PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10897236-B2
Application Number: US-201816183320-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Wideband signal buffer

Abstract:
Wideband signal buffers that can be employed for mmWave (millimeter wave) communication are disclosed. One example signal buffer comprises a variable gain amplifier (VGA) that receives two control words and outputs a feedback signal, wherein both an amplitude and a phase of the feedback signal are based on the two control words and on a bias voltage; and a matching network comprising a first inductor that outputs the bias voltage, a second inductor, and a third inductor that receives the feedback signal from the VGA, and wherein the first, second, and third inductors are magnetically coupled to each other, wherein the signal buffer is configured to receive a RF (Radio Frequency) input and to generate a RF output from the RF input based on a transfer function of the signal buffer, wherein the transfer function is based at least in part on the feedback signal.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A signal buffer configured to be employed within a communication device, comprising:
 a variable gain amplifier (VGA) configured to receive one or more control words and to output a feedback signal, wherein both an amplitude of the feedback signal and a phase of the feedback signal are based on the one or more control words and on a bias voltage; and 
 a matching network comprising a first inductor L1 configured to output the bias voltage, a second inductor L2, and a third inductor L3 configured to receive the feedback signal from the VGA, wherein the first inductor L1 is arranged surrounding the second inductor L2, and wherein the first inductor L1, the second inductor L2, and the third inductor L3 are magnetically coupled to each other, 
 wherein the signal buffer is configured to receive a RF (Radio Frequency) input and to generate a RF output from the RF input based on a transfer function of the signal buffer, wherein the transfer function is based at least in part on the feedback signal. 
 
     
     
       2. The signal buffer of  claim 1 , wherein the second inductor L2 is configured to create a first pole of the transfer function. 
     
     
       3. The signal buffer of  claim 1 , wherein the third inductor L3 is configured to create a second pole of the transfer function, wherein the second pole depends on the amplitude of the feedback signal and the phase of the feedback signal. 
     
     
       4. The signal buffer of  claim 1 , wherein the VGA comprises N bit slices, wherein N is an even positive integer, wherein each of the one or more control words comprises N bits, and wherein each bit slice of the N bit slices is configured to receive an associated bit of each control word of the one or more control words. 
     
     
       5. The signal buffer of  claim 4 , wherein, for each bit slice, the associated bit of each control word of the one or more control words determines whether that bit slice is configured to generate an in-phase output or an out-of-phase output. 
     
     
       6. The signal buffer of  claim 5 , wherein, for each bit slice, both the input impedance and the output impedance are independent of whether that bit slice generates the in-phase output or the out-of-phase output. 
     
     
       7. The signal buffer of  claim 5 , wherein each bit slice comprises a first pair of transistors configured to generate the in-phase output and a second pair of transistors configured to generate the out-of-phase output. 
     
     
       8. The signal buffer of  claim 7 , wherein, for each bit slice, the parasitic capacitances of the first pair of transistors neutralize the parasitic capacitances of the second pair of transistors. 
     
     
       9. The signal buffer of  claim 5 , wherein the one or more control words are a first control word and a second control word, wherein the second control word is a bitwise complement of the first control word. 
     
     
       10. The signal buffer of  claim 5 , wherein each control word of the one or more control words is thermometer-coded. 
     
     
       11. The signal buffer of  claim 10 , wherein the N/2 bit slices associated with the first N/2 bits of each control word of the one or more control words are interleaved with and have a reversed ordering from the N/2 bit slices associated with the last N/2 bits of each control word of the one or more control words. 
     
     
       12. A signal buffer configured to be employed within a communication device, comprising:
 means for amplifying configured to receive one or more control words and to output a feedback signal, wherein both an amplitude of the feedback signal and a phase of the feedback signal are based on the one or more control words and on a bias voltage; and 
 means for matching configured to output the bias voltage and to receive the feedback signal from the means for amplifying, wherein the means for matching are configured to magnetically couple the bias voltage to the feedback signal, wherein the means for matching comprises a first inductor L1, a second inductor L2, and a third inductor L3, wherein the third inductor L3 is configured to create a second pole of the transfer function, wherein the second pole depends on the amplitude of the feedback signal and the phase of the feedback signal, 
 wherein the signal buffer is configured to receive a RF (Radio Frequency) input and to generate a RF output from the RF input based on a transfer function of the signal buffer, wherein the transfer function is based at least in part on the feedback signal. 
 
     
     
       13. The signal buffer of  claim 12 , wherein the first inductor L1 is arranged surrounding the second inductor L2. 
     
     
       14. The signal buffer of  claim 12 , wherein the second inductor L2 is configured to create a first pole of the transfer function. 
     
     
       15. A non-transitory machine readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause a communication device to:
 receive a RF (Radio Frequency) input signal at a signal buffer; 
 receive a pair of control words at a variable gain amplifier (VGA) of the signal buffer, wherein the VGA comprises N bit slices, wherein N is an even positive integer, and wherein each control word of the pair of control words comprises N bits, wherein each bit slice of the N bit slices is associated with a distinct bit of each control word of the pair of control words; 
 generate a feedback signal, wherein an amplitude of the feedback signal and a phase of the feedback signal are based on the pair of control words, and wherein a bias voltage of the VGA is magnetically coupled to the feedback signal; and 
 generate a RF output signal via the signal buffer, wherein the RF output signal is generated based on the RF input signal according to a transfer function of the signal buffer, wherein the transfer function is based at least in part on the feedback signal. 
 
     
     
       16. The machine readable medium of  claim 15 , wherein the feedback signal and the bias voltage are generated via a matching network that comprises a first inductor L1, a second inductor L2, and a third inductor L3.

Description:
FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to wireless technology, and more specifically to techniques and systems employable as a signal buffer, for example, for mmWave (millimeter wave) communication. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Mobile communication has evolved significantly from early voice systems to today&#39;s highly sophisticated integrated communication platform. The next generation wireless communication system, 5G (or new radio (NR)) will provide access to information and sharing of data anywhere, anytime by various users and applications. NR is expected to be a unified network/system that target to meet vastly different and sometime conflicting performance dimensions and services. Such diverse multi-dimensional requirements are driven by different services and applications. In general, NR will evolve based on 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long Term Evolution)-Advanced with additional potential new Radio Access Technologies (RATs) to enrich people lives with better, simple and seamless wireless connectivity solutions. NR will enable everything connected by wireless and deliver fast, rich contents and services. 
     NR will include bandwidths not employed in existing (e.g., current LTE-A (Long Term Evolution-Advanced)) systems, including mmWave frequency bands, which provides a significant increase in available bandwidth, but at higher frequencies than employed in existing systems. Because mmWave communication is at a substantially higher frequency than existing systems, some existing techniques and components are not well adapted to operating at mmWave frequencies. As one example, tuning based on capacitor arrays can be difficult to realize for mmWave frequencies. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an example user equipment (UE) useable in connection with various aspects described herein. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating example components of a Base Station (BS) device (e.g., eNB, gNB, etc.) that can be employed in connection with various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an example signal buffer according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating an example bit slice that can be employed as part of a variable gain amplifier, according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 5  is a pair of diagrams illustrating examples of in-phase operation (top) and out-of-phase operation of the example bit slice of  FIG. 4 , according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating an example variable gain amplifier comprising multiple example bit slices, according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating an example variable gain amplifier comprising multiple example bit slices arranged vertically, according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating an example of gain control for an example variable gain amplifier comprising 16 bit slices, according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrating a graph of simulated gain as a function of digital settings over process, voltage, and temperature variations for example embodiments, according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating a graph of gain as a function of controls for an example variable gain amplifier comprising N bit slices, according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating an example matching network comprising three inductors that can be employed in a signal buffer, according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating an example embodiment of a wideband signal buffer comprising the variable gain amplifier of  FIG. 6  and the matching network of  FIG. 11 , according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating a model of in-phase operation of the example signal buffer of  FIG. 12 , according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating a model of out-of-phase operation of the example signal buffer of  FIG. 12 , according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 15A  is a diagram illustrating a model of the example transformer and variable strength/polarity buffer of  FIG. 12 , according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 15B  illustrates the closed-loop transfer function for the example matching network of  FIG. 12 , based on the model of  FIG. 15A . 
         FIG. 16  is four diagrams illustrating a qualitative illustration of the poles of the feedback response of example matching networks discussed herein, along with example simulated frequency response of example embodiments for no feedback, positive feedback, and negative feedback, according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 17  is a pair of diagrams illustrating example negative feedback (top) and positive feedback (bottom) of an example signal buffer according to various aspects discussed herein. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a flow diagram of an example method of employing a wideband signal buffer according to various aspects described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure will now be described with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout, and wherein the illustrated structures and devices are not necessarily drawn to scale. As utilized herein, terms “component,” “system,” “interface,” and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, hardware, software (e.g., in execution), and/or firmware. For example, a component can be a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, a controller, or other processing device), a process running on a processor, a controller, an object, an executable, a program, a storage device, a computer, a tablet PC and/or a user equipment (e.g., mobile phone, etc.) with a processing device. By way of illustration, an application running on a server and the server can also be a component. One or more components can reside within a process, and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. A set of elements or a set of other components can be described herein, in which the term “set” can be interpreted as “one or more.” 
     Further, these components can execute from various computer readable storage media having various data structures stored thereon such as with a module, for example. The components can communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network, such as, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, or similar network with other systems via the signal). 
     As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry, in which the electric or electronic circuitry can be operated by a software application or a firmware application executed by one or more processors. The one or more processors can be internal or external to the apparatus and can execute at least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts; the electronic components can include one or more processors therein to execute software and/or firmware that confer(s), at least in part, the functionality of the electronic components. 
     Use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.” 
     As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware. 
     Various embodiments discussed herein comprise a tunable matching network comprising a wideband signal buffer, and systems and techniques that employ a tunable matching network as discussed herein. Tunable matching networks and associated systems and techniques discussed herein can provide small variability for gain attenuation, good linearity, and constant input and output impedance with different gain settings. As such, apparatuses, systems, and methods discussed herein can be employed for 5G (Fifth Generation) NR, including mmWave, in a transceiver of a communication device such as a UE (User Equipment) or base station such as a gNB (next generation Node B) or eNB (Evolved Node B). 
     Embodiments described herein may be implemented into a system using any suitably configured hardware and/or software.  FIG. 1  illustrates, for one embodiment, example components of a User Equipment (UE) device  100 . In some embodiments, the UE device  100  may include application circuitry  102 , baseband circuitry  104 , Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry  106 , front-end module (FEM) circuitry  108  and one or more antennas  110 , coupled together at least as shown. 
     The application circuitry  102  may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry  102  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupled with and/or may include memory/storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications and/or operating systems to run on the system. 
     The baseband circuitry  104  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry  104  may include one or more baseband processors and/or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry  106  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  106 . Baseband processing circuitry  104  may interface with the application circuitry  102  for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry  106 . For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  104  may include a second generation (2G) baseband processor  104   a , third generation (3G) baseband processor  104   b , fourth generation (4G) baseband processor  104   c , and/or other baseband processor(s)  104   d  for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., fifth generation (5G), 6G, etc.). The baseband circuitry  104  (e.g., one or more of baseband processors  104   a - d ) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry  106 . The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry  104  may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, and/or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry  104  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, and/or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  104  may include elements of a protocol stack such as, for example, elements of an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) protocol including, for example, physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), and/or radio resource control (RRC) elements. A central processing unit (CPU)  104   e  of the baseband circuitry  104  may be configured to run elements of the protocol stack for signaling of the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP and/or RRC layers. In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may include one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP)  104   f . The audio DSP(s)  104   f  may include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  104  and the application circuitry  102  may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC). 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  104  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  104  may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) and/or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry  104  is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry. 
     RF circuitry  106  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry  106  may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry  106  may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  108  and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry  104 . RF circuitry  106  may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  104  and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry  108  for transmission. 
     In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  106  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the RF circuitry  106  may include mixer circuitry  106   a , either as multiplication of signals or as a sampling of the signal, amplifier circuitry  106   b  and filter circuitry  106   c . The transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  106  may include filter circuitry  106   c  and mixer circuitry  106   a . RF circuitry  106  may also include synthesizer circuitry  106   d  for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  108  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry  106   d . The amplifier circuitry  106   b  may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry  106   c  may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or bandpass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry  104  for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry  106   a  of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry  106   d  to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry  108 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry  104  and may be filtered by filter circuitry  106   c . The filter circuitry  106   c  may include a low-pass filter (LPF), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down conversion and/or up conversion respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  106   a  may be arranged for direct down conversion and/or direct up conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry  106  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry  104  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry  106 . 
     In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  106   d  may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry  106   d  may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. 
     The synthesizer circuitry  106   d  may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  106   a  of the RF circuitry  106  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  106   d  may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry  104  or the applications processor  102  depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the applications processor  102 . 
     Synthesizer circuitry  106   d  of the RF circuitry  106  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle. 
     In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry  106   d  may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  106  may include an IQ/polar converter. 
     FEM circuitry  108  may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas  110 , amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry  106  for further processing. FEM circuitry  108  may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry  106  for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas  110 . 
     In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry  108  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  106 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  108  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  106 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas  110 ). 
     In some embodiments, the UE device  100  may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, and/or input/output (I/O) interface. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , illustrated are example components of a Base Station (BS) device (e.g., eNB, gNB, etc.)  200  that can be employed in connection with various aspects discussed herein. In some embodiments, the BS device  200  can comprise a digital unit  210  and one or more radio units  220 , each of which can be connected to one or more antennas  230   i . 
     The digital unit  210  can comprise a switch  211 , layer 1 (L1) signal processing circuitry  212 , layer 2+ (L2+) packet processing circuitry  213 , and control and timing circuitry  214 . The digital unit  210  can perform at least the following functions: (a) Switching (e.g., via switch  211 ) between various radio units (on cell towers or roof tops), and various baseband cards, in the digital unit; (b) Layer 1 signal processing (e.g., via L1 signal processing circuitry  212 ), performing the modulation/demodulation and forward error correction functions of actual waveforms to be transmitted on different RF carriers and bands; (c) Layer 2 scheduling of users (e.g., via L2+ packet processing circuitry  213 ); (d) Layer 2/layer 3 packet processing (e.g., via L2+ packet processing circuitry  213 ); (e) Control plane processing and timing/synchronization (e.g., via control and timing circuitry  214 ); and (f) Encryption of packets going into the backhaul (e.g., via control and timing circuitry  214 ). In various embodiments, the backhaul link to the core network can be one or more of wired (e.g., copper, fiber, etc.) or wireless (for example, via a mesh network comprising one or more additional access points, etc.). 
     Each radio unit  220  can comprise DFE (Digital Front End) signal processing circuitry  221 , one or more digital to analog converters (DACs)  222  associated with transmit chain(s), one or more analog to digital converters (ADCs)  223  associated with receive chain(s), optional RF (Radio Frequency) transmit circuitry  224  associated with transmit chain(s), optional RF (Radio Frequency) receive circuitry  225  associated with receive chain(s), and RF FE (Front End) circuitry  226 . The digital unit  210  can perform at least the following functions: (a) Digital front-end (DFE) signal processing (perform digital IF carrier combining, crest factor reduction, digital pre-distortion of Power Amplifiers) (e.g., via DFE signal processing circuitry  221 ); (b) Digital to Analog and Analog to Digital conversion (e.g., via DACs  222  and ADCs  223 ); (c) RF mixing (i.e. modulation), and RF frequency synthesizers; (d) RF Front-end functions: power amplifiers (PA), low-noise amplifiers (LNA), Variable gain amplifiers (VGA), filters, switches (TDD) or duplexers (FDD) (e.g., via RF front end circuitry  226 ). In aspects omitting RF transmit circuitry  224  and/or RF receive circuitry  225 , The DACs  222  and/or ADCs  223  can work at RF sampling rates, making analog/RF modulation/demodulation unnecessary. 
     From radio unit(s)  220 , the RF signal can be fed to antennas  230   i . In current radio base-stations, antennas are external, and there is an industry effort to develop Active antenna systems (AAS) with integrated RF and antenna arrays, for example, for 5G. 
     In various embodiments, tunable matching networks discussed herein (and/or associated systems and techniques) can be employed in a NR communication device, for example, UE  100  or BS  200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , illustrated is a block diagram of an example signal buffer  300  according to various aspects discussed herein. Signal buffer  300  comprises a variable gain amplifier (VGA)  310  coupled to an inductive matching network  320 , which can comprise three magnetically coupled inductors (referred to herein as L1, L2, and L3), which can facilitate magnetic feedback via adjustable current steering, providing adjustable tuning via the 3 windings of matching network  320 . Variable gain amplifier  310  can receive one or more control words, and based on the control word(s), can provide variable strength (e.g., negative, zero, or positive) feedback via matching network  320 , allowing tuning of a transfer function of signal buffer  300  (generating RF output(s) based on RF input(s) to signal buffer  300 ). In various embodiments discussed herein, VGA  310  can comprise a configurable bit-slice common-gate buffer that can be employed to provide the variable strength feedback. Because of the ability to provide tuning of the transfer function via current steering of matching network  320  via VGA  310 , the transfer function of signal buffer  300  can be tuned without capacitor arrays. Additionally, because in embodiments discussed herein the feedback can be magnetically coupled via one of the inductors (L3) of matching network  320 , the layout of signal buffer  300  is not substantially increased over existing transformer matching networks. 
     Embodiments discussed herein can provide a compact layout area that can save cost, the ability to employ feedback to make the bandwidth wider, and input/output impedance that can be kept constant. In contrast to existing systems based on capacitor array 
     In various embodiments, VGA  310  can comprise a plurality of bit slice units, each of which can be controlled by associated bit(s) of the control word(s), to provide control over the magnitude and phase (e.g., positive or negative) of the magnetic feedback. As explained below, various embodiments can provide for constant input/output impedance for each gain setting, and neutralization for each bit-slice. 
     Various embodiments discussed herein can provide multiple advantages over existing systems: (1) Local neutralization for each bit-slice unit of VGA  310  can reduce gain variability, reduce input load, and improve linearity; (2) Constant input and output impedances for any gain settings can provide for superior gain step accuracy; (3) Simple/straight connections for input/output RF path for bi-directional connectivity can facilitate mmWave operations; (4) Good match between bit slice units of VGA  310  over PVT (process, voltage, temperature) variation can provide accurate gain controls and stable controls over PVT variation; (5) Out-of-phase signal cancelling between two adjacent bit-slice units of VGA  310  can provide low power leakage; (6) Programmable positive/negative feedback for VGA  310  with in-phase or out-phase signals of the VGA  310  coupling back to the inter-stage matching can provide a wide fine-tune range; (7) Per inter-stage matching, with three inductor windings together in embodiments of matching network  320  can reduce layout area; (8) Bandwidth boost ring can boost the band width; (9) Multiple poles can provide a wide bandwidth; and (10) an inductor of the matching network  320  (e.g., L2) can cancel the buffer input in-series capacitance, which can provide low input impedance and high linearity for the current-mode pre-stage. 
     In various embodiments, VGA  310  comprises multiple bit-slices in-parallel. Referring to  FIG. 4 , illustrated is a diagram showing an example bit-slice  400  that can be employed in a variable gain amplifier in accordance with various aspects discussed herein. In various embodiments, all the bit-slices can have the same design as example bit-slice  400 . In each bit-slice  400 , the two transistors  410   1  and  410   2  (e.g., NMOS transistors, etc.) can operate as 0 degree of phase (in-phase) amplifiers. The two transistors  415   1  and  415   2  (e.g., NMOS transistors, etc.) can operate as 180 degree of phase (out-of-phase) amplifiers. Two inverted control signals (e.g., outPhase_en and outPhase_enx in  FIG. 4 ) can be used to control the on or off of the transistors  410   1 ,  410   2 ,  415   1 , and  415   2 . 
     If outPhase_en=1 (and outPhase_enx=0), the switches  425   1  and  425   2  switch the gates of transistors  415   1  and  415   2  to V_Bias. The voltage V_Bias can establish the DC operation point for transistors  415   1  and  415   2 . Thus, when outPhase_en=1, the transistors  415   1  and  415   2  are in the “on” state. Meanwhile, the transistors  410   1  and  410   2  are connected to the ground by the switches  420   1  and  420   2 . Thus, when outPhase_en=1 (and outPhase_enx=0), transistors  410   1  and  410   2  turn off. The RFINP current flowing into the  415   1  transistor source terminal is coupled to the RFOUTN terminal, and the RFINN current flowing into the  415   2  terminal flows is coupled to the RFOUTP terminal. Thus, when outPhase_en=1 (and outPhase_enx=0), the output current signal has 180 degree of phase shift compared to the input current. 
     If outPhase_en=0 (outPhase_enx=1), the switches  420   1  and  420   2  switch the gates of transistors  410   1  and  410   2  to V_Bias, which establishes the DC operation point for transistors  410   1  and  410   2 . Thus, when outPhase_en=0, the transistors  410   1  and  410   2  are in the “on” state. Meanwhile, the transistors  415   1  and  415   2  are connected to the ground by the switches, so transistors  415   1  and  415   2  turn off. The RFINP current flowing into the  410   1  transistor source terminal is coupled to the RFOUTP terminal, and the RFINN current flowing into the  410   2  terminal flows is coupled to the RFOUTN terminal. Thus, when outPhase_en=0 (and outPhase_enx=1), the output current signal has the same phase as the input current. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , illustrated is a pair of diagrams showing the example bit-slice of  FIG. 4  in examples of out-of-phase operation (top) and in-phase operation (bottom), according to various aspects discussed herein. In the out-of-phase operation shown at the top of  FIG. 5 , transistors  415   1  and  415   2  work as a complimentary common-gate amplifier (with gate DC operation point set by V_Bias), and transistors  410   1  and  410   2  are off (gate coupled to ground). Since the input signals coupled to the RFINP and RFINN are a differential signal (equal magnitude and opposite orientation/phase), the output signals from RFOUTP and RFOUTN are differential (180 degrees out of phase). In various embodiments, the sizes of all the four transistors  410   1 ,  415   2 ,  415   1 , and  415   2  can be designed to be the same. Thus, the parasitic capacitance—Cds in  FIG. 5  of the on transistors ( 415   1  and  415   2 ) can be exactly the same as the off transistors ( 410   1  and  410   2 ). The current through Cds of transistor  415   1  can thereby be neutralized by a current of equal magnitude and opposite orientation through a neutralizing capacitance—Cds of transistors  410   1 , as shown in the top diagram of  FIG. 5 . Similarly, the current through Cds of transistor  415   2  can be neutralized by a current of equal magnitude and opposite orientation through neutralizing capacitance—Cds of transistor  410   2 . The “off” transistors  410   1  and  410   2  can thereby operate as neutralization device for transistors  415   1  and  415   2 , which operates as a complimentary common-gate amplifier. The neutralization of bit-slice  400  provides a better way to improve the isolation between the input and the output. 
     Similarly, for the in-phase operation, the transistors  410   1  and  410   2  can operate as a complimentary common-gate amplifier (with gate DC operation point set by V_Bias), and transistors  415   1  and  415   2  are off (gate coupled to ground). The parasitic Cds of the transistors  415   1  and  415   2  can operate as neutralization capacitance for the Cds of the transistors  410   1  and  410   2 , as shown in the lower diagram of  FIG. 5 . 
     For each bit slice, the design of bit slice  400  can keep input impedance and output impedance the same for in-phase operation and out of phase operation. The bit slice can be configured for in phase operation or out phase operation via the control of outPhase_en and outPhase_enx. 
     Multiple (e.g., N) of the bit slices  400  can stack together to form a variable gain common-gate amplifier that can be employed as VGA  310 . Referring to  FIG. 6 , illustrated is a diagram showing an example variable gain common-gate amplifier  600  comprising multiple bit slices  400   1 - 400   N  in accordance with various aspects discussed herein. Each control of the bit slices can be connected to a separate digital control bit. Two complementary N-bit control words (e.g., via N-bit programmed buses), d_gain[N:1] and d_gainx[N:1], can be used to control the variable gain amplifier  600 . These two complementary control words can satisfy the condition in Equation (1):
 
 d _gain x ≡   d _gain   (1)
 
     The control words (e.g., from the programmed buses) can be thermometer-coded and each bit can be connected to the control of each bit slice  400   i , wherein each bit of the d_gain can be coupled to the outPhase_en of one bit slice  400   i  and each bit of the d_gainx can be coupled to the outPhase_enx of one bit slice  400   i . In various embodiments, N can be an even number. In both d_gain and d_gainx controls, as shown in  FIG. 6 , the bits N/2+1 to N can be arranged in reversed order to and interleaved with bits 1 to N. If all the bits of d_gain are set to 0 (and the complement control d_gainx all to 1), all the bit-slice units  400   i  will employ in-phase operation. In such a scenario, the output signals of all the units  400   i  are all in-phase and sum together, the amplitude has a maximum value, and the phase is a 0 degree shift from the input signal. Conversely, if all the bits of d_gain are set to 1, all the bit-slice units  400   i  will be out-of-phase, the amplitude will again have a maximum value, and the phase will be a 180 degree shift from the input signal. If M of the N bit slices  400   i  are out-of-phase, the number of in-phase bit slices  400   i  is N-M. In such a scenario, the total output signal is as in Equation (2):
 
 A ( N−M ) e   j0°   +Me   j180°   =A ( N− 2 M )  (2)
 
where A is the output signal magnitude of a single bit slice  400   i .
 
     When M=N/2, the output signal has amplitude 0 (half of the units  400   i  have a 0 degree shift from input signal and half of the units  400   i  have a 180 degree shift from input signal). If M&lt;N/2, the output signal has 0° of phase shift from the input signal and the amplitude decreases linearly with increasing M. If M&gt;N/2, the output signal has 180° of phase shift from input signal and the amplitude increases linearly with increasing M. 
     The pre-scrambled interleaved pattern for the d_gain and d_gainx controls discussed herein have the in-phase and out-of-phase bit slices  400   i  cancel the output signal with a neighboring unit  400   i . Due to good matching between the neighboring units  400   i , superior gain control accuracy can be realized, and the gain step can be independent of process, voltage, and temperature variations. 
     Since each of the bit slices  400   i  have the same input impedance for the in-phase state and the out-of-phase state, the input impedance of amplifier  600  can be kept constant under any gain settings. Meanwhile, the output impedance of amplifier  600 , which is independent of gain settings, can also be kept constant. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , illustrated is a diagram showing an example variable gain amplifier  700  with a vertical layout of bit slices  400   i  that can be employed according to various aspects discussed herein. In the layout shown in  FIG. 7 , all the bit slices  400   i  are stacked vertically with the input high frequency traces RFINN and RFINP aligned vertically and connected together. The output high frequency traces RFOUTP and RFOUTN are also vertically aligned and connected together in  FIG. 7 . The RFOUTP, RFOUTN, RFINP, and RFINN traces can be placed at the middle of the bit slices  400   i  to reduce the cross-coupling from the CMOS devices. The simple/straight connections for input/output RF path for bi-directional connectivity can provide less parasitic along with good gain performance and power consumption performance. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , illustrated is a diagram showing an example of gain control for an example variable gain amplifier according to  FIG. 6  that comprises 16 bit slices  400   i , according to various aspects discussed herein. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , illustrated is a diagram showing a graph of simulated gain as a function of digital settings over process, voltage, and temperature variations for an example variable gain amplifier according to various aspects discussed herein. As can be seen in  FIG. 9 , the gain of the variable gain amplifier of  FIG. 6  is very linear with respect to the digital controls, and does not vary with process, voltage, and temperature variations. Referring to  FIG. 10 , illustrated is a graph of gain as a function of controls for an example variable gain amplifier of N bit slices  400   i , according to various aspects discussed herein. As shown in  FIG. 10 , in various embodiments, the negative and positive magnetic feedbacks can give different gain control slopes, which can have different gain steps for the digital controls. 
     In various embodiments, wide band matching can be employed for the VGA (Variable Gain Amplifier) input and output impedance matching. In various embodiments, the matching network  320  of signal buffer  300  can comprise three inductors. Referring to  FIG. 11 , illustrated is a diagram showing an example matching network comprising three inductors (L1 ( 322 ), L2 ( 324 ), and L3 ( 326 )) that can be employed in a signal buffer according to various aspects discussed herein. Referring to  FIG. 12 , illustrated is a diagram showing an example embodiment of a wideband signal buffer comprising the variable gain amplifier of  FIG. 6  and matching network of  FIG. 11 , according to various aspects discussed herein. Referring to  FIG. 13 , illustrated is a model of an example of in-phase operation of the signal buffer of  FIG. 12 , according to various aspects discussed herein. Referring to  FIG. 14 , illustrated is a model of an example of out-of-phase operation of the signal buffer of  FIG. 12 , according to various aspects discussed herein. 
     The first inductor  322  (L1) can be used as the input signal DC operation point bias. The second inductor  324  (L2) can be used to create the first pole, and the third inductor  326  (L3) can be used to create the second pole and third pole. Equation (3) is the open loop transfer function for the matching network of  FIG. 12 : 
                   TI   =       1       L   2     ⁢     C   1     ⁢     C   3         ⁢     s   ·     1       S   2     +       L   12         L   1     ⁢     L   2     ⁢     C   1             ·     1       s   2     +       2       R   L     ⁢     C   3         ⁢   s     +     1       L   3     ⁢     C   3                         (   3   )               
where C 1  is the input parasitic capacitance of the VGA and C 3  is the output parasitic capacitance of the VGA.
 
     In various embodiments (e.g., in the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 11 ), the third inductor  326  (L3) can be routed to overlap the first inductor  322  (L1) and the second inductor  324  (L2), and the windings of the first inductor  322  (L1) can surround the second inductor  324  (L2). The first inductor  322  (L1) can have a bigger winding area to have a higher value, because L1 can perform as an AC choke and a DC bias inductance, for which a larger value is advantageous. The second inductor  324  (L2) can be used to create the first pole. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15A , illustrated is a model of an example transformer and variable strength/polarity buffer of  FIG. 12 , in accordance with various aspects discussed herein. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15B , illustrated is the closed-loop transfer function for the example matching network of  FIG. 12 , based on the model of  FIG. 15A . The closed-loop transfer function is also show in equation (4): 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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     The transfer function of  FIG. 15B  and equation (4) yields a bandpass characteristic. In contrast to existing systems, in various embodiments discussed herein is that, by varying the strength and polarity of the signal current in L3 by means of programming the gain (gm1), the total transimpedance response can be changed, including the shape of the passband. The effect is basically to sum a variable negative or positive feedback into the open-loop transfer function, as well as to add a second pole, to provide a bandpass characteristic with adjustable peaking or damping. 
     Referring to  FIG. 16 , illustrated is a diagram showing a qualitative illustration  1610  of the poles of the feedback response of an example matching network as discussed herein, along with simulated frequency response of an example embodiment with no feedback at  1620 , with positive feedback at  1630 , and with negative feedback at  1640 .  FIG. 16  at  1620 - 1640  shows the effect of varying the magnitude and polarity of the buffer amplifier transconductance gm1 upon the shape of the bandpass. As can be seen in  FIG. 16 , various embodiments discussed herein are capable of modifying the shape of the matching transfer function, which can be useful, for example, in a cascade of transfer functions, to help optimize the composite response. For the scenario shown in  1620 - 1640 , negative feedback provides the flattest response; in some other scenarios, positive or no feedback may be optimal. 
     Referring to  FIG. 17 , illustrated is a pair of diagrams showing examples of negative magnetic feedback (top diagram) and positive magnetic feedback (bottom diagram) of an example embodiment of a wideband signal buffer, in accordance with various aspects discussed herein. 
     If the digital control (e.g., d_gain) value (M) is smaller than N/2, the output signals (RFOUTP, RFOUTN) have 0 degree of phase shift from the input, and the L3 and L2 inductors can provide negative magnetic feedback between the VGA output and input. 
     If the digital control (e.g., d_gain) value (M) is larger than N/2, the output signals (RFOUTP, RFOUTN) have 180 degrees of phase shift from the input, and the L3 and L2 inductors can provide positive magnetic feedback between the VGA output and input. 
     Referring to  FIG. 18 , illustrated is a flow diagram of an example method  1800  of employing a wideband signal buffer according to various aspects described herein. In some aspects, method  1800  can be performed at a transmitter (e.g., of a mobile device such as a UE or an access point such as an eNB or a gNB, etc.). In other aspects, a machine readable medium can store instructions associated with method  1800  that, when executed, can cause a transmitter to perform the acts of method  1800 . 
     At  1810 , an RF input signal can be received at a signal buffer in accordance with aspects described herein. 
     At  1820 , a pair of control words can be received at a variable gain amplifier of the signal buffer. 
     At  1830 , a feedback signal can be generated by the signal buffer, wherein an amplitude and a phase of a feedback signal are based on the pair of control words, and wherein a bias voltage of the VGA is magnetically coupled to the feedback signal. 
     At  1840 , the signal buffer can generate an RF output signal based on the RF input signal according to a transfer function that is based at least in part on the feedback signal. 
     Additionally or alternatively, method  1800  can include one or more other acts described herein in connection with various aspects discussed herein. 
     Examples herein can include subject matter such as a method, means for performing acts or blocks of the method, at least one machine-readable medium including executable instructions that, when performed by a machine (e.g., a processor with memory, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or the like) cause the machine to perform acts of the method or of an apparatus or system for concurrent communication using multiple communication technologies according to embodiments and examples described. 
     Example 1 is a signal buffer configured to be employed within a communication device, comprising: a variable gain amplifier (VGA) configured to receive one or more control words and to output a feedback signal, wherein both an amplitude of the feedback signal and a phase of the feedback signal are based on the one or more control words and on a bias voltage; and a matching network comprising a first inductor L1 configured to output the bias voltage, a second inductor L2, and a third inductor L3 configured to receive the feedback signal from the VGA, and wherein the first inductor L1, the second inductor L2, and the third inductor L3 are magnetically coupled to each other, wherein the signal buffer is configured to receive a RF (Radio Frequency) input and to generate a RF output from the RF input based on a transfer function of the signal buffer, wherein the transfer function is based at least in part on the feedback signal. 
     Example 2 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s)  1 , wherein the first inductor L1 is arranged surrounding the second inductor L2. 
     Example 3 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 1-2, wherein the second inductor L2 is configured to create a first pole of the transfer function. 
     Example 4 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 1-3, wherein the third inductor L3 is configured to create a second pole of the transfer function, wherein the second pole depends on the amplitude of the feedback signal and the phase of the feedback signal. 
     Example 5 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 1-4, wherein the VGA comprises N bit slices, wherein N is an even positive integer, wherein each of the one or more control words comprises N bits, and wherein each bit slice of the N bit slices is configured to receive an associated bit of each control word of the one or more control words. 
     Example 6 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 5, wherein, for each bit slice, the associated bit of each control word of the one or more control words determines whether that bit slice is configured to generate an in-phase output or an out-of-phase output. 
     Example 7 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 6, wherein, for each bit slice, both the input impedance and the output impedance are independent of whether that bit slice generates the in-phase output or the out-of-phase output. 
     Example 8 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 6-7, wherein each bit slice comprises a first pair of transistors configured to generate the in-phase output and a second pair of transistors configured to generate the out-of-phase output. 
     Example 9 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 8, wherein, for each bit slice, the parasitic capacitances of the first pair of transistors neutralize the parasitic capacitances of the second pair of transistors. 
     Example 10 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 6-9, wherein the one or more control words are a first control word and a second control word, wherein the second control word is a bitwise complement of the first control word. 
     Example 11 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 6-10, wherein each control word of the one or more control words is thermometer-coded. 
     Example 12 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 11, wherein the N/2 bit slices associated with the first N/2 bits of each control word of the one or more control words are interleaved with and have a reversed ordering from the N/2 bit slices associated with the last N/2 bits of each control word of the one or more control words. 
     Example 13 is a signal buffer configured to be employed within a communication device, comprising: means for amplifying configured to receive one or more control words and to output a feedback signal, wherein both an amplitude of the feedback signal and a phase of the feedback signal are based on the one or more control words and on a bias voltage; and means for matching configured to output the bias voltage and to receive the feedback signal from the means for amplifying, wherein the means for matching are configured to magnetically couple the bias voltage to the feedback signal, wherein the signal buffer is configured to receive a RF (Radio Frequency) input and to generate a RF output from the RF input based on a transfer function of the signal buffer, wherein the transfer function is based at least in part on the feedback signal. 
     Example 14 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 13, wherein the means for matching comprises a first inductor L1, a second inductor L2, and a third inductor L3. 
     Example 15 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 14, wherein the first inductor L1 is arranged surrounding the second inductor L2. 
     Example 16 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 14-15, wherein the second inductor L2 is configured to create a first pole of the transfer function. 
     Example 17 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 14-16, wherein the third inductor L3 is configured to create a second pole of the transfer function, wherein the second pole depends on the amplitude of the feedback signal and the phase of the feedback signal. 
     Example 18 is a non-transitory machine readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause a communication device to: receive a RF (Radio Frequency) input signal at a signal buffer; receive a pair of control words at a variable gain amplifier (VGA) of the signal buffer; generate a feedback signal, wherein an amplitude of the feedback signal and a phase of the feedback signal are based on the pair of control words, and wherein a bias voltage of the VGA is magnetically coupled to the feedback signal; and generate a RF output signal via the signal buffer, wherein the RF output signal is generated based on the RF input signal according to a transfer function of the signal buffer, wherein the transfer function is based at least in part on the feedback signal. 
     Example 19 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 18, wherein the feedback signal and the bias voltage are generated via a matching network that comprises a first inductor L1, a second inductor L2, and a third inductor L3. 
     Example 20 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any of example(s) 18-19, wherein the VGA comprises N bit slices, wherein N is an even positive integer, and wherein each control word of the pair of control words comprises N bits, wherein each bit slice of the N bit slices is associated with a distinct bit of each control word of the pair of control words. 
     Example 21 comprises an apparatus comprising means for executing any of the described operations of examples 1-20. 
     Example 22 comprises a machine readable medium that stores instructions for execution by a processor to perform any of the described operations of examples 1-20. 
     Example 23 comprises an apparatus comprising circuitry configured to perform any of the described operations of examples 1-20. 
     The above description of illustrated embodiments of the subject disclosure, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosed embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. While specific embodiments and examples are described herein for illustrative purposes, various modifications are possible that are considered within the scope of such embodiments and examples, as those skilled in the relevant art can recognize. 
     In this regard, while the disclosed subject matter has been described in connection with various embodiments and corresponding Figures, where applicable, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments can be used or modifications and additions can be made to the described embodiments for performing the same, similar, alternative, or substitute function of the disclosed subject matter without deviating therefrom. Therefore, the disclosed subject matter should not be limited to any single embodiment described herein, but rather should be construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims below. 
     In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components or structures (assemblies, devices, circuits, systems, etc.), the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component or structure which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary implementations. In addition, while a particular feature may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20181107
Publication Date: 20210119
Grant Date: 20210119
Priority Date: 20181107
Inventors: YU, CHUANZHAO
HAUSMANN, KURT
Rector, Stephen
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H03G3/001", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03H7/38", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G3/3036", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F1/0277", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G3/3089", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G1/0088", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G1/0029", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F3/195", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F1/565", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F3/45", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F3/193", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F3/68", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F2200/387", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F3/45179", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G1/0029", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F2200/451", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G2201/40", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F3/68", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F2200/451", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G2201/206", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G3/3036", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F3/245", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F2200/387", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F3/193", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F2200/451", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G3/3089", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G1/0029", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F3/68", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03G3/3036", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03F1/565", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03H7/38", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 68343483