PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9611562-B2
Application Number: US-201414277528-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Solid state deposition for cosmetic enhancement of anodized friction stir processed parts

Abstract:
The described embodiments relate generally to methods to enhance cosmetic surfaces of friction stir processed parts. More specifically a method for applying cold spray over a weld line generated by the friction stir processing is disclosed. Methods are also disclosed for blending the cold spray applied over the weld line in with a cosmetic surface portion of friction stir processed parts. In some embodiments cold spray can be used to on its own to create a cosmetic join between various parts.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method using a plurality of particles to form a joint that combines a first substrate with a second substrate, the method comprising:
 friction stir welding the first substrate with the second substrate at an interface region, the friction stir welding forming a weld line within the interface region; 
 machining a channel in the interface region that includes the weld line and that extends into the first and second substrates; and 
 applying a plurality of particles to form a coating that fills the channel, the plurality of particles formed from a material such that the plurality of particles deform upon impact. 
 
     
     
       2. The method as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the first substrate includes an inclined surface, and wherein the second substrate includes an inclined surface. 
     
     
       3. The method as recited in  claim 1 , further comprising forming a groove at the interface region. 
     
     
       4. The method as recited in  claim 1 , further comprising applying a finishing operation comprising anodizing the plurality of particles. 
     
     
       5. The method as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles tapers from the first thickness to the second thickness. 
     
     
       6. The method as recited in  claim 1 , wherein applying the plurality of particles comprises depositing the plurality of particles via a solid state deposition. 
     
     
       7. The method as recited in  claim 6 , wherein depositing the plurality of particles includes a cold spray operation. 
     
     
       8. The method as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles includes aluminum. 
     
     
       9. The method as recited in  claim 1 , the first substrate having a color and reflectivity, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are engaged in a coplanar arrangement. 
     
     
       10. The method as recited in  claim 1 , wherein:
 the first substrate, the second substrate, and the plurality of particles are formed from a first type metal; 
 the coating has a color and reflectivity that are the same as the color and reflectivity of the first substrate; 
 the coating extends from an outer peripheral portion of the interface region to an outer peripheral portion of the first substrate; 
 the coating includes a first thickness proximate to the joint; and 
 the coating includes a second thickness proximate to an outer peripheral portion of the first substrate other than the joint, the second thickness less than the first thickness. 
 
     
     
       11. A joint for holding together a first substrate and a second substrate, comprising:
 a friction stir welded region that holds together the first substrate and the second substrate in a coplanar arrangement; 
 a channel positioned within a portion of the first substrate and a portion of the second substrate at the friction stir welded region, the channel having a width that is greater than the width of the friction stir welded region and a depth that is less than the depth of the friction stir welded region; and 
 a layer covering the friction stir welded region and the entire channel, the layer enhancing an appearance of the joint, wherein the layer comprises a plurality of metallic particles having a color and a reflectivity that are the same as the color and reflectivity of the first substrate and the second substrate. 
 
     
     
       12. The joint as recited in  claim 11 , wherein the layer covers a top surface of the first substrate and a top surface of the second substrate. 
     
     
       13. The joint as recited in  claim 11 , wherein the layer is tapered to form a first thickness and a second thickness, the second thickness less than the first thickness. 
     
     
       14. The joint as recited in  claim 11 , wherein the plurality of metallic particles is formed from a first type material, and wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are formed from the first type material. 
     
     
       15. The joint as recited in  claim 11 , wherein the layer covers the friction stir welded region. 
     
     
       16. The joint as recited in  claim 15 , wherein the layer covers the first substrate and the second substrate. 
     
     
       17. A method of forming a joint combining a first metal substrate with a second metal substrate, the method comprising:
 friction stir welding the first metal substrate to the second metal substrate at an interface region while the first metal substrate and the second metal substrate are in a coplanar arrangement, wherein the friction stir welding forms a weld within the interface region, wherein the first metal substrate has a first color and reflectivity and the second metal substrate has a second color and reflectivity different from the first color and reflectivity; 
 forming a channel within the interface region that at least covers the weld; and 
 cold spraying a plurality of metal particles over the interface region in a feathering pattern defined by a gradually decreasing density of particles, wherein the feathering pattern fills the channel and provides a gradual fading thereacross from the first color and reflectivity at the first metal substrate to the second color and reflectivity at the second metal substrate. 
 
     
     
       18. The method as recited in  claim 17 , further comprising:
 anodizing the top surfaces of the first metal substrate, the second metal substrate, and the feathering pattern.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/825,483 filed May 20, 2013, entitled “Solid State Deposition For Cosmetic Enhancement Of Anodized Friction Stir Processed Parts,” and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/825,988 filed May 21, 2013, entitled “Solid State Deposition For Cosmetic Enhancement Of Anodized Friction Stir Processed Parts.” which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The described embodiments relate generally to methods of enhancing cosmetic surfaces. More specifically a method for applying cold spray to form at least a portion of a joint is disclosed. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Friction stir welding (“FSW”) is a solid state joining process that is currently being used in various industries where cosmetic appeal provides a significant market advantage. The microstructure of a FSW process area is divided into distinct zones. Each zone is substantially different from the other zones and from the base metal. When an anodizing operation is applied to an FSW processed area, the reflectivity is unique in each zone of the friction stir processed area and the base metal. Unfortunately, these differences in reflectivity significantly reduce the cosmetic appeal of the part. 
     SUMMARY 
     This paper describes various embodiments that relate to cosmetically masking a friction stir welded region of a friction stir welded part or joining parts using cold spray to improve a cosmetic appearance of the joint. 
     In one embodiment, a method for providing an appearance of continuity between a bulk material and a friction stir welded area of a workpiece formed of a first type metal is described. The method may include forming a layer of first type metal over the friction stir welded area of the workpiece by applying several particles over the friction stir welded area of the workpiece. At least some of the several particles are formed of the first type metal. The method may also include subsequent to the forming of the layer, operating on the layer in a manner that provides the appearance of continuity. 
     In another embodiment, a method for enhancing an appearance of a joint between a first and second metallic substrate is described. The method may include using a friction stir welding process to from the joint of a first type metal between the first and second metallic substrates. The method may further include applying a plurality of particles at a first end of the first metallic substrate and a second end of the second metallic substrate using cold spray operation. The first and second metallic substrates are formed substantially from the first type metal. The method may further include, subsequent to the forming of the joint, applying a finishing operation by anodizing the joint in a manner that provides an appearance of continuity between the first and second metallic substrates. 
     In another embodiment, a method using a plurality of particles to form a joint to combine a first substrate with a second substrate is described. The method may include engaging a first portion of the first substrate with a first portion of the second substrate at interface region, the interface region having an outer peripheral portion. The method may also include spraying a plurality of particles over the outer peripheral portion of the interface region, the plurality of particles formed from a material such that the plurality of particles deform upon impact proximate to the outer peripheral portion of the interface region. 
     Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the described embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The described embodiments may be better understood by reference to the following description and the accompanying drawings. Additionally, advantages of the described embodiments may be better understood by reference to the following description and accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a friction stir welding operation; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic view of a system for friction stir welding according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a side view of a tool configured for friction stir welding according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a bottom view of the tool shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIGS. 5A-5B  show an embodiment of a friction stir welding process; 
         FIG. 6  shows an embodiment of a simplified representation of a cold spray process; 
         FIG. 7A-7D  illustrates a series of steps for applying solid state deposition to a friction stir processed part, in accordance with the described embodiments; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a feathering, or blending, process configured to mask differences in color or reflectivity of the solid state deposition and the underlying substrate; 
         FIG. 9  shows a cross-sectional side view of solid state deposition deposited within a channel; 
         FIG. 10  shows a flowchart of a method for applying a solid state deposition to improve cosmetics of a friction stir welded part, in accordance with the described embodiments; 
         FIGS. 11A-11B  illustrates an embodiment of a solid state deposition used as a cosmetic joint for a pair of substrates; 
         FIGS. 12A-12B  illustrates another embodiment of a solid state deposition used as a cosmetic joint for a pair of substrates; 
         FIGS. 13A-13B  illustrates an embodiment of solid state deposition used to repair cosmetic and structural defects; 
         FIG. 14  is a flowchart illustrating of a method of joining and covering a first substrate and a second substrate, in accordance with the described embodiments; 
         FIG. 15  is a flowchart illustrating a method for enhancing an appearance of a joint between a first and second metallic substrate, in accordance with the described embodiments; 
         FIG. 16  is a flowchart illustrating a method using a plurality of particles to form a joint to combine a first substrate with a second substrate, in accordance with the described embodiments; 
         FIG. 17  is a flowchart illustrating a method of joining and covering a first substrate and a second substrate, in accordance with the described embodiments; 
         FIG. 18  is a flowchart illustrating of a method for enhancing an appearance of a joint between a first and second metallic substrate, the joint creating a bulk material from the first and second metallic substrate, in accordance with the described embodiments; 
         FIG. 19  is a flowchart illustrating of a method for using several particles to form a joint to combine a first substrate with a second substrate, in accordance with the described embodiments; 
         FIG. 20  is a flowchart illustrating of a method for enhancing an appearance of a joint between a first and a second metallic substrate, in accordance with the described embodiments; and 
         FIG. 21  is a flowchart of a joined first substrate and a second substrate, joined by a process. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Representative applications of methods and apparatus according to the present application are described in this section. These examples are being provided solely to add context and aid in the understanding of the described embodiments. It will thus be apparent to one skilled in the art that the described embodiments may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps have not been described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the described embodiments. Other applications are possible, such that the following examples should not be taken as limiting. 
     In the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the description and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in accordance with the described embodiments. Although these embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the art to practice the described embodiments, it is understood that these examples are not limiting; such that other embodiments may be used, and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the described embodiments. 
     Friction stir welding (“FSW”) is a low-heat method for joining two parts which may present certain advantages over traditional forms of welding. For example, traditional forms of welding generate high heat which may lead to warping or deforming a part or workpiece. Accordingly, traditional forms of welding are not suited for certain materials. Also, traditional welding may also create stresses the joint as a result of the heat which may eventually lead to failure of the weld. However, because FSW generates relatively less heat on the workpiece, FSW may be used to weld together workpieces that otherwise could not joined by traditional welding. Stresses may also build at the joint as a result of the heat that may eventually lead to failure of the weld. 
     Additionally, FSW may be advantageous in that it may not require use of flux or gases which could introduce contaminants into the weld. Introduction of contaminants into the weld may affect subsequent operations performed on the parts. For example, it may be more difficult to anodize the parts when contaminants have been introduced into the weld. 
     FSW is a solid state joining process that may be used in applications where the original metal characteristics must remain unchanged. The phrase “solid state joining process” as used in this detailed description and in the claims refers to a welding process such that a workpiece does not undergo a phase change. For example, a workpiece made of a material in a solid form does not melt (to a liquid) during an FSW operation. FSW functions by mechanically intermixing the two pieces of metal at the place of the joint, transforming them into a softened state that allows the metal to be fused using mechanical pressure. This process is primarily used on aluminum, although other materials may be welded, and is most often used on large pieces which cannot be easily heat treated post weld to recover temper characteristics. 
     The following disclosure relates to enhancing the appearance, or cosmetic appeal, of a structure after the structure undergoes a FSW process. FSW may be used to bond two substrates, and will be discussed in further detail below. Although the bond strength of FSW is sufficient for several applications, the surface area near the bonded region may become discolored. Further, FSW may alter some of the properties of the two substrates such that the reflectivity of the structure near the bonded regions differs from that of the reflectivity of the structure further away from the bonded region. This leads to a cosmetic issue, namely a structure with inconsistent coloration and/or reflectivity. 
     One solution to this issue solid state deposition (“SSD”) over a top surface of the structure, include the visible bonded region. A SSD layer offers a method of enhancing the appearance of the surface of the structure by, for example, masking differences in coloration resulting from the FSW process. Further, SSD may include particles having similar properties to that of the structure. For example, SSD forms a layer that closely matches the top surface, giving an appearance of continuity with respect to color and/or reflectivity. Also, SSD offers a relatively simple and time-saving solution. Rather than perform an operation within the FSW area of the joined workpiece, SSD offers a topical solution. Embodiments of SSD will be discussed in further detail below. 
     These and other embodiments are discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 1-16 . However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. 
       FIG. 1  schematically illustrates an example embodiment of the friction stir welding process. As illustrated, a first part  1300  can be joined to a second part  1302  via friction stir welding using a tool  1304  configured to rotate. Tool  1304  includes shoe  1306  and a pin  1308  extending from shoe  1306  in a direction toward first part  1300  and second part  1302 . In order to weld first part  1300  and the second part  1302  together along a joint  1310 , a compressive force, indicated by the arrows  1311 , may be applied which clamps first part  1300  and second part  1302  together along the joint  1310 . A clamping mechanism (not shown) may be used to provide compressive force. First part  1300  and second part  1302  may be positioned and clamped such that they are substantially aligned in a coplanar configuration as illustrated, although various other embodiments of joints may be employed. 
     Tool  1304  may initially be inserted into the joint  1310  by directing the tool downward along a path  1312  at a starting point  1314 . In some embodiments, tool is substantially perpendicular to first part  1300  and second part  1302 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , tool  1304  is tilted by an angle  1315 . Tool  1304  may then traverse along a path  1316  between first part  1300  and second part  1302 . The pin  1308  may be slightly shorter than the weld depth required, with shoe  1306  sliding atop a portion of first part  1300  and second part  1302 . 
     Tool  1304  when rotated generates heat via frictional heat is generated between the tool  1304  and the workpieces (i.e., first part  1300  and second part  1302 ). This heat, along with that generated by the mechanical mixing process and the adiabatic heat within the material of the workpieces, cause the stirred materials of the workpieces to soften without melting, thereby creating the weld. As the pin  1308  is moved forward along the path  1316 , the plasticized material moves to the rear (or the “wake” of pin  1308 ) where clamping force assists in a forged consolidation of the weld. This process of the tool  1304  traversing along path  1316  creates a solid state deformation involving dynamic recrystallization of the base material. After traversing the path  1316 , the tool  1304  may be lifted from the material at an end point  1318  upward along a path  1320 . 
     However, friction stir welding may present certain issues that may make friction stir welding undesirable in some circumstances. In this regard, certain defects may exist in the weld. For example, an open hole may exist at the start point  1314  and/or the end point  1318 . Thus, friction stir welding may produce welds which are cosmetically unappealing at one or both of the ends thereof. 
     Accordingly, embodiments of the disclosure are configured to improve the quality of welds produced by friction stir welding, for example by improving the appearance the welds. In this regard,  FIG. 2  illustrates a FSW system  1400  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The friction stir welding system  1400  may include a tool  1402 , which may be rotated by a motor  1404 . The position of the motor  1404  and the tool  1402  may be controlled by a robotic assembly  1406 . The robotic assembly  1406  may include one or more arms  1408 , one or more joints  1410 , and a base  1412 . Arms  1408  may be rotated about the joints  1410  to position the tool  1402  at an appropriate position to perform a FSW operation. However, various other embodiments of robotic assemblies (e.g., gantry systems) may be employed to control the position of the tool  1402 . FSW system  1400  may further comprise a controller  1414 . The controller  1414  may be configured to control the robotic assembly  1406 , the motor  1404 , and/or other portions of the FSW system  1400 . 
     In some embodiments, the friction stir welding system  1400  may further comprise one or more load cells  1416 . The load cells  1416  may be configured to detect load applied to the friction stir welding system  1400 . For example, during operation of the friction stir welding system  1400 , the tool  1402  may tend to veer, or become misaligned, from a joint between first part  1426  and second part  1428  as a result of torque applied to the tool  1402 . However, load cells  1416 , which may be equally distributed around the motor  1404  and/or one of the arms  1408 , may relay to controller  1414  so that controller  1414  may instruct the robotic assembly  1406  to compensate such that tool  1402  realigns over the joint. This allows a weld to be form closely follow the joint. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , in some embodiments the FSW system  1400  may further comprise a fixture  1418 . In some embodiments the fixture  1418  may comprise a first fixture portion  1420  and a second fixture portion  1422 . Further, an actuator  1424  (e.g., a hydraulic or pneumatic piston and cylinder) may be configured to compress the first fixture portion  1420  relative to the second fixture portion  1422 . Accordingly, the fixture  1418  may compress a first part  1426  against a second part  1428  such that the tool  1402  may weld the first part and the second part together. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an enlarged side view of the tool  1402  configured for friction stir welding. As illustrated, the tool  1402  may include a pin  1430  and a shoe  1432 . In some embodiments, pin  1430  is generally cylindrical. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , pin  1430  is conical. Pin  230  may extend between a first end  1434  and a second end  1436 . Pin  1430  may be truncated at the first end  1434  such that the pin  1430  does not extend to a point at the first end  1434 . In one embodiment, first end  1434  may have a diameter approximately in the range of 0.5 mm to 3 mm, and second end  1436  may have a diameter approximately in the range of 5 mm to 9 mm. The shoe  1432  may define a shoulder  1438  proximate the second end  1436  of the pin  1430 . Shoulder  1438  is generally planar and configured to slide atop the surface of the joint  1410  (shown in  FIG. 2 ). 
     In order to generate additional friction, tool  1402  may have additional structure.  FIG. 4  shows a bottom view of tool  1402  shown in  FIG. 3 . Pin  1430  include an outer surface having a threaded portion  1440  and a flat portion  1442 . This is further illustrated  FIG. 4  shows a bottom view tool  1402  shown in  FIG. 3 . In some embodiments, pin  1430  includes two or less flat portions  1442 . In other embodiments, pin  1430  includes four or more flat portion  1442 . In the embodiments shown in  FIG. 4 , pin  1430  includes three flat sections  1442 , which may be equally spaced around the circumference of the threaded portion  1440 . 
     As pin  1430  rotates, the materials of the two workpieces being welded may intermix. In particular, the conical shape pin  1430 , threaded portion  1440 , and the flat portion  1442  may function to draw the materials up against shoulder  1438  of shoe  1432  and then back down in the opposite direction while intermixing the plasticized materials. This may provide for improved intermixing between the materials. 
       FIG. 5A  shows a perspective view of an exemplary FSW operation. FSW is used to join two substrates  102  and  104  together. In some embodiments, substrates  102  and  104  are made of a metallic material. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 5A , substrates  102  and  104  are aluminum. The composition of substrates  102  and  104  can be referred to as bulk material. Prior to an FSW operation the surfaces of the substrates  102  and  104  to be joined are clamped together (not shown). The clamping process keeps substrates  102  and  104  generally engaged throughout the FSW process. A FSW operation involves a FSW tool  106 . FSW tool  106  is a rotational tool that typically includes at least shoulder  108  and pin  110 . By rotating FSW tool  106  rapidly, in the direction indicated by the tool rotation arrow  107  along a welding direction  109 , pin  110  can create friction which imparts heat to the weld region sufficient to stir up the metal on both sides of the interface between substrates  102  and  104 . In this way, a friction stir welded region  112  is formed that joins substrates  102  and  104  together. 
     FSW causes changes in the microstructure of the base material. Extreme plastic deformation and significant heat generation in the friction stir process zone result in recrystallization and development of texture within the friction stir process zone. Precipitate dissolution and coarsening in and around the process zone also occur. In research literature, the microstructural characterization of grains and precipitates generated by FSW are broken down into three distinct zones: stirred zone (nugget), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and heat-affected zone (HAZ) as shown in  FIG. 5B . 
       FIG. 5B  is a cross-section of taken along line A-A in  FIG. 5A , showing a representation of a macrograph with the microstructural zones of FSW. It should be noted that microstructure within each zone can also be highly variable. A recrystallized fine-grained microstructure is formed by the intense frictional heating and plastic deformation that occurs during FSW. This fine-grained recrystallized region is known as the nugget zone or the dynamically recrystallized zone (DXZ), and is depicted in  FIG. 1B  as nugget zone  114 . There is usually low dislocation density in the interior of the recrystallized grains. The interface between nugget zone  114  and the parent metal is relatively defuse on the retreating side  122  and sharp on the advancing side  124 . 
     Thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ)  116  is a transition zone between the parent material and nugget zone that is unique to FSW. Both temperature and plastic deformation are experienced by TMAZ  116  during FSW resulting in a highly deformed structure. The elongated grains of the parent metal are deformed in a flowing pattern around the nugget. Dissolution of some precipitates is typically observed in TMAZ  116 . 
     Heat affected zone (HAZ)  118  experiences a thermal cycle during FSW but does not experience plastic deformation. Although HAZ  118  retains the same grain structure as the parent material, thermal exposure can have a significant effect on the precipitate structure. Coarsening of the strengthening precipitates and widening of the precipitate-free zone (PFZ) is a common concern in FSW of precipitate strengthened alloys. 
     Etching is a process where a chemical or electrochemical attack is used to remove material from unprotected metal. In metallography it is a common practice to use chemical etchants to reveal the microstructure of metallurgical samples. The electrochemical potential of the metal is a function of microstructure. Therefore the metal will corrode at rates that vary with microstructure. Varying corrosion rates lead to variations in topology and/or reflectivity. 
     Anodizing is an electrolytic passivation process that increases the natural oxide layer on the surface of the metal part. Etching is often a part of the anodizing process. Variation in the initial microstructure, especially precipitate distribution, of a part has a strong effect on the final surface appearance of an anodized part. 
     Solid state deposition processes function by propelling particles at high velocity to impact a substrate. When the particles impact the substrate, the particles undergo plastic deformation, forming a metallurgical bond to the surface. The most common method of solid state deposition is known as “cold spray.” Cold spray, or supersonic cold spray, emits particles at speeds greater than 1,000 meters per second. 
     A simplified diagram of the cold spray process is shown in  FIG. 6 . Chamber  212  includes powder particles (not shown) and pressurized gas (not shown). The pressurized heated gas causes the powder particles to exit chamber  212  at as high velocity particle-gas mixture in a direction toward substrate  202 . The powder particles are shown as material  204  deposited on substrate  202 . Because solid state deposition is a solid state process, it shares many of the same advantages as friction stir processing such as reduced heat input, oxidation, and grain growth. Another additional advantage of cold spray is a consistent microstructure across the surface of the part when appropriate parameters are used. Cold spray may also be used to repair, for example, worn turbines or cracks in military equipment. 
     Cold spray has several additional advantages. For example, cold spray may be used as a low-heat strength treatment process. This process may provide similar mechanical properties (e.g., strength or bonding) as other high-heat strength treatment applications. However, unlike high-heat application, cold spray offers less undesirable thermal effects such deforming the emitted powder particles during cold spray and/or deforming the workpiece due to high heat of the powder particles. The workpiece may include an enclosure of an electronic device. 
     Solid state deposition or cold spray can be used to enhance cosmetic appeal of a friction stir processed part. Cosmetic appeal generally include achieved a desired visual effect. For example, cosmetic appeal may include a particular color(s) or reflectivity (gloss) of a structure. Friction stir processing can refer broadly to any of the following: friction stir welding, friction stir mixing, friction surfacing, friction hydro pillar processing, friction stir forming, friction extrusion, and friction stir spot welding. Solid state deposition can be used to apply a consistent microstructure to the surface of a friction stir welded part, thereby eliminating cosmetic defects that typically occur when anodizing friction stir processed parts. Also, solid state deposition can deposit a layer of material to the surface of the friction stir processed area that will alter the reflectivity of the surface friction stir processed area to enhance post anodized cosmetic appeal. Also, solid state deposition across the friction processed area can eliminate the visibility of the weld joint line. 
       FIG. 7A  shows a representation of friction stir processed part  300 , or simply part  300 . Friction stir welded portion  112  is disposed between joined substrates  102  and  104 . Because of the varied properties of material within friction stir welded portion  112 , without further processing a stark difference is evident between friction stir welded portion  112  and adjacent portions of joined substrates  102  and  104 . Also, in some embodiments (not shown), friction stir welding portion  112  includes portions having an elevation higher than that of substrates  102  and  104 . For example, there may be bumps or burrs from the resultant FSW process previously described. This may be undesirable for structures forming part of, for example, an electronic device. In some embodiments, a removal process is performed subsequent to the FSW process. The removal process may include a machining process including grinding off the bumps or burrs in order to achieve a desired surface, such as the continuous substrate-FSW portion surface shown in  FIG. 7A . In other embodiments, a sanding process removes the bumps or burrs. Still, in other embodiments, a sandblasting step removes the bumps or burrs. Also, in some embodiments, a polishing process may be performed subsequent to the removal process. The polishing process may provide a uniform surface texture across substrates  102  and  104 , and may further form a consistent coloration and/or reflectivity. 
     In addition to removing bumps or burrs, additional machining may be further desired. For example,  FIG. 7B  illustrates a trough or channel  302  machined along a top portion of friction stir welded portion  112 . In this way, material affected by the friction stir welding operation can be machined away from a cosmetic top surface of part  300 . While channel  302  is depicted as being substantially flat, channel  302  can have several geometries conducive for use with the disclosed embodiments. Also, in some embodiments, a coating may be applied to channel  302  which may service several purposes. For example, the coating may mask the appearance of a joint formed by the friction stir weld process. Also, the coating may include a material, or materials, similar to substrates  102  and  104  such that the color and/or reflectivity of the coating match substrates  102  and  104 . Also, the coating may fill channel  302  such that the coating is co-planar with substrates  102  and  104 . 
     Other methods of filling channel  302  may be used to achieve a certain visual effect. For example,  FIG. 7C  shows a solid state deposition  304  filling channel  302 . In some embodiments, solid state deposition includes a cold spray process previously described. Solid state deposition  304  may include several particles having a size or diameter approximately in the range of 1 to 40 microns. As depicted, solid state deposition  304  is disposed slightly above a surface of part  300 . In some embodiments, solid state deposition  304  can be shaped such that solid state deposition  304  tapers down to join cosmetic surfaces of joined substrates  102  and  104 . In other embodiments, excess solid state deposition  304  is removed by removal means previously described such that solid state deposition  304  blends in with the rest of part  300 . 
     In addition to covering the friction stir welding portion (i.e., the joint), the entire top surface of the joined substrates may receive solid state deposition  304 . In this manner, the top surface includes a consistent color and reflectivity with minimal processes performed on the top surfaces.  FIG. 7D  shows an embodiment in which solid state deposition  304  is disposed in not only channel  302  but also across the top surface of part  300 . In this way, any difference in coloration and/or reflectivity between part  300  and the friction stir welded portion is no longer visible, and an appearance of continuity is formed. In some embodiments, the thin layer of solid state deposition  304  covers only a portion of part  300 . In one embodiment the thin layer of solid state deposition  304  extends only to a proximate geometric feature such as an edge feature characterized by a substantial curve or corner feature. It should be noted that curves associated with edge features tend to mask any slight differences that can be present between solid state deposition  304  and joined substrates  102  and  104 . It should also be noted that in some embodiments grain size of deposited particles can be varied to match a cosmetic surface of part  300 . 
     In some embodiments, it may be unnecessary to apply solid state deposition  304  across the entire top surface while still achieving desired cosmetic effects (e.g., matching color across the top surface).  FIG. 8  illustrates an embodiment of a feathering process used to blend solid state deposition  304  with substrate  104 . In some embodiments, blending includes a gradually fading of solid state deposition  304  on substrate  104 . In this manner, any differences in color or reflectivity of the two materials together are difficult to visually detect. Because solid state deposition  304  is generally deposited in a spray pattern, the blending process is natural alternative to coating the entire surface. Boundary  402  represent a portion of gradually decreasing density (or thickness) of solid state deposition  304  to form solid state deposition  304  that is tapered. For example, the thickness of solid state deposition  304  near a central portion of the structure may be greater than that of an area toward an outer portion the structure. This may be achieved by reducing the amount of solid state deposition  304  from the central portion to the outer portion. In some embodiments, a subsequent finishing operation can also be configured to reduce a thickness of solid state deposition  304  in the boundary region such that the feathering effect is further enhanced. Finishing operations may include anodizing solid state deposition  304  along with the structure. It should be understood that sufficient thickness of solid state deposition  304  is applied to the top surface of substrate  104  such that the anodizing process does not remove solid state deposition  304  to expose the underlying top surface. Also, it should be understood that a similar process could be performed on substrate  102  (not shown in  FIG. 8 ). 
     In addition to the feathering process, there may methods used to cosmetically blend a solid state deposition with a part or substrate. For example, an etching step previously described may be used to dissolve precipitates in the solid state deposition exposed to the surface. This may result in a dimpled, or roughened, surface. Also, solid state deposition used in the described embodiment may undergo an atomization process. This process also dissolves precipitates resulting in a similar roughened surface. In either case, the roughened surface includes an associated reflectivity. In some embodiments, this roughened surface is similar to that of the substrates such that no additional machining steps are required. Also, in some embodiments, a sandblasting step may be used to form a gradually reduced solid state deposition. 
     However, in other embodiments, additional steps may be required in order to form an appearance of continuity.  FIG. 9  shows a cross-sectional side view of a cold spray deposited within channel  302  between previously described substrates  102  and  104 . In some embodiments, solid state deposition includes nanoparticles  500 . In some embodiments, nanoparticles include a metallic material or materials. In particular, nanoparticles  500  may include aluminum (e.g., AA 6063 aluminum alloy). This allows the texture of the solid state deposition to match the texture of substrates  102  and  104  to which solid state deposition is applied. During the solid state deposition into channel  302 , an average kinetic energy (“KE”) associated with metallic nanoparticles  500  of the solid state deposition can cause metallic particles to deform and adhere to a targeted substrate. As shown in  FIG. 9 , a sub-laying having high average KE nanoparticles  501  are squashed, or flattened, when colliding with channel  302  due to high speed collisions. Meanwhile, a sub-layer having low average KE nanoparticles  502  collide with channel  302  with a relatively lower speed than that of high KE energy nanoparticles  501 . As a result, high average KE nanoparticles  501  are relatively deformed as compared to high average KE nanoparticles  501 . Alternatively, low average KE nanoparticles  502  are relatively round as compared to high average KE nanoparticles  501 . It should be understood that the same squashing effect could occur on portions of substrates  102  and  104 . 
     In addition to geometry, there may be other differences between high KE energy nanoparticles  501  and low average KE nanoparticles  502 . For example, high average KE nanoparticles  501  generally reflect more light than that of low average KE nanoparticles  502 . This is due in part to the relative flatness of high average KE nanoparticles  501 . Further, high average KE particles  501  include a lower angle of incidence than that of low average KE particles  502 . 
     Also, because the solid state deposition is generally free of impurities, a resulting finished surface of the solid state deposition can be significantly smoother than that of substrates  102  and  104 . Applying the solid state deposition at lower kinetic energy levels can create relatively rough surface.  FIG. 9  shows a surface within channel  302  having a matte, or less reflective, surface. In some configurations, the matte surface produced by the low average KE nanoparticles  502  can produce a surface finish that more closely matches a remaining portion of substrates  102  and  104 . In such a configuration, an etching step could may not be required because the color and/or reflectivity of low average KE nanoparticles  502  achieves the desired matching qualities. 
     In yet another embodiment, a powdered precipitate (e.g., magnesium silicide, iron) can be added to nanoparticles  500 . The relatively impure powdered precipitate can reduce a resulting reflectivity of the surface and allow it to blend more evenly with joined substrates  102  and  104 . A mixture ratio of powdered precipitate can be varied such that the resulting solid state deposition mix substantially matches the reflectively of a surrounding area of joined substrates  102  and  104 . In any case, it should be noted that the deposited solid state deposition should have a depth such that the applied anodization layer does not remove the entire deposited cold spray layer. In some embodiments, the deposited solid state deposition layer is approximately 20 microns. 
       FIG. 10  shows a flowchart  600  of a method for applying solid state deposition to enhance cosmetics of a friction stir welded part. In step  602 , a FSW is applied to bond a first substrate and a second substrate. The FSW may include a rotational tool used to create friction along a portion of the first substrate and the second substrate to be joined. In some embodiments, a machining step is used to remove bumps or burrs created form the FSW step. In other embodiments, a sandblasting step is used to remove the bumps or burrs. In step  604 , a channel is machined over a stir friction zone produced by the FSW step. The stir friction zone is generally a portion of the first substrate and the second substrate altered by the FSW step. In some embodiments, the channel is filled with a coating. Also, in some embodiments, the channel removes bumps or burrs created during the FSW step. In step  606 , a solid state deposition is applied to fill in the channel. In some embodiments, the solid state deposition fills the channel such that the solid state deposition portion creates a continuous, linear surface with the first substrate and the second substrate. In other embodiments, the solid state deposition covers the entire top portion of the first substrate and the second substrate thereby creating a surface with a consistent color and/or reflectivity. Still, in other embodiments, the solid state deposition is feathered, or blended, to create an appearance of a uniform color and/or reflectivity among the first substrate, the second substrate, and the solid state deposition. In step  608 , a finishing operation is applied over the solid state deposition. In some embodiments, the finishing operation is an anodization step previously described. In other embodiments, an etching step previously described. Generally, the finishing operation is configured to create an enhanced appearance such that the visual effects of the FSW step are not visible. 
     In addition to forming an enhanced appearance, solid state deposition may be used for additional processes. For example,  FIGS. 11A-11B  illustrate solid state deposition used to form a joint. The joint is configured to join first substrate  702  and second substrate  704 . In  FIG. 11A , first substrate  702  is engaged with second substrate. At this point, these substrates are otherwise separable. Instead of using the solid state deposition to cover a FSW portion, the solid state deposition is capable of joining first substrate  702  and second substrate  704 . As shown in  FIG. 11B , first substrate  702  and second substrate  704  are permanently joined at an interface region  706  after applying a solid state deposition  712  to an outer peripheral portion  708  of first substrate and an outer peripheral portion  710  of second substrate. In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 11B , solid state deposition creates a joint having similar strengths and mechanical properties as those of heat treated processes (e.g., arc welding). However, issues associated with the heat treated process (e.g., deformation of first substrate  702  and/or second substrate  704 ) do not occur using a relatively cooler solid state deposition. It should be understood that the same machining and/or finishing techniques previously described may be employed in order for the solid state deposition to match first substrate  702  and/or second substrate  704  in terms of color and/or reflectivity, thereby enhancing the appearance of the structure. 
     In other embodiments, a groove may be formed in order to receive additional solid state deposition. Additional solid state deposition may increase the bonding strength between two substrates.  FIG. 12A  shows interface groove  806  arranged between first substrate  802  and first substrate  804 . Groove  806  is generally V-shaped. However, groove  806  may be another shaped configured to receive solid state deposition in order to achieve a desired bonding strength.  FIG. 12B  shows solid state deposition  808  applied within groove  806 . Also, solid state deposition  808  is shown in an area extending away from interface groove  806  so that peripheral edges of solid state deposition  808  can be feathered in a manner previously described in order to form continuity among first substrate  802 , second substrate  804 , and solid state deposition  808 . However, it should be understood that the same machining and/or finishing techniques previously described may be employed in order for the solid state deposition to match first substrate  802  and/or second substrate  804  in terms of color and/or reflectivity, thereby enhancing the appearance of the structure. 
     In addition to enhancing an appearance and forming a joint, solid state deposition may be used for additional purposes. For example,  FIG. 13A  shows how a solid state deposition used to repair a processed piece having a cracked region  902  and pitting  904 . Because solid state deposition produces a sturdy and reliable substrate in addition to its cosmetic benefits, solid state deposition can be used to fix cosmetic and structural defects. As shown in  FIG. 13A , cracked region  902  is filled as part of a solid state deposition designed to fill in channel  302 . The solid state deposition process is performed subsequent to a FSW process joining substrates  102  and  104 . Solid state deposition  906 , as depicted in  FIG. 13B , can also mask pitting  904 . Furthermore, in cases where a FSW seam between the FSW region and the joined substrates  102  and  104  are not fully engaged, solid state deposition  906  can fill in and solidify the portion that is not fully engaged (similar to  FIGS. 11A-12D ). It should be noted while a few limited examples have been used to describe materials commonly found in cold spray nanoparticles, solid state deposition operations should be construed broadly as including all types and variants of solid state deposition. 
     Applications involving FSW and/or solid state deposition (e.g., cold spray) may be used in electronic devices. For example, friction stir welding may be used to join two portions of an enclosure (or case) of the electronic device. Also, cold spray may be used to give a portion of the enclosure or case a certain desired visual effect (e.g., coloration, reflectivity). 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a flow chart  1000  describing a method of joining and covering a first substrate and a second substrate. In step  1002 , a tool engages a first portion of the first substrate and a second portion of the second substrate. In some embodiments, the tool is a rotational tool described in  FIG. 5A . Also, in some embodiments, the first substrate and the second substrate are the substrates described in  FIG. 5A . Then in step  1004 , the tool is actuated to create a friction on the first portion and the second portion. In some embodiments, the friction is capable of joining the first portion and the second portion to form a joined portion. Friction from the FSW process previously described is configured to create the necessary friction. Then in step  1006 , a deposition layer is applied over the first portion and the second portion. The deposition layer includes several particles formed from a metallic material. In some embodiments, the deposition layer is applied using the solid state deposition (e.g., cold spray) process previously described. Also, in some embodiments, the plurality of particles may include different kinetic energies. Further, the plurality of particles may be disposed on the first substrate and the second substrate, and in some cases a channel, such that the plurality of particles includes a color and/or reflectivity similar to that of the first substrate and the second substrate. Also, a portion of the deposition layer may be removed by a removal process previously described (e.g., etching, feathering, anodizing). 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a flowchart  1100  describing a method for enhancing an appearance of a joint between a first and second metallic substrate. In step  1102 , a welding process is used to form the joint of a first type metal between the first and second metallic substrates. The welding process may include the FSW process previously described. In some embodiments, the bulk material is aluminum. The aluminum can include an AA 6063 aluminum alloy. In step  1104 , a plurality of particles is applied at a first end of the first metallic substrate and a second end of the second metallic substrate using a spray. In some embodiments, the spray is a solid state deposition (e.g., cold spray). In some embodiments, the first and second metallic substrates are formed substantially from the first type metal. Also, in some embodiments, the plurality of particles may be emitted from a structure (e.g., chamber) in a particle-gas mixture such that the plurality of particles includes, for example, a first average kinetic energy and a second average kinetic energy. Then in step  1106 , subsequent to applying the plurality of particles, a finishing operation is applied by anodizing the plurality of particles in a manner that provides an appearance of continuity between the first and second metallic substrates. The anodizing may remove a portion of the plurality of particles. However, it should be understood that the anodizing will not remove the plurality of particles such that the joint is visible. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a flowchart  1200  describing a method for using a plurality of particles to form a joint to combine a first substrate with a second substrate. In step  1202 , a first portion of the first substrate is engaged with a first portion of the second substrate at an interface region. The interface region includes an outer peripheral portion. The interface region generally represents an area where the first and second portions are connected. Also, the interface region includes an outer peripheral portion that extends along the outer regions where first and second substrates are engaged. Then in step  1204 , a plurality of particles is applied over the outer peripheral portion of the interface region. The plurality of particles is formed from a material such that the plurality of particles deform upon impact proximate to the outer peripheral portion of the interface region. In some embodiments, the application process includes solid state deposition (e.g., cold spray). Also, in some embodiments the thickness may be gradually reduces thereby blending the plurality of particles with the first and second substrates. This process allows the plurality of particles to have a similar color and/or reflectivity as that of the first and second substrates. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a flowchart  1700  showing a method of joining and covering a first substrate and a second substrate. At step  1702 , a tool engages a first portion of the first substrate and a second portion of the second substrate. In some embodiments, the tool is a rotational tool previously described. Also, the tool is configured to create FSW in order to join the first substrate and the second substrate. Then at step  1704 , the tool is actuated to create a friction on the first portion and the second portion. The friction may be capable of joining the first portion and the second portion to form a joined portion (e.g., using FSW). Then at step  1706 , a deposition layer is applied over the first portion and the second portion. In some embodiments, deposition layer having several particles formed from a metallic material. In some embodiments, the deposition layer is deposited using a cold spray operation previously described. For example, the particles may be combined with pressurized gas in a chamber. This causes the particles to emit from a nozzle of the chamber at high speeds corresponding to an average kinetic energy. In some embodiments, the particles include a first group of particles having a first average kinetic energy and a second group of particles having second average kinetic energy. In some embodiments, the first group of particles includes a different reflectivity than that of the second group of particles. However, when combined, the first group of particles and the second group of particles have a color and/or reflectivity similar to the first substrate and the second substrate. Also, in some embodiments, a finishing may be performed on the deposition layer. For example, the deposition layer may be anodized or etched. Also, in some embodiments, the deposition layer is configured to cover a welded portion. In other embodiments, the deposition layer covers an entire top surface of the first substrate and the second substrate. In this manner, the color and/or reflectivity does not need to be blended or matched with the underlying first and second substrates. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a flowchart  1800  for enhancing an appearance of a joint between a first and second metallic substrate, the joint creating a bulk material from the first and second metallic substrate. In step  1802 , a welding process is used to form the joint of a first type metal between the first and second metallic substrates. In some embodiments, the first type metal is aluminum. Also, in some embodiments, the welding process includes a FSW process previously described. Then in step  1804 , several particles are applied at a first end of the first metallic substrate and at a second end of the second metallic substrate using a spray. The first and second metallic substrates are formed substantially from the first type metal. In some embodiments, cold spray operation previously described is configured to apply the several particles of the spray. In some embodiments, the cold spray operation is configured to form a first sub-layer and a second sub-layer onto the bulk material. The first sub-layer includes particles having a first average kinetic energy when being sprayed, and the second sub-layer includes particles having a second average kinetic energy when being sprayed. The first average kinetic energy and the second average kinetic energy may be different. For example, the second average kinetic energy may be less than the first average kinetic energy. Then in step  1806 , subsequent to applying the several particles, applying a finishing operation is performed. The finishing operation includes anodizing the several particles in a manner that provides an appearance of continuity between the first and second metallic substrates. For example, the anodization step may configure the several particles to have an appearance (e.g., color, reflectivity) similar to that of the first and second metallic substrates. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates a flowchart  1900  for using several particles to form a joint to combine a first substrate with a second substrate. In step  1902 , a first portion of the first substrate is engaged with a first portion of the second substrate at an interface region. The interface region has an outer peripheral portion. Then in step  1904 , several particles are applied over the outer peripheral portion of the interface region, the plurality of particles formed from a material such that the plurality of particles deform upon impact proximate to the outer peripheral portion of the interface region. The several particles deposited on the outer peripheral portion are tapered. For example, the particles have a first thickness in a location generally over the joint. The particles taper to a second thickness in an area away from the joint; the second thickness is less than the first thickness. The particles may form, for example, a ramp profile from the first thickness to the second thickness. Also, when the several particles are deposited on the first and second substrates, the several particles may have a similar color and/or reflectivity as the first and second substrates. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a flowchart  2000  showing a method for enhancing an appearance of a joint between a first and a second metallic substrate. In step  2002 , the joint is formed having a first type metal. The joint is formed between the first metallic substrate and second metallic substrate by applying several particles at a first end of the first substrate and a second end of the second substrate. The first and second substrates are formed from the first type metal, which in some embodiments, is aluminum. In some embodiments, the plurality of particles includes a first plurality of particles having a first average kinetic energy and a second plurality of particles having a second average kinetic energy. In some embodiments, the first average kinetic energy is greater than the second average kinetic energy. Also, in some embodiments, the several particles may include a first and second thickness previously described, along with a tapered configuration previously described. Then in step  2004 , subsequent to the forming of the joint, a finishing operation is applied to the joint in a manner that provides an appearance of continuity between the first and second metallic substrates. The finishing operation may include, for example, anodizing the several particles. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a flowchart  2100  a joined first substrate and a second substrate, joined by a process. As shown in step  2102 , a tool engages a first portion of the first substrate and a second portion of the second substrate. As shown in step  2104 , the tool is actuated to create a friction on the first portion and the second portion. The friction capable of stirring the first portion and the second portion to form a joined portion. In some embodiments, the friction includes a FSW process previously described. Then in step  2106 , a deposition layer is applied over the joined portion. The deposition layer includes several particles formed from a metallic material. In some embodiments, the metallic material is aluminum. In some embodiments, the several particles deform upon impact with the first and second substrates, or upon impact with other particles. Also, in some embodiments, prior to applying the deposition layer, but subsequent to actuating the tool, an operation may be performed on the first and second substrates. For example, the operation may include sanding, sandblasting, or polishing. The operations are configured to, for example, remove bumps or burrs formed from the FSW process. Also, in some embodiments, applying the deposition layers includes a solid state deposition process (e.g., cold spray). 
     The various aspects, embodiments, implementations or features of the described embodiments can be used separately or in any combination. Various aspects of the described embodiments can be implemented by software, hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The described embodiments can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable medium for controlling manufacturing operations or as computer readable code on a computer readable medium for controlling a manufacturing line. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that can store data which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable medium include read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs, HDDs, DVDs, magnetic tape, and optical data storage devices. The computer readable medium can also be distributed over network-coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion. 
     The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the described embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20140514
Publication Date: 20170404
Grant Date: 20170404
Priority Date: 20130520
Inventors: LANCASTER-LAROCQUE SIMON REGIS LOUIS
CHAN COLLIN D.
ROSS KENNETH A.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "B23K20/122", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C23C24/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/022", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C23C24/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "B23K20/122", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C23C24/04", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "B23K20/122", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 51894922