PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9886141-B2
Application Number: US-201314082003-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Mutual and self capacitance touch measurements in touch panel

Abstract:
A touch panel capable of measuring both mutual and self capacitance is disclosed. The touch panel can measure self capacitance and mutual capacitance at various electrode patterns and, based on the self capacitance measurements, the mutual capacitance measurements, or both, calculate a touch signal indicative of an object touching or hovering over the touch panel. In some examples, the measurements can also be used to determine a correction factor, indicative of an adverse condition at the touch panel, and the correction factor used to correct the touch signal for the adverse condition. The touch panel can have a row-column electrode pattern or a pixelated electrode pattern.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method for measuring mutual and self capacitance at a touch panel comprising:
 measuring mutual and self capacitances at multiple touch node patterns in the touch panel; 
 determining one or more correction factors, the value of each correction factor being a function of both the measured mutual and self capacitances; and 
 calculating a touch signal based on applying the one or more correction factors to the measured mutual or self capacitances, the touch signal indicative of an object proximate to the touch panel. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the touch panel has a row-column electrode configuration, the touch panel including multiple rows of conductive traces and multiple columns of conductive traces, the columns crossing the rows to form mutual capacitances therebetween. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the touch signal comprises a mutual capacitance touch signal. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the measuring comprises:
 simultaneously measuring a first self capacitance of row conductive traces and a second self capacitance of column conductive traces of the touch panel at a first node pattern; 
 measuring a first mutual capacitance between a pair of the row conductive traces at a second node pattern; and 
 measuring a second mutual capacitance between a pair of the column conductive traces at a third node pattern. 
 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the measuring comprises:
 simultaneously measuring a first self capacitance of row conductive traces and a second self capacitance of column conductive traces of the touch panel at a first node pattern; and 
 simultaneously measuring a first mutual capacitance between a pair of the row conductive traces and a second mutual capacitance between a pair of the row and column conductive traces at a second node pattern. 
 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the calculating further comprises:
 calculating the touch signal corrected for at least one of the proximate object being poorly grounded, water on the touch panel, or noise introduced into the touch panel. 
 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the touch panel has a pixelated electrode configuration, the touch panel including an array of electrodes to form self capacitances between the electrodes and the object. 
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the touch signal comprises a self capacitance touch signal. 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the measuring comprises:
 measuring a self capacitance globally from electrodes of the touch panel at a first node pattern; and 
 measuring a mutual capacitance between a pair of the electrodes at a second node pattern. 
 
     
     
       10. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the measuring comprises:
 simultaneously measuring a self capacitance locally from at least one of electrodes of the touch panel and a mutual capacitance between a pair of the electrodes at a first node pattern. 
 
     
     
       11. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the measuring comprises:
 measuring a first self capacitance globally from electrodes of the touch panel at a first node pattern; and 
 measuring a second self capacitance locally from at least one of the electrodes at a second node pattern. 
 
     
     
       12. The method of  claim 1 ,
 wherein the correction factor is applied to the measured mutual or self capacitances to correct for one of a grounding condition of a proximate object, water disposed on the touch panel, or noise introduced into the touch panel. 
 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the determining comprises:
 determining the correction factor based on at least one of a first measurement of a first self capacitance of row conductive traces in the touch panel, a second measurement of a second self capacitance of column conductive traces in the touch panel, a third measurement of a first mutual capacitance between pairs of the row conductive traces, a fourth measurement of a second mutual capacitance between pairs of the column conductive traces, or a fifth measurement of a third mutual capacitance between pairs of the row and column conductive traces. 
 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the determining comprises:
 determining the correction factor based on at least one of a first measurement of a first self capacitance globally from electrodes of the touch panel, a second measurement of a second self capacitance locally from at least one of the electrodes, or a third measurement of a mutual capacitance between a pair of the electrodes. 
 
     
     
       15. A touch device comprising:
 a touch panel having a set of touch nodes capable of measuring a mutual capacitance touch and a self capacitance touch; and 
 a processor capable of
 receiving at least one set of mutual capacitance touch measurements and at least one set of self capacitance touch measurements taken from multiple patterns of the touch nodes, 
 determining one or more correction factors, the value of each correction factor being a function of both the at least one set of mutual capacitance touch measurements and the at least one set of self capacitance touch measurements; and 
 calculating a touch signal at the touch panel based on applying the one or more correction factors to at least one of the set of mutual capacitance touch measurements and the set of self capacitance touch measurements. 
 
 
     
     
       16. The device of  claim 15 , wherein the set of touch nodes comprises:
 multiple rows of conductive traces, each row trace having alternate wide and narrow portions, the wide portions tapering at distal ends to couple to the narrow portions; and 
 multiple columns of conductive traces, each column trace having wide portions tapering at distal ends and bridges connecting the tapered distal ends of the wide portions, 
 wherein the rows and columns cross each other at the narrow portions of the row traces and the bridges of the column traces. 
 
     
     
       17. The device of  claim 15 , wherein a first pattern of the touch nodes comprises rows and columns of conductive traces of the touch panel stimulated simultaneously to provide the set of self capacitance measurements,
 wherein a second pattern of the touch nodes comprises a pair of the row conductive traces, one of the row pair being stimulated to drive the other of the row pair to transmit at least some of the set of mutual capacitance measurements, 
 wherein a third pattern of the touch nodes comprises a pair of the column conductive traces, one of the column pair being stimulated to drive the other of the column pair to transmit at least others of the set of mutual capacitance measurements, and 
 wherein the processor receives the sets of mutual and self capacitance measurements from the first, second, and third patterns of the nodes. 
 
     
     
       18. The device of  claim 15 , wherein the set of touch nodes comprises:
 an array of electrodes, each electrode having shaved corners to provide a distance from another electrode. 
 
     
     
       19. The device of  claim 15 , wherein a first pattern of the touch nodes comprises electrodes of the touch panel stimulated simultaneously to provide the set of self capacitance measurements,
 wherein a second pattern of the touch nodes comprises a first of the electrodes being a drive electrode, a second of the electrodes being a ground electrode, a third of the electrodes being a sense electrode, and a fourth of the electrodes being a ground electrode, the first electrode being stimulated to drive the third electrode to transmit the set of mutual capacitance measurements, and 
 wherein the processor receives the sets of mutual and self capacitance measurements from the first and second patterns of the nodes. 
 
     
     
       20. The device of  claim 15 , wherein a first pattern of the touch nodes comprises a first electrode of the touch panel being a drive electrode, a second electrode being a ground electrode, a third electrode being a sense electrode, and a fourth electrode being a ground electrode, the first electrode being stimulated to provide the set of self capacitance measurements and to drive the third electrode to provide the set of mutual capacitance measurements simultaneously, and
 wherein the processor receives the sets of mutual and self capacitance measurements from the first pattern of the nodes. 
 
     
     
       21. The device of  claim 15 , wherein a first pattern of the touch nodes comprises electrodes of the touch panel stimulated simultaneously to provide some of the set of self capacitance measurements,
 wherein a second pattern of the touch nodes comprises a first of the electrodes being a drive electrode, a second of the electrodes, a third of the electrodes being a ground electrode, and a fourth of the electrodes, the first electrode, second electrode, and fourth electrode being stimulated with stimulation signals, the first electrode being sensed to provide others of the set of self capacitance measurements, and the second electrode and fourth electrode not being sensed, and 
 wherein the processor receives the set of self capacitance measurements from the first and second patterns of the nodes. 
 
     
     
       22. The device of  claim 15  comprising at least one of a mobile phone, a media player, or a portable computer. 
     
     
       23. A method for using mutual and self capacitance measurements at a touch panel, comprising:
 measuring a self capacitance and a mutual capacitance at touch nodes of the touch panel, the measurements indicative of an object proximate to the touch panel; 
 determining one or more correction factors, the value of each correction factor being a function of both the self and mutual capacitance measurements; and 
 calculating a touch signal based on applying the one or more correction factors to the self or mutual capacitance measurements, the touch signal corrected for at least one of a grounding condition of the object, water disposed on the touch panel, or noise introduced into the touch panel.

Description:
FIELD 
     This relates generally to capacitance touch panels and, more specifically, to a touch panel capable of measuring both mutual and self capacitance. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Many types of input devices are presently available for performing operations in a computing system, such as buttons or keys, mice, trackballs, joysticks, touch panels, touch screens and the like. Touch sensitive devices, and touch screens in particular, are quite popular because of their ease and versatility of operation as well as their affordable prices. A touch sensitive device can include a touch panel, which can be a clear panel with a touch sensitive surface, and a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) that can be positioned partially or fully behind the panel so that the touch sensitive surface can cover at least a portion of the viewable area of the display device. The touch sensitive device can allow a user to perform various functions by touching or hovering over the touch panel using a finger, stylus or other object at a location often dictated by a user interface (UI) being displayed by the display device. In general, the touch sensitive device can recognize a touch or hover event and the position of the event on the touch panel, and the computing system can then interpret the event in accordance with the display appearing at the time of the event, and thereafter can perform one or more actions based on the event. 
     In some instances, it can be difficult to distinguish between a touch event and a hover event or between an actual event and a false event. This difficulty can be exacerbated when there are adverse conditions at the touch panel, such as poor grounding of the touching or hovering object, the presence of water droplets on the touch panel, or noise introduced into the touch panel. 
     SUMMARY 
     This relates to measuring both mutual and self capacitance in a touch panel. A method can include measuring self capacitance and mutual capacitance at various electrode patterns of the touch panel and, based on the self capacitance measurements, the mutual capacitance measurements, or both, calculating a touch signal indicative of an object touching or hovering over the touch panel. In some examples, the touch panel can be a row-column electrode pattern. In some examples, the touch panel can have a pixelated electrode pattern. In some examples, the self capacitance measurements, the mutual capacitance measurements, or both can be used to determine a correction factor, indicative of an adverse condition at the touch panel, and the correction factor used to correct the touch signal for the adverse condition. By measuring both mutual and self capacitance, the touch panel can advantageously provide more accurate and faster touch signal detection, as well as power savings, and more robustly adapt to various adverse conditions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary method for measuring mutual and self capacitance in a touch panel according to various examples. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary touch panel with a row-column electrode configuration according to various examples. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary method for measuring mutual and self capacitance from multiple row-column electrode patterns in a touch panel according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 4 through 7  (including  FIGS. 6A and 6B ) illustrate exemplary row-column electrode patterns in a touch panel for measuring mutual and self capacitance according to various examples. 
         FIG. 8A  illustrates another exemplary method for measuring mutual and self capacitance from multiple row-column electrode patterns in a touch panel according to various examples. 
         FIG. 8B  illustrates still another exemplary method for measuring mutual and self capacitance from multiple row-column electrode patterns in a touch panel according to various examples. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary row-column electrode structure in a touch panel on which to measure mutual and self capacitances according to various examples. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary touch panel with a pixelated electrode configuration according to various examples. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an exemplary method for measuring mutual and self capacitance from multiple pixelated electrode patterns in a touch panel according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 12 through 18B  (including  FIG. 18A ) illustrate exemplary pixelated electrode patterns in a touch panel for measuring mutual and self capacitance according to various examples. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates another exemplary method for measuring mutual and self capacitance from multiple pixelated electrode patterns in a touch panel according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 20A and 20B  illustrate other exemplary pixelated electrode patterns in a touch panel for measuring mutual and self capacitance according to various examples. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates an exemplary method for measuring self capacitance from multiple pixelated electrode patterns in a touch panel according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 22 through 25  illustrate exemplary pixelated electrode patterns in a touch panel for measuring self capacitance according to various examples. 
         FIG. 26  illustrates an exemplary pixelated electrode structure in a touch panel on which to measure mutual and self capacitances according to various examples. 
         FIG. 27  illustrates an exemplary system for measuring mutual and self capacitance in a touch panel according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 28 through 30  illustrate exemplary personal devices that can measure mutual and self capacitance in the devices&#39; touch panels according to various examples. 
         FIG. 31  illustrates exemplary touch and water scenarios on a touch panel that can affect touch signals according to various examples. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description of the disclosure and examples, reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which it is shown by way of illustration specific examples that can be practiced. It is to be understood that other examples can be practiced and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. 
     This relates to measuring both mutual and self capacitance in a touch panel. A method can include measuring self capacitance and mutual capacitance at various electrode patterns of the touch panel and, based on the self capacitance measurements, the mutual capacitance measurements, or both, calculating a touch signal indicative of an object touching or hovering over the touch panel. In some examples, the measurements can be used to determine a correction factor, indicative of an adverse condition at the touch panel, and the correction factor used to correct the touch signal for the adverse condition. By measuring both mutual and self capacitance, the touch panel can advantageously provide more accurate and faster touch signal detection, as well as power savings, and more robustly adapt to various adverse conditions. 
     The ability to measure both mutual and self capacitance can advantageously provide more accurate and faster touch signal detection, as well as power savings, by not having to repeat ambiguous or poor signals. Additionally, a touch panel can more robustly adapt to various adverse conditions. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary method for measuring both mutual and self capacitance in a touch panel of a touch sensitive device. In the example of  FIG. 1 , self capacitance and mutual capacitance at various electrode patterns of the panel can be measured ( 120 ). Based on the self capacitance measurements, the mutual capacitance measurements, or both, a touch signal can be calculated indicative of a proximate object (i.e., a touching or hovering object) ( 140 ). Several variations of this method will be described in more detail below. 
     In some examples, the self and mutual capacitance measurements can be indicative of an adverse condition at the touch panel, e.g., a poorly grounded object touching or hovering over the panel, water droplets on the panel, or noise introduced into the panel. Accordingly, the measurements can also be used to determine a correction factor for the touch signal and the correction factor used to calculate the touch signal corrected for the adverse condition. 
     One type of touch panel can have a row-column electrode pattern.  FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary row-column electrode touch panel. In the example of  FIG. 2 , touch panel  200  can include an array of touch nodes  206  formed at the crossing points of row conductive traces  201  and column conductive traces  202 , although it should be understood that other node configurations can be employed. Each touch node  206  can have an associated mutual capacitance Cm formed between the crossing row traces  201  and column traces  202 . 
     When a well-grounded user&#39;s finger (or other object) touches or hovers over the panel  200 , the finger can cause the capacitance Cm to reduce by an amount ΔCm at the touch location. This capacitance change ΔCm can be caused by charge or current from a stimulated row trace  201  being shunted through the touching (or hovering) finger to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing column trace  202  at the touch location. Touch signals representative of the capacitance change ΔCm can be transmitted by the column traces  202  to sense circuitry (not shown) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch node  206  where the touch occurred and the amount of touch that occurred at that node location. 
     However, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , when a poorly grounded user&#39;s finger (or other object) touches or hovers over the panel  200 , the finger can form one or more secondary capacitive paths back into the panel rather than to ground. In this example, the finger can be within detectable distance of two touch nodes  206 , one node formed by the first row r 1  and first column c 1  and the other node formed by the second row r 2  and second column c 2 . A finger capacitance Cr 1  to the row trace r 1 , a finger capacitance Cc 1  to the column trace c 1 , and a finger capacitance Cg to user ground can form one secondary path for coupling charge from stimulated row trace r 1  back into the panel via column trace c 1 . Similarly, a finger capacitance Cr 2  to the row trace r 2 , a finger capacitance Cc 2  to the column trace c 2 , and a finger capacitance Cg to user ground can form another secondary path. As a result, instead of the capacitance Cm of the touch node at the touch location being reduced by ΔCm, Cm may only be reduced by (ΔCm−Cneg), where Cneg can represent a so-called “negative capacitance” resulting from the charge coupled into the crossing column trace due to the finger&#39;s poor grounding. The touch signals can still generally indicate the touch node  206  where the touch occurred, but with an indication of a lesser amount of touch than actually occurred. 
     Accordingly, detecting the negative capacitance and correcting the touch signals for the negative capacitance, using mutual and/or self capacitances measurements, can improve touch detection of the touch panel in poor user grounding conditions. Similar improvements can be realized for other adverse conditions. OK 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary method for measuring both mutual and self capacitance in the row-column touch panel of  FIG. 2 . In the example of  FIG. 3 , a touch panel can capture self and mutual capacitances at various row-column electrode patterns in the panel and calculate a touch signal using the captured measurements. Accordingly, the panel can measure self capacitances Xr, Xc of the row and column traces, respectively, in the panel ( 310 ).  FIG. 5  illustrates a touch panel  500  having an exemplary row-column electrode pattern measuring row and column self capacitances, using a boot strap operation. In the example of  FIG. 5 , row traces  501  and column traces  502  can be stimulated simultaneously by stimulation signals V provided by drive circuitry (not shown) that can include an alternating current (AC) waveform and can transmit self capacitances Xr, Xc to sense circuitry (not shown) that can include a sense amplifier for column sense trace  502 . Accordingly, the self capacitances Xr, Xc can be measured in a single operation. 
     In some examples, a touch panel can include a grounding plate underlying the row and column traces and can have gaps between the traces, such that portions of the plate are exposed to a finger proximate (i.e., touching or hovering over) to the traces. A poorly grounded finger and the exposed plate can form a secondary capacitive path that can affect a touch signal. Accordingly, while stimulating the row and column traces, the plate can be stimulated by the stimulation signals V as well so that the row and column self capacitance measurements include the grounding conditions associated with the plate. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , after measuring the self capacitances, the panel can measure row-to-column mutual capacitance Cm (or Yrc) of row and column traces in the panel ( 320 ).  FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary row-column electrode pattern measuring row-to-column mutual capacitances. In the example of  FIG. 4 , touch panel  400  can include row trace  401  functioning as a drive line and column trace  402  functioning as a sense line, where the row and column traces can form mutual capacitance Cm at their crossing. The row drive trace  401  can be stimulated by stimulation signals V provided by drive circuitry (not shown) and the column sense trace  402  can transmit touch signal (Cm−ACm), indicative of a touch at the panel  400 , to sense circuitry (not shown). 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , after measuring the row-to-column mutual capacitances, the panel can measure row-to-row mutual capacitances Yrr of row traces in the panel ( 330 ).  FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate exemplary row-row electrode patterns measuring row-to-row mutual capacitances. As shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , touch panel  600  may include columns  602  and rows (e.g. rows  601 ,  611 ,  621  and  631  In the example of  FIG. 6A , touch panel  600  can be configured to form a row-row electrode pattern of the first row  601  as a drive trace, the second row  611  as a ground trace, the third row  621  as a sense trace, the fourth row  631  as another ground trace, and the pattern repeated for the remaining rows. The row drive and sense traces  601 ,  621  can form mutual capacitance Yrr therebetween. The row drive trace  601  can be stimulated by stimulation signals V provided by drive circuitry (not shown) and the row sense trace  621  can transmit mutual capacitance Yrr to sense circuitry (not shown). To ensure that mutual capacitances are measured for all the rows, the panel  600  can be configured to form another row-row electrode pattern of the first row  601  as a ground trace, the second row  611  as a drive trace, the third row  621  as another ground trace, the fourth row  631  as a sense trace, and the pattern repeated for the remaining rows, as illustrated in  FIG. 6B . Like the previous pattern, the row drive trace  611  can be stimulated and the row sense trace  631  can transmit the mutual capacitance Yrr. Accordingly, the mutual capacitances Yrr can be measured in a first operation at one row-row electrode pattern, followed by a second operation at the other row-row electrode pattern. In some examples, the row drive traces can be stimulated one at a time. In some examples, multiple row drive traces can be stimulated at the same time. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , after measuring the row-to-row mutual capacitances, the panel can measure column-to-column mutual capacitances Ycc of column traces in the panel ( 340 ).  FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary column-column electrode pattern measuring column-to-column mutual capacitance. In the example of  FIG. 7 , touch panel  700  can be configured to form a column-column electrode pattern of the first column  702  as a drive trace, the second column  712  as a sense trace, and the pattern repeated for the remaining columns. The column drive and sense traces  702 ,  712  can form mutual capacitance Ycc therebetween. The column drive trace  702  can be stimulated by stimulation signals V provided by drive circuitry (not shown) and the column sense trace  712  can transmit mutual capacitance Ycc to sense circuitry (not shown). Accordingly, the mutual capacitances Ycc can be measured in one operation at the column-column electrode pattern. In some examples, the column drive traces can be stimulated one at a time. In some examples, multiple column drive traces can be stimulated as the same time. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , a row trace can be configured as a ground trace to separate the row drive and sense traces. This can be done when the traces are very close together so as to avoid strong mutual capacitances between adjacent traces affected by a finger proximate thereto, which can adversely affect the trace-to-trace mutual capacitance measurements. Conversely, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , a column ground trace can be omitted. This can be done when the traces are far enough apart so that weaker mutual capacitances between adjacent traces cannot be affected by a finger proximate thereto, so as to not adversely affect the trace-to-trace mutual capacitance measurements. Accordingly, in alternate examples, the row-row electrode pattern can include the first row as a drive trace, the second row as a sense trace, and the pattern repeated for the remaining rows, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . Similarly, in alternate examples, one column-column electrode pattern can include the first column as a drive trace, the second column as a ground trace, the third column as a sense trace, the fourth column as another ground trace, and the pattern repeated for the remaining columns, as illustrated in  FIG. 6A . Another column-column electrode pattern can include the first column as a ground trace, the second column as a drive trace, the third column as another ground trace, the fourth column as a sense trace, and the pattern repeated for the remaining columns, as illustrated in  FIG. 6B . These and other example patterns are possible according to the panel specifications. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , after measuring the column-to-column mutual capacitances, a touch signal can be calculated based on the row and column self capacitances, the row-to-column mutual capacitances, the column-to-column mutual capacitances, and the row-to-row mutual capacitances ( 360 ). 
     In alternate examples, the row-to-row mutual capacitance and column-to-column mutual capacitance measurements. Accordingly, the touch signal can be calculated based on the row and column self capacitances and the row-to-column mutual capacitances. 
     In some examples, a correction factor K, indicative of an adverse condition at the panel, can be determined based on the self and mutual capacitance measurements and the correction factor can be used to calculate the touch signal corrected for the adverse condition ( 360 ). Equation (1) can be used to calculate the corrected touch signal.
 
Δ Cm   ij,actual   =ΔCm   ij   +K·Xr   i   Xc   j   (1)
 
where ΔCm ij,actual =the corrected touch signal of the touch node at row trace i and column trace j, ΔCm ij =the measured touch signal of the touch node at row trace i and column trace j, Xr i =self capacitance measurement of row trace i, Xc j =self capacitance measurement of column trace j, and K=f(Xr i , Xc j , Yr i r k , Yc j c l ), where K is a function of Xr i , Xc j , Yr i r k  (mutual capacitance measurement of row trace i to row trace k), and Yc j c l  (mutual capacitance measurement of column trace j to column trace l), and indicative of the adverse condition. In some examples, K can be determined through empirical analysis of the capacitance measurements.
 
     In alternate examples, K can be determined from an estimate based on negative capacitance measurements, where K=f(ΔCm ij &lt;0), such that row-to-row and column-to-column mutual capacitance measurements can be omitted. 
       FIG. 8A  illustrates another exemplary method for measuring both mutual and self capacitance in the row-column touch panel of  FIG. 2 . The  FIG. 8B  method is similar to the  FIG. 3  method, but can omit the measuring of the column-to-column mutual capacitance and can measure the row-to-column mutual capacitance simultaneously with the row-to-row mutual capacitance. In the example of  FIG. 8A , a touch panel can simultaneously measure row and column self capacitance, as illustrated in  FIG. 5  ( 820 ). The panel can measure row-to-row mutual capacitance, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , and additionally measure row-to-column mutual capacitance at the same time, as illustrated in  FIG. 4  ( 830 ). A touch signal can be calculated based on the row and column self capacitances, the row-to-column mutual capacitances, and the row-to-row mutual capacitances ( 850 ). 
     In some examples, a correction factor K, indicative of an adverse condition, can be determined based on the self and mutual capacitance measurements such that K=f(Xr i , Xc j , Yr i r k ), and used to calculate a touch signal corrected for the adverse condition. In some examples, this method can decrease the measurement time by omitting the separate column-to-column mutual capacitance operation. Reducing measurement time can be desirable in a touch sensitive device that includes a display device along with the touch panel, because the shorter measurement time can occur during the display&#39;s blanking (or updating) period, thereby avoiding interference from the display on the measurements. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates another exemplary method for measuring both mutual and self capacitance in the row-column touch panel of  FIG. 2 . The  FIG. 8B  method is similar to the  FIG. 8A  method, but can omit the measuring of the row-to-row mutual capacitance. In the example of  FIG. 8B , a touch panel can simultaneously measure row and column self capacitance, as illustrated in  FIG. 5  ( 860 ). The panel can measure row-to-column mutual capacitance, as illustrated in  FIG. 4  ( 870 ). A touch signal can be calculated based on the row and column self capacitances and the row-to-column mutual capacitances ( 890 ). 
     In some examples, a correction factor K, indicative of an adverse condition, can be determined based on the row and col mutual capacitance measurements and used to calculate a touch signal corrected for the adverse condition ( 890 ). Here, K=f(ΔCm ij &lt;0). 
     In an alternate method, rather than using the correction factor to calculate a touch signal ( 890 ), the mutual capacitance measurement Yricj (mutual capacitance measurement of row trace i to column trace j, or Cmij) can be used to determine the touch signal unless the ΔCm ij  measurement indicates a negative capacitance. In which case, the self capacitance measurements Xr, Xc can be used to determine the touch signal. 
     It should be understood that the row-column electrode patterns are not limited to those illustrated in  FIGS. 4 through 7 , but can include other or additional patterns suitable for measuring self and mutual capacitance of row and column traces in the touch panel. For example the row-column electrode pattern can be configured to include a first row trace as a drive trace, a second row trace as a ground trace, followed by multiple row traces as sense traces to form mutual capacitances with the first row trace, followed by another row trace as another ground trace, and the pattern repeated for the remaining row traces. In an alternate example, the row-column electrode pattern can be configured to include a first row trace as a drive trace, followed by multiple row traces as sense traces to form mutual capacitances with the first row trace, and the pattern repeated for the remaining row traces. Similar patterns can be configured for the column traces. 
     In addition to applying a correction factor to a touch signal to correct for an adverse condition at a touch panel, the structure of the row and column traces can be designed so as to mitigate an adverse condition.  FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary row-column electrode structure that can be used. In the example of  FIG. 9 , touch panel  900  can include row traces  901  and column traces  902 . Row trace  901  can form a single trace with alternate wider portions  901   a  having tapered ends  911  and narrower portions  901   b  at the tapered ends. Column trace  902  can form separate wider portions  902   a  having tapered ends  922  that are connected together by conductive bridge  903 . The bridge  903  of the column trace  902  can cross the narrower portion  901   b  of the row trace  901 . This structure can advantageously maximize the row-to-column mutual capacitance forming touch signals, while minimizing trace area that can be affected by noise introduced by the stimulation signals V, row-to-row and/or column-to-column mutual capacitance that can negatively affect touch signals, and row and column to ground capacitance that can negatively affect touch signals. 
     In alternate examples, the row traces  901  can have separate wider portions and conductive bridges that connect together the wider portions, like the column traces  902 . In other alternate examples, the column traces  902  can form single traces with alternate wider and narrower portions. 
     Water can be introduced into a row-column touch panel in a variety of ways, e.g., humidity, perspiration, or a wet touching object, and can cause problems for the panel because the water can couple with any row or column in the panel to form a mutual capacitance, making it difficult to distinguish between the water and a touch or hover event. Moreover, the water can create a negative capacitance in the panel, particularly, when it shares row and/or column traces with the touch or hover event. 
       FIG. 31  illustrates exemplary water and touch scenarios that a row-column touch panel can encounter which can cause the difficulties described above. In the example of  FIG. 31 , scenario  1  illustrates a single touch  3106  without water at the row traces  3101  and column traces  3102  of the panel. Scenarios  2  through  5  illustrate multiple touches  3106  without water at various locations on the panel. Scenario  6  illustrates a water droplet  3107  without a touch on the panel. Scenarios  7  through  11  illustrate one or more water droplets  3107  and one or more touches  3106  at various locations on the panel at the same time, where the water and the touch share row and/or column traces. Scenario  11  illustrates the water droplets  3107  converging to create a larger water blob on the panel. It should be understood that these scenarios are for exemplary purposes only, as other scenarios are also possible. 
     The methods of  FIGS. 3 and 8 , the patterns of  FIGS. 4 through 7 , and the structure of  FIG. 9  can be used to correct a touch signal for water effects. In the example of  FIG. 3 , after the self and mutual capacitance measurements are captured ( 310 - 340 ), a correction factor K can be calculated and the correction factor can then be used to calculate a touch signal corrected for water effects and any other adverse conditions ( 360 ). As described previously, the correction factor K can be a function of the row self capacitance measurement Xr, the column self capacitance measurement Xc, the mutual capacitance measurement between row traces Yrr, and the mutual capacitance measurement between column traces Ycc. Water can generally contribute to the mutual capacitance measurements, causing the correction factor K to be larger than it should be. As a result, the correction factor K can overcorrect in the touch signal calculations to generate overcompensated false touches at the water contact locations on the panel, particularly when a touch or hover event and a water droplet share the same row and/or column traces. Once the touch signal is corrected, the water locations can be identified based on the fact that the water touch signal will still remain negative. In some examples, the touch signals calculated at the identified water locations can be discarded. In some examples, the touch signal calculations can be skipped at the identified water locations. 
     In an alternate example, when the row-to-column mutual capacitances are measured ( 320 ), the water locations can be identified from these measurements, as described previously. The row-to-row and column-to-column mutual capacitances Yrr, Ycc can then be selectively measured at the non-water locations ( 330 - 340 ) so that the correction factor K is not overestimated. 
     In the example of  FIG. 8B , rather than using the correction factor to calculate a touch signal ( 890 ), the mutual capacitance measurement Yrc, measured in ( 870 ), can be used to determine the touch signal unless the Yrc measurement indicates the presence of water, e.g., a negative capacitance. In which case, the self capacitance measurements Xr, Xc, measured in ( 860 ), can be used to determine the touch signal. 
     Various user grounding conditions and water effects can be corrected in touch signals at a touch panel according to various examples described herein. In one example, when a poorly grounded user&#39;s ten fingers and two palms are touching in close proximity on the panel, negative capacitance can affect some or all of the touch signals, e.g., the ring and index finger touch signals can be substantially impacted by negative capacitance. Applying the correction methods described herein, the negative capacitance effects can be corrected and the correct touch signals recovered at the correct locations on the panel. 
     In a second example, water patches can be added to the touch conditions in the first example, e.g., with the water patches disposed between the thumbs and the palms, causing negative capacitance from both the fingers&#39; proximity and the water. Applying the correction methods described herein, the negative capacitance effects can be corrected in the touch signals to recover the actual touch signals at the correct locations on the panel and to minimize the false touches caused by the water. 
     In a third example, when water patches are large compared to fingers touching on the panel, the water substantially contribute to the negative capacitance so as to overwhelm the touch signals. Applying the correction methods described herein, the water locations can either be skipped or the calculated touch signals involving the water locations discarded so that the actual touch signals can be recovered at the correct locations on the panel without any false touches caused by water. 
     In a fourth example, two users can be touching the panel, where one user is well grounded and the other user is poorly grounded. In some cases, the well-grounded user can effectively ground the poorly grounded user such that the poorly grounded user&#39;s effect on the touch signals is lower. Accordingly, applying the correction methods described herein, lesser correction can be made to the touch signals, compared to the poorly grounded user alone touching the panel. 
     In a fifth example, display noise can be introduced into the touch conditions of the first example, causing touch signal interference in addition to the negative capacitance due to poor grounding. Applying the correction methods described herein, the negative capacitance effects can be corrected and the noise minimized such that the correct touch signals are recovered at the correct locations on the panel. 
     Another type of touch panel can have a pixelated electrode pattern.  FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary pixelated electrode touch panel. In the example of  FIG. 10 , touch panel  1000  can include an array of individual touch electrodes  1011 , although it should be understood that other electrode configurations can be employed. Each electrode  1011  can have conductive trace  1013  coupled thereto to drive the electrode with drive voltage V and a sensor trace (not shown) to transmit touch signals to sensing circuitry. Each electrode  1011  can have an associated self capacitance relative to ground and can form self capacitance Cs with a proximate finger (or other object).  FIG. 12  illustrates an exemplary pixelated touch panel capturing a touch signal. In the example of  FIG. 12 , touch panel  1200  can include touch electrode  1211 , which can be driven by drive voltage V provided by drive circuitry (not shown) to form capacitance Cs with a finger, indicative of a touch at the panel  1200 . The touch signal Cs can be transmitted to sense circuitry (not shown). 
     Referring again to  FIG. 10 , when a well-grounded user&#39;s finger (or other object) touches or hovers over the panel  1000 , the finger can form a self capacitance Cs with the electrode  1011  at the touch location. This capacitance can be caused by charge or current from driven conductive trace  1013  to the electrode  1011 . In some examples, the electrodes  1011  can be coupled to and driven by the same voltage source. In other examples, the electrodes  1011  can each be coupled to and driven by different voltage sources. Touch signals representative of the capacitance Cs can be transmitted by sensor traces to sense circuitry (not shown) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the electrode  1011  where the touch occurred and the amount of touch that occurred at that electrode location. 
     However, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , when a poorly grounded user&#39;s finger (or other object) touches or hovers over the panel  1000 , the capacitance Cg can be poor such that the capacitance Cs formed between the electrode  1011  and the user&#39;s finger is different from what it should be. In this example, the finger can be within detectable distance of two electrodes  1011 . A finger capacitance Cs 1  to the first electrode and a finger capacitance Cs 2  to the second electrode can form. However, because user to ground capacitance Cg is poor, the finger capacitance Cs 1 , Cs 2  can be incorrect. Based on the incorrect capacitance Cs 1 , Cs 2 , the panel  1000  can fail to differentiate between a touching, but poorly grounded finger and a hovering, but well-grounded finger. 
     Accordingly, detecting the poor grounding and correcting the touch signals for the poor grounding, using mutual and/or self capacitance measurements, can improve touch detection of the touch panel in poor user grounding conditions. Similar improvements can be realized for other adverse conditions. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an exemplary method for measuring both mutual and self capacitance in the pixelated touch panel of  FIG. 10 . In the example of  FIG. 11 , a touch panel can capture self and mutual capacitances at various pixelated electrode patterns in the panel and calculate a touch signal using the mutual and self capacitance measurements. Accordingly, the panel can measure global self capacitances Xe of the electrodes in the panel ( 1120 ).  FIG. 13  illustrates an exemplary pixelated touch panel measuring global self capacitances, using a boot strap operation. In the example of  FIG. 13 , electrodes  1311  can be driven simultaneously by drive voltage V provided by drive circuitry (not shown) and can transmit self capacitances Xe to sense circuitry (not shown). The label “D” on each electrode  1311  can indicate that the electrode is being driven. Accordingly, the self capacitances Xe can be measured in a single operation. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 11 , after measuring the global self capacitances, the panel can measure mutual capacitances Yee between diagonal electrodes in the panel ( 1130 ).  FIGS. 14 through 17  illustrate exemplary pixelated electrode patterns measuring electrode mutual capacitances. In the example of  FIG. 14 , touch panel  1400  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  1411   a  as a drive electrode, horizontally adjacent electrode  1411   b  as a ground electrode, vertically adjacent electrode  1411   c  as another ground electrode, diagonal electrode  1411   d  as a sense electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. The label “D” on certain electrodes  1411  can indicate the electrode is being driven, the label “G,” the electrode being grounded, and the label “S,” the electrode sensing mutual capacitance. The drive electrode  1411   a  and the sense electrode  1411   d  can form mutual capacitance Yee therebetween. The drive electrode  1411   a  can be driven by drive voltage V provided by drive circuitry (not shown) and the sense electrode  1411   d  can transmit mutual capacitance Yee to sense circuitry (not shown). 
     To ensure that mutual capacitances are measured for all the electrodes, the panel can be configured to form a second pixelated electrode pattern by rotating the pattern of  FIG. 14  clockwise 45 degrees.  FIG. 15  illustrates the second pixelated electrode pattern. In the example of  FIG. 15 , touch panel  1400  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  1411   a  now as a ground electrode, electrode  1411   b  as a drive electrode, electrode  1411   c  as a sense electrode, electrode  1411   d  as another ground electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. The drive electrode  1411   b  and the sense electrode  1411   c  can form mutual capacitance Yee therebetween. 
     Generally, the patterns of  FIGS. 14 and 15  can be sufficient to measure mutual capacitances between electrodes. However, two more patterns as illustrated in  FIGS. 16 and 17  can be used for additional measurements to average with the measurements obtained from the patterns of  FIGS. 14 and 15 .  FIG. 16  illustrates a third pixelated electrode pattern formed by rotating the pattern of  FIG. 15  clockwise 45 degrees. In the example of  FIG. 16 , touch panel  1400  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  1411   a  now as a sense electrode, electrode  1411   b  as a ground electrode, electrode  1411   c  as another ground electrode, electrode  1411   d  as a drive electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. The drive electrode  1411   d  and the sense electrode  1411   a  can form mutual capacitance Yee therebetween. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a fourth pixelated electrode pattern formed by rotating the pattern of  FIG. 16  clockwise 45 degrees. In the example of  FIG. 17 , touch panel  1400  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  1411   a  now as a ground electrode, electrode  1411   b  as a sense electrode, electrode  1411   c  as a drive electrode, electrode  1411   d  as another ground electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. The drive electrode  1411   c  and the sense electrode  1411   b  can form mutual capacitance Yee therebetween. Accordingly, the mutual capacitances Yee can be measured in either two operations ( FIGS. 14 and 15  patterns) or four operations ( FIGS. 14 through 17  patterns). 
     As described previously, when all four patterns are used, the mutual capacitances can be averaged. For example, the mutual capacitances between electrodes  1411   a ,  1411   d , measured using the patterns of  FIGS. 14 and 16 , can be averaged to provide the mutual capacitance Yee between these two electrodes. Similarly, the mutual capacitances between electrodes  1411   b ,  1411   c , measured using the patterns of  FIGS. 15 and 17 , can be averaged to provide the mutual capacitance Yee between these two electrodes. The same can be done for the remaining electrodes in the panel. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates alternate pixelated electrode patterns measuring electrode mutual capacitances that can replace the patterns of  FIGS. 14 through 17 . In the example of  FIG. 18A , touch panel  1800  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  1811   a  as a drive electrode, horizontally adjacent electrode  1811   b  as a sense electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. The label “D” on certain electrodes  1811  can indicate the electrode is being driven and the label “S,” the electrode sensing mutual capacitance. Unlike the patterns of  FIGS. 14 through 17 , the patterns of  FIG. 18  can omit grounding certain electrodes. The drive electrode  1811   a  and the sense electrode  1811   b  can form mutual capacitance Yee therebetween. The drive electrode  1811   a  can be driven by drive voltage V provided by drive circuitry (not shown) and the sense electrode  1811   b  can transmit mutual capacitance Yee to sense circuitry (not shown). 
     Generally, the pattern of  FIG. 18A  can be sufficient to measure mutual capacitances between electrodes. However, a second pattern as illustrated in  FIG. 18B  can be used for additional measurements to average with the measurements obtained from the pattern of  FIG. 18A . In the example of  FIG. 18B , touch panel  1800  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  1811   a  now as a sense electrode, electrode  1811   b  as a drive electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. The drive electrode 1811 b  and the sense electrode  1811   a  can form mutual capacitance Yee therebetween. Accordingly, the mutual capacitances Yee can be measured in either one operation ( FIG. 18A  pattern) or two operations ( FIGS. 18A and 18B  patterns). The mutual capacitances between electrodes  1811   a ,  1811   b  measured using the two patterns of  FIG. 18  can be averaged to provide the mutual capacitance Yee between the two electrodes. The same can be done for the remaining electrodes in the panel. 
     It should be understood that the pixelated electrode patterns are not limited to those illustrated in  FIGS. 14 through 18 , but can include other or additional patterns suitable for measuring self and mutual capacitance of electrodes in the touch panel. For example, a pixelated electrode pattern can be configured to include a first row of electrodes being drive electrodes, a second row of electrodes being ground electrodes, a third row of electrodes being sense electrodes to form mutual capacitances with the first row electrodes, a fourth row of electrodes being ground electrodes, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrode rows. In another example, a pixelated electrode pattern can be configured to include a first electrode being a drive electrode, adjacent electrodes surrounding the first electrode being ground electrodes, adjacent electrodes surrounding the ground electrodes being sense electrodes to form mutual capacitances with the first electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 11 , after measuring the mutual capacitances, a touch signal can be calculated based on the global self capacitances and the mutual capacitances ( 1150 ). 
     In some examples, a correction factor, indicative of an adverse condition, can be determined based on the self and mutual capacitance measurements and the correction factor can be used to calculate a touch signal corrected for the adverse condition ( 1150 ). Equation (2) can be used to calculate the corrected touch signal. 
                     Cm   i     =       [     Cg         ∑   i             ⁢           ⁢     Cm     i   ,   actual         +   Cg       ]     ⁢     Cm     i   ,   actual                 (   2   )               
where Cm i =the captured touch signal at touch electrode i, Cm i,actual =the corrected touch signal at electrode i, and Cg=f(Xe i , Ye i e j ), user ground capacitance, where Cg is a function of Xe i  (self capacitance measurement of touch electrode i when all touch electrodes are simultaneously driven, boot-strapped) and Ye i e j  (mutual capacitance measurement of touch electrode i to touch electrode j), and indicative of the adverse condition. An alternate way of computing the correction factor form can be K=Cg/[sum(Cm i,actual )+Cg]=K(Xe i , Ye i e j ), which leads to a simple global scalar correction factor form of Cm i =K Cm i,actual .
 
       FIG. 19  illustrates another exemplary method for measuring both mutual and self capacitance in the pixelated electrode touch panel of  FIG. 10 . The  FIG. 19  method is similar to the  FIG. 11  method, but can replace the measuring of global self capacitance with the measuring of local self capacitance and can measure the local self capacitance and mutual capacitance simultaneously. In the example of  FIG. 19 , a touch panel can measure the mutual capacitance Yee between the electrodes and additionally measure local self capacitance Xe at the same time, using a non-boot strap operation ( 1920 ).  FIG. 20A  illustrates an exemplary pixelated electrode pattern measuring self and mutual capacitance. In the example of  FIG. 20A , similar to  FIG. 14 , touch panel  2000  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  2011   a  as a drive electrode, horizontally adjacent electrode  2011   b  as a ground electrode, vertically adjacent electrode  2011   c  as another ground electrode, diagonal electrode  2011   d  as a sense electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. To measure the local self capacitance, while electrode  2011   a  is being driven to provide the mutual capacitance Yee between it and sense electrode  2011   d , the self capacitance Xe of drive electrode  2011   a  can be measured. Additional pixelated electrode patterns similar to those of  FIGS. 15 through 17  can be formed, in which drive electrode  1411   b  has its self capacitance measured ( FIG. 15 ), drive electrode  1411   c  has its self capacitance measured ( FIG. 16 ), and drive electrode  1411   d  has its self capacitance measured ( FIG. 17 ), for example. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 19 , after measuring the self and mutual capacitances, a touch signal can be calculated based on the local self capacitances and the mutual capacitances ( 1940 ). 
     In some examples, a correction factor, indicative of an adverse condition, can be determined based on the self and mutual capacitance measurements and used to calculate a touch signal corrected for the adverse condition ( 1940 ). As described previously, Equation (2) can be used to perform the correction. 
     It should be understood that the pixelated electrode patterns are not limited to that illustrated in  FIG. 20A , but can include other or additional patterns suitable for measuring self and mutual capacitance of electrodes in the touch panel. For example, a pixelated electrode pattern can be configured to include a first row of electrodes being drive electrodes, a second row of electrodes being sense electrodes to form mutual capacitances with the first row electrodes, a third row of electrodes being sense electrodes to form mutual capacitances with the first row electrodes, a fourth row of electrodes similar to the second electrode row, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrode rows. In another example, a pixelated electrode pattern can be configured as a first electrode being a drive electrode, adjacent electrodes surrounding the first electrode being sense electrodes to form mutual capacitances with the first electrode, a second group of adjacent electrodes surrounding the first group being sense electrodes to form mutual capacitances with the first electrode, a third group of adjacent electrodes being similar to the first adjacent group, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. 
       FIG. 20B  illustrates another exemplary pixelated electrode pattern measuring self and mutual capacitance that can replace the pattern of  FIG. 20A . In the example of  FIG. 20B , touch panel  2000  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  2011   a  as a drive electrode, electrode  2011   b  as another drive electrode, electrode  2011   c  as a third drive electrode, electrode  2011   d  as a sense electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. Here, while electrode  2011   a  is being driven to form the mutual capacitance Yee between it and sense electrode  2011   d , the self capacitance Xe of electrode  2011   a  can be measured. At the same time, electrodes  2011   b ,  2011   c  can also be driven and their self capacitances Xe measured. Additional pixelated electrode patterns similar to those of  FIGS. 15 and 17  can be formed, except the ground electrodes can be replaced with drive electrodes. For example, similar to  FIG. 15 , electrodes  1411   a ,  1411   d  can be driven and their self capacitances measured. Similar to  FIG. 16 , electrodes  1411   b ,  1411   c  can be driven and their self capacitances measured. Similar to  FIG. 17 , electrodes  1411   a ,  1411   d  can be driven and their self capacitances measured. 
     It should be understood that the pixelated electrode patterns are not limited to that illustrated in  FIG. 20B , but can include other or additional patterns suitable for measuring self and mutual capacitance of electrodes in the touch panel. For example, a pixelated electrode pattern can be configured to include a first row of electrodes being drive electrodes, a second row of electrodes being drive electrodes, a third row of electrodes being sense electrodes to form mutual capacitances with the first row electrodes, a fourth row of electrodes being similar to the second row, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrode rows. In another example, a pixelated electrode pattern can be configured to include a first electrode being a drive electrode, adjacent electrodes surrounding the first electrode being drive electrodes, a second group of adjacent electrodes surrounding the first adjacent group being sense electrodes to form mutual capacitances with the first electrode, a third group of adjacent electrodes surrounding the second group being similar to the first adjacent group, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates an exemplary method for measuring multiple self capacitances in the pixelated electrode touch panel of  FIG. 10 . The  FIG. 21  method is similar to the  FIG. 11  method, but can replace the measuring of mutual capacitance with the measuring of local self capacitance. In the example of  FIG. 21 , a touch panel can capture self capacitances at various pixelated electrode patterns in the panel and use the measurements to calculate a touch signal. Accordingly, the panel can measure global self capacitances Xe of the electrodes in the panel, as illustrated in  FIG. 13 , in a boot strap operation ( 2120 ). The panel can then measure local self capacitances Xe of the electrodes in the panel, in a non-boot strap operation ( 2130 ).  FIGS. 22 through 25  illustrate exemplary pixelated electrode patterns measuring local self capacitances. In the example of  FIG. 22 , touch panel  2200  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  2211   a  as a drive electrode, horizontally adjacent electrode  2211   b  as a following electrode, vertically adjacent electrode  2211   c  as another following electrode, diagonal electrode  2211   d  as a ground electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. The label “D” on certain electrodes  1411  can indicate the electrode is being driven, the label “G,” the electrode being grounded, and the label “F,” the electrode being driven, but its self capacitance not measured. The drive electrode  2211   a  can be driven by drive voltage V provided by drive circuitry (not shown), with the self capacitance Xe for that electrode being transmit to sense circuitry (not shown). The following electrodes  2211   b ,  2211   c  can also be driven by drive voltage V. By driving the following electrodes  2211   b ,  2211   c , unwanted parasitic capacitances formed between the following electrodes and the adjacent drive electrode  2211   a  can be minimized, so as not to interfere with the self capacitance Xe from the drive electrode. 
     To ensure that local self capacitances are measured for all the electrodes, the panel can be configured to form a second pixelated electrode pattern by rotating the pattern of  FIG. 22  clockwise 45 degrees.  FIG. 23  illustrates the second pixelated electrode pattern. In the example of  FIG. 23 , touch panel  2200  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  2211   a  now as a following electrode, electrode  2211   b  as a drive electrode, electrode  2211   c  as a ground electrode, electrode  2211   d  as another following electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. The self capacitance Xe of drive electrode  2211   b  can be measured. 
     Generally, the patterns of  FIGS. 22 and 23  can be sufficient to measure the local self capacitances. However, two more patterns as illustrated in  FIGS. 24 and 25  can be used for additional measurements to average with the measurements obtained from the patterns of  FIGS. 22 and 23 .  FIG. 24  illustrates a third pixelated electrode pattern formed by rotating the pattern of  FIG. 23  clockwise 45 degrees. In the example of  FIG. 24 , touch panel  2200  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  2211   a  now as a ground electrode, electrode  2211   b  as a following electrode, electrode  2211   c  as another following electrode, electrode  2211   d  as a drive electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. The self capacitance Xe of drive electrode  2211   d  can be measured. 
       FIG. 25  illustrates a fourth pixelated electrode pattern formed by rotating the pattern of  FIG. 24  clockwise 45 degrees. In the example of  FIG. 25 , touch panel  2200  can be configured to form a pixelated electrode pattern with electrode  2211   a  now as a following electrode, electrode  2211   b  as a ground electrode, electrode  2211   c  as a drive electrode, electrode  2211   d  as another following electrode, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. The self capacitance Xe of drive electrode  2211   c  can be measured. Accordingly, the local self capacitances Xe can be measured in either two operations ( FIGS. 22 and 23  patterns) or four operations ( FIGS. 22 through 25  patterns). 
     It should be understood that the pixelated electrode patterns are not limited to those illustrated in  FIGS. 22 through 25 , but can include other or additional patterns suitable for measuring self capacitance of electrodes in the touch panel. For example, a pixelated electrode pattern can be configured with a first row of electrodes being drive electrodes, a second row of electrodes electrically following the drive electrodes, a third row of electrodes being ground electrodes, a fourth row of electrodes electrically following the drive electrodes, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrode rows. In another example, a pixelated electrode pattern can be configured with a first electrode being a drive electrode, adjacent electrodes surrounding the first electrode being following electrodes, adjacent electrodes surrounding the following electrodes being ground electrodes, and the pattern repeated for the remaining electrodes. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 21 , after measuring the self capacitances, a touch signal can be calculated based on the global and local self capacitances ( 2150 ). 
     In some examples, a correction factor, indicative of an adverse condition, can be determined based on the self capacitance measurements and used to calculate a touch signal corrected for the adverse condition ( 2150 ). As described previously, Equation (2) can be used to correct for adverse conditions. 
     In addition to applying a correction factor to a touch signal to correct for adverse conditions, the structure of the touch electrodes can be designed so as to mitigate the adverse conditions.  FIG. 26  illustrates an exemplary pixelated electrode structure that can be used. In the example of  FIG. 26 , touch panel  2600  can include an array of touch electrodes  2611  shaped like octagons, with corners  2615  being shaved to form a distance d between diagonal electrodes, although other shapes can be used to provide the distance between diagonal electrodes. This structure can advantageously maximize self capacitance forming touch signals, while minimizing mutual capacitance between diagonal electrodes that can negatively affect touch signals, and electrode to ground capacitance that can negatively affect touch signals. 
     One or more of the touch panels can operate in a system similar or identical to system  2700  shown in  FIG. 27 . System  2700  can include instructions stored in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, such as memory  2703  or storage device  2701 , and executed by processor  2705 . The instructions can also be stored and/or transported within any non-transitory computer readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “non-transitory computer readable storage medium” can be any medium that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), a random access memory (RAM) (magnetic), a read-only memory (ROM) (magnetic), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) (magnetic), a portable optical disc such a CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW, or flash memory such as compact flash cards, secured digital cards, USB memory devices, memory sticks, and the like. 
     The instructions can also be propagated within any transport medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “transport medium” can be any medium that can communicate, propagate or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The transport medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic or infrared wired or wireless propagation medium. 
     The system  2700  can also include display device  2709  coupled to the processor  2705 . The display device  2709  can be used to display a graphical user interface. The system  2700  can further include touch panel  2707 , such as in  FIGS. 2 and 10 , coupled to the processor  2705 . Touch panel  2707  can have touch nodes capable of detecting an object touching or hovering over the panel at a location corresponding to a graphical user interface on the display device  2709 . The processor  2705  can process the outputs from the touch panel  2707  to perform actions based on the touch or hover event and the displayed graphical user interface. 
     It is to be understood that the system is not limited to the components and configuration of  FIG. 27 , but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations according to various examples. Additionally, the components of system  2700  can be included within a single device, or can be distributed between multiple devices. In some examples, the processor  2705  can be located within the touch panel  2707  and/or the display device  2709 . 
       FIG. 28  illustrates an exemplary mobile telephone  2800  that can include touch panel  2824 , display  2836 , and other computing system blocks that can measure both mutual and self capacitance in the touch panel according to various examples. 
       FIG. 29  illustrates an exemplary digital media player  2900  that can include touch panel  2924 , display  2936 , and other computing system blocks that can measure both mutual and self capacitance in the touch panel according to various examples. 
       FIG. 30  illustrates an exemplary personal computer  3000  that can include touch panel (trackpad)  3024 , display  3036 , and other computing system blocks that can measure both mutual and self capacitance in the touch panel according to various examples. 
     The mobile telephone, media player, and personal computer of  FIGS. 28 through 30  can advantageously provide more accurate and faster touch signal detection, as well as power savings, and more robustly adapt to various adverse conditions according to various examples. 
     Therefore, according to the above, some examples of the disclosure are directed to a method for measuring mutual and self capacitance at a touch panel comprising: measuring mutual and self capacitances at multiple touch node patterns in the touch panel; and calculating a touch signal, based on the measurements, the touch signal indicative of an object proximate to the touch panel. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the touch panel has a row-column electrode configuration, the touch panel including multiple rows of conductive traces and multiple columns of conductive traces, the columns crossing the rows to form mutual capacitances therebetween. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the touch signal comprises a mutual capacitance touch signal. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the measuring comprises: simultaneously measuring a first self capacitance of row conductive traces and a second self capacitance of column conductive traces of the touch panel at a first node pattern; measuring a first mutual capacitance between a pair of the row conductive traces at a second node pattern; and measuring a second mutual capacitance between a pair of the column conductive traces at a third node pattern. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the measuring comprises: simultaneously measuring a first self capacitance of row conductive traces and a second self capacitance of column conductive traces of the touch panel at a first node pattern; and simultaneously measuring a first mutual capacitance between a pair of the row conductive traces and a second mutual capacitance between a pair of the row and column conductive traces at a second node pattern. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the calculating further comprises: calculating the touch signal corrected for at least one of the proximate object being poorly grounded, water on the touch panel, or noise introduced into the touch panel. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the touch panel has a pixelated electrode configuration, the touch panel including an array of electrodes to form self capacitances between the electrodes and the object. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the touch signal comprises a self capacitance touch signal. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the measuring comprises: measuring a self capacitance globally from electrodes of the touch panel at a first node pattern; and measuring a mutual capacitance between a pair of the electrodes at a second node pattern. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the measuring comprises: simultaneously measuring a self capacitance locally from at least one of electrodes of the touch panel and a mutual capacitance between a pair of the electrodes at a first node pattern. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the measuring comprises: measuring a first self capacitance globally from electrodes of the touch panel at a first node pattern; and measuring a second self capacitance locally from at least one of the electrodes at a second node pattern. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the method further comprising: determining a correction factor based on the measured capacitances to correct for an adverse condition at the touch panel. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the determining comprises: determining the correction factor based on at least one of a first measurement of a first self capacitance of row conductive traces in the touch panel, a second measurement of a second self capacitance of column conductive traces in the touch panel, a third measurement of a first mutual capacitance between pairs of the row conductive traces, a fourth measurement of a second mutual capacitance between pairs of the column conductive traces, or a fifth measurement of a third mutual capacitance between pairs of the row and column conductive traces. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the determining comprises: determining the correction factor based on at least one of a first measurement of a first self capacitance globally from electrodes of the touch panel, a second measurement of a second self capacitance locally from at least one of the electrodes, or a third measurement of a mutual capacitance between a pair of the electrodes. 
     Other examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch device comprising: a touch panel having a set of touch nodes capable of measuring a mutual capacitance touch and a self capacitance touch; and a processor capable of receiving at least one of a set of mutual capacitance touch measurements or a set of self capacitance touch measurements taken from multiple patterns of the touch nodes, and calculating a touch signal at the touch panel using the at least one set of measurements. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the set of touch nodes comprises: multiple rows of conductive traces, each row trace having alternate wide and narrow portions, the wide portions tapering at distal ends to couple to the narrow portions; and multiple columns of conductive traces, each column trace having wide portions tapering at distal ends and bridges connecting the tapered distal ends of the wide portions, wherein the rows and columns cross each other at the narrow portions of the row traces and the bridges of the column traces. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, a first pattern of the touch nodes comprises rows and columns of conductive traces of the touch panel stimulated simultaneously to provide the set of self capacitance measurements, wherein a second pattern of the touch nodes comprises a pair of the row conductive traces, one of the row pair being stimulated to drive the other of the row pair to transmit at least some of the set of mutual capacitance measurements, wherein a third pattern of the touch nodes comprises a pair of the column conductive traces, one of the column pair being stimulated to drive the other of the column pair to transmit at least others of the set of mutual capacitance measurements, and wherein the processor receives the sets of mutual and self capacitance measurements from the first, second, and third patterns of the nodes. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the set of touch nodes comprises: an array of electrodes, each electrode having shaved corners to provide a distance from another electrode. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, a first pattern of the touch nodes comprises electrodes of the touch panel stimulated simultaneously to provide the set of self capacitance measurements, wherein a second pattern of the touch nodes comprises a first of the electrodes being a drive electrode, a second of the electrodes being a ground electrode, a third of the electrodes being a sense electrode, and a fourth of the electrodes being a ground electrode, the first electrode being stimulated to drive the third electrode to transmit the set of mutual capacitance measurements, and wherein the processor receives the sets of mutual and self capacitance measurements from the first and second patterns of the nodes. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the first pattern of the touch nodes comprises a first electrode of the touch panel being a drive electrode, a second electrode being a ground electrode, a third electrode being a sense electrode, and a fourth electrode being a ground electrode, the first electrode being stimulated to provide the set of self capacitance measurements and to drive the third electrode to provide the set of mutual capacitance measurements simultaneously, and wherein the processor receives the sets of mutual and self capacitance measurements from the first pattern of the nodes. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the first pattern of the touch nodes comprises electrodes of the touch panel stimulated simultaneously to provide some of the set of self capacitance measurements, wherein a second pattern of the touch nodes comprises a first of the electrodes being a drive electrode, a second of the electrodes being a following electrode, a third of the electrodes being a ground electrode, and a fourth of the electrodes being a following electrode, the first electrode being stimulated to provide others of the set of self capacitance measurements, and wherein the processor receives the set of self capacitance measurements from the first and second patterns of the nodes. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the device comprising at least one of a mobile phone, a media player, or a portable computer. 
     Other examples of the disclosure are directed to a method for using mutual and self capacitance measurements at a touch panel, comprising: measuring a self capacitance and a mutual capacitance at touch nodes of the touch panel, the measurements indicative of an object proximate to the touch panel; determining a correction factor based on the self and mutual capacitance measurements; and calculating a touch signal, based on the correction factor, the touch signal corrected for at least one of a grounding condition of the object, water disposed on the touch panel, or noise introduced into the touch panel. 
     Other examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch panel comprising: multiple touch nodes capable of detecting an object proximate to the panel, at least one of the touch nodes for detecting a touch of the object in a first operation and for measuring at least one of a self capacitance or a mutual capacitance of the node in a second operation. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the multiple touch nodes comprise a row of conductive traces and a column of conductive traces, the row and column traces crossing to form the nodes, wherein the first operation detects a mutual capacitance touch signal, and wherein the second operation measures at least one of a self capacitance of the row and column traces, a mutual capacitance of a pair of the row traces, or a mutual capacitance of a pair of the column traces. Additionally or alternatively to one or more examples disclosed above, the multiple touch nodes comprise an array of electrodes, wherein the first operation detects a self capacitance touch signal, and wherein the second operation measures at least one of a self capacitance of the electrodes or a mutual capacitance of a pair of the electrodes. 
     Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined by the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20131115
Publication Date: 20180206
Grant Date: 20180206
Priority Date: 20130816
Inventors: YOUSEFPOR MARDUKE
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/0416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04111", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0418", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0448", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04166", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04186", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04166", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04111", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04186", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04111", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 52466497