PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-8156081-B2
Application Number: US-87741404-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Method and apparatus for updating resource records in a name-server database

Abstract:
One embodiment of the present invention provides a system for updating resource records in a name-server database. During system operation, a network node creates an update-request message containing a set of resource-record updates, and a requested lease, which specifies the length of time for which the name server is being requested to store the resource-record updates. Next, the network node sends the update-request message to a name server, which is part of a distributed system that provides a global naming service. The network node then receives a response message from the name server, wherein the response message contains a granted lease, which specifies the length of time for which the name-server database will store the resource-record updates.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method for updating resource records, the method comprising:
 in a network node, generating an update-request message that includes:
 a set of resource-record updates, and 
 a requested lease, which specifies a time-to-live for which a name server is being requested by the network node to store the set of resource-record updates; 
 
 sending the update-request message from the network node to the name server, which is part of a distributed system that provides a global naming service; and 
 receiving a response message at the network node from the name server, wherein the response message is associated with the update-request message, and wherein the response message includes a granted lease which specifies a time-to-live for which the name server is expected to store the resource-records updates. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the update-request message is an update-refresh message, which constitutes a request to extend the granted lease for the set of resource-record updates. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 2 , wherein the update-refresh message is identical to a preceding update-request message, which caused the name server to send a response message that included the granted lease for the set of resource-record updates. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein if the response message is not received within a specified time, the method further comprises resending the update-request message to the name server. 
     
     
       5. A method for updating resource records, the method comprising:
 receiving an update-request message at a name server, wherein the update-request message is received from a network node, and wherein the update-request message includes:
 a set of resource-record updates, and 
 a requested lease, which specifies a time-to-live for which the name server is being requested by the network node to store the set of resource-record updates; 
 
 updating resource records using the information contained in the update-request message; and 
 sending a response message to the network node, wherein the response message includes a granted lease which specifies a time-to-live for which the name server is expected to store the resource-records updates. 
 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 5 , wherein if the granted lease expires, the method further comprises:
 deleting the resource records, thereby ensuring that the name server does not continue to store stale resource records. 
 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 5 , wherein the update-request message includes a request to extend an existing lease for a resource-record. 
     
     
       8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed by a computer cause the computer to perform a method for updating resource records, the method comprising:
 at a network node, generating an update-request message that includes:
 a set of resource-record updates, and 
 a requested lease, which specifies a time-to-live for which a name server is being requested by the network node to store the set of resource-record updates; 
 
 sending the update-request message from the network node to the name server, which is part of a distributed system that provides a global naming service; and 
 receiving a response message at the network node from the name server, wherein the response message is associated with the update-request message, and wherein the response message includes a granted lease which specifies a length of time-to-live for which the name server is expected to store the resource-records updates. 
 
     
     
       9. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 8 , wherein the update-request message is an update-refresh message, which constitutes a request to extend the granted lease for the set of resource-records updates. 
     
     
       10. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 9 , wherein the update-refresh message is identical to a preceding update-request message, which caused the name server to send a response message that included the granted lease for the set of resource-records updates. 
     
     
       11. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 8 , wherein if the response message is not received within a specified time, the method further comprises resending the update-request message to the name server. 
     
     
       12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed by a computer cause the computer to perform a method for updating resource records, the method comprising:
 receiving an update-request message at a name server, wherein the update-request message is received from a network node, and wherein the update-request message includes:
 a set of resource-record updates, and 
 a requested lease, which specifies a time-to-live for which the name server is being requested by the network node to store the set of resource-record updates; 
 
 updating resource records using the information contained in the update-request message; and 
 sending a response message to the network node, wherein the response message includes a granted lease which specifies a time-to-live for which the name server is expected to store the resource-records updates. 
 
     
     
       13. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 12 , wherein if the granted lease expires, the method further comprises:
 deleting the resource records, thereby ensuring that the name server does not continue to store stale resource records. 
 
     
     
       14. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 12 , wherein the update-request message includes a request to extend an existing lease for a resource-record. 
     
     
       15. An apparatus for updating resource records, the apparatus comprising:
 a network node, wherein the network node comprises:
 a generating mechanism in the network node configured to generate an update-request message that includes:
 a set of resource-record updates, and 
 a requested lease, which specifies a time-to-live for which a name server is being requested by the network node to store the set of resource-record updates; 
 
 
 a sending mechanism in the network node configured to send the update-request message to the name server, which is part of a distributed system that provides a global naming service; and 
 a receiving mechanism in the network node configured to receive a response message from the name server, wherein the response message is associated with the update-request message, and wherein the response message includes a granted lease which specifies a time-to-live for which the name server is expected to store the resource-records updates. 
 
     
     
       16. The apparatus of  claim 15 , wherein the update-request message is an update-refresh message, which constitutes a request to extend the granted lease for the set of resource-records updates. 
     
     
       17. The apparatus of  claim 16 , wherein the update-refresh message is identical to a preceding update-request message, which caused the name server to send a response message that included the granted lease for the set of resource-records updates. 
     
     
       18. The apparatus of  claim 15 , wherein if the response message is not received within a specified time, the method further comprises resending the update-request message to the name server. 
     
     
       19. An apparatus for updating resource records, the apparatus comprising:
 a network node; 
 a receiving mechanism configured to receive an update-request message at a name server, wherein the update-request message is received from the network node, and wherein the update-request message includes:
 a set of resource-record updates, and 
 a requested lease, which specifies a time-to-live for which the name server is being requested by the network node to store the set of resource-record updates; 
 
 an updating mechanism configured to update resource records using the information contained in the update-request message; and 
 a sending mechanism configured to send a response message to the network node, wherein the response message includes a granted lease which specifies a time-to-live for which the name server is expected to store the resource-records updates.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the process of updating a name-server database. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for updating resource records in a name-server database by sending an update-request message to a name server, wherein the update-request message includes a requested lease, which specifies a length of time for which the name server is being requested to store the resource-record updates. 
     2. Related Art 
     The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed system that provides a global naming service. Like many other services, DNS was designed for essentially a static network, in which the global namespace was expected to change infrequently. Since the frequency of changes was expected to be fairly low, DNS was not designed to handle dynamic updates. 
     Subsequently, DNS has been extended to support dynamic updates. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) RFC (Request For Comments) 2136 specifies an extension to DNS, which allows DNS to handle dynamic updates. In this extension, a network node, such as a laptop, is required to provide explicit updates to the DNS name server. 
     Unfortunately, this extension can cause the DNS name server to contain stale information. Consider, for instance, a mobile user whose laptop updates the DNS name server via dynamic update. Note that, the updates will continue to remain on the DNS name server, until they are explicitly deleted. For example, if the user unplugs the laptop from the network without explicitly deleting the updates, the updates will continue to remain on the DNS name server indefinitely. This can be a serious problem, because it causes the DNS name-server database to contain stale information, which reduces the accuracy and usefulness of the DNS name-server database. 
     “DNS Scavenging” is an attempt to address the above problem. In “DNS Scavenging,” a client network-node, such as a laptop, and the DNS name server are configured with a preset refresh interval. Unfortunately, this method works only if both the laptop and the DNS name server are configured with compatible refresh intervals, which can only be guaranteed if they are under the same administration. In many situations, the laptop and the DNS name-server are under different administrations. Hence, “DNS Scavenging” is severely limited in its use. 
     Hence, what is needed is a method and apparatus for dynamically updating a name-server database without the above-described drawbacks. 
     SUMMARY 
     One embodiment of the present invention provides a system for updating resource records in a name-server database. During system operation, a network node creates an update-request message containing a set of resource-record updates, and a requested lease, which specifies the length of time for which the name server is being requested to store the resource-record updates. Next, the network node sends the update-request message to a name server, which is part of a distributed system that provides a global naming service. The network node then receives a response message from the name server, wherein the response message contains a granted lease, which specifies the length of time for which the name-server database will store the resource-record updates. 
     In a variation on this embodiment, a name server receives an update-request message from a network node containing a set of resource-record updates, and a requested lease, which specifies the length of time for which the name server is being requested to store the resource-record updates. Next, the name server updates the resource records in the name-server database using the information contained in the update-request message. The name server then sends a response message to the network node, wherein the response message contains a granted lease, which specifies the length of time for which the name-server database will store the resource-record updates. 
     In a variation on this embodiment, if the granted lease expires, the name server deletes the updated resource-records from the name-server database, thereby keeping the global namespace up to date by removing stale information. 
     In a variation on this embodiment, the set of resource-record updates can include zero or more updated resource-records. 
     In a variation on this embodiment, the update-request message can be an update-refresh message, which constitutes a request to extend the current lease for the updated resource-records. 
     In a variation on this embodiment, the update-refresh message is identical to a preceding update-request message, which caused the name server to grant the current lease for the updated resource-records. 
     In a variation on this embodiment, if the network node does not receive a response message from the name server within a specified time, the network node resends the update-request message to the name server. 
     In a variation on this embodiment, the network node and the name server communicate with each other using UDP (User Datagram Protocol). 
     In a variation on this embodiment, the network node and the name server communicate with each other using TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). 
     In a variation on this embodiment, the name server belongs to the Domain Name System (DNS). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a network that is connected to multiple network nodes, namely, a computer, a DNS (Domain Name System) name server, and a laptop in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a DNS update packet that contains multiple pieces of information that can be used by a network node, such as a computer, to exchange information with a DNS name server in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the structure of a zone field that makes up the zones field in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the structure of a resource record that can be used by a network node, such as a computer, to exchange information with a DNS name server in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the structure of the resource data field, which specifies a lease in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  presents a flowchart illustrating the process of updating resource records in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  presents a flowchart illustrating the process of deleting stale resource records in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  presents a flowchart illustrating the process of refreshing resource records in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. 
     The data structures and code described in this detailed description are typically stored on a computer readable storage medium, which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computer system. This includes, but is not limited to, magnetic and optical storage devices such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (Compact Discs) and DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs or Digital Video Discs), and computer instruction signals embodied in a transmission medium (with or without a carrier wave upon which the signals are modulated). For example, the transmission medium may include a communications network, such as the Internet. 
     Network 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a network  104  that is connected to multiple network nodes, namely, a computer  102 , a DNS (Domain Name System) name server  106 , and a laptop  108  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Network  104  can generally include any type of wire or wireless communication channel capable of coupling together network nodes. This includes, but is not limited to, a local area network, a wide area network, or a combination of networks. In one embodiment of the present invention, network  104  includes the Internet. 
     A network node, such as a computer  102 , can generally include any type of communication device capable of communicating with other network nodes via a network. This includes, but is not limited to, a computer system based on a microprocessor, a mainframe computer, a server, a printer, a video camera, an external disk drive, a router, a switch, a personal organizer, and a mobile phone. 
     Network  104  allows a source network-node, such as a computer  102 , to communicate with a target network-node, such as a laptop  108 . But, before the communication can take place, the source network-node, computer  102 , needs to know the IP address of the target network-node, laptop  108 . Typically, computer  102  translates the laptop&#39;s  108  name into a corresponding IP address by querying a DNS name server  106 . 
     Structure of a DNS Update Packet 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a DNS update packet  200  that contains multiple pieces of information that can be used by a network node, such as a computer  102 , to exchange information with a DNS name server  106  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Update-request messages and response messages both use the same DNS update packet  200  format. Specifically, a DNS update packet  200  contains an identification field  202 , which allows a network node, such as a computer  102 , to match update-requests to the corresponding responses. DNS packet  200  also contains a flags field  204 , which among other things, indicates whether the DNS packet  200  is an update-request or a response. 
     Furthermore, DNS packet  200  contains four variable-length fields, namely, zones  214 , prerequisite resource-records  216 , update resource-records  218 , and additional data resource-records  220 . These variable-length fields are used for exchanging information between a network node, computer  102 , and a DNS name server  106 . 
     Additionally, DNS packet  200  contains four other fields, namely, a number of zones field  206 , a number of prerequisite resource-records field  208 , a number of update resource-records field  210 , and a number of additional data resource-records field  212 , which specify the number of entries in the four variable-length fields. 
     Structure of a Zone Field 
       FIG. 3  illustrates the structure of a zone field  300  that makes up the zones field  214  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Zone field  300  contains a zone name field  302 , which specifies the zone name for the resource-record updates. Furthermore, zone field  300  includes a zone type field  304 , and a zone class field  306 , which specifies the type and the class of the zone  300 , respectively. 
     Structure of a Resource Record 
       FIG. 4  illustrates the structure of a resource record  400  that can be used by a network node, such as a computer  102 , to exchange information with a DNS name server  106  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Specifically, resource record  400  contains a domain name field  402 , which specifies the domain name under consideration. Resource record  400  also contains a resource-record type field  404  and a resource-record class field  406 , which specifies the type and class of the resource record, respectively. 
     Additionally, resource record  400  includes a time-to-live (TTL) field  408 , which specifies the amount of time (in seconds) that the resource record can be cached by a network node, such as a computer  102 . 
     Furthermore, resource record  400  contains a resource data field  412 , which is a variable-length field that can be used by a network node, such as a computer  102 , to exchange information with a DNS name server  106 . Resource record  400  also contains a resource data length field  410 , which specifies the amount of data in the variable-length resource data field  412 . 
     Structure of a Resource Data Field that Specifies a Lease 
       FIG. 5  illustrates the structure of the resource data field  412 , which specifies a lease in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Specifically, resource data field  412  contains an option code field  502 , which specifies the type of resource data. Resource data field  412  also contains the lease field  506 . Note that, the lease field  506  can be used both by a network node  102  to request a lease, and by a DNS name server  106  to grant a lease. Additionally, resource data field  412  contains an option length field  504 , which specifies the length of the lease field  506 . 
     Furthermore, resource data field  412  is contained in an OPT pseudo-RR (pseudo-resource-record), which is defined in IETF RFC 2671. Note that, IETF RFC 2671 specifies a mechanism to define new resource-record data types. Additionally, OPT pseudo-RRs are contained in the additional data resource-records field  220  in the DNS update packet  200 . 
     Process of Updating Resource Records 
       FIG. 6  presents a flowchart illustrating the process of updating resource records in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     The process starts, for example, when a network node, such as a laptop  108 , joins the network  104 . First, laptop  108  creates an update-request message containing a set of resource-record updates and a requested lease (step  602 ). 
     Note that, the update-request message includes a DNS update packet  200 . Furthermore, the resource-record updates are specified in the update resource-records field  218  in the DNS update packet  200 . Moreover, the requested lease is specified in the lease field  506 , which is contained in the resource data field  412 . Additionally, the resource data field  412  is contained in the additional data resource-records field  220  in the DNS update packet  200 . 
     The laptop  108  then sends the update-request message to a DNS name server  106  (step  604 ). Note that, the laptop  108  can use UDP (User Datagram Protocol) or TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to exchange update-request messages and response messages with the DNS name server  106 . 
     Next, the DNS name server  106  receives the update-request message (step  606 ). The DNS name server  106  then updates the resource-records using the information contained in the update-request message (step  608 ). Next, the DNS name server  106  grants a lease and starts the lease timer (step  610 ). 
     Note that, the granted lease can be equal to, less than, or greater than the requested lease. Furthermore, in order to reduce the network and server load, the DNS server  106  can define a minimum value, such as 120 minutes, for the granted lease. 
     The DNS name server  106  then sends a response message containing the granted lease (step  612 ). Note that, the response message includes a DNS update packet  200 . Moreover, the granted lease is specified in the lease field  506 , which is contained in the resource data field  412 . Additionally, the resource data field  412  is contained in the additional data resource-records field  220  in the DNS update packet  200 . 
     The laptop  108  then receives the response message containing the granted lease (step  614 ). In one embodiment of the present invention, the response message may only contain an acknowledgement, which specifies that the update-request message was received and indicates the status, that is, the success or failure, of the update request. Furthermore, if the laptop  108  does not receive a response from the DNS name server  106  within a specified time, it can resend the update-request message one or more times. 
     In this manner, a network node, such as a laptop  108 , can update resource records in the DNS server  106 , thereby allowing another network node, such as a computer  102 , to access these resource records for purposes such as to translate laptop&#39;s  108  name into the corresponding IP address by querying a DNS name server  106 . 
     Process of Deleting Stale Resource Records 
       FIG. 7  presents a flowchart illustrating the process of deleting stale resource records in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Upon receiving an update-request from a network node, such as a laptop  108 , DNS name server  106  grants a lease and starts a lease timer (step  610 ). Next, the DNS name server  106  checks whether the granted lease has expired (step  702 ). If the granted lease has expired, then the DNS name server  106  deletes the updated resource-records (step  704 ). 
     Note that, a granted lease can expire due to various reasons, such as when a user disconnects the laptop  108  form the network  104 . In the absence of the present invention, the DNS name server  106  continues to store stale resource records that correspond to the disconnected laptop  108 . This reduces the accuracy and usefulness of the information in the DNS name server  106 . 
     In contrast, by deleting stale resource-records upon expiration of the granted lease, the present invention keeps the information on the DNS name server  106  up to date, thereby maintaining the accuracy and usefulness of the information on the DNS name server  106 . 
     Process of Refreshing Resource Records 
       FIG. 8  presents a flowchart illustrating the process of refreshing resource records in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Upon receiving the response message containing the granted lease (step  614 ), the laptop  108  starts a lease timer (step  802 ). Next, the laptop  108  checks whether the granted lease is about to expire (step  804 ). If the granted lease is about to expire, the laptop  108  sends an update-refresh message (step  806 ) to the DNS name server  106 . 
     The laptop  108  then checks whether a response message was received from the DNS name server  106  within a specified time period (step  808 ). If a response message was not received, the laptop  108  resends an update-refresh message (step  810 ) to the DNS name server  106 . On the other hand, if a response was received within the specified time period, then the laptop  108  again starts a lease timer (step  802 ). 
     Note that the laptop  108  can resend update-refresh messages to the DNS name server  106  multiple times if no response is received. Moreover, each time the laptop  108  sends an update-refresh message, the laptop  108  can wait for a different time period before retrying again. 
     Furthermore, the refresh-request message can be identical to the original update-request message, which caused the DNS name server  106  to grant a new lease. Additionally, the DNS name server  106  can respond to a refresh-request message by sending a response message containing the new granted-lease. 
     Additionally, if a network node, such as a laptop  108 , has sent multiple update-request messages to the DNS name server  106 , the network node can include refresh-requests for all of the preceding resource-record updates in a single update-refresh message. 
     The foregoing descriptions of embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description only. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the forms disclosed. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. Additionally, the above disclosure is not intended to limit the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20040625
Publication Date: 20120410
Grant Date: 20120410
Priority Date: 20040625
Inventors: CHESHIRE STUART D.
SEKAR KIREN RAVI
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04L61/5076", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L61/5076", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L61/4511", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L61/4511", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 34960977