PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10523063-B2
Application Number: US-201715829850-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Common mode noise compensation in wireless power systems

Abstract:
Disclosed are devices, systems, and methods for reducing common mode noise induced in wireless charging circuits of electronic devices. For an electronic device having an inductive receiving coil near an electric shielding layer, differences in parasitic capacitances of the loops of the inductive receiving coil with an electric shielding layer can induce common mode noise. Common mode noise is reduced by a noise-reduction capacitor from the inductive receiving coil to the electric shielding layer together with a grounding resistor from the electric shielding layer to a common ground of the wireless charging circuit.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device, comprising:
 a housing; 
 a receive coil comprising an electrode; 
 an electric shielding layer disposed between the receive coil and the housing; 
 a noise-reduction capacitor coupled to the electrode at a circuit node and coupled to the electric shielding layer; and 
 a grounding resistor connecting the electric shielding layer to a common ground. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the receive coil comprises a plurality of concentric loops; and 
 the electrode is attached to an inner loop. 
 
     
     
       3. The electronic device of  claim 2 , wherein:
 a capacitance of the noise-reduction capacitor balances a first capacitance and a second capacitance; 
 wherein the first capacitance is between inner loops of the receive coil and the electric shielding layer; and 
 wherein the second capacitance is between outer loops of the receive coil and the electric shielding layer. 
 
     
     
       4. The electronic device of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a resonant capacitor connected in series between the electrode and a load, 
 wherein the circuit node couples the electrode to the resonant capacitor. 
 
     
     
       5. The electronic device of  claim 4 , wherein the noise-reduction capacitor has a capacitance that is less than a capacitance of the resonant capacitor. 
     
     
       6. The electronic device of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a resonant capacitor connected in series between the electrode and a load; 
 wherein the circuit node couples the resonant capacitor to the load. 
 
     
     
       7. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the noise-reduction capacitor is a variable capacitor operative to provide dynamic noise cancellation. 
     
     
       8. The electronic device of  claim 7 , wherein a capacitance of the noise-reduction capacitor is varied to account for a relative position of the receive coil with respect to a transmit coil exterior to the electronic device. 
     
     
       9. A method of reducing noise in wireless charging circuitry of an electronic device, the method comprising:
 shielding the wireless charging circuitry with an electric shielding layer positioned between the wireless charging circuitry and an exterior surface of the electronic device; 
 connecting a resistor from the electric shielding layer to a common ground of the electronic device; and 
 coupling a noise-reduction capacitor in series from an electrode of a receive coil to the electric shielding layer of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       10. The method of  claim 9 , further comprising:
 connecting the noise-reduction capacitor between the electric shielding layer and a circuit node of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       11. The method of  claim 9 , further comprising:
 connecting the noise-reduction capacitor between the electric shielding layer and an output lead of a resonant capacitor coupled to the receive coil. 
 
     
     
       12. The method of  claim 9 , further comprising selecting a capacitance value of the noise-reduction capacitor to equalize a first capacitance and a second capacitance, wherein:
 the first capacitance is between outer turns of the receive coil and the electric shielding layer; and 
 the second capacitance is between inner turns of the receive coil and the electric shielding layer. 
 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 9 , wherein the noise-reduction capacitor is a variable capacitor, and further comprising adapting a capacitance of the noise-reduction capacitor in response to detected noise. 
     
     
       14. A system of wireless transmission of power to an electronic device, comprising:
 a power transmitter comprising:
 an exterior surface; 
 a transmit coil; and 
 a transmit-side electric shielding layer positioned between the exterior surface and the transmit coil; and 
 
 a power receiver within the electronic device comprising:
 a receive coil comprising a electrode; 
 a receive-side electric shielding layer positioned between the receive coil and a housing of the electronic device; 
 a noise-reduction capacitor coupling the electrode to the receive-side electric shielding layer; and 
 a grounding resistor connected from the receive-side electric shielding layer to a common ground of the electronic device; 
 
 wherein:
 the noise-reduction capacitor and the grounding resistor are operable to attenuate common mode noise. 
 
 
     
     
       15. The system of  claim 14 , wherein the power receiver further comprises a resonant capacitor connected in series between the electrode and a load, wherein:
 the resonant capacitor is connected to the electrode at a circuit node; and 
 the noise-reduction capacitor is connected between the receive-side electric shielding layer and the circuit node. 
 
     
     
       16. The system of  claim 15 , wherein the noise-reduction capacitor has a capacitance that is less than a capacitance of the resonant capacitor. 
     
     
       17. The system of  claim 14 , wherein the power receiver further comprises a resonant capacitor connected in series between the electrode and a load, wherein:
 the connection of the resonant capacitor with the load is at a circuit node; and 
 the noise-reduction capacitor is connected between the receive-side electric shielding layer and the circuit node. 
 
     
     
       18. The system of  claim 14 , wherein the receive coil is a planar coil comprising a set of concentric loops, wherein the electrode extends from an inner loop. 
     
     
       19. The system of  claim 18 , wherein the noise-reduction capacitor has a capacitance that is operable to equalize a capacitive coupling between inner loops of the receive coil and the receive-side electric shielding layer with a capacitive coupling between outer loops of the receive coil and the receive-side electric shielding layer. 
     
     
       20. The system of  claim 14 , wherein the noise-reduction capacitor has a variable capacitance, and the system adapts the variable capacitance to provide dynamic noise cancellation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a nonprovisional patent application of, and claims the benefit to, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/483,232, filed Apr. 7, 2017 and titled “Common Mode Noise Compensation in Wireless Power Systems,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Embodiments described herein generally relate to wireless power systems and, in particular, to a receiver of a wireless power system configured to reduce or eliminate common mode noise introduced to the receiver by operation of a transmitter coupled to the receiver. 
     BACKGROUND 
     An electronic device can recharge an internal battery by wirelessly coupling to a power converter that is connected to a power source. Collectively, the electronic device and power converter be referred to as a wireless power system that transfers power from the power source to the internal battery. 
     A conventional wireless power system includes a transmit coil that magnetically couples to a receive coil within the electronic device to deliver power by electromagnetic induction. 
     SUMMARY 
     A conventional wireless power system introduces common mode noise to the electronic device—via capacitive coupling—during power transfer. Common mode noise can affect voltage-sensitive systems within the mobile device, such as capacitive user input systems, capacitive fingerprint systems, capacitive proximity sensors, and so on. 
     Embodiments described herein generally reference devices, systems, and methods for reducing noise—such as common mode noise—introduced as a result of operating a wireless power transfer system. 
     For example, one embodiment described herein references an electronic device including a receive coil. The receive coil includes an electrode that couples to additional circuit elements enclosed in a housing of the electronic device, such as a battery charging circuit. The electronic device also includes an electric shielding layer positioned between the housing and the receive coil to mitigate capacitive coupling between the receive coil and conductors external to the electronic device. 
     A noise-reduction capacitor couples receive coil (e.g., at the electrode) to the electric shielding layer. A grounding resistor connects the electric shielding layer to a common ground of the electronic device, thereby defining a discharge path from the electric shielding layer to common ground. In this manner, the noise-reduction capacitor balances stray capacitances (e.g., between inner and outer sections of the receive coil) that may develop between the receive coil and the electric shielding layer. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device also includes one or more resonant capacitors in series with the receive coil. In these embodiments, the noise-reduction capacitor can be connected on either side of one (or both) resonant capacitors. 
     Other embodiments reference a method for reducing noise in wireless charging circuitry of an electronic device. The method includes the operations of shielding the wireless charging circuitry with an electric shielding layer between the wireless charging circuitry and an exterior surface of the electronic device. The method also includes the operation of connecting a resistor from the electric shielding layer to a common ground of the electronic device. The method also includes the operation of coupling a noise-reduction capacitor between an electrode of the receive coil and the electric shielding layer of the electronic device. 
     Other embodiments described herein reference a wireless power transfer system. The system includes a power transmitter (or, more generally, a “transmitter) having a transmit coil and a transmit-side electric shielding layer positioned between the transmit coil and an exterior surface of the enclosure of the transmitter. The system also includes a power receiver (or, more generally, “receiver”) of an electronic device that includes a receive coil and a receive-side electric shielding layer. The receive-side electric shielding layer is positioned between the housing of the device and the receive coil. A noise-reduction capacitor couples an electrode of the receive coil to the receive-side electric shielding layer. A grounding resistor is connected from the receive-side electric shielding layer to a common ground of the electronic device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements. 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates a wireless power transfer system such as described herein. 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates a side view of the wireless power transfer system of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a simplified partial cross section and a simplified circuit diagram of a receiver of a wireless power transfer system, such as described herein. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a partial cross section and a simplified circuit diagram of a wireless power transfer system, such as described herein. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a simplified circuit diagram of a wireless power transfer system including a transmit-side electric shielding layer and a receive-side electric shielding layer, such as described herein. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates another simplified circuit diagram of a wireless power transfer system including a transmit-side electric shielding layer and a receive-side electric shielding layer, such as described herein. 
         FIG. 6  is a simplified flow chart depicting example operations of a method of reducing noise in a receiver of an electronic device. 
         FIG. 7  is a simplified flow chart depicting example operations of another method of reducing noise in a receiver in an electronic device. 
         FIG. 8  is a simplified flow chart depicting example operations of another method of reducing noise in a receiver in an electronic device. 
     
    
    
     The use of cross-hatching or shading in the accompanying figures is generally provided to clarify the boundaries between adjacent elements and also to facilitate legibility of the figures. Accordingly, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shading conveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particular materials, material properties, element proportions, element dimensions, commonalities of similarly illustrated elements, or any other characteristic, attribute, or property for any element illustrated in the accompanying figures. 
     Additionally, it should be understood that the proportions and dimensions (either relative or absolute) of the various features and elements (and collections and groupings thereof) and the boundaries, separations, and positional relationships presented therebetween, are provided in the accompanying figures merely to facilitate an understanding of the various embodiments described herein and, accordingly, may not necessarily be presented or illustrated to scale, and are not intended to indicate any preference or requirement for an illustrated embodiment to the exclusion of embodiments described with reference thereto. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following descriptions are not intended to limit the embodiments to one preferred embodiment. To the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by the appended claims. 
     A wireless power system typically includes a transmitter device and a receiver device. A transmit coil in the transmitter device magnetically couples to a receive coil in the receiver device to transfer electrical power to the receiver by electromagnetic induction. For simplicity of description, a transmitter device is referred to herein as simply a “transmitter” and a receiver device is referred to herein as simply a “receiver.” 
     In a conventional wireless power transfer system, a transmit coil is defined by a number turns that follow a path from an outer radius to an inner radius. As alternating electric current moves through the transmit coil, progressive impedance through the coil results in a voltage gradient from the outer radius to the inner radius that varies with current. The varying voltage gradient results in a varying electric field that influences reference voltage levels (e.g., ground plane, supply lines, signal lines, and so on) in a receiver nearby the transmit coil. In other words, in a conventional wireless power transfer system, the transmit coil introduces common mode noise into the receiver via capacitive coupling. 
     In these conventional cases, when the receiver device is touched by a user—or otherwise electrically grounded—various reference voltage levels in the device can change by an unknown amount. This uncontrollable variability can interfere with the operation of certain systems in the receiver, such as touch input systems or capacitive sensors. More specifically, systems in the receiver that depend on differential voltage measurements can behave unpredictably when the receiver is receiving power, wirelessly, from the transmitter. For example, in the case of a capacitive touch sensor, false touch events can be registered and/or actual touch events may be rejected. Such unpredictable device behavior negatively impacts the user experience of operating the device. 
     Furthermore, in some cases, a conventional transmitter can include multiple transmit coils, each of which is configured to transfer power to a respective one receiver or receive coil. In these examples, a single receiver can capacitively couple to multiple transmit coils, which may or may not be in-phase with one another. In other words, the receiver can be subject to both differential mode noise and to common mode noise, each of which can lead to unexpected behavior of the receiver. 
     Embodiments described herein reference noise mitigation or elimination techniques for reducing electrical noise introduced to a receiver (e.g., within an electronic device) by operation of a transmitter of a wireless power transfer system. More specifically, a receive-side electric shield layer is positioned between a receive coil of a receiver and the transmit coil of a transmitter and, additionally or optionally, a transmit-side electric shield layer is positioned between the transmit coil and the receive coil. In many embodiments, the receive-side electric shield layer is coupled directly to the receive coil via a noise-reduction capacitor (e.g., a bypass capacitor or a decoupling capacitor). The receive-side electric shield layer discharges to common ground through a grounding resistor. This construction, and implementation-specific variations thereto (some examples of which are described herein), reduces effects of common mode and/or differential mode noise in the receiver device introduced by the transmit coil. 
     More specifically, embodiments described herein are directed to wireless power transfer systems configured to transfer power from a transmitter to a receiver, referred to herein, generally, as an “electronic device.” Examples of suitable electronic devices include, but are not limited to: a cellular phone, a tablet computer, a wearable electronic device (e.g., watch, pendant, bracelet, necklace, anklet, ring, headphone, glasses, wearable display, and so on), a peripheral input device (e.g., keyboard, mouse, trackpad, remote control, stylus, gaming device, gesture input device, and so on), an authentication device or token (e.g., password token, vehicle key, and so on), an access card, an anti-theft or loss prevention device, a home automation device, a display, and so on. Furthermore, although many embodiments described herein reference low-voltage handheld electronic devices, it may be appreciated that the techniques, methods, and systems described herein may be equivalently applied to high voltage or high power systems or electronic devices. 
     The transmitter and the electronic device are separate devices enclosed in separate housings. The electronic device can be placed on or near the transmitter so that a receive coil within the electronic device can magnetically couple to a transmit coil in the transmitter. For simplicity of description, many embodiments that follow reference a single transmit coil coupled to a single receive coil, but it may be appreciated that this is merely one example and other implementations and constructions are possible in view of the systems and methods described herein. For example, in some cases, a transmitter can include multiple transmit coils, arranged in a pattern in one or more layers, and, additionally or alternatively, an electronic device can include multiple receive coils, arranged in any suitable manner. In some cases, more than one transmit coil can magnetically couple to a single receive coil. 
     These and other embodiments are discussed below in more detail with reference to  FIGS. 1A-8 . However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these Figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. 
     Generally and broadly,  FIGS. 1A-1B  depict a wireless power system  100  including a transmitter  102 , an electronic device  104 , and an electronic device  106 . In particular,  FIG. 1A  depicts a plan view the wireless power system  100  and  FIG. 1B  depicts a side view of the wireless power system  100 , specifically illustrating an example embodiment in which a transmitter  102  is accommodated in a low-profile (e.g., thin) enclosure. As with other embodiments described the wireless power system  100  is configured to transfer power—via inductive coupling—from the transmitter  102  to one or more mobile devices, such as the electronic device  104  or the electronic device  106 . 
     The transmitter  102  is disposed within an enclosure. The enclosure can accommodate: one or more transmit coils or transmit coil arrays or layers, a processor, memory, display, battery, network connections, sensors, input/output ports, acoustic elements, haptic elements, digital and/or analog circuits for performing and/or coordinating tasks of the wireless power system  100 , and so on. For simplicity of illustration, the enclosure is depicted in  FIG. 1A  without many of these elements, each of which may be included, partially and/or entirely, within the enclosure and may be operationally or functionally associated with the transmitter  102 . In some embodiments, the transmitter  102  is fully-integrated; all components of the transmitter  102  are within the enclosure, apart from an electrical connection (e.g., cable) to mains voltage, which is not depicted. 
     Like the transmitter  102 , the electronic device  104  is disposed within an enclosure. Typically, the enclosure of the electronic device  104  is smaller than the enclosure of the transmitter  102 , but this may not be required. The enclosure of the electronic device  104  can accommodate: one or more receive coils, a processor, memory, display, battery, voltage-sensitive systems, capacitive or other sensors, network connections, input/output ports, acoustic elements, haptic elements, digital and/or analog circuits for performing and/or coordinating tasks of the wireless power system  100  or another electronic device, and so on. For simplicity of illustration, the enclosure of the electronic device  104  is depicted in  FIG. 1A  without many of these elements, each of which may be included, partially and/or entirely, within the enclosure and may be operationally or functionally associated with the electronic device  104 . The electronic device  106  may include similar or identical elements. 
     In some examples, either or both the electronic device  104  or the electronic device  106  is a mobile electronic device such as a cellular phone, a tablet computer, a wearable electronic device (e.g., watch, pendant, bracelet, necklace, anklet, ring, headphone, glasses, wearable display, and so on), a peripheral input device (e.g., keyboard, mouse, trackpad, remote control, stylus, gaming device, gesture input device, and so on), an authentication device or token (e.g., password token, vehicle key, and so on), an access card, an anti-theft or loss prevention device, a home automation device, a display, and so on. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the enclosure of transmitter  102  defines a charging surface for receiving the electronic device  104  and the electronic device  106 . The charging surface can be substantially planar, although this is not required. For example, in some embodiments, the charging surface may be concave, convex, or may take another shape. 
     In many examples, the transmitter  102  includes multiple transmit coils distributed at different locations relative to the charging surface (see, e.g.,  FIG. 2A ). In these embodiments, individual transmit coils can be associated with different portions of the charging surface. In this manner, the wireless power system  100  can selectively activate or deactivate transmit coils of the transmitter  102  independently. 
     Further, the wireless power system  100  can selectively control power output from each transmit coil by applying specific waveforms to each individual transmit coil. In many cases, the wireless power system  100  can selectively activate a transmit coil (or more than one transmit coil) based on the position and/or orientation of the electronic device  104  (or the electronic device  106 ) relative to the charging surface and, in particular, relative to the location of the nearest transmit coil or coils. More specifically, the wireless power system  100  can selectively activate a transmit coil based on a coupling factor that corresponds to the mutual coupling between that transmit coil and a receive coil disposed within the electronic device  104 ; the higher the coupling factor, the more likely the wireless power system  100  is to activate that transmit coil to effect power transfer from that transmit coil of the transmitter  102  to the receive coil within the electronic device  104 . 
       FIG. 2  shows a simplified circuit diagram and partial cross sectional view of circuit elements of an electronic device  200 , such as may be used in electronic devices  104  and  106 , according to various embodiments. 
     The electronic device  200  includes a housing  202 , shown in part, that encloses the various electronic circuit elements shown, as well as other components such as a battery, a display screen, circuit boards, and so on, that are not shown. The electronic device  200  also includes an electric shielding layer  204  to isolate the various circuit elements and their electrical operation from electromagnetic interference originating outside the electronic device. 
     The electric shielding layer  204  may be implemented as a single layer of a conductive material, such as a paramagnetic metal. Suitable materials include, but may not be limited to aluminum, conductive plastics or glass, copper, or another metal or combination of metals. The electric shielding layer  204  may have patterns of holes or slots, and may be made from a single piece or layer of material or multiple sections or layers of material. In many cases, different layers or pieces of material may be electrically connected to one another. The holes or slots of certain embodiments may serve to reduce eddy currents that may be generated in the electric shielding layer  204  when in the presence of a varying magnetic field. In this manner, the electric shielding layer  204  shields the electronic device  200  from external electric fields while permitting external magnetic fields used to transfer power to the electronic device  200 . 
     In further embodiments, the electric shielding layer  204  may be segmented; different portions of the electric shielding layer  204  (e.g., angular sections, radial sections, quadrants, and so on) may be coupled or used in different ways. For simplicity of description, a single electric shielding layer is described in reference to the embodiments that follow but it is appreciated that in certain embodiments, the electric shielding layer  204  can be configured in any suitable or implementation-specific manner. 
     The electronic device  200  has a wireless power receiving system (more generally, a “receiver”) configured to magnetically couple to a wireless power transmitting system. The receiver may be configured to provide power to the electronic device  200 . The receiver can include a receive coil  206  and one or more resonant capacitors  208   a ,  208   b . Other circuit elements may be included in the electronic device  200 , such as the load  210 , and may be coupled directly or indirectly to the receive coil  206  and/or the one or more resonant capacitors  208   a ,  208   b . The load  210  can include, without limitation, a battery, a display, a wireless communications module, a processor, a memory, a sensor, a user identity module, a voltage filter, a voltage regulator, and other circuit elements configured to receive current (or power or voltage) from the receiver. 
     The receive coil  206  may be flat or planar. The receive coil  206  is positioned adjacent to, and aligned with, the electric shielding layer  204 . In some embodiments the receive coil  206  may be configured to mate to or interface with a concave surface, a convex surface, or an arbitrarily-shaped surface. 
     In some embodiments, the receive coil  206  may be a wire forming a circular spiral from an outer radius loop to an inner radius loop, with a first electrode connecting to external circuitry at the outer radius loop and a second electrode connecting to external circuitry at the inner radius loop. In other embodiments, the coil  206  may be configured as spirals in a concentric diamond pattern. 
     The loops of the receive coil  206  may lie in a single layer or in multiple layers. In still other embodiments, the receive coil  206  may be configured as a helical coil, which may be positioned near the electric shielding layer  204  to inductively couple with a wireless transmitter external to the electronic device  200 . In some embodiments, the receive coil  206  may have a center tap electrode. Other shapes and configurations for the receive coil  206  may be used. 
     The one or more resonant capacitors  208   a ,  208   b  operate as part of a tank circuit driven by magnetic flux induced in the receive coil  206  produced by an external wireless transmitter. The capacitances of the resonant capacitors  208   a ,  208   b  can be based on the frequency used by the wireless transmitter, size constraints, power requirements for the electronic device  200 , and so on. 
     As noted above, the receive coil  206  can capacitively couple to electrical conductors nearby, such as the electric shielding layer  204 . Example capacitive couplings are identified in the figure as the stray capacitances  204   a ,  204   b . The stray capacitances  204   a ,  204   b  can induce unwanted noise, such as common mode noise, in the electronic device  200 , effecting the operation of the load  210  or other circuits within the electronic device  200 . 
     The embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  depicts an example configuration of additional components operable to reduce such noise in the electronic device  200 . First, a grounding resistor  212  connects the electric shielding layer  204  to a common ground  214  of the electronic device  200 . In one embodiment the grounding resistor  212  may be implemented as a separate resistor connected between the shield and a common ground rail or conductor. In another embodiment, the grounding resistor  212  may be implemented as a first section of the electric shielding layer  204  that has a relatively high resistance compared to the remaining section of the shield. Such a first section of the shield can then be connected directly to the common ground  214 . 
     The electronic device  200  also includes a noise-reduction capacitor  216  that is connected from the circuitry of the wireless power receiving system to the electric shielding layer  204 . While  FIG. 2  shows the noise-reduction capacitor  216 , the grounding resistor  212 , and the electric shielding layer  204  joined at a circuit node  218 , it is understood that the noise-reduction capacitor  216  and the grounding resistor  212  can be connected to the electric shielding layer  204  at a variety of suitable locations relative to leads or electrodes of the receive coil  206  or the one or more resonant capacitors  208   a ,  208   b.    
     The noise-reduction capacitor  216  has a small capacitance relative to the resonant capacitors  208   a ,  208   b . As a result, the noise-reduction capacitor  216  charges and discharges quickly relative to the resonant frequency of the resonant capacitors  208   a ,  208   b . In this manner, the noise-reduction capacitor  216  can supplement voltage or current through the receive coil  206  should that current or voltage unexpectedly or quickly drop as a result of charge accumulating on the electric shielding layer  204 . Further, the grounding resistor  212  provides a path for charge accumulated in the electric shielding layer  204  to return to the common ground of the electronic device. In this manner, the noise-reduction capacitor  216  and the grounding resistor  212  can together function as a low-pass filter. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the noise-reduction capacitor  216  is connected to the wireless power receiving system at a circuit node  218  between the receive coil  206  and a resonant capacitor  208   b . This can occur in embodiments in which the noise-reduction capacitor  216  is connected at an electrode of an inner coil of the receive coil  206 . In such embodiments, for example when the receive coil  206  has concentric loops winding from outer loops to inner loops, there can be a parasitic (stray) capacitance between the outer loops and the electric shielding layer  204  that is larger than the stray capacitances  204   a ,  204   b  between the inner loops and the shield. Connecting the noise-reduction capacitor  216  between the shield and an inner coil can balance the stray capacitances  204   a ,  204   b.    
     While the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  shows just one noise-reduction capacitor, labeled as the noise-reduction capacitor  216 , the noise-reduction capacitor  216  may be implemented as more than one distinct circuit elements connected in a circuit. Similarly, the grounding resistor  212  may be implemented as multiple distinct grounding resistors. Further, while  FIG. 2  shows two resonant capacitors  208   a ,  208   b , the wireless power receiving system could include other circuit elements located at the positions of the resonant capacitors  208   a ,  208   b.    
       FIG. 3  shows simplified circuit diagrams and partial cross sectional views of a wireless power transfer system including a transmitter  300   a  and a receiver  300   b . The transmitter  300   a  includes an alternating current source  302  coupled to a transmit coil  304 . The alternating current source  302  may be a voltage source or current source. 
     The transmitter  300   a  has a housing or enclosure that defines an exterior surface  306  that is shown in part. The exterior surface  306  may be a flexible, rigid, or semi-rigid material. For example, the exterior surface  306  may be integrated into another device or component, such as but not limited to a separate electronic device, a vehicle console, or a table top. 
     The alternating current source  302  may be connected to an external power source, such as mains voltage. The transmitter  300   a  also includes a ground  306 , which may be a circuit or earth ground. 
     A transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  may also be included. The transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  can be connected to the ground  306 . The transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  can prevent external electric fields from interfering with the electrical circuit elements of the transmitter  300   a . The transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  may completely enclose the transmitter, or only a partial section of the exterior surface  306  of the transmitter  300   a.    
     The transmit coil  304  may be configured as a flat coil, as concentric spirals wound in one or more levels, as helixes, and so on. The transmit coil  304  may be configured to interface with a curved surface, such as a concave or convex surface. The transmitter  300   a  may include multiple transmit coils, which may be configured in separate layers. 
     The transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  may be positioned between the transmit coil  304  (or other transmit coils) and the exterior surface  306 . In embodiments having multiple transmit coils, the transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  may have multiple sections or segments, each section positioned between a respective transmit coil and the exterior surface  306 , and each connected to the ground  306 . The transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  may be made from a conductive but non-ferromagnetic material, such as a paramagnetic metal or alloy. The transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  may be configured with multiple holes, slots, cutouts to reduce eddy current losses. 
     As noted above, the transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  may accumulate charge which, in turn, can attract or repel charges in nearby conductors. This phenomenon, as noted with respect to other embodiments described herein, can be modeled as a capacitance  310  between the transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  and circuit components within the transmitter  300   a  and, additionally, can be modeled as a capacitance  312  between the transmit-side electric shielding layer  308  and another nearby conductor. 
     As noted above, stray capacitances, such as the capacitance  310  and the capacitance  312  can capacitively couple the transmitter  300   a  with other conductors nearby, such as the receiver  300   b.    
       FIG. 3  also shows certain circuit elements of a receiver  300   b , which—as noted above—may be associated with an electronic device. As with other embodiments described herein, the receiver  300   b  includes a receive coil  314  and resonant capacitors  316   a ,  316   b . Together these operate as a tank circuit configured to magnetically couple to the transmit coil  304 . The receive coil  314  is also connected to a load  318 , which can include circuitry for charging a battery or circuitry to supply power for operation of an electronic device incorporating the receiver  300   b.    
     A noise-reduction capacitor  320  may be connected between the power receiver and a receive-side electric shielding layer  322 . Also, a grounding resistor  324  connects the receive-side electric shielding layer  322  and a common ground  326  to allow a path for noise-induced charge on the receive-side electric shielding layer  322  to return to the common ground  326 . In some embodiments, the grounding resistor  324  can be implemented as a section of the receive-side electric shielding layer device  304  having a specific resistance. In other cases, the grounding resistor  324  may be a physical component. 
     In the embodiment shown, the noise-reduction capacitor  320  connects at a circuit node  328 , between the resonant capacitor  308   b  and the load  318 . As will be described below, in other embodiments, the circuit node  328  may be positioned elsewhere. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a simplified circuit diagram of a wireless power transfer system including a transmitter  400   a  having a transmit-side electric shielding layer  402  and receiver  400   b  having a receive-side electric shielding layer  404 . The transmitter  400   a  system includes a power source  406 , providing an input voltage V IN . The power source  406  is connected to an inverter  408 . The inverter  408  is connected to, and controlled by, a controller  410 . The duty cycle and frequency of an inverting waveform output from the inverter  408  is controlled by the controller  410 . The output of the inverter  408  is coupled to a transmit coil  412 . 
     As noted above, the receiver  400   b  includes a receive-side electric shielding layer  404 . The receiver  400   b  also includes a receive coil  414  that magnetically couples to the transmit coil  412 . Output leads or electrodes of the receive coil  414  can be connected to one or more resonant capacitors, shown as the pair of resonant capacitors  416   a ,  416   b . Though two resonant capacitors are shown, in some embodiments only one resonant capacitor may be included, while other embodiments may include more than two. In some embodiments the resonant capacitors  416   a ,  416   b  are located on opposing sides of the receive coil  414 . The receive coil  414  can be coupled to a bridge rectifier  418  that provides direct current to a load. 
     As noted with respect to other embodiments described herein, the receive-side electric shielding layer  404  can capacitively couple to the transmit-side electric shielding layer  402 , which, in turn, can introduce noise into the receiver  400   b . To compensate, the receiver  400   b  also includes the noise-reduction capacitor  420 —which may be a fixed or variable capacitance—that couples the receive-side electric shielding layer  404  to a lead or electrode of the receive coil  414 . The receiver  400   b  also includes a grounding resistor  422  that couples the receive-side electric shielding layer  404  to a receive-side ground  424 . 
     In other cases, a noise-reduction capacitor can be coupled in another manner. For example,  FIG. 5  illustrates a simplified circuit diagram of a wireless power transfer system including a transmitter  500   a  having a transmit-side electric shielding layer  502  and receiver  500   b  having a receive-side electric shielding layer  504 . As with the embodiment depicted above with reference to  FIG. 4 , the transmitter  500   a  system is coupled to a power source  506 . The power source  506  is connected to an inverter  508 . The inverter  508  is connected to, and controlled by, a controller  510 . The duty cycle and frequency of an inverting waveform output from the inverter  508  is controlled by the controller  510 . The output of the inverter  508  is coupled to a transmit coil  512 . 
     Similar to the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 4 , the receiver  500   b  includes a receive-side electric shielding layer  504 , a receive coil  514 , and one or more resonant capacitors, shown as the pair of resonant capacitors  516   a ,  516   b . The receive coil  514  can be coupled to a bridge rectifier  518  that provides direct current to a load. As noted with respect to other embodiments described herein, the receive-side electric shielding layer  504  can capacitively couple to the transmit-side electric shielding layer  502 , which, in turn, can introduce noise into the receiver  500   b . To compensate, the receiver  500   b  also includes the noise-reduction capacitor  520 —which may be a fixed or variable capacitance—that couples the receive-side electric shielding layer  504  to a lead or electrode of the resonant capacitor  516   b . The receiver  500   b  also includes a grounding resistor  522  that couples the receive-side electric shielding layer  504  to a receive-side ground  524 . 
     The foregoing embodiments depicted in  FIGS. 4-5  and the various alternatives thereof and variations thereto are presented, generally, for purposes of explanation, and to facilitate an understanding of various possible electronic devices or accessory devices that can incorporate, or be otherwise associated with, a wireless power transfer system (incorporating transmit-side and/or receive-side electric shielding layers), such as described herein. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that some of the specific details presented herein may not be required in order to practice a particular described embodiment, or an equivalent thereof. 
     For example, in some embodiments, more than one transmit coil may share a single transmit-side electric shielding layer. In some cases, a first transmit-side electric shielding layer may be configured or positioned differently from a second transmit-side electric shielding layer. For example, the first transmit-side electric shielding layer may be made from a first material or in a first shape whereas the second transmit-side electric shielding layer is made from a second material or in a second shape. In some cases, a transmitter may include multiple layers of transmit coils; in these embodiments, an upper layer of transmit coils may include one or more transmit-side electric shielding layers, whereas a lower layer of transmit coils does not. In this embodiment, the transmit-side electric shielding layer positioned above the upper layer serves to shield the lower layer as well. In still further cases, a first receiver device may be configured to deliver power to a second receiver device. In these embodiments, the first receiver device may include a transmitter coil and a transmit-side electric shielding layer. In other cases, the first receiver device may include a transmit-side electric shielding layer in addition to a receive-side electric shielding layer. In these embodiments, the receive-side electric shielding layer may be positioned opposite from the transmit-side electric shielding layer. 
     Further, in some embodiments, more than one receive coil may share a single receive-side electric shielding layer. In these examples, a first receive-side electric shielding layer can be associated with a high-power receive coil and a second receive-side electric shielding layer can be associated with a low-power receive coil. 
     In other cases, a receive-side electric shielding layer may be optionally or controllably coupled to an electrode or lead of a receive coil and/or to an electrode or lead of a resonant capacitor. More specifically, in one embodiment, more than one noise-reduction capacitors can be coupled—at different locations—between a receive-side electric shielding layer and a receive coil and a resonant capacitor associated with that receive coil. Each of the noise-reduction capacitors may be associated with a voltage-controlled switch (e.g., MOSFET) that selectively enables or disables the respective noise-reduction capacitor. In these cases, a particular noise-reduction capacitor may be selected by the receiver device based upon one or more characteristics of power transfer. For example, if high power is required by the receiver device, a first noise-reduction capacitor may be selected whereas if low power is required by the receiver device, a second noise-reduction capacitor may be selected. In some examples, a noise-reduction capacitor and/or a grounding resistor may be a variable. Values of the capacitors and/or resistors may be changed to increase the efficiency and/or noise-rejection ability of the receiver device. 
       FIG. 6  shows a flow chart of a method  600  for reducing noise in an electronic device that uses wireless power recharging. The electronic device has wireless charging circuitry for receiving by coupled induction wireless power transmitted from a separate device. The receiving circuit elements of the electronic device include a receive coil and a resonant capacitor. The receive coil and the resonant capacitor are connected in series with other circuitry that forms a load. 
     Operation  602  of method  600  includes shielding the wireless charging circuitry with an electric shielding layer. The electric shielding layer may be a conductive material, configured with holes and/or slots to prevent eddy currents and/or pass the magnetic field used for the wireless power transmission. The method may include positioning the electric shielding layer between the wireless charging circuitry and an outer surface or housing of the electronic device. The electric shielding layer may fully enclose the wireless charging circuitry, or only partially enclose the wireless charging circuitry. 
     Operation  604  of method  600  includes providing a resistive path from the electric shielding layer to a common ground of the electronic device. The resistance of the resistive path may be implemented as a distinct resistor, as a resistive trace on a circuit board, or as a thin connecting part of the electric shielding layer having the desired resistance. The resistive path can allow noise induced voltage or charge on the electric shielding layer to return to the common ground. 
     Operation  606  of method  600  includes coupling a noise-reduction capacitor from the electric shielding layer to the wireless charging circuitry. The connection with the wireless charging circuitry can be made at a circuit junction or node between the receive coil and the resonant capacitor, or at a circuit junction or node between the resonant capacitor and the load. The capacitance of the noise-reduction capacitor may be selected to be less than the capacitance of the resonant capacitor. 
       FIG. 7  is a flow chart of another method  700  for reducing noise in an electronic device that uses wireless power recharging. The electronic device has wireless charging circuitry for receiving wireless power transmitted from a separate device by inductive coupling. The wireless charging circuitry of the electronic device can include a receive coil, load circuitry, and an electric shielding layer at least partially enclosing the wireless charging circuitry. 
     At operation  702 , the method  700  couples a resonant capacitor in series between the receive coil and the load. The inductance of the receive coil and the capacitance of the resonant capacitor may by selected according to the frequency used by the separate device for wireless power transmission. 
     Operation  704  includes determining a location at which to connect a noise-reduction capacitor to the wireless charging circuitry. A first potential location is at a circuit node between the receive coil and the resonant capacitor. A second potential location is at a circuit node between the resonant capacitor and the load. Still other locations can be used and may depend upon one or more charging or power transfer characteristics. For example, a first electronic device or receiver may be receive power more efficiently if a noise-reduction capacitor is coupled to a lead of a receive coil whereas a second electronic device or receiver may receive power more efficiently if a noise-reduction capacitor is coupled to a lead of a resonant capacitor. The determination can be made based on which location provides optimal rejection of noise on the electric shielding layer, on ease of manufacture, on which location balances stray capacitances between the receive coil and the electric shielding layer, and/or other considerations. 
     At operation  706  the method includes connecting the noise-reduction capacitor from the determined location to the electric shielding layer. The noise-reduction capacitor can be selected to have a capacitance less than that of the resonant capacitor. The noise-reduction capacitor can be a variable capacitor, and the method can include adapting its capacitance according to a detected noise level. 
       FIG. 8  is a flow chart of an additional and/or alternative method  800  for reducing noise in an electronic device that uses wireless power recharging. The electronic device has wireless charging circuitry for receiving wireless power transmitted from a separate device by inductive coupling. The wireless charging circuitry of the electronic device can include an inductive receiving coil and an electric shielding layer at least partially enclosing the wireless charging circuitry. The inductive receiving coil may be configured as a set of concentric loops, with an inner set of loops and an outer set of loops. In operation there may be a capacitive coupling between the inner loops and the outer loops. Further, there can exist differences in stray capacitances between the inner loops and the electric shielding layer and between the outer loops and the electric shielding layer. 
     Operation  802  of the method  800  includes determining the coupling between the inner loops and the outer loops. Also, determining the stray capacitance may also be performed. The determinations can be made at calibration of the device or during design. 
     Operation  804  includes determining a capacitance value to be used to balance the coupling. As this determined capacitance may be made at calibration or design, and as circuit elements may drift either over time or in use, the capacitance value for balancing the coupling can be implemented with a variable capacitor. This can allow for updating its capacitance value during use of the device. 
     At operation  806 , the method  800  couples a noise-reduction capacitor having the determined balance capacitance from a circuit junction in the wireless charging circuitry to the electric shielding layer. Stage  808  of the method includes coupling a return resistor from the electric shielding layer to the common ground. The noise-reduction capacitor&#39;s capacitance and the resistance of the return resistor may be adapted to filter high frequency noise in the wireless charging circuitry. 
     The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the specific embodiments described herein are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not targeted to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20171201
Publication Date: 20191231
Grant Date: 20191231
Priority Date: 20170407
Inventors: QIU, WEIHONG
DAYAL, ROHAN
MOUSSAOUI, ZAKI
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H02J7/00045", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/12", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/70", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/12", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/70", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/12", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J50/70", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J7/025", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H02J7/00045", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 63711915