PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9245368-B2
Application Number: US-201113247969-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Device and method for dynamically rendering an animation

Abstract:
A device includes one or more processors, and memory storing programs. The programs include a respective application and an application service module. The application service module includes instructions for, in response to a triggering event from the respective application, initializing an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. At each of a series of successive times, the device updates the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function based on a primary function of an initial velocity and a deceleration rate and one or more secondary functions. The device updates a state of one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value, and renders on a display a user interface in accordance with the updated state.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method performed by an electronic device having a display, a touch-sensitive surface, one or more processors and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the method comprising:
 detecting a first triggering event in a first application, wherein the first triggering event corresponds to gestural input of a first contact on the touch-sensitive surface while a user interface of the first application is displayed on the display; 
 in response to detecting the first triggering event:
 generating a first set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the first contact; 
 generating a first animation in the first application based on the first set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the first contact and a predefined animation function, wherein the predefined animation function is defined independently of the first application and generating the animation includes, at each of a series of successive times, 
 updating a state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of the first application in accordance with the first set of one or more initialization values and the predefined animation function that is defined independently of the first application; and 
 
 after generating the first animation, detecting a second triggering event in a second application that is different from the first application, wherein the second triggering event corresponds to gestural input of a second contact on the touch-sensitive surface while a user interface of the second application is displayed on the display; and 
 in response to detecting the second triggering event:
 generating a second set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the second contact; and 
 generating a second animation in the second application based on the second set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the second contact and the predefined animation function, wherein the predefined animation function is defined independently of the second application and generating the animation includes, at each of a series of successive times, updating a state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of the second application in accordance with the second set of one or more initialization values and the predefined animation function that is defined independently of the second application. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the predefined animation function includes a secondary function corresponding to one of:
 a soft stop function, 
 a hard stop function, 
 a rebound function, 
 a pull proportional function, and 
 a magnet function. 
 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 2 , wherein the secondary function is applicable when one of the one or more initialization values falls within a corresponding range. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 2 , wherein the predefined animation function includes a combination of a primary function and the secondary function. 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 4 , wherein the secondary function is modified during the series of successive times for one or both of the first application or the second application. 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising repeating updating the state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of one or both of the first application or the second application until a respective initialization value from the first set or second set of one or more initialization values corresponds to a respective final value. 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1 , wherein
 one or both of the first triggering event or the second triggering event include an event corresponding to a lift-off of at least one user-touch off the touch-sensitive surface. 
 
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 1 , wherein updating the state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of one or both of the first application or the second application includes updating a parameter, other than a position or movement parameter, of at least one of the one or more user interface objects of one or both of the first application or the second application in accordance with the updated state of at least one of the one or more user interface objects of one or both of the first application or the second application. 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 1 , wherein updating the state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of one or both of the first application or the second application includes updating a transparency of at least one of the one or more user interface objects of one or both of the first application or the second application in accordance with the updated state of at least one of the one or more user interface objects of one or both of the first application or the second application. 
     
     
       10. The method of  claim 9 , further comprising:
 adjusting a user interface object parameter other than a position or movement parameter in accordance with an initialization value from one of the first set or second set of one or more initialization values. 
 
     
     
       11. The method of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the electronic device includes one or more speakers; and 
 the method further comprises adjusting a volume of at least one of the one or more speakers in accordance with an initialization value from one of the first set or second set of one or more initialization values. 
 
     
     
       12. An electronic device, comprising:
 a display; 
 one or more processors; and 
 memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: 
 detecting a first triggering event in a first application, wherein the first triggering event corresponds to gestural input of a first contact on the touch-sensitive surface while a user interface of the first application is displayed on the display; 
 in response to detecting the first triggering event:
 generating a first set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the first contact; 
 generating a first animation in the first application based on the first set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the first contact and a predefined animation function, wherein the predefined animation function is defined independently of the first application and generating the animation includes, at each of a series of successive times, 
 updating a state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of the first application in accordance with the first set of one or more initialization values and the predefined animation function that is defined independently of the first application; and 
 
 after generating the first animation, detecting a second triggering event in a second application that is different from the first application, wherein the second triggering event corresponds to gestural input of a second contact on the touch-sensitive surface while a user interface of the second application is displayed on the display; and 
 in response to detecting the second triggering event:
 generating a second set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the second contact; and 
 generating a second animation in the second application based on the second set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the second contact and the predefined animation function, wherein the predefined animation function is defined independently of the second application and generating the animation includes, at each of a series of successive times, updating a state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of the second application in accordance with the second set of one or more initialization values and the predefined animation function that is defined independently of the second application. 
 
 
     
     
       13. The device of  claim 12 , wherein the predefined animation function includes a secondary function corresponding to one of:
 a soft stop function, 
 a hard stop function, 
 a rebound function, 
 a pull proportional function, and 
 a magnet function. 
 
     
     
       14. The device of  claim 13 , wherein the secondary function is applicable when one of the one or more initialization values falls within a corresponding range. 
     
     
       15. The device of  claim 13 , wherein the predefined animation function includes a combination of a primary function and the secondary function. 
     
     
       16. The device of  claim 15 , wherein the secondary function is modified during the series of successive times for one or both of the first application or the second application. 
     
     
       17. The device of  claim 12 , wherein updating the state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of one or both of the first application or the second application include instructions for updating a transparency of at least one of the one or more user interface objects of one or both of the first application or the second application in accordance with the updated state of at least one of the one or more user interface objects of one or both of the first application or the second application. 
     
     
       18. The device of  claim 12 , wherein:
 the electronic device includes one or more speakers; and 
 the method further comprises adjusting a volume of at least one of the one or more speakers in accordance with an initialization value from one of the first set or second set of one or more initialization values. 
 
     
     
       19. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium, storing one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device with a display, the one or more programs including instructions for: 
       detecting a first triggering event in a first application, wherein the first triggering event corresponds to gestural input of a first contact on the touch-sensitive surface while a user interface of the first application is displayed on the display;
 in response to detecting the first triggering event:
 generating a first set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the first contact; 
 generating a first animation in the first application based on the first set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the first contact and a predefined animation function, wherein the predefined animation function is defined independently of the first application and generating the animation includes, at each of a series of successive times, 
 updating a state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of the first application in accordance with the first set of one or more initialization values and the predefined animation function that is defined independently of the first application; and 
 
 after generating the first animation, detecting a second triggering event in a second application that is different from the first application, wherein the second triggering event corresponds to gestural input of a second contact on the touch-sensitive surface while a user interface of the second application is displayed on the display; and 
 in response to detecting the second triggering event:
 generating a second set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the second contact; and 
 generating a second animation in the second application based on the second set of one or more initialization values corresponding to the gestural input of the second contact and the predefined animation function, wherein the predefined animation function is defined independently of the second application and generating the animation includes, at each of a series of successive times, updating a state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of the second application in accordance with the second set of one or more initialization values and the predefined animation function that is defined independently of the second application. 
 
 
     
     
       20. The computer readable storage medium of  claim 19 , wherein the predefined animation function includes a secondary function corresponding to one of:
 a soft stop function, 
 a hard stop function, 
 a rebound function, 
 a pull proportional function, and 
 a magnet function. 
 
     
     
       21. The computer readable storage medium of  claim 20 , wherein the secondary function is applicable when one of the one or more initialization values falls within a corresponding range. 
     
     
       22. The computer readable storage medium of  claim 20 , wherein the predefined animation function includes a combination of a primary function and the secondary function. 
     
     
       23. The computer readable storage medium of  claim 22 , wherein the secondary function is modified during the series of successive times for one or both of the first application or the second application. 
     
     
       24. The computer readable storage medium of  claim 19 , wherein updating the state of one or more user interface objects in the user interface of one or both of the first application or the second application include instructions for updating a transparency of at least one of the one or more user interface objects of one or both of the first application or the second application in accordance with the updated state of at least one of the one or more user interface objects of one or both of the first application or the second application. 
     
     
       25. The computer readable storage medium of  claim 19 , wherein:
 the electronic device includes one or more speakers; and 
 the method further comprises adjusting a volume of at least one of the one or more speakers in accordance with an initialization value from one of the first set or second set of one or more initialization values.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/493,493, filed Jun. 5, 2011, entitled “Device and Method for Dynamically Rendering an Animation,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This relates generally to electronic devices with displays, including but not limited to electronic devices that are configured to dynamically render animations. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The use of touch-sensitive surfaces as input devices for computers and other electronic computing devices has increased significantly in recent years. Exemplary touch-sensitive surfaces include touch pads and touch screen displays. Such surfaces are widely used to manipulate user interface objects on displays. For example, many software applications are designed to move user interface objects in response to touch inputs. 
     But in developing software applications, existing methods for handling animations of user interface objects in response touch inputs are cumbersome and inefficient. For example, coding a set of instructions to handle animations of user interface objects in response to touch inputs (e.g., moving user interface objects in response to the touch inputs) may take longer than necessary. In addition, adding the set of instructions to every application configured to handle inputs on touch-sensitive surfaces may require memory larger than necessary. 
     SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, there is a need for electronic devices with faster and more efficient methods for rendering an animation of one or more user interface objects in accordance with inputs on touch-sensitive surfaces. Such methods and devices may complement or replace conventional methods and devices for rendering animations of user interface objects. 
     The above deficiencies and other problems associated with user interfaces for electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces are reduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices. In some embodiments, the device is a desktop computer. In some embodiments, the device is portable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handheld device). In some embodiments, the device has a touchpad. In some embodiments, the device has a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or “touch screen display”). In some embodiments, the device has a graphical user interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or more modules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory for performing multiple functions. In some embodiments, the user interacts with the GUI primarily through finger contacts and gestures on the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the functions may include image editing, drawing, presenting, word processing, website creating, disk authoring, spreadsheet making, game playing, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging, workout support, digital photographing, digital videoing, web browsing, digital music playing, and/or digital video playing. Executable instructions for performing these functions may be included in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display, one or more processors, and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors. The one or more programs include one or more applications and an application service module. The application service module includes instructions for, in response to receiving a triggering event from a respective application of the one or more applications, initializing an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The application service module includes instructions for, at each of a series of successive times: updating the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function; and rendering on the display a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium stores one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device with a display. The one or more programs include one or more applications and an application service module. The application service module includes instructions for, in response to receiving a triggering event from a respective application of the one or more applications, initializing an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The one or more programs include instructions for, at each of a series of successive times: updating the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function; and rendering on the display a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display, memory storing one or more programs including one or more applications and an application service module, and one or more processors for executing at least a subset of the one or more programs. The method includes, in response to receiving a triggering event from a respective application of the one or more applications, initializing an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event, at the application service module of the electronic device. The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The method also includes, at each of a series of successive times: updating the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function; and rendering on the display a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit, a processing unit coupled to the display unit, and an application service module unit coupled to the display unit and the processing unit. The application service module unit is configured to, in response to receiving a triggering event from a respective application, initialize an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The application service module unit is also configured to, at each of a series of successive times: update the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function, and render on the display unit a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors. The one or more programs include one or more applications and an application service module. The application service module includes one or more instructions for, in response to receiving a triggering event from a respective application of the one or more applications, initializing one or more animation objects, each animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. Each animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The application service module further includes one or more instructions for, at each of a series of successive times: updating each animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function; and rendering on the display a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from at least one of the one or more animation objects. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display; an application service module; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors. The one or more programs include one or more applications. The application service module is configured to, in response to receiving a triggering event from a respective application of the one or more applications, initialize an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The application service module is further configured to, at each of a series of successive times: update the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function; and render on the display a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an application service module (e.g., in a graphics processing unit or chipset) for use with an electronic device includes one or more semiconductor devices (e.g., transistors); and one or more electrical interfaces. The application service module is configured to receive a triggering event through the one or more electrical interfaces. The triggering event is from a respective application stored in memory of the electronic device. The application service module is configured to, in response to receiving the triggering event, initialize an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The application service module is configured to, at each of a series of successive times: update the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function using the one or more semiconductor devices; and render on a display of the electronic device a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium stores one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device with a display and an application service module. The one or more programs include instructions for providing a triggering event to the application service module. The application service module is configured to respond to the triggering event by initializing an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The application service module is configured to, at each of a series of successive times: update the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function; and render on the display a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium stores one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device with a display. The one or more programs include one or more applications and an application service module. The one or more applications include instructions for providing a triggering event to the application service module. The application service module is configured to respond to the triggering event by initializing an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The application service module is further configured to, at each of a series of successive times: update the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function; and render on the display a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed by an electronic device having a display, one or more processors and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors. The method includes, in response to a triggering event, initializing an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The method also includes, at each of a series of successive times: updating the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function. The predefined animation function includes a combination of a primary function of an initial velocity and a deceleration rate and one or more secondary functions. The method further includes updating a state of one or more user interface objects, where each updated user interface object is updated in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. The method includes rendering on the display a user interface in accordance with the updated state of the one or more user interface objects. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes one or more processors, and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors. The one or more programs include instructions for, in response to a triggering event, initializing an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The one or more programs include instructions for, at each of a series of successive times: updating the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function. The predefined animation function includes a combination of a primary function of an initial velocity and a deceleration rate and one or more secondary functions. The one or more programs also include instructions for updating a state of one or more user interface objects, where each updated user interface object is updated in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. The one or more programs further include instructions for rendering on the display a user interface in accordance with the updated state of the one or more user interface objects. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium stores one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device. The one or more programs include instructions for, in response to a triggering event, initializing an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The one or more programs include instructions for, at each of a series of successive times: updating the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function. The predefined animation function includes a combination of a primary function of an initial velocity and a deceleration rate and one or more secondary functions. The one or more programs also include instructions for updating a state of one or more user interface objects, where each updated user interface object is updated in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. The one or more programs further include instructions for rendering on the display a user interface in accordance with the updated state of the one or more user interface objects. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit and a processing unit coupled to the display unit. The processing unit is configured to, in response to a triggering event, initialize an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The processing unit is also configured to, at each of a series of successive times, update the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function, update a state of one or more user interface objects, and render on the display unit a user interface in accordance with the updated state of the one or more user interface objects. The predefined animation function includes a combination of a primary function of an initial velocity and a deceleration rate and one or more secondary functions. Each updated user interface object is updated in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display and means for performing any of the methods described above. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus for use in an electronic device with a display includes means for performing any of the methods described above. 
     Thus, electronic devices with are provided with faster, more efficient methods for handling inputs on touch-sensitive surfaces, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices. Such methods may complement or replace conventional methods for handling inputs on touch-sensitive surfaces. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a better understanding of the aforementioned embodiments of the invention as well as additional embodiments thereof, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures. 
         FIG. 1A  is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 1B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an exemplary electronic device with a display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary architecture of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 4A-4G  illustrate exemplary user interfaces that include dynamically rendered animation in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram illustrating a method of rendering a user interface with an application service module in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 6A-6B  are flow diagrams illustrating a method of rendering a user interface based on a state of user interface objects in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Many electronic devices have graphical user interfaces that respond to touch inputs. Various operations of such devices require receiving touch inputs, and rendering the graphical user interfaces in accordance with the received touch inputs, for example by performing an animation of a user interface object in response to a received touch input. However, implementing separate instructions for handling respective touch inputs can be inefficient and time-consuming. In the embodiments described below, an improved method for handling touch inputs is achieved by implementing a common set of instructions for handling predefined touch inputs separately from various applications. By handling the predefined touch inputs separately, applications need not include instructions for handling the predefined touch inputs. As a result, the applications are easier to develop, more compact to store, and more efficient to execute. With electronic devices with multiple processors (or multi-threaded or multi-core processors), handling the predefined touch inputs separately from the applications may better utilize the multiple processors, thereby improving the speed and efficiency of such electronic devices. 
     Below,  FIGS. 1A-1B ,  2 , and  3  provide a description of exemplary devices.  FIGS. 4A-4G  illustrate exemplary user interfaces that include dynamically rendered animation.  FIG. 5  is a flow diagram illustrating a method of rendering a user interface with an application service module.  FIGS. 6A-6B  are flow diagrams illustrating a method of rendering a user interface in accordance with a state of user interface objects. The user interfaces in  FIGS. 4A-4G  are used to illustrate the processes illustrated by the flow diagrams in FIGS.  5  and  6 A- 6 B. 
     Exemplary Devices 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments. 
     It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first location could be termed a second location, and, similarly, a second location could be termed a first location, without changing the meaning of the description, so long as all occurrences of the first location are renamed consistently and all occurrences of the second location are renamed consistently. The first location and the second location are both locations, but they are not the same location. 
     The terminology used in the description of the embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the claims. As used in the description of the embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touch pads), may also be used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touch pad). 
     In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device may include one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick. 
     The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that may be executed on the device may use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device may be adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device may support the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user. 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.  FIG. 1A  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  100  with touch-sensitive displays  112  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display  112  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and may also be known as or called a touch-sensitive display system. Device  100  may include memory  102  (which may include one or more non-transitory computer readable storage mediums), memory controller  122 , one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  120 , peripherals interface  118 , RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , input/output (I/O) subsystem  106 , other input or control devices  116 , and external port  124 . Device  100  may include one or more optical sensors  164 . These components may communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  103 . 
     It should be appreciated that device  100  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  100  may have more or fewer components than shown, may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG. 1A  may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  102  may include high-speed random access memory and may also include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory  102  by other components of device  100 , such as CPU  120  and the peripherals interface  118 , may be controlled by memory controller  122 . 
     Peripherals interface  118  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU  120  and memory  102 . The one or more processors  120  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  102  to perform various functions for device  100  and to process data. 
     In some embodiments, peripherals interface  118 , CPU  120 , and memory controller  122  may be implemented on a single chip, such as chip  104 . In some other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  108  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  may include well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry  108  may communicate with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wireless communication may use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , and microphone  113  provide an audio interface between a user and device  100 . Audio circuitry  110  receives audio data from peripherals interface  118 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  111 . Speaker  111  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  113  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  118  for processing. Audio data may be retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  102  and/or RF circuitry  108  by peripherals interface  118 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  110  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  212 ,  FIG. 2 ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  110  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     I/O subsystem  106  couples input/output peripherals on device  100 , such as touch screen  112  and other input control devices  116 , to peripherals interface  118 . I/O subsystem  106  may include display controller  156  and one or more input controllers  160  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  160  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices  116 . The other input control devices  116  may include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  160  may be coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  208 ,  FIG. 2 ) may include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  111  and/or microphone  113 . The one or more buttons may include a push button (e.g.,  206 ,  FIG. 2 ). 
     Touch-sensitive display  112  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  156  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen  112 . Touch screen  112  displays visual output to the user. The visual output may include graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output may correspond to user-interface objects. 
     Touch screen  112  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen  112  and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen  112  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     Touch screen  112  may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  may detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     Touch screen  112  may have a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user may make contact with touch screen  112  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  100  may include a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad may be a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen  112  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  100  also includes power system  162  for powering the various components. Power system  162  may include a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more optical sensors  164 .  FIG. 1A  shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller  158  in I/O subsystem  106 . Optical sensor  164  may include charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor  164  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), optical sensor  164  may capture still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112  on the front of the device, so that the touch screen display may be used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image may be obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more proximity sensors  166 .  FIG. 1A  shows proximity sensor  166  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, proximity sensor  166  may be coupled to input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen  112  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  100  may also include one or more accelerometers  168 .  FIG. 1A  shows accelerometer  168  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, accelerometer  168  may be coupled to an input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device  100  optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s)  168 , a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  102  include operating system  126 , communication module (or set of instructions)  128 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  130 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  132 , text input module (or set of instructions)  134 , application service module (or set of instructions)  135 , and applications (or sets of instructions)  136 . Furthermore, in some embodiments memory  102  stores device/global internal state  157 , as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 3 . Device/global internal state  157  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display  112 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and input control devices  116 ; and location information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  126  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  128  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  124  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  108  and/or external port  124 . External port  124  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the 30-pin connector used on iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices. 
     Contact/motion module  130  may detect contact with touch screen  112  (in conjunction with display controller  156 ) and other touch sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  130  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  130  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, may include determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations may be applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  and display controller  156  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     Contact/motion module  130  may detect a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns. Thus, a gesture may be detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event. 
     Graphics module  132  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen  112  or other display, including components for changing the intensity of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  132  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic may be assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  132  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  156 . 
     Text input module  134 , which may be a component of graphics module  132 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  137 , e-mail  140 , IM  141 , browser  147 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     Application service module  135 , which may be a component of operating system  126  or graphics module  132 , provides various services to one or more applications stored in memory  102  (e.g., contacts module  137 , email client module  140 , instant messaging module  141 , image management module  144 , notes module  153 , browser module  147 , calendar module  148 , etc.). For example, application service module  135  is configured to provide a comprehensive framework for handling various events (e.g., touch events) so that each application does not need to handle events (e.g., touch inputs) that would be otherwise handled by respective applications in similar manners. 
     In implementations that include a GPS module, the GPS module (not shown) determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone module  138  for use in location-based dialing, to camera module  143  as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Applications  136  may include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         contacts module  137  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   telephone module  138 ;   video conferencing module  139 ;   e-mail client module  140 ;   instant messaging (IM) module  141 ;   workout support module  142 ;   camera module  143  for still and/or video images;   image management module  144 ;   browser module  147 ;   calendar module  148 ;   widget modules  149 , which may include one or more of: weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , dictionary widget  149 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   widget creator module  150  for making user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   search module  151 ;   video and music player module  152 , which may be made up of a video player module and a music player module;   notes module  153 ;   map module  154 ; and/or   online video module  155 .       

     Examples of other applications  136  that may be stored in memory  102  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  102  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  100  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  100 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  100  may be reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that may be performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  100  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that may be displayed on device  100 . In such embodiments, the touchpad may be referred to as a “menu button.” In some other embodiments, the menu button may be a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
       FIG. 1B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  (in  FIG. 1A ) or  270  ( FIG. 2 ) includes event sorter  170  (e.g., in operating system  126 ) and a respective application  136 - 1  (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications  137 - 151 ,  155 , or any of applications  280 - 290 ). 
     Event sorter  170  receives event information and determines the application  136 - 1  and application view  191  of application  136 - 1  to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter  170  includes event monitor  171  and event dispatcher module  174 . In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes application internal state  192 , which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch sensitive display  112  when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state  157  is used by event sorter  170  to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state  192  is used by event sorter  170  to determine application views  191  to which to deliver event information. 
     In some embodiments, application internal state  192  includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application  136 - 1  resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application  136 - 1 , a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application  136 - 1 , and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user. 
     Event monitor  171  receives event information from peripherals interface  118 . Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display  112 , as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface  118  transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem  106  or a sensor, such as proximity sensor  166 , accelerometer(s)  168 , and/or microphone  113  (through audio circuitry  110 ). Information that peripherals interface  118  receives from I/O subsystem  106  includes information from touch-sensitive display  112  or a touch-sensitive surface. 
     In some embodiments, event monitor  171  sends requests to the peripherals interface  118  at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface  118  transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripheral interface  118  transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration). 
     In some embodiments, event sorter  170  also includes a hit view determination module  172  and/or an active event recognizer determination module  173 . 
     Hit view determination module  172  provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views, when touch sensitive display  112  displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display. 
     Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected may correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected may be called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs may be determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture. 
     Hit view determination module  172  receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module  172  identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (i.e., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view. 
     Active event recognizer determination module  173  determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views. 
     Event dispatcher module  174  dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer  180 ). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module  173 , event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module  173 . In some embodiments, event dispatcher module  174  stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module  182 . 
     In some embodiments, operating system  126  includes event sorter  170 . Alternatively, application  136 - 1  includes event sorter  170 . In yet other embodiments, event sorter  170  is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory  102 , such as contact/motion module  130 . 
     In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes a plurality of event handlers  190  and one or more application views  191 , each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application&#39;s user interface. Each application view  191  of the application  136 - 1  includes one or more event recognizers  180 . Typically, a respective application view  191  includes a plurality of event recognizers  180 . In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers  180  are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application  136 - 1  inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler  190  includes one or more of: data updater  176 , object updater  177 , GUI updater  178 , and/or event data  179  received from event sorter  170 . Event handler  190  may utilize or call data updater  176 , object updater  177  or GUI updater  178  to update the application internal state  192 . Alternatively, one or more of the application views  191  includes one or more respective event handlers  190 . Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a respective application view  191 . 
     A respective event recognizer  180  receives event information (e.g., event data  179 ) from event sorter  170 , and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer  180  includes event receiver  182  and event comparator  184 . In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  also includes at least a subset of: metadata  183 , and event delivery instructions  188  (which may include sub-event delivery instructions). 
     Event receiver  182  receives event information from event sorter  170 . The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch the event information may also include speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device. 
     Event comparator  184  compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  includes event definitions  186 . Event definitions  186  contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event  1  ( 187 - 1 ), event  2  ( 187 - 2 ), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event  187  include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event  1  ( 187 - 1 ) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event  2  ( 187 - 2 ) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display  112 , and lift-off of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers  190 . 
     In some embodiments, event definition  187  includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display  112 , when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display  112 , event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler  190 , the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler  190  should be activated. For example, event comparator  184  selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test. 
     In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event  187  also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer&#39;s event type. 
     When a respective event recognizer  180  determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions  186 , the respective event recognizer  180  enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  includes metadata  183  with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers may interact with one another. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  activates event handler  190  associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  delivers event information associated with the event to event handler  190 . Activating an event handler  190  is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler  190  associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process. 
     In some embodiments, event delivery instructions  188  include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process. 
     In some embodiments, data updater  176  creates and updates data used in application  136 - 1 . For example, data updater  176  updates the telephone number used in contacts module  137 , or stores a video file used in video player module  145 . In some embodiments, object updater  177  creates and updates objects used in application  136 - 1 . For example, object updater  176  creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater  178  updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater  178  prepares display information and sends it to graphics module  132  for display on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In some embodiments, event handler(s)  190  includes or has access to data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178 . In some embodiments, data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a single module of a respective application  136 - 1  or application view  191 . In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules. 
     It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices  100  with input-devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens, e.g., coordinating mouse movement and mouse button presses with or without single or multiple keyboard presses or holds, user movements taps, drags, scrolls, etc., on touch-pads, pen stylus inputs, movement of the device, oral instructions, detected eye movements, biometric inputs, and/or any combination thereof, which may be utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device  200  need not be portable. In some embodiments, device  200  is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child&#39;s learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device  200  typically includes one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  210 , one or more network or other communications interfaces  260 , memory  270 , and one or more communication buses  220  for interconnecting these components. Communication buses  220  may include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device  200  includes input/output (I/O) interface  230  that includes display  240 , which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface  230  also may include a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)  250  and touchpad  255 . Memory  270  includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices; and may include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory  270  optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s)  210 . In some embodiments, memory  270  or a non-transitory computer readable storage medium of memory  270  stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1A ), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory  270  or the non-transitory computer readable storage medium of memory  270  optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100 . For example, memory  270  of device  200  may store drawing module  280 , presentation module  282 , word processing module  284 , website creation module  286 , disk authoring module  288 , and/or spreadsheet module  290 , while memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1A ) may not store these modules. 
     Each of the above identified elements in  FIG. 2  may be stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above identified modules or programs (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  270  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  270  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary architecture of an electronic device (e.g., device  100 ,  FIG. 1A  or device  200 ,  FIG. 2 ) in accordance with some embodiments. The architecture shown in  FIG. 3  includes a plurality of layers ( 136  and  304 - 312 ). 
     Electronic circuitry  312  of the device is at the base layer of the architecture. Electronic circuitry  312  includes various hardware components, such as the hardware components depicted in  FIG. 1A  (e.g., processor(s)  120 ). All the other layers ( 136  and  304 - 310 ) of the architecture may be implemented as hardware components, software procedures, or a combination thereof that process inputs received from electronic circuitry  312  and generate various outputs that are cascaded through the layers and ultimately presented through a physical user interface (e.g., one or more of a display, speakers, device vibration actuator, etc.). 
     A driver or a set of drivers  310  communicates with electronic circuitry  312 . Drivers  310  are configured to receive and process input data received from electronic circuitry  312 . Core Operating System (“core OS”)  308  is configured to communicate with driver(s)  310 . Core OS  308  is typically configured to process raw input data received from driver(s)  310 . In some cases, drivers  310  are considered to be a part of core OS  308 . The architecture also includes non-core OS  305  which includes various components of the operating system that are not included in any other layer. 
     A set of OS application programming interfaces (“OS APIs”)  306  may be implemented as software procedures that communicate with core OS  308 . In some embodiments, OS APIs  306  are included in the device&#39;s operating system, but at a level above core OS  308 . OS APIs  306  are designed for use by applications running on the electronic devices or apparatuses discussed herein. Application and User interface (UI) APIs  304  may be configured to utilize OS APIs  306 . When application software (“applications”)  136  running on the device utilizes UI APIs  304  in order to present data or graphics to the user, UI APIs  304  may, in turn, communicate with lower level elements, ultimately communicating with various user interface devices, e.g., touch-sensitive display  112 . 
     While each layer in the architecture may utilize the layer underneath it, that is not always required. For example, in some embodiments, one or more of applications  136  can occasionally communicate with OS APIs  306 , core OS  308 , and/or one or more driver(s)  310 . However, layers at or above OS API layer  306  generally do not access core OS  308 , driver(s)  310 , or hardware  312  directly for system security and stability purposes. Instead, applications  136  and UI API  304  typically send calls to OS API  306 , which in turn, accesses the layers core OS  308 , driver(s)  310 , and electronic circuitry  312 . 
     Respective components and modules shown in  FIGS. 1A and 2  may be implemented as part of one or more layers shown in  FIG. 3 . For example, speaker  111  ( FIG. 1A ) and touch-sensitive display system  112  are implemented as part of electronic circuitry  312 . Contact/motion module  130  may be implemented as part of driver(s)  310  and/or core OS  308 . Various components of operating system  126  may be implemented as part of core OS  308 , non-core OS  305 , OS API  306 , UI API  304 , and/or driver(s)  310 . Application service module  135  may be implemented as part of electronic circuitry  312  (e.g., as part of a chipset or graphics processing unit), core OS  308 , non-core OS, OS API  306 , and/or UI API  304 . However, application service module  135  is typically included in UI API  304 . 
     User Interfaces and Associated Processes 
     Attention is now directed towards exemplary user interfaces (“UI”) and associated processes that may be implemented on an electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, such as device  200  or portable multifunction device  100 . 
       FIGS. 4A-4G  illustrate exemplary user interfaces that include dynamically rendered animation in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes depicted by the flow diagrams in FIGS.  5  and  6 A- 6 B. The user interfaces in  FIGS. 4A-4G  may be rendered on a touch-sensitive display (e.g.,  112 ,  FIG. 1A ) or a display (e.g.,  240 ,  FIG. 2 ) separate from a touch-sensitive surface. It should be noted that the user interfaces in  FIGS. 4A-4G  are not drawn to scale. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates a user interface of multifunction device  100  that includes user interface object  402 . Depicted below multifunction device  100  is velocity profile  406 -A, which is illustrated as a function of distance x (corresponding to an animation value) between an original position and a respective position of user interface object  402 . In some embodiments, the user interface displays an animation of user interface object  402  moving along path  404  in accordance with velocity profile  406 -A. In the animation described in  FIG. 4A , user interface object  402  starts to move at an initial velocity v 0 , and decelerates at a deceleration rate until user interface object  402  stops movement when its velocity becomes zero (e.g., at a location that corresponds to line  408 ). As used herein with respect to a velocity profile, the term “simple” is characterized by a monotonic decrease in the velocity of a user interface object. In some embodiments, a simple function (or a simple velocity decrease function) that corresponds to a monotonic decrease in the velocity of a user interface object is used to implement velocity profile  406 -A. 
     In  FIG. 4B , the user interface of device  100  displays an animation of user interface object  402  moving along path  404  in accordance with velocity profile  406 -B. In the animation, user interface object  402  starts to move at an initial velocity and decelerates at a predefined deceleration rate until the velocity of user interface object  402  immediately changes to zero (e.g., at a location on path  404  that corresponds to line  410 ). As used herein with respect to a velocity profile, the term “hard stop” is characterized by an immediate change of the velocity of the user interface object to zero. In some embodiments, a function (called a hard stop function) that sets the velocity of a user interface object to zero at a predefined location is used to implement at least a portion of velocity profile  406 -B. 
       FIG. 4C  illustrates a user interface that displays an animation of user interface object  402  moving along path  404  in accordance with velocity profile  406 -C. In the animation, user interface object  402  starts to move at an initial velocity while decelerating at a first deceleration rate until the deceleration rate changes to a second deceleration rate. The second deceleration rate is distinct from the first deceleration rate. In  FIG. 4C , the deceleration rate of user interface object  402  increases (i.e., user interface object  402  decelerates more rapidly) at a location on path  404  that corresponds to line  412 , and user interface object  402  continues to move until its velocity reaches zero. As used herein with respect to a velocity profile, the term “soft stop” is characterized by a change of a deceleration rate of a user interface object (e.g., an increased deceleration rate). In some embodiments, a function (called a soft stop function) that changes the deceleration rate of a user interface object at a predefined location, or when the location of the user interface object falls within a specified range, is used to implement at least a portion of velocity profile  406 -C. 
     In  FIG. 4D , the user interface of device  100  displays an animation of user interface object  402  moving along path  404  in accordance with velocity profile  406 -D followed by moving along path  414  in accordance with velocity profile  407 . When user interface object  402  reaches a location on path  404  that corresponds to line  416 , at least one velocity component (e.g., a velocity component for a horizontal direction) of user interface object  402  reverses its direction. Absolute velocity values are used to illustrate velocity profiles  406 -D and  407  in  FIG. 4D . In some embodiments, a first velocity in profile  406 -D and a second velocity in profile  407  have different plus/minus signs (e.g., the first velocity in profile  406  may be represented by a positive number, and the second velocity in profile  407  may be represented by a negative number). As used herein with respect to a velocity profile, the term “rebound” is characterized by a change of a direction of a user interface object (typically a reversal of at least one directional component of its movement, such as horizontal movement or vertical movement). In some embodiments, a function (called a rebound function) that changes the direction of a user interface object at a predefined location is used to implement velocity profiles  406 -D and  407  associated with the change of direction from path  404  to path  414 . 
       FIG. 4E  illustrates a user interface that displays an animation of user interface object  402  moving along path  404  in accordance with velocity profile  406 -D. In the animation, user interface object  402  starts to move at an initial velocity while decelerating at a first deceleration rate until user interface object  402  reaches a first location on path  404  corresponding to line  418 . At the first location on path  404  corresponding to line  418 , the deceleration rate of user interface object  402  changes to a second deceleration rate. The term “deceleration rate” is used herein to refer to a rate at which the velocity of a user interface object changes, regardless of whether the user interface object accelerates or decelerates (e.g., a deceleration rate may be represented by a negative number, which effectively indicates that the user interface object is accelerating). For example, the deceleration rate of user interface object  402  changes to the second deceleration rate at the first location on path  404  corresponding to line  418  so that the velocity of user interface object  402  increases (i.e., user interface object  402  accelerates) between the first location on path  404  corresponding to line  418  and a second location on path  404  corresponding to line  420 . Between the second location on path  404  corresponding to line  420  and a third location on path  404  corresponding to line  422 , the deceleration rate of user interface object  402  changes to a third deceleration rate and the velocity of user interface object  402  decreases (i.e., user interface object  402  decelerates). The second deceleration rate and the third deceleration typically have opposite plus/minus signs (e.g., when the user interface object accelerates with the second deceleration rate, the user interface object decelerates with the third deceleration rate, and vice versa). At the third location on path  404  corresponding to line  422 , the deceleration rate of user interface object  402  changes either to the first deceleration rate or a fourth deceleration rate that is distinct from the first deceleration rate. These operations present an animation where user interface object  402  is perceived as attracted toward the location on path  404  corresponding to line  420 . Alternatively, the user interface may display an animation where user interface object  402  is perceived as repelled from the location on path  404  corresponding to line  420  (e.g., user interface object  402  may decelerate between the first location on path  404  corresponding to line  418  and the second location on path  404  corresponding to line  420 , and accelerate between the second location on path  404  corresponding to line  420  and the third location on path  404  corresponding to line  422 ). As used herein with respect to a velocity profile, the term “magnet” is characterized by the series of changes in the deceleration rate (including two deceleration rates of different plus/minus signs). In some embodiments, a function (called a magnet function) that changes the deceleration in accordance with a series of deceleration (and acceleration) rates is used to implement at least a portion of velocity profile  406 -D. In some implementations, the magnet function is operative within a range of locations specified by the application in which the user interface objects form part of the user interface. 
     In  FIG. 4F , the user interface of device  100  displays an animation of user interface object  402  moving along path  424  in accordance with velocity profile  406 -F. Prior to displaying the animation, user interface object  402  moves in accordance with touch inputs. For example, a finger contact on touch screen  112  at a location that corresponds to user interface object  402  moves across touch screen  112 , dragging user interface object  402  away from its original position adjacent to line  426  by distance d. In response to detecting a lift-off of the finger contact off touch screen  112 , user interface object  402  starts to move at an initial velocity v 1  that is determined in accordance with the distance d (e.g., the initial velocity v 1  may have a value proportional to the distance d, often up to a predefined maximum velocity), and user interface object  402  decelerates until it stops movement when its velocity becomes zero. In some embodiments, the deceleration rate is selected such that user interface object  402  returns to its original position without overshooting (e.g., the velocity of user interface object  402  reaches zero at the original position of user interface object  402 ). As used herein with respect to a velocity profile, the term “pull proportional” is characterized by an initial velocity of a pulled user interface object that depends on the distance of the pulled user interface object from its original position. In some embodiments, a function (called a pull proportional function) that sets the initial velocity in accordance with the distance of a user interface object from its original position implements at least a portion of velocity profile  406 -F. 
       FIG. 4G  illustrates a user interface of an application that displays an animation of user interface object  402  moving along path  404  in accordance with velocity profile  406 -G. In the animation, user interface object  402  starts to move at an initial velocity and decelerates at a first deceleration rate until user interface object  402  reaches a first location on path  404  corresponding to line  428 . Between the first location on path  404  corresponding to line  428  and a second location on path  404  corresponding to line  430 , the deceleration rate of user interface object  402  changes in such ways as to create a visual effect of an invisible magnet attracting user interface object  402 . Between the second location on path  404  corresponding to line  430  and a third location on path  404  corresponding to line  432 , the deceleration rate of user interface object  402  returns to the first deceleration rate. When user interface object  402  reaches the third location on path  404  corresponding to line  432 , the deceleration rate of user interface object  402  changes to a second deceleration rate (typically higher than the first deceleration rate so that the velocity of user interface object  402  decreases more rapidly). From the third location on path  404  corresponding to line  432 , user interface object  402  continues to move until its velocity reaches zero. In some embodiments, velocity profile  406 -G is implemented by using a combination of a simple function, a magnet function, and a soft stop function. In some implementations, the application that includes the user interface object  402  specifies a first range of locations in which the magnet function is operative, and a second range of locations in which the soft stop function is operative. 
     It should be noted that any deceleration rate described with respect to  FIGS. 4A-4G  may be a variable deceleration rate. In particular, any deceleration rate of a user interface object described with respect to  FIGS. 4A-4G  may include a function of time (e.g., the deceleration rate decreases or increases over time) and/or the location of the user interface object (e.g., the deceleration rate decreases or increases as the user interface object moves further away from a reference position, such as its original position). 
     Although each movement of user interface object  402  in  FIGS. 4A-4G  has been described with respect to a single velocity profile, in some embodiments, each movement of user interface object  402  may be represented by a plurality of velocity profiles. For example, a diagonal movement of user interface object  402  (e.g., along path  404 ) may be represented by both a first velocity profile that corresponds to a velocity component along a first axis (e.g., a horizontal axis) and a second velocity profile that corresponds to a velocity component along a second axis (e.g., a vertical axis) that is distinct from the first axis. 
       FIG. 5  is a flow diagram illustrating method  500  of rendering a user interface with an application service module in accordance with some embodiments. Method  500  is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device  200 ,  FIG. 2 , or portable multifunction device  100 ,  FIG. 1A ) with a display. The electronic device includes memory that stores one or more programs including one or more applications and an application service module (e.g.,  135 ,  FIG. 1A ). The application service module is distinct from the one or more applications. In particular, the application service module is configured to provide one or more services to the one or more applications (e.g., handling certain rendering operations for the one or more programs). In some embodiments, the electronic device includes a touch-sensitive surface separate from the display. In some embodiments, the display of the electronic device includes the touch-sensitive surface (i.e., the display is a touch screen display). Some operations in method  500  may be combined and/or the order of some operations may be changed. 
     In response to receiving a triggering event from a respective application (e.g., image management module  144 ,  FIG. 1A ) of the one or more applications, the application service module of the device initializes ( 502 ) an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event (e.g., initial velocity, an acceleration/deceleration rate, a type of animation, and animation parameters). In one example, the velocity of the animation object is initialized in accordance with a liftoff velocity of a touch input, and the deceleration rate is initialed to a predefined default value. Exemplary types of animation include: simple, soft stop, hard stop, rebound, pull proportional, and magnet. The animation parameters may include the parameters describing the type of animation. For example, the animation parameters may include a reference location, or a reference range of locations for a soft stop, hard stop, rebound, pull proportional, and magnet. The animation parameters may also include one or more of: rebound parameters (e.g., elasticity), pull proportional parameters (e.g., a coefficient between pull distance d and initial velocity v 1 ,  FIG. 4F ), and magnet parameters (e.g., attract or repel, and the strength of attraction or repulsion). In some implementations, the animation object comprises an instance of a predefined animation software class. In some embodiments, the predefined animation software class defines members, such as one or more data elements (sometimes called properties or attributes) and one or more methods (sometimes called functions). 
     At each of a series of successive times (e.g., in accordance with a refresh rate of the display  112 , such as 60 Hz or 72 Hz, or at predefined intervals), the application service module of the device updates ( 504 ) the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function (e.g., the application service module updates one or more location values, such as horizontal and vertical location values; a rotation value; and/or a scale value). The application service module renders ( 506 ) on the display a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. For example, the application service module draws the one or more user interface objects on the user interface in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object (e.g., using graphics module  132  and/or display controller  156 ,  FIG. 1A ) so that the one or more user interface objects are displayed at updated locations, at respective angles corresponding to updated rotation values, and/or with updated scales. In some embodiments, the application service module of the device automatically updates the animation object without any input from the respective application and/or without calling any instruction in the respective application. 
     In some embodiments, the user interface comprises ( 508 ) a user interface of the respective application. In other words, in some embodiments, the application service module renders the user interface of the respective application. 
     In some embodiments, rendering the user interface includes ( 510 ) rendering an animation of the one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value. For example, the device repeats updating the animation object and rendering the user interface. As the respective animation value produced in accordance with the predefined animation function changes over time, at least one of the one or more user interface objects moves, rotates, and/or changes its size, thereby rendering an animation of the one or more user interface objects. 
     In some embodiments, the application service module of the device renders ( 512 ) the user interface without providing the respective animation value to the respective application. In other words, the application service module directly renders the user interface without involvement of the respective application. As a result, the respective application does not need to handle the rendering of the user interface in accordance with the respective animation value, thereby making the respective application easier to develop and faster to execute. 
     In some embodiments, the respective application is not configured ( 516 ) to receive the respective animation value. As explained above with respect to operation  512 , because the respective application does not handle the rendering of the user interface in accordance with the respective animation value, the respective application does not need to receive the respective animation value. By eliminating the instructions for receiving the respective animation value and rendering the user interface in accordance with the respective animation value, the respective application can become more compact to store, easier to develop, and faster to execute. 
     Alternatively, in some embodiments, at each of the series of successive times, the application service module of the device provides ( 514 ) the respective animation value from the animation object to the respective application, which updates a user interface of the respective application in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In some embodiments, the respective application includes ( 518 ) instructions for receiving the respective animation value from the animation object, and for updating the state (e.g., location, rotation angle, scale, transparency, etc.) of the one or more user interface objects. In some embodiments, the respective application includes instructions for rendering the user interface including the one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value. However, typically, instructions for rendering the user interface are located in the application service module or in another module of the operating system. 
     Although method  500  has been described above with respect to a single animation object, persons having ordinary skill in the art would recognize that method  500  can be applied to a plurality of animation objects in an analogous manner. For example, in some embodiments, in response to receiving a triggering event from a respective application of the one or more applications, the application service module initializes one or more animation objects, each animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. In one example, the velocity of a respective animation object is initialized in accordance with a liftoff velocity of a touch input. Each animation object comprises an instance of a predefined animation software class. The application service module, at each of a series of successive times: updates each animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function; and renders on the display a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from at least one of the one or more animation objects. 
     It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in  FIG. 5  have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein. Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to method  600  (e.g.,  FIGS. 6A-6B ) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method  500  described above with respect to  FIG. 5 . For example, the predefined animation function described above with reference to method  500  may have one or more of the characteristics of the secondary function described herein with reference to method  600 . For brevity, these details are not repeated here. 
       FIGS. 6A-6B  are flow diagrams illustrating method  600  of rendering a user interface based on a state of user interface objects in accordance with some embodiments. Method  600  is performed by (and at) an electronic device (e.g., device  200 ,  FIG. 2 , or portable multifunction device  100 ,  FIG. 1A ) with a display. In some embodiments, the electronic device includes a touch-sensitive surface separate from the display. In some embodiments, the display of the electronic device includes the touch-sensitive surface (i.e., the display is a touch screen display). Some operations in method  600  may be combined and/or the order of some operations may be changed. 
     In response to a triggering event, the device initializes ( 602 ) an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event. For example, the triggering event may be a software event generated by the one or more programs or a physical event (e.g., a finger contact on the touch-sensitive surface or a lift-off of the finger contact off the touch-sensitive surface). Exemplary types of animation include: simple, soft stop, hard stop, rebound, pull proportional, magnet, and combinations of these types. The animation parameters may include the parameters describing the type of animation. For example, the animation parameters may include a reference location, or a reference range of locations, for a soft stop, hard stop, rebound, pull proportional, and magnet. The animation parameters may also include one or more of: rebound parameters (e.g., elasticity), pull proportional parameters (e.g., a coefficient between pull distance d and initial velocity v 1 ,  FIG. 4F ), and magnet parameters (e.g., attract or repel, and the strength of attraction or repulsion). The animation parameters may further include a number and type of one or more secondary functions and parameters for the one or more secondary functions. In some implementations, the animation object comprise an instance of a predefined animation software class. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device includes ( 604 ) a touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, the triggering event is (or includes) an event corresponding to a lift-off of at least one user-touch (e.g., a finger contact) off the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  112 ,  FIG. 1A ). 
     At each of a series of successive times (e.g., in accordance with a refresh rate of the display  112 , such as 60 Hz or 72 Hz, or at predefined intervals), the device updates ( 606 ) the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function. In some implementations, the predefined animation function comprises a combination of a primary function of an initial velocity and a deceleration rate and one or more secondary functions. For example, velocity profile  406 -G in  FIG. 4G  may be implemented by a combination of a simple function, a magnet function, and a soft stop function, where the simple function is the primary function, and the magnet function and the soft stop function are the secondary functions. In some instances, the deceleration rate may include a zero value. In some other implementations, the predefined animation function is a primary function, having an initial velocity and a deceleration rate. 
     In some embodiments, each secondary function is applicable ( 608 ) when the respective animation value falls within a respective corresponding range. For example, in  FIG. 4G , the magnet function is applicable when distance x corresponding to the respective animation value falls between a location on path  404  corresponding to line  428  and a location on path  404  corresponding to line  430 . The soft stop function is applicable when distance x corresponding to the respective animation value matches or exceeds the value of a location on path  404  corresponding to line  432 . 
     In some embodiments, a respective secondary function corresponds ( 610 ) to one of: a soft stop function (e.g., velocity profile  406 -C,  FIG. 4C ), a hard stop function (e.g., velocity profile  406 -B,  FIG. 4B ), a rebound function (e.g., velocity profile  406 -D,  FIG. 4D ), a pull proportional function (e.g., velocity profile  406 -F,  FIG. 4F ), and a magnet function (e.g., velocity profile  406 -E,  FIG. 4E ). 
     In some embodiments, the animation function comprises ( 612 ) a combination of the primary function and two or more secondary functions. Each secondary function corresponds to a distinct one of: a soft stop function, a rebound function, a pull proportional function, and a magnet function. For example, velocity profile  406 -G in  FIG. 4G  may be implemented by using the two distinct secondary functions: a magnet function and a soft stop function. 
     In some embodiments, the respective animation value produced by the animation object is ( 614 ) a one-dimensional scalar value (e.g., in  FIGS. 4A-4G , the respective animation value corresponds to a scalar value, x). In some embodiments, the respective animation value produced by the animation object is a tuple (i.e., a set of values). For example, the respective animation value may include a tuple of a horizontal position value and a vertical position value, which may be expressed as (m, n), where m is a horizontal position value and n is a vertical position value. In some instances, the respective animation value includes two or more of: a horizontal position value, a vertical position value, a rotation value (e.g., a rotation angle), a scale value, a transparency value, and an audio volume value. However, in other embodiments, each animation object generates only a single animation value; when more than one parameter (e.g., two or more of a horizontal position value, a vertical position value, a rotation value, a scale value, a transparency value, and an audio volume value) of a respective user interface object is to be animated, each parameter is controlled by the animation value generated by a distinct animation object. 
     The device updates ( 616 ) a state of one or more user interface objects. Each updated user interface object is updated in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. For example, the position value and/or rotation value of one or more user interface objects may be updated in accordance with the respective animation value. 
     The device renders ( 618 ) on the display a user interface in accordance with the updated state of the one or more user interface objects. For example, the device constructs user interface data, and displays the user interface using graphics module  132  and/or display controller  156  ( FIG. 1A ). 
     In some embodiments, rendering the user interface in accordance with the updated state of the one or more user interface objects includes ( 620 ) updating a parameter, other than a position or movement parameter, of at least one of the one or more user interface objects in accordance with the updated state of at least one of the one or more user interface objects. For example, in some embodiments, rendering the user interface in accordance with the updated state of the one or more user interface objects includes ( 622 ) updating a transparency of at least one of the one or more user interface objects in accordance with the updated state of at least one of the one or more user interface objects. 
     In some embodiments, a respective secondary function is modified ( 624 ) during the series of successive times (e.g., from a soft stop function to a hard stop function, or from a soft stop function to a rebound function). For example, in response to a second triggering condition (e.g., a user input, expiration of a timer, or other event), the application modifies a parameter of the secondary function, modifies the applicable range in which the secondary function operates, replaces the secondary function with another secondary function, or removes the secondary function from the animation function. 
     In some embodiments, the device repeats: updating the animation object, updating the state of one or more user interface objects, and rendering the user interface until the respective animation value corresponds to a respective final value ( 626 ). In some embodiments, the respective final value is predetermined (e.g., a value corresponding to the final destination of one or more respective user interface objects). In some embodiments, the respective final value is dynamically determined. For example, the location of the user interface object where the velocity of the user interface object reaches zero may be selected as the respective final value. Alternatively, the device iterates: updating the animation object, updating the state of one or more user interface objects, and rendering the user interface for a predefined number of cycles (e.g., 600 cycles) or a predefined duration (e.g., 10 seconds). 
     As noted above with respect to operation  620 , in some embodiments, the device adjusts ( 628 ) a user interface object parameter other than a position or movement parameter in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. For example, the device may update a scale (e.g., size) of at least one of the one or more user interface objects. In some instances, the device may update a color of at least one of the one or more user interface objects. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device includes ( 630 ) one or more speakers. The device adjusts a volume of at least one of the one or more speakers in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     Although the operations in  FIGS. 6A-6B  have been described as performed by the electronic device, it should be appreciated that in some embodiments, the device includes an application service module (e.g.,  135 ,  FIG. 1A ) and the application service module of the device performs applicable operations in  FIGS. 6A-6B . 
     In addition, although method  600  has been described above with respect to a single animation object, persons having ordinary skill in the art would recognize that method  600  can be applied to a plurality of animation objects in an analogous manner. 
     Furthermore, it should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in  FIGS. 6A-6B  have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein. Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to method  500  (e.g.,  FIG. 5 ) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method  600  described above with respect to  FIGS. 6A-6B . For example, the electronic device described above with reference to method  600  may have one or more of the characteristics of the application service module described herein with reference to method  500 . For brevity, these details are not repeated here. 
     The operations in the methods described above may be implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors or application specific chips. These modules, combinations of these modules, and/or their combination with general hardware (e.g., as described above with respect to  FIGS. 1A and 2 ) are all included within the scope of the claims. 
     The operations described above with reference to FIGS.  5  and  6 A- 6 B may be implemented by components depicted in  FIGS. 1A-1B  and  2 . For example, receiving and initializing operation  502 , updating operation  504 , and rendering operation  506  may be implemented by event sorter  170 , event recognizer  180 , and event handler  190 . Event monitor  171  in event sorter  170  detects a contact on touch-sensitive display  112 , and event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to application  136 - 1 . A respective event recognizer  180  of application  136 - 1  compares the event information to respective event definitions  186 , and determines whether a detected event corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as dragging of a user interface object and a release of the user interface object. When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer  180  activates an event handler  190  associated with the detection of the event or sub-event. Event handler  190  may utilize or call data updater  176  or object updater  177  to update the application internal state  192 . In some embodiments, event handler  190  accesses a respective GUI updater  178  to update what is displayed by the application. Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in  FIGS. 1A-1B  and  2 . 
     In accordance with some embodiments,  FIG. 7  shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device  700  configured in accordance with the principles of the invention as described above. The functional blocks of the device may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the invention. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG. 7  may be combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the invention as described above. Therefore, the description herein may support any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the electronic device  700  includes a display unit  702 , a processing unit  706  coupled to the display unit  702 , and an application service module unit  704  coupled to the processing unit  706 . In some embodiments, the application service module unit  704  is also coupled to the display unit  702 . In some embodiments, the application service module unit  704  includes a receiving unit  708 , an initializing unit  710 , an updating unit  712 , a rendering unit  714 , a providing unit  716 , and a modifying unit  718 . The application service module unit  704  is configured to, in response to receiving a triggering event from a respective application (e.g., with the receiving unit  708 ), initialize an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event (e.g., with the initializing unit  710 ). The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The application service module unit  704  is also configured to, at each of a series of successive times: update the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function (e.g., with the updating unit  712 ), and render on the display unit  702  a user interface including one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object (e.g., with the rendering unit  714 ). 
     In some embodiments, the user interface includes a user interface of the respective application. 
     In some embodiments, the application service module unit  704  is configured to render an animation of the one or more user interface objects in accordance with the respective animation value (e.g., with the rendering unit  714 ). 
     In some embodiments, the application service module unit  704  is configured to render the user interface without providing the respective animation value to the respective application. 
     In some embodiments, the respective application is not configured to receive the respective animation value. 
     In some embodiments, the application service module unit  704  is configured to, at each of the series of successive times, provide (e.g., with the providing unit  716 ) the respective animation value from the animation object to the respective application, which updates a user interface of the respective application in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In some embodiments, the respective application includes instructions for receiving the animation value from the animation object and updating a state of the one or more user interface objects in accordance with the received animation value. 
     In some embodiments, the predefined animation function includes a combination of a primary function of an initial velocity and a deceleration rate and one or more secondary functions. 
     In some embodiments, each secondary function is applicable when the respective animation value falls within a respective corresponding range. 
     In some embodiments, a respective secondary function corresponds to one of: a soft stop function, a hard stop function, a rebound function, a pull proportional function, and a magnet function. 
     In some embodiments, the animation function includes a combination of the primary function and two or more secondary functions. Each secondary function corresponds to a distinct one of: a soft stop function, a rebound function, a pull proportional function, and a magnet function. 
     In some embodiments, a respective secondary function is modified during the series of successive times (e.g., with the modifying unit  718 ). 
     In accordance with some embodiments,  FIG. 8  shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device  800  configured in accordance with the principles of the invention as described above. The functional blocks of the device may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the invention. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG. 8  may be combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the invention as described above. Therefore, the description herein may support any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , an electronic device  800  includes a display unit  802  and a processing unit  804  coupled to the display unit  802 . In some embodiments, the processing unit  804  includes an initializing unit  806 , an updating unit  808 , a rendering unit  810 , a modifying unit  814 , and an adjusting unit  816 . The processing unit  804  is configured to, in response to a triggering event, initialize an animation object with one or more respective initialization values corresponding to the triggering event (e.g., with the initializing unit  806 ). The animation object includes an instance of a predefined animation software class. The processing unit  804  is also configured to: at each of a series of successive times, update the animation object so as to produce a respective animation value in accordance with a predefined animation function (e.g., with the updating unit  808 ), update a state of one or more user interface objects (e.g., with the updating unit  808 ), and render on the display a user interface in accordance with the updated state of the one or more user interface objects (e.g., with the rendering unit  810 ). The predefined animation function includes a combination of a primary function of an initial velocity and a deceleration rate and one or more secondary functions. Each updated user interface object is updated (e.g., with the updating unit  808 ) in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object. 
     In some embodiments, each secondary function is applicable when the respective animation value falls within a respective corresponding range. 
     In some embodiments, a respective secondary function corresponds to one of: a soft stop function, a hard stop function, a rebound function, a pull proportional function, and a magnet function. 
     In some embodiments, the animation function includes a combination of the primary function and two or more secondary functions. Each secondary function corresponds to a distinct one of: a soft stop function, a rebound function, a pull proportional function, and a magnet function. 
     In some embodiments, a respective secondary function is modified during the series of successive times (e.g., with the modifying unit  814 ). 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  804  is configured to repeat: updating the animation object (e.g., with the updating unit  808 ), updating the state of one or more user interface objects (e.g., with the updating unit  808 ), and rendering the user interface until the respective animation value corresponds to a respective final value (e.g., with the rendering unit  810 ). 
     In some embodiments, the respective animation value produced by the animation object is a one-dimensional scalar value. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device  800  includes a touch-sensitive surface unit  812  coupled to the processing unit  804 , and the triggering event includes an event corresponding to a lift-off of at least one user-touch off the touch-sensitive surface unit  812 . 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  804  is configured to update a parameter, other than a position or movement parameter, of at least one of the one or more user interface objects in accordance with the updated state of at least one of the one or more user interface objects (e.g., with the updating unit  808 ). 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  804  is configured to update a transparency of at least one of the one or more user interface objects in accordance with the updated state of at least one of the one or more user interface objects (e.g., with the updating unit  808 ). 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  804  is configured to adjust a user interface object parameter other than a position or movement parameter in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object (e.g., with the adjusting unit  816 ). 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device  800  includes one or more speaker units  818  coupled to the processing unit  804 , and the processing unit  804  is configured to adjust a volume of at least one of the one or more speaker units  818  in accordance with the respective animation value from the animation object (e.g., with the adjusting unit  816 ). 
     The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20110928
Publication Date: 20160126
Grant Date: 20160126
Priority Date: 20110605
Inventors: SHAFFER JOSHUA H.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06T13/00", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06T13/00", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 47261321