PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10511084-B2
Application Number: US-201816030726-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Antenna system with antenna swapping and antenna tuning

Abstract:
Electronic devices may be provided that contain wireless communications circuitry. The wireless communications circuitry may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry and first and second antennas. An electronic device may include a housing. The first antenna may be located at an upper end of the housing and the second antenna may be located at a lower end of the housing. A peripheral conductive member may run around the edges of the housing and may be used in forming the first and second antennas. The radio-frequency transceiver circuitry may have a transmit-receive port and a receive port. Switching circuitry may connect the first antenna to the transmit-receive port and the second antenna to the receiver port or may connect the first antenna to the receive port and the second antenna to the transmit-receive port.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device, comprising:
 a housing having peripheral conductive housing structures that run around at least first, second, third, and fourth edges of the housing, wherein the first edge opposes the third edge and the second edge opposes the fourth edge; 
 an antenna ground, wherein the antenna ground is formed at least partly from conductive portions of the housing; 
 a first dielectric-filled gap in the peripheral conductive housing structures along the first edge of the housing; 
 a second dielectric-filled gap in the peripheral conductive housing structure along the third edge of the housing; and 
 an antenna that includes the antenna ground, an antenna resonating element arm formed from a segment of the peripheral conductive housing structures extending from the first dielectric-filled gap to the second dielectric-filled gap, and an antenna feed coupled to the segment of the peripheral conductive housing structures and the antenna ground. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a third dielectric-filled gap in the peripheral conductive housing structures along the first edge of the housing; and 
 a fourth dielectric-filled gap in the peripheral conductive housing structures along the third edge of the housing. 
 
     
     
       3. The electronic device defined in  claim 2 , wherein a first additional segment of the peripheral conductive housing structures extending between the first and third dielectric-filled gaps and a second additional segment of the peripheral conductive housing structures extending between the second and fourth dielectric-filled gaps form part of the antenna ground. 
     
     
       4. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the electronic device has a length, a width that is less than the length, and a height that is less than the width, and the peripheral conductive housing structures and the first and second dielectric-filled gaps each extend across the height of the electronic device. 
     
     
       5. The electronic device defined in  claim 4 , further comprising:
 a display that forms a front face of the electronic device and extends across the length and the width of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       6. The electronic device defined in  claim 5 , wherein the housing comprises a rear housing wall that forms a rear face of the electronic device. 
     
     
       7. The electronic device defined in  claim 6 , wherein the rear housing wall comprises a conductive rear housing wall. 
     
     
       8. The electronic device defined in  claim 6 , wherein the rear housing wall comprises glass and metal. 
     
     
       9. The electronic device defined in  claim 5 , further comprising:
 a planar conductive layer that forms a portion of the antenna ground, that extends from the first edge to the third edge of the housing, and that is separated from the segment of the peripheral conductive housing structures by a slot, wherein the antenna feed is coupled across the slot. 
 
     
     
       10. The electronic device defined in  claim 9 , further comprising:
 a glass structure that forms a rear face of the electronic device and extends between the peripheral conductive housing structures. 
 
     
     
       11. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the segment of the peripheral conductive structures comprises a first portion that runs along the first edge of the housing and that defines an edge of the first dielectric-filled gap, a second portion that runs along the second edge of the housing, and a third portion that runs along the third edge of the housing and defines an edge of the second dielectric-filled gap. 
     
     
       12. An electronic device having a periphery, comprising:
 a housing having peripheral conductive structures that run around the periphery of the electronic device; 
 a first dielectric-filled gap in the peripheral conductive structures that separates a first segment of the peripheral conductive structures from a second segment of the peripheral conductive structures; 
 a second dielectric-filled gap in the peripheral conductive structures that separates the first segment of the peripheral conductive structures from a third segment of the peripheral conductive structures; and 
 a conductive layer that extends from the second segment of the peripheral conductive structures to the third segment of the peripheral conductive structures, wherein the first segment of the peripheral conductive structures is separated from the conductive layer by a slot, and the first, second, and third segments of the peripheral conductive structures form antenna structures for an antenna in the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       13. The electronic device defined in  claim 12 , wherein the first segment of the peripheral conductive structures has a first portion that extends along a first side of the periphery, a second portion that extends along a second side of the periphery, and a third portion that extends along a third side of the periphery. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device defined in  claim 13 , wherein the second segment of the peripheral conductive structures runs along the second side of the periphery and the third segment of the peripheral conductive structures runs along the third side of the periphery. 
     
     
       15. The electronic device defined in  claim 14 , wherein the electronic device has a length, a width that is less than the length, and a height that is less than the width, the first segment of the peripheral conductive structures extends across the width, and the first, second, and third segments of the peripheral conductive structures and the first and second dielectric-filled gaps each extend across the height of the electronic device. 
     
     
       16. The electronic device defined in  claim 12 , further comprising:
 a display that forms a first face of the electronic device and that extends between the first, second, and third segments of the peripheral conductive structures; and 
 a glass structure that forms a second face of the electronic device opposite the first face and that extends between the first, second, and third segments of the peripheral conductive structures. 
 
     
     
       17. An electronic device having a periphery and comprising:
 a housing having peripheral conductive structures that run around the periphery of the electronic device; 
 a display that is mounted to the peripheral conductive structures and that forms a front face of the electronic device; 
 a glass structure that is mounted to the peripheral conductive structures and that forms a rear face of the electronic device; 
 a first dielectric-filled gap in the peripheral conductive structures; and 
 a second dielectric-filled gap in the peripheral conductive structures, wherein the peripheral conductive structures comprise a segment extending from the first dielectric-filled gap to the second dielectric-filled gap, the segment forming antenna structures for an antenna in the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       18. The electronic device defined in  claim 17 , further comprising:
 a planar conductive structure extending across a width of the electronic device, wherein the planar conductive structure forms part of the antenna. 
 
     
     
       19. The electronic device defined in  claim 17 , further comprising:
 a third dielectric-filled gap in the peripheral conductive structures, wherein the first and third dielectric-filled gaps are formed along a first edge of the periphery; and 
 a fourth dielectric-filled gap in the peripheral conductive structures, wherein the second and fourth dielectric-filled gaps are formed along a second edge of the periphery opposite the first edge. 
 
     
     
       20. The electronic device defined in  claim 19 , wherein an additional segment of the peripheral conductive structures extends from the third dielectric-filled gap to the fourth dielectric-filled gap, the additional segment forming additional antenna structures for an additional antenna in the electronic device.

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/795,810, filed Oct. 27, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/608,048, filed Jan. 28, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/941,011, filed Nov. 5, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,947,302, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. This application claims the benefit of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/795,810, filed Oct. 27, 2017, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/608,048, filed Jan. 28, 2015 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/941,011, filed Nov. 5, 2010. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to wireless communications circuitry, and more particularly, to electronic devices that have wireless communications circuitry. 
     Electronic devices such as portable computers and cellular telephones are often provided with wireless communications capabilities. For example, electronic devices may use long-range wireless communications circuitry such as cellular telephone circuitry to communicate using cellular telephone bands at 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz. Electronic devices may use short-range wireless communications links to handle communications with nearby equipment. For example, electronic devices may communicate using the WiFi® (IEEE 802.11) bands at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and the Bluetooth® band at 2.4 GHz. 
     To satisfy consumer demand for small form factor wireless devices, manufacturers are continually striving to implement wireless communications circuitry such as antenna components using compact structures. At the same time, it may be desirable to include conductive structures in an electronic device such as metal device housing components. Because conductive components can affect radio-frequency performance, care must be taken when incorporating antennas into an electronic device that includes conductive structures. Moreover, care must be taken to ensure that the antennas and wireless circuitry in a device are able to operate satisfactorily even in areas of weak radio-frequency signal strength. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide improved wireless communications circuitry for wireless electronic devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     Electronic devices may be provided that contain wireless communications circuitry. The wireless communications circuitry may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry and antenna structures. An electronic device may include a display mounted within a housing. A peripheral conductive member may run around the edges of the display and housing. The antenna structures may include first and second antennas. The first antenna may be located at an upper end of the housing and the second antenna may be located at a lower end of the housing. 
     The peripheral conductive member may be divided into individual segments by forming gaps in the peripheral conductive member at various points along its length. The gaps may be filled with a dielectric. The segments may be used in conjunction with an antenna ground plane to form the first and second antennas. For example, the first segment may be used in forming a two-branch inverted-F cellular telephone antenna in the upper end of the housing and the second segment may be used in forming a loop antenna in the lower end of the housing. 
     The loop antenna may be configured to cover five cellular telephone bands. The inverted-F antenna may be configured to cover fewer than five cellular telephone communications bands. A tunable matching circuit may be coupled to the inverted-F antenna and may be used to tune the inverted-F antenna to cover desired communications bands. 
     The electronic device may have radio-frequency transceiver circuitry that has a transmit-receive port and a receive port. Switching circuitry may connect the first antenna to the transmit-receive port and the second antenna to the receiver port or may connect the first antenna to the receive port and the second antenna to the transmit-receive port. Processing circuitry in the device may control the switching circuitry, the tunable matching circuit, and transmitter and receiver circuitry within the transceiver to ensure optimum operation in a variety of operating environments. 
     Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device with wireless communications circuitry in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device with wireless communications circuitry in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional end view of an illustrative electronic device with wireless communications circuitry in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram of illustrative wireless circuitry including multiple antennas in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram of an illustrative tunable matching circuit of the type that may be used in connection with the wireless circuitry of  FIG. 4  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of an electronic device of the type shown in  FIG. 1  showing how antennas may be formed within the device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a chart showing how antennas of the type shown in  FIG. 6  may be used in covering communications bands of interest by tuning a matching filter of the type shown in  FIG. 5  and adjusting switching circuitry in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a flow chart showing illustrative steps involved in operating an electronic device of the type shown in  FIG. 1  that includes wireless circuitry of the type shown in  FIG. 4  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Electronic devices may be provided with wireless communications circuitry. The wireless communications circuitry may be used to support wireless communications in multiple wireless communications bands. The wireless communications circuitry may include one or more antennas. 
     The antennas can include loop antennas, inverted-F antennas, strip antennas, planar inverted-F antennas, slot antennas, hybrid antennas that include antenna structures of more than one type, or other suitable antennas. Conductive structures for the antennas may, if desired, be formed from conductive electronic device structures. The conductive electronic device structures may include conductive housing structures. The housing structures may include a peripheral conductive member that runs around the periphery of an electronic device. The peripheral conductive member may serve as a bezel for a planar structure such as a display, may serve as sidewall structures for a device housing, or may form other housing structures. Gaps in the peripheral conductive member may be associated with the antennas. 
     An illustrative electronic device of the type that may be provided with one or more antennas is shown in  FIG. 1 . Electronic device  10  may be a portable electronic device or other suitable electronic device. For example, electronic device  10  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, headphone device, earpiece device, or other wearable or miniature device, a cellular telephone, a media player, etc. 
     Device  10  may include a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as a case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of these materials. In some situations, parts of housing  12  may be formed from dielectric or other low-conductivity material. In other situations, housing  12  or at least some of the structures that make up housing  12  may be formed from metal elements. 
     Device  10  may, if desired, have a display such as display  14 . Display  14  may, for example, be a touch screen that incorporates capacitive touch electrodes. Display  14  may include image pixels formed form light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic LEDs (OLEDs), plasma cells, electronic ink elements, liquid crystal display (LCD) components, or other suitable image pixel structures. A cover glass layer may cover the surface of display  14 . Buttons such as button  19  may pass through openings in the cover glass. 
     Housing  12  may include structures such as peripheral member  16 . Member  16  may run around the rectangular periphery of device  10  and display  14 . Member  16  or part of member  16  may serve as a bezel for display  14  (e.g., a cosmetic trim that surrounds all four sides of display  14  and/or helps hold display  14  to device  10 ). Member  16  may also, if desired, form sidewall structures for device  10 . 
     Member  16  may be formed of a conductive material and may therefore sometimes be referred to as a peripheral conductive member or conductive housing structures. Member  16  may be formed from a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, or other suitable materials. One, two, or more than two separate structures may be used in forming member  16 . In a typical configuration, member  16  may have a thickness (dimension TT) of about 0.1 mm to 3 mm (as an example). The sidewall portions of member  16  may, as an example, be substantially vertical (parallel to vertical axis V). Parallel to axis V, member  16  may have a dimension TZ of about 1 mm to 2 cm (as an example). The aspect ratio R of member  16  (i.e., the ratio R of TZ to TT) is typically more than 1 (i.e., R may be greater than or equal to 1, greater than or equal to 2, greater than or equal to 4, greater than or equal to 10, etc.). 
     It is not necessary for member  16  to have a uniform cross-section. For example, the top portion of member  16  may, if desired, have an inwardly protruding lip that helps hold display  14  in place. If desired, the bottom portion of member  16  may also have an enlarged lip (e.g., in the plane of the rear surface of device  10 ). In the example of  FIG. 1 , member  16  has substantially straight vertical sidewalls. This is merely illustrative. The sidewalls of member  16  may be curved or may have any other suitable shape. In some configurations (e.g., when member  16  serves as a bezel for display  14 ), member  16  may run around the lip of housing  12  (i.e., member  16  may cover only the edge of housing  12  that surrounds display  14  and not the rear edge of the sidewalls of housing  12 ). 
     Display  14  may include conductive structures such as an array of capacitive electrodes, conductive lines for addressing pixel elements, driver circuits, etc. Housing  12  may include internal structures such as metal frame members, a planar housing member (sometimes referred to as a midplate) that spans the walls of housing  12  (i.e., a substantially rectangular member that is welded or otherwise connected between the opposing right and left sides of member  16 ), printed circuit boards, and other internal conductive structures. These conductive structures may be located in center CN of housing  12  (as an example). 
     In regions  22  and  20 , openings may be formed between the conductive housing structures and conductive electrical components that make up device  10 . These openings may be filled with air, plastic, or other dielectrics. Conductive housing structures and other conductive structures in region CN of device  10  may serve as a ground plane for the antennas in device  10 . The openings in regions  20  and  22  may serve as slots in open or closed slot antennas, may serve as a central dielectric region that is surrounded by a conductive path of materials in a loop antenna, may serve as a space that separates an antenna resonating element such as a strip antenna resonating element or an inverted-F antenna resonating element from the ground plane, or may otherwise serve as part of antenna structures formed in regions  20  and  22 . 
     Portions of member  16  may be provided with gap structures. For example, member  16  may be provided with one or more gaps such as gaps  18 A,  18 B,  18 C, and  18 D, as shown in  FIG. 1 . The gaps may be filled with dielectric such as polymer, ceramic, glass, etc. Gaps  18 A,  18 B,  18 C, and  18 D may divide member  16  into one or more peripheral conductive member segments. There may be, for example, two segments of member  16  (e.g., in an arrangement with two gaps), three segments of member  16  (e.g., in an arrangement with three gaps), four segments of member  16  (e.g., in an arrangement with four gaps, etc.). The segments of peripheral conductive member  16  that are formed in this way may form parts of antennas in device  10 . 
     In a typical scenario, device  10  may have upper and lower antennas (as an example). An upper antenna may, for example, be formed at the upper end of device  10  in region  22 . A lower antenna may, for example, be formed at the lower end of device  10  in region  20 . The antennas may be used separately to cover separate communications bands of interest or may be used together to implement an antenna diversity scheme or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna scheme. 
     Antennas in device  10  may be used to support any communications bands of interest. For example, device  10  may include antenna structures for supporting local area network communications, voice and data cellular telephone communications, global positioning system (GPS) communications or other satellite navigation system communications, Bluetooth® communications, etc. 
     A schematic diagram of electronic device  10  is shown in  FIG. 2 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , electronic device  10  may include storage and processing circuitry  28 . Storage and processing circuitry  28  may include storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in storage and processing circuitry  28  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . This processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, baseband processors, power management units, audio codec chips, application specific integrated circuits, etc. 
     Storage and processing circuitry  28  may be used to run software on device  10 , such as internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, storage and processing circuitry  28  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using storage and processing circuitry  28  include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as WiFi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol, cellular telephone protocols, etc. 
     Circuitry  28  may be configured to implement control algorithms that control the use of antennas in device  10 . For example, to support antenna diversity schemes and MIMO schemes or other multi-antenna schemes, circuitry  28  may perform signal quality monitoring operations, sensor monitoring operations, and other data gathering operations and may, in response to the gathered data, control which antenna structures within device  10  are being used to receive and process data. As an example, circuitry  28  may control which of two or more antennas is being used to receive incoming radio-frequency signals, may control which of two or more antennas is being used to transmit radio-frequency signals, may control the process of routing data streams over two or more antennas in device  10  in parallel, etc. In performing these control operations, circuitry  28  may open and close switches, may turn on and off receivers and transmitters, may adjust impedance matching circuits, may configure switches in front-end-module (FEM) radio-frequency circuits that are interposed between radio-frequency transceiver circuitry and antenna structures (e.g., filtering and switching circuits used for impedance matching and signal routing), and may otherwise control and adjust the components of device  10 . 
     Input-output circuitry  30  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output circuitry  30  may include input-output devices  32 . Input-output devices  32  may include touch screens, buttons, joysticks, click wheels, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, speakers, tone generators, vibrators, cameras, sensors, light-emitting diodes and other status indicators, data ports, etc. A user can control the operation of device  10  by supplying commands through input-output devices  32  and may receive status information and other output from device  10  using the output resources of input-output devices  32 . 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include satellite navigation system receiver circuitry such as Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver circuitry  35  (e.g., for receiving satellite positioning signals at 1575 MHz). Transceiver circuitry  36  may handle 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for WiFi® (IEEE 802.11) communications and may handle the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band. Circuitry  34  may use cellular telephone transceiver circuitry  38  for handling wireless communications in cellular telephone bands such as bands at 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz or other cellular telephone bands of interest. Wireless communications circuitry  34  can include circuitry for other short-range and long-range wireless links if desired. For example, wireless communications circuitry  34  may include global positioning system (GPS) receiver equipment, wireless circuitry for receiving radio and television signals, paging circuits, etc. In WiFi® and Bluetooth® links and other short-range wireless links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over tens or hundreds of feet. In cellular telephone links and other long-range links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over thousands of feet or miles. 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include antennas  40 . Antennas  40  may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas  40  may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from loop antenna structure, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, closed and open slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, helical antenna structures, strip antennas, monopoles, dipoles, hybrids of these designs, etc. Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a local wireless link antenna and another type of antenna may be used in forming a remote wireless link antenna. 
     A cross-sectional side view of device  10  of  FIG. 1  taken along line  24 - 24  in  FIG. 1  and viewed in direction  26  is shown in  FIG. 3 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , display  14  may be mounted to the front surface of device  10 . Housing  12  may include sidewalls formed from member  16  and one or more rear walls formed from structures such as planar rear housing structure  42 . Structure  42  may be formed from a dielectric such as glass, ceramic, or plastic, and/or metals or other suitable materials (e.g., fiber composites). Snaps, clips, screws, adhesive, and other structures may be used in assembling the parts of housing  12  together. 
     Device  10  may contain printed circuit boards such as printed circuit board  46 . Printed circuit board  46  and the other printed circuit boards in device  10  may be formed from rigid printed circuit board material (e.g., fiberglass-filled epoxy) or flexible sheets of material such as polymers. Flexible printed circuit boards (“flex circuits”) may, for example, be formed from flexible sheets of polyimide. 
     Printed circuit board  46  (which may, if desired, be mounted on an internal housing member such as a metal plate) may contain interconnects such as interconnects  48 . Interconnects  48  may be formed from conductive traces (e.g., traces of gold-plated copper or other metals). Connectors such as connector  50  may be connected to interconnects  48  using solder or conductive adhesive (as examples). Integrated circuits, discrete components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, and other electronic components may be mounted to printed circuit board  46 . 
     Antennas in device  10  such as illustrative antenna  40  of  FIG. 3  may have antenna feed terminals. For example, each antenna in device  10  may have a positive antenna feed terminal such as positive antenna feed terminal  58  and a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal  54 . As shown in the illustrative arrangement of  FIG. 3 , a transmission line path such as coaxial cable  52  may be coupled between the antenna feed formed from terminals  58  and  54  and transceiver circuitry in components  44  via connector  50  and interconnects  48 . Components  44  may include one or more integrated circuits for implementing wireless circuitry  34  of  FIG. 2  (e.g., receiver  35  and transceiver circuits  36  and  38 ). 
     Connectors such as connector  50  may be used in coupling transmission lines in device  10  to printed circuit boards such as board  46 . Connector  50  may be, for example, a coaxial cable connector that is connected to printed circuit board  46  using solder (as an example). Cable  52  may be a coaxial cable or other transmission line. Examples of transmission lines that may be used in device  10  include coaxial cables, microstrip and stripline transmission lines formed from a flex circuit or rigid printed circuit board, transmission lines that are formed from multiple transmission line structures such as these, etc. 
     When coupled to the feed of antenna  40 , transmission line  52  may be used to transmit and receive radio-frequency signals using antenna  40 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , terminal  58  may be coupled to coaxial cable center connector  56 . Terminal  54  may be connected to a ground conductor in cable  52  (e.g., a conductive outer braid conductor). Other arrangements may be used for coupling transceivers in device  10  to antenna  40  if desired. For example, impedance matching circuits may be used in coupling transceiver circuitry to antenna structures. The arrangement of  FIG. 3  is merely illustrative. 
     In the illustrative example of  FIG. 3 , device  10  includes antenna  40 . To enhance signal quality and to cover multiple bands of interest, device  10  may contain multiple antennas. With one suitable arrangement, which is sometimes described herein as an example, a WiFi® antenna may be located in region  22 , a first (e.g., a primary) cellular telephone antenna may be located in region  20 , and a second (e.g., secondary) cellular telephone antenna may be located in region  22 . The second cellular telephone antenna may, if desired, be configured to receive GPS signals. 
     The wireless circuitry of device  10  may be used to implement an antenna diversity scheme. The diversity scheme may support receiver diversity and/or transmitter diversity. For example, the wireless circuitry may include multiple receivers each of which is associated with a respective antenna or may contain a multiplexer that can be used to route signals from each of the antennas to a shared receiver (e.g., using a time multiplexing arrangement). Receiver diversity may be implemented to allow the receiver that is receiving the best antenna signal to be used. Switching circuitry may be included to allow the antennas to be swapped in real time. For example, if it is determined that a particular antenna is blocked during signal transmission operations, the switching circuitry can be used to connect the active transmitter circuit in the device to the antenna that is not blocked. 
       FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram of illustrative wireless circuitry  34  that may include resources for implementing receiver diversity and transmitter diversity in an electronic device with two cellular telephone antennas. In the example of  FIG. 4 , wireless circuitry  34  includes cellular telephone antenna  40 L, cellular telephone antenna  40 U, and wireless local area network antenna  40 WF. Cellular telephone antenna  40 L may be a lower cellular telephone antenna that is located at lower end  20  of device  10 . Cellular telephone antenna  40 U may be an upper cellular telephone antenna that is located at upper end  22  of device  10 . If desired, additional antennas may be provided that support cellular telephone network communications. The illustrative arrangement of  FIG. 4  in which there are two cellular antennas in wireless circuitry  34  is merely illustrative. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , wireless circuitry  34  may have input-output ports such as ports  100  and  130  for interfacing with digital data circuits in storage and processing circuitry  28 . Wireless circuitry  34  may include one or more integrated circuits for implementing transceiver circuits such as baseband processor  102  and cellular telephone transceiver circuitry  38 . Cellular telephone transceiver circuitry  38  may have a transmit-receive port (TX/RX port) and a receive port (RX port). 
     Port  100  may receive digital data from storage and processing circuitry  28  that is to be transmitted by transmitter  104  in transceiver circuitry  38 . Incoming data that has been received by transceiver circuitry  38  and baseband processor  102  may be supplied to storage and processing circuitry  28  via port  100 . 
     Port  130  may be used to handle digital data associated with transmitted and received wireless local area network signals such as WiFi® signals (as an example). Outgoing digital data that is supplied to port  130  by storage and processing circuitry  28  may be transmitted using wireless local area network transceiver circuitry  36 , paths such as path  128 , and one or more antennas such as antenna  40 WF. During data reception operations, signals received by antenna  40 WF may be provided to transceiver  36  via path  128 . Transceiver  36  may convert the incoming signals to digital data. The digital data may be provided to storage and processing circuitry  28  via port  130 . If desired, local signals such as Bluetooth® signals may also be transmitted and received via antennas such as antenna  40 WF. 
     Transceiver circuitry  38  may include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers. Transceiver circuitry  38  may be coupled to antennas  40 U and  40 L using switching circuitry such as switch  126 . The configuration of switch  126  may be controlled by control signal P 1 -P 2 _SELECT on path  117 . Control circuitry in device  10  such as baseband processor  120  may control the state of signal P 1 -P 2 _SELECT to optimize antenna performance in real time. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , switch  126  may have four ports (terminals): T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 . Switch  126  may have a first position (P 1 ) and a second position (P 2 ). 
     When P 1 -P 2 _SELECT has a first value, switch  126  will be placed in position P 1 . In this mode of operation, port T 1  will be connected to port T 2  and port T 3  will be connected to port T 4 . When ports T 1  and T 2  are connected, outgoing signals from transceiver circuitry  38  will be passed to antenna  40 L and incoming signals from antenna  40 L will be passed to transceiver circuitry  38 . When ports T 3  and T 4  are connected, incoming signals from antenna  40 U will be passed to transceiver circuitry  38 . 
     When P 1 -P 2 _SELECT has a second value, switch  126  will be placed in position P 2 . In this mode of operation, port T 1  will be connected to port T 4  and port T 3  will be connected to port T 2 . When ports T 1  and T 4  are connected, outgoing signals from transceiver circuitry  38  will be passed to antenna  40 U and incoming signals from antenna  40 U will be passed to transceiver circuitry  38 . When ports T 3  and T 2  are connected, incoming signals from antenna  40 L will be passed to transceiver circuitry  38 . 
     Transmitter  104  and receivers  110  (i.e., receiver RX 1  and receiver RX 2 ) may be used to handle cellular telephone communications. Signals that are received by transmitter  104  over path  118  may be supplied to power amplifier  106  by transmitter  104 . Power amplifier  106  may strengthen these outgoing signals for transmission through port T 1  (and thereafter over antenna  40 L or antenna  40 U, depending on the state of switch  126 ). Incoming signals that are provided to port T 1  (i.e., from antenna  40 L or antenna  40 U depending on the state of switch  126 ) may be amplified using low noise amplifier  112 . Signals received by low noise amplifier  112  may be provided to receiver RX 1 . Receiver RX 1  may provide received data to processor  102  via path  118 . Incoming signals that are provided to port T 3  (i.e., from antenna  40 L or antenna  40 U depending on the state of switch  126 ) may be amplified using low noise amplifier  124 . Signals received by low noise amplifier  124  may be provided to receiver RX 2 . Receiver RX 2  may provide received data to processor  102  via path  118 . Circuits such as transmitter  104  and receivers  110  may each have multiple ports (e.g., for handling different respective communications bands) and may be implemented using one or more individual integrated circuits. 
     Antennas  40 U and  40 L may be coupled to transceiver circuitry  38  using circuitry such as impedance matching circuitry, filters, and switches (e.g., switch  126 ). This circuitry, which is sometimes referred to as front-end module (FEM) circuitry, can be controlled by storage and processing circuitry in device  10  (e.g., control signals from a processor such as baseband processor  102 ). As shown in the example of  FIG. 4 , the front-end circuitry in wireless circuitry  34  may include impedance matching circuitry  108  such as matching circuit M 1  and matching circuit M 2 . Impedance matching circuitry  108  may be formed using conductive structures with associated capacitance, resistance, and inductance values, and/or discrete components such as inductors, capacitors, and resistors that form circuits to match the impedances of transceiver circuitry  38  and antennas  40 U and  40 L. Matching circuit M 1  may be coupled between wireless transceiver circuitry  38  (including associated its amplifier circuitry and switching circuitry  126 ) and antenna  40 L. Matching circuit M 2  may be coupled between transceiver circuitry  38  (and its associated amplifier circuitry and switching circuitry  126 ) and antenna  40 U. Paths such as paths  120  and  122  may be used to couple matching circuitry  108  to antennas  40 L and  40 U. 
     Matching circuits M 1  and M 2  may be fixed or adjustable. For example, matching circuit M 1  may be fixed and matching circuit M 2  may be adjustable. In this type of configuration, a control circuit such as baseband processor  102  may issue control signals such as signal SELECT on path  116  during operation of wireless circuitry  34 . Signal SELECT may be distributed to matching circuit M 2 . When SELECT has a first value, matching circuit M 2  may be placed in a first configuration. When SELECT has a second value, matching circuit M 2  may be placed in a second configuration. The state of matching circuit M 2  may serve to tune antenna  40 U so that different communications bands are covered by antenna  40 U. 
     Illustrative tunable circuitry that may be used for implementing matching circuit M 2  of  FIG. 4  is shown in  FIG. 5 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , matching circuit M 2  may have switches such as switches  134  and  136 . Switches  134  and  136  may have multiple positions (shown by the illustrative A and B positions in  FIG. 5 ). When signal SELECT has a first value, switches  134  and  136  may be put in their A positions and matching circuit MA may be switched into use. When signal SELECT has a second value, switches  134  and  136  may be placed in their B positions (as shown in  FIG. 5 ), so that matching circuit MB is connected between paths  132  and  122 . 
     By adjusting matching circuit M 2 , the frequency response of antenna  40 U may be tuned as needed. For example, antenna  40 U may be placed in one configuration when it is desired to cover a set of communications bands that are commonly used in a one country and may be placed in another configuration when it is desired to cover a set of communications bands that are commonly used in another country. 
     In wireless circuitry with tunable matching circuitry such as circuitry  34  of  FIG. 4 , antenna  40 U may be able to cover a wider range of communications frequencies than would otherwise be possible. The use of tuning for antenna  40 U may therefore allow a relatively narrow bandwidth (and potentially compact) design to be used for antenna  40 U, if desired. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , control signals such as RX_CONTROL may be provided to receiver circuitry  110  using a path such as path  119 . Using these control signals, wireless circuitry  34  can selectively activate receivers RX 1  and RX 2  or can otherwise select which incoming antenna signals are being received. 
     The operation of device  10  may involve real time control of switching circuitry such as switching circuitry  126 , transceiver circuitry  38  (e.g., receiver circuitry  110 ), and matching circuitry such as matching circuitry  108 . Antennas  40 U and  40 L may be implemented using structures that cover the same sets of communications bands or that cover different but overlapping sets of communications bands. 
     Antenna  40 L may be located at the lower end of device housing  12 , whereas antenna  40 U may be located at the upper end of device housing  12 . In this type of configuration, antenna  40 L will tend to be located farther from the head of a user during operation of device  10  (e.g., when device  10  is a handheld device such as a cellular telephone and is used in the orientation shown in  FIG. 1 ). Because of its location, it may be possible to increase transmitter power levels more when using antenna  40 L to transmit radio-frequency signals than when using antenna  40 U to transmit radio-frequency signals, while satisfying regulatory limits on emitted radiation such as specific absorption rate (SAR) limits. Antenna  40 L may also cover more bands and/or may be more efficient in certain bands than antenna  40 U. Because of considerations such as these, antenna  40 L may sometimes be referred to as being the primary antenna for device  10  and antenna  40 U may sometimes be referred to as being the secondary antenna for device  10 . 
     Transceiver port TX/RX may sometimes be referred to as forming a transmit-receive port, because port TX/RX (and associated switch port T 1 ) handles transmitted signals from transmitter  104  and received signals associated with receiver RX 1 . Transceiver port RX may sometimes be referred to as forming a receive port (receive-only port), because port RX (and associated switch port T 3 ) are used in providing received signals to receiver RX 2 . 
     During operation, processing circuitry in device  10  such as baseband processor  102  can adjust signals P 1 -P 2 _SELECT, RX_CONTROL, and SELECT or other suitable control signals in real time so that overall antenna performance is optimized, even as the performance of each individual antenna varies due to environmental factors. Examples of factors that may influence antenna performance include the position of device  10  relative to the user&#39;s body and the surrounding environment, the orientation of each antenna relative to its surroundings, and other factors that influence signal losses in the respective paths between each antenna and the remote cellular telephone base station equipment with which device  10  is communicating. 
     To determine how wireless circuitry  34  should be configured, processing circuitry such as baseband processor  102  may monitor signal quality for each antenna. For example, processor  102  may determine received signal quality as reflected by received signal metrics such a bit error rate, frame error rate, signal to noise ratio, other noise values, fraction of dropped packets, received signal strength, etc. Transmitted signal quality for an antenna may be inferred from received signal quality using the same antenna or may be determined based on information on cell-tower-specified transmit powers, information on transmitted signal quality that is received from an associate base station, etc. Signal quality information may be gathered for antennas  40 L and  40 U by periodically switching between antennas  40 L and  40 U (e.g., when sharing a receiver) or by using receiver RX 1  to measure signals from one antenna while using receiver RX 2  to measure signals from the other antenna. 
     Sensor data may also be monitored. For example, device  10  may be provided with proximity sensors or other circuitry that is able to ascertain whether each antenna is being blocked (e.g., by an external object such as a part of a user&#39;s body, etc.). Data from one or more proximity sensors may be monitored by processor  102  to determine whether corresponding antennas that are located adjacent to the proximity sensors are being adversely affected by the presence of the external object. 
     Whenever data from a sensor, data from a cellular network, and/or data that device  10  has gathered on received signal quality or other data indicates that the performance of a particular antenna is not acceptable, processor  102  can adjust wireless circuitry  34  in real time to optimize antenna performance. 
     Consider, as an example, a situation in which it is determined that antenna  40 L is performing better than antenna  40 U (e.g., because antenna  40 U is partially blocked by an external object and/or because antenna  40 L is more efficient than antenna  40 U). In this situation, switch  126  may be placed in position P 1 . In this configuration, the TX/RX port and port T 1  of switch  126  will be coupled to antenna  40 L, so antenna  40 L may be used for transmit and receive operations associated with the TX/RX port and port T 1 . Receiver RX 2  may monitor signal quality for antenna  40 U using the RX port of transceiver circuitry  38 . 
     If received signals from antenna  40 L drop in quality relative to received signals from antenna  40 U or if other suitable criteria are satisfied, the antenna assignments in wireless circuitry  34  can be swapped by placing switch  126  in position P 2 . In this configuration, the TX/RX port of transceiver circuitry  38  will be coupled to antenna  40 U and signals from the TX/RX port can be transmitted and received through antenna  40 U. The receive port of transceiver circuitry  38  can be used to monitor signal quality for antenna  40 L. If signal quality with antenna  40 U remains high (as indicated by received signal monitoring data gathered from antennas  40 U and  40 L using receivers RX 1  and RX 2 , sensor data, or other information), switch  126  can be maintained in position P 2 . If, however, processor  102  determines that signal quality would be better if signals were handled by antenna  40 L, switch  126  can be returned to position P 1 . 
     If desired (e.g., when implementing MIMO schemes), multiple receiver ports may be simultaneously used to handle independent streams of data each of which is associated with a respective antenna. 
       FIG. 6  is a top view of the interior of device  10  showing how antennas  40 L,  40 U, and  40 WF may be implemented within housing  12 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , ground plane G may be formed within housing  12 . Ground plane G may form antenna ground for antennas  40 L,  40 U, and  40 WF. Because ground plane G may serve as antenna ground, ground plane G may sometimes be referred to as antenna ground, ground, or a ground plane element (as examples). 
     In central portion C of device  10 , ground plane G may be formed by conductive structures such as a conductive housing midplate member that is connected between the left and right edges of member  16 , printed circuit boards with conductive ground traces, etc. At ends  22  and  20  of device  10 , the shape of ground plane G may be determined by the shapes and locations of conductive structures that are tied to ground. Examples of conductive structures that may overlap to form ground plane G include housing structures (e.g., a conductive housing midplate structure, which may have protruding portions), conductive components (e.g., switches, cameras, data connectors, printed circuits such as flex circuits and rigid printed circuit boards, radio-frequency shielding cans, buttons such as button  144  and conductive button mounting structure  146 , etc.), and other conductive structures in device  10 . In the illustrative layout of  FIG. 6 , the portions of device  10  that are conductive and tied to ground to form part of ground plane G are shaded and are contiguous with central portion C. 
     Openings such as openings  138  and  146  may be formed between ground plane G and respective portions of peripheral conductive member  16 . Openings  138  and  146  may be filled with air, plastic, and other dielectrics. Openings  138  and  146  may be associated with antenna structures  40 . 
     Lower antenna  40 L may be formed by a loop antenna structure having a shape that is determined at least partly by the shape of the lower portions of ground plane G and conductive housing member  16 . In the example of  FIG. 6 , opening  138  is depicted as being rectangular, but this is merely illustrative. In practice, the shape of opening  138  may be dictated by the placement of conductive structures in region  20  such as a microphone, flex circuit traces, a data port connector, buttons, a speaker, etc. 
     Lower antenna  40 L may be fed using an antenna feed made up of positive antenna feed terminal  58 - 1  and ground antenna feed terminal  54 - 1 . Transmission line  52 - 1  (see, e.g., path  122  of  FIG. 4 ) may be coupled to the antenna feed for lower antenna  40 L. Gap  18 B may form a capacitance that helps configure the frequency response of antenna  40 L. If desired, device  10  may have conductive housing portions, matching circuit elements, and other structures and components that help match the impedance of transmission line  52 - 1  to antenna  40 L (see, e.g., illustrative matching circuit M 1  of  FIG. 4 ). 
     Antenna  40 WF may have an antenna resonating element formed from a strip of conductor such as strip  142 . Strip  142  may be formed from a trace on a flex circuit, from a trace on a rigid printed circuit board, from a strip of metal foil, or from other conductive structures. Antenna  40 WF may be fed by transmission line  52 - 2  (see, e.g., path  128  of  FIG. 4 ) using antenna feed terminals  58 - 2  and  54 - 2 . 
     Antenna  40 U may be a two-branch inverted-F antenna. Transmission line  52 - 3  (see, e.g., path  120  of  FIG. 4 ) may be used to feed antenna  40 U at antenna feed terminals  58 - 3  and  54 - 3 . Conductive structure  150  may be bridge dielectric opening  140  and may be used to electrically short ground plane G to peripheral housing member  16 . Conductive structure  148  and matching circuit M 2  may be used to connect antenna feed terminal  58 - 3  to peripheral conductive member  16  at point  152 . Conductive structures such as structures  148  and  150  may be formed by flex circuit traces, conductive housing structures, springs, screws, or other conductive structures. 
     Gaps such as gaps  18 B,  18 C, and  18 D may be present in peripheral conductive member  16 . (Gap  18 A of  FIG. 1  may be absent or may be implemented using a phantom gap structure that cosmetically looks like a gap from the exterior of device  10 , but that is electrically shorted within the interior of housing  12  so that no gap is electrically present in the location of gap  18 A.) The presence of gaps  18 B,  18 C, and  18 D may divide peripheral conductive member  16  into segments. As shown in  FIG. 6 , peripheral conductive member  16  may include first segment  16 - 1 , second segment  16 - 2 , and third segment  16 - 3 . 
     Segment  16 - 1  may form antenna resonating element arms for antenna  40 U. In particular, a first portion (segment) of segment  16 - 1  (having arm length LBA) may extend from point  152  (where segment  16 - 1  is fed) to the end of segment  16 - 1  that is defined by gap  18 C and a second portion (segment) of segment  16 - 1  (having arm length HBA) may extend from point  152  to the opposing end of segment  16 - 1  that is defined by gap  18 D. The first and second portions of segment  16 - 1  may form respective branches of an inverted F antenna and may be associated with respective low band (LB) and high band (HB) antenna resonances for antenna  40 U. 
     Antenna  40 L may, as an example, cover the transmit and receive sub-bands in five communications bands (e.g., 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz). Antenna  40 U may be configured to cover these same five communications bands or may be configured to cover a subset of the bands covered by antenna  40 L. 
     A table showing illustrative bands that may be covered by antennas  40 U (e.g., the upper antenna in device  10  at upper end  22  of housing  12 ) and  40 L (e.g., the lower antenna in device  10  at lower end  20  of housing  12 ) as a function of the state of matching circuit M 2  (i.e., state MA or MB) and as a function of the position of switch  126  are shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     The rightmost column of the table of  FIG. 7  indicates the position of switch  126  (P 1  or P 2 ) and the leftmost column of the table of  FIG. 7  indicates the resulting transmit and receive mode for wireless circuitry  34 . Each row in the column contains entries that specify how well the antenna listed in the second-to-leftmost column handles various communications bands. Entries marked with “H” indicate that a band is covered. Entries marked with an “L” indicate that a band is covered less efficiently than for an “H” entry. Entries marked with an “M” indicate that a band is covered with more efficiency than an “L” entry, but with less efficiency than for an “H” entry. Blank cells correspond to bands that are not covered. The circled entries indicate which of the covered bands are used for each antenna when operated using wireless circuitry  34  of  FIG. 4 . 
     When switch  126  is in position P 1 , the TX/RX port of transceiver circuitry  38  (i.e., the port of circuitry  38  that is coupled to switch port T 1 ) will be coupled to lower antenna  40 L and upper antenna  40 U will function as a “receive-only” antenna that feeds signals to receiver RX 2  (e.g., for signal quality monitoring), as indicated by the top three rows of the  FIG. 7  table. The state of matching circuit M 2  (as controlled by signal SELECT) will determine whether upper antenna  40 U functions in mode MA (the first row of the table) or mode MB (the second row of the table). As shown in the table, in the MA mode, the upper antenna can be used to receive signals in the 850 RX band (the 850 MHz receive band) and 1900 RX band (the 1900 receive band). In the MB mode, the upper antenna can be used to receive signals in the 900 RX band, the 1800 RX band, and the 2100 RX band. The lower antenna can be used to transmit and receive in all five listed cellular telephone communications bands (850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz). 
     When switch  126  is in position P 2 , the TX/RX port of transceiver circuitry  38  will be coupled to upper antenna  40 U and lower antenna  40 L will function as a “receive-only” antenna that feeds signals to receiver RX 2  (e.g., for signal quality monitoring), as indicated by the bottom three rows of the  FIG. 7  table. The state of matching circuit M 2  will determine whether upper antenna  40 U functions in mode MA (the fourth row of the table) or mode MB (the fifth row of the table). As shown in the table, in the MA mode, the upper antenna can be used to transmit signals in the 850 TX and 1900 TX bands and can receive signals in the 850 RX and 1900 RX bands. In the MB mode, the upper antenna can be used to transmit signals in the 900 TX, 1800 TX, and 2100 TX bands and can receive signals in the 900 RX band, the 1800 RX band, and the 2100 RX band. When switch  126  is in position P 2 , the lower antenna can be used to receive signals (e.g., to monitor signal quality) in all five listed cellular telephone communications bands (850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz). 
     Antenna structures with different band coverage than the coverage listed in the  FIG. 7  table may be used in device  10  if desired. The antenna responses of the  FIG. 7  table are merely illustrative. 
     Illustrative steps involved in operating device  10  using wireless circuitry such as wireless circuitry  34  of  FIG. 4  are shown in  FIG. 8 . As step  200 , device  10  may gather information on the performance of antenna  40 L and antenna  40 U. For example, signal quality metrics such as bit error rate, frame error rate, signal strength, noise, or other indicators of received quality may be measured and information on the quality of transmitted signals may be gathered (e.g., using feedback from a cellular network). Data from proximity sensors may also be evaluated to determine whether antenna performance is being affected (or is likely being affected). The data that is gathered during the operations of step  200  may be evaluated (e.g., using storage and processing circuitry  28  such as baseband processor  102 ) to determine how to optimally adjust wireless circuitry  34 . 
     During the operations of step  202 , in response to the information on the performance of antennas  40 L and  40 U that was obtained during step  200 , wireless circuitry  34  may be configured in real time. For example, if it is determined that an adjustment to switch  126  will result in improved antenna performance for transmitting signals, switch  126  may be adjusted accordingly. Matching circuit adjustments to matching circuit M 2  may be made to ensure that upper antenna  40 U covers desired bands of interest (e.g., depending on the country in which device  10  is located). 
     During the operations of step  204 , the optimal settings that were selected at step  202  may be used to operate wireless circuitry  34  and device  10 . Periodically, or in response to satisfaction of predetermined criteria, control may loop back to step  200  as indicated by line  206 . Upon returning to step  200 , updated antenna performance data may be obtained and evaluated to determine whether further adjustments to the configuration of wireless circuitry  34  should be made. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this invention and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20180709
Publication Date: 20191217
Grant Date: 20191217
Priority Date: 20101105
Inventors: CABALLERO, RUBEN
PASCOLINI, MATTIA
NARANG, MOHIT
MOW, MATT A.
SCHLUB, ROBERT W.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04B1/401", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M1/0202", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/28", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q7/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0602", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/28", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0421", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0602", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/42", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0421", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q7/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0689", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0689", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/42", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0421", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M1/0202", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q7/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/401", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/28", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/42", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0689", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0602", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q3/24", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/24", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 44936571