencies below 10 GHz around the perimeter of slot  104  (e.g., over conductive housing sidewalls  12 W and conductive display structures  200 ). The antenna currents may generate corresponding radio-frequency signals that are transmitted by non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S or may be generated in response to corresponding radio-frequency signals received by non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S from external equipment. 
     Slot  104  may have a uniform width W along its length or may have different widths along its length. If desired, width W may be adjusted to tweak the bandwidth of non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S. As an example, width W may be between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm. Slot  104  may have other shapes if desired (e.g., shapes with more than three segments extending along respective longitudinal axes, fewer than three segments, curved edges, etc.). 
     In order to optimize space consumption within device  10 , one or more phased antenna arrays  124  of  FIGS. 5-9  for handling millimeter and centimeter wave communications may be co-located with or adjacent to non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S. As shown in  FIG. 10 , one or more phased antenna arrays  124  (e.g., one-dimensional phased antenna arrays  124  of millimeter wave antennas  40 M as shown in  FIG. 7 ) may be formed within slot  104  of non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S, as shown by dashed regions  204  (e.g., first dashed region  204 - 1  in segment  210  of slot  104 , second dashed region  204 - 2  in segment  216  of slot  104 , third dashed region  204 - 3  in segment  214  of slot  104 , or fourth dashed region  204 - 4  in segment  212  of slot  104 ). 
     For example, electronic device  10  may include a single phased antenna array  124  located in one of regions  204 - 1 ,  204 - 2 ,  204 - 3 , or  204 - 4  or may include two or more phased antenna arrays  124  located in two or more of regions  204 - 1 ,  204 - 2 ,  204 - 3 , and  204 - 4 . If desired, more than one phased antenna array  124  may be located within a given region  204 . Implementing phased antenna arrays  124  as one-dimensional arrays may allow antenna arrays  124  to fit within width W of slot  104  (e.g., without millimeter wave antennas  40 M being blocked by conductive display structures  200  or conductive housing sidewalls  12 W). The longitudinal axis of phased antenna array  124  may be parallel to (e.g., aligned with) the longitudinal axis of the segment of slot  104  in which the phased antenna array is located, for example. 
     If desired, one or more phased antenna arrays  124  may be located behind conductive display structures  200 , as shown by dashed region  220 . In general, the conductive material in conductive display structures  200  may be opaque to radio-frequency signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies. If care is not taken, conductive display structures  200  may prevent transmission of radio-frequency signals to the exterior of device  10  display  14  by a phased antenna array  124  mounted behind conductive display structures  200  in region  220 . 
     In order to allow millimeter wave signals transmitted by a phased antenna array  124  mounted in region  220  to be conveyed through display  14 , conductive display structures  200  may include an electromagnetic filter such as a frequency selective filter that passes electromagnetic signals at some radio-frequencies (e.g., within a pass band of the filter) and that blocks electromagnetic signals at other frequencies (e.g., outside of the pass band of the filter). The frequency selective filter may, for example, be a spatial filter that includes conductive structures that are arranged in a periodic manner that defines the pass band of the filter (e.g., to allow transmission of electromagnetic signals within the pass band while blocking electromagnetic signals outside of the pass band). In scenarios where the frequency selective filter is formed using a single layer of conductive material in conductive display structures  200 , the frequency selective filter may sometimes be referred to herein as a frequency selective surface (FSS). 
     In this way, the filter may effectively form an antenna window in conductive display structures  200  and thus display  14  that is transparent at the frequencies of operation of phased antenna array  124  (e.g., an antenna window that is transparent to radio-frequency signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz). A phased antenna array  124  within region  220  may thereby convey radio-frequency signals through conductive display structures  200  via the filter. The portion of conductive display structures  200  that laterally surrounds the filter (e.g., that laterally surrounds region  220 ) may remain opaque to radio-frequency signals handled by phased antenna array  124 . 
     If desired, a dielectric window such as dielectric window  202  may be formed in a given conductive housing sidewall  12 W. Dielectric window  202  may be formed from plastic, glass, sapphire, ceramic, or any other desired dielectric material. One or more phased antenna arrays  124  may be located on or within dielectric window  202  within region  218 . For example, a phased antenna array  124  may be mounted to an inner surface of dielectric window  202  or may be embedded within dielectric window  202 . When aligned in this way, the phased antenna array may convey radio-frequency signals at millimeter or centimeter wave frequencies through dielectric window  202 . Dielectric window  202  may be formed within other conductive housing sidewalls  12 W if desired. Additional dielectric windows may be formed in the other conductive housing sidewalls  12 W if desired (e.g., device  10  may include any desired number of dielectric windows in conductive housing sidewalls  12 W). 
     The example of  FIG. 10  is merely illustrative. Device  10  may have any desired shape or profile. In general, one or more one-dimensional phased antenna arrays  124  may be located within one or more of regions  204 - 1 ,  204 - 2 ,  204 - 3 ,  204 - 4 ,  220 , and  218  of  FIG. 10 . Forming phased antenna arrays  124  at locations such as these may allow the phased antenna arrays to perform spatial ranging operations by transmitting and receiving radio-frequency signals at millimeter wave frequencies through the front face of device  10  and/or through one or more conductive housing sidewalls  12 W of device  10  while also optimizing space consumption within device  10  and without sacrificing radio-frequency performance for non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S. Additional dielectric windows  202  may be formed in one or more of the other conductive housing sidewalls  12 W of device  10  for corresponding phased antenna arrays  124  if desired. Forming multiple phased antenna arrays  124  at multiple locations within device  10  may, for example, allow for greater spatial coverage around device  10  for performing spatial ranging operations than in scenarios where only one phased antenna array  124  is used. 
       FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional side view of electronic device  10  showing how phased antenna arrays  124  may be located within different regions such as regions  220 ,  204 - 2 , and  218  of  FIG. 10  (e.g., as taken in the direction of arrow  230  of  FIG. 10 ). As shown in  FIG. 11 , display  14  may include a display module  239  (sometimes referred to herein as display stack  239 , display assembly  239 , or active area  239  of display  14 ) and a display cover layer  248 . 
     Display module  239  may, for example, form an active area or portion of display  14  that displays images and/or receives touch sensor input. The lateral portion of display  14  that does not include display module  239  (e.g., portions of display  14  formed from display cover layer  248  but without an underlying portion of display module  239 ) may sometimes be referred to herein as the inactive area or portion of display  14  because this portion of display  14  does not display images or gather touch sensor input. 
     Display module  239  may include conductive components (e.g., conductive components in conductive display structures  200  of  FIG. 10 ) that are used in forming a portion of non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S. The conductive components in display module  239  may, for example, have planar shapes (e.g., planar rectangular shapes, planar circular shapes, etc.) and may be formed from metal and/or other conductive material that carries antenna currents. The thin planar shapes of these components and the stacked configuration of  FIG. 11  may, for example, capacitively couple these components to each other so that they may operate together at radio frequencies to form conductive display structures  200  of  FIG. 10  (e.g., to effectively/electrically form a single conductor). 
     The components that form conductive display structures  200  of  FIG. 10  may include, for example, planar components on one or more display layers in display module  239  such as a first display layer  240 , a second display layer  242 , a third display layer  246 , or other desired layers. As one example, display layer  246  may form a touch sensor for display  14 , display layer  242  may form a display panel (sometimes referred to as a display, display layer, or pixel array) for display  14 , and display layer  240  may form a near-field communications antenna for device  10  and/or other circuitry for supporting near-field communications (e.g., at 13.56 MHz). The touch sensor formed from display layer  246  may be a capacitive touch sensor and may be formed from a polyimide substrate or other flexible polymer layer with transparent capacitive touch sensor electrodes (e.g., indium tin oxide electrodes), for example. The display panel formed from display layer  242  may be an organic light-emitting diode display layer or other suitable display layer. The near-field communications antenna formed from display layer  240  may be formed from a flexible layer that includes a magnetic shielding material (e.g., a ferrite layer or other magnetic shielding layer) and that includes loops of metal traces. If desired, a conductive back plate, metal shielding cans or layers, and/or a conductive display frame may be formed under and/or around display layer  240  and may provide structural support and/or a grounding reference for the components of display module  239 . 
     Conductive material in layers  240 ,  242 , and  246 , a conductive back plate for display  14 , conductive shielding layers, conductive shielding cans, and/or a conductive frame for display  14  may be used in forming conductive display structures  200  defining slot  104  of non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S, for example. This and/or other conductive material in display  14  used to form conductive display structures  200  may be coupled together using conductive traces, vertical conductive interconnects or other conductive interconnects, and/or via capacitive coupling, for example. 
     Display cover layer  248  may be formed from an optically transparent dielectric such as glass, sapphire, ceramic, or plastic. Display module  239  may display images (e.g., emit image light) through display cover layer  248  for view by a user and/or may gather touch or force sensor inputs through display cover layer  248 . If desired, portions of display cover layer  248  may be provided with opaque masking layers (e.g., ink masking layers) and/or pigment to obscure interior  258  of device  10  from view of the user. Other components  256  such as a main logic board may be located within interior  258  of device  10 . 
     Segment  216  of slot  104  for non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S may be defined between conductive housing sidewall  12 W and conductive display structures  200  within display module  239  and may have a longitudinal axis that extends parallel to the Y-axis of  FIG. 11 . Slot  104  (e.g., non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S as shown in  FIG. 10 ) may be used to transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in WLAN and/or WPAN bands at 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz, in cellular telephone bands between 1.7 GHz and 2.2 GHz, in satellite navigation bands at 1.5 GHz, and/or other desired frequency bands. Additional antennas may also be provided in device  10  to handle these frequency bands and/or other frequency bands. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , a phased antenna array  124  such as phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be mounted within region  204 - 2 . Region  204 - 2  may lie within segment  216  of slot  104  for non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S. Phased antenna array  124 - 2  may, for example, be a one-dimensional array (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 7-9 ) that has a longitudinal axis that extends parallel to the Y-axis of  FIG. 11  and parallel to the longitudinal axis of segment  216  of slot  104  (e.g., as shown by region  204 - 2  in  FIG. 10 ). 
     If desired, phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be located adjacent to display cover layer  248  (e.g., may be separated from display cover layer  248  by a gap). In this scenario, millimeter wave antennas  40 M on phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be interposed between substrate  160  and display cover layer  248  or substrate  160  may be interposed between millimeter wave antennas  40 M on phased antenna array  124 - 2  and display cover layer  248  (e.g., phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be flipped with respect to the orientation shown in  FIG. 11 ). 
     In another suitable arrangement, phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be in contact with the interior surface of display cover layer  248  (e.g., other structures may bias or press phased antenna array  124 - 2  against the interior surface of display cover layer  248  or an opaque masking layer on display cover layer  248  and/or phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be attached to the interior surface of display cover layer  248  or an opaque masking layer on display cover layer  248  using adhesive). In this scenario, substrate  160  of phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be attached to (e.g., in direct contact with) display cover layer  248  or an opaque masking layer on display cover layer  248  (e.g., substrate  160  may be interposed between millimeter wave antennas  40 M and display cover layer  248 ) or millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be attached to display cover layer  248  or an opaque masking layer on display cover layer  248  (e.g., millimeter wave antennas  40 M may be interposed between substrate  160  and display cover layer  248 ). If desired, substrate  160  may be omitted and millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be mounted directly onto (e.g., printed onto) display cover layer  248  (e.g., display cover layer  248  may serve as a substrate for millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124 - 2 ). 
     In another suitable arrangement, phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be embedded (e.g., molded) within display cover layer  248  as shown by dashed region  252 . In this scenario, millimeter wave antennas  40 M and substrate  160  of phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be embedded within region  252  of display cover layer  248  or millimeter wave antennas  40 M may be embedded within region  252  of display cover layer  248  without substrate  160  (e.g., display cover layer  248  may serve as the substrate for millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124 - 2 ). If desired, combinations of these arrangements may be used. For example, different portions of phased antenna array  124 - 2  may be in direct contact with a surface of display cover layer  248 , separated from display cover layer  248  by a gap, and/or embedded within display cover layer  248 . 
     Phased antenna array  124 - 2  may transmit radio-frequency signals  262  through display cover layer  248  at millimeter or centimeter wave frequencies for performing spatial ranging operations. Phased antenna array  124 - 2  may receive radio-frequency signals  264  through display cover layer  248  at millimeter or centimeter wave frequencies that are a reflected version of transmitted radio-frequency signals  262  that have reflected off of an external object within the field of view of phased antenna array  124 - 2 . Radio-frequency signals  262  and  264  may be used by millimeter wave circuitry  28  and/or control circuitry  20  ( FIG. 2 ) to detect a range to the external object through display cover layer  248 , for example. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , dielectric window  202  may be formed in conductive housing sidewall  12 W. Dielectric window  202  may extend across some or all of the height of conductive housing sidewall  12 W (e.g., in the direction of the Z-axis of  FIG. 11 ). A phased antenna array  124  such as phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be mounted within region  218 . Phased antenna array  124 - 2  may, for example, be a one-dimensional array (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 7-9 ) that has a longitudinal axis that extends parallel to the Y-axis of  FIG. 11  and parallel to the longitudinal axis of region  218  as shown in  FIG. 10 . Dielectric window  202  may be covered with an opaque masking layer such as an ink layer, may be pigmented, or may be formed from an optically opaque dielectric material such as ceramic to obscure interior  258  of device  10  from view. 
     If desired, phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be located adjacent to dielectric window  202  (e.g., may be separated from dielectric window  202  by a gap). In this scenario, millimeter wave antennas  40 M on phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be interposed between substrate  160  and dielectric window  202  or substrate  160  may be interposed between millimeter wave antennas  40 M on phased antenna array  124 - 3  and dielectric window  202  (e.g., phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be flipped with respect to the orientation shown in  FIG. 11 ). 
     In another suitable arrangement, phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be in contact with the interior surface of dielectric window  202  (e.g., other structures may bias or press phased antenna array  124 - 3  against the interior surface of dielectric window  202  or an opaque masking layer on dielectric window  202  and/or phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be attached to the interior surface of dielectric window  202  or an opaque masking layer on dielectric window  202  using adhesive). In this scenario, substrate  160  of phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be attached to (e.g., in direct contact with) dielectric window  202  or an opaque masking layer on dielectric window  202  (e.g., substrate  160  may be interposed between millimeter wave antennas  40 M of phased antenna array  124 - 3  and dielectric window  202 ) or millimeter wave antennas  40 M may be attached to dielectric window  202  or an opaque masking layer on dielectric window  202  (e.g., millimeter wave antennas  40 M of phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be interposed between substrate  160  and display cover layer  248 ). If desired, substrate  160  may be omitted and millimeter wave antennas  40 M of phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be mounted directly onto (e.g., printed onto) dielectric window  202  (e.g., dielectric window  202  may serve as a substrate for millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124 - 3 ). 
     In another suitable arrangement, phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be embedded (e.g., molded) within dielectric window  202  as shown by dashed region  254 . In this scenario, millimeter wave antennas  40 M and substrate  160  of phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be embedded within region  254  of dielectric window  202  or millimeter wave antennas  40 M may be embedded within region  254  of dielectric window  202  without substrate  160  (e.g., dielectric window  202  may serve as the substrate for millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124 - 3 ). If desired, combinations of these arrangements may be used. For example, different portions of phased antenna array  124 - 3  may be in direct contact with a surface of display cover layer  248 , separated from dielectric window  202  by a gap, and/or embedded within dielectric window  202 . 
     Phased antenna array  124 - 3  may transmit radio-frequency signals  266  through dielectric window  202  at millimeter or centimeter wave frequencies for performing spatial ranging operations. Phased antenna array  124 - 3  may receive radio-frequency signals  266  through dielectric window  202  at millimeter or centimeter wave frequencies that are a reflected version of transmitted radio-frequency signals  266  that have reflected off of an external object within the field of view of phased antenna array  124 - 3 . Radio-frequency signals  266  and  268  may be used by millimeter wave circuitry  28  and/or control circuitry  20  ( FIG. 2 ) to detect a range to the external object through dielectric window  202 , for example. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , a phased antenna array  124  such as phased antenna array  124 - 1  may be mounted within region  220  behind display module  239 . Phased antenna array  124 - 1  may, for example, be a one-dimensional array (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 7-9 ) that has a longitudinal axis that extends parallel to the Y-axis of  FIG. 11 . 
     If desired, phased antenna array  124 - 1  may be located adjacent to the bottom surface of display module  239  (e.g., may be separated from display module  239  by a gap). In this scenario, millimeter wave antennas  40 M on phased antenna array  124 - 1  may be interposed between substrate  160  and display module  239  or substrate  160  may be interposed between millimeter wave antennas  40 M on phased antenna array  124 - 1  and display module  239  (e.g., phased antenna array  124 - 1  may be flipped with respect to the orientation shown in  FIG. 11 ). 
     In another suitable arrangement, phased antenna array  124 - 1  may be in contact with the bottom surface of display module  239  (e.g., other structures may bias or press phased antenna array  124 - 1  against the bottom surface of display module  239  and/or phased antenna array  124 - 1  may be attached to the bottom surface of display module  239  using adhesive). In this scenario, substrate  160  of phased antenna array  124 - 1  may be attached to (e.g., in direct contact with) display module  239  (e.g., substrate  160  may be interposed between millimeter wave antennas  40 M of phased antenna array  124 - 1  and display module  239 ) or millimeter wave antennas  40 M may be attached to display module  239  (e.g., millimeter wave antennas  40 M of phased antenna array  124 - 1  may be interposed between substrate  160  and display module  239 ). If desired, substrate  160  may be omitted and millimeter wave antennas  40 M of phased antenna array  124 - 1  may be mounted directly onto (e.g., printed onto) a dielectric portion of display module  239  (e.g., portions of display module  239  may serve as a substrate for millimeter wave antennas  40 M in phased antenna array  124 - 1 ). 
     If care is not taken, the conductive material in display module  239  may block radio-frequency signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies from being conveyed to/from phased antenna array  124 - 1 . In order to allow radio-frequency signals handled by phased antenna array  124 - 1  to be conveyed through display module  239 , a filter such as frequency selective filter  250  may be formed within region  220  of display module  239  (e.g., on one or more display layers of display module  239  such as display layers  240 ,  242 ,  246 , or other layers). 
     Frequency selective filter  250  may pass electromagnetic signals at some radio-frequencies (e.g., frequencies within a pass band of the filter) and may block electromagnetic signals at other frequencies (e.g., frequencies outside of the pass band of the filter). Frequency selective filter  250  may, for example, be a spatial filter that includes conductive structures (e.g., conductive patches) that are separated by dielectric slots and that are arranged with a periodicity that defines the pass band of the filter. In scenarios where the frequency selective filter is formed using a single layer of conductive material in display module  239 , the frequency selective filter may sometimes be referred to herein as a frequency selective surface (FSS). 
     If desired, filter may be formed using multiple conductive layers in display module  239  (e.g., multiple vertically-stacked frequency selective surfaces such as multiple arrays of vertically-stacked conductive patches separated by slots). In scenarios where filter  250  is formed from multiple arrays of vertically-stacked conductive patches separated by slots, the slots may be narrow enough so as not to be visible to a user of device  10  when viewing display  14  at a typical viewing distance, if desired (e.g., the slots may have a width that is 200 microns or less). 
     Filter  250  may be formed within conductive layers of display module  239  that would otherwise block radio-frequency signals handled by phased antenna array  124 - 1 . The pass band of filter  250  may be aligned with frequency bands of operation of phased antenna array  124 - 1  (e.g., frequency bands between 10 GHz and 300 GHz) so that filter  250  forms a transparent window in display module  239  for phased antenna array  124 - 1 . In this way, phased antenna array  124 - 1  may transmit radio-frequency signals  259  through display module  239  via filter  250  at millimeter or centimeter wave frequencies for performing spatial ranging operations. Phased antenna array  124 - 1  may receive radio-frequency signals  260  through filter  250  at millimeter or centimeter wave frequencies that are a reflected version of transmitted radio-frequency signals  259  that have reflected off of an external object within the field of view of phased antenna array  124 - 1 . Radio-frequency signals  259  and  260  may be used by millimeter wave circuitry  28  and/or control circuitry  20  ( FIG. 2 ) to detect a range to the external object through display module  239  and display cover layer  248 , for example. 
     The example of  FIG. 11  is merely illustrative. Device  10  may have any desired shape or profile. In general, phased antenna arrays  124  may be omitted within regions  218 ,  204 - 2 , and  220  and may be formed elsewhere on device  10  (e.g., within regions  204 - 1 ,  204 - 4 , or  204 - 3  of  FIG. 10  or elsewhere in device  10 ). Phased antenna arrays  124  may be formed at locations in each of regions  218 ,  204 - 2 , and  220  of  FIG. 11  (e.g., to allow for greater coverage at all angles around device  10  such as through the sidewalls of device  10  and through the front face of device  10 ) or one or more of phased antenna arrays  124 - 1 ,  124 - 2 , and  124 - 3  may be omitted (e.g., to minimize space consumption within device  10  by the phased antenna arrays). 
       FIG. 12  is a flow chart of illustrative steps that may be performed by electronic device  10  to perform spatial ranging operations using radio-frequency signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz conveyed by one or more phased antenna arrays  124 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , at optional step  300 , device  10  may begin gathering sensor data using sensors in input-output devices  24  of  FIG. 2 . For example, device  10  may begin using light sensors (e.g., infrared light sensors, visible light sensors, etc.) to gather light sensor data (e.g., visible and/or infrared image data, ambient light sensor data, etc.), motion sensors (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes, inertial sensors, etc.) to gather motion sensor data (e.g., information about how device  10  is being physically moved over time), capacitance sensors that gather capacitive sensor data, proximity sensors that gather proximity sensor data, magnetic sensors that gather magnetic sensor data, force sensors (e.g., force sensors coupled to a display to detect pressure applied to the display), etc. 
     At step  302 , control circuitry  20  on device  10  ( FIG. 2 ) may identify a trigger to begin spatial ranging operations using millimeter and/or centimeter wave signals. The trigger be, for example, a software event or trigger that is identified by a software application or operating system running on control circuitry  20 , a user input (e.g., when a user turns on spatial ranging functionality of device  10  using a software tool running on control circuitry  20 ), etc. 
     Once the trigger has been identified (detected), at step  304 , millimeter wave circuitry  28  ( FIG. 6 ) may begin transmitting radio-frequency signals at a frequency greater than 10 GHz over one or more phased antenna arrays  124  (e.g., one or more phased antenna arrays  124  located at different locations on device  10  such as within regions  204 - 1 ,  204 - 2 ,  204 - 3 ,  204 - 4 ,  220 , and/or  218  of  FIG. 10  or other locations). Millimeter wave circuitry  28  may generate the radio-frequency signals as a predetermined series of pulses according to a RADAR protocol or other range and object detection protocol if desired. While the radio-frequency signals transmitted by millimeter wave circuitry  28  may include millimeter wave and centimeter wave signals, the radio-frequency signals transmitted by millimeter wave circuitry  28  may sometimes be referred to herein as transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals. 
     At step  306 , millimeter wave circuitry  28  ( FIG. 6 ) may receive a reflected version of the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals using the one or more phased antenna arrays  124  that transmitted the millimeter wave ranging signals (e.g., while processing step  304 ). The reflected version of the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals may, for example, be reflected off of an external object within the field of view of one or more phased antenna arrays  124 . 
     At step  308 , millimeter wave circuitry  28  and/or control circuitry  20  ( FIG. 2 ) may process the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals and the reflected version of the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals to generate processed data. For example, control circuitry  20  may identify known sequences of pulses from the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals in the reflected versions of the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals. Control circuitry  20  may compare timing information between the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals and the received millimeter wave ranging signals to generate range data associated with an external object. The range data may, for example, be indicative of a range between device  10  and the external object (e.g., the external object that reflected the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals back towards device  10 ). In another suitable arrangement, control circuitry  20  may identify location information indicative of a relative location of device  10  within its environment based on the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals and the received reflected version of the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals. In yet another suitable arrangement, control circuitry  20  may perform external object detection or tracking to identify the presence or track the location of an external object in the vicinity of device  10 . If desired, control circuitry  20  may track the distance between device  10  and many external objects in the surroundings of device  10  using the transmitted and received reflected ranging signals over time (e.g., to track the location of device  10  with respect to its surroundings over time). These examples are merely illustrative and, in general, control circuitry  20  may generate any desired processed data based on the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals and the received reflected version of the transmitted millimeter wave ranging signals. 
     At step  310 , control circuitry  20  may determine (detect) whether a predetermined spatial event has occurred based on the processed data (e.g., as generated while processing step  308 ) and/or based on gathered sensor data (e.g., as initiated while processing step  300 ). The predetermined spatial even may, for example, be when an external object approaches device  10  within a predetermined distance, when an external object approaches device  10  at an excessive speed, when device  10  enters or exits a predetermined spatial location relative to its surroundings, when a user of device  10  performs a predetermined physical action, when device  10  moves beyond a predetermined distance from an external object, or any other desired event associated with motion of device  10  or the location of device  10 . 
     In scenarios where sensor data is also used for processing step  310 , the sensor data may be used to filter the processed data gathered at step  308  to help to identify the predetermined spatial event if desired. In one example, the predetermined spatial event may be a fall event that occurs when a user who is wearing device  10  falls down. The sensor data may include orientation sensor data, proximity sensor data, and/or accelerometer data that may be used to distinguish between the user falling down and other scenarios where the user&#39;s wrist merely approaches an external object (e.g., such as when the user moves their arm close to a wall or other object). In another example, the predetermined spatial event may be when a user who is wearing device  10  exits a predefined spatial area and the sensor data may be used to distinguish this event from the user merely moving their wrist while wearing device  10 . In yet another example, the predetermined spatial event may be when a particular object is detected within the field of view of one or more phased antenna arrays  124 . These examples are merely illustrative and, in general, any desired combination of the processed data and sensor data may be used for identifying any desired spatial event associated with the positioning of device  10  relative to external objects. 
     If no predetermined spatial event is detected while processing step  310 , processing may loop back to step  302  as shown by path  314 . Device  10  may continue to perform spatial ranging operations until an event is detected or until control circuitry  20  controls device  10  to cease performing spatial ranging operations. If a predetermined spatial event is detected, processing may proceed to step  312  as shown by path  316 . 
     At step  312 , device  10  may take appropriate action in response to detecting the predetermined spatial event. For example, device  10  may issue an alert to a user (e.g., an audio alert using a speaker, a haptic alert using a vibrator or other haptic engine, and/or a visual alert using display  14  or other light emitting components on device  10 ), may issue an alert to another person or entity (e.g., by transmitting a text message, email message, or other wireless message or notification to another electronic device external to device  10 ), or may perform any other desired operation. Such an alert may serve as a warning to the user that an external object such as a wall or other obstacle is approaching the user (e.g., for visually-impaired users) or a warning to others about the user, for example. 
     The example of  FIG. 12  is merely illustrative. If desired, step  300  may be performed concurrently with, before, or after steps  302 ,  304 ,  306 , or  308 . If desired, electronic device  10  may perform steps  304 - 308  using one or more phased antenna arrays  124  and beams of radio-frequency signals oriented (steered) in one or more directions. For example, if desired, phased antenna arrays  124  may perform beam steering operations to sweep the beam over multiple angles (e.g., all possible angles within the field of view of the phased antenna arrays) and may transmit and receive millimeter wave ranging signals over these angles for performing spatial ranging operations (e.g., to determine range information for external objects located on all sides of device  10 ). Other ranging operations may be performed if desired. 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram showing how device  10  may use millimeter wave ranging signals to identify a range between device  10  and an external object and to issue an alert in response to a predetermined spatial event. As shown in  FIG. 13 , at an initial time, device  10  may be located at a first distance from an external object  320 . Device  10  may use one or more phased antenna arrays to transmit millimeter wave ranging signals  162 . Device  10  may receive a reflected version  164  of transmitted signals  162  that have reflected off of external object  320 . Device  10  may process signals  162  and  164  to identify a distance (range) between device  10  and external object  320 . 
     At a later time, device  10  may move closer to external object  320 , as shown by arrow  322 . Device  10  may again transmit millimeter wave ranging signals  162  and receive reflected version  164  of transmitted signals  162  that have reflected off of external object  320 . Device  10  may process signals  162  and  164  to identify the new range between device  10  and external object  320 . Device  10  may continually process this range information to determine whether a predetermined spatial event has occurred (e.g., while processing step  310  of  FIG. 12 ). For example, device  10  may compare the range to a predetermined minimum threshold range. In response to determining that external object  320  has moved closer to device  10  than the predetermined minimum threshold range, device  10  may issue an alert  324 . 
     Alert  324  may, for example, include an audio or haptic warning to the user of device  10  (e.g., a user who is wearing device  10  on their wrist) to warn the user that object  320  has approached the user. Other sensor data may be combined with the range data in determining whether to issue alert  324  if desired. In another suitable arrangement, alert  324  may be a radio-frequency signal that is sent to an external device (e.g., using a WLAN, WPAN, or cellular telephone link and non-millimeter wave antenna  40 S) to notify the external device that object  320  has passed within the predetermined minimum threshold range. The example of  FIG. 13  is merely illustrative and, in general, any desired spatial event may be monitored using millimeter wave ranging signals  162 . In this way, device  10  may continually track the distance between device  10  and its surroundings using millimeter wave signals transmitted by one or more phased antenna arrays  124  that are co-located or located adjacent to other non-millimeter wave antennas such as antenna  40 S of  FIG. 10 , thereby optimizing space consumption within device  10 . 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made to the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20180221
Publication Date: 20210119
Grant Date: 20210119
Priority Date: 20180221
Inventors: NATH, JAYESH
PAULOTTO, Simone
Martinis, Mario
DA COSTA BRAS LIMA, EDUARDO JORGE
Ruaro, Andrea
DI NALLO, CARLO
MOW, MATTHEW A.
PASCOLINI, MATTIA
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04B1/40", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q13/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/50", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/242", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S13/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/0064", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/22", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/041", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G17/045", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S7/006", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S2013/0245", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S7/006", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S13/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S19/13", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S7/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S2013/0245", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/064", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q3/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S13/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/273", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S2013/0254", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S13/08", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S7/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S2013/0254", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S2013/0245", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S13/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S13/08", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S19/13", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S7/006", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 67617803