PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10712581-B2
Application Number: US-201816231054-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Mirror tilt actuation

Abstract:
Some embodiments include an image sensor and a zoom lens assembly including a plurality of movable lens elements arranged to be moved independent of one another. In some embodiments, the plurality of movable lens elements share an optical axis. Some embodiments include a lens and mirror assembly for admitting light to the miniature camera. The lens and mirror assembly includes a folded optics arrangement such that light enters the lens and mirror assembly through a first lens with an optical axis of the first lens orthogonal to the plurality of moveable lens elements. The lens and mirror assembly includes a mirror for folding the path of light from the optical axis of the first lens to the optical axis of the plurality of movable lens elements, and the lens and mirror assembly further includes an actuator for tilting the mirror.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A camera, comprising:
 an image sensor; 
 a mirror that receives light along a first optical axis and that folds a path of the light from the first optical axis to a plurality of lens elements that share a second optical axis; 
 an actuator to tilt the mirror, wherein the actuator comprises:
 a movable magnet; 
 one or more coils; and 
 a sensor arrangement comprising a sensor to sense magnetic interaction between the movable magnet and the one or more coils to produce at least one output that indicates a position of the movable magnet; and 
 
 a zoom lens assembly that includes the plurality of lens elements, wherein each of the plurality of lens elements is adjustable to change a focal length of the zoom lens assembly. 
 
     
     
       2. The camera of  claim 1 , wherein the sensor arrangement comprises at least two sensors for monitoring motion of the movable magnet in two orthogonal directions. 
     
     
       3. The camera of  claim 2 , wherein the at least two sensors comprise a Hall sensor. 
     
     
       4. The camera of  claim 1 , wherein the sensor is located at a plane of symmetry of the movable magnet when the movable magnet is not moving, the plane of symmetry being orthogonal to a poling direction of the movable magnet. 
     
     
       5. The camera of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the one or more coils comprise:
 a first coil at a first side of the movable magnet; and 
 a second coil at a second side of the movable magnet, the second side being orthogonal to the first side; 
 
 the sensor is a first sensor located proximate the first coil; and 
 the sensor arrangement further comprises a second sensor located proximate the second coil. 
 
     
     
       6. The camera of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more coils comprise:
 stationary coils disposed around sides of the movable magnet, wherein when driven with electric signals, the stationary coils generate Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the movable magnet and the mirror. 
 
     
     
       7. The camera of  claim 1 , wherein the actuator is attached to a driver circuit to tilt the mirror to compensate for movement of the camera. 
     
     
       8. The camera of  claim 1 , wherein a fringing field of the movable magnet includes components of a magnetic field in directions that generate Lorentz forces when the one or more coils are electrically driven. 
     
     
       9. An optics system, comprising:
 a mirror that receives light along a first optical axis and that folds a path of the light from the first optical axis to a plurality of lens elements that share a second optical axis; 
 an actuator to tilt the mirror, wherein the actuator comprises:
 a movable magnet; 
 one or more coils; and 
 a sensor arrangement comprising a sensor to sense magnetic interaction between the movable magnet and the one or more coils to produce at least one output that indicates a position of the movable magnet; and 
 a zoom lens assembly that includes the plurality of lens elements, wherein each of the plurality of lens elements is adjustable to change a focal length of the zoom lens assembly. 
 
 
     
     
       10. The optics system of  claim 9 , wherein the sensor arrangement comprises at least two Hall sensors for monitoring motion of the movable magnet in two orthogonal directions. 
     
     
       11. The optics system of  claim 9 , wherein:
 the one or more coils comprise:
 a first coil at a first side of the movable magnet; and 
 a second coil at a second side of the movable magnet, the second side being orthogonal to the first side; 
 
 the sensor is a first sensor located proximate the first coil; and 
 the sensor arrangement further comprises a second sensor located proximate the second coil. 
 
     
     
       12. The optics system of  claim 9 , wherein the one or more coils comprise a plurality of coils fabricated in a single component layer-by-layer in sheet form. 
     
     
       13. The optics system of  claim 9 , wherein the one or more coils comprise:
 four stationary coils disposed around four sides of the movable magnet, wherein when driven with electric signals, the four stationary coils generate Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the movable magnet and the mirror. 
 
     
     
       14. The optics system of  claim 9 , wherein the actuator is configured to receive electrical signals causing generation of Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the movable magnet and the mirror about a pivot in two substantially orthogonal tilt degrees of freedom. 
     
     
       15. The optics system of  claim 9 , wherein:
 the actuator tilts the mirror to stabilize an image captured by an image sensor of a camera. 
 
     
     
       16. A device, comprising:
 a camera module, comprising:
 a mirror that receives light along a first optical axis and that folds a path of the light from the first optical axis to a plurality of lens elements that share a second optical axis; 
 an actuator to tilt the mirror, wherein the actuator comprises:
 a movable magnet; 
 one or more coils; and 
 a sensor arrangement comprising a sensor to sense magnetic interaction between the movable magnet and the one or more coils to produce at least one output that indicates a position of the movable magnet; 
 
 a zoom lens assembly that includes the plurality of lens elements, wherein each of the plurality of lens elements is adjustable to change a focal length of the zoom lens assembly; and 
 an image sensor to capture light that has passed through the plurality of lens elements of the zoom lens assembly and to convert the captured light into image signals; 
 
 a display; and 
 one or more processors to:
 cause the display to present an image based at least in part on one or more of the image signals from the image sensor; and 
 cause the actuator to tilt the mirror. 
 
 
     
     
       17. The device of  claim 16 , wherein the sensor arrangement comprises at least two Hall sensors for monitoring motion of the movable magnet in two orthogonal directions. 
     
     
       18. The device of  claim 16 , wherein the sensor is located at a plane of symmetry of the movable magnet when the movable magnet is not moving, the plane of symmetry being orthogonal to a poling direction of the movable magnet. 
     
     
       19. The device of  claim 16 , wherein the one or more coils comprise:
 stationary coils disposed around sides of the movable magnet, wherein when driven with electric signals, the stationary coils generate Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the movable magnet and the mirror. 
 
     
     
       20. The device of  claim 16 , wherein the one or more coils comprise a plurality of coils fabricated in a single component layer-by-layer in sheet form.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/495,835, filed Apr. 24, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/068,398, filed Mar. 11, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,632,327, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/043,655 entitled “Mirror Tilt Actuation” filed Oct. 1, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,285,566, which claims benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/863,846 entitled “System and Method for Mirror Tilt Actuation” filed Aug. 8, 2013, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
     This disclosure relates generally to cameras, and, more specifically, to mirror tilt actuation in cameras. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Miniature cameras are typically used in mobile devices such as cellphones and other multifunction devices. In such devices, space is a premium and every effort is made to minimize the camera size. A zoom lens is a lens where the lens elements can be moved relative to one another to change the focal length of the lens. In doing so, this changes the field of view of the lens. In addition, such a lens is most typically required to adjust focus for different object distances. Many different configurations of zoom lens are possible. However, for a typical optical zoom lens, there are at least two lens groups that move independently of each other along the optical axis relative to the image sensor, but in a relational manner to each other. There are additionally typically further lens groups that remain stationary relative to the image sensor. 
     In multifunction devices, the image captured by the image capture device or camera is frequently of lower quality due to the shaking of the user&#39;s hand. Optical image stabilization (OIS) has been attempted to compensate for this phenomenon. OIS adjusts the direction of the field of view of the camera to compensate for user motion. There have been various schemes proposed for miniature cameras, including: ‘lens barrel shift,’ in which the complete lens is moved in directions orthogonal to the optical axis relative to the image sensor; and ‘camera tilt,’ in which the lens and image sensor are together tilted relative to a support structure. For cameras and image capture devices in multifunction devices, neither method is practical. 
     SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Systems and methods for mirror tilt actuation are disclosed. Some embodiments include an image sensor and a zoom lens assembly including a plurality of movable lens elements arranged to be moved independent of one another. In some embodiments, the plurality of movable lens elements share an optical axis. Some embodiments include a lens and mirror assembly for admitting light to the miniature camera. The lens and mirror assembly includes a folded optics arrangement such that light enters the lens and mirror assembly through a first lens with an optical axis of the first lens orthogonal to the plurality of moveable lens elements. The lens and mirror assembly includes a mirror for folding the path of light from the optical axis of the first lens to the optical axis of the plurality of movable lens elements, and the lens and mirror assembly further includes an actuator for tilting the mirror. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3A  illustrates a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3B  illustrates an alternative embodiment of a camera for use with in a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  depicts a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  depicts a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 9A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of components of a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 9B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of components of an alternative embodiment of a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10A  depicts a cross-sectional view of components of a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10B  depicts a cross-sectional view of components of an alternative embodiment of a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 11A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a coil and magnet arrangement for a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 11B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a coil and magnet arrangement for a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 12A  depicts a coil and magnet arrangement for a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 12B  depicts an alternative embodiment of a coil and magnet arrangement for a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates components of a coil and magnet arrangement for a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 14  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 15A-15C  illustrate assembly of components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 16A-16C  depict assembly of components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 17A-17C  illustrate assembly of components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 18  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 21A-21B  illustrate components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 22  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 24  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 26A  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for mirror tilt actuation. 
         FIG. 26B  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for mirror tilt actuation. 
         FIG. 27  illustrates an example computer system configured to implement aspects of the system and method for mirror tilt actuation. 
     
    
    
     This specification includes references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment.” The appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner consistent with this disclosure. 
     “Comprising.” This term is open-ended. As used in the appended claims, this term does not foreclose additional structure or steps. Consider a claim that recites: “An apparatus comprising one or more processor units . . . .” Such a claim does not foreclose the apparatus from including additional components (e.g., a network interface unit, graphics circuitry, etc.). 
     “Configured To.” Various units, circuits, or other components may be described or claimed as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is used to connote structure by indicating that the units/circuits/components include structure (e.g., circuitry) that performs those task or tasks during operation. As such, the unit/circuit/component can be said to be configured to perform the task even when the specified unit/circuit/component is not currently operational (e.g., is not on). The units/circuits/components used with the “configured to” language include hardware—for example, circuits, memory storing program instructions executable to implement the operation, etc. Reciting that a unit/circuit/component is “configured to” perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, for that unit/circuit/component. Additionally, “configured to” can include generic structure (e.g., generic circuitry) that is manipulated by software and/or firmware (e.g., an FPGA or a general-purpose processor executing software) to operate in manner that is capable of performing the task(s) at issue. “Configure to” may also include adapting a manufacturing process (e.g., a semiconductor fabrication facility) to fabricate devices (e.g., integrated circuits) that are adapted to implement or perform one or more tasks. 
     “First,” “Second,” etc. As used herein, these terms are used as labels for nouns that they precede, and do not imply any type of ordering (e.g., spatial, temporal, logical, etc.). For example, a buffer circuit may be described herein as performing write operations for “first” and “second” values. The terms “first” and “second” do not necessarily imply that the first value must be written before the second value. 
     “Based On.” As used herein, this term is used to describe one or more factors that affect a determination. This term does not foreclose additional factors that may affect a determination. That is, a determination may be solely based on those factors or based, at least in part, on those factors. Consider the phrase “determine A based on B.” While in this case, B is a factor that affects the determination of A, such a phrase does not foreclose the determination of A from also being based on C. In other instances, A may be determined based solely on B. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Introduction 
     Various embodiments of a system and method for mirror tilt actuation are disclosed. Some embodiments include a plurality of lens elements, a mirror for adjusting an optical path of light passing through the lens elements, and an actuator for tilting the mirror. In some embodiments, the actuator for tilting the mirror includes an actuator synchronized to compensate for user hand motion to stabilize an image generated from the light and improve quality of the image. 
     In some embodiments, the actuator for tilting the mirror comprises an actuator synchronized to compensate for user hand motion. In some embodiments, the actuator includes a moveable magnet, and a plurality of stationary coils disposed around sides of the magnet. In some embodiments, the actuator is configured to receive electrical signals causing generation of Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and mirror. In some embodiments the actuator is configured to receive electrical signals causing generation of Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and mirror about a pivot in two substantially orthogonal tilt degrees of freedom. In some embodiments, a fringing field of the magnet includes components of magnetic field in the appropriate directions to deliver Lorentz forces, such that when the coils are electrically driven, said fringing field interacts with the coils at levels on average in different directions for each coil. 
     Some embodiments include a miniature camera with a folded optics arrangement, in which plural lens element have their optical axes orthogonal to a first lens element through which light entering the camera first passes. A mirror is used to fold the optical path. An actuator is used to tilt the mirror in an appropriate manner to compensate for user hand motion to stabilize the image and improve image quality. 
     In some embodiments, the actuator used for tilting the mirror includes a moving magnet, with four non-moving coils disposed around four sides of the magnet to, when driven with appropriate electric signals, generate Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and mirror about a pivot in two substantially orthogonal tilt degrees of freedom. 
     In some embodiments, the fringing field of the magnet includes components of magnetic field in the appropriate directions to deliver the required Lorentz forces, when the coils are electrically driven. The fringing fields that interact with the coils are on average in different directions for each coil. 
     In some embodiments, the four coils are fabricated in a single component layer-by-layer in sheet form using various process including plating. 
     In some embodiments, the actuator for tilting the mirror further includes at least two hall sensors for monitoring the motion of the magnet in two orthogonal directions. In some embodiments, the actuator for tilting the mirror further includes a resilient spring that acts to return the magnet assembly including mirror to its center position, and hence acts to convert the Lorentz forces from the coils to steady state positions. 
     Some embodiments include a method for mirror tilt actuation. In some embodiments, the method includes tilting a mirror for adjusting an optical path of light passing through lens elements of the image capture device. In some embodiments, tilting the mirror for adjusting the optical path of the light includes adjusting the optical path of the light to compensate for user hand motion to stabilize an image generated from the light and improve quality of the image. 
     In some embodiments, tilting the mirror for adjusting the optical path of the light comprises creating electrical signals for generation of Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and mirror. In some embodiments, tilting the mirror for adjusting the optical path of the light comprises creating electrical signals for generation of Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and mirror about a pivot in two substantially orthogonal tilt degrees of freedom. In some embodiments, tilting the mirror for adjusting the optical path of the light comprises driving coils such that a fringing field of the magnet interacts with the coils at levels on average in different directions for each coil. In some embodiments, the method further includes predicting a displacement of an image capture device. In some embodiments, the method further includes measuring a displacement of an image capture device. 
     Some embodiments may include a means for mirror tilt actuation. For example, a mirror tilt actuation module may tilt a mirror for adjusting an optical path of light passing through lens elements of the image capture device, as described herein. The mirror tilt actuation module may in some embodiments be implemented by a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium and one or more processors (e.g., CPUs and/or GPUs) of a computing apparatus. The computer-readable storage medium may store program instructions executable by the one or more processors to cause the computing apparatus to tilt a mirror for adjusting an optical path of light passing through lens elements of the image capture device, as described herein. Other embodiments of an mirror tilt actuation module may be at least partially implemented by hardware circuitry and/or firmware stored, for example, in a non-volatile memory. 
     Some embodiments enable an image capture device to tilt such a mirror to deliver the Optical Image Stabilization (OIS) function. The mirror tilt approach of the presented embodiments somewhat avoids adding the perspective distortion inherent in the lens shift approaches. This approach also has the advantage of reducing the space taken up by the OIS actuator. 
     Some embodiments include a camera. In some embodiments, the camera includes an image sensor, and a zoom lens assembly including a plurality of movable lens elements arranged to be moved independent of one another. In some embodiments, the plurality of movable lens elements share an optical axis. Some embodiments include a lens and mirror assembly for admitting light to the miniature camera. The lens and mirror assembly includes a folded optics arrangement such that light enters the lens and mirror assembly through a first lens with an optical axis of the first lens orthogonal to the plurality of moveable lens elements. The lens and mirror assembly includes a mirror for folding the path of light from the optical axis of the first lens to the optical axis of the plurality of movable lens elements, and the lens and mirror assembly further includes an actuator for tilting the mirror. 
     In some embodiments, the actuator is attached to a driver circuit for tilting the mirror to compensate for user hand motion. In some embodiments the actuator is attached to a driver circuit for tilting the mirror to stabilize an image captured by the image sensor. In some embodiments, the actuator used for tilting the mirror includes a moving magnet, and four non-moving coils disposed around four sides of the magnet. When driven with electric signals, the four non-moving coils generate Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and the mirror. 
     In some embodiments, the actuator used for tilting the mirror includes a moving magnet, and four non-moving coils disposed around four sides of the magnet. When driven with electric signals, the four non-moving coils generate Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and the mirror about a pivot. 
     In some embodiments, the actuator used for tilting the mirror includes a moving magnet, and four non-moving coils disposed around four sides of the magnet. When driven with electric signals, the four non-moving coils generate Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and the mirror about a pivot. In some embodiments, the fringing field of the moving magnet includes components of magnetic field in the appropriate directions to deliver the Lorentz forces, when the coils are electrically driven, wherein said fringing field that interact with the coils are on average in different directions for each coil. 
     In some embodiments, a system includes a plurality of lens elements, a mirror for adjusting an optical path of light passing through the lens elements, and an actuator for tilting the mirror. In some embodiments, the actuator used for tilting the mirror includes a moving magnet, and four non-moving coils disposed around four sides of the magnet. When driven with electric signals, the four non-moving coils generate Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and the mirror about a pivot. In some embodiments, the four coils are fabricated in a single component layer-by-layer in sheet form using various process including plating. 
     In some embodiments, the actuator for tilting the mirror further comprises at least two hall sensors for monitoring the motion of the magnet in two orthogonal directions. In some embodiments, the actuator for tilting the mirror further comprises a resilient spring that acts to return the magnet assembly including mirror to its center position, and hence acts to convert the Lorentz forces from the coils to steady state positions. In some embodiments, the actuator for tilting the mirror includes an actuator synchronized to compensate for user hand motion to stabilize an image generated from the light and improve quality of the image. In some embodiments, the actuator for tilting the mirror comprises an actuator synchronized to compensate for user hand motion. 
     In some embodiments, the actuator includes a moveable magnet, and a plurality of stationary coils disposed around sides of the magnet. In some embodiments, the actuator is configured to receive electrical signals causing generation of Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and mirror. In some embodiments, is configured to be receiving electrical signals causing generation of Lorentz forces that tend to tilt the magnet and mirror about a pivot in two substantially orthogonal tilt degrees of freedom. In some embodiments, a fringing field of the magnet includes components of magnetic field in the appropriate directions to deliver Lorentz forces, such that when the coils are electrically driven, said fringing field interacts with the coils at levels on average in different directions for each coil. 
     Some embodiments include a method for operating camera components. The method includes receiving input representing motion of an image capture device, and tilting a mirror for adjusting an optical path of light passing through lens elements of the image capture device to compensate for the motion. 
     Some embodiments include non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium, storing program instructions executable on a computer to implement receiving input representing motion of an image capture device, and tilting a mirror for adjusting an optical path of light passing through lens elements of the image capture device to compensate for the motion. 
     Multifunction Device 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that some embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments. 
     It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact, without departing from the intended scope. The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact. 
     The terminology used in the description herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touch pads), may also be used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touch pad). In some embodiments, the device is a gaming computer with orientation sensors (e.g., orientation sensors in a gaming controller). 
     In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device may include one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick. 
     The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that may be executed on the device may use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device may be adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device may support the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user. 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices.  FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  100  with touch-sensitive displays  112  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display  112  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and may also be known as or called a touch-sensitive display system. Device  100  may include memory  102  (which may include one or more computer readable storage mediums), memory controller  122 , one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  120 , peripherals interface  118 , RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , input/output (I/O) subsystem  106 , other input or control devices  116 , and external port  124 . Device  100  may include one or more optical sensors  164 . These components may communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  103 . 
     It should be appreciated that device  100  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  100  may have more or fewer components than shown, may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG. 1  may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  102  may include high-speed random access memory and may also include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory  102  by other components of device  100 , such as CPU  120  and the peripherals interface  118 , may be controlled by memory controller  122 . 
     Peripherals interface  118  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU  120  and memory  102 . The one or more processors  120  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  102  to perform various functions for device  100  and to process data. 
     In some embodiments, peripherals interface  118 , CPU  120 , and memory controller  122  may be implemented on a single chip, such as chip  104 . In some other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  108  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  may include well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry  108  may communicate with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wireless communication may use any of a variety of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , and microphone  113  provide an audio interface between a user and device  100 . Audio circuitry  110  receives audio data from peripherals interface  118 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  111 . Speaker  111  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  113  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  118  for processing. Audio data may be retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  102  and/or RF circuitry  108  by peripherals interface  118 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  110  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  212 ,  FIG. 2 ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  110  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     I/O subsystem  106  couples input/output peripherals on device  100 , such as touch screen  112  and other input control devices  116 , to peripherals interface  118 . I/O subsystem  106  may include display controller  156  and one or more input controllers  160  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  160  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices  116 . The other input control devices  116  may include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  160  may be coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  208 ,  FIG. 2 ) may include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  111  and/or microphone  113 . The one or more buttons may include a push button (e.g.,  206 ,  FIG. 2 ). 
     Touch-sensitive display  112  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  156  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen  112 . Touch screen  112  displays visual output to the user. The visual output may include graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output may correspond to user-interface objects. 
     Touch screen  112  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen  112  and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen  112  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     Touch screen  112  may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  may detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a variety of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     The user may make contact with touch screen  112  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  100  may include a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad may be a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen  112  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  100  also includes power system  162  for powering the various components. Power system  162  may include a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more optical sensors  164 .  FIG. 1  shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller  159  in I/O subsystem  106 . Optical sensor  164  may include charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor  164  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), optical sensor  164  may capture still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112  on the front of the device, so that the touch screen display may be used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image may be obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more proximity sensors  166 .  FIG. 1  shows proximity sensor  166  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, proximity sensor  166  may be coupled to input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen  112  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  100  includes one or more orientation sensors  168 . In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more accelerometers (e.g., one or more linear accelerometers and/or one or more rotational accelerometers). In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more gyroscopes. In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more magnetometers. In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more of global positioning system (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), and/or other global navigation system receivers. The GPS, GLONASS, and/or other global navigation system receivers may be used for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device  100 . In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include any combination of orientation/rotation sensors.  FIG. 1  shows the one or more orientation sensors  168  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, the one or more orientation sensors  168  may be coupled to an input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more orientation sensors. 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  102  include operating system  126 , communication module (or set of instructions)  128 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  130 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  132 , text input module (or set of instructions)  134 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  135 , arbiter module  158  and applications (or sets of instructions)  136 . Device/global internal state  157  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display  112 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and input control devices  116 ; state information that indicates which processes control output of shared audio or visual resource of a vehicle; ownership transition conditions of the shared audio or visual resource; and location information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  126  (e.g., Darwin, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks or RTXC) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  128  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  124  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  108  and/or external port  124 . External port  124  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). 
     Contact/motion module  130  may detect contact with touch screen  112  (in conjunction with display controller  156 ) and other touch sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  130  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  130  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, may include determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations may be applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  and display controller  156  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     Contact/motion module  130  may detect a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns. Thus, a gesture may be detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event. 
     Graphics module  132  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen  112  or other display, including components for changing the intensity of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  132  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic may be assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  132  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  156 . 
     Text input module  134 , which may be a component of graphics module  132 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  137 , e-mail  140 , IM  141 , browser  147 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     GPS module  135  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  138  for use in location-based dialing, to camera  143  as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Applications  136  may include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         contacts module  137  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   telephone module  138 ;   video conferencing module  139 ;   e-mail client module  140 ;   instant messaging (IM) module  141 ;   workout support module  142 ;   camera module  143  for still and/or video images;   image management module  144 ;   browser module  147 ;   calendar module  148 ;   widget modules  149 , which may include one or more of: weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , dictionary widget  149 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   widget creator module  150  for making user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   search module  151 ;   video and music player module  152 , which may be made up of a video module and a music module;   notes module  153 ;   map module  154 ; and/or   online video module  155 .       

     Examples of other applications  136  that may be stored in memory  102  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , contacts module  137  may be used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state  192  of contacts module  137  in memory  102 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  138 , video conference  139 , e-mail  140 , or IM  141 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , telephone module  138  may be used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in address book  137 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication may use any of a variety of communications standards, protocols and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , and communication module  128 , arbiter module  158  negotiates control of a shared audio or visual resource of an automobile. A request for control of a shared audio or visual resource of the vehicle is received at arbiter module  158 . Arbiter module  158  maintains existing state information for ownership of the shared audio or visual resource and ownership transition conditions of the shared audio or visual resource. The request for control of the shared audio or visual resource of the vehicle is received from one of a plurality of processes including a process executing on an embedded system attached to the vehicle and a process executing on a mobile computing device (portable multifunction device  100 ) temporarily communicating with the vehicle. New state information regarding ownership of the shared audio or visual resource is determined by arbiter module  158  based at least in part on the request for control and the ownership transition conditions. The new state information indicates which of the processes controls output of the shared audio or visual resource of the vehicle. New ownership transition conditions of the shared audio or visual resource are determined by arbiter module  158  and communicated to a controller interface of the shared audio or visual resource. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor  164 , arbiter module  158 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , contact list  137 , and telephone module  138 , videoconferencing module  139  includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140  includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module  144 , e-mail client module  140  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  143 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the instant messaging module  141  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages may include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , map module  154 , and music player module  146 , workout support module  142  includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor(s)  164 , optical sensor controller  159 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and image management module  144 , camera module  143  includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  102 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory  102 . 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and camera module  143 , image management module  144  includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , browser module  147  includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , calendar module  148  includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , widget modules  149  are mini-applications that may be downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  1493 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , and dictionary widget  149 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  149 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , the widget creator module  150  may be used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , search module  151  includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  102  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , and browser module  147 , video and music player module  152  includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen  112  or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ). In some embodiments, device  100  may include the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , notes module  153  includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , and browser module  147 , map module  154  may be used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location; and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , online video module  155  includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module  141 , rather than e-mail client module  140 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. 
     Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  102  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  100  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  100 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  100  may be reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that may be performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  100  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that may be displayed on device  100 . In such embodiments, the touchpad may be referred to as a “menu button.” In some other embodiments, the menu button may be a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
     While a portable or mobile computing device is shown as one embodiment of a multifunction device, one of skill in the art will readily realize in light of having read the current disclosure that a desktop computer or other computing device may also perform many of the functions described herein without departing from the scope and intent of the present disclosure. Likewise, while touch screen devices are shown as one embodiment of a multifunction device, one of skill in the art will readily realize in light of having read the current disclosure that a desktop computer or other computing device without a touch screen may also perform many of the functions described herein without departing from the scope and intent of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device  100  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen may display one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  200 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user may select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  202  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  203  (not drawn to scale in the figure). 
     Device  100  may also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  204 . As described previously, menu button  204  may be used to navigate to any application  136  in a set of applications that may be executed on device  100 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen  112 . 
     In one embodiment, device  100  includes touch screen  112 , menu button  204 , push button  206  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  208 , Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card slot  210 , head set jack  212 , and docking/charging external port  124 . Push button  206  may be used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. 
     In an alternative embodiment, device  100  also may accept verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone  113 . 
     Example Camera Hardware 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 3A  shows a cross-sections through the optical stack of the camera (image capture device package  300   a ), including a color-splitting prism  310   a , an image sensor substrate assembly  320   a , a zoom second moving lens group  330   a , a zoom first moving lens group  340   a , a mirror  350   a  and an optical image stabilization mechanism  360   a .  FIG. 3A  shows zoom second moving lens group  330   a  and zoom first moving lens group  340   a  in a first position for a zoom lens ratio. Mirror  350   a  is used to fold the optics, and is nominally mounted at 45 degrees to the optical axis of all the lens elements.  FIG. 3A  also illustrates the triangular section into which optical image stabilization mechanism  360   a  to tilt mirror  350   a  is fitted. As can be observed in  FIG. 3A , the substrate assembly  320   a  is made up of three image sensors  370   a  and a prism  310   a , which splits the light into three color components, directing one color to each image sensor. This tri-sensor arrangement is very efficient as little light is wasted in color filters, and hence minimizes the lens size for a given combined image sensor surface area. 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates an alternative embodiment of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 3B  shows a cross-sections through the optical stack of the camera (image capture device package  300   b ), including a color-splitting prism  310   b , an image sensor substrate assembly  320   b , a zoom second moving lens group  330   b , a zoom first moving lens group  340   b , a mirror  350   b  and an optical image stabilization mechanism  360   b .  FIG. 3B  shows zoom second moving lens group  330   b  and zoom first moving lens group  340   b  in a first position for a zoom lens ratio. Mirror  350   b  is used to fold the optics, and is nominally mounted at 45 degrees to the optical axis of all the lens elements.  FIG. 3B  also illustrates the triangular section into which optical image stabilization mechanism  360   b  to tilt mirror  350   b  is fitted. As can be observed in  FIG. 3B , the substrate assembly  320   b  is made up of three image sensors  370   b  and a prism  310   b , which splits the light into three color components, directing one color to each image sensor. This tri-sensor arrangement is very efficient as little light is wasted in color filters, and hence minimizes the lens size for a given combined image sensor surface area. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 4  shows a cross-sections through the optical stack of the camera (image capture device package  400 ), including a color-splitting prism  410 , an image sensor substrate assembly  420 , a zoom second moving lens group  430 , a zoom first moving lens group  440 , a mirror  450  and an optical image stabilization mechanism  460 .  FIG. 4  shows zoom second moving lens group  430  and zoom first moving lens group  440  in a second position for a zoom lens ratio. Mirror  450  is used to fold the optics, and is nominally mounted at 45 degrees to the optical axis of all the lens elements.  FIG. 4  also illustrates the triangular section into which optical image stabilization mechanism  460  to tilt mirror  450  is fitted. As can be observed in  FIG. 4 , the substrate assembly  420  is made up of three image sensors  470  and a prism  410 , which splits the light into three color components, directing one color to each image sensor. This tri-sensor arrangement is very efficient as little light is wasted in color filters, and hence minimizes the lens size for a given combined image sensor surface area. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 5  shows a cross-sections through the optical stack of the camera (image capture device package  500 ), including a color-splitting prism  510 , an image sensor substrate assembly  520 , a zoom second moving lens group  530 , a zoom first moving lens group  540 , a mirror  550  and an optical image stabilization mechanism  560 .  FIG. 5  shows zoom second moving lens group  530  and zoom first moving lens group  540  in a first position for a zoom lens ratio. Mirror  550  is used to fold the optics, and is nominally mounted at 45 degrees to the optical axis of all the lens elements.  FIG. 5  also illustrates the triangular section into which optical image stabilization mechanism  560  to tilt mirror  550  is fitted. As can be observed in  FIG. 5 , the substrate assembly  520  is made up of three image sensors  570  and a prism  510 , which splits the light into three color components, directing one color to each image sensor. This tri-sensor arrangement is very efficient as little light is wasted in color filters, and hence minimizes the lens size for a given combined image sensor surface area. 
       FIG. 6  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A lens and mirror assembly  620 , a zoom lens assembly  630 , and an image sensor assembly are shown as components of an image capture device package  600 , which connects to other components of a multifunction device by means of a PCB external connector  610 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A lens and mirror assembly  720 , a zoom lens assembly  730 , and an image sensor assembly are shown as components of an image capture device package  700 , which connects to other components of a multifunction device by means of a PCB external connector  710 . In some embodiments image capture device package  700  has dimensions X=28.5 mm, Y=8.45 mm, Z=5.7 mm, and Z=6.8 mm where the lens emerges. Note that the camera is generally thin in Z, minimally wide in Y, but long in X. Whilst in general, size for the camera should be minimized when used in mobile devices, these dimensions are consistent with the an embodiment of design constraints, where minimizing Z is most important, Y is important, and X is relatively less important. 
       FIG. 8  depicts a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A lens and mirror assembly  820 , a zoom lens assembly  830 , and an image sensor assembly are shown as components of an image capture device package  800 , which connects to other components of a multifunction device by means of a PCB external connector  810 . In some embodiments image capture device package  800  has dimensions X=28.5 mm, Y=8.45 mm, Z=5.7 mm, and Z=6.8 mm where the lens emerges. Note that the camera is generally thin in Z, minimally wide in Y, but long in X. Whilst in general, size for the camera should be minimized when used in mobile devices, these dimensions are consistent with the an embodiment of design constraints, where minimizing Z is most important, Y is important, and X is relatively less important. 
       FIG. 9A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of components of a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. Lens and mirror assembly  900   a  includes an FP coil  910   a , a pivot  920   a , a magnet  930   a , a mirror  940   a  and a hall sensor  950   a .  FIG. 9A  shows a cross-sectional view through the lens and mirror assembly  900   a  assembly, showing the OIS actuator architecture. Magnet  930   a  is configured to move with the mirror  940   a . The lens and mirror assembly  900   a  incorporates a pivot point  920   a  about which the mirror  940   a  tilts, and includes a resilient spring  960   a  to convert the force for the VCM actuators to a position of the mirror  940   a . There are four coils  910   a  mounted to the fixed OIS chassis  970   a  portion of the assembly  900   a . These are disposed around the four sides of the magnet. When appropriately driven with electrical signals, the Lorentz forces generated between the coils  910   a  and magnet  930   a  generate the tilting forces. 
       FIG. 9B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of components of an alternative embodiment of a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. Lens and mirror assembly  900   b  includes an FP coil  910   b , a pivot  920   b , a magnet  930   b , a mirror  940   b  and a hall sensor  950   b .  FIG. 9B  shows a cross-sectional view through the lens and mirror assembly  900   b  assembly, showing the OIS actuator architecture. Magnet  930   b  is configured to move with the mirror  940   b . The lens and mirror assembly  900   b  incorporates a pivot point  920   b  about which the mirror  940   b  tilts, and includes a resilient spring  960   b  to convert the force for the VCM actuators to a position of the mirror  940   b . There are four coils  910   b  mounted to the fixed OIS chassis  970   b  portion of the assembly  900   b . These are disposed around the four sides of the magnet. When appropriately driven with electrical signals, the Lorentz forces generated between the coils  910   b  and magnet  930   b  generate the tilting forces. 
       FIG. 10A  depicts a cross-sectional view of components of a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. Lens and mirror assembly  1000   a  includes an FP coil  1010   a , a pivot  1020   a , a magnet  1030   a , a mirror  1040   a  and a hall sensor  1050   a .  FIG. 10A  shows a cross-sectional views through the lens and mirror assembly  1000   a  assembly, showing the OIS actuator architecture. Magnet  1030   a  is configured to move with the mirror  1040   a . The lens and mirror assembly  1000   a  incorporates a pivot point  1020   a  about which the mirror  1040   a  tilts, and includes a resilient spring  1060   a  to convert the force for the VCM actuators to a position of the mirror  1040   a . There are four coils  1010   a  mounted to the fixed OIS chassis  1070   a  portion of the assembly  1000   a . These are disposed around the four sides of the magnet. When appropriately driven with electrical signals, the Lorentz forces generated between the coils  1010   a  and magnet  1030   a  generate the tilting forces. 
       FIG. 10B  depicts a cross-sectional view of components of an alternative embodiment of a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. Lens and mirror assembly  1000   a  includes an FP coil  1010   a , a pivot  1020   a , a magnet  1030   a , a mirror  1040   a  and a hall sensor  1050   a .  FIG. 10B  shows a cross-sectional views through the lens and mirror assembly  1000   a  assembly, showing the OIS actuator architecture. Magnet  1030   a  is configured to move with the mirror  1040   a . The lens and mirror assembly  1000   a  incorporates a pivot point  1020   a  about which the mirror  1040   a  tilts, and includes a resilient spring  1060   a  to convert the force for the VCM actuators to a position of the mirror  1040   a . There are four coils  1010   a  mounted to the fixed OIS chassis  1070   a  portion of the assembly  1000   a . These are disposed around the four sides of the magnet. When appropriately driven with electrical signals, the Lorentz forces generated between the coils  1010   a  and magnet  1030   a  generate the tilting forces. 
       FIG. 11A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a coil and magnet arrangement for a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A chassis  1170   a  is attached to a magnet  1130   a , hall sensors  1150   a  and FP coils  1110   a .  FIG. 11A  shows in more detail how the coils  1110   a  and magnet  1130   a  (and hall sensors  1150   a  used to detect or measure the position of the magnet  1130   a ) are configured relative to each other. The four independent coils  1110   a  are made from a single component using a Flat Printed Coil (FP Coil) technique. The FP coil  1110   a  is then folded up.  FIG. 11A  illustrates how the magnet  1130   a  is poled, and in this way the Lorentz forces are generated by the fringing field of the magnet, which proceeds around the sides of the magnet from North to South. It is the component of the magnetic field in directions orthogonal to the poling axis of the magnet  1130  that generates the Lorentz forces. 
     The Hall sensors  1150   a , as show in  FIG. 11A , are located close to the plane of symmetry of the magnet  1130   a  orthogonal to the poling direction. At this plane, nominally the Hall sensors  1150   a  will not produce an output sensing voltage when appropriately driven. However, when the magnet  1130   a  moves in response to the Lorentz forces from the Coils  1110   a , so that the Hall sensors  1150   a  are no longer on the plane of symmetry, there will be a net magnetic field orthogonal to the poling direction, and this will generate a Hall effect voltage that can be sensed, indicating the magnet  1130   a  position. Note that in  FIG. 11A , the Hall sensors  1150   a  are not mounted directly to the FPC coil. There is an FPC used to mount the Hall sensors and electrically connect to the FP Coil. This is not shown in  FIG. 11A , but is illustrated in as part of the assembly flow discussed below. 
       FIG. 11B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a coil and magnet arrangement for a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A chassis  1170   b  is attached to a magnet  1130   b , hall sensors  1150   b  and FP coils  1110   b .  FIG. 11B  shows in more detail how the coils  1110   b  and magnet  1130   b  (and hall sensors  1150   b  used to detect or measure the position of the magnet  1130   b ) are configured relative to each other. The four independent coils  1110   b  are made from a single component using a Flat Printed Coil (FP Coil) technique. The FP coil  1110   b  is then folded up.  FIG. 11B  illustrates how the magnet  1130   b  is poled, and in this way the Lorentz forces are generated by the fringing field of the magnet, which proceeds around the sides of the magnet from North to South. It is the component of the magnetic field in directions orthogonal to the poling axis of the magnet  1130   b  that generates the Lorentz forces. 
     The Hall sensors  1150   b , as show in  FIG. 11B , are located close to the plane of symmetry of the magnet  1130   b  orthogonal to the poling direction. At this plane, nominally the Hall sensors  1150   b  will not produce an output sensing voltage when appropriately driven. However, when the magnet  1130   b  moves in response to the Lorentz forces from the Coils  1110   b , so that the Hall sensors  1150   b  are no longer on the plane of symmetry, there will be a net magnetic field orthogonal to the poling direction, and this will generate a Hall effect voltage that can be sensed, indicating the magnet  1130   b  position. Note that in  FIG. 11B , the Hall sensors  1150   b  are not mounted directly to the FPC coil. There is an FPC used to mount the Hall sensors and electrically connect to the FP Coil. 
       FIG. 12A  depicts a coil and magnet arrangement for a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A chassis  1270   a  is attached to a magnet  1230   a , hall sensors  1250   a  and FP coils  1210   a .  FIG. 12A  shows in more detail how the coils  1210   a  and magnet  1230   a  (and hall sensors  1250   a  used to detect or measure the position of the magnet  1230   a ) are configured relative to each other. The four independent coils  1210   a  are made from a single component using a Flat Printed Coil (FP Coil) technique. The FP coil  1210   a  is then folded up. It is the component of the magnetic field in directions orthogonal to the poling axis of the magnet  1230   a  that generates the Lorentz forces. 
     The Hall sensors  1250   a , as show in  FIG. 12A , are located close to the plane of symmetry of the magnet  1250   a  orthogonal to the poling direction. At this plane, nominally the Hall sensors  1250   a  will not produce an output sensing voltage when appropriately driven. However, when the magnet  1230   a  moves in response to the Lorentz forces from the Coils  1210   a , so that the Hall sensors  1250   a  are no longer on the plane of symmetry, there will be a net magnetic field orthogonal to the poling direction, and this will generate a Hall effect voltage that can be sensed, indicating the magnet  1230   a  position. Note that in  FIG. 12 , the Hall sensors  1250   a  are not mounted directly to the FPC coil. There is an FPC used to mount the Hall sensors and electrically connect to the FP Coil. This is not shown in  FIG. 12A , but is illustrated in as part of the assembly flow discussed below. 
       FIG. 12B  depicts a coil and magnet arrangement for a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A chassis  1270   b  is attached to a magnet  1230   b , hall sensors  1250   b  and FP coils  1210   b .  FIG. 12B  shows in more detail how the coils  1210   b  and magnet  1230   b  (and hall sensors  1250   b  used to detect or measure the position of the magnet  1230   b ) are configured relative to each other. The four independent coils  1210   b  are made from a single component using a Flat Printed Coil (FP Coil) technique. The FP coil  1210   b  is then folded up. It is the component of the magnetic field in directions orthogonal to the poling axis of the magnet  1230   b  that generates the Lorentz forces. 
     The Hall sensors  1250   b , as show in  FIG. 12B , are located close to the plane of symmetry of the magnet  1250   b  orthogonal to the poling direction. At this plane, nominally the Hall sensors  1250   b  will not produce an output sensing voltage when appropriately driven. However, when the magnet  1230   b  moves in response to the Lorentz forces from the Coils  1210   b , so that the Hall sensors  1250   b  are no longer on the plane of symmetry, there will be a net magnetic field orthogonal to the poling direction, and this will generate a Hall effect voltage that can be sensed, indicating the magnet  1230   b  position. Note that in  FIG. 12B , the Hall sensors  1250   b  are not mounted directly to the FPC coil. There is an FPC used to mount the Hall sensors and electrically connect to the FP Coil. This is not shown in  FIG. 12B , but is illustrated in as part of the assembly flow discussed below. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates components of a coil and magnet arrangement for a lens and mirror assembly for a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. Chassis  1370  with FP coils  1310  is shown. 
       FIG. 14  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 14  shows how the FP coil  1410 , FPC  1450  with Gyro  1440  and Driver  1430  and other passive components (not shown), and Hall sensors  1450   b  are mounted inside the fixed OIS chassis, and form the fixed half of the OIS actuator. The OIS Chassis includes a pivot about when the mirror tilts. 
       FIGS. 15A-15C  illustrate assembly of components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A first portion  1510 , a second portion  1520 , and a spring  1530  are shown.  FIGS. 15A-15C  show the assembly of the moving portion of the OIS actuator, and includes the Moving Pivot and Mirror Mount, which sandwich the Magnet. Note the four L-shaped protrusions on the Moving Pivot that act as the drop-test endstops for the OIS actuator, and prevent the actuator, and particularly the Spring, being damaged during impact. This Configuration of L-shaped protrusions extend through the OIS Chassis and are then retained by two End-stop Plates to realize these features as end-stops to limit the motion separating the halves of the pivot during impact. Note the Spring that is heatstaked to the Mirror Mount. 
       FIGS. 16A-16C  depict assembly of components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A first portion  1610 , a second portion  1620 , and a third portion  1630  are shown. 
       FIGS. 17A-17C  illustrate assembly of components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A first portion  1710 , a second portion  1720 , and a magnet  1730  are shown. 
       FIG. 18  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A first portion  1810 , a magnet  1820 , and a driver  1830 , a hall sensor  1880 , and an FPC  1890  are shown. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A first assembly  1900  and a second assembly  1910  are shown.  FIG. 19  illustrates the assembly flow where the moving Magnet assembly is mounted to the fixed OIS Chassis. The Spring is heatstaked to the OIS Chassis through the holes in the Mirror Mount. The End-stop plates are then heatstaked to the OIS Chassis to retain the Moving Pivot. The Mirror is then bonded to the Mirror Mount. 
       FIG. 20  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A first assembly  2000  and a second assembly  2010  are shown.  FIG. 19  illustrates the assembly flow where the moving Magnet assembly is mounted to the fixed OIS Chassis. The Spring is heatstaked to the OIS Chassis through the holes in the Mirror Mount. The End-stop plates are then heatstaked to the OIS Chassis to retain the Moving Pivot. The Mirror is then bonded to the Mirror Mount. 
       FIGS. 21A-21B  illustrate components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A first assembly  2100  and a second assembly  2110  are shown.  FIGS. 21A-21B  show the fixed Chassis to which two lens elements are mounts, and to which the OIS mechanism and mirror are bonded. The FPC is then appropriately routed and also bonded to the fixed Chassis. 
       FIG. 22  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. A first assembly  2200  and a second assembly  2210  are shown. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 23  shows an assembled mechanism  2300  containing the fixed Chassis to which two lens elements are mounts, and to which the OIS mechanism and mirror are bonded. The FPC is then appropriately routed and also bonded to the fixed Chassis. 
       FIG. 24  depicts components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 24  shows how this whole Mirror Assembly  2400  is joined to the Zoom assembly  2410  and the electrical connections are made to the FPC before the covering can is bonded in place. 
       FIG. 25  illustrates components of a camera for use with in portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG. 25  shows how this whole Mirror Assembly  2500  is joined to the Zoom assembly  2510  and with the can bonded in place. 
     Example Operations 
       FIG. 26A  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for mirror tilt actuation. A mirror for adjusting an optical path of light passing through lens elements of the image capture device is tilted (block  2600 ). 
       FIG. 26B  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for mirror tilt actuation. Input representing motion of an image capture device is received (block  2610 ). A mirror for adjusting an optical path of light passing through lens elements of the image capture device is tilted (block  2620 ). 
     Example Computer System 
       FIG. 27  illustrates computer system  2700  that is configured to execute any or all of the embodiments described above. In different embodiments, computer system  2700  may be any of various types of devices, including, but not limited to, a computer embedded in a vehicle, a computer embedded in an appliance, a personal computer system, desktop computer, laptop, notebook, tablet, slate, or netbook computer, mainframe computer system, handheld computer, workstation, network computer, a camera, a set top box, a mobile device, a consumer device, video game console, handheld video game device, application server, storage device, a television, a video recording device, a peripheral device such as a switch, modem, router, or in general any type of computing or electronic device. 
     Various embodiments of a system and method for negotiating control of a shared audio or visual resource, as described herein, may be executed on one or more computer systems  2700 , which may interact with various other devices. Note that any component, action, or functionality described above with respect to  FIGS. 1-5  may be implemented on one or more computers configured as computer system  2700  of  FIG. 27 , according to various embodiments. In the illustrated embodiment, computer system  2700  includes one or more processors  2710  coupled to a system memory  2720  via an input/output (I/O) interface  2730 . Computer system  2700  further includes a network interface  2740  coupled to I/O interface  2730 , and one or more input/output devices  2750 , such as cursor control device  2760 , keyboard  2770 , and display(s)  2780 . In some cases, it is contemplated that embodiments may be implemented using a single instance of computer system  2700 , while in other embodiments multiple such systems, or multiple nodes making up computer system  2700 , may be configured to host different portions or instances of embodiments. For example, in one embodiment some elements may be implemented via one or more nodes of computer system  2700  that are distinct from those nodes implementing other elements. 
     In various embodiments, computer system  2700  may be a uniprocessor system including one processor  2710 , or a multiprocessor system including several processors  2710  (e.g., two, four, eight, or another suitable number). Processors  2710  may be any suitable processor capable of executing instructions. For example, in various embodiments processors  2710  may be general-purpose or embedded processors implementing any of a variety of instruction set architectures (ISAs), such as the x86, PowerPC, SPARC, or MIPS ISAs, or any other suitable ISA. In multiprocessor systems, each of processors  2710  may commonly, but not necessarily, implement the same ISA. 
     System memory  2720  may be configured to store program instructions  2722  and/or existing state information and ownership transition condition data  2732  accessible by processor  2710 . In various embodiments, system memory  2720  may be implemented using any suitable memory technology, such as static random access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), nonvolatile/Flash-type memory, or any other type of memory. In the illustrated embodiment, program instructions  2722  may be configured to implement a mapping application  2724  incorporating any of the functionality described above. Additionally, existing state information and ownership transition condition data  2732  of memory  2720  may include any of the information or data structures described above. In some embodiments, program instructions and/or data may be received, sent or stored upon different types of computer-accessible media or on similar media separate from system memory  2720  or computer system  2700 . While computer system  2700  is described as implementing the functionality of functional blocks of previous Figures, any of the functionality described herein may be implemented via such a computer system. 
     In one embodiment, I/O interface  2730  may be configured to coordinate I/O traffic between processor  2710 , system memory  2720 , and any peripheral devices in the device, including network interface  2740  or other peripheral interfaces, such as input/output devices  2750 . In some embodiments, I/O interface  2730  may perform any necessary protocol, timing or other data transformations to convert data signals from one component (e.g., system memory  2720 ) into a format suitable for use by another component (e.g., processor  2710 ). In some embodiments, I/O interface  2730  may include support for devices attached through various types of peripheral buses, such as a variant of the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus standard or the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard, for example. In some embodiments, the function of I/O interface  2730  may be split into two or more separate components, such as a north bridge and a south bridge, for example. Also, in some embodiments some or all of the functionality of I/O interface  2730 , such as an interface to system memory  2720 , may be incorporated directly into processor  2710 . 
     Network interface  2740  may be configured to allow data to be exchanged between computer system  2700  and other devices attached to a network  2785  (e.g., carrier or agent devices) or between nodes of computer system  2700 . Network  2785  may in various embodiments include one or more networks including but not limited to Local Area Networks (LANs) (e.g., an Ethernet or corporate network), Wide Area Networks (WANs) (e.g., the Internet), wireless data networks, some other electronic data network, or some combination thereof. In various embodiments, network interface  2740  may support communication via wired or wireless general data networks, such as any suitable type of Ethernet network, for example; via telecommunications/telephony networks such as analog voice networks or digital fiber communications networks; via storage area networks such as Fibre Channel SANs, or via any other suitable type of network and/or protocol. 
     Input/output devices  2750  may, in some embodiments, include one or more display terminals, keyboards, keypads, touchpads, scanning devices, voice or optical recognition devices, or any other devices suitable for entering or accessing data by one or more computer systems  2700 . Multiple input/output devices  2750  may be present in computer system  2700  or may be distributed on various nodes of computer system  2700 . In some embodiments, similar input/output devices may be separate from computer system  2700  and may interact with one or more nodes of computer system  2700  through a wired or wireless connection, such as over network interface  2740 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 27 , memory  2720  may include program instructions  2722 , which may be processor-executable to implement any element or action described above. In one embodiment, the program instructions may implement the methods described above, such as the methods illustrated by  FIG. 8 . In other embodiments, different elements and data may be included. Note that data  2732  may include any data or information described above. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that computer system  2700  is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of embodiments. In particular, the computer system and devices may include any combination of hardware or software that can perform the indicated functions, including computers, network devices, Internet appliances, PDAs, wireless phones, pagers, etc. Computer system  2700  may also be connected to other devices that are not illustrated, or instead may operate as a stand-alone system. In addition, the functionality provided by the illustrated components may in some embodiments be combined in fewer components or distributed in additional components. Similarly, in some embodiments, the functionality of some of the illustrated components may not be provided and/or other additional functionality may be available. 
     Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, while various items are illustrated as being stored in memory or on storage while being used, these items or portions of them may be transferred between memory and other storage devices for purposes of memory management and data integrity. Alternatively, in other embodiments some or all of the software components may execute in memory on another device and communicate with the illustrated computer system via inter-computer communication. Some or all of the system components or data structures may also be stored (e.g., as instructions or structured data) on a computer-accessible medium or a portable article to be read by an appropriate drive, various examples of which are described above. In some embodiments, instructions stored on a computer-accessible medium separate from computer system  2700  may be transmitted to computer system  2700  via transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wireless link. Various embodiments may further include receiving, sending or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a computer-accessible medium. Generally speaking, a computer-accessible medium may include a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium or memory medium such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or DVD/CD-ROM, volatile or non-volatile media such as RAM (e.g. SDRAM, DDR, RDRAM, SRAM, etc.), ROM, etc. In some embodiments, a computer-accessible medium may include transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as network and/or a wireless link. 
     The methods described herein may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof, in different embodiments. In addition, the order of the blocks of the methods may be changed, and various elements may be added, reordered, combined, omitted, modified, etc. Various modifications and changes may be made as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The various embodiments described herein are meant to be illustrative and not limiting. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible. Accordingly, plural instances may be provided for components described herein as a single instance. Boundaries between various components, operations and data stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in the context of specific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within the scope of claims that follow. Finally, structures and functionality presented as discrete components in the exemplary configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements may fall within the scope of embodiments as defined in the claims that follow.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20181221
Publication Date: 20200714
Grant Date: 20200714
Priority Date: 20130808
Inventors: CHAN, NING Y.
TOPLISS, Richard J.
WEBSTER, STEVEN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04N23/57", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/685", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/687", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/55", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/57", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/69", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/54", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/685", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/55", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/69", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/6812", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/009", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B7/1828", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B5/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B7/102", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B17/17", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B2205/0023", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B26/0816", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B7/102", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B27/646", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B2205/0023", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B5/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02K33/12", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B17/17", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B27/646", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/009", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/0065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B26/0816", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B7/1828", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B2205/0023", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B7/102", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/23296", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B5/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B17/17", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02K33/12", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/2257", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B27/646", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/2254", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B7/1828", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/009", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/2328", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/2253", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/23287", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B26/0816", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/0065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/23258", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 52448348