PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10709933-B2
Application Number: US-201715679538-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Pose and heart rate energy expenditure for yoga

Abstract:
A method and a system for determining an energy expenditure of a user while practicing yoga are described. A heart rate sensing module can measure the user&#39;s heart rate. A temperature sensing module can measure ambient temperature. A motion sensing module can collect user&#39;s motion data. In some embodiments, a hot yoga session can be detected based on measured ambient temperature. In some embodiments, a yoga type can be detected based on the motion data. In some embodiments, an energy expenditure model can be applied based on the determined yoga type.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method for improving the accuracy of a wearable device while calculating an energy expenditure of a user practicing yoga, the method comprising:
 detecting, by a processor circuit of the wearable device, a start of a yoga session; 
 measuring, by a heart rate sensing module of the wearable device, a heart rate of the user, wherein the heart rate sensing module comprises a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor and the PPG sensor is configured to be worn adjacent to the user&#39;s skin; 
 measuring, by a temperature sensing module of the wearable device, an ambient temperature; 
 collecting, by a motion sensing module of the wearable device, motion data of the user; 
 determining, by the processor circuit, a type of yoga practiced by the user based on the measured ambient temperature and the collected motion data; 
 selecting, by the processor circuit, an energy expenditure model associated with the determined type of yoga; 
 detecting, by the processor circuit, an end of the yoga session; 
 calculating, by the processor circuit, an energy expenditure of the user based on at least the measured heart rate and the selected energy expenditure model; and 
 outputting, by the processor circuit, the calculated energy expenditure of the user during the yoga session. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein detecting a start of a yoga session comprises receiving an instruction from the user. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein detecting a start of a yoga session comprises:
 receiving location data of the wearable device; 
 comparing the received location data with a pre-determined location; and 
 detecting the start of a yoga session based upon comparing the received location data and the pre-determined location. 
 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein determining a type of yoga practiced by the user comprises:
 measuring, by the temperature sensing module, a first ambient temperature prior to the start of the yoga session; 
 measuring, by the temperature sensing module, a second ambient temperature within a pre-defined time period proximate to the start of the yoga session; 
 determining, by the processor circuit, a change of ambient temperature between the first ambient temperature and the second ambient temperature; 
 comparing, by the processor circuit, the change of ambient temperature with a pre-defined temperature change threshold; and 
 determining, by the processor circuit, the user is practicing hot yoga if the change of ambient temperature is greater than the pre-defined temperature change threshold. 
 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 4 , wherein the pre-defined temperature change threshold is substantially 20 degrees Fahrenheit. 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 1 , wherein determining a type of yoga practiced by the user comprises:
 comparing, by the processor circuit, the measured ambient temperature with a pre-defined temperature threshold; and 
 determining, by the processor circuit, the user is practicing hot yoga if the measured ambient temperature is greater than the pre-defined temperature threshold. 
 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 6 , wherein the pre-defined temperature threshold is substantially 100 degrees Fahrenheit. 
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 1 , wherein determining a type of yoga practiced by the user comprises:
 measuring a humidity by a humidity sensing module of the wearable device; 
 comparing, by the processor circuit, the measured humidity with a pre-determined humidity threshold; and 
 determining, by the processor circuit, the user is practicing hot yoga if the measured humidity is greater than the pre-determined humidity threshold. 
 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 1 , wherein calculating an energy expenditure of the user comprises calculating the energy expenditure based on the time period between the start of the yoga session and the end of the yoga session. 
     
     
       10. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the type of yoga comprises power yoga, wellness yoga, hot yoga, or meditative yoga. 
     
     
       11. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the motion sensing module comprises at least one of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a magnetometer. 
     
     
       12. A system for improving the accuracy of a wearable device while calculating an energy expenditure of a user practicing yoga, the system comprising:
 a heart rate sensing module configured to measure a heart rate of the user, wherein the heart rate sensing module comprises a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor and the PPG sensor is configured to be worn adjacent to the user&#39;s skin; 
 a temperature sensing module configured to measure an ambient temperature; 
 a motion sensing module configured to collect motion data of the user; 
 a processor circuit in communication with the heart rate sensing module, the temperature sensing module, and the motion sensing module, the processor circuit configured to execute instructions causing the processor circuit to:
 detect a start of a yoga session; 
 determine a type of yoga practiced by the user based on the measured ambient temperature and the collected motion data; 
 select an energy expenditure model associated with the determined type of yoga; 
 detect an end of the yoga session; 
 calculate an energy expenditure of the user based on at least the measured heart rate and the selected energy expenditure model; and 
 output the calculated energy expenditure of the user. 
 
 
     
     
       13. The system of  claim 12 , wherein the instructions further cause the processor circuit to receive an instruction from the user indicating a start of the yoga session. 
     
     
       14. The system of  claim 12 , wherein the instructions further cause the processor circuit to:
 receive location data of the wearable device; 
 compare the received location data with a pre-determined location; and 
 determine a start of the yoga session based upon comparing the received location data with the pre-determined location. 
 
     
     
       15. The system of  claim 12 , wherein:
 the temperature sensing module is configured to
 measure a first ambient temperature prior to the start of the yoga session, and 
 measure a second ambient temperature within a pre-defined time period proximate to the start of the yoga session; and 
 
 the instructions further cause the processor circuit to
 determine a change of ambient temperature between the first ambient temperature and the second ambient temperature, 
 compare the change of ambient temperature with a pre-defined temperature change threshold, and 
 determine the user is practicing hot yoga if the change of ambient temperature is greater than the pre-defined temperature change threshold. 
 
 
     
     
       16. The system of  claim 12 , wherein the instructions further cause the processor circuit to:
 compare the measured ambient temperature with a pre-defined temperature threshold; and
 determine the user is practicing hot yoga if the measured ambient temperature is greater than the pre-defined temperature threshold. 
 
 
     
     
       17. The system of  claim 12 , further comprising a humidity sensing module configured to measure a humidity, and wherein the instructions further cause the processor circuit to:
 compare the measured humidity with a pre-determined humidity threshold; and 
 determine the user is practicing hot yoga if the measured humidity is greater than the pre-determined humidity threshold. 
 
     
     
       18. The system of  claim 12 , wherein the type of yoga comprises power yoga, wellness yoga, hot yoga, or meditative yoga. 
     
     
       19. The system of  claim 12 , wherein the motion sensing module comprises at least one of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a magnetometer. 
     
     
       20. A mobile device comprising the system of  claim 12 .

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/376,019 filed on Aug. 17, 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein by its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to improving calorie expenditure prediction and tracking and, more particularly, to techniques for determining energy expenditure based on a user&#39;s poses and heart rate in yoga. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Heart rate and energy expenditure are usually linearly correlated during high intensity workouts in traditional aerobic activities. Traditional aerobic activities, such as running, swimming, or cycling, are usually performed with a relatively constant body pose. That is, a user&#39;s torso and limbs are in a relatively constant position throughout the activity. The relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure can be more complicated when a user&#39;s poses during exercise are more variable. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure relates to a method for improving the accuracy of a wearable device while calculating an energy expenditure of a user practicing yoga. In some embodiments, the method can include: detecting, by a processor circuit of a wearable device, a start of a yoga session; measuring, by a heart rate sensing module of the wearable device, a heart rates of the user, wherein the heart rate sensing module comprises a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor and the PPG sensor is configured to be worn adjacent to the user&#39;s skin; measuring, by a temperature sensing module of the wearable device, ambient temperature; collecting, by a motion sensing module of the wearable device, motion data of the user; determining by the processor circuit, a type of yoga practiced by the user based on the measured ambient temperature and the collected motion data; selecting an energy expenditure model associated with the determined type of yoga; detecting an end of the yoga session; calculating an energy expenditure of the user based on at least the measured heart rate and the selected energy expenditure model; and outputting the calculated energy expenditure of the user during the yoga session. 
     In some embodiments, the wearable device can detect a start of a yoga session after receiving an instruction from the user. In some embodiments, the wearable device can detect a start of a yoga session by receiving location data of the wearable device and comparing the received location data with a pre-determined location. If the received location data matches a pre-determined location, the wearable device can determine a start of a yoga session. 
     In some embodiments, the wearable device can measure a first ambient temperature prior to the start of the yoga session, and measure a second ambient temperature within a pre-defined time period proximate to the start of the yoga session. The wearable device can determine a change of ambient temperature between the first ambient temperature and the second ambient temperature, and can compare the change of ambient temperature with a pre-defined temperature change threshold. In some embodiments, the pre-defined temperature change threshold is substantially 20 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, if the change of ambient temperature is greater than the pre-defined temperature change threshold, the wearable device can determine the user is practicing hot yoga. 
     In some embodiments, the wearable device can compare the measured ambient temperature with a pre-defined temperature threshold. In some embodiments, the pre-defined temperature threshold is substantially 100 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, if the measured ambient temperature is greater than the pre-defined temperature threshold, the wearable device can determine the user is practicing hot yoga. In some embodiments, the method can include measuring humidity by a humidity sensing module of the wearable device. The wearable device can compare the measured humidity with a pre-determined humidity threshold. If the measured humidity is greater than the pre-determined humidity threshold, the wearable device can determine the user is practicing hot yoga. 
     In some embodiments, the type of yoga can include power yoga, wellness yoga, hot yoga, or meditative yoga. In some embodiments, the motion sensing module can include at least one of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a magnetometer. 
     The present disclosure also relates to a system for improving the accuracy of a wearable device while calculating an energy expenditure of a user practicing yoga. In some embodiments, the system can include: a heart rate sensing module configured to measure a heart rate of the user, wherein the heart rate sensing module comprises a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor and the PPG sensor is configured to be worn adjacent to the user&#39;s skin; a temperature sensing module configured to measure ambient temperature; a motion sensing module configured to collect motion data of the user; a processor circuit in communication with the heart rate sensing module, the temperature sensing module, and the motion sensing module, the processor circuit configured to execute instructions causing the processor circuit to: detect a start of a yoga session; determine a type of yoga practiced by the user based on the measured ambient temperature and the collected motion data; select an energy expenditure model associated with the determined type of yoga; detect an end of the yoga session; calculate an energy expenditure of the user based on at least the measured heart rate and the selected energy expenditure model; and output the calculated energy expenditure of the user. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various objectives, features, and advantages of the disclosed subject matter can be more fully appreciated with reference to the following detailed description of the disclosed subject matter when considered in connection with the following drawings, in which like reference numerals identify like elements. 
         FIG. 1  shows an example of a fitness tracking device (or a “wearable device”)  100 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  depicts a block diagram of example components that may be found within the fitness tracking device  100 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  shows an example of a companion device  300 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram showing yoga poses, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph  500  showing a relationship between beginning, intermediate and advanced users&#39; energy expenditure and heart rate during a yoga session, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart showing the calculation of a user&#39;s energy expenditure during a yoga session, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 7A-7C  are graphs showing a correlation between sensor data and METs, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Systems and methods are disclosed herein to calibrate heart rate measurements during a user&#39;s exercise session based on a type of user&#39;s motion data and ambient temperature data in order to better estimate energy expenditure during the exercise session. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the systems and methods disclosed herein are used to detect a type of yoga session being practiced by a user and to calibrate heart rate measurements detected during the yoga session. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of a fitness tracking device (or a “wearable device”)  100 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the fitness tracking device  100  may be a wearable device, such as a watch configured to be worn around an individual&#39;s wrist. As described in more detail below, the fitness tracking device  100  may be calibrated according to physical attributes of the individual and physical activity by the individual user who is wearing the fitness tracking device  100 , including, for example, heart rate statistics. 
       FIG. 2  depicts a block diagram of example components that may be found within the fitness tracking device  100 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. These components may include a heart rate sensing module  210 , a motion sensing module  220 , a display module  230 , an interface module  240 , and a temperature sensing module  250 . 
     The heart rate sensing module  210  may include or may be in communication with a photoplethysmogram “PPG” sensor as previously described. The fitness tracking device  100  can measure an individual&#39;s current heart rate from the PPG. The heart rate sensor may also be configured to determine a confidence level indicating a relative likelihood of an accuracy of a given heart rate measurement. In other embodiments, a traditional heart rate monitor may be used and may communicate with the fitness tracking device  100  through a near field communication method (e.g., Bluetooth). 
     The fitness tracking device  100  may include an LED and a photodiode or the equivalent to obtain PPG data. The fitness tracking device  100  may subsequently determine the user&#39;s current heart rate based on the PPG data. 
     To conserve battery power on the fitness tracking device  100 , the LED may be a relatively low-power LED, such as a green LED. In some embodiments, to further conserve power on the fitness tracking device  100 , the fitness tracking device  100  may be configured to check heart rate at periodic intervals (e.g., once per minute, or once per three minutes). The period for checking heart rate may change dynamically. For example, if the fitness tracking device  100  automatically detects or receives input from the user that the user is engaged in a certain level, intensity, or type of physical activity (e.g., “in session”), the fitness tracking device may check heart rate more frequently (e.g., once per thirty seconds, once per minute, etc.). The fitness tracking device  100  may use, for example, machine learning techniques, battery power monitoring, or physical activity monitoring to balance the frequency of heart rate samples for accurate calorimetry with power optimization. 
     In addition to the heart rate sensing module  210 , the fitness tracking device  100  may also include the motion sensing module  220 . The motion sensing module  220  may include one or more motion sensors, such as an accelerometer or a gyroscope. In some embodiments, the accelerometer may be a three-axis, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometer, and the gyroscope may be a three-axis MEMS gyroscope. A microprocessor (not shown) or motion coprocessor (not shown) of the fitness tracking device  100  may receive motion information from the motion sensors of the motion sensing module  220  to track acceleration, rotation, position, or orientation information of the fitness tracking device  100  in six degrees of freedom through three-dimensional space. 
     In some embodiments, the motion sensing module  220  may include other types of sensors in addition to accelerometers and gyroscopes. For example, the motion sensing module  220  may include an altimeter or barometer, or other types of location sensors, such as a GPS sensor. 
     In some embodiments, the fitness tracking device  100  may include a temperature sensing module  250 . The temperature sensing module  250  can measure both the ambient temperature proximate to fitness tracking device  100  as well a temperature of a user wearing the fitness tracking device  100 . In some embodiments, the temperature sensing module  250  includes a humidity level sensor. As described in more detail below, a microprocessor (not shown) or motion coprocessor (not shown) of the fitness tracking device  100  may receive temperature information from the temperature sensing module  250  to determine a user&#39;s location and activity (e.g., practicing yoga in a high temperature room) by calculating a temperature differential of a user&#39;s environment at different times. In some embodiments, the microprocessor (not shown) or motion coprocessor (not shown) of the fitness tracking device  100  may receive temperature information from a temperature sensor in a companion device, such as the companion device  300  shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     In some embodiments, the fitness tracking device  100  may take advantage of the knowledge that the heart rate sensing module  210  and the motion sensing module  220  are approximately co-located in space and time to combine data from each module  210  and  220  to improve the accuracy of its calorimetry functionality. Depending on the current activity and a determination of a confidence of current heart rate and motion data, the fitness tracking device  100  may also rely on one of either the heart rate or a motion-derived work rate to estimate energy expenditure more accurately. 
     The fitness tracking device  100  may also include a display module  230 . Display module  230  may be a screen, such as a crystalline (e.g., sapphire) or glass touchscreen, configured to provide output to the user as well as receive input form the user via touch. For example, display  230  may be configured to display a current heart rate or a daily average energy expenditure. Display module  230  may receive input from the user to select, for example, which information should be displayed, or whether the user is beginning a physical activity (e.g., starting a session) or ending a physical activity (e.g., ending a session), such as a running session or a cycling session. In some embodiments, the fitness tracking device  100  may present output to the user in other ways, such as by producing sound with a speaker (not shown), and the fitness tracking device  100  may receive input from the user in other ways, such as by receiving voice commands via a microphone (not shown). 
     In some embodiments, the fitness tracking device  100  may communicate with external devices via interface module  240 , including a configuration to present output to a user or receive input from a user. Interface module  240  may be a wireless interface. The wireless interface may be a standard Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15) interface, such as Bluetooth v4.0, also known as “Bluetooth low energy.” In other embodiments, the interface may operate according to a cellphone network protocol such as LTE or a Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) protocol. In other embodiments, interface module  240  may include wired interfaces, such as a headphone jack or bus connector (e.g., Lightning, Thunderbolt, USB, etc.). 
     The fitness tracking device  100  may be configured to communicate with a companion device  300  ( FIG. 3 ), such as a smartphone, as described in more detail herein. In some embodiments, the fitness tracking device  100  may be configured to communicate with other external devices, such as a notebook or desktop computer, tablet, headphones, Bluetooth headset, etc. 
     The modules described above are examples, and embodiments of the fitness tracking device  100  may include other modules not shown. For example, the fitness tracking device  100  may include one or more microprocessors (not shown) for processing heart rate data, motion data, other information in the fitness tracking device  100 , or executing instructions for firmware or apps stored in a non-transitory processor-readable medium such as a memory module (not shown). Additionally, some embodiments of the fitness tracking device  100  may include a rechargeable battery (e.g., a lithium-ion battery), a microphone or a microphone array, one or more cameras, one or more speakers, a watchband, a crystalline (e.g., sapphire) or glass-covered scratch-resistant display, water-resistant casing or coating, etc. 
       FIG. 3  shows an example of a companion device  300 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The fitness tracking device  100  may be configured to communicate with the companion device  300  via a wired or wireless communication channel (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.). In some embodiments, the companion device  300  may be a smartphone, tablet, or similar portable computing device. The companion device  300  may be carried by the user, stored in the user&#39;s pocket, strapped to the user&#39;s arm with an armband or similar device, placed on a table, or otherwise positioned within communicable range of the fitness tracking device  100 . 
     The companion device  300  may include a variety of sensors, such as location and motion sensors (not shown). When the companion device  300  may be optionally available for communication with the fitness tracking device  100 , the fitness tracking device  100  may receive additional data from the companion device  300  to improve or supplement its calibration or calorimetry processes. For example, in some embodiments, the fitness tracking device  100  may not include a GPS sensor as opposed to an alternative embodiment in which the fitness tracking device  100  may include a GPS sensor. In the case where the fitness tracking device  100  may not include a GPS sensor, a GPS sensor of the companion device  300  may collect GPS location information, and the fitness tracking device  100  may receive the GPS location information via interface module  240  ( FIG. 2 ) from the companion device  300 . 
     In another example, the fitness tracking device  100  may not include an altimeter, as opposed to an alternative embodiment in which the fitness tracking device  100  may include an altimeter. In the case where the fitness tracking device  100  may not include an altimeter or barometer, an altimeter or barometer of the companion device  300  may collect altitude or relative altitude information, and the fitness tracking device  100  may receive the altitude or relative altitude information via interface module  240  ( FIG. 2 ) from the companion device  300 . 
     In another example, the fitness tracking device  100  may not include a temperature sensor, as opposed to an alternative embodiment in which the fitness tracking device  100  may include a temperature sensor. In the case where the fitness tracking device  100  may not include a temperature sensor, a temperature sensor of the companion device  300  may collect temperature information of at least one the ambient temperature proximate to the user and the user&#39;s body temperature, and the fitness tracking device  100  may receive the temperature information via interface module  240  ( FIG. 2 ) from the companion device  300 . 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram showing yoga poses, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     In general, there are four main styles of yoga relevant for calorimetry purposes: power/Vinyasa yoga (also referred to herein as power yoga), wellness yoga, hot/Bikram® yoga (also referred to herein as hot yoga), and meditative/restorative yoga (also referred to herein as meditative yoga). Power yoga is usually characterized by fluid motion between different poses. For example, with reference to  FIG. 4 , in power yoga each of the poses  402 ,  404 ,  406 , and  408  are continuous and flow from one pose to the next. Of the four main styles of yoga, power yoga is the most similar to other high intensity activities such as running, cycling or swimming in terms of users&#39; heart rate-energy expenditure profiles. As used herein, power yoga can also refer to Vinyasa, Ashtanga, or Acro yoga. 
     Wellness yoga consists of a disconnected series of poses. For example, each of the poses  402 ,  404 ,  406 , and  408  may be held for a certain amount of time and brief breaks may be inserted after each pose. As used herein, wellness yoga can also refer to Hatha, Iyengar, Anasura, Jivamukti, Forrest, Sivananda, or Svaroopa yoga. 
     Similar to wellness yoga, hot yoga usually also consists of a series of disconnected poses. Unlike wellness yoga, hot yoga is usually practiced in a room with higher temperatures and humidity (e.g., a temperature of approximately 90 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit, and a humidity of approximately 40%). As used herein, hot yoga can also refer to Bikram Yoga®. As explained in more detail below, temperature in a hot yoga room can affect a calorimetry model, since the rise in heart rate may not be correlation to the actual intensity. 
     Meditative yoga usually involves little to no movement or slow movements. Pose  410  is an example of a meditative yoga pose. As used herein, meditative yoga can also refer to Vini, Kundalini, Integral, or Tantra yoga. 
     As described in more detail below, there are two factors during a yoga session that can disturb a linear relationship that normally exists between heart rate and energy expenditure during exercise: (1) temperature of a yoga studio and (2) yoga positions, including movement between yoga positions. For example, power yoga is usually associated with an energy expenditure greater than 4 METs, and fitness and hot yoga is usually associated with an energy expenditure of approximately 2.5 METs. Briefly, measured motion data and temperature data can be used to account for the variations in heart rate that deviate from the linear relationship that is normally observed for high intensity exercises. 
       FIG. 5  is a graph  500  showing a relationship between beginning, intermediate and advanced users&#39; energy expenditure and heart rate during a yoga session, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The graph  500  includes two axis: average fractional heart rate measurements  502  and average percentage of VO2max measurements  504 . The graph also shows a heart rate model  506 , beginning user data points  510 , intermediate user data points  512 , and advanced user data points  514 . 
     The filled in data points are associated with data points for which the amount of CO2 that a user&#39;s body expels is much greater than the amount of O2 begin consumed. When this occurs, it likely implies that the subject cannot satisfy their energy dependency operates in an anaerobic state. 
     Each of the beginning user data points  510 , intermediate user data points  512 , and advanced user data points  512  show a user&#39;s measured average percentage of VO2max measurements  504  at a certain average fractional heart rate  502 . Average fractional heart rate  502  is used, in some embodiments, to develop a model that is applicable to the entire population and over all different fitness groups. A user&#39;s average percentage of VO2max  504  can be used to calculate a corresponding MET value. An average percentage of VO2max measurements  504  is used, in some embodiments, to create a general model for the entire population. As shown in the graph  500 , the correlation between a user&#39;s VO2max measurements  504  and heart rate does not follow a typical heart rate model  506  that can normally be assumed during a high intensity workout. For example, a typical heart rate model  506  may linearly relate energy expenditure and HR for FHR&lt;0.6. Typical heart rate models  506  at lower HRs close to resting have difficulty predicting energy expenditure since there is no simple relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure at lower HRs. As described above, two of the major reasons for this skewed correlation are that yoga involves poses where the body is contracted and heart rate increases without a correlated increase in energy expenditure, and the high temperatures associated with some types of yoga increase heart rate also without a correlated increase in energy expenditure. As shown in the graph  500 , the amount of skew in the correlation for beginning, intermediate, and advanced users can also vary, respectively. In some embodiments, a user&#39;s level can be determined by the speed and number of repetitions the subjects performed. In some embodiments, a user&#39;s skill level can be determined by comparing a user&#39;s observed work rate. As described in more detail in  FIG. 5  and the accompanying text, motion sensor data and ambient temperature data can be used to adjust heart rate data to account for varying yoga styles and yoga postures. 
       FIG. 6  is a flowchart showing the calculation of a user&#39;s energy expenditure during a yoga session, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to step  602 , the start of a yoga session is detected. The start of the yoga session can be indicated based on receiving an instruction from a user from one of the fitness tracking device  100  or the companion device  300 . The instruction from the user can be one of indicating the start of a yoga session at a particular time, or the start of a yoga session based on a schedule. The start of the yoga session can also be indicated based on receiving location data from one of the motion sensing module  220  of the fitness tracking device  100  or location data from the companion device  300 . For example, at least one of the fitness tracking device  100  and the companion device  300  may be in communication with a map server or other database noting the location of a yoga studio. In some embodiments, the start of a yoga session is not detected until the fitness tracking device  100  confirms that the user is at the yoga studio (e.g., by receiving additional data associated with communications between one of the user&#39;s devices with a device of the studio, or confirmation that the yoga studio is a yoga studio frequented by the user using pre-stored data). 
     Referring to step  604 , heart rate information and temperature information is received. As explained above, heart rate information can be received from at least one of a heart rate sensing module  210  of a fitness tracking device  100  or from a companion device  300 . Also described above, the heart rate information can include a heart rate measured at various time intervals. Temperature information can also be received from at least one of a heart rate sensing module  210  of a fitness tracking device  100  or from a companion device  300 , as described above. The temperature information can be indicative of at least one of a user&#39;s body temperature and an ambient temperature proximate to either the fitness tracking device  100  or the companion device  300 . The temperature information can be taken at either preset intervals (e.g., every second, minute, hour) or upon a specific request from the user. 
     Referring to step  606 , the fitness tracking device  100  determines whether the yoga session is a hot yoga session. In some embodiments, the companion device  300  makes this determination. A hot yoga session can be detected based on a change of ambient temperature during the yoga session and the ambient temperature prior to the yoga session. In some embodiments, detecting the change in ambient temperature includes determining that the temperature change has exceeded a threshold (e.g., more than 20 degrees Fahrenheit) within a time period proximate to the start of a yoga session (e.g., a 1 minute, 5 minute, or 10 minute interval around the start time of the yoga session). In some embodiments, determining the start of a hot yoga session using temperature information includes detecting that the ambient temperature information is above a threshold value (e.g., more than 100 degrees Fahrenheit). In some embodiments, detecting that the ambient temperature information is above a threshold value includes detecting that the ambient temperature over a range of time (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minute, or 10 minute interval around the start time of the yoga session) is above a threshold value. In some embodiments, a change in humidity can also indicate the start of a yoga session. For example, the humidity level in a hot yoga room is generally higher than the humidity level outside of the yoga room. 
     Referring to step  608 , if the fitness tracking device  100  determines that the yoga session is a hot yoga session, heart rate measurements are scaled to account for the higher temperature. Instead of using a minimum HR to estimate a baseline FHR, in some embodiments, the FHR is estimated with an already elevated HR, which is likely elevated at the start of the session due to the high temperatures. 
     Referring to step  610 , if the fitness tracking device  100  determines that the yoga session is not a hot yoga session, the fitness tracking device  100  determines a type of yoga associated with the yoga session based on motion data. As described above, different types of yoga are associated with different poses or different timings between poses. For example, if the motion data indicates continuous movement throughout the yoga session, then the type of yoga is likely power yoga. If the motion data indicates motion data interspersed with little motion, then the type of yoga is likely wellness yoga. If the motion data indicates very little movement or long periods of little movement, then the type of yoga is likely meditative yoga. A detected low HR can also indicate a meditative yoga session. 
     Referring to step  612 , an energy expenditure model is applied based on the determined yoga type. 
     For example, if the motion data indicates that a user is practicing power yoga, then the measured heart rate is used, since measured heart rate linearly predicts energy expenditure for high intensity workouts. Additionally, different poses or sets of poses (sequence) are assigned different energy expenditure weights based on difficulty. Once a pose or sequence is detected, the associated energy expenditure weight is assigned to the user. In some embodiments pose energy expenditure is normalized so it can be applicable to all skill levels. 
     If the motion data indicates that a user is practicing meditative yoga, the energy expenditure is calculated using pre-stored characteristics of the user. For example, a basal metabolic rate can be used as a floor energy expenditure value. 
     If the motion data indicates that a user is practicing wellness yoga, a pose or series of poses is detected by applying a pose detection algorithm to the motion data. For example, the algorithm can use a combination of the accelerometer and gyro features to estimate the orientation of the device through space and use the pitch, yaw and roll features to help determine the pose. The user acceleration can then be used to help understand the intensity of the pose or the speed at which a user is doing the exercise. For example, high frequency in the accelerometer data can be indicative of resistance in a user&#39;s muscles hinting that they are in a position that is either difficult for them or that requires a considerable amount of strength in the arms. Based on the detected pose, energy expenditure can be assigned to the pose based on a difficulty level of the pose and duration of the pose. In some embodiments, a difficulty level is assigned for each of the well-known yoga poses. This information can be stored in a database that can be accessed by the processor of the fitness tracking device  100 . In some embodiments, the fitness tracking device  100  can create a new entry for an unknown pose and assign a difficultly level to the unknown pose based on a user&#39;s metrics for a known pose similar to the unknown pose. 
     For example, assume that the fitness tracking device  100  determines that a user is holding a downward dog pose for 30 seconds. The energy expenditure calculated for this pose is approximately 3.5 Mets. As another example, assume that the fitness tracking device  100  determines that a user is holding a warrior pose for 30 seconds. The energy expenditure calculated for this pose is approximately 2 Mets. 
     In some embodiments, heart rate is also monitored during the wellness yoga poses and can be used to quantify a user&#39;s efficiency at the pose and provide a calibration based on the user&#39;s efficiency. In general, the more efficient a user is at any physical activity, the less energy he or she expends during the physical activity. 
     In some embodiments, the wearable device can detect an end of the yoga session. Then a total energy expenditure of the user during the yoga session can be calculated and outputted. 
       FIGS. 7A-7C  are graphs showing a correlation between sensor data and METs, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 7A  is a graph showing METs  704  versus time  702 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Line  720  is a plot of METs versus time  702  and line  722  is a plot of HR  722  versus time. 
       FIG. 7B  is a graph showing acceleration  708  versus time  706 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the acceleration data is recorded at the wrist for the participant.  730 ,  732 , and  734  show exercise cycles. 
       FIG. 7C  is a graph showing angle  712  versus time  702 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, angle  712  is a pose angle which can be helpful in understanding if the arm is pointing at, under or above the horizon, for example, for detecting poses like sun salutation or downward dog. 
     As shown in the three graphs taken together, HR and METs increase as the difficulty increases which is also related to the speed at which the user is performing the exercises. Both HR and acceleration graphs show the exercise cycles. From the acceleration data, it is evident that the signatures are separable for the different poses. 
     In some embodiments, systems and methods are disclosed for determining an amount of calories expended by a user while practicing yoga. In some embodiments, the systems and methods comprise determining, by a computing device worn by a user, a start of a yoga session associated with the user, the computing device comprising a heart rate sensor, a motion sensor, a temperature sensor and a processor; determining, by the computing device, a type of yoga associated with the session based on a temperature difference between a temperature associated with the yoga session and a temperature prior to the yoga session, the type of yoga comprising power yoga, wellness yoga, hot yoga and meditative yoga; determining, by the computing device, heart rate data and motion data associated with the user during the yoga session; and calculating, by the computing device, an energy expenditure for the user associated with the yoga session based on: a default value when the type of yoga comprises meditative yoga, and an expenditure value based on the heart rate data and the motion data when the type of yoga comprises power yoga, wellness yoga, and hot yoga. 
     The subject matter described herein can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structural means disclosed in this specification and structural equivalents thereof, or in combinations of them. The subject matter described herein can be implemented as one or more computer program products, such as one or more computer programs tangibly embodied in an information carrier (e.g., in a machine readable storage device), or embodied in a propagated signal, for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus (e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers). A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data, in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. 
     The processes and logic flows described in this specification, including the method steps of the subject matter described herein, can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions of the subject matter described herein by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus of the subject matter described herein can be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit). 
     Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processor of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of nonvolatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, (e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices); magnetic disks, (e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks); magneto optical disks; and optical disks (e.g., CD and DVD disks). The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry. 
     To provide for interaction with a user, the subject matter described herein can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, (e.g., a mouse or a trackball), by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well. For example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback), and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. 
     The subject matter described herein can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back end component (e.g., a data server), a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or a front end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described herein), or any combination of such back end, middleware, and front end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet. 
     It is to be understood that the disclosed subject matter is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The disclosed subject matter is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
     As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods, and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the disclosed subject matter. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the disclosed subject matter. 
     Although the disclosed subject matter has been described and illustrated in the foregoing exemplary embodiments, it is understood that the present disclosure has been made only by way of example, and that numerous changes in the details of implementation of the disclosed subject matter may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed subject matter.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20170817
Publication Date: 20200714
Grant Date: 20200714
Priority Date: 20160817
Inventors: TAN, Xing
RAGHURAM, KARTHIK JAYARAMAN
ULLAL, Adeeti
MERMEL, CRAIG H.
TRIETSCH, DANIEL M.
SINGH ALVARADO, ALEXANDER
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "A61B5/681", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2560/0252", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1116", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2503/10", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/6898", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1116", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2503/10", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/6898", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2225/50", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/0219", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B24/0062", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2560/0252", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/681", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1118", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1118", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2220/836", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/0219", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/6898", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1118", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2503/10", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2225/50", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1116", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2560/0252", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B24/0062", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/0219", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/681", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2220/836", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 61191026