PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10914606-B2
Application Number: US-201816102146-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: User interactions for a mapping application

Abstract:
The present disclosure relates to systems and processes for interacting with mapping applications. In one example, a virtual assistant server can efficiently communicate with a map server to provide a user with map data in response to spoken user requests received at a user device. In another example, communicatively coupled electronic devices can be synchronized such that a location marker generated on one device can be displayed on the other device. In another example, an electronic device can display simplified views of individual route directions that can be updated based on movement of the user or in response to user requests. In another example, an electronic device can selectively display an interface including a current location of a user or an interface including a route to a predicted destination based on contextual information associated with the user. The interfaces can include affordances for launching an associated mapping application.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A first electronic device, comprising:
 a display; 
 one or more processors; and 
 memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a map; 
 determining whether a first request to mark a first location on the map has been received; and 
 in accordance with a determination that the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a first location marker on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the first location; and 
 transmitting, to a second electronic device, a first set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the first location, wherein the second electronic device is associated with a same user account as the first electronic device. 
 
 
 
     
     
       2. The first electronic device of  claim 1 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 storing, at the first electronic device, the first set of geographic coordinates. 
 
     
     
       3. The first electronic device of  claim 1 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of information associated with the first location. 
 
     
     
       4. The first electronic device of  claim 3 , wherein the information associated with the first location comprises an address, a street name, a name of a city, a name of a country, a zip code, or an estimated travel time to the first location. 
     
     
       5. The first electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein determining whether the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received comprises determining whether a touch has been detected at the position within the display corresponding to the first location for more than a threshold length of time. 
     
     
       6. The first electronic device of  claim 1 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 determining whether a second request to mark a second location on the map has been received; and 
 in accordance with a determination that the second request to mark the second location on the map has been received:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a second location marker overlaid on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the second location; and 
 transmitting, to the second electronic device, a second set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the second location. 
 
 
     
     
       7. The first electronic device of  claim 6 , wherein causing, on the display of the first electronic device, the display of the second location marker overlaid on the map further comprises removing the first location marker from the display of the first electronic device. 
     
     
       8. The first electronic device of  claim 6 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 storing, at the first electronic device, the first set of geographic coordinates; and 
 replacing the stored first set of geographic coordinates with the second set of geographic coordinates. 
 
     
     
       9. The first electronic device of  claim 1 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 receiving, at the first electronic device, a third set of geographic coordinates from the second electronic device. 
 
     
     
       10. The first electronic device of  claim 9 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 storing, at the first electronic device, the first set of geographic coordinates; 
 replacing the stored first set of geographic coordinates with the third set of geographic coordinates; and 
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a third location marker overlaid on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the third set of geographic coordinates. 
 
     
     
       11. The first electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein causing, on the display of the first electronic device, the display of the third location marker overlaid on the map further comprises removing the first location marker from the display of the first electronic device. 
     
     
       12. The first electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the first electronic device and the second electronic device are paired. 
     
     
       13. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of a first electronic device with a display, the one or more programs including instructions for:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a map; 
 determining whether a first request to mark a first location on the map has been received; and 
 in accordance with a determination that the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a first location marker on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the first location; and 
 transmitting, to a second electronic device, a first set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the first location, wherein the second electronic device is associated with a same user account as the first electronic device. 
 
 
     
     
       14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 13 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 storing, at the first electronic device, the first set of geographic coordinates. 
 
     
     
       15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 13 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of information associated with the first location. 
 
     
     
       16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 15 , wherein the information associated with the first location comprises an address, a street name, a name of a city, a name of a country, a zip code, or an estimated travel time to the first location. 
     
     
       17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 13 , wherein determining whether the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received comprises determining whether a touch has been detected at the position within the display corresponding to the first location for more than a threshold length of time. 
     
     
       18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 13 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 determining whether a second request to mark a second location on the map has been received; and 
 in accordance with a determination that the second request to mark the second location on the map has been received:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a second location marker overlaid on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the second location; and 
 transmitting, to the second electronic device, a second set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the second location. 
 
 
     
     
       19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 18 , wherein causing, on the display of the first electronic device, the display of the second location marker overlaid on the map further comprises removing the first location marker from the display of the first electronic device. 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 18 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 storing, at the first electronic device, the first set of geographic coordinates; and 
 replacing the stored first set of geographic coordinates with the second set of geographic coordinates. 
 
     
     
       21. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 13 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 receiving, at the first electronic device, a third set of geographic coordinates from the second electronic device. 
 
     
     
       22. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 21 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 storing, at the first electronic device, the first set of geographic coordinates; 
 replacing the stored first set of geographic coordinates with the third set of geographic coordinates; and 
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a third location marker overlaid on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the third set of geographic coordinates. 
 
     
     
       23. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 22 , wherein causing, on the display of the first electronic device, the display of the third location marker overlaid on the map further comprises removing the first location marker from the display of the first electronic device. 
     
     
       24. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 13 , wherein the first electronic device and the second electronic device are paired. 
     
     
       25. A method, comprising:
 at a first electronic device with a display:
 causing, on a display of the first electronic device, a display of a map; 
 determining whether a first request to mark a first location on the map has been received; and 
 in accordance with a determination that the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a first location marker on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the first location; and 
 transmitting, to a second electronic device, a first set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the first location, wherein the second electronic device is associated with a same user account as the first electronic device. 
 
 
 
     
     
       26. The method of  claim 25 , the method further comprising:
 storing, at the first electronic device, the first set of geographic coordinates. 
 
     
     
       27. The method of  claim 25 , the method further comprising:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of information associated with the first location. 
 
     
     
       28. The method of  claim 27 , wherein the information associated with the first location comprises an address, a street name, a name of a city, a name of a country, a zip code, or an estimated travel time to the first location. 
     
     
       29. The method of  claim 25 , wherein determining whether the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received comprises determining whether a touch has been detected at the position within the display corresponding to the first location for more than a threshold length of time. 
     
     
       30. The method of  claim 25 , the method further comprising:
 determining whether a second request to mark a second location on the map has been received; and 
 in accordance with a determination that the second request to mark the second location on the map has been received:
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a second location marker overlaid on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the second location; and 
 transmitting, to the second electronic device, a second set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the second location. 
 
 
     
     
       31. The method of  claim 30 , wherein causing, on the display of the first electronic device, the display of the second location marker overlaid on the map further comprises removing the first location marker from the display of the first electronic device. 
     
     
       32. The method of  claim 30 , the method further comprising:
 storing, at the first electronic device, the first set of geographic coordinates; and 
 replacing the stored first set of geographic coordinates with the second set of geographic coordinates. 
 
     
     
       33. The method of  claim 25 , the method further comprising:
 receiving, at the first electronic device, a third set of geographic coordinates from the second electronic device. 
 
     
     
       34. The method of  claim 33 , the method further comprising:
 at the first electronic device:
 storing, at the first electronic device, the first set of geographic coordinates; 
 replacing the stored first set of geographic coordinates with the third set of geographic coordinates; and 
 causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a third location marker overlaid on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the third set of geographic coordinates. 
 
 
     
     
       35. The method of  claim 34 , wherein causing, on the display of the first electronic device, the display of the third location marker overlaid on the map further comprises removing the first location marker from the display of the first electronic device. 
     
     
       36. The method of  claim 25 , wherein the first electronic device and the second electronic device are paired.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/836,754 entitled “USER INTERACTIONS FOR A MAPPING APPLICATION”, filed on Aug. 26, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/129,849 entitled “USER INTERACTIONS FOR A MAPPING APPLICATION”, filed on Mar. 8, 2015; U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/044,944 entitled “USER INTERACTIONS FOR A MAPPING APPLICATION”, filed on Sep. 2, 2014; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/044,993 entitled “REDUCED-SIZE USER INTERFACES FOR DYNAMICALLY UPDATED APPLICATION OVERVIEWS”, filed on Sep. 2, 2014. The contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to mapping applications. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Mapping applications have become increasingly popular due to the proliferation of location-aware mobile electronic devices. Typically, users can interact with these mapping applications using touch-sensitive displays that are capable of both receiving user input and displaying portions of a map. While interacting with mapping applications in this way can be intuitive and simple on many electronic devices, it can be problematic when performed on compact mobile electronic devices having smaller displays. For example, it can be difficult to view route navigation directions overlaid on a map when displayed on a display of a compact mobile electronic device, such as a watch. Similarly, it can be difficult to type an address using a virtual keyboard displayed on the display of a compact mobile electronic device. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Some mapping application techniques using electronic devices, however, are generally cumbersome and inefficient. For example, some existing techniques use a complex and time-consuming user interface, which may include multiple key presses or keystrokes. Existing techniques require more time than necessary, wasting user time and device energy. This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices. 
     Accordingly, the present technique provides electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for interacting with mapping applications. Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replace other methods for interacting with mapping applications. Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated computing devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges. 
     The present disclosure relates to systems and processes for interacting with mapping applications. In one example, a virtual assistant server can efficiently communicate with a map server to provide a user with map data in response to spoken user requests received at a user device. In another example, communicatively coupled electronic devices can be synchronized such that a location marker generated on one device can be displayed on the other device. In yet another example, an electronic device can display simplified views of individual route directions that can be updated based on movement of the user or in response to user requests. In yet another example, an electronic device can selectively display an interface including a current location of a user or an interface including a route to a predicted destination based on contextual information associated with the user. The interfaces can include affordances for causing the electronic device to launch an associated mapping application. 
     In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method at one or more servers is described. The method includes: receiving, from an electronic device: data corresponding to an audio input comprising user speech; and contextual data representing a context of the user speech; generating a textual representation of the user speech based on the data corresponding to the audio input; transmitting, to a map server, the textual representation of the user speech and the contextual data; receiving, from the map server, map data; and transmitting, to the electronic device, the map data. 
     In some embodiments, a system is described. The system includes: means for receiving data corresponding to an audio input comprising user speech; means for receiving contextual data representing a context of the user speech; means for generating a textual representation of the user speech based on the data corresponding to the audio input; means for transmitting, to a map server, the textual representation of the user speech and the contextual data; means for receiving, from the map server, map data; and means for transmitting, to the electronic device, the map data. 
     In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method at a first electronic device is described. The method includes: causing, on a display of the first electronic device, a display of a map; determining whether a first request to mark a first location on the map has been received; and in accordance with a determination that the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received: causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a first location marker on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the first location; and transmitting, to a second electronic device, a first set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the first location. 
     In some embodiments, a system is described. The system includes: means for causing, on a display of a first electronic device, a display of a map; means for determining whether a first request to mark a first location on the map has been received; means for causing, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a first location marker overlaid on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the first location in accordance with a determination that the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received; and means for transmitting, to a second electronic device, a first set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the first location in accordance with a determination that the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received. 
     In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method at an electronic device is described. The method includes: receiving an ordered set of route directions for navigating a route from a start location to an end location, wherein the route comprises a plurality of segments; and causing, on a display of the electronic device, a display of first route direction interface associated with a first route direction of the set of route directions, wherein the first route direction is associated with a first segment of the plurality of segments and comprises a first directional instruction and a first segment identifier associated with the first segment, and wherein the first route direction interface comprises: a first textual description of the first directional instruction and the first segment identifier; and a first visual representation of the first directional instruction. 
     In some embodiments, a system is described. The system includes: means for receiving an ordered set of route directions for navigating a route from a start location to an end location, wherein the route comprises a plurality of segments; and means for causing a display of first route direction interface associated with a first route direction of the set of route directions, wherein the first route direction is associated with a first segment of the plurality of segments and comprises a first directional instruction and a first segment identifier associated with the first segment, and wherein the first route direction interface comprises: a first textual description of the first directional instruction and the first segment identifier; and a first visual representation of the first directional instruction. 
     In some embodiments, a method at an electronic device with a display is described. The method includes: detecting a display triggering event; in accordance with a detection of the display triggering event, obtaining contextual data representing a context of the electronic device; determining, based on the contextual data, whether a user is likely to be traveling to a destination within a threshold length of time; in accordance with a determination that the user is likely to be traveling to the destination within the threshold length of time, causing, on the display, a display of a first interface representing a mapping application, wherein the first interface representing the mapping application comprises: a first affordance for launching the mapping application, and a set of information associated with traveling to the destination; and in accordance with a determination that the user is not likely to be traveling to the destination within the threshold length of time, causing, on the display, a display of a second interface representing the mapping application, wherein the second interface representing the mapping application comprises: a second affordance for launching the mapping application, and a visual representation of a location of the electronic device. 
     In some embodiments, a system is described. The system includes: means for detecting a display triggering event; means for obtaining contextual data representing a context of the electronic device in accordance with a detection of the display triggering event; means for determining, based on the contextual data, whether a user is likely to be traveling to a destination within a threshold length of time; means for causing a display of a first interface representing a mapping application in accordance with a determination that the user is likely to be traveling to the destination within the threshold length of time, wherein the first interface representing the mapping application comprises: a first affordance for launching the mapping application, and a set of information associated with traveling to the destination; and means for causing a display of a second interface representing the mapping application in accordance with a determination that the user is not likely to be traveling to the destination within the threshold length of time, wherein the second interface representing the mapping application comprises: a second affordance for launching the mapping application, and a visual representation of a location of the electronic device. 
     In some embodiments, one or more servers are described. The one or more servers include a processing unit configured to: receive, from an electronic device: data corresponding to an audio input comprising user speech; and contextual data representing a context of the user speech; generate a textual representation of the user speech based on the data corresponding to the audio input; transmit, to a map server, the textual representation of the user speech and the contextual data; receive, from the map server, map data; and transmit, to the electronic device, the map data. 
     In some embodiments, a first electronic device is described. The first electronic device comprises a display unit and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the processing unit configured to: cause, on the display unit of the first electronic device, a display of a map; determine whether a first request to mark a first location on the map has been received; and in accordance with a determination that the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received: cause, on the display unit of the first electronic device, a display of a first location marker on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the first location; and transmit, to a second electronic device, a first set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the first location. 
     In some embodiments, an electronic device is described. The electronic device includes a display unit and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the processing unit configured to: receive an ordered set of route directions for navigating a route from a start location to an end location, wherein the route comprises a plurality of segments; and cause, on a display unit of the electronic device, a display of first route direction interface associated with a first route direction of the set of route directions, wherein the first route direction is associated with a first segment of the plurality of segments and comprises a first directional instruction and a first segment identifier associated with the first segment, and wherein the first route direction interface comprises: a first textual description of the first directional instruction and the first segment identifier; and a first visual representation of the first directional instruction. 
     In some embodiments, an electronic device is described. The electronic device includes a display unit and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the processing unit configure to: detect a display triggering event; in accordance with a detection of the display triggering event, obtain contextual data representing a context of the electronic device; determine, based on the contextual data, whether a user is likely to be traveling to a destination within a threshold length of time; in accordance with a determination that the user is likely to be traveling to the destination within the threshold length of time, cause, on the display unit, a display of a first interface representing a mapping application, wherein the first interface representing the mapping application comprises: a first affordance for launching the mapping application, and a set of information associated with traveling to the destination; and in accordance with a determination that the user is not likely to be traveling to the destination within the threshold length of time, cause, on the display unit, a display of a second interface representing the mapping application, wherein the second interface representing the mapping application comprises: a second affordance for launching the mapping application, and a visual representation of a location of the electronic device. 
     Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. 
     Thus, devices are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for interacting with mapping applications, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices. Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace other methods for interacting with mapping applications. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1A  is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some examples. 
         FIG. 1B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some examples. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some examples. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some examples. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some examples. 
         FIG. 5A  is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some examples. 
         FIG. 5B  illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some examples. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary system for providing mapping services to a mapping application according to various examples. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary process for interacting with mapping applications according to various examples. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates another exemplary process for interacting with mapping applications according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 9-11  illustrate example interfaces for interacting with mapping applications according to various examples. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates another exemplary process for interacting with mapping applications according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 13-18  illustrate example interfaces for interacting with mapping applications according to various examples. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates another exemplary process for interacting with mapping applications according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 20-22  illustrate example interfaces for interacting with mapping applications according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 23-26  illustrate functional block diagrams of electronic devices according to various examples. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments. 
     The present disclosure relates to systems and processes for interacting with mapping applications. In one example, a virtual assistant server can efficiently communicate with a map server to provide a user with map data in response to spoken user requests received at a user device. In another example, communicatively coupled electronic devices can be synchronized such that a location marker generated on one device can be displayed on the other device. In yet another example, an electronic device can display simplified views of individual route directions that can be updated based on movement of the user or in response to user requests. In yet another example, an electronic device can selectively display an interface including a current location of a user or an interface including a route to a predicted destination based on contextual information associated with the user. The interfaces can include affordances for causing the electronic device to launch an associated mapping application. 
     Below,  FIGS. 1A-1B, 2, 3, and 5A-5B  provide a description of exemplary devices for interacting with mapping applications.  FIGS. 4A-4B, 9-11, 13-18, and 20-22  illustrate exemplary user interfaces that can be displayed on these exemplary devices. 
     Although the following description uses terms first, second, etc. to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by the terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first touch could be termed a second touch, and, similarly, a second touch could be termed a first touch, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments. The first touch and the second touch are both touches, but they are not the same touch. 
     The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     The term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touch pads), are, optionally, used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touch pad). 
     In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick. 
     The device may support a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that are executed on the device optionally use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device are, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device optionally supports the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user. 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.  FIG. 1A  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  100  with touch-sensitive displays  112  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display  112  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and is sometimes known as or called a touch-sensitive display system. Device  100  includes memory  102  (which optionally includes one or more computer readable storage mediums), memory controller  122 , one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  120 , peripherals interface  118 , RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , input/output (I/O) subsystem  106 , other input or control devices  116 , and external port  124 . Device  100  optionally includes one or more optical sensors  164 . Device  100  optionally includes one or more intensity sensors  165  for detecting intensity of contacts on device  100  (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  112  of device  100 ). Device  100  optionally includes one or more tactile output generators  167  for generating tactile outputs on device  100  (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  112  of device  100  or touchpad  355  of device  300 ). These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  103 . 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch sensitive surface. The intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least  256 ). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface. Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements). In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a user input allows for user access to additional device functionality that may otherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device with limited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on a touch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via a touch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or a physical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button). 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user&#39;s sense of touch. For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user&#39;s hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user&#39;s movements. As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user. 
     It should be appreciated that device  100  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  100  optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG. 1A  are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  102  may include one or more computer readable storage mediums. The computer readable storage mediums may be tangible and non-transitory. Memory  102  may include high-speed random access memory and may also include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Memory controller  122  may control access to memory  102  by other components of device  100 . 
     Peripherals interface  118  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU  120  and memory  102 . The one or more processors  120  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  102  to perform various functions for device  100  and to process data. In some embodiments, peripherals interface  118 , CPU  120 , and memory controller  122  may be implemented on a single chip, such as chip  104 . In some other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  108  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry  108  optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , and microphone  113  provide an audio interface between a user and device  100 . Audio circuitry  110  receives audio data from peripherals interface  118 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  111 . Speaker  111  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  113  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  118  for processing. Audio data may be retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  102  and/or RF circuitry  108  by peripherals interface  118 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  110  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  212 ,  FIG. 2 ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  110  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     I/O subsystem  106  couples input/output peripherals on device  100 , such as touch screen  112  and other input control devices  116 , to peripherals interface  118 . I/O subsystem  106  optionally includes display controller  156 , optical sensor controller  158 , intensity sensor controller  159 , haptic feedback controller  161  and one or more input controllers  160  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  160  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices  116 . The other input control devices  116  optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  160  are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  208 ,  FIG. 2 ) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  111  and/or microphone  113 . The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g.,  206 ,  FIG. 2 ). 
     A quick press of the push button may disengage a lock of touch screen  112  or begin a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g.,  206 ) may turn power to device  100  on or off The user may be able to customize a functionality of one or more of the buttons. Touch screen  112  is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards. 
     Touch-sensitive display  112  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  156  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen  112 . Touch screen  112  displays visual output to the user. The visual output may include graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output may correspond to user-interface objects. 
     Touch screen  112  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen  112  and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web-pages or images) that are displayed on touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen  112  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     Touch screen  112  may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  may detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen  112  may be analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, touch screen  112  displays visual output from device  100 , whereas touch sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen  112  may be as described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     Touch screen  112  may have a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user may make contact with touch screen  112  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  100  may include a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad may be a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen  112  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  100  also includes power system  162  for powering the various components. Power system  162  may include a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more optical sensors  164 .  FIGS. 1A and 1B  show an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller  158  in I/O subsystem  106 . Optical sensor  164  may include charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor  164  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), optical sensor  164  may capture still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112  on the front of the device, so that the touch screen display may be used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image may be obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the position of optical sensor  164  can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor  164  may be used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165 .  FIG. 1A  shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller  159  in I/O subsystem  106 . Contact intensity sensor  165  optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensity sensor  165  receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112 ). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112  which is located on the front of device  100 . 
     Device  100  may also include one or more proximity sensors  166 .  FIGS. 1A and 1B  show proximity sensor  166  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, proximity sensor  166  may be coupled to input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . Proximity sensor  166  may perform as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No. 11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen  112  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators  167 .  FIG. 1A  shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller  161  in I/O subsystem  106 . Tactile output generator  167  optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Contact intensity sensor  165  receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module  133  and generates tactile outputs on device  100  that are capable of being sensed by a user of device  100 . In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112 ) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device  100 ) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device  100 ). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112  which is located on the front of device  100 . 
     Device  100  may also include one or more accelerometers  168 .  FIGS. 1A and 1B  show accelerometer  168  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, accelerometer  168  may be coupled to an input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . Accelerometer  168  may perform as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device  100  optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s)  168 , a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  102  include operating system  126 , communication module (or set of instructions)  128 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  130 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  132 , text input module (or set of instructions)  134 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  135 , and applications (or sets of instructions)  136 . Furthermore, in some embodiments memory  102  stores device/global internal state  157 , as shown in  FIGS. 1A, 1B and 3 . Device/global internal state  157  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display  112 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and input control devices  116 ; and location information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  126  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  128  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  124  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  108  and/or external port  124 . External port  124  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the 30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices. 
     Contact/motion module  130  optionally detects contact with touch screen  112  (in conjunction with display controller  156 ) and other touch sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  130  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact) determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  130  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  and display controller  156  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon). In some embodiments at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device  100 ). For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined thresholds values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware. Additionally, in some implementations a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter). 
     Contact/motion module  130  optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event. 
     Graphics module  132  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen  112  or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  132  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  132  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  156 . 
     Haptic feedback module  133  includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s)  167  to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device  100  in response to user interactions with device  100 . 
     Text input module  134 , which may be a component of graphics module  132 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  137 , e-mail  140 , IM  141 , browser  147 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     GPS module  135  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  138  for use in location-based dialing, to camera  143  as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Applications  136  may include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         contacts module  137  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   telephone module  138 ;   video conferencing module  139 ;   e-mail client module  140 ;   instant messaging (IM) module  141 ;   workout support module  142 ;   camera module  143  for still and/or video images;   image management module  144 ;   video player module  145 ;   music player module  146 ;   browser module  147 ;   calendar module  148 ;   widget modules  149 , which may include one or more of: weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , dictionary widget  149 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   widget creator module  150  for making user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   search module  151 ;   video and music player module  152 , which merges video player module  145  and music player module  146 ;   notes module  153 ;   map module  154 ; and/or   online video module  155 .       

     Examples of other applications  136  that may be stored in memory  102  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , contacts module  137  may be used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state  192  of contacts module  137  in memory  102  or memory  370 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  138 , video conference  139 , e-mail  140 , or IM  141 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , telephone module  138  may be used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in address book  137 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication may use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , contact list  137 , and telephone module  138 , videoconferencing module  139  includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140  includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module  144 , e-mail client module  140  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  143 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the instant messaging module  141  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages may include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , map module  154 , and music player module  146 , workout support module  142  includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor(s)  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and image management module  144 , camera module  143  includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  102 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory  102 . 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and camera module  143 , image management module  144  includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , browser module  147  includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web-pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web-pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , calendar module  148  includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , widget modules  149  are mini-applications that may be downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , and dictionary widget  149 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  149 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , the widget creator module  150  may be used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web-page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , search module  151  includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  102  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , and browser module  147 , video and music player module  152  includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen  112  or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ). In some embodiments, device  100  optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , notes module  153  includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , and browser module  147 , map module  154  may be used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location; and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , online video module  155  includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module  141 , rather than e-mail client module  140 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. Additional description of the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20, 2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module  145  may be combined with music player module  146  into a single module (e.g., video and music player module  152 ,  FIG. 1A ). In some embodiments, memory  102  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  102  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  100  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  100 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  100  may be reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  100  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device  100 . In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
       FIG. 1B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  (in  FIG. 1A ) or  370  ( FIG. 3 ) includes event sorter  170  (e.g., in operating system  126 ) and a respective application  136 - 1  (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications  137 - 151 ,  155 ,  380 - 390 ). 
     Event sorter  170  receives event information and determines the application  136 - 1  and application view  191  of application  136 - 1  to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter  170  includes event monitor  171  and event dispatcher module  174 . In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes application internal state  192 , which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch sensitive display  112  when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state  157  is used by event sorter  170  to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state  192  is used by event sorter  170  to determine application views  191  to which to deliver event information. 
     In some embodiments, application internal state  192  includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application  136 - 1  resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application  136 - 1 , a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application  136 - 1 , and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user. 
     Event monitor  171  receives event information from peripherals interface  118 . Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display  112 , as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface  118  transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem  106  or a sensor, such as proximity sensor  166 , accelerometer(s)  168 , and/or microphone  113  (through audio circuitry  110 ). Information that peripherals interface  118  receives from I/O subsystem  106  includes information from touch-sensitive display  112  or a touch-sensitive surface. 
     In some embodiments, event monitor  171  sends requests to the peripherals interface  118  at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface  118  transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripheral interface  118  transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration). 
     In some embodiments, event sorter  170  also includes a hit view determination module  172  and/or an active event recognizer determination module  173 . 
     Hit view determination module  172  provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views, when touch sensitive display  112  displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display. 
     Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected may correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected may be called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs may be determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture. 
     Hit view determination module  172  receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module  172  identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view. 
     Active event recognizer determination module  173  determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views. 
     Event dispatcher module  174  dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer  180 ). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module  173 , event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module  173 . In some embodiments, event dispatcher module  174  stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module  182 . 
     In some embodiments, operating system  126  includes event sorter  170 . Alternatively, application  136 - 1  includes event sorter  170 . In yet other embodiments, event sorter  170  is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory  102 , such as contact/motion module  130 . 
     In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes a plurality of event handlers  190  and one or more application views  191 , each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application&#39;s user interface. Each application view  191  of the application  136 - 1  includes one or more event recognizers  180 . Typically, a respective application view  191  includes a plurality of event recognizers  180 . In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers  180  are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application  136 - 1  inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler  190  includes one or more of: data updater  176 , object updater  177 , GUI updater  178 , and/or event data  179  received from event sorter  170 . Event handler  190  may utilize or call data updater  176 , object updater  177  or GUI updater  178  to update the application internal state  192 . Alternatively, one or more of the application views  191  includes one or more respective event handlers  190 . Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a respective application view  191 . 
     A respective event recognizer  180  receives event information (e.g., event data  179 ) from event sorter  170 , and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer  180  includes event receiver  182  and event comparator  184 . In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  also includes at least a subset of: metadata  183 , and event delivery instructions  188  (which may include sub-event delivery instructions). 
     Event receiver  182  receives event information from event sorter  170 . The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch the event information may also include speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device. 
     Event comparator  184  compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  includes event definitions  186 . Event definitions  186  contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event  1  ( 187 - 1 ), event  2  ( 187 - 2 ), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event ( 187 ) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event  1  ( 187 - 1 ) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event  2  ( 187 - 2 ) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display  112 , and lift-off of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers  190 . 
     In some embodiments, event definition  187  includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display  112 , when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display  112 , event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler  190 , the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler  190  should be activated. For example, event comparator  184  selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test. 
     In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event ( 187 ) also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer&#39;s event type. 
     When a respective event recognizer  180  determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions  186 , the respective event recognizer  180  enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  includes metadata  183  with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers may interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  activates event handler  190  associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  delivers event information associated with the event to event handler  190 . Activating an event handler  190  is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler  190  associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process. 
     In some embodiments, event delivery instructions  188  include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process. 
     In some embodiments, data updater  176  creates and updates data used in application  136 - 1 . For example, data updater  176  updates the telephone number used in contacts module  137 , or stores a video file used in video player module  145 . In some embodiments, object updater  177  creates and updates objects used in application  136 - 1 . For example, object updater  176  creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater  178  updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater  178  prepares display information and sends it to graphics module  132  for display on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In some embodiments, event handler(s)  190  includes or has access to data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178 . In some embodiments, data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a single module of a respective application  136 - 1  or application view  191 . In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules. 
     It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices  100  with input-devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc., on touch-pads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device  100  having a touch screen  112  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  200 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  202  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  203  (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward) and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device  100 . In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  204 . As described previously, menu button  204  may be used to navigate to any application  136  in a set of applications that may be executed on device  100 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen  112 . 
     In one embodiment, device  100  includes touch screen  112 , menu button  204 , push button  206  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  208 , Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card slot  210 , head set jack  212 , and docking/charging external port  124 . Push button  206  is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device  100  also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone  113 . Device  100  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165  for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen  112  and/or one or more tactile output generators  167  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  100 . 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device  300  need not be portable. In some embodiments, device  300  is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child&#39;s learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device  300  typically includes one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  310 , one or more network or other communications interfaces  360 , memory  370 , and one or more communication buses  320  for interconnecting these components. Communication buses  320  optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device  300  includes input/output (I/O) interface  330  comprising display  340 , which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface  330  also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)  350  and touchpad  355 , tactile output generator  357  for generating tactile outputs on device  300  (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s)  167  described above with reference to  FIG. 1A ), sensors  359  (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s)  165  described above with reference to  FIG. 1A ). Memory  370  includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory  370  optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s)  310 . In some embodiments, memory  370  stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1A ), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory  370  optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100 . For example, memory  370  of device  300  optionally stores drawing module  380 , presentation module  382 , word processing module  384 , website creation module  386 , disk authoring module  388 , and/or spreadsheet module  390 , while memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1A ) optionally does not store these modules. 
     Each of the above identified elements in  FIG. 3  may be stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  370  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  370  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) that may be implemented on portable multifunction device  100 . 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device  100  in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces may be implemented on device  300 . In some embodiments, user interface  400  includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:
         Signal strength indicator(s)  402  for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;   Time  404 ;   Bluetooth indicator  405 ;   Battery status indicator  406 ;   Tray  408  with icons for frequently used applications, such as:
           Icon  416  for telephone module  138 , labeled “Phone,” which optionally includes an indicator  414  of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages;   Icon  418  for e-mail client module  140 , labeled “Mail,” which optionally includes an indicator  410  of the number of unread e-mails;   Icon  420  for browser module  147 , labeled “Browser,” and   Icon  422  for video and music player module  152 , also referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module  152 , labeled “iPod;” and   
           Icons for other applications, such as:
           Icon  424  for IM module  141 , labeled “Messages;”   Icon  426  for calendar module  148 , labeled “Calendar;”   Icon  428  for image management module  144 , labeled “Photos;”   Icon  430  for camera module  143 , labeled “Camera;”   Icon  432  for online video module  155 , labeled “Online Video”   Icon  434  for stocks widget  149 - 2 , labeled “Stocks;”   Icon  436  for map module  154 , labeled “Map;”   Icon  438  for weather widget  149 - 1 , labeled “Weather;”   Icon  440  for alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , labeled “Clock;”   Icon  442  for workout support module  142 , labeled “Workout Support;”   Icon  444  for notes module  153 , labeled “Notes;” and   Icon  446  for a settings application or module, which provides access to settings for device  100  and its various applications  136 .   
               

     It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in  FIG. 4A  are merely exemplary. For example, icons  422  for video and music player module  152  are labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon. In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device  300 ,  FIG. 3 ) with a touch-sensitive surface  451  (e.g., a tablet or touchpad  355 ,  FIG. 3 ) that is separate from the display  450  (e.g., touch screen display  112 ). Device  300  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors  357 ) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface  451  and/or one or more tactile output generators  359  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  300 . 
     Although some of the examples which follow will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display  112  (where the touch sensitive surface and the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in  FIG. 4B . In some embodiments the touch sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG. 4B ) has a primary axis (e.g.,  452  in  FIG. 4B ) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g.,  453  in  FIG. 4B ) on the display (e.g.,  450 ). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g.,  460  and  462  in  FIG. 4B ) with the touch-sensitive surface  451  at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in  FIG. 4B, 460  corresponds to  468  and  462  corresponds to  470 ). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts  460  and  462 , and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG. 4B ) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g.,  450  in  FIG. 4B ) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein. 
     Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse based input or stylus input). For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). As another example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates exemplary personal electronic device  500 . Device  500  includes body  502 . In some embodiments, device  500  can include some or all of the features described with respect to devices  100  and  300  (e.g.,  FIGS. 1A-4B ). In some embodiments, device  500  has touch-sensitive display screen  504 , hereafter touchscreen  504 . Alternatively, or in addition to touchscreen  504 , device  500  has a display and a touch-sensitive surface. As with devices  100  and  300 , in some embodiments, touchscreen  504  (or the touch-sensitive surface) may have one or more intensity sensors for detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied. The one or more intensity sensors of touchscreen  504  (or the touch-sensitive surface) can provide output data that represents the intensity of touches. The user interface of device  500  can respond to touches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of different intensities can invoke different user interface operations on device  500 . As used here, the term “intensity” of a contact (or touch) on touchscreen  504  (or the touch-sensitive surface) refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a touch (e.g., a finger) on the touchscreen. 
     Techniques for detecting and processing touch intensity may be found, for example, in related applications: International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/040061, entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to an Application,” filed May 8, 2013 and International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/069483, entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display Output Relationships,” filed Nov. 11, 2013. 
     In some embodiments, device  500  has one or more input mechanisms  506  and  508 . Input mechanisms  506  and  508 , if included, can be physical. Examples of physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatable mechanisms. In some embodiments, device  500  has one or more attachment mechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permit attachment of device  500  with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings, necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers, belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachment mechanisms may permit device  500  to be worn by a user. 
       FIG. 5B  depicts exemplary personal electronic device  500 . In some embodiments, device  500  can include some or all of the components described with respect to  FIGS. 1A, 1B , and  3 . Device  500  has bus  512  that operatively couples I/O section  514  with one or more computer processors  516  and memory  518 . I/O section  514  can be connected to display  504 , which can have touch-sensitive component  522  and, optionally, touch-intensity sensitive component  524 . In addition, I/O section  514  can be connected with communication unit  530  for receiving application and operating system data, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth™, near field communication (“NFC”), cellular and/or other wireless communication techniques. Device  500  can include input mechanisms  506  and/or  508 . Input mechanism  506  may be a rotatable input device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example. Input mechanism  508  may be a button, in some examples. 
     Input mechanism  508  may be a microphone, in some examples. Computing device  500  can include various sensors, such as GPS sensor  532 , accelerometer  534 , directional sensor  540  (e.g., compass), gyroscope  536 , motion sensor  538 , and/or a combination thereof, all of which can be operatively connected to I/O section  514 . 
     Memory  518  of computing device  500  can be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors  516 , for example, can cause the computer processors to perform the techniques described above, including processes  700 ,  800 ,  1200 , and  1900  ( FIGS. 7, 8, 12, and 19 ). The computer-executable instructions can also be stored and/or transported within any non-transitory computer readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. For purposes of this document, a “non-transitory computer readable storage medium” can be any medium that can tangibly contain or store computer-executable instructions for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, magnetic, optical, and/or semiconductor storages. Examples of such storage include magnetic disks, optical discs based on CD, DVD, or Blu-ray technologies, as well as persistent solid-state memory such as flash, solid-state drives, and the like. Computing device  500  is not limited to the components and configuration of  FIG. 5B , but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations. 
     As used here, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object that may be displayed on the display screen of device  100 ,  300 , and/or  500  ( FIGS. 1, 3, and 5 ). For example, an image (e.g., icon), a button, and text (e.g., hyperlink) may each constitute an affordance. 
     As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting. In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector,” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad  355  in  FIG. 3  or touch-sensitive surface  451  in  FIG. 4B ) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations that include a touch-screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112  in  FIG. 1A  or touch screen  112  in  FIG. 4A ) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch-screen display, a detected contact on the touch-screen acts as a “focus selector,” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch-screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch-screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface. Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch-screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user&#39;s intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact). For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device). 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “characteristic intensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact based on one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. The characteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number of intensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during a predetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting the contact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or after detecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an end of the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity of the contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact). A characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionally based on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of the contact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an average value of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value of the intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of the intensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of the intensities of the contact, or the like. In some embodiments, the duration of the contact is used in determining the characteristic intensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of the intensity of the contact over time). In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user. For example, the set of one or more intensity thresholds may include a first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold. In this example, a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceed the first threshold results in a first operation, a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold and does not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a second operation, and a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the third threshold results in a third operation. In some embodiments, a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or more thresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or more operations (e.g., whether to perform a respective option or forgo performing the respective operation) rather than being used to determine whether to perform a first operation or a second operation. 
     In some embodiments, a portion of a gesture is identified for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. For example, a touch-sensitive surface may receive a continuous swipe contact transitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, at which point the intensity of the contact increases. In this example, the characteristic intensity of the contact at the end location may be based on only a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipe contact (e.g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the end location). In some embodiments, a smoothing algorithm may be applied to the intensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristic intensity of the contact. For example, the smoothing algorithm may be an unweighted sliding-average smoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filter smoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm. These smoothing algorithms may eliminate narrow spikes or dips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. 
     The intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface may be characterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as a contact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensity threshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more other intensity thresholds. In some embodiments, the light press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, the deep press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations that are different from operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordance with movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface without performing an operation associated with the light press intensity threshold or the deep press intensity threshold. Generally, unless otherwise stated, these intensity thresholds are consistent between different sets of user interface figures. 
     An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between the light press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “light press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deep press intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between the contact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on the touch-surface. A decrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface. In some embodiments the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero. In some embodiments the contact-detection intensity threshold is greater than zero. 
     In some embodiments described herein, one or more operations are performed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respective press input or in response to detecting the respective press input performed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), where the respective press input is detected based at least in part on detecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality of contacts) above a press-input intensity threshold. In some embodiments, the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective press input). In some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). 
     In some embodiments, the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoid accidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines or selects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationship to the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90% or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold). Thus, in some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). Similarly, in some embodiments, the press input is detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of the contact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and, optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g., the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity of the contact, depending on the circumstances). 
     For ease of explanation, the description of operations performed in response to a press input associated with a press-input intensity threshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are, optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase in intensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, an increase in intensity of a contact from an intensity below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-input intensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to the press-input intensity threshold. Additionally, in examples where an operation is described as being performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of a contact below the press-input intensity threshold, the operation is, optionally, performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-input intensity threshold. 
     As used herein, an “installed application” refers to a software application that has been downloaded onto an electronic device (e.g., devices  100 ,  300 , and/or  500 ) and is ready to be launched (e.g., become opened) on the device. In some embodiments, a downloaded application becomes an installed application by way of an installation program that extracts program portions from a downloaded package and integrates the extracted portions with the operating system of the computer system. 
     As used herein, the term “open application” or “executing application” refers to a software application with retained state information (e.g., as part of device/global internal state  157  and/or application internal state  192 ). An open or executing application may be any one of the following types of applications:
         an active application, which is currently displayed on a display screen of the device that the application is being used on;   a background application (or background processes) which is not currently displayed, but one or more processes for the application are being processed by one or more processors; and   a suspended or hibernated application, which is not running, but has state information that is stored in memory (volatile and non-volatile, respectively) and that can be used to resume execution of the application.       

     As used herein, the term “closed application” refers to software applications without retained state information (e.g., state information for closed applications is not stored in a memory of the device). Accordingly, closing an application includes stopping and/or removing application processes for the application and removing state information for the application from the memory of the device. Generally, opening a second application while in a first application does not close the first application. When the second application is displayed and the first application ceases to be displayed, the first application becomes a background application. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates exemplary system  600  for implementing a virtual assistant and for providing mapping services according to various examples. The terms “virtual assistant,” “digital assistant,” “intelligent automated assistant,” or “automatic digital assistant,” can refer to any information processing system that interprets natural language input in spoken and/or textual form to infer user intent, and performs actions based on the inferred user intent. For example, to act on an inferred user intent, the system can perform one or more of the following: identifying a task flow with steps and parameters designed to accomplish the inferred user intent; inputting specific requirements from the inferred user intent into the task flow; executing the task flow by invoking programs, methods, services, APIs, or the like; and generating output responses to the user in an audible (e.g., speech) and/or visual form. 
     A virtual assistant can be capable of accepting a user request at least partially in the form of a natural language command, request, statement, narrative, and/or inquiry. Typically, the user request seeks either an informational answer or performance of a task by the virtual assistant. A satisfactory response to the user request can include either provision of the requested informational answer, performance of the requested task, or a combination of the two. For example, a user can ask the virtual assistant a question, such as “Where am I right now?” Based on the user&#39;s current location, the virtual assistant can answer, “You are in Central Park.” The user can also request the performance of a task, for example, “Please remind me to call Mom at 4 PM today.” In response, the virtual assistant can acknowledge the request and then create an appropriate reminder item in the user&#39;s electronic schedule. During performance of a requested task, the virtual assistant can sometimes interact with the user in a continuous dialogue involving multiple exchanges of information over an extended period of time. There are numerous other ways of interacting with a virtual assistant to request information or performance of various tasks. In addition to providing verbal responses and taking programmed actions, the virtual assistant can also provide responses in other visual or audio forms (e.g., as text, alerts, music, videos, animations, etc.) and possibly using multiple devices (e.g., output text to speech via a phone headset and display text on a TV). 
     An example of a virtual assistant is described in Applicants&#39; U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent Automated Assistant,” filed Jan. 10, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , in some examples, a virtual assistant can be implemented according to a client-server model. The virtual assistant can include a client-side portion executed on user devices  602  and/or  604 , and a server-side portion executed on a server system  610 . User device  602  and/or  604  can include any electronic device, such as device  100 ,  300 , or  500 , and can communicate with server system  610  through one or more networks  608 , which can include the Internet, an intranet, or any other wired or wireless public or private network. The client-side portion executed on user device  602  or  604  can provide client-side functionalities, such as user-facing input and output processing and communications with server system  610 . Server system  610  can provide server-side functionalities for any number of clients residing on respective user devices  602  and  604 . 
     Server system  610  can include one or more virtual assistant servers  614  that can include a client-facing I/O interface  622 , one or more processing modules  618 , data and model storage  620 , and an I/O interface to external services  616 . The client-facing I/O interface  622  can facilitate the client-facing input and output processing for virtual assistant server  614 . The one or more processing modules  618  can utilize data and model storage  620  to determine the user&#39;s intent based on natural language input and can perform task execution based on inferred user intent. In some examples, virtual assistant server  614  can communicate with external services, such as telephony services, calendar services, information services, messaging services, navigation services, and the like, through network(s)  608  for task completion or information acquisition. The I/O interface to external services  616  can facilitate such communications. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 6 , the external services can include mapping services provided by server system  623 . Server system  623  can provide server-side functionalities for any number of clients residing on respective user devices  602  and  604  and can include one or more map servers  624  that can include an I/O interface  626 , one or more processing modules  628 , and map and navigation data storage  630 . The I/O interface  626  can facilitate the client-facing and/or server-facing input and output processing for map server  624 . The one or more processing modules  628  can utilize map and navigation data storage  630  to provide any of various mapping services, such as providing appropriate map tiles for display on user device  602  and/or  604 , provide geocoding and reverse geocoding functions, provide navigation and routing functions to determine directions from a start location to and end location, provide traffic information, and the like. Server system  610  and/or  623  can be implemented on one or more standalone data processing devices or a distributed network of computers. In some examples, server system  610  and/or  623  can employ various virtual devices and/or services of third party service providers (e.g., third-party cloud service providers) to provide the underlying computing resources and/or infrastructure resources of server system  610  and/or  623 . 
     In some examples, the client-side portion executed on user devices  602  and  604  can include mapping applications, which can provide client-side functionalities, such as user-facing input and output processing and communications with server system  610  and/or  623 . For example, the mapping applications can request map data from server system  623  via server system  610  and/or can request map data from server system  623  directly. Additionally, in some examples, one user device (e.g., user device  602 ) can be communicatively coupled with another user device (e.g., user device  604 ) via a direct communication connection, such as Bluetooth, NFC, BTLE, or the like, or via a wired or wireless network, such as a local Wi-Fi network. In these examples, one user device (e.g., user device  604 ) can act as a proxy between the other user device (e.g., user device  602 ) and server system  610  and/or server system  623  by receiving data or requests for data from the other user device and transmitting the data or the requests for data to server system  610  and/or server system  623 . Additionally, in these examples, the proxy user device can receive data or requests for data from server system  610  and/or server system  623  and can transmit the data or request for data to the other user device. By allowing one user device to act as a proxy for another advantageously provides a user device having limited communication capabilities and/or limited battery power, such as a watch or other compact electronic device, with that ability to access virtual assistant services provided by server system  610  and mapping services provided by server system  623  by leveraging the communication capabilities and/or battery power of another user device, such as a mobile phone, laptop computer, tablet computer, or the like. While only two user devices  602  and  604  are shown in  FIG. 6 , it should be appreciated that system  600  can include any number and type of user devices that operate independently or that are configured in a proxy configuration to communicate with server systems  610  and  623 . 
     Although the functionality of the virtual assistant and mapping services are shown in  FIG. 6  as including both a client-side portion and a server-side portion, in some examples, the functions of the assistant and/or mapping services can be implemented as a standalone application installed on a user device. In addition, the division of functionalities between the client and server portions of the virtual assistant and/or mapping services can vary in different examples. For instance, in some examples, the client executed on user device  602  or  604  can be a thin-client that provides only user-facing input and output processing functions, and delegates all other functionalities of the virtual assistant and/or mapping services to a backend server. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary process  700  for interacting with a mapping application using a voice commands according to various examples. In some examples, process  700  can be performed using a system similar or identical to system  600 , shown in  FIG. 6 . In these examples, the blocks of process  700  can be performed by user device  602  and/or  604 , virtual assistant server system  610 , and mapping server system  623 . Specifically, the blocks on the left side of  FIG. 7  can be performed by user device  602  and/or  604 , the blocks in the center of  FIG. 7  can be performed by virtual assistant server system  610 , and the blocks on the right side of  FIG. 7  can be performed by mapping server system  623 . 
     At block  702 , an audio input including user speech can be received at a user device. The user speech can include an instruction, request, or any other desired input for a mapping application. For example, the user speech can include a request for route navigation directions from the user&#39;s current location to a point of interest, an instruction to zoom-in or zoom-out from a displayed view of a map, an input containing an address or name of a point of interest, or the like. In some examples, a user device (e.g., user device  602  or  604 ) can receive the audio input that includes the user&#39;s speech via a microphone. The microphone can convert the audio input into an analog or digital representation, and provide the audio data to one or more processors of the device. The data representing the audio input can be transmitted to one or more servers for processing. For instance, in some examples, user device  602  or  604  can receive an audio input that represents the user&#39;s speech, convert the audio input into an analog or digital representation, and transmit the data representing the audio input to virtual assistant server  614  of server system  610  via network(s)  608 . In other examples, one user device (e.g., user device  604 ) can be used as a proxy between another user device (e.g., user device  602 ) and the server systems  610  and  623 . In these examples, user device  602  can receive the audio input that represents the user&#39;s speech, convert the audio input into an analog or digital representation, transmit the data representing the audio input to user device  604 , and user device  604  can transmit the data representing the audio input to virtual assistant server  614  of server system  610  via network(s)  608 . 
     Additionally, in some examples, contextual data associated with the user input can be transmitted along with the data representing the audio input at block  702 . In general, the contextual data can include any type of information associated with the user input that can be used to infer the user&#39;s intent. In some examples, the contextual data can include sensor information from user device  602  or  604 , such as lighting, ambient noise, ambient temperature, images or videos of the surrounding environment, current time, distance to another object, and the like. The contextual information can additionally or alternatively include information associated with the physical state of user device  602  or  604 , such as the device orientation, device location, device temperature, power level, speed, acceleration, motion patterns, cellular signal strength, etc., or the software state of user device  602  or  604 , such as running processes, installed programs, past and present network activities, background services, error logs, resources usage, contents displayed on the device, contents of a portion of a map displayed on the device, length of time that a current view has been displayed on the device, length of time since receiving a user input, length of time an application has been opened or running, etc. Any of these types of contextual information can be provided to the virtual assistant server  614  as contextual information associated with the user input. 
     At block  704 , data corresponding to the audio input and the contextual data transmitted by the user device at block  702  can be received by one or more virtual assistant servers. For example, virtual assistant server  614  of server system  610  can receive the data corresponding to the audio input and the contextual data transmitted by user device  602  or  604  via network(s)  608 . 
     At block  706 , the one or more virtual assistant servers can perform speech-to-text conversion on the data corresponding to the audio input to convert the user speech into a textual representation of the user speech. The user speech can be converted using any known speech-to-text conversion process. For example, virtual assistant server  614  of server system  610  can perform a speech-to-text conversion on the audio input received at block  704 . 
     At block  708 , the one or more virtual assistant servers can transmit the textual representation of the user speech generated at block  706  and the contextual data received at block  704  to one or more map servers. For example, virtual assistant server  614  of server system  610  can transmit the textual representation of the user speech generated at block  706  and the contextual data received at block  704  to map server  624  of server system  623  via network(s)  608 . In some examples, the textual representation may not also be transmitted to the user device. 
     At block  710 , the textual representation of the user speech and the contextual data transmitted by the one or more virtual assistant servers at block  708  can be received by one or more map servers. For example, map server  624  of server system  623  can receive the textual representation of the user speech and the contextual data transmitted by virtual assistant server  614  via network(s)  608 . 
     At block  712 , the one or more map servers can process the textual representation of the user speech using the contextual data to infer the user&#39;s intent. Based on the inferred intent, the one or more servers can identify a task flow with steps and parameters designed to accomplish the inferred user intent, inputting input requirements from the inferred user intent into the task flow, execute the task flow by invoking programs, methods, services, APIs, or the like, and/or generate map data to be provided to the user of the user device in response to their audio input. In some examples, the map data can include map tiles to be displayed on a user device, route navigation information containing directions from a start location to an end location, geographic coordinates, textual descriptions and/or visual representations of a location, a point of interest, an object of interest, or the like. For example, map server  624  can process the textual representation of the user speech using the contextual data received at block  710  to determine the appropriate map data to provide to the user. If, for example, the user speech included the request “Give me directions to the park,” map server  624  can process the request by using the contextual data to determine which park the user is likely referring to. The user&#39;s current location, the presence or absence of a park within the portion of a map being displayed by the user device, and the like, can be used to make this determination. Once a specific park is identified, a navigation algorithm can be performed using the user&#39;s current location as a start point and the location of the park as an end point. The algorithm can produce map data containing the route from the user to the park. Similar processes can be performed to respond to other user requests and inputs with appropriate map data. 
     At block  714 , the one or more map servers can transmit the map data output by the processing of the textual representation of user speech performed at block  712  to the one or more virtual assistant servers. For example, map server  624  of server system  623  can transmit the map data generated at block  712  to virtual assistant server  614  of server system  610  via network(s)  608 . 
     At block  716 , the map data transmitted by the one or more map and navigation servers at block  714  can be received by one or more virtual assistant servers. For example, virtual assistant server  614  can receive the map data transmitted by map server  624  of server system  623  via network(s)  608 . In other examples, at block  714 , the one or more map servers can instead transmit the map data directly to the user device, rather than to the one or more virtual assistant servers. 
     At block  718 , the one or more virtual assistant servers can transmit the map data received at block  716  to the user device. For example, virtual assistant server  614  of server system  610  can transmit the map data received at block  716  to user device  602  or  604  via network(s)  608 . 
     At block  720 , the map data transmitted by the one or more virtual assistant servers at block  718  can be received by the user device. For example, user device  602  or  604  can receive the map data transmitted by virtual assistant server  614  via network(s)  608 . In some examples, where a user device is used as a proxy for another user device, block  720  can further include transmitting the map data to the proxied user device. 
     Using process  700 , a mapping service can quickly respond to a request or other user input in the form of user speech. In particular, process  700  advantageously routes the converted textual representation of user speech and contextual information from the virtual assistant server directly to the map and navigation server for processing. This provides a speed improvement over existing systems that return the textual representation of user speech from the virtual assistant server to the user device and that require the user device to then transmit the received textual representation of user speech and the contextual information to the map and navigation server. The speed improvement can be particularly noticeable when the virtual assistant server and the map server are located in close proximity or are connected to the same network, resulting in the communication speed between the virtual assistant server and the map server being greater than the communication speed between the user device and the map server. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary process  800  for synchronizing location markers entered into mapping applications between communicatively coupled electronic devices according to various examples. In some examples, process  800  can be performed using electronic devices similar or identical to device  100 ,  300 ,  500 ,  602 , or  604 . 
     At block  802  of process  800 , a first electronic device can display a map on a display of the device. For example, user device  602  or  604  can display a map similar to that shown in interface  900  of  FIG. 9 . 
     At block  804 , the first electronic device can determine whether a request to mark a location on the displayed map has been received. For example, user device  602  or  604  can determine whether a request to mark a location on the map displayed at block  802  has been received. The request can be input into the first electronic device in any desired manner. For example, the request can be made by a selection of a button displayed on the displace of the first electronic device, a depression of a physical button, a rotation of a rotatable mechanism, a touch at a location on a touch-sensitive display corresponding to the desired location of the map to be marked, a touch and hold on a location on a touch-sensitive display corresponding to the desired location of the map to be marked, a press at a location on a pressure-sensitive display corresponding to the desired location of the map to be marked, or the like. To illustrate,  FIG. 10  shows a request to mark a location on the map displayed in  FIG. 9  being made by a user touching and holding an object (e.g., a finger) on the touch-sensitive display of the first electronic device at touch location  1002 . If it is determined at block  804  that a request to mark a location on the map has been received, process  800  can proceed to block  806 . However, if it is instead determined that no request to mark a location has been received, process  800  can repeat block  804 . Block  804  can be repeated periodically, intermittently, or at any other desired frequency or interval of time to determine if a request to mark a location on the map has been received. 
     At block  806 , the first electronic device can display a location marker overlaid on the map at the location requested by the user at block  804 . The location marker can include any element that is visually distinct from the underlying map to allow a user to identify the marked location. For example, user device  602  or  604  can display a location marker similar or identical to location marker  1102 , shown in  FIG. 11 . Location marker  1102  can be overlaid on the map at a position corresponding to the location of the user&#39;s request received at block  804 . Location marker  1102  can be associated with geographic coordinates of the location requested to be marked at block  804  and/or a textual description of the requested location, such as a street name, address, city, country, zip code, or the like. In some examples, a description  1104  containing some or all of this associated information can be displayed overlaid on the map and near location marker  1102 . In some examples, a selection of description  1104  and/or location marker  1102  can cause the first electronic device to display additional or more detailed information about the marked location. The display of location marker  1102  and description  1104  advantageously allows a user to identify a location of interest within a map and to view additional information associated with the selected location, such as street name, address, city, country, zip code, or the like. This can be particularly beneficial when performed on electronic devices having limited input capabilities, such as wearable electronic devices (e.g., a watch) or other compact devices, since it can be difficult to select a specific location without additional controls, such as a mouse, touchpad, or the like. In some examples, block  806  can further include storing, by the first electronic device, the geographic coordinates and other information associated with the location marker. 
     At block  808 , the first electronic device can transmit the geographic coordinates associated with the location marker displayed at block  806  to a second electronic device. In some examples, other information associated with the location marker displayed at block  806 , such as a street name, address, city, country, zip code, or the like, can also be transmitted to the second electronic device. The second electronic device can be a device that has been paired with the first electronic device, is associated with a same user account as the first electronic device, or is otherwise associated with the first electronic device. For example, user device  602  (alternatively user device  604 ) can transmit the geographic coordinates of the location requested to be marked at block  804  to user device  604  (alternatively user device  602 ) via a direct communication connection, such as Bluetooth, NFC, BTLE, or the like, or via a wired or wireless network, such as a local Wi-Fi network. In some examples, the second electronic device can store the geographic coordinates and other information associated with the location marker. In other examples, user device  602  (alternatively user device  604 ) can transmit the geographic coordinates of the location requested to be marked at block  804  to a server or remote database that can be accessed by user device  604  (alternatively user device  602 ). 
     After transmitting the geographic coordinates and, optionally, the other information associated with the location marker to the second electronic device, process  800  can return to block  804 . Blocks  804 ,  806 , and  808  can repeatedly be performed to allow a user to mark any number of locations. In some examples, an additional location marker can be displayed overlaid on the map each time block  806  is performed. In these examples, the geographic coordinates and other information associated with the additional location markers can also be stored on the first electronic device. In other examples, the location marker displayed at block  806  can replace one or more existing location markers previously displayed on the map. In these examples, the geographic coordinates and other information associated with the new location marker can replace previously stored geographic coordinates and other information associated with one or more older location markers. 
     In some examples, the second electronic device can use the geographic coordinates (and, optionally, other information associated with the location marker) provided by the first electronic device at block  808  to display a location marker overlaid on a map being displayed by the second electronic device. The location marker can be the same or different than the location marker displayed by the first electronic device. This advantageously allows a user to open a mapping application on the first electronic device, mark a location of interest within the mapping application, and view the marked location of interest in a mapping application on a different electronic device. 
     In some examples, process  800  can be performed by both the first electronic device and the second electronic device such that a request to mark a location on one device can cause the same location to be marked on the other electronic device. In these examples, the electronic device receiving the geographic coordinates and other information associated with a location marker can store that information in addition to previously stored information associated with other location markers or can replace the previously stored information associated with other marker(s) with the newly received information. In other examples, process  800  can be performed to synchronize marked locations between more than two electronic devices. In these examples, block  808  can include transmitting the geographic coordinates (and, optionally, other information associated with the location marker and with the location requested to be marked at block  804 ) to the other electronic devices. Moreover, process  800  can also be performed by the additional electronic devices. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an exemplary process  1200  for displaying route navigation directions according to various examples. In some examples, process  1200  can be performed using electronic devices similar or identical to device  100 ,  300 ,  500 ,  602 , or  604 . 
     At block  1202 , an electronic device can receive a set of route directions for navigating a route from a start location to an end location. For example, an electronic device, such as user device  602  or  604 , can receive a set of route navigation directions from a map server, such as map server  624  of server system  623 . In other examples, the electronic device can instead generate the route navigation directions locally on the electronic device. In some examples, the route can include one or more segments corresponding to roads, highways, or other predefined or arbitrary portions of the route. In these examples, the set of route directions can include an ordered set of directions that can each include a directional instruction (e.g., an instruction to turn, and instruction to travel straight, or the like) and a name or other identifier of an associated segment of the route (e.g., a road/street/highway name, unique identifier, or the like). For example, one direction of the set of route directions can be “Turn Right on A Street.” In this example, the direction includes a directional instruction “Turn Right” and a name of the associated segment “A Street.” The other directions of the set of route directions can similarly include a directional instruction and the name or other identifier of an associated segment of the route. 
     At block  1204 , the electronic device (e.g., user device  602  or  604 ) can display a route direction interface representing a direction of the set of route directions received or generated at block  1202 . In some examples, the direction represented by the route direction interface can be the first direction in the ordered set of route directions.  FIG. 13  shows an example route direction interface  1300  that can be displayed by the electronic device at block  1204 . As shown, interface  1300  can include a textual representation  1302  of the route direction. The textual representation  1302  can include a textual representation of both the directional instruction (e.g., “Turn Right”) and the segment name or identifier (e.g., “1 st  Street”) of the displayed direction. Interface  1300  can further include a visual representation  1304  of the directional instruction of the displayed direction. The visual representation  1304  can include a simplified visual representation of the directional instruction, such as an image of a directional arrow, to allow a user to quickly and easily recognize the next direction to make. In some examples, interface  1300  can further include an estimated time of arrival (“ETA”)  1306  that can be calculated by the electronic device or the map server based on the current time, distance to the destination, type of roads being traveled, traffic conditions, the user&#39;s mode of the transportation, or the like. Interface  1300  can further include a current time indicator  1308  that provides a textual and/or visual representation of the current time. Interface  1300  can further include page indicators  1310  that can include a number of indicators (e.g., circles) corresponding to a number of directions in the ordered set of directions and the current direction being displayed (represented by the filled-in circle). In some examples, the route direction interface can exclude a view of a map or other visual representation of one or more segments of the route. This advantageously removes clutter from the display and allows a user to easily view the directional instruction and the segment identifier. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 12 , at block  1206 , the electronic device (e.g., user device  602  or  604 ) can determine if the user&#39;s location has changed or if the user&#39;s location changed from a location corresponding to the route direction displayed at block  1204  to a location corresponding to a different route direction in the ordered set of route directions. In some examples, this can include determining geographic coordinates of the electronic device using any desired location determination technology, such as GPS or GLONASS (e.g., using GPS module  135 , sensors  359 , or GPS sensor  532 ), Wi-Fi or cellular (e.g., using RF circuitry  108 , network communication interface  360 , or communication unit  530 ), or the like. For example, the electronic device can receive location information from GPS satellites, nearby Wi-Fi base stations, and/or nearby cell towers, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/040,283, “Location Determination,” filed Feb. 29, 2008; Ser. No. 12/103,330, “Location Determination Using Formula,” filed Apr. 15, 2008; and Ser. No. 12/122,339, “Location Determination,” filed May 16, 2008, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes. These determined geographic coordinates can be used by the electronic device to determine the location of the electronic device with respect to the segments of the navigation route. If it is determined that the electronic device is on or within a threshold distance from the current segment of the route (associated with the currently displayed direction), a negative determination can be made at block  1206  and the process can proceed to block  1208 . Alternatively, if it is instead determined that the electronic device is not on or within a threshold distance from the current segment of the route (associated with the currently displayed direction) or is on or within a threshold distance from another segment of the route, a positive determination can be made at block  1206  and the process can proceed to block  1212  where a route direction interface representing the route direction corresponding to the new location of the user can be displayed. 
     At block  1208 , the electronic device (e.g., user device  602  or  604 ) can determine whether a request to change the displayed direction has been received. The request can be input into the electronic device in any desired manner. For example, the request can be made by selecting a button displayed on the displace of the first electronic device, turning a rotatable mechanism, pressing on a pressure-sensitive display, pressing a physical button on the electronic device, taping on a touch-sensitive display, performing a swipe gesture (e.g., horizontally or vertically) across a touch-sensitive display, or the like. In some examples, a swipe gesture detected by a touch-sensitive display that travels from left to right on the touch-sensitive display can be interpreted as a request to change the displayed direction to the previous direction in the ordered set of directions, and a swipe gesture detected by a touch-sensitive display that travels from right to left on the touch-sensitive display can be interpreted as a request to change the displayed direction to the next direction in the ordered set of directions. If it is determined that no request to change the displayed direction has been received, the process can proceed to block  1210 . However, if it is instead determined that a request to change the displayed direction has been received, the process can proceed to block  1214  where a route direction interface representing the direction requested to be displayed at block  1208  can be displayed. 
     In some examples, a downward swipe gesture (e.g., traveling from top to bottom) detected by a touch-sensitive display can be interpreted as a request to change the displayed direction to the previous direction in the ordered set of directions, and an upward swipe gesture (e.g., traveling from bottom to top) detected by a touch-sensitive display can be interpreted as a request to change the displayed direction to the next direction in the ordered set of directions. In some examples, rather than displaying a single direction in the ordered set of directions on the touch-sensitive display, multiple directions of the ordered set of directions are simultaneously displayed on the touch-sensitive display (e.g., as a list). As a result, the downward swipe gesture and the upward swipe gesture may be used to scroll through multiple directions in the ordered set of directions. 
     In some examples, an upward swipe gesture (e.g., traveling from bottom to top) detected by a touch-sensitive display can be interpreted as a request to change the displayed direction to the previous direction in the ordered set of directions, and an downward swipe gesture (e.g., traveling from top to bottom) detected by a touch-sensitive display can be interpreted as a request to change the displayed direction to the next direction in the ordered set of directions. In some examples, rather than displaying a single direction in the ordered set of directions on the touch-sensitive display, multiple directions of the ordered set of directions are simultaneously displayed on the touch-sensitive display (e.g., as a list). As a result, the downward swipe gesture and the upward swipe gesture may be used to scroll through multiple directions in the ordered set of directions. 
     At block  1210 , the electronic device (e.g., user device  602  or  604 ) can determine whether a request to view a map view of a displayed direction has been received. The request can be input into the electronic device in any desired manner. For example, the request can be made by selecting a button displayed on the displace of the first electronic device, pressing on a pressure-sensitive display, turning a rotatable mechanism, pressing a physical button on the electronic device, taping on a touch-sensitive display, performing a swipe gesture (e.g., horizontally or vertically) across a touch-sensitive display, or the like. In some examples, a swipe gesture detected by a touch-sensitive display that travels from top to bottom of the touch-sensitive display can be interpreted as a request to view a map representation of the direction currently being displayed. In other examples, a swipe gesture detected by a touch-sensitive display that travels from bottom to top of the touch-sensitive display can be interpreted as a request to view a map representation of the direction currently being displayed. In other examples, a swipe gesture detected by a touch-sensitive display that travels from left to right on the touch-sensitive display can be interpreted as a request to view a map representation of the direction currently being displayed. In other examples, a swipe gesture detected by a touch-sensitive display that travels from right to left on the touch-sensitive display can be interpreted as a request to view a map representation of the direction currently being displayed. If it is determined that no request to view the map representation has been received, the process can return to block  1206 . However, if it is instead determined that a request to view the map representation has been received, the process can proceed to block  1216  where a map view interface corresponding to the previously displayed direction (e.g., the direction being displayed when the request to display the map view was received at block  1210 ) can be displayed. 
     To illustrate the operation of process  1200 ,  FIGS. 14-18  show example interfaces that can be displayed after interface  1300  is displayed and in response to various conditions determined at blocks  1206 ,  1208 , and  1210 . For example, if it is determined that a request to view the map view has been received at block  1206  after displaying interface  1300  at block  1204 , the electronic device (e.g., user device  602  or  604 ) can display a map view interface corresponding to the previously displayed direction (e.g., the direction being displayed when the request to display the map view was received at block  1210 ) at block  1212 .  FIG. 14  shows an example map view interface  1400  that can be displayed by the electronic device at block  1214  in response to receiving a request to display a map view while interface  1300  was being displayed. As such, interface  1400  can represent the same direction as that represented by interface  1300 . In some examples, the request can include a swipe gesture from the top of the touch-sensitive display of the electronic device to the bottom of the touch-sensitive display. As shown, interface  1400  can include a display of a map  1408  associated with the direction represented by the previously displayed route direction interface. Map  1408  can be displayed at a position within the display and at a zoom level that allows current location indicator  1402  to be displayed within map  1408  at a position corresponding to the user&#39;s current location. Additionally, map  1408  can be displayed at a position within the display and at a zoom level that allows the current segment of the route (e.g., “A Street”) and the next segment of the route (e.g., “1 st  Street”) to be displayed along with an optional visual representation  1404  of the directional instruction of the current direction to navigate from the current segment to the next segment of the route. Interface  1400  can further include combined representation  1406  including both a visual representation (e.g., an arrow) of the directional instruction and a textual representation (e.g., “1 st  Street”) of the name or identifier of the segment associated with the displayed direction. Interface  1400  can further include ETA  1306  and current time  1308  similar to those shown in interface  1300 . In some examples, route direction interface  1300  can be displayed in response to receiving a request to view a route direction view (e.g., in response to receiving a swipe gesture in a direction opposite that which caused the map view to be displayed). After displaying the map view interface at block  1216 , process  1200  can return to block  1206   
     At block  1206 , if it is determined that the user&#39;s location has changed or if the user&#39;s location changed from a location corresponding to the route direction currently displayed to a location corresponding to another route direction in the ordered set of route directions, process  1200  can proceed to block  1212 . At block  1212 , the electronic device (e.g., user device  602  or  604 ) can display a route direction interface representing the route direction corresponding to the new location of the user. To illustrate, continuing with the example described above and shown in  FIG. 13 , if it is determined that the location of the electronic device has moved from a location on “A Street” to a location on “1 st  Street” (to the right of “A Street” as displayed in interface  1300 ), the electronic device can display a new route direction interface representing the second direction of the ordered set of direction.  FIG. 15  illustrates an example route direction interface  1500  representing the second direction of the ordered set of directions that can be displayed at block  1212 . Similar to interface  1300 , interface  1500  can include a textual representation  1302  of the displayed direction (“Bear Left On B Street”), a visual representation  1304  of a directional instruction associated with the direction, ETA  1306 , current time  1308 , and page indicator  1310 , which can be updated to reflect the currently displayed direction and its position relative to the other directions of the ordered set of directions. After the new route direction interface is displayed at block  1212 , the process can return to block  1206 . 
     If it is then determined that no location change has occurred at block  1206 , that no request to change the displayed direction is received at block  1208 , and that a request (e.g., a swipe on the touch-sensitive display) to display a map view of the displayed direction is received at block  1210  while interface  1500  is being displayed (e.g., receiving a swipe gesture from the top of the touch-sensitive display of the electronic device to the bottom of the touch-sensitive display; receiving a swipe gesture from left to right on the touch-sensitive display of the electronic device; or receiving a swipe gesture from right to left on the touch-sensitive display of the electronic device), an interface similar to interface  1600 , shown in  FIG. 16 , (or interface  1400  shown in  FIG. 14 ) can be displayed at block  1216 . As such, interface  1600  can represent the same direction as that represented by interface  1500 . In some examples, similar to interface  1400 , interface  1600  can include a map  1408  associated with the direction represented by the previously displayed route direction interface (interface  1500 ), current location indicator  1402 , visual representation  1404 , combined representation  1406 , ETA  1306 , and current time  1308 . In some examples, route direction interface  1500  can be displayed again in response to receiving a request to view a route direction view (e.g., in response to receiving a swipe gesture in a direction opposite that which caused the map view to be displayed). After displaying the map view interface at block  1216 , process  1200  can return to block  1206 . 
     In some embodiments, while displaying a map view interface (e.g.,  1400 ,  1600 ), the device receives user input corresponding to rotation of the rotatable input mechanism. In response to receiving the user input corresponding to the rotation of the rotatable input mechanism, the device pans (e.g., translates) the map view. In some examples, the direction of the pan of the map view is based on the ordered set of route directions. This allows the user view different portions of the map. In some examples, the direction of the pan is along a predetermined axis. 
     If it is determined that no change in location has occurred at block  1206  and that a request to change the displayed direction is received at block  1208  while interface  1500  is being displayed, the process can proceed to block  1214 . At block  1214 , the electronic device (e.g., user device  602  or  604 ) can display a route direction interface representing the direction requested to be displayed at block  1208 . For example, if a request to view the next direction in the ordered set of directions was received while interface  1500  was being displayed (e.g., in response to receiving a swipe gesture from the right of the touch-sensitive display of the electronic device to the left of the touch-sensitive display), an interface similar to interface  1700 , shown in  FIG. 17 , can be displayed. Similar to interface  1500 , interface  1700  can include a textual representation  1302  of the displayed direction (“Turn Left On C Street”), a visual representation  1304  of a directional instruction associated with the direction, ETA  1306 , current time  1308 , and page indicator  1310 , which can be updated to reflect the currently displayed direction and its position relative to the other directions of the ordered set of directions. After the new route direction interface is displayed at block  1212 , the process can return to block  1206 . 
     If it is then determined that no location change has occurred at block  1206 , that no request to change the displayed direction is received at block  1208 , and that a request to display a map view of the displayed direction is received at block  1210  while interface  1700  is being displayed (e.g., receiving a swipe gesture from the top of the touch-sensitive display of the electronic device to the bottom of the touch-sensitive display), an interface similar to interface  1800 , shown in  FIG. 18 , can be displayed at block  1216 . As such, interface  1800  can represent the same direction as that represented by interface  1700 . In some examples, similar to interface  1600 , interface  1800  can include a map  1408  associated with the direction represented by the previously displayed route direction interface (interface  1700 ), visual representation  1404 , combined representation  1406 , ETA  1306 , and current time  1308 . However, unlike interface  1600 , interface  1800  may not include current location indicator  1402  since the user is not currently at a location associated with the displayed direction because the user manually selected the displayed location, rather than the displayed location being presented to the user in response to determining that the user is at a location associated with the displayed location. Additionally, since the displayed direction is the last direction in the ordered set of directions, interface  1800  can include a destination indicator  1412  positioned within map  1408  at a location corresponding to the geographic location of the destination. Destination indicator  1412  can include the same or a different visual representation than current location indicator  1402 . In some examples, route direction interface  1700  can be displayed again in response to receiving a request to view a route direction view (e.g., in response to receiving a swipe gesture in a direction opposite that which caused the map view to be displayed). 
     While the blocks of process  1200  are shown in a particular order, it should be appreciated that the blocks can be performed in any order and some blocks may not be performed at all. For example, blocks  1206 ,  1208 , and  1210  can be evaluated in any order and with any desired frequency or at any desired interval of time to determine whether the displayed interface should be changed based on the user&#39;s location, a request to change the displayed direction, and a request to display a map view, respectively. 
     Using process  1200 , individual route directions can be presented to a user in manner that allows the user to easily identify the next direction in the route with a quick glance at the user device. Additionally, process  1200  advantageously allows a user to scroll through previous or subsequent directions and to view map representations of the directions to obtain a better understanding of the route being displayed. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates an exemplary process  1900  for selectively displaying representations of a mapping application according to various examples. In some examples, process  1900  can be performed using electronic devices similar or identical to device  100 ,  300 ,  500 ,  602 , or  604 . 
     At block  1902  of process  1900 , an electronic device (e.g., device  602  or  604 ) can detect a triggering event for activating a display of the electronic device. The triggering event can include any predefined or user-selected event. In some examples, detecting the triggering event can include detecting that the electronic device is moved into a position that can be viewed by a user. For example, if the electronic device is a wearable electronic device, such as a watch, detecting the triggering event can include detecting that the watch is raised and oriented in a direction that would be viewable by the user. In other examples, the triggering event can include the depression of a physical button, a touch on a touch-sensitive display, a press on a pressure-sensitive display, or the like. In response to detecting the triggering event, process  1900  can proceed to block  1904 . 
     At block  1904 , the electronic device (e.g., device  602  or  604 ) can obtain contextual data representing a context of the electronic device. In general, the contextual data can include any type of information associated with the user input that can be used to infer the user&#39;s intent. In some examples, the contextual data can include sensor information from user device  602  or  604 , such as lighting, ambient noise, ambient temperature, images or videos of the surrounding environment, distance to another object, and the like. The contextual information can additionally or alternatively include information associated with the physical state of user device  602  or  604 , such as the device orientation, device location, device temperature, power level, speed, acceleration, motion patterns, cellular signal strength, etc., or the software state of user device  602  or  604 , such as running processes, installed programs, past and present network activities, background services, error logs, resources usage, contents displayed on the device, contents of a portion of a map displayed on the device, length of time that a current view has been displayed on the device, length of time since receiving a user input, length of time an application has been opened or running, etc. The contextual data can additionally or alternatively include information associated with the user, such as the user&#39;s contact list, calendar, task or to-do list, historical activity data, preferences, or the like. 
     At block  1906 , the electronic device (e.g., device  602  or  604 ) can determine, based on the contextual data obtained at block  1904 , whether it is likely that the user will be traveling to a destination within a threshold length of time. This determination can be made, for example, based on the contextual data obtained at block  1904 , which can include appointments (having locations and times) in the user&#39;s calendar, items (having locations and times) in the user&#39;s task or to-do list, a pattern of the user traveling to the same destination at the same time based on the historical activity of the user, or the like. The threshold length of time can be a predetermined value or can vary depending on the current location of the user and the location of the destination of the predicted travel. For example, the threshold length of time can be greater than or equal to an estimated travel time required for the user to travel from his/her current location to the destination of the predicted travel. This can depend on, for example, the distance to the destination, type of roads being traveled, traffic conditions, the user&#39;s mode of the transportation, length of time previously required to travel the same route, or the like. If it is determined that it is likely the user will be traveling, process  1900  can proceed to block  1908 . Alternatively, if it is instead determined that it is not likely that the user will be traveling, process  1900  can proceed to block  1910 . 
     At block  1908 , the electronic device (e.g., device  602  or  604 ) can display an interface representing a mapping application based on the traveling predicted to be performed by the user determined at block  1906 . The interface can generally include an affordance for opening or launching the mapping application and a set of data associated with the predicted traveling obtained from the mapping application that can be updated based on data from the application. The set of data associated with the predicted travel can include an estimated time of arrival at the destination, an estimated length of time to travel to the destination, one or more directions for traveling to destination, a map comprising at least a portion of a route to the destination, traffic information associated with the route to the destination, or the like. For example, an interface similar to interface  2000 , shown in  FIG. 20 , can be displayed by the electronic device at block  1908 . Interface  2000  can display a set of data obtained from the mapping application using the predicted travel determined at block  1906  as an input. For example, interface  2000  can include elements similar to interface  1300 , described above, such as a textual representation  1302 , visual representation  1304 , and page indicator  1310  representing a direction of a set of directions for traveling to the destination of the predicted travel determined at block  1906  as determined by the mapping application. As the user moves, the displayed direction can be updated based on the current direction of the set of directions as determined by the mapping application. Additionally, interface  2000  can further include an estimated time of arrival represented by ETA  1306  and a current time represented by current time  1308 . 
     In some examples, interface  2000  can include an affordance, such as a text label or icon, for opening or launching the represented mapping application. The affordance can include any portion or the entirety of the interface. For example, the affordance can include a virtual button or can include all of interface  2000 . The electronic device can open the represented mapping application in response to selection of the affordance. For example, the electronic device can open the mapping application in response to a tap on a touch-sensitive display, a press on a pressure-sensitive display, a swipe gesture performed across a touch-sensitive display, a depression of a physical button, a turn of a rotatable mechanism, a selection of a displayed option, or the like, while interface  2000  is displayed. In some examples, the mapping application can be opened using the predicted travel determined at block  1906  as an input. For example, the mapping application can be opened and the predicted travel can be entered as a desired destination for a navigation route. 
     In some examples, interface  2000  can be generated using a process or application separate from the mapping application that it represents. In these examples, the mapping application may not be displayed and may instead be executed in the background. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates another example interface  2100  that can be displayed at block  1908 . Interface  2100  can display a set of data associated with the predicted traveling and obtained from the mapping application using the predicted travel determined at block  1906  as an input. For example, interface  2100  can include elements similar to interface  1400 , described above, such as map  1408  and visual representation  1404  representing a direction of a set of directions for traveling to the destination of the expected travel determined at block  1906  as determined by the mapping application. As the user moves, the displayed direction can be updated based on the current direction of the set of directions as determined by the mapping application. Additionally, interface  2100  can further include current location indicator  1402 , an estimated time of arrival represented by ETA  1306 , and a current time represented by current time  1308 . 
     In some examples, interface  2000  can include an affordance, such as a text label or icon, for opening or launching the represented mapping application. The affordance can include any portion or the entirety of the interface. For example, the affordance can include a virtual button or can include all of interface  2000 . The electronic device can open the represented mapping application in response to selection of the affordance. For example, the electronic device can open the mapping application in response to a tap on a touch-sensitive display, a press on a pressure-sensitive display, a swipe gesture performed across a touch-sensitive display, a depression of a physical button, a turn of a rotatable mechanism, a selection of a displayed option, or the like, while interface  2000  is displayed. In some examples, the mapping application can be opened using the expected travel determined at block  1906  as an input. For example, the mapping application can be opened and the expected travel can be entered as a desired destination for a navigation route. 
     In some examples, interface  2100  can be generated using a process or application separate from the mapping application that it represents. In these examples, the mapping application may not be displayed and may instead be executed in the background. 
     At block  1910 , the electronic device (e.g., device  602  or  604 ) can display an interface representing a mapping application based on the current location of the user since no predicted travel was determined at block  1906 . The interface can generally include an affordance for opening or launching the mapping application and information associated with the user&#39;s current location. For example, an interface similar to interface  2200 , shown in  FIG. 22 , can be displayed by the electronic device at block  1910 . Interface  2200  can include elements similar to interface  1400 , described above, such as current location indicator  1402 , map  1408 , and current time  1308 . Since no travel is expected, there may not be navigation route to a destination. As a result, interface  2200  may not include visual representation  1404  or ETA  1306 . In some examples, interface  2200  can include an affordance for opening or launching the represented mapping application. The affordance can include any portion or the entirety of the interface. For example, the affordance can include a virtual button or can include all of interface  2200 . The electronic device can open the represented mapping application in response to selection of the affordance. For example, the electronic device can open the mapping application in response to a tap on a touch-sensitive display, a press on a pressure-sensitive display, a swipe gesture performed across a touch-sensitive display, a depression of a physical button, a turn of a rotatable mechanism, a selection of a displayed option, or the like, while interface  2200  is displayed. In some examples, the mapping application can be opened and can display the user&#39;s current location since no navigation route to a destination has been determined. 
     Using process  1900 , an electronic device can advantageously present the user with an interface containing an affordance for easily opening a mapping application. Additionally, the interface can advantageously modify the type of information presented in the interface to include information that is likely relevant to the user as determined by the electronic device based on contextual information. Moreover, the electronic device can launch the mapping application using the information displayed within the interface to reduce the amount of input required from the user to cause the mapping application to perform a desired function. 
       FIG. 23  shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device  2300  configured in accordance with the principles of the various described examples. The functional blocks of the device can be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described examples. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG. 23  can be combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described examples. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 23 , electronic device  2300  can include a display unit  2304  configured to display graphical objects, a touch-sensitive surface unit  2302  configured to receive user gestures, and a processing unit  2308 . In some examples, processing unit  2308  can include an audio receiving unit  2310 , a contextual data receiving unit  2312 , a generating unit  2314 , a text transmitting unit  2316 , a map data receiving unit  2318 , and a map data transmitting unit  2320 . 
     Processing unit  2308  can be configured to receive (e.g., using audio receiving unit  2310 ) data corresponding to an audio input comprising user speech. Contextual data receiving unit  2312  can be configured to receive contextual data representing a context of the user speech. Generating unit  2314  can generate a textual representation of the user speech based on the data corresponding to the audio input. Text transmitting unit  2316  can transmit, to a map server, the textual representation of the user speech and the contextual data. Map data receiving unit  2318  can receive, from the map server, map data and map data transmitting unit  2320  can transmit the map data to the electronic device. 
     In some examples, the contextual data can include a location of the electronic device. In other examples, the contextual data can include a software state of the electronic device. In other examples, the contextual data can include a content being displayed by the electronic device. In other examples, the contextual data can include a state of a mapping application running on the electronic device. In some examples, the current state of the mapping application can include a current view of the mapping application being displayed on the electronic device. In some examples, the current state of the mapping application can include a length of time that the current view of the mapping application has been displayed. In some examples, the contextual data can include length of time since the electronic device received a user input. 
     In some examples, the map data can include: one or more map tiles, a set of geographic coordinates, routing information from a start location to an end location, or traffic data. In some examples, the textual representation of the user speech is not transmitted to the electronic device. 
       FIG. 24  shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device  2400  configured in accordance with the principles of the various described examples. The functional blocks of the device can be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described examples. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG. 24  can be combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described examples. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 24 , electronic device  2400  can include a display unit  2404  configured to display graphical objects, a touch-sensitive surface unit  2402  configured to receive user gestures, and a processing unit  2408 . In some examples, processing unit  2408  can include a map displaying unit  2410 , a determining unit  2412 , a first location marker displaying unit  2414 , a first geographic coordinate transmitting unit  2416 , a storing unit  2418 , a second location marker displaying unit  2420 , a second coordinate transmitting unit  2422 , a receiving unit  2424 , and a third location marker displaying unit  2426 . 
     Processing unit  2408  can be configured to cause (e.g., using map displaying unit  2410 ), on a display of a first electronic device, a display of a map. Determining unit  2412  can determine whether a first request to mark a first location on the map has been received. First location marker displaying unit  2414  can cause, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a first location marker on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the first location in accordance with a determination that the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received. First geographic coordinate transmitting unit  2416  can transmit, to a second electronic device, a first set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the first location in accordance with a determination that the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received. 
     In some examples, storing unit  2418  can be configured to store, at the first electronic device, the first set of geographic coordinates. 
     In some examples, first location marker displaying unit  2414  can be further configured to cause, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of information associated with the first location. In some examples, the information associated with the first location can include an address, a street name, a name of a city, a name of a country, a zip code, or an estimated travel time to the first location. 
     In some examples, determining unit  2412  can be configured to determine whether the first request to mark the first location on the map has been received by determining whether a touch has been detected at the position within the display corresponding to the first location for more than a threshold length of time. 
     In some examples, determining unit  2412  can be further configured to determine whether a second request to mark a second location on the map has been received. Second location marker displaying unit  2420  can be configured to cause, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a second location marker overlaid on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the second location in accordance with a determination that the second request to mark the second location on the map has been received. Second coordinate transmitting unit  2422  can be configured to transmit, to the second electronic device, a second set of geographic coordinates corresponding to the second location in accordance with a determination that the second request to mark the second location on the map has been received. 
     In some examples, second location marker displaying unit  2420  can configured to cause, on the display of the first electronic device, the display of the second location marker overlaid on the map by removing the first location marker from the display of the first electronic device. In some examples, storing unit  2418  can be configured to replace the stored first set of geographic coordinates with the second set of geographic coordinates. 
     In some examples, receiving unit  2424  can be configured to receive, at the first electronic device, a third set of geographic coordinates from the second electronic device. In some examples, storing unit  2418  can be further configured to replace the stored first set of geographic coordinates with the third set of geographic coordinates. In some examples, third location marker displaying unit  2426  can be configured to cause, on the display of the first electronic device, a display of a third location marker overlaid on the map at a position within the display corresponding to the third set of geographic coordinates. 
     In some examples, third location marker displaying unit  2426  can be further configured to cause, on the display of the first electronic device, the display of the third location marker overlaid on the map further by removing the first location marker from the display of the first electronic device. 
       FIG. 25  shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device  2500  configured in accordance with the principles of the various described examples. The functional blocks of the device can be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described examples. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG. 25  can be combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described examples. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 25 , electronic device  2500  can include a display unit  2504  configured to display graphical objects, a touch-sensitive surface unit  2502  configured to receive user gestures, and a processing unit  2508 . In some examples, processing unit  2508  can include a receiving unit  2510 , a displaying unit  2512 , and a determining unit  2514 . 
     Processing unit  2508  can be configured to receive (e.g., using receiving unit  2510 ) an ordered set of route directions for navigating a route from a start location to an end location, wherein the route comprises a plurality of segments. Displaying unit  2512  can cause a display of first route direction interface associated with a first route direction of the set of route directions, wherein the first route direction is associated with a first segment of the plurality of segments and comprises a first directional instruction and a first segment identifier associated with the first segment, and wherein the first route direction interface comprises: a first textual description of the first directional instruction and the first segment identifier and a first visual representation of the first directional instruction. 
     In some examples, the first route direction interface excludes a map. In some examples, the first route direction interface excludes a view of any of the plurality of segments. In some examples, the first visual representation consists of an image of an arrow. In some examples, the first directional instruction includes an instruction to turn or an instruction to travel straight. In some examples, the first route direction interface further includes an estimated time of arrival at the end location. 
     In some examples, determining unit  2515  can be configured to determine whether a location of the electronic device corresponds to a second segment of the plurality of segments. In some examples, displaying unit  2512  can be configured to replace, in accordance with a determination that the location of the electronic device corresponds to the second segment of the plurality of segments, the first route direction interface with a second route direction interface associated with a second route direction of the set of route directions, wherein the second route direction is associated with the second segment of the plurality of segments and comprises a second directional instruction and a second segment identifier associated with the second segment, and wherein the second route direction interface comprises a second textual description of the second directional instruction and the second segment identifier and a second visual representation of the second directional instruction. 
     In some examples, determining unit  2512  can be configured to determine whether a request to view a third direction of the set of route directions has been received. In some examples, displaying unit  2512  can be configured to replace, in accordance with a determination that the request to view the third direction of the set of route directions has been received, the first route direction interface with a third route direction interface associated with a third route direction of the set of route directions, wherein the third route direction is associated with the third segment of the plurality of segments and comprises a third directional instruction and a third segment identifier associated with the third segment, and wherein the third route direction interface comprises: a third textual description of the third directional instruction and the third segment identifier and a third visual representation of the third directional instruction. 
     In some examples, determining unit  2512  can be configured to determine whether the request to view the third direction of the set of route directions has been received by determining whether a swipe gesture has been detected across the display of the electronic device. In some examples, the swipe gesture includes a horizontal swipe gesture. 
     In some examples, determining unit  2514  can be configured to determine whether a request to view a map view of the first direction has been received. In some examples, displaying unit  2512  can be configured to replace, in accordance with a determination that the request to view the map view of the first direction has been received, the first route direction interface with a first map view interface associated with the first route direction, wherein the first map view interface comprises a map comprising the first segment and a combined textual and visual representation of the first direction. 
     In some examples, determining unit  2514  can be configured to determine whether the request to view the map view of the first direction has been received by determining whether a swipe gesture has been detected across the display of the electronic device. In some examples, the swipe gesture includes a vertical swipe gesture. 
       FIG. 26  shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device  2600  configured in accordance with the principles of the various described examples. The functional blocks of the device can be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described examples. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG. 26  can be combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described examples. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 26 , electronic device  2600  can include a display unit  2604  configured to display graphical objects, a touch-sensitive surface unit  2602  configured to receive user gestures, and a processing unit  2608 . In some examples, processing unit  2608  can include a detecting unit  2610 , obtaining unit  2612 , determining unit  2614 , first displaying unit  2616 , and a second displaying unit  2618 . 
     Processing unit  2608  can be configured to detect (e.g., using detecting unit  2610 ) a display triggering event. Obtaining unit  2612  can be configured to obtain contextual data representing a context of the electronic device in accordance with a detection of the display triggering event. Determining unit  2614  can be configured to determine, based on the contextual data, whether a user is likely to be traveling to a destination within a threshold length of time. First displaying unit  2616  can be configured to cause a display of a first interface representing a mapping application in accordance with a determination that the user is likely to be traveling to the destination within the threshold length of time, wherein the first interface representing the mapping application comprises: a first affordance for launching the mapping application and a set of information associated with traveling to the destination. Second displaying unit  2616  can be configured to cause a display of a second interface representing the mapping application in accordance with a determination that the user is not likely to be traveling to the destination within the threshold length of time, wherein the second interface representing the mapping application comprises: a second affordance for launching the mapping application and a visual representation of a location of the electronic device. 
     In some examples, the threshold length of time is greater than or equal to an estimated travel time to the destination. 
     In some examples, the contextual data comprises the user&#39;s calendar data and determining unit  2614  can be configured to determine whether the user is likely to be traveling to a destination by determining whether the user has a scheduled appointment within the threshold length of time based on the calendar data, the scheduled appointment associated with the destination. 
     In some examples, the contextual data includes the user&#39;s task list data and determining unit  2614  can be configured to determine whether the user is likely to be traveling to a destination by determining whether the user has a scheduled task to perform within the threshold length of time based on the task list data, the scheduled task associated with the destination. 
     In some examples, the contextual data includes the user&#39;s historical activity data and determining unit  2614  can be configured to determine whether the user is likely to be traveling to a destination by determining whether the user has a pattern of traveling to the destination at a time during a day, wherein the time during the day is within the threshold length of time from a current time. 
     In some examples, the set of information associated with traveling to the destination includes: an estimated time of arrival at the destination, an estimated length of time to travel to the destination, one or more directions for traveling to destination, a map comprising at least a portion of a route to the destination, or traffic information associated with the route to the destination. 
     In some examples, the mapping application is executing on the electronic device and is not displayed on the display. 
     In some examples, detecting unit  2610  can be further configured to detect a selection of the first affordance and first displaying unit  2616  can be configured to replace, in response to detecting the selection of the first affordance, the display of the first interface with a display of the mapping application. 
     In some examples, detecting unit  2610  can be further configured to detect a selection of the second affordance and second displaying unit  2618  can be configured to replace, in response to detecting the selection of the second affordance, the display of the second interface with a display of the mapping application. 
     In some examples, the display triggering event includes the electronic device being oriented in a predetermined orientation. In other examples the display triggering event includes a touch detected at the display of the electronic device. 
     Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying figures, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined by the appended claims. 
     As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources to improve the delivery to users of invitational content or any other content that may be of interest to them. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, home addresses, or any other identifying information. 
     The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For example, the personal information data can be used to deliver targeted content that is of greater interest to the user. Accordingly, use of such personal information data enables calculated control of the delivered content. Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure. 
     The present disclosure further contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. For example, personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection should occur only after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities would take any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. 
     Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, in the case of advertisement delivery services, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services. In another example, users can select not to provide location information for targeted content delivery services. In yet another example, users can select to not provide precise location information, but permit the transfer of location zone information. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, content can be selected and delivered to users by inferring preferences based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the content delivery services, or publically available information.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20180813
Publication Date: 20210209
Grant Date: 20210209
Priority Date: 20140902
Inventors: PAHWA, Aroon
NELSON, Britt K.
LEMAY, STEPHEN O.
CHAUDHRI, IMRAN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G01C21/3632", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/362", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3664", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/367", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3667", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/367", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/362", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3664", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3626", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0488", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3608", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3664", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3667", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/362", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3632", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3626", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/367", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3608", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 54072998