PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11083047-B2
Application Number: US-201716461727-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: 5G mmWave wireless remote radio head system

Abstract:
A remote radio head as part of a small cell or home gateway communication system, comprising a baseband module and a radio unit, the baseband module and the radio unit being configured to be placed on opposing sides of a lossy medium, such as a window. The baseband module is configured to receive and transmit an information signal from a user equipment inside of a structure and the radio unit configured to receive and transmit an information signal from a user equipment or a base station node outside of the structure. The baseband module is further configured to perform signal modulation and demodulation and up-conversion and down-conversion, and the radio unit is configured to perform up-conversion and down-conversion. The baseband module and the radio unit are capable of receiving and transmitting wireless intermediate frequency signals through a lossy medium, so as to avoid signal attenuation, particularly for mmWave wireless signals.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A remote radio head (RRH) comprising:
 a baseband module and a radio frequency (RF) unit configured to be placed on opposing sides of a lossy medium, 
 wherein the RF unit comprises circuitry configured to:
 convert non-millimeter-wave (non-mmW) frequency signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to millimeter-wave (mmW) signals for transmission, and 
 convert mmW signals received from a wireless communication cell to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module through the lossy medium; and 
 
 wherein the baseband module comprises circuitry configured to:
 convert the non-mmW signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to analog high frequency signals for communication with a mobile communication device; and 
 convert RF signals received from the mobile communication device to non-mmW signals for transmission to the RF unit; 
 
 wherein the non-mmW signals comprise one of:
 intermediate frequency (IF) signals; or 
 baseband (BB) signals. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The RRH of  claim 1 , wherein the circuitry of the baseband module is further configured to:
 convert the non-mmW signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to mmW signals for communication with a UE; and 
 convert mmW signals received from the UE to non-mmW signals for transmission to the RF unit. 
 
     
     
       3. The RRH of  claim 1 , wherein the circuitry of the baseband module is further configured to:
 convert the non-mmW signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to digital BB signals for communication with a UE; and 
 convert digital BB signals received from the UE to non-mmW signals for transmission to the RF unit. 
 
     
     
       4. The RRH of  claim 1 , wherein the circuitry of the RF unit is further configured to:
 convert the non-mmW signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to mmW signals for communication with a UE; and 
 convert mmW signals received from the UE to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module. 
 
     
     
       5. The RRH of  claim 1 , wherein the circuitry of the RF unit is further configured to:
 convert the non-mmW signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to RF signals for communication with a UE; and 
 convert RF signals received from the UE to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module. 
 
     
     
       6. The RRH of  claim 1 , wherein the circuitry of the RF unit is further configured to:
 convert the non-mmW signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to RF signals for transmission to a base station; and 
 convert RF signals received from the base station to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module. 
 
     
     
       7. The RRH of  claim 1 , wherein the baseband module and the RF unit each comprise one or more antennas configured to communicate non-mmW signals through the lossy medium between the baseband module and the RF unit. 
     
     
       8. The RRH of  claim 1 , wherein the circuitry of the RF unit and the circuitry of the baseband module are further configured to receive and communicate non-mmW signals through the lossy medium via Light Emitting Diode (LED), laser, Infrared Data Association (IrDA), or inductive coupling. 
     
     
       9. The RRH of  claim 1 , wherein the baseband module powers the RF unit by providing wireless power transfer to the RF unit through inductive coupling. 
     
     
       10. The RRH of  claim 1 , wherein the baseband module and the RF unit each include an attachment mechanism configured to align the baseband module in a first side of the lossy medium with the RF unit on a second side of the lossy medium. 
     
     
       11. The RRH of  claim 10 , wherein the attachment mechanism is further configured to align one or more antennas in the baseband module with one or more antennas in the RF unit. 
     
     
       12. The RRH of  claim 11 , wherein the attachment mechanism comprises a magnetic attachment mechanism. 
     
     
       13. The RRH of  claim 1 , wherein the RF unit and the baseband module further comprise circuitry configured to enable pairing between the RF unit and the baseband module. 
     
     
       14. An apparatus of a radio frequency (RF) unit, the apparatus comprising:
 processing circuitry and memory, and configured to: 
 pair with a baseband module by implementing a pairing protocol, the RF unit configurable to be disposed on an opposing side of a lossy medium from the baseband module; 
 convert non-millimeter-wave frequency signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to millimeter-wave (mmW) signals for transmission, and 
 convert mmW signals received from a wireless communication cell to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module through the lossy medium; and 
 convert mm W signals received from the wireless communication cell to intermediate frequency (IF) signals for transmission to the baseband module through the lossy medium and convert IF signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to mm W signals for transmission, when the non-mmW signals comprise IF signals. 
 
     
     
       15. The apparatus of  claim 14 , wherein the non-mmW signals comprise baseband (BB) signals, and
 the apparatus is configured to convert BB signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to mmW signals for transmission to a wireless communication cell and convert mmW signals received from the wireless communication cell to BB signals for transmission to the baseband module through the lossy medium. 
 
     
     
       16. The apparatus of  claim 14 , further configured to:
 convert the non-mmW signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to mmW signals for communication with a UE and/or a base station; and 
 convert mmW signals received from the UE and/or the base station to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module. 
 
     
     
       17. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions executable by one or more processors of a baseband module to communicate with a user equipment (UE) and configure the baseband module to:
 pair with a radio frequency (RF) unit by implementing a pairing protocol, the baseband module configurable to be located on an opposing side of a lossy medium from the RF unit; 
 convert the non-mmW signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to analog high frequency signals for communication with a mobile communication device; and 
 convert RF signals received from the mobile communication device to non-mmW signals for transmission to the RF unit through the lossy medium; and 
 convert intermediate frequency (IF) signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to analog high frequency signals for communication with the mobile communication device and convert RF signals received from the mobile communication device to IF signals for transmission to the RF unit through the lossy medium, when the non-mmW signals comprise IF signals. 
 
     
     
       18. The non-transitory memory element of  claim 17 , wherein the non-mmW signals comprise baseband (BB) signals, and wherein the instructions are executable by the one or more processors to further configure the baseband module to:
 convert BB signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to RF signals for communication with the UE, and convert RF signals received from the UE to BB signals for transmission to the RF unit. 
 
     
     
       19. The non-transitory memory element of  claim 17 , wherein the instructions are executable by the one or more processors to further configure the baseband module to power the RF unit by providing wireless power transfer to the RF unit through inductive coupling. 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory memory element of  claim 17 , wherein the instructions are executable by the one or more processors to further configure the baseband module to receive and communicate the non-mmW signals through the lossy medium via Light Emitting Diode (LED), laser, Infrared Data Association (IrDA), or inductive coupling.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application is a U.S. National Stage Filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 from International Application No. PCT/US2017/062288, filed on Nov. 17, 2017, and published as WO 2018/094203 on May 24, 2018, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/424,108 filed Nov. 18, 2016, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Aspects pertain to radio access networks. Some aspects relate to millimeter-wave (mmWave) band communications in cellular networks. Specifically, certain aspects relate to mmWave radio communication architectures within home gateway systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies, frequencies between 30 GHz and 300 GHz in the electromagnetic spectrum, are considered some of the most promising candidate frequency bands of 5th Generation (5G) mobile networks. As demand for data usage increases, the need to adapt wireless network capacity becomes more necessary. Some methods of increasing wireless network capacity have involved using frequencies below 6 gigahertz (GHz), developing increasingly complex modulation techniques and incrementally increasing channel bandwidth. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       In the figures, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The figures illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various aspects discussed in the present document. 
         FIG. 1  shows an exemplary portion of an end-to-end network architecture of a LTE network in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates components of an exemplary communication device in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of a communication device in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates another block diagram of a communication device in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a Wireless Remote Radio Head system architecture in accordance with some aspects. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a Wireless Remote Radio Head system architecture in accordance with some aspects. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific aspects to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other aspects may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some aspects may be included in, or substituted for, those of other aspects. Aspects set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims. 
     While some methods of increasing wireless network capacity have previously been somewhat effective, these methods may not continue to serve the needs of wireless network users, especially with ongoing exponential demand for data. In addition to wireless networks utilizing macro cells in providing service to users, next-generation wireless networks may also utilize small cells to increase network capacity. Furthermore, next-generation wireless networks may utilize upper frequency bands (e.g., cmWave and mmWave bands) for higher throughput communications. In the case of utilizing frequencies above 28 GHz, nearby towers or lamp posts, for example, may provide fixed access to residences and businesses. While communications within upper frequency bands have benefits, including higher throughput, bandwidth availability, inherent noise-limited communications and ability to utilize beamforming technology, certain limitations also exist. One limitation of such communications includes signal path loss. 
     For example, mmWave communications involve higher path loss during transmission in comparison to microwave communications within frequency bands below 6 GHz. Furthermore, signals transmitted from devices utilizing mmWave communications exhibit greater attenuation through material such as glazed and tinted glass windows, in comparison to communications within frequencies below 6 GHz. Furthermore, absorption loss and penetration loss increase as a function of glass thickness, glaze and tinting material. Consequently, the placement of home gateway devices inside buildings near windows may not be effective for mmWave communications. Depending on the type of window material, the angle of the incidence and the utilized frequency band, mmWave signals may exhibit an additional 20-40 decibels (dB) of attenuation. Consequently, it is recommended to place the home gateway devices outside of the home and connect power and network cables from inside the home to the device. These constraints could significantly affect vast utilization of the mmWave frequency bands for 5G mobile networks. 
       FIG. 1  shows an exemplary portion of an end-to-end network architecture of an exemplary wireless communications network, in accordance with some aspects. In some aspects, the wireless communications network includes a cellular network. For example, the wireless communications network includes a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. As used herein, an LTE network can refer to both LTE network and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) network as well as other versions of LTE networks to be developed. The network  100  includes a radio access network (RAN) (e.g., as depicted, the E-UTRAN or evolved universal terrestrial radio access network)  101  and a core network  120  (e.g., shown as an evolved packet core (EPC)) coupled together through an S 1  interface  115 . For convenience and brevity, only a portion of the core network  120 , as well as the RAN  101 , is shown in the example. 
     In some aspects, the core network  120  includes a mobility management entity (MME)  122 , a serving gateway (serving GW)  124 , and/or a packet data network gateway (PDN GW)  126 . The RAN  101  may include one or more base stations  104 . The one or more base stations can include evolved node Bs (eNodeBs or eNBs) for communicating with one or more mobile devices  102 , such as user equipment (UE). The eNBs  104  may include macro eNBs  104   a  and low power (LP) eNBs  104   b . The LP eNB  104   b  includes any suitable, relatively low-power, eNB for implementing a small cell (e.g., smaller than a macro cell). In some aspects, the LP eNB  104   b  can include a femtocell, a picocell, and/or a microcell. 
     Other elements, such as a Home Location Register (HLR)/Home Subscriber Server (HSS)—a database including subscriber information of a 3GPP network that may perform configuration storage, identity management and user state storage, and a Policy and Charging Rule Function (PCRF) performing policy decision for dynamically applying Quality of Service (QoS) and charging policy per service flow—are not shown for convenience. 
     The MME  122  may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Nodes (Serving GPRS Support Nodes, or SGSNs). The MME  122  may manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management, performing both mobility management (MM) and session management (SM). The Non-Access Stratum (NAS) is a control plane between a UE  102  and the MME  122 . The NAS is used for signaling between the UE  102  and the EPC and for exchanging a traffic message between the UE  102  and the EPC in LTE/UMTS protocol stack. The NAS supports UE mobility and session management for establishing and maintaining an IP connection between the UE  102  and PDN GW  126 . 
     The serving GW  124  may terminate the interface toward the RAN  101 , and route data packets between the RAN  101  and the core network  120 . In addition, the serving GW  124  may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-eNB handovers and may also provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and policy enforcement, packet routing, idle mode packet buffering, and triggering an MME to page a UE. The serving GW  124  and the MME  122  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. 
     The PDN GW  126  may terminate a SGi interface toward the packet data network (PDN). The PDN GW  126  may route data packets between the core network  120  and the external PDN, and may perform policy enforcement and charging data collection, UE IP address assignment, packet screening and filtering. The PDN GW  126  may also provide an anchor point for mobility devices with a non-LTE access. The external PDN can be any kind of IP network, as well as an IP Multimedia. Subsystem (IMS) domain. The PDN GW  126  and the serving GW  124  may be implemented in a single physical node or separate physical nodes. 
     The eNBs  104  (e.g., macro eNBs and/or LP eNBs) may terminate the air interface protocol and may be the first point of contact for UE  102 . In some aspects, an eNB  104  may fulfill various logical functions for the RAN  101 . For example, an eNB  104  can perform in radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. 
     In accordance with aspects, UEs  102  may be configured to communicate orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) communication signals with an eNB  104  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with an OFDMA communication technique. The OFDM signals may include a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. 
     The S 1  interface  115  may be an interface that provides communication between the RAN  101  and the core network  120 . In some aspects, the S 1  interface may include two parts: the S 1 -U, which may carry traffic data between the eNBs  104  and the serving GW  124 , and the S 1 -MME, which may be a signaling interface between the eNBs  104  and the MME  122 . 
     The X 2  interface  103  may be the interface between eNBs  104 . The X 2  interface may include two parts, the X 2 -C and X 2 -U. The X 2 -C may be the control plane interface between the eNBs  104 , while the X 2 -U may be the user plane interface between the eNBs  104 . 
     In some aspects, LP eNBs  104   b  may be configured to improve the coverage of communications network. For example, LP eNBs  104   b  can be configured to extend the coverage of communications network to indoor areas where outdoor signals do not reach well. As another example, LP eNBs  104   b  can add network capacity in areas with dense usage. 
     In some cases, it may be desirable to enhance the coverage of a wireless communication system using cells of different sizes. For example, the coverage of wireless communication system can be extended using macrocells, microcells, picocells, and femtocells. The cells of different sizes may operate on the same frequency band, or may operate on different frequency bands with each cell operating in a different frequency band or only cells of different sizes operating on different frequency hands. 
     In some aspects, femtocell eNBs may be provided by a mobile network operator to its residential or enterprise customers. A femtocell may be the size of a residential gateway or smaller and generally connect to a broadband line. In some cases, a femtocell may connect to the mobile operator&#39;s mobile network and provide extra coverage in a range of about 30 to 50 meters. Thus, a femtocell eNB can operate as a LP eNB  104   b  that is coupled to the core network  120  through the PDN GW  126 . 
     Similarly, a picocell may be a wireless communication system typically covering a small area, such as in-building (offices, shopping malls, train stations, etc.), or in-aircraft. A picocell eNB may generally connect through the X 2  link to another eNB, such as a macro eNB  104   a , through its base station controller (BSC) functionality. Thus, the picocell eNB can serve as a LP eNB  104   b  that is coupled to a macro eNB  104   a  via an X 2  interface. Picocell eNBs or other LP eNB  104   b  may incorporate some or all functionality of a macro eNB  104   a . In some cases, this may be referred to as an access point base station or enterprise femtocell. 
     In general, the UE  102  may communicate with various types of systems, including a UTRAN and GERAN cell, which may provide voice services only, and an E-UTRAN cell, which may provide packet services only. The UTRAN and GERAN cells may be coupled with a Serving General Packet Radio Subsystem Support Node (SGSN) and mobile switching center (MSC) server. The E-UTRAN may be coupled with the MME  122 , which in turn may be coupled with the SGSN and the MSC server. 
     In some cases, the GERAN and UTRAN RANs may be connected to a circuit-switched (CS) domain of the network  100 . For circumstances in which UE  102  is communicating via the E-UTRAN cell when setup a CS voice call is desired, the mobile network may include a CS fallback (CSFB). In CSFB, the UE  102  in the E-UTRAN cell may engage in a CS call—either by setting up a call or responding to a paging message for a CS call. The network  100  may then redirect the UE  102  to a GERAN or UTRAN cell, such as via a packet-switched (PS) handover, via a “release with redirection” procedure, or via a network-assisted cell change over (CCO). In such examples, the UE  102  can set up the mobile originating call or receive the mobile terminating call via the MSC server. Once the CS call is released in GERAN and/or UTRAN cells, the UE  102  may return to the E-UTRAN cell either on its own (e.g., via cell re-selection) or with the help of the GERAN and/or UTRAN (e.g., if, during the release of the radio connection for the CS call the GERAN and/or UTRAN cells commands the UE  102  to immediately select a specific E-UTRAN cell). 
     In operation, for example during the CS call, if the UE  102  is in a GERAN cell and does not support the simultaneous use of CS services and packet services, the network  100  may suspend packet services for the UE  102 . Downlink packets may not be delivered to the UE  102  but may be forwarded the PDN GW  126  toward the UE  102 . In an example, the UE  102  and/or one of the core network nodes (e.g., the MME and/or the SGSN, as appropriate) may inform the serving GW  124  and/or the PDN GW  126  that the gateways should no longer forward downlink user packets to the UE  102 . The MME  122  or SGSN may also deactivate dedicated packet bearers which are used for real-time services. The CS call may be released, or, during the CS call, the UE  102  may be handed over to a cell where CS services and packet services can be used simultaneously. Packet services may then be resumed. 
     In some aspects, network  100  may also include a Wireless Remote Radio Head (WRRH)  150 . In some aspects, the WRRH  150  comprises an baseband module and a radio unit that are separated by and communicate bi-directionally and wirelessly through a lossy medium, for example, a window. The baseband module may receive and transmit signals to and from a UE (e.g., UE  102 A) and the radio unit may receive and transmit signals to and from a network node (e.g., an eNB  104  or base station). In some aspects, the baseband module may receive and transmit signals to and from a UE inside of a structure and the radio unit may receive and transmit signals to and from a network node outside of the structure. A structure may be a fully enclosed structure such as a home or office building, any partially enclosed area, or a non-enclosed environment that may be obstructed by a lossy medium that attenuates a signal. These aspects are described in more detail below. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates components of a communication device in accordance with some aspects. The communication device  200  may be UE, eNB or other network component as described herein. The communication device  200  may be a stationary, non-mobile device or may be a mobile device. 
     In some aspects, the communication device  200  can be configured to operate in accordance with communication standards or other protocols or standards, including Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 wireless technology (WiMax), IEEE 802.11 wireless technology (WiFi) including IEEE 802.11 ad, which operates in the 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum, various other wireless technologies such as global system for mobile communications (GSM), enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE radio access network (GERAN), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced, or other technologies either already developed or to be developed. 
     In some aspects, the UE  200  may include application module  202 , baseband module  204 , Radio Frequency (RF) module  206 , front-end module (FEM) module  208  and one or more antennas  210 , coupled together at least as shown in  FIG. 2 . At least some of the baseband module  204 , RF module  206 , and FEM module  208  may form a transceiver. In some aspects, other network elements, such as the MME may contain some or all of the components shown in  FIG. 2 . In some aspects, the application module  202 , the baseband module  204 , the RF module  206 , and/or the FEM module  208  can be implemented as circuitry, such as an integrated circuit or an integrated chip. 
     In some aspects, the application module  202  may include one or more application processors. For example, the application module  202  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupled with and/or may include memory/storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications and/or operating systems to run on the system. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  204  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband module  204  may include one or more baseband processors and/or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF module  204  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF module  206 . 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  204  may interface with the application module  202  for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF module  206 . In some aspects, the baseband module  204  may be compatible with the second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile telecommunications technology, the third generation (3G) of the wireless mobile telecommunications technology, the fourth generation (4G) of the wireless mobile telecommunications technology, other existing wireless mobile telecommunications technologies, and/or future generations of wireless mobile telecommunications technologies such as the fifth generation (5G) wireless mobile telecommunications technology. For example, the baseband module  204  can include a 2G baseband processor  204   a , a 3G baseband processor  204   b , a 4G baseband processor  204   c , and/or other baseband processor(s)  204   d  for other existing generations or generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., 5G). 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  204  (e.g., one or more of baseband processors  204   a - d ) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF module  206 . The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some aspects, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband module  204  may include Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, and/or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some aspects, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband module  204  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, and/or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Aspects of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other aspects. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  204  may include elements of a protocol stack such as, for example, elements of an E-UTRAN protocol including, for example, physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), and/or radio resource control (RRC) elements. A central processing unit (CPU)  204   e  of the baseband module  204  may be configured to run elements of the protocol stack for signaling of the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP and/or RRC layers. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  204  may include one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP)  204   f . The audio DSP(s)  204   f  may be include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other aspects. Components of the baseband module may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some aspects. In some aspects, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband module  204  and the application module  202  may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC). 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  204  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some aspects, the baseband module  204  may support communication with an E-UTRAN and/or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Aspects in which the baseband module  204  is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband module. 
     The RF module  206  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various aspects, the RF module  206  may include switches, filters, and/or amplifiers to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. The RF module  206  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM module  208  and provide baseband signals to the baseband module  204 . The RF module  206  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband module  204  and provide RF output signals to the FEM module  208  for transmission. 
     In some aspects, the receive signal path of the RF module  206  may include mixer module  206   a , amplifier module  206   b  and filter module  206   c . In some aspects, the transmit signal path of the RF module  206  may include filter module  206   c  and mixer module  206   a . In some aspects, the RF module  206  may also include synthesizer module  206   d  for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer module  206   a  of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. 
     In some aspects, the mixer module  206   a  of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM module  208  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer module  206   d . The amplifier module  206   b  may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter module  206   c  may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband module  204  for further processing. In some aspects, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals. In some aspects, mixer module  206   a  of the receive signal path may include passive mixers, although the scope of the aspects is not limited in this respect. 
     In some aspects, the mixer module  206   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer module  206   d  to generate RF output signals for the FEM module  208 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband module  204  and may be filtered by filter module  206   c . The filter module  206   c  may include a low-pass filter (LPF), although the scope of the aspects is not limited in this respect. 
     In some aspects, the mixer module  206   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer module  206   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and/or up-conversion respectively. In some aspects, the mixer module  206   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer module  206   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). 
     In some aspects, the mixer module  206   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer module  206   a  may be arranged for direct down-conversion and/or direct up-conversion, respectively. In some aspects, the mixer module  206   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer module  206   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some aspects, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the aspects is not limited in this respect. In some alternate aspects, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate aspects, the RF module  206  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband module  204  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF module  206 . 
     In some dual-mode aspects, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the aspects is not limited in this respect. 
     In some aspects, the synthesizer module  206   d  may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the aspects is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer module  206   d  may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, and/or a synthesizer including a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. 
     The synthesizer module  206   d  may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer module  206   a  of the RF module  206  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some aspects, the synthesizer module  206   d  may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some aspects, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband module  204  or the application module  202  depending on the desired output frequency. In some aspects, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application module  202 . 
     The synthesizer module  206   d  of the RF module  206  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer, and a phase accumulator. In some aspects, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some aspects, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example aspects, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these aspects, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO period. 
     In some aspects, the synthesizer module  206   d  may be configured to generate an output signal oscillating at a carrier frequency. In some alternate aspects, the synthesizer module  206   d  may be configured to generate an output signal having an output frequency that is an integer multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, or four times the carrier frequency). In such alternate aspects, the output signal from the synthesizer module  206  can be used in conjunction with a quadrature generator and a divider to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with different phases with respect to each other. In some aspects, the output frequency may be a local oscillator (LO) frequency (f LO ). In some aspects, the RF module  206  may include a complex (I/Q) to polar converter. 
     In some aspects, the FEM module  208  may include a transmit (TX)/receive (RX) switch to switch between the transmit mode and the receive mode. The FEM module  208  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM module  208  may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF module  206 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM module  208  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF module  206 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas  210 .) 
     In some aspects, the FEM circuitry  208  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  206 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  208  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  206 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas  210 . 
     The antennas  210  may include one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) aspects, the antennas  210  may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result. 
     In some aspects, the communication device  200  may include additional elements. For example, the communication device  200  can include memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, and/or input/output (I/O) interface as described in more detail below. In some aspects, the communication device  200  described herein may be part of a portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), or other device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly. 
     In some aspects, the communication device  200  may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system and/or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system. For example, the communication device  200  may include one or more of a keyboard, a keypad, a touchpad, a display, a sensor, a non-volatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, one or more antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, a speaker, a microphone, and/or other I/O components. The display may be an LCD or LED screen including a touch screen. The sensor may include a gyro sensor, an accelerometer, a proximity sensor, an ambient light sensor, and/or a positioning unit. The positioning unit may communicate with components of a positioning network, e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) satellite. 
     Although the communication device  200  is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some aspects, the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements. 
     Aspects may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware and software. Aspects may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storage device may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media. Some aspects may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a communication device in accordance with some aspects. The communication device  300  may be UE, for example, such as the UE shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     The physical layer module  302  may perform various encoding and decoding functions that may include formation of baseband signals for transmission and decoding of received signals. The communication device  300  may also include medium access control layer (MAC) module  304  for controlling access to the wireless medium. The communication device  300  may also include processing module  306 , such as one or more single-core or multi-core processors, and memory  308  arranged to perform the operations described herein. 
     The communication device  300  may include a transceiver module  312  to enable communication with other external devices wirelessly and interfaces  314  to enable wired communication with other external devices. As another example, the transceiver circuitry  312  may perform various transmission and reception functions such as conversion of signals between a baseband range and a Radio Frequency (RF) range. In some embodiments, the physical layer module  302 , the MAC, module, the processing module  306 , the transceiver module  312 , and/or interfaces  314  may be implemented using circuitry, such as integrated circuits or integrated chip. 
     In some aspects, the antennas  301  may include one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, micro-strip antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some MIMO aspects, the antennas  301  may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result. 
     In some aspects, the physical layer module  302 , the MAC module  304 , and the processing module  306  may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks compatible with one or more radio technologies. The radio control functions may include signal modulation, encoding, decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. For example, similar to the device shown in  FIG. 2 , in some aspects, communication may be enabled with one or more of a WMAN, a WLAN, and a WPAN. In some aspects, the communication device  300  can be configured to operate in accordance with 3GPP standards or other protocols or standards, including WiMax, WiFi, WiGig, GSM, EDGE, GERAN, UMTS, UTRAN, or other 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, etc. technologies either already developed or to be developed. 
     Although the communication device  300  is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including DSPs, and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs, FPGAs, ASICs, RFICs and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some aspects, the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements. Aspects may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware and software. Aspects may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates another block diagram of a communication device in accordance with some aspects. In alternative aspects, the communication device  400  may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other communication devices. In a networked deployment, the communication device  400  may operate in the capacity of a server communication device, a client communication device, or both in server-client network environments. 
     In an example, the communication device  400  may act as a peer communication device in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. The communication device  400  may be UE, an eNB, a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a STB, a PDA, a mobile telephone, a smart phone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any communication device capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that communication device. Further, while only a single communication device is illustrated, the term “communication device” shall also be taken to include any collection of communication devices that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), other computer cluster configurations. 
     Examples, as described herein, may include, or may operate on, logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an example, circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module in an example, the whole or part of one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware processors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that operates to perform specified operations. In an example, the software may reside on a communication device readable medium. In an example, the software, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the specified operations. 
     Accordingly, the term “module” is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specifically configured (e.g., hardwired using circuitry), or configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or all of any operation described herein. Considering examples in which modules are configured, each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example, where the modules include a general-purpose hardware processor configured using software, the general-purpose hardware processor may be configured as respective different modules at different times. Software may accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, to constitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time. 
     The communication device  400  (e.g., computer system) may include a hardware processor  402  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory  404  and a static memory  406 , some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus)  408 . 
     The communication device  400  may further include a display unit  410 , an alphanumeric input device  412  (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device  414  (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the display unit  410 , input device  412  and UI navigation device  414  may be a touch screen display. 
     The communication device  400  may additionally include a storage device (e.g., drive unit)  416 , a signal generation device  418  (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device  420 , and one or more sensors  421 , such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor. The communication device  400  may include an output controller  428 , such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc. connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.). 
     The storage device  416  may include a communication device readable medium  422  on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions  424  (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions  424  may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  404 , within static memory  406 , or within the hardware processor  402  during execution thereof by the communication device  400 . In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor  402 , the main memory  404 , the static memory  406 , or the storage device  416  may constitute the communication device readable medium  422 . 
     While the communication device readable medium  422  is illustrated as a single medium, the term “communication device readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions  424 . 
     The term “communication device readable medium” may include any medium that is capable of storing, and/or carrying instructions for execution by the communication device  400  and that cause the communication device  400  to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting examples of the communication device readable medium  422  may include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of communication device readable media  422  may include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; Random Access Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. In some examples, communication device readable media may include non-transitory communication device readable media. In some examples, communication device readable media may include communication device readable media that is not a transitory propagating signal. 
     The instructions  424  may further be transmitted or received over a communications network  426  via the network interface device  420  that is compatible with one or more transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks  426  may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and/or wireless data networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11 family of standards known as WiFi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, a LTE family of standards, a UMTS family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. 
     In an example, the network interface device  420  may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network  426 . In an example, the network interface device  420  may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), MIMO, or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. In some examples, the network interface device  420  may wirelessly communicate using Multiple User MIMO techniques. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a Wireless Remote Radio Head (WRRH) system architecture  500  according to some aspects. The WRRH  500  is a radio communication system that includes two or more separate units that are capable of communicating bi-directionally through a lossy medium. In some aspects, the WRRH  500  includes a baseband module and a radio unit. In some aspects, the baseband module is configured to be deployed indoors and the radio unit is configured to be deployed outdoors. A lossy medium is a medium that absorbs a significant amount of the electromagnetic energy contained in a propagating information signal as the information signal passes through the medium, per unit distance traveled by the signal, resulting in signal attenuation. A lossy medium may include any solid or liquid hairier that attenuates an information signal, for example, a window, wall, door, or the like. Certain lossy mediums, such as glass, pose particular challenges in attenuating information signals, especially glass that is covered by a glaze and/or tinting material. As a result of passing through certain lossy mediums, the magnitude of an information signal may be attenuated enough such that a receiver positioned on an opposing side of a lossy medium may be incapable of receiving the information signal and/or incapable of processing the received information signal. 
     In some aspects, the WRRH  500  is part of a small cell, a home gateway, or connected vehicles with a communication system operating within a mobile network system (e.g., a 5G mobile network system) and is capable of communicating within a variety of frequency bands. For example, Ultra High Frequency (UHF) bands, Super High Frequency (SHF) and Extremely High Frequency (EHF) bands, which may include communication technologies such as microwave communication devices, mobile phones (e.g., 5G mobile phones), wireless LANs and small cells, among other UE and devices. 
     In some aspects, the WRRH  500  can be configured to operate with other technologies that also utilize frequency bands within the invisible spectrum. For example, the WRRH  500  can be configured to operate with infrared (IrDA) devices and induction coupling devices (e.g., wireless power devices), and technologies that utilize frequency bands within the visible spectrum, for example, LED and laser technologies. 
     In some aspects, the WRRH  500  includes a baseband module  502  and a radio unit  504  that are separated by and communicate bi-directionally and wirelessly through a lossy medium (e.g., a window  506 ). In some aspects, the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  are both capable of receiving and transmitting wireless and hardwired communication signals. For example, the baseband module  502  may receive and transmit signals to and from a device or UE (e.g., mobile device, wireless router) inside of a structure, and the radio unit  504  may receive and transmit signals to and from a base station (e.g., 5G base station) or UE (e.g., mobile device, wireless router) outside of the structure. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  include a baseband subsystem and a radio subsystem of the WRRH  500  system, respectively. In some aspects, where the WRRH  500  is divided into a baseband subsystem (e.g., baseband module  502 ) and a radio subsystem (e.g., radio unit  504 ), the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  communicate information signals via a modulated intermediate frequency (IF) signal. Alternatively, the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  can communicate information signals utilizing a baseband signal (e.g., analog baseband signal). Communication between the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  can be in the form of wireless information signals (e.g., wireless IF signal, wireless analog baseband signal) or wired (e.g., or baseband signal via coaxial cable). Wireless and wired information signals can include both data and control signals. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  502  includes processing circuitry, which may include one or more processors (e.g., CPU  508 ), a modem  510  (e.g., WiGig, mmWave 5G modem), a power unit  512 , a control unit  514 , a timing unit  516 , an information signal antenna  518 , an auxiliary information antenna  520 , and an attachment mechanism (e.g., magnetic strip or suction cup)  522  for attaching the baseband module  502 , for example, to a window or other surface. In some aspects, the baseband module  502  is coupled with a power source (e.g., AC power source). 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  504  includes an antenna  524 , a power unit  526 , a control unit  528 , a timing unit  530 , an information signal antenna  532 , and auxiliary information antenna  534 , a controller  536 , and an attachment mechanism (e.g., magnetic strip or suction cup)  538  for attaching the radio unit  504 , for example, to a window or other surface. 
     In one aspect, the WRRH  500  (e.g., the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504 ) operates within a small cell or a home gateway communication system. The radio unit  504  receives a communication signal from a base station (e.g., a macro eNB  104   a ), transmits the signal through a lossy medium (e.g., window) to the baseband module  502 , and the baseband module  502  redistributes the signal to one or more mobile devices  102 . In some aspects, the baseband module  502  redistributes the signal inside a structure (e.g., a home or any enclosed environment or non-enclosed environment that is obstructed by a lossy medium) to one or more mobile devices  102  within the structure. 
     Likewise, the baseband module  502  receives a communication signal from mobile devices  102 , transmits the signal through the lossy medium to the radio unit  504 , and the radio unit  504  transmits the received signal to a base station (e.g., a macro eNB  104   a ). Thus, the WRRH  500  operates in a bi-directional manner, wherein communication or information signals between the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  are propagated in at least two directions, from the baseband module  502  to the radio unit  504  and from the radio unit  504  to the baseband module  502 . 
     In some aspects, the CPU  508  is coupled, through a wire or wirelessly, with one or more devices or UE. For example, a device or UE can include a mobile device, wireless router (e.g., Wi-Fi router, WiGig router), Ethernet-enabled component, a cellular booster or small cell device, among other devices or UE. In some aspects, the CPU  508  may be included within, or external to, the baseband module  502 . The CPU  508  can be configured to provide computational resources to the WRRH  500 , for example, managing incoming and outgoing data from the WRRH  500 , managing certain computational operations in concert with the modem  510 , managing operations for a local small cell, managing communications for a hotspot device, and managing Internet protocols communications. 
     In some aspects, because the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  each include multiple components, the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  are configured to pair to one another (e.g., mutual registration of information) and transfer data, power and control information. Pairing between the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  is accomplished through a pairing protocol, for example, via Bluetooth or other pairing protocols. In some aspects, the CPU  508  is also capable of being utilized to enable pairing (e.g., mutual registration of information) between the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504 . 
     In some aspects, the modem  510  is coupled with the CPU  508  and receives information signals from the CPU  508 . For example, signal inputs to the modem  510  from the CPU  508  can include any information signal from a device or UE (e.g., UE inside a structure) that is intended to be wirelessly transmitted outside of the structure (e.g., outside of a structure as part of a small cell or home gateway communication system). Additionally, the baseband module  502  (e.g., the modem  510  within the baseband module  502 ) includes one or more antennas for receiving wireless information signals from a device or UE (e.g., UE inside a structure) that is intended to be wirelessly transmitted outside of the structure (e.g., outside of a structure as part of a small cell or home gateway communication system). 
     Signal inputs from the modem  510  to the CPU  508  can include any information signal that has been received from the radio unit  504 , and transmitted to the baseband module  502 , that is intended to be transmitted, as a wireless or wired signal. For example, the baseband module  502  may transmit information signals received from the radio unit  504  to a device or UE inside a structure (e.g., structure that the home gateway communication system is operating within). The modem  510  is capable of modulation, demodulation, up-conversion and down-conversion of an information signal. Therefore, the modern  510  is able to receive an information signal from the CPU  508 , modulate the information signal, up-convert the modulated information signal to IF (e.g., any intermediate frequency that is capable of penetrating a given lossy medium) or other frequencies, and output an analog IF signal. In some aspects, the modem  510  utilizes different operations (e.g., does not up convert) and alternatively outputs a different analog signal (e.g., analog baseband signal). 
     The baseband module  502  also includes a power unit  512 . The power unit  512  is configured to provide power to certain components within the WRRH  500 . In some aspects, the power unit  512  provides power from the baseband module  502  to the radio unit  504 , and can be coupled to the modem  510 . In some aspects, the baseband module  502  is powered by a power source (e.g., AC power source) and operates as an active component by controlling the amount of power that is delivered to the radio unit  504 . 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  504  operates as a passive component that receives power from the baseband module  502  radio unit through the power unit  512 . In some aspects, in order for the baseband module  502  to distribute power to the radio unit  504  wirelessly, the power unit  512  can include a wireless power charger (e.g., coil) (not shown) that implements inductive coupling between the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504 . In alternative aspects, the power unit  512  delivers power to the radio unit through a wire (e.g., coaxial cable), or the radio unit  504  independently produces or receives power locally and does not rely on the baseband module  502  for power. 
     In some aspects, the power unit  512  also includes components (e.g., voltage regulator) to regulate the amount of power that is distributed within the baseband module  502  and to the radio unit  504 . The power unit  512  may also be capable of transmitting certain control signals from the baseband module  502  to the radio unit  504 . 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  502  includes a control unit  514 , which provides control signals (e.g., 3 bit information signal) to certain components within the WRRH  500 . The control unit  514  can provide control signals to the radio unit  504  and can be coupled with the modem  510 . By transmitting control signals, the control unit  514  is capable of managing a communication session between the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  (e.g., initiating communication, ending communication) and controlling the antenna  524 . 
     In some aspects, the control unit  514  transmits one or more control signals that cause the antenna  524  (e.g., causes elements of a phased array antenna) to perform certain actions (e.g., turn on/off, transmit, receive, beamforming in a particular direction, adjust gain, phase and channelization). In some aspects, the control unit  514  outputs control signals that may be transmitted wirelessly “in-band,” or within the same channel or frequency as information signals (e.g., analog IF signal, analog baseband signal) that are transmitted from the output of the modem  510 . In some alternate aspects, the control unit  514  outputs control signals wirelessly “out-of-band,” or within a channel or frequency separate from the channel or frequency of the information signal. 
     In some aspects, the control unit  514  outputs control signals that are wirelessly transmitted via antenna, for example, through the auxiliary information antenna  520  or, alternatively, through the information signal antenna  518 . Additionally, the control unit  514  can output control signals that are transmitted via laser or through a wire (e.g., coaxial cable). Additionally, it is contemplated that certain control signals may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  502  includes a timing unit  516  (e.g., reference clock generator), which provides a reference timing for synchronization of the system components of the WRRH  500 , such as the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504 . In some aspects, the timing unit  516  outputs a reference clock signal and transmits the reference clock to the radio unit  504  so that the radio unit  504  operates from the reference clock. Alternatively, the reference clock signal is locally generated at both the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504 . 
     In some aspects, the timing unit  516  transmits the reference clock signals “in-band,” or within the same channel or frequency as information signals (e.g., analog IF signal, analog baseband signal) that are transmitted from the output of the modem  510 . Alternatively, the timing unit  516  transmits the reference clock signals “out-of-band,” or within a channel or frequency separate from the channel or frequency of the information signal. 
     In some aspects, the timing unit  516  outputs reference clock signals that are wirelessly transmitted via antenna, for example, through the auxiliary information antenna  520  or through the information signal antenna  518 . Alternatively, the timing unit  516  may transmit reference clock signals via laser or through a wired coupling (e.g., coaxial cable). Additionally, it is contemplated that certain reference clock signals may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  502  includes an information signal antenna  518  (e.g., IF antenna, baseband antenna) which provides a wireless pathway for an information signal (e.g., wireless analog IF signal, wireless analog baseband signal). The information signal antenna  518  may include, for example, a waveguide and horn antenna, a single patch antenna, or a multi-patch array antenna, among other antenna means. As previously discussed, the modem  510  can be configured to output an IF signal or other frequency signal. Alternatively, the modern  510  may output an analog baseband signal. 
     In some aspects, the information signal antenna  518  is configured to receive an IF signal and transmit the IF signal wirelessly through the lossy medium  506  (e.g., window) to the radio unit  504 . Additionally, it is contemplated that certain information signals (e.g., IF signals, baseband signals) may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  502  includes an auxiliary information antenna  520 , which provides a wireless pathway for an auxiliary information signal (e.g., control signal, reference clock signal). The auxiliary information antenna  520  may include, for example, a waveguide and horn antenna, a single patch antenna, or a multi-patch array antenna, among other antenna means. 
     In some aspects, the auxiliary information antenna  520  can be configured to receive a control signal from a control unit  514 , and/or a reference clock signal from the timing unit  516 , and transmit the control signal/or and the reference clock signal through the lossy medium  506  (e.g., window) to the radio unit  504 . Additionally, it is contemplated that certain auxiliary information signals (e.g., control signals, reference clock signals) may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. 
     In some aspects, the IF signal or analog baseband signal can be transmitted along with the control signal and/or the reference clock signal over the same transmission path. For example, the IF signal or analog baseband signal can be transmitted along with the control signal and/or the reference clock signal using the same antenna or the same hardwired transmission path. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  502  includes an attachment mechanism  522  for attaching the baseband module  502  to the lossy medium (e.g., window). In some aspects, where the lossy medium is a window, the attachment mechanism  522  can include a magnetic element (e.g., magnetic strip) that attaches to the window by way of the adjacent alignment of the attachment mechanism  538  of the radio unit  504  on the opposite side of the window. Where the attachment mechanism  522  of the baseband module  502  and the attachment mechanism  538  of the radio unit  504  include a magnetic element, such qualities cause the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  to be capable of maintaining alignment during attachment to the window, as the magnetic field transmits through the lossy medium. Alternatively, the attachment mechanism  522  of the baseband module  502  and the attachment mechanism  538  of the radio unit  504  may be implemented by other attachment means, for example, by a suction mechanism (e.g., suction cup) or by pins. 
     In some aspects, the antenna  524  of the radio unit  504  includes an antenna array (e.g., phased array antenna) and is coupled with a power unit  526 , a control unit  528 , a timing unit  530 , and an information signal antenna  532 . The antenna  524  can be configured to perform up-conversion and down-conversion of an information signal, and may be configured to perform such actions on both a received wireless signal from outside of a structure or home (e.g., a received wireless RF signal) and a received signal from the baseband module  502 , for example, an IF signal. Therefore, between the antenna  524  of the radio unit  504  and the modem  510  of the baseband module  502 , the WRRH  500  performs the two-stage up-conversion or the two-stage down-conversion of information signals. 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  504  includes a power unit  526 , which provides power to components within the radio unit  504 , for example the antenna  524 . In some aspects, the power unit  526  is coupled with the antenna  524  and provides power from the baseband module  502 , through wireless inductive coupling, to the antenna  524 . Alternatively, the power unit  526  provides local power to the radio unit  504  (e.g., antenna  524 ) without wireless inductive coupling to the baseband module  502 , or provides power to the radio unit  504  through a wire with the baseband module  502  (e.g., coaxial cable). In some aspects, the power unit  526  also includes components (e.g., voltage regulator) to regulate the amount of power that is distributed within the radio unit  504  and to the antenna  524 . 
     In some aspects, the power unit  526  can also be capable of transmitting certain control signals to the antenna  524 , for example, control signals received from the baseband module  502  through the coupling of the power unit  512  of the baseband module  502  with the power unit  526  of the radio unit  504 . Control signals from the power unit  526  are capable of programming the antenna  524  (e.g., programming the elements of the phased array antenna), for example, by providing on/off, transmit, receive and beamforming commands, and adjusting gain and channelization. 
     The radio unit  504  also includes a control unit  528 , which provides control signals (e.g., 3 bit information) to certain components within the radio unit  504 . In some aspects, the control unit  528  is coupled with the antenna  524  and provides control signals to the antenna  524 . In some aspects, the control unit  528  transmits control signals received from the baseband module  502  that cause the antenna  524  (e.g., cause elements of a phased array antenna) to perform certain actions (e.g., turn on/off, transmit, receive, beamforming in a particular direction, adjust gain, adjust channelization). 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  504  also includes a timing unit  530  (e.g., reference clock generator), which provides a reference timing for synchronization of the communications transmitted from the radio unit  504  to the baseband module  502 , as well as for synchronization of the components of the radio unit  504 . In some aspects, the timing unit  530  outputs a reference clock signal that is wirelessly transmitted between the radio unit  504  and the baseband module  502 , for example, through the auxiliary information antenna.  534 . Alternatively, the reference clock signal is locally generated. 
     In some aspects, the timing unit  530  is configured to transmit reference clock signals “in-band,” or within the same channel or frequency as information signals (e.g., analog IF signal, analog baseband signal) that are transmitted from the output of the antenna  524 . Alternatively, the timing unit  530  is configured to transmit reference clock signals “out-of-band,” or within a channel or frequency separate from the channel or frequency of the information signal. In some aspects, an “in-band” configuration includes a wire or transmission cable (e.g., coaxial cable) that transmits both control signals (e.g., reference clock signals) and information signals. Alternatively, an “out-of-band” configuration includes transmitting control signals on a separate path from the information signals. In some aspects, an “out-of-band” configuration includes a medium (e.g., laser, LED, IrDA) that transmits control signals separate from the medium that transmits information signals. 
     In some aspects, the timing unit  530  outputs reference clock signals that are wirelessly transmitted via antenna, for example, through the auxiliary information antenna  534  or through the information signal antenna  532 . Alternatively, the timing unit  530  may transmit reference clock signals via laser or through a wire (e.g., coaxial cable). Additionally, it is contemplated that certain reference clock signals may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  504  includes an information signal antenna  532  (e.g., IF antenna, baseband antenna) which provides a wireless pathway for an information signal (e.g., wireless IF signal, wireless analog baseband signal). The information signal antenna  532  may include, for example, a waveguide and horn antenna, a single patch antenna, or a multi-patch array antenna, among other antenna means. The antenna  524  is capable of outputting an IF or other frequency signal. Alternatively, the antenna  524  may output an analog baseband signal. In some aspects, an IF signal or other frequency is received at the input of the information signal antenna  532  and the information signal antenna  532  transmits the IF signal wirelessly through the lossy medium  506  (e.g., window) to the baseband module  502 . Additionally, it is contemplated that certain information signals (e.g., IF signals, baseband signals) may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  504  includes an auxiliary information antenna  534 , which provides a wireless pathway for an auxiliary information signal (e.g., control signal, reference clock signal). The auxiliary information antenna  534  may include, for example, a waveguide and horn antenna, a single patch antenna, or a multi-patch array antenna, among other antenna means. 
     In some aspects, the auxiliary information antenna  534  can be configured to receive a control signal from a control unit  528 , and/or a reference clock signal from the timing unit  530 , and transmit the control signal/or and the reference clock signal through the lossy medium  506  (e.g., window) to the baseband module  502 . 
     Additionally, it is contemplated that certain auxiliary information signals (e.g., control signals, reference clock signals) may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. 
     In some aspects, the IF signal or analog baseband signal can be transmitted with the control signal and reference clock signal together over the same transmission path (e.g., using the same antenna or the same hardwired transmission path). 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  504  includes a controller  536 . The controller  536  is a control unit within the radio unit  504  that comprises, for example, a microcontroller or FPGA that controls the components of the radio unit  504 . In some aspects, the controller  536  controls power management of the radio unit  504 , the antenna  524  (e.g., training of the antenna patterns, transmit power and receive power of the antenna. 
     In some aspects, for communication between the baseband module  502  and radio unit  504  to be coordinated, the baseband module  502  and radio unit  504  are paired together. The controller  536  can be configured to control the pairing between the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504 , in order to coordinate communication. For example, the controller  536  can be configured to perform the mutual registration of information associated with the two units and enable communication via Bluetooth or other pairing protocols. 
     In some aspects, the CPU  508  and the controller  536  operate to pair the baseband module  502  with the radio unit  504 , including pairing of power between the baseband module  502  and radio unit  504 , pairing of information and control signals, and pairing of the clock signal, among other aspects. 
     The radio unit  504  also includes an attachment mechanism  538  (e.g., magnetic strip, suction cup, pins) for attaching the radio unit  504  to a surface, for example, a surface that includes a lossy medium. In some aspects, where the lossy medium is a window, the attachment mechanism  538  can be attached to or coupled to the window by way of the adjacent alignment of the attachment mechanism  522  of the baseband module  502  on the opposite side of the window. Where the attachment mechanism  538  of the radio unit  504  and the attachment mechanism  522  of the baseband module  502  include a magnetic element, the baseband module  502  and the radio unit  504  maintain alignment during attachment to the window. 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a Wireless Remote Radio Bead (WRRH) system architecture  600  according to some aspects. Similar to WRRH  500  of  FIG. 5 , the WRRH  600  is a radio communication system that includes two or more units (e.g., a baseband module and a radio unit) that are capable of communicating through a lossy medium. A lossy medium, for example, may be a window. The WRRH  600  can be configured to communicate through other lossy mediums, such as a wall, or any other solid or liquid barrier that is capable of attenuating a wireless signal. In some aspects, the WRRH  600  is part of a small cell or a gateway communication system (e.g., home gateway communication system) operating within a mobile network system (e.g., a 5G mobile network system) and is capable of communicating within a variety of frequency bands. For example, Ultra High Frequency (UHF) bands, Super High Frequency (SHF) and Extremely High Frequency (EHF) bands, which include may include communication technologies such as microwave communication devices, mobile phones (e.g., 5G mobile phones), wireless LANs and small cells, among other UE and devices. 
     In some aspects, the WRRH  600  can be configured to operate with other technologies that also utilize frequency bands within the invisible spectrum. For example, the WRRH  600  can be configured to operate with infrared (IrDA) devices and induction coupling devices (e.g., wireless power devices), and technologies that utilize frequency bands within the visible spectrum, for example, LED and laser technologies. 
     In some aspects, the WRRH  600  includes a baseband module  602  and a radio unit  604  that are separated by and communicate bi-directionally through a lossy medium  605 . In some aspects, the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  are both capable of receiving and transmitting wireless and hardwired communication signals. For example, the baseband module  602  may receive and transmit signals to and from a device or UE (e.g., mobile device, wireless router) inside of a structure, and the radio unit  604  may receive and transmit signals to and from a base station (e.g., 5G base station) or UE (e.g., mobile device, wireless router) outside of the structure. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  include a baseband subsystem and a radio subsystem of the WRRH  600  system, respectively. In some aspects, where the WRRH  600  is divided into a baseband subsystem (e.g., baseband module  602 ) and a radio subsystem (e.g., radio unit  604 ), the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  communicate information signals via a modulated intermediate frequency (IF) signal. Alternatively, the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  may communicate, simultaneously and/or concurrently, information signals utilizing a baseband signal (e.g., analog baseband signal). Communication between the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  can be in the form of wireless information signals (e.g., wireless IF signal, wireless analog baseband signal) or wired (e.g., IF or baseband signal via coaxial cable). Wireless and wired information signals can include both data and control signals. 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  602  includes a modem unit  606 , a signal unit  608 , a timing unit  610 , a control unit  612  and a power unit  614 . The signal unit  608 , timing unit  610 , and control unit  612  may be internal to the modem unit  606  or, alternatively, external to the modem unit  606 . Additionally, in some aspects (e.g., a wired configuration), the baseband module  602  further comprises one or more multiplexing devices  616  and  618 , for example, frequency-domain multiplexing devices. In some aspects, multiplexing device  616  and multiplexing device  618  are a triplexer and diplexer, respectively. 
     Alternatively, in some aspects (e.g., a wireless configuration), the baseband module  602  does not include multiplexing devices and instead includes one or more antennas (e.g., information signal antenna, auxiliary information antenna). Additionally, in other aspects, the baseband module  602  includes alternative means for transmitting information or control signals via visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. The baseband module  602  also comprises an attachment mechanism (e.g., magnetic strip or suction cup)  638  for attaching the baseband module  602  to a window or other surface. In some aspects, the indoor unit  602  is coupled with a power source (e.g., AC power source). 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  604  includes an antenna unit  622 , a signal unit  624 , a timing unit  626 , a control unit  628  and a power unit  636 . The signal unit  624 , timing unit  626 , and control unit  628  may be internal to the antenna unit  622  or, alternatively, external to the antenna unit  622 . Additionally, in some aspects (e.g., a wired configuration), the radio unit  604  further comprises one or more multiplexing devices  632  and  634 , for example, frequency-domain multiplexing devices. In some aspects, multiplexing device  632  and multiplexing device  634  are a triplexer and diplexer, respectively. Alternatively, in some aspects (e.g., a wireless configuration), the radio unit  604  does not include multiplexing devices and instead includes one or more antennas (e.g., information signal antenna, auxiliary information antenna). Additionally, in other aspects, the radio unit  604  includes alternative means for transmitting information or control signals via visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. The radio unit  604  also comprises an attachment mechanism (e.g., magnetic strip or suction cup)  640  for attaching the radio unit  604  to a window or other surface. In some aspects, the baseband module  602  is coupled with a power source (e.g., AC power source). 
     In one aspect, the WRRH  600  (e.g., the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604 ) operates within a small cell or a home gateway communication system. The radio unit  604  receives a communication signal from a base station a macro eNB  104   a ), transmits the signal through a lossy medium  605  to the baseband module  602 , and the baseband module  602  redistributes the signal inside a structure (e.g., a home or any enclosed environment or non-enclosed environment that is obstructed by a lossy medium) other mobile devices  102  within the structure. Likewise, the baseband module  602  receives a communication signal from mobile devices  102 , transmits the signal through the lossy medium  605  to the radio unit  604 , and the radio unit  604  transmits the received signal to a base station (e.g., a macro eNB  104   a ). Thus, the WRRH  600  operates in a bi-directional manner, wherein communication or information signals between the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  are propagated in at least two directions, from the baseband module  602  to the radio unit  604  and from the radio unit  604  to the baseband module  602 . 
     The modem unit  606  (e.g., WiGig, mmWave 5G modem) is coupled, through a wire or wirelessly, with one or more devices or UE. For example, a device or UE can include a mobile device, wireless router (e.g., Wi-Fi router, WiGig router), Ethernet-enabled component, a cellular booster or small cell device, among other devices or UE. In some aspects, the modem unit  606  can include processing circuitry, which may comprise one or more processors (e.g., a CPU) or, alternatively, a CPU can be external to the modem unit  606  or external to the baseband module  602  altogether. The modem unit  606 , a CPU, or alternatively, the modem unit  606  coupled with a CPU, can be configured to provide computational resources to the WRRH  600 , for example, managing incoming and outgoing data from the WRRH  600 , local small cell or hotspot device communications, and Internet protocols. 
     In some aspects, because the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  each include multiple components, the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  are configured to pair to one another (e.g., mutual registration of information) and transfer data, power and control information. Pairing between the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  is accomplished through a pairing protocol, for example, via Bluetooth or other pairing protocols. 
     In some aspects, the modem unit  606 , a CPU, or alternatively, the modem unit  606  coupled with a CPU, are also capable of being utilized to enable pairing (e.g., mutual registration of information) between the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604 . In some aspects, the modem unit  606  receives information signals front a CPU. For example, signal inputs to the modem unit  606  from a CPU may include any communication or information signal from a device or UE that is intended to be transmitted outside a structure that the small cell or home gateway communication system is operating within. Alternatively, the modem unit  606  can receive information signals directly from a device or UE. Likewise, signals transmitted from the modem unit  606  (e.g., to a CPU, a device or UE) may include any communication or information signal received from the radio unit  604  that is intended to be transmitted, wirelessly or wired. For example, the modem unit  606  may transmit information signals, received from the radio unit  604 , to a device or UE inside a structure that the small cell or home gateway communication system is operating within. 
     The modem unit  606  is capable of modulation, demodulation, up-conversion and down-conversion of an information signal. Therefore, the modem unit  606  is able to receive an information signal (e.g., from a CPU, a device or UE, or the radio unit  604 ), modulate or demodulate the information signal, up-convert or down-convert the information signal and output an IF signal (e.g., any intermediate frequency that is capable of penetrating a given lossy medium), a baseband signal (e.g., analog or digital baseband signal), or a signal of other frequencies. 
     The baseband module  602  also includes a power unit  614 . The power unit  614  is configured to provide power to certain components within the WRRH  600 . In some aspects, the power unit  614  provides power from the baseband module  602  to the radio unit  604 , and can be coupled to the modem unit  606 . In some aspects, the baseband module  602  is powered by a source (e.g., AC power source) and operates as an active component by controlling the amount of power that is delivered to the radio unit  604 . 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  604  operates as a passive component that receives power from the baseband module  602  through the power unit  614 . In some aspects, in order for the baseband module  602  to distribute power to the radio unit  604  wirelessly, the power unit  614  can include a wireless power charger (e.g., induction coil) (not shown) that implements inductive coupling between the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604 . In alternative aspects, the power unit  614  delivers power to the radio unit through a wire (e.g., coaxial cable), or the radio unit  604  independently produces or receives power locally and does not rely on the baseband module  602  for power. 
     In some aspects, the power unit  614  also includes components (e.g., voltage regulator) to regulate the amount of power that is distributed within the baseband module  602  and to the radio unit  604 , and it is also capable of transmitting certain control signals from the baseband module  602  to the radio unit  604 . 
     In some aspects, the modern unit  606  comprises a control unit  612 , which can provide control signals (e.g., 3 bit information) to certain components within the WRRH  600 . In some aspects, the control unit  612  can provide control signals to the radio unit  604  and can be coupled with the modem unit  606 . By transmitting control signals, the control unit  612  is capable of managing a communication session between the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  (e.g., initiating communication, ending communication) and controlling the antenna unit  622 . 
     In some aspects, the control unit  612  transmits one or more control signals that cause the antenna unit  622  (e.g., causes elements of a phased array antenna) to perform certain actions (e.g., turn on/off, transmit, receive, beamforming, in a particular direction, adjust gain, adjust channelization). In some aspects, the control unit  612  outputs control signals that may be transmitted wirelessly “in-band,” or within the same channel or frequency as information signals (e.g., analog IF signal, analog baseband signal) that are transmitted from the output of the modem unit  606 . In some alternate aspects, the control unit  612  outputs control signals wirelessly “out-of-band,” or within a channel or frequency separate from the channel or frequency of the information signal. 
     In some aspects, an “in-band” configuration includes a wire or transmission cable (e.g., coaxial cable) that transmits both control signals (e.g., reference clock signals) and information signals. Alternatively, an “out-of-band” configuration includes transmitting control signals on a separate path from the information signals. In some aspects, an “out-of-band” configuration includes a medium (e.g., laser, LED, IrDA) that transmits control signals separate from the medium that transmits information signals. 
     In some aspects, the control unit  612  outputs control signals that can be wirelessly transmitted via antenna, for example, through an auxiliary information antenna or, alternatively, through an information signal antenna, Additionally, the control unit  612  outputs control signals that can be transmitted via laser or through a wire (e.g., coaxial cable). Additionally, it is contemplated that certain control signals may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways. 
     In some aspects, the modem unit  606  includes a timing unit  610  (e.g., reference clock generator), which provides a reference timing for synchronization of the system components of the WRRH  600 , such as the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604 . In some aspects, the timing unit  610  is coupled with the modem unit  606 , or alternatively, included within the modern unit  606 . In some aspects, the timing unit  610  outputs a reference clock signal and transmits the reference clock to the radio unit  604  so that the radio unit  604  operates from the reference clock. In some aspects, the reference clock is transmitted through a wire (e.g., coaxial cable) or is transmitted wirelessly (e.g., through the auxiliary information antenna) between the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604 . Alternatively, the reference clock signal is locally generated at both the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604 . 
     In some aspects, the timing unit  610  transmits the reference clock signals “in-band,” or within the same channel or frequency as information signals (e.g., analog IF signal, analog baseband signal) that are transmitted from the output of the modem unit  606 . Alternatively, the timing unit  610  transmits the reference clock signals “out-of-band,” or within a channel or frequency separate from the channel or frequency of the information signal. 
     In some aspects, the timing unit  610  outputs reference clock signals that are wirelessly transmitted via antenna means. Alternatively, the timing unit  610  can transmit reference clock signals via laser or through a wired coupling (e.g., coaxial cable). Additionally, it is contemplated that certain reference clock signals may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. 
     In some aspects, the modern unit  606  comprises a signal unit  608 , which provides an information signal output from the modem unit  606 . In some aspects, the signal unit  608  is coupled with the modem unit  606 , or alternatively, included within the modern unit  606 . As previously discussed, the modem unit  606  can be configured to transmit and receive an information signal (e.g., to or from a CPU, a device or UE), modulate or demodulate an information signal, up-convert or down-convert an information signal, and output an IF signal, baseband signal (e.g., analog or digital baseband signal) or other frequency signals. 
     In some aspects, alternatively to transmitting an information signal via wired coupling between the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  (e.g., coaxial cable), the signal unit  608  can be configured to output an information signal that is transmitted wirelessly from the baseband module  602  to the radio unit  604 . The signal unit  608  may comprise means to wirelessly transmit an information signal, for example, an information signal antenna (e.g., a waveguide and horn antenna, a single patch antenna, or a multi-patch array antenna). The wireless transmission means can be included within the signal unit  608  or, alternatively, can be external to the signal unit  608 . Additionally, it is contemplated that certain information signals (e.g., IF signals, baseband signals) may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. 
     In some aspects, alternatively to transmitting control and reference clock signals from the timing unit  610  and a control unit  612  via wired coupling between the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  (e.g., coaxial cable), the modem unit  606  (e.g., signal unit  608 , timing unit  610 , control unit  612 ) can be configured to output control and reference clock signals that can be transmitted wirelessly from the baseband module  602  to the radio unit  604 . 
     The timing unit  610 , control unit  612 , or the signal unit  608 , may comprise means to wirelessly transmit control and reference clock signals, for example, through an auxiliary information antenna (e.g., a waveguide and horn antenna, a single patch antenna, or a multi-patch array antenna). The wireless transmission means can be included within the modem unit  606  (e.g., signal unit  608 , timing unit  610 , control unit  612 ) or, alternatively, can be external to the modem unit  606 . Additionally, it is contemplated that certain information signals (e.g., IF signals, baseband signals) may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. In some aspects, IF signals, analog baseband signals or other frequency signals can be transmitted with the control signal and reference clock signal together over the same transmission path (e.g., using the same antenna or the same hardwired transmission path). 
     In some aspects, the baseband module  602  includes an attachment mechanism  638  for attaching the baseband module  602  to the lossy medium  605 . In some aspects, where the lossy medium  605  is a window, the attachment mechanism  638  can include a magnetic element (e.g., magnetic strip) that attaches to the window by way of the adjacent alignment of the attachment mechanism  640  of the radio unit  604  on the opposite side of the window. Where the attachment mechanism  638  of the baseband module  602  and the attachment mechanism  640  of the radio unit  604  include a magnetic element, such qualities cause the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  to be capable of maintaining alignment during attachment to the window, as the magnetic field transmits through the lossy medium. Alternatively, the attachment mechanism  638  of the baseband module  602  and the attachment mechanism  640  of the radio unit  604  may be implemented by other attachment means, for example, by a suction mechanism (e.g., suction cup) or by pins. 
     In some aspects, the antenna unit  622  of the radio unit  604  includes an antenna array (e.g., phased array antenna) and is coupled with a power unit  636 . In some aspects, the antenna unit  622  comprises a control unit  628 , a timing unit  626  and a signal unit  624 . Alternatively, the control unit  628 , timing unit  626  and signal unit  624  can be external to the antenna unit  622 . The antenna unit  622  can be configured to perform up-conversion and down-conversion of an information signal, and may be configured to perform such actions on both a received signal from outside of a structure or home (e.g., a received wireless RF signal) and a received signal from the baseband module  602 , for example, an IF signal. Therefore, between the antenna unit  622  of the radio unit  604  and the modem unit  606  of the baseband module  602 , the WRRH  600  performs the two-stage up-conversion or two-stage down-conversion of information signals. 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  604  includes a power unit  636 , which provides power to components within the radio unit  604 , for example the antenna unit  622 . In some aspects, the power unit  636  is coupled with the antenna unit  622  and provides power from the baseband module  602 , through wireless inductive coupling, to the antenna unit  622 . The power unit  636  can also be included within the antenna unit  622 . Alternatively, the power unit  636  provides local power to the radio unit  604  (e.g., antenna unit  622 ) without wireless inductive coupling to the baseband module  602 , or provides power to the radio unit  604  through a wire with the baseband module  602  (e.g., coaxial cable). In some aspects, the power unit  636  also includes components (e.g., voltage regulator) to regulate the amount of power that is distributed within the radio unit  604  and to the antenna unit  622 . 
     In some aspects, the power unit  636  can be configured to transmit certain control signals to the antenna unit  622 , for example, control signals received from the baseband module  602  through the coupling of the power unit  614  of the baseband module  602  with the power unit  636  of the radio unit  604 . Control signals from the power unit  636  are capable of programming the antenna unit  622  (e.g., programming the elements of the phased array antenna), for example, by providing on/off, transmit, receive and beamforming commands, and adjusting gain and channelization. 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  604  includes a control unit  628  that provides control signals (e.g., 3 bit information) to certain components within the radio unit  604 . In some aspects, the control unit  628  is coupled with, or included within, the antenna unit  622  and provides control signals to the antenna unit  622 . The control unit  628  transmits control signals received from the baseband module  602  that cause the antenna unit  622  (e.g., cause elements of a phased array antenna) to perform certain actions (e.g., turn on/off, transmit, receive, beamforming in a particular direction, adjust gain, adjust channelization). 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  604  also includes a timing unit  626  (e.g., reference clock generator) that provides a reference timing for synchronization of the communications transmitted from the radio unit  604  to the baseband module  602 , as well as for synchronization of the components of the radio unit  604 . In some aspects, the timing unit  626  is coupled with, or included within, the antenna unit  622  and provides a reference clock signals to the antenna unit  622 . The timing unit  626  outputs a reference clock signal that is transmitted, wired or wirelessly, between the radio unit  604  and the baseband module  602 . Alternatively, the reference clock signal is locally generated. 
     In some aspects, the timing unit  626  is configured to transmit reference clock signals “in-band,” or within the same channel or frequency as information signals (e.g., analog IF signal, analog baseband signal) that are transmitted from the output of the antenna unit  622 . Alternatively, the timing unit  626  is configured to transmit reference clock signals “out-of-band,” or within a channel or frequency separate from the channel or frequency of the information signal. 
     In some aspects, the timing unit  626  configured to outputs reference clock signals that may be wirelessly transmitted via antenna means (e.g., a waveguide and horn antenna, a single patch antenna, or a multi-patch array antenna). The antenna means may be included within the antenna unit  622  or external to the antenna unit  622 . Alternatively, the timing unit  626  may be configured to transmit reference clock signals via laser or through a wire (e.g., coaxial cable). Additionally, it is contemplated that the timing unit  626  may be configured to transmit certain reference clock signals through visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. 
     In some aspects, the signal unit  624  may be configured to output an information signal that can be transmitted wirelessly from the radio unit  604  to the baseband module  602 . The signal unit  624  may comprise means to wirelessly transmit an information signal, for example, an information signal antenna (e.g., a waveguide and horn antenna, a single patch antenna, or a multi-patch array antenna). The wireless transmission means can be included within the signal unit  624  or, alternatively, can be external to the signal unit  624 . Additionally, it is contemplated that certain information signals (e.g., IF signals, baseband signals) may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., LED), invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. 
     In some aspects, the antenna unit  622  (e.g., signal unit  624 , timing unit  626 , control unit  628 ) may be configured to output control and reference clock signals that can be transmitted wirelessly from the radio unit  604  to the baseband module  602 . The timing unit  626 , control unit  628 , or the signal unit  624 , may comprise means to wirelessly transmit control and reference clock signals, for example, through an auxiliary information antenna (e.g., a waveguide and horn antenna, a single patch antenna, or a multi-patch array antenna). The wireless transmission means can be included within the antenna unit  622  (e.g., signal unit  624 , timing unit  626 , control unit  628 ) or, alternatively, can be external to the antenna unit  622 . Additionally, it is contemplated that certain information signals (e.g., IF signals, baseband signals) may also be transmitted by devices utilizing visible (e.g., invisible (e.g., IrDA) or powerline (e.g., inductive coupling) pathways, among other means. In some aspects, IF signals, analog baseband signals, or other frequency signals can be transmitted with a control signal and reference clock signal together over the same transmission path (e.g., using the same antenna or the same hardwired transmission path). 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  604  includes a controller  642 . The controller  642  is a control unit within the radio unit  604  that includes, for example, a microcontroller or a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) that is configured to control the components of the radio unit  604 . In some aspects, the controller  642  controls the power of the radio unit  604  and the antenna unit  622  (e.g., training the antenna patterns, transmit power, and receive power of the antenna). 
     In some aspects, for communication between the baseband module  602  and radio unit  604  to be coordinated, the baseband module  602  and radio unit  604  are paired together. In some aspects, the controller  642  is configured to control the pairing between the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  in order to coordinate communication. For example, the controller  642  can be configured to perform the mutual registration of information associated with the two units, and enable communication. 
     In some aspects, the modem unit  606 , a CPU, or alternatively, the modem unit  606  coupled with a CPU, associated with the baseband module  602 , and the controller  642  operate to pair the baseband module  602  with the radio unit  604 , including pairing of power between the baseband module  602  and radio unit  604 , pairing of information and control signals, and pairing of the clock signal, among other aspects. 
     In some aspects, the radio unit  604  includes an attachment mechanism  640  for attaching the radio unit  604  to the lossy medium  605 . In some aspects, where the lossy medium  605  is a window, the attachment mechanism  640  includes a magnetic element (e.g., magnetic strip) and attaches to the window by way of the adjacent alignment of the attachment mechanism  638  of the baseband module  602  on the opposite side of the window. Where the attachment mechanism  640  of the radio unit  604  and the attachment mechanism  638  of the baseband module  602  include a magnetic element, the baseband module  602  and the radio unit  604  maintain alignment during attachment to the window. Alternatively, the attachment mechanism  640  of the radio unit  604  and the attachment mechanism  638  of the baseband module  602  may be implemented by other attachment means, for example, by a suction mechanism (e.g., suction cup) or by pins, among other attachment means. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Although an aspect has been described with reference to specific example aspects, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these aspects without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a part thereof show, by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specific aspects in which the subject matter may be practiced. The aspects illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein. Other aspects may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various aspects is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 
     Such aspects of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “aspect” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single aspect or inventive concept if more than one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific aspects have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific aspects shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various aspects. Combinations of the above aspects, and other aspects not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. 
     In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, UE, article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. 
     The Abstract of the Disclosure is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single aspect for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed aspects require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed aspect. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate aspect. 
     The following describes various examples of methods, machine-readable media, and systems (e.g., machines, devices, or other apparatus) discussed herein. 
     Example 1 is a remote radio head (RRH) comprising: a baseband module; and a radio frequency (RF) unit, wherein the RF unit comprises circuitry configured to: convert non-millimeter-wave frequency signals received from the baseband module through a lossy medium to millimeter-wave (mmW) signals for transmission, and convert mmW signals received from a wireless communication cell to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module through the lossy medium. 
     In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 includes, the baseband module and the RF unit being configured to be placed on opposing sides of the lossy medium, and wherein the baseband module comprises circuitry configured to: convert the non-mmW signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to analog high frequency signals for communication with a mobile communication device; and convert RF signals received from the mobile communication device to non-mmW signals for transmission to the RF unit. 
     In Example 3, the subject matter of Example 2 includes, wherein the non-mmW signals comprise intermediate frequency (IF) signals, and the circuitry of the RF unit is further configured to convert mmW signals received from a wireless communication cell to IF signals for transmission to the baseband module through the lossy medium and convert IF signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to mmW signals for transmission, and the circuitry of the baseband module is further configured to convert the IF signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to analog high frequency signals for communication with a mobile communication device and convert RF signals received from the mobile communication device to IF signals for transmission to the RF unit. 
     In Example 4, the subject matter of Examples 2-3 includes, wherein the non-mmW signals comprise baseband (BB) signals, and the circuitry of the RF unit is further configured to convert BB signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to mmW signals for transmission to a wireless communication cell and convert mmW signals received from the wireless communication cell to BB signals for transmission to the baseband module through the lossy medium, and the circuitry of the baseband module is further configured to convert the BB signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to RF signals for communication with UE and convert RF signals received from UE to BB signals for transmission to the RF unit. 
     In Example 5, the subject matter of Examples 2-4 includes, wherein the circuitry of the baseband module is further configured to: convert the non-mmW signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to mmW signals for communication with UE; and convert mmW signals received from UE to non-mmW signals for transmission to the RF unit. 
     In Example 6, the subject matter of Examples 2-5 includes, wherein the circuitry of the baseband module is further configured to: convert the non-mmW signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to digital BB signals for communication with UE; and convert digital BB signals received from UE to non-mmW signals for transmission to the RF unit. 
     In Example 7, the subject matter of Examples 2-6 includes, wherein the circuitry of the RF unit is further configured to: convert the non-mmW signals received from the baseball module through the lossy medium to mmW signals for communication with UE; and convert mmW signals received from UE to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module. 
     In Example 8, the subject matter of Examples 2-7 includes, wherein the circuitry of the RF unit is further configured to: convert the non-mmW signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to RF signals for communication with UE, and convert RF signals received from UE to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module. 
     In Example 9, the subject matter of Examples 2-8 includes, wherein the circuitry of the RF unit is further configured to: convert the non-mmW signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to RF signals for transmission to a base station; and convert RF signals received from the base station to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module. 
     In Example 10, the subject matter of Examples 2-9 includes, wherein the baseband module and the RF unit each comprise one or more antennas configured to communicate non-mmW signals through the lossy medium between the baseband module and the RF unit. 
     In Example 11, the subject matter of Examples 2-10 includes, wherein the circuitry of the RF unit and the circuitry of the baseband module are further configured to receive and communicate non-mmW signals through the lossy medium via LED, laser, IrDA, or inductive coupling. 
     In Example 12, the subject matter of Examples 2-11 includes, wherein the baseband module powers the RF unit by providing wireless power transfer to the RF unit through inductive coupling. 
     In Example 13, the subject matter of Examples 2-12 includes, wherein the baseband module and the RF unit each include an attachment mechanism configured to align the baseband module in a first side of the lossy medium with the RF unit on a second side of the lossy medium. 
     In Example 14, the subject matter of Example 13 includes, wherein the attachment mechanism is further configured to align one or more antennas in the baseband module with one or more antennas in the RF unit. 
     In Example 15, the subject matter of Example 14 includes, wherein the attachment mechanism comprises a magnetic attachment mechanism. 
     In Example 16, the subject matter of Examples 2-15 includes, wherein the RF unit and the baseband module further comprise circuitry configured to enable pairing between the RF unit and the baseband module. 
     Example 17 is an apparatus of a radio frequency (RF) unit, the apparatus comprising: processing circuitry and memory, and configured to: pair with a baseband module by implementing a pairing protocol, the RF unit configurable to be disposed on an opposing side of a lossy medium from the baseband module; convert non-millimeter-wave frequency signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to millimeter-wave (mmW) signals for transmission, and convert mmW signals received from a wireless communication cell to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module through the lossy medium. 
     In Example 18, the subject matter of Example 17 includes, wherein the non-mmW signals comprise intermediate frequency (IF) signals, and the apparatus is configured to convert mmW signals received from a wireless communication cell to IF signals for transmission to the baseband module through the lossy medium and convert IF signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to mmW signals for transmission. 
     In Example 19, the subject matter of Examples 17-18 includes, wherein the non-mmW signals comprise baseband (BB) signals, and the apparatus is configured to convert BB signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to mmW signals for transmission to a wireless communication cell and convert mmW signals received from the wireless communication cell to BB signals for transmission to the baseband module through the lossy medium. 
     In Example 20, the subject matter of Examples 17-19 includes, configured to: convert the non-mmW signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to mmW signals for communication with UE; and convert mmW signals received from UE to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module. 
     In Example 21, the subject matter of Examples 17-20 includes, configured to: convert the non-mmW signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to RF signals for communication with UE; and convert RF signals received from UE to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module. 
     In Example 22, the subject matter of Examples 17-21 includes, configured to: convert the non-mmW signals received from the baseband module through the lossy medium to RF signals for transmission to a base station; and convert RF signals received from the base station to non-mmW signals for transmission to the baseband module. 
     Example 23 is a computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions for execution by one or more processors of a baseband module to communicate with user equipment (UE), the one or more processors to configure the baseband module to: pair with a radio frequency (RF) unit by implementing a pairing protocol, the baseband module configurable to be located on an opposing side of a lossy medium from the RF unit; convert the non-mmW signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to analog high frequency signals for communication with a mobile communication device; and convert RF signals received from the mobile communication device to non-mmW signals for transmission to the RF unit through the lossy medium. 
     In Example 24, the subject matter of Example 23 includes, wherein the non-mmW signals comprise intermediate frequency (IF) signals, and the one or more processors further configure the baseband module to: convert IF signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to analog high frequency signals for communication with a mobile communication device and convert RF signals received from the mobile communication device to IF signals for transmission to the RF unit through the lossy medium. 
     In Example 25, the subject matter of Examples 23-24 includes, wherein the non-mmW signals comprise baseband (BB) signals, and the one or more processors further configure the baseband module to: convert BB signals received from the RF unit through the lossy medium to RF signals for communication with UE and convert RF signals received from UE to BB signals for transmission to the RF unit through the lossy medium. 
     Example 26 is at least one machine-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to perform operations to implement of any of Examples 1-25. 
     Example 27 is an apparatus comprising means to implement of any of Examples 1-25. 
     Example 28 is a system to implement of any of Examples 1-25. Example 29 is a method to implement of any of Examples 1-25.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20171117
Publication Date: 20210803
Grant Date: 20210803
Priority Date: 20161118
Inventors: SADRI, ALI S.
XIAN, Liang
AMADJIKPE, Arnaud Lucres
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W88/085", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W88/16", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W88/085", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W84/045", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W88/16", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W88/085", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W84/045", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 62145734