PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11853016-B2
Application Number: US-201916584472-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Electronic device wide band antennas

Abstract:
An electronic device such as a wristwatch device may have a housing with metal sidewalls and a display module having conductive display structures. The conductive display structures may be separated from the sidewalls by a slot element for a first antenna that runs around the display module. A feed element for the first antenna may be coupled between the display structures and the sidewalls. An antenna resonating element for a second antenna may be disposed within the slot element. A printed circuit may include additional antenna elements for the second antenna. The antenna resonating element may extend away from the feed element for the first antenna to provide improved isolation between the two antennas. The first antenna may be operable to provide coverage for frequencies that are lower than frequencies for which the second antenna may be operable to provide coverage.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device comprising:
 a housing having a conductive housing wall; 
 a display cover layer mounted to the housing; 
 conductive display structures that overlap the display cover layer; 
 a slot antenna radiating element for a first antenna, the slot antenna radiating element being formed from a slot defined by the conductive housing wall and the conductive display structures; and 
 an antenna radiating element arm for a second antenna, wherein the antenna radiating element arm is disposed entirely within the slot and is interposed between the conductive housing wall and the conductive display structures. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the antenna radiating element arm for the second antenna comprises a conductive trace formed on a dielectric support structure within the slot. 
     
     
       3. The electronic device defined in  claim 2 , wherein the conductive housing wall includes a ledge on which the dielectric support structure is mounted. 
     
     
       4. The electronic device defined in  claim 3 , wherein the conductive housing wall includes an additional ledge to which the display cover layer is coupled using an attachment structure. 
     
     
       5. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein a width of the slot is defined by a distance from the conductive housing wall to the conductive display structures, a length of the slot is defined by conductive interconnect structures that couple the conductive housing wall to the conductive display structures, and the antenna radiating element arm lies within the width of the slot and extends along the length of the slot. 
     
     
       6. The electronic device defined in  claim 5 , wherein the slot has a bend along the length of the slot and the antenna radiating element arm has a bend that follows the bend of the slot. 
     
     
       7. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a printed circuit aligned with the slot and coupled to the antenna radiating element arm, the printed circuit including conductive traces that form an antenna ground for the second antenna. 
 
     
     
       8. The electronic device defined in  claim 7 , wherein the conductive housing wall forms part of the antenna ground for the second antenna and the second antenna includes a return path coupling the antenna radiating element arm to the conductive housing wall using the conductive traces of the printed circuit. 
     
     
       9. The electronic device defined in  claim 8 , wherein the second antenna includes a feed leg coupled to the antenna radiating element arm and includes an antenna feed coupled between the feed leg and the antenna ground for the second antenna. 
     
     
       10. The electronic device defined in  claim 9 , further comprising:
 an additional printed circuit aligned with the slot and coupled to the printed circuit, the additional printed circuit including a transmission line structure for providing antenna signals to the antenna feed of the second antenna. 
 
     
     
       11. An electronic device comprising:
 a conductive housing member; 
 conductive display structures in a display module; 
 a display cover layer mounted to the conductive housing member and overlapping the display module; 
 a slot antenna formed from a dielectric opening, the dielectric opening having opposing edges defined by the conductive housing member and the conductive display structures, wherein the slot antenna extends around two sides of the conductive display structures; and 
 an additional antenna that includes a conductive trace disposed on a dielectric support structure, wherein the dielectric opening of the slot antenna overlaps the conductive trace and the dielectric support structure is mounted to the conductive housing member. 
 
     
     
       12. The electronic device defined in  claim 11 ,
 wherein the dielectric support structure is mounted to a step portion of the conductive housing member. 
 
     
     
       13. The electronic device defined in  claim 12 , wherein the slot antenna has a first segment running along a first side of the two sides of the conductive display structures and a second segment running along a second side of the two sides of the conductive display structures, the additional antenna having a first portion that extends along the first segment within the dielectric opening and has a second portion that extends along the second segment within the dielectric opening. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device defined in  claim 11 , wherein the slot antenna is configured to radiate in a first frequency band, and the additional antenna is configured to radiate in a second frequency band that is greater than the first frequency band and to convey radio-frequency signals through the dielectric opening and the display cover layer. 
     
     
       15. The electronic device defined in  claim 14 , wherein the second frequency comprises an ultra-wide band (UWB) frequency band, the electronic device further comprising:
 first radio-frequency transceiver circuitry configured to convey the radio-frequency signals in the UWB frequency band using the additional antenna. 
 
     
     
       16. The electronic device defined in  claim 15 , wherein the first frequency band comprises a 2.4 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) frequency band and a cellular telephone frequency band, the second frequency band comprises a 5 GHz WLAN frequency band, and the UWB frequency band comprises frequencies between 5 GHz and 8.5 GHz, the electronic device further comprising:
 second radio-frequency transceiver circuitry configured to convey radio-frequency signals in the 2.4 GHz WLAN frequency band and the cellular telephone frequency band using the slot antenna. 
 
     
     
       17. A wristwatch comprising:
 a housing having conductive sidewalls; 
 a display cover layer mounted to the conductive sidewalls; 
 a display module that is overlapped by the display cover layer and that includes conductive display structures; 
 a slot antenna having a slot element with opposing edges defined by the conductive sidewalls and the conductive display structures, wherein the slot element extends around first and second sides of the conductive display structures; and 
 an additional antenna having an antenna radiating element that is disposed within the slot element and that extends around the first and second sides of the conductive display structures. 
 
     
     
       18. The wristwatch defined in  claim 17 , wherein the additional antenna is an antenna selected from the group consisting of an inverted-F antenna, a monopole antenna, and a dipole antenna, and the antenna radiating element of the additional antenna has a resonating element arm that is disposed within the slot element and that extends around the first and second sides of the conductive display structures. 
     
     
       19. The wristwatch defined in  claim 17 , wherein the slot antenna has an antenna feed coupled across the conductive sidewalls and the conductive display structures, the additional antenna includes additional antenna elements on a printed circuit, and the antenna radiating element has a proximal end that is coupled to the printed circuit and that extends to a distal end away from the antenna feed of the slot antenna. 
     
     
       20. The wristwatch defined in  claim 19 , wherein the slot element extends around a third side of the conductive display structures parallel to the first side, the antenna feed is coupled to one of the second or third sides of the conductive display structures, and the distal end of the antenna radiating element is disposed within a segment of the slot element adjacent to the first side of the conductive display structures.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This relates to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with wireless circuitry. 
     Electronic devices are often provided with wireless communications capabilities. To satisfy consumer demand for small form factor electronic devices, manufacturers are continually striving to implement wireless circuitry such as antenna components using compact structures. 
     At the same time, larger antenna volumes generally allow antennas to exhibit greater efficiency bandwidth. In addition, because antennas have the potential to interfere with each other and with other components in a wireless device, care must be taken when incorporating antennas into an electronic device to ensure that the antennas and wireless circuitry are able to exhibit satisfactory performance over a wide range of operating frequencies. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide improved wireless circuitry for electronic devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device such as a wristwatch may have a housing that includes conductive sidewalls. A display cover layer for a display may be mounted to the housing. The display may include conductive display structures that overlap the display cover layer. A slot antenna resonating element for a slot antenna may be formed from a slot element defined by the conductive sidewalls and the conductive display structures. An additional antenna resonating element for a second antenna (e.g., an inverted-F antenna, a monopole antenna, or a dipole antenna) may be interposed between the conductive sidewalls and the conductive display structures, disposed in the slot element, and aligned with the slot. 
     The additional antenna resonating element for the second antenna may be formed on a dielectric support structure within the slot element. The conductive sidewalls may include a first ledge on which the dielectric support structure is mounted and a second ledge to which the display cover layer is coupled using an attachment structure (e.g., mechanical attachment structure, sensor components, etc.). 
     A printed circuit may be formed on the first ledge, aligned with the slot, and coupled to the additional antenna resonating element. The printed circuit may also include conductive traces that form an antenna ground for the second antenna. The antenna ground for the second antenna may also be formed from the conductive sidewalls. The second antenna may include a return path coupling the additional antenna resonating element to the conductive housing wall using the conductive traces of the printed circuit. The second antenna may include a feed leg coupled to the additional antenna resonating element and may include an antenna feed coupled across the feed leg and the antenna ground for the second antenna. An additional printed circuit having transmission line structure for providing antenna signals to the antenna feed of the second antenna may also be formed on the first ledge, aligned with the slot, and coupled to the printed circuit. 
     The slot antenna resonating element may be configured to radiate in a first (relatively low) frequency band (e.g., a 2.4 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) frequency band and a cellular telephone frequency band), and the additional antenna resonating element is configured to radiate in a second (relatively high) frequency band (an ultra-wide band (UWB) frequency band from 5 GHz to 8.5 GHz and a 5 GHz WLAN frequency band). The electronic device may include first high frequency radio-frequency transceiver circuitry configured to convey the radio frequency signals in the UWB frequency band and the 5 GHz WLAN frequency band using the additional antenna resonating element. The electronic device may include second radio-frequency transceiver circuitry configured to convey radio-frequency signals in the 2.4 GHz WLAN frequency band and the cellular telephone frequency band using the slot antenna resonating element. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device with wireless circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device with wireless circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a diagram of illustrative wireless circuitry in an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic diagram of an illustrative slot antenna in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative antenna formed using conductive display structures and conductive electronic device housing structures in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative electronic device having an antenna of the type shown in  FIG.  5    in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is a top-down view of an illustrative electronic device antenna having an antenna resonating element in a slot element defined by conductive display structures in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative electronic device having an antenna of the type shown in  FIG.  7    in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    is a top-down view of a portion of a slot element of the type shown in  FIG.  7    in which antenna structures are formed in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  10    is a schematic diagram of illustrative transceiver circuitry for operating an antenna of the type shown in  FIG.  7    in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  11    is a graph of antenna performance (antenna efficiency) for illustrative antenna structures of the types shown in  FIGS.  4 - 10    in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Electronic devices such as electronic device  10  of  FIG.  1    may be provided with wireless circuitry (sometimes referred to herein as wireless communications circuitry). The wireless circuitry may be used to support wireless communications in multiple wireless communications bands. Communications bands (sometimes referred to herein as frequency bands) handled by the wireless circuitry can include satellite navigation system communications bands, cellular telephone communications bands, wireless local area network communications bands, wireless personal area network communications bands, near-field communications bands, ultra-wideband communications bands, or other wireless communications bands. 
     The wireless circuitry may include one or more antennas. The antennas of the wireless circuitry can include loop antennas, inverted-F antennas, strip antennas, planar inverted-F antennas, patch antennas, slot antennas, hybrid antennas that include antenna structures of more than one type, or other suitable antennas. 
     Electronic device  10  may be a computing device such as a laptop computer, a computer monitor containing an embedded computer, a tablet computer, a cellular telephone, a media player, or other handheld or portable electronic device, a smaller device such as a wristwatch device, a pendant device, a headphone or earpiece device, a device embedded in eyeglasses or other equipment worn on a user&#39;s head, or other wearable or miniature device, a television, a computer display that does not contain an embedded computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, an embedded system such as a system in which electronic equipment with a display is mounted in a kiosk or automobile, equipment that implements the functionality of two or more of these devices, or other electronic equipment. In the illustrative configuration of  FIG.  1   , device  10  is a portable device such as a wristwatch (e.g., a smart watch). Other configurations may be used for device  10  if desired. The example of  FIG.  1    is merely illustrative. 
     In the example of  FIG.  1   , device  10  includes a display such as display  14 . Display  14  may be mounted in a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as an enclosure or case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of any two or more of these materials. Housing  12  may be formed using a unibody configuration in which some or all of housing  12  is machined or molded as a single structure or may be formed using multiple structures (e.g., an internal frame structure, one or more structures that form exterior housing surfaces, etc.). Housing  12  may have metal sidewalls such as sidewalls  12 W or sidewalls formed from other materials. Examples of metal materials that may be used for forming sidewalls  12 W include stainless steel, aluminum, silver, gold, metal alloys, or any other desired conductive material. Sidewalls  12 W may sometimes be referred to herein as housing sidewalls  12 W or conductive housing sidewalls  12 W. 
     Display  14  may be formed at (e.g., mounted on) the front side (face) of device  10 . Housing  12  may have a rear housing wall on the rear side (face) of device  10  such as rear housing wall  12 R that opposes the front face of device  10 . Conductive housing sidewalls  12 W may surround the periphery of device  10  (e.g., conductive housing sidewalls  12 W may extend around peripheral edges of device  10 ). Rear housing wall  12 R may be formed from conductive materials and/or dielectric materials. Examples of dielectric materials that may be used for forming rear housing wall  12 R include plastic, glass, sapphire, ceramic, wood, polymer, combinations of these materials, or any other desired dielectrics. 
     Rear housing wall  12 R and/or display  14  may extend across some or all of the length (e.g., parallel to the X-axis) and width (e.g., parallel to the Y-axis) of device  10 . Conductive housing sidewalls  12 W may extend across some or all of the height of device  10  (e.g., parallel to Z-axis). Conductive housing sidewalls  12 W and/or rear housing wall  12 R may form one or more exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., surfaces that are visible to a user of device  10 ) and/or may be implemented using internal structures that do not form exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., conductive or dielectric housing structures that are not visible to a user of device  10  such as conductive structures that are covered with layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coating layers that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide housing walls  12 R and/or  12 W from view of the user). 
     Display  14  may be a touch screen display that incorporates a layer of conductive capacitive touch sensor electrodes or other touch sensor components (e.g., resistive touch sensor components, acoustic touch sensor components, force-based touch sensor components, light-based touch sensor components, etc.) or may be a display that is not touch-sensitive. Capacitive touch screen electrodes may be formed from an array of indium tin oxide pads or other transparent conductive structures. Display  14  may also be force-sensitive and may gather force input data associated with how strongly a user or object is pressing against display  14 . 
     Display  14  may include an array of display pixels formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic display pixels, an array of plasma display pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display pixels, an array of electrowetting display pixels, or display pixels based on other display technologies. Display  14  may be protected using a display cover layer. The display cover layer may be formed from a transparent material such as glass, plastic, sapphire or other crystalline dielectric materials, ceramic, or other clear materials. The display cover layer may extend across substantially all of the length and width of device  10 , for example. 
     Device  10  may include buttons such as button  18 . There may be any suitable number of buttons in device  10  (e.g., a single button, more than one button, two or more buttons, five or more buttons, etc.). Buttons may be located in openings in housing  12  (e.g., openings in conductive housing sidewall  12 W or rear housing wall  12 R) or in an opening in display  14  (as examples). Buttons may be rotary buttons, sliding buttons, buttons that are actuated by pressing on a movable button member, etc. Button members for buttons such as button  18  may be formed from metal, glass, plastic, or other materials. Button  18  may sometimes be referred to as a crown in scenarios where device  10  is a wristwatch device. 
     Device  10  may, if desired, be coupled to a strap such as strap  16 . Strap  16  may be used to hold device  10  against a user&#39;s wrist (as an example). Strap  16  may sometimes be referred to herein as wrist strap  16 . In the example of  FIG.  1   , wrist strap  16  is connected to opposing sides of device  10 . Conductive housing sidewalls  12 W may include attachment structures for securing wrist strap  16  to housing  12  (e.g., lugs or other attachment mechanisms that configure housing  12  to receive wrist strap  16 ). Configurations that do not include straps may also be used for device  10 . 
     A schematic diagram showing illustrative components that may be used in device  10  is shown in  FIG.  2   . As shown in  FIG.  2   , device  10  may include control circuitry  28 . Control circuitry  28  may include storage such as storage circuitry  24 . Storage circuitry  24  may include hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid-state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. 
     Control circuitry  28  may include processing circuitry such as processing circuitry  26 . Processing circuitry  26  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . Processing circuitry  26  may include on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, host processors, baseband processor integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits, central processing units (CPUs), etc. Control circuitry  28  may be configured to perform operations in device  10  using hardware (e.g., dedicated hardware or circuitry), firmware, and/or software. Software code for performing operations in device  10  may be stored on storage circuitry  24  (e.g., storage circuitry  24  may include non-transitory (tangible) computer readable storage media that stores the software code). The software code may sometimes be referred to as program instructions, software, data, instructions, or code. Software code stored on storage circuitry  24  may be executed by processing circuitry  26 . 
     Control circuitry  28  may be used to run software on device  10  such as external node location applications, satellite navigation applications, internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, control circuitry  28  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using control circuitry  28  include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as Wi-Fi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol or other wireless personal area network (WPAN) protocols, IEEE 802.11ad protocols, cellular telephone protocols, MIMO protocols, antenna diversity protocols, satellite navigation system protocols (e.g., global positioning system (GPS) protocols, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) protocols, etc.), IEEE 802.15.4 ultra-wideband communications protocols or other ultra-wideband communications protocols, etc. Each communications protocol may be associated with a corresponding radio access technology (RAT) that specifies the physical connection methodology used in implementing the protocol. 
     Device  10  may include input-output circuitry  20 . Input-output circuitry  20  may include input-output devices  22 . Input-output devices  22  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  22  may include user interface devices, data port devices, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices  22  may include touch screens, displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, buttons, speakers, status indicators, light sources, audio jacks and other audio port components, vibrators or other haptic feedback engines, digital data port devices, light sensors (e.g., infrared light sensors, visible light sensors, etc.), light-emitting diodes, motion sensors (accelerometers), capacitance sensors, proximity sensors, magnetic sensors, force sensors (e.g., force sensors coupled to a display to detect pressure applied to the display), etc. 
     Input-output circuitry  22  may include wireless circuitry  34 . Wireless circuitry  34  may include wireless power receiving coil structures such as coil structures  44  and wireless power receiver circuitry such as wireless power receiver circuitry  42 . Device  10  may use wireless power receiver circuitry  42  and coil structures  44  to receive wirelessly transmitted power (e.g., wireless charging signals) from a wireless power adapter (e.g., a wireless power transmitting device such as a wireless charging mat or other device). 
     Wireless power receiver circuitry  42  may include converter circuitry such as rectifier circuitry. Coil structures  44  may include one or more inductive coils that use resonant inductive coupling (near field electromagnetic coupling) with a wireless power transmitting coil on the wireless power adapter. The rectifier circuitry may convert currents from coil structures  44  into a DC voltage for powering device  10 . The DC voltage produced by the rectifier circuitry in wireless power receiver circuitry  42  can be used in powering (charging) an energy storage device such as battery  46  and can be used in powering other components in device  10 . An illustrative frequency for the wireless charging signals is 200 kHz. Other frequencies may be used, if desired (e.g., frequencies in the kHz range, the MHz range, or in the GHz range, frequencies of 1 kHz to 1 MHz, frequencies of 1 kHz to 100 MHz, frequencies less than 100 MHz, frequencies less than 1 MHz, etc.). 
     To support wireless communications, wireless circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas such as antennas  40 , transmission lines, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry for handling various radio-frequency communications bands. For example, wireless circuitry  34  may include wireless local area network (WLAN) and wireless personal area network (WPAN) transceiver circuitry  32 . Transceiver circuitry  32  may handle 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for WiFi® (IEEE 802.11) communications or other WLAN bands and may handle the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band or other WPAN bands. Transceiver circuitry  32  may sometimes be referred to herein as WLAN/WPAN transceiver circuitry  32 . 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may use cellular telephone transceiver circuitry  36  for handling wireless communications in frequency ranges (communications bands) such as a cellular low band (LB) from 600 to 960 MHz, a cellular low-midband (LMB) from 1410 to 1510 MHz, a cellular midband (MB) from 1710 to 2170 MHz, a cellular high band (HB) from 2300 to 2700 MHz, a cellular ultra-high band (UHB) from 3300 to 5000 MHz, or other communications bands between 600 MHz and 5000 MHz or other suitable frequencies (as examples). Cellular telephone transceiver circuitry  36  may handle voice data and non-voice data. 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include satellite navigation system circuitry such as Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver circuitry  30  for receiving GPS signals at 1575 MHz or for handling other satellite positioning data (e.g., GLONASS signals at 1609 MHz). Satellite navigation system signals for receiver circuitry  30  are received from a constellation of satellites orbiting the earth. Wireless circuitry  34  can include circuitry for other short-range and long-range wireless links if desired. For example, wireless circuitry  34  may include circuitry for receiving television and radio signals, paging system transceivers, near field communications (NFC) transceiver circuitry  38  (e.g., an NFC transceiver operating at 13.56 MHz or another suitable frequency), etc. 
     In NFC links, wireless signals are typically conveyed over a few inches at most. In satellite navigation system links, cellular telephone links, and other long-range links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over thousands of feet or miles. In WLAN and WPAN links at 2.4 and 5 GHz and other short-range wireless links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over tens or hundreds of feet. Antenna diversity schemes may be used if desired to ensure that the antennas that have become blocked or that are otherwise degraded due to the operating environment of device  10  can be switched out of use and higher-performing antennas used in their place. 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include ultra-wideband (UWB) transceiver circuitry  46  that supports communications using the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and/or other wireless communications protocols (e.g., ultra-wideband communications protocols). Ultra-wideband wireless signals may be based on an impulse radio signaling scheme that uses band-limited data pulses. Ultra-wideband signals may have any desired bandwidths such as bandwidths between 499 MHz and 1331 MHz, bandwidths greater than 500 MHz, etc. The presence of lower frequencies in the baseband may sometimes allow ultra-wideband signals to penetrate through objects such as walls. In an IEEE 802.15.4 system, a pair of electronic devices may exchange wireless time stamped messages. Time stamps in the messages may be analyzed to determine the time of flight of the messages and thereby determine the distance (range) between the devices and/or an angle between the devices (e.g., an angle of arrival of incoming radio-frequency signals). Transceiver circuitry  54  may operate (i.e., convey radio-frequency signals) in frequency bands such as an ultra-wideband frequency band between about 5 GHz and about 8.5 GHz (e.g., a 6.5 GHz frequency band, an 8 GHz frequency band, and/or at other suitable frequencies). 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include antennas  40 . Antennas  40  may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas  40  may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from slot antenna structures, loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, stacked patch antenna structures, antenna structures having parasitic elements, inverted-F antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, helical antenna structures, monopole antennas, dipole antenna structures, Yagi (Yagi-Uda) antenna structures, surface integrated waveguide structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. If desired, one or more of antennas  40  may be cavity-backed antennas. 
     Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a local wireless link antenna whereas another type of antenna is used in forming a remote wireless link antenna. If desired, space may be conserved within device  10  by using a single antenna to handle two or more different communications bands. For example, a single antenna  40  in device  10  may be used to handle communications in a WiFi® or Bluetooth® communication band at 2.4 GHz, a GPS communications band at 1575 MHz, a WiFi® or Bluetooth® communications band at 5.0 GHz, and one or more cellular telephone communications bands such as a cellular low band between about 600 MHz and 960 MHz and/or a cellular midband between about 1700 MHz and 2200 MHz. If desired, a combination of antennas for covering multiple frequency bands and dedicated antennas for covering a single frequency band may be used. 
     It may be desirable to implement at least some of the antennas in device  10  using portions of electrical components that would otherwise not be used as antennas and that support additional device functions. As an example, it may be desirable to induce antenna currents in components such as display  14  ( FIG.  1   ), so that display  14  and/or other electrical components (e.g., a touch sensor, near-field communications loop antenna, conductive display assembly or housing, conductive shielding structures, etc.) can serve as part of an antenna for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, cellular frequencies, and/or other frequencies without the need to incorporate separate bulky antenna structures in device  10 . Conductive portions of housing  12  ( FIG.  1   ) may be used to form part of an antenna ground for one or more antennas  40 . 
     A schematic diagram of wireless circuitry  34  is shown in  FIG.  3   . As shown in  FIG.  3   , wireless circuitry  34  may include transceiver circuitry  48  (e.g., cellular telephone transceiver circuitry  36  of  FIG.  2   , WLAN/WPAN transceiver circuitry  32 , UWB transceiver circuitry  46 , etc.) that is coupled to a given antenna  40  using a radio-frequency transmission line path such as radio-frequency transmission line path  50 . 
     To provide antenna structures such as antenna  40  with the ability to cover different frequencies of interest, antenna  40  may be provided with circuitry such as filter circuitry (e.g., one or more passive filters and/or one or more tunable filter circuits). Discrete components such as capacitors, inductors, and resistors may be incorporated into the filter circuitry. Capacitive structures, inductive structures, and resistive structures may also be formed from patterned metal structures (e.g., part of an antenna). If desired, antenna  40  may be provided with adjustable circuits such as tunable components that tune the antenna over communications (frequency) bands of interest. The tunable components may be part of a tunable filter or tunable impedance matching network, may be part of an antenna resonating element, may span a gap between an antenna resonating element and antenna ground, etc. 
     Radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may include one or more radio-frequency transmission lines (sometimes referred to herein simply as transmission lines). Radio-frequency transmission line path  50  (e.g., the transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path  50 ) may include a positive signal conductor such as signal conductor  52  and a ground signal conductor such as ground conductor  54 . 
     The transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may, for example, include coaxial cable transmission lines (e.g., ground conductor  54  may be implemented as a grounded conductive braid surrounding signal conductor  52  along its length), stripline transmission lines (e.g., where ground conductor  54  extends along two sides of signal conductor  52 ), a microstrip transmission line (e.g., where ground conductor  54  extends along one side of signal conductor  52 ), coaxial probes realized by a metalized via, edge-coupled microstrip transmission lines, edge-coupled stripline transmission lines, waveguide structures (e.g., coplanar waveguides or grounded coplanar waveguides), combinations of these types of transmission lines and/or other transmission line structures, etc. 
     Transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may be integrated into rigid and/or flexible printed circuit boards. In one suitable arrangement, radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may include transmission line conductors (e.g., signal conductors  52  and ground conductors  54 ) integrated within multilayer laminated structures (e.g., layers of a conductive material such as copper and a dielectric material such as a resin that are laminated together without intervening adhesive). The multilayer laminated structures may, if desired, be folded or bent in multiple dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and may maintain a bent or folded shape after bending (e.g., the multilayer laminated structures may be folded into a particular three-dimensional shape to route around other device components and may be rigid enough to hold its shape after folding without being held in place by stiffeners or other structures). All of the multiple layers of the laminated structures may be batch laminated together (e.g., in a single pressing process) without adhesive (e.g., as opposed to performing multiple pressing processes to laminate multiple layers together with adhesive). 
     A matching network may include components such as inductors, resistors, and capacitors used in matching the impedance of antenna  40  to the impedance of radio-frequency transmission line path  50 . Matching network components may be provided as discrete components (e.g., surface mount technology components) or may be formed from housing structures, printed circuit board structures, traces on plastic supports, etc. Components such as these may also be used in forming filter circuitry in antenna(s)  40  and may be tunable and/or fixed components. 
     Radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may be coupled to antenna feed structures associated with antenna  40 . As an example, antenna  40  may form an inverted-F antenna, a planar inverted-F antenna, a patch antenna, a loop antenna, or other antenna having an antenna feed  56  with a positive antenna feed terminal such as terminal  58  and a ground antenna feed terminal such as terminal  60 . Positive antenna feed terminal  58  may be coupled to an antenna resonating (radiating) element within antenna  40 . Ground antenna feed terminal  60  may be coupled to an antenna ground in antenna  40 . Signal conductor  52  may be coupled to positive antenna feed terminal  58  and ground conductor  54  may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal  60 . 
     Other types of antenna feed arrangements may be used if desired. For example, antenna  40  may be fed using multiple feeds each coupled to a respective port of transceiver circuitry  48  over a corresponding transmission line. If desired, signal conductor  52  may be coupled to multiple locations on antenna  40  (e.g., antenna  40  may include multiple positive antenna feed terminals coupled to signal conductor  52  of the same radio-frequency transmission line path  50 ). Switches may be interposed on the signal conductor between transceiver circuitry  48  and the positive antenna feed terminals if desired (e.g., to selectively activate one or more positive antenna feed terminals at any given time). The illustrative feeding configuration of  FIG.  3    is merely illustrative. 
     Device  10  may include multiple antennas that convey radio-frequency signals through different sides of device  10 . For example, device  10  may include at least first antenna that conveys radio-frequency signals through the front face of device  10  (e.g., display  14  of  FIG.  1   ) and a second antenna that conveys radio-frequency signals through the rear face of device  10  (e.g., rear housing wall  12 R of  FIG.  1   ). If desired, multiple antennas may convey radio-frequencies through the same face of device  10 . 
     Antennas  40  may be formed using any desired antenna structures. In one suitable arrangement, a given antenna  40  such as first antenna  40 - 1  may be formed using a slot antenna structure. An illustrative slot antenna structure that may be used for forming antenna  40 - 1  is shown in  FIG.  4   . As shown in  FIG.  4   , antenna  40 - 1  may include a conductive structure such as conductor  82  that has been provided with a dielectric opening such as dielectric opening  74 . Opening  74  may sometimes be referred to herein as slot  74 , slot antenna resonating element  74 , slot element  74 , or slot radiating element  74 . In the configuration of  FIG.  4   , slot element  74  is a closed slot, because portions of conductor  82  completely surround and enclose slot element  74 . Open slot antennas may also be formed in conductive materials such as conductor  82  (e.g., by forming an opening in the right-hand or left-hand end of conductor  82  so that slot element  74  protrudes through conductor  82 ). 
     Antenna feed  62  for antenna  40 - 1  may be formed using positive antenna feed terminal  70  and ground antenna feed terminal  72 . In general, the frequency response of an antenna is related to the size and shapes of the conductive structures in the antenna. Slot antennas of the type shown in  FIG.  4    tend to exhibit response peaks when slot perimeter P is equal to the effective wavelength of operation of antenna  40 - 1  (e.g. where perimeter P is equal to two times length L plus two times width W). The effective wavelength of operation may be equal to a freespace wavelength multiplied by a constant value that is determined by the dielectric materials in and surrounding slot element  74 . Antenna currents may flow between feed terminals  70  and  72  around perimeter P of slot element  74 . In the example where slot length L is much greater than slot width W, the length of antenna  40 - 1  will tend to be about half of the length of other types of antennas such as inverted-F antennas configured to handle signals at the same frequency. Given equal antenna volumes, antenna  40 - 1  may therefore be able to handle signals at approximately twice the frequency of other antennas such as inverted-F antennas, for example. 
     Antenna feed  62  may be coupled across slot element  74  at a location between opposing edges  76  and  78  of slot element  74 . For example, antenna feed  62  may be located at a distance  80  from edge  76  of slot element  74 . Distance  80  may be adjusted to match the impedance of antenna  40 - 1  to the impedance of transmission line  50  ( FIG.  3   ). For example, the antenna current flowing around slot element  74  may experience an impedance of zero at edges  76  and  78  of slot element  74  (e.g., a short circuit impedance) and an infinite (open circuit) impedance at the center of slot element  74  (e.g., at a fundamental frequency of the slot). Antenna feed  62  may be located between the center of slot element  74  and edge  76  at a location where the antenna current experiences an impedance that matches the impedance of transmission line  50 , for example (e.g., distance  80  may be between 0 and ¼ of the wavelength of operation of antenna  40 - 1 ). 
     The example of  FIG.  4    is merely illustrative. In general, slot element  74  may have any desired shape (e.g., where the perimeter P of slot element  74  defines radiating characteristics of antenna  40 - 1 ). For example, slot element  74  may have a meandering shape with different segments extending in different directions, may have straight and/or curved edges, etc. Conductor  82  may be formed from any desired conductive electronic device structures. For example, conductor  82  may include conductive traces on printed circuit boards or other substrates, sheet metal, metal foil, conductive structures associated with display  14  ( FIG.  1   ), conductive portions of housing  12  (e.g., conductive sidewalls  12 W of  FIG.  1   ), or other conductive structures within device  10 . In one suitable arrangement, different sides (edges) of slot element  74  are defined by different conductive structures. For example, one side of slot element  74  may be formed from conductive sidewalls  12 W whereas the other side of slot element  74  is formed from conductive structures associated with display  14 . 
       FIG.  5    is a simplified cross-sectional side view of device  10  showing how antenna  40 - 1  may be formed from conductive structures associated with display  14  and conductive sidewalls  12 W. As shown in  FIG.  5   , antenna  40 - 1  may include conductive display structures  84  coupled to an antenna feed such as antenna feed  62 . Positive antenna feed terminal  70  of antenna feed  62  may be coupled to conductive display structures  84 . Ground antenna feed terminal  72  of antenna feed  62  may be coupled to an antenna ground (e.g., to conductive sidewalls  12 W of housing  12 ). 
     In this way, housing  12  and conductive display structures  84  may form conductor  82  of  FIG.  4    and may define the edges of slot element  74  for antenna  40 - 1  (where the perimeter of slot element  74  extends parallel to the X-Y plane of  FIG.  5   ). As shown by  FIG.  5   , slot element  74  may separate conductive display structures  84  from conductive sidewalls  12 W and may be bridged by antenna feed  62 . Slot element  74  may surround one or more lateral sides of conductive display structures  84  (e.g., in the X-Y plane of  FIG.  5   ). 
     Housing  12  and conductive display structures  84  may define an interior cavity or volume  88  within device  10 . Additional device components may be mounted within volume  88 . Antenna feed  62  may be coupled to transceiver circuitry  52  by a transmission line such as a coaxial cable or a flexible printed circuit transmission line (e.g., transmission line  50  of  FIG.  3   ). 
     Conductive display structures  84  may, for example, include portions of display  14  ( FIG.  1   ) such as metal portions of a frame or assembly of display  14 , touch sensor electrodes within display  14 , portions of a near field communications antenna embedded within display  14 , ground plane structures within display  14 , a metal back plate for display  14 , or other conductive structures on or in display  14 . Conductive display structures  84  may sometimes be referred to herein as display module structures  84 . 
     Conductive display structures  84  may be coupled to an antenna ground (e.g., conductive sidewall  12 W) by conductive interconnect path  86  (e.g., across a portion of slot element  74  extending between conductive display structures  84  and conductive sidewalls  12 W). Conductive interconnect path  86  may include conductive structures that are directly connected to conductive display structures  84 , may include conductive structures that are capacitively coupled to (but not in contact with) conductive display structures  84  (e.g., while still spanning part of slot element  74  and electrically shorting conductive display structures  84  to housing  12 ), and/or may include conductive structures that are not coupled to conductive display structures  84  (e.g., while still spanning part of slot element  74  and being held at a ground potential, thereby serving to electrically define the perimeter of slot element  74  in the X-Y plane of  FIG.  5   ). In the example of  FIG.  5   , conductive housing  12  defines a rear wall of device  10  that opposes conductive display structures  84  (e.g., volume  88  may be partially defined by a rear wall of device  10 ). This is merely illustrative. If desired, some or all of the rear wall of device  10  may be formed from dielectric materials and volume  88  may be defined by other components such as one or more printed circuit boards within device  10 . 
     Antenna  40 - 1  may be used to transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in WLAN and/or WPAN bands at 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz, in cellular telephone bands between 1.7 GHz and 2.2 GHz and between 2.2 GHz and 2.7 GHz, in an ultra-wideband frequency band between about 5 GHz and 8.5 GHz, in satellite navigation bands at 1.5 GHz, and/or other desired frequency bands. The 2.4 GHz frequency band may include any desired WLAN and/or WPAN frequency bands at frequencies between 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz, for example. The 5.0 GHz frequency band may include any desired WLAN frequency bands at frequencies between 4.9 GHz and 5.9 GHz, for example. Additional antennas may also be provided in device  10  to handle these frequency bands and/or other frequency bands. The configuration for antenna  40 - 1  of  FIG.  5    is merely illustrative. 
       FIG.  6    is a cross-sectional side view of device  10  (e.g., taken across lines A 1 -A 1 ′ in  FIG.  1   ) showing how antenna  40 - 1  and conductive interconnect path  86  of  FIG.  5    may be implemented within device  10 . As shown in  FIG.  6   , device  10  may have conductive sidewalls  12 W that extend from the rear face to the front face of device  10 . Housing  12  may include a dielectric rear housing wall such as dielectric rear housing wall  100 . Display  14  may be formed at the front face of device  10  whereas dielectric rear housing wall  100  is formed at the rear face of device  10 . Conductive sidewalls  12 W may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal  72  of antenna feed  62 . Display  14  may include a display cover layer  98  and a display module  104  under display cover layer  98 . 
     Display module  104  may include conductive components that are used in forming conductive display structures  84  of antenna  40 - 1  ( FIG.  5   ). The conductive components in display module  104  may, for example, have planar shapes (e.g., planar rectangular shapes, planar circular shapes, etc.) and may be formed from metal and/or other conductive material that carries antenna currents. The thin planar shapes of these components and the stacked configuration of  FIG.  6    may, for example, capacitively couple these components to each other so that they may operate together at radio frequencies to form conductive display structures  84  of  FIG.  5    (e.g., to effectively/electrically form a single conductor). 
     The components that form conductive display structures  84  may include, for example, planar components on one or more layers  102  in display module  104  (e.g., a first layer  102 - 1 , a second layer  102 - 2 , a third layer  102 - 3 , or other desired layers). As one example, layer  102 - 1  may form a touch sensor for display  14 , layer  102 - 2  may form a display panel (sometimes referred to as a display, display layer, or pixel array) for display  14 , and layer  102 - 3  may form a near-field communications antenna for device  10  and/or other circuitry for supporting near-field communications (e.g., at 13.56 MHz). Layer  102 - 1  may include a capacitive touch sensor and may be formed from a polyimide substrate or other flexible polymer layer with transparent capacitive touch sensor electrodes (e.g., indium tin oxide electrodes), for example. Layer  102 - 2  may include an organic light-emitting diode display layer or other suitable display layer. Layer  102 - 3  may be formed from a flexible layer that includes a magnetic shielding material (e.g., a ferrite layer or other magnetic shielding layer) and that includes loops of metal traces. If desired, a conductive back plate, metal shielding cans or layers, and/or a conductive display frame may be formed under and/or around layer  102 - 3  and may provide structural support and/or a grounding reference for the components of display module  104 . Display module  104  may sometimes be referred to herein as display assembly  104 . 
     Conductive material in layers  102 - 1 ,  102 - 2 ,  102 - 3 , a conductive back plate for display  14 , conductive shielding layers, conductive shielding cans, and/or a conductive frame for display  14  may be used in forming conductive structures  84  defining edges of slot element  74  for antenna  40 - 1 . This and/or other conductive material in display  14  used to form conductive display structures  84  may be coupled together using conductive traces, vertical conductive interconnects or other conductive interconnects, and/or via capacitive coupling, for example. 
     Antenna  40 - 1  may be fed using antenna feed  62 . Positive antenna feed terminal  70  of antenna feed  62  may be coupled to display module  104  and therefore conductive display structures  84  (e.g., to near-field communications layer  102 - 3 , display layer  102 - 2 , touch layer  102 - 1 , a metal back plate for display module  104 , and/or a metal display frame for display module  104 ). Ground antenna feed terminal  72  of antenna feed  62  may be coupled to an antenna ground in device  10  (e.g., conductive sidewall  12 W). 
     As shown in  FIG.  6   , device  10  may include printed circuit board structures such as printed circuit board  90 . Printed circuit board  90  may be a rigid printed circuit board, a flexible printed circuit board, or may include both flexible and rigid printed circuit board structures. Printed circuit board  90  may sometimes be referred to herein as main logic board  90  or logic board  90 . Electrical components such as transceiver circuitry  48 , display interface circuitry  92 , and other components may be mounted to logic board  90 . If desired, one or more additional antennas, coil  50  ( FIG.  2   ), and/or sensor circuitry or other input-output devices may be interposed between logic board  90  and dielectric rear housing wall  100  (e.g., for conveying wireless signals through dielectric rear housing wall  100 ). Antenna currents for antenna  40 - 1  may be conveyed through conductive sidewalls  12 W and display module  104  (i.e., conductive display structures  84  of  FIG.  5   ) around the perimeter of slot element  74  (e.g., in the X-Y plane of  FIG.  6   ). Corresponding radio-frequency signals may be conveyed through display cover layer  98 , as shown by arrow  101 . 
     Display module  104  may include one or more display connectors such as connectors  96 . Connectors  96  may be coupled to one or more printed circuits  94 . Printed circuits  94  may include flexible printed circuits (sometimes referred to herein as display flexes  94 ), rigid printed circuit boards, or traces on other substrates if desired. Connectors  96  may convey signals between layers  102  of display module  104  and display interface circuitry  92  on logic board  90  via display flexes  94 . 
     As an example, display module  104  may include a first connector  96  that conveys touch sensor signals from layer  102 - 1  to display interface circuitry  92  over a first display flex  94 , a second connector  96  that conveys display data (e.g., image data) from display interface circuitry  92  to display layer  102 - 2  over a second display flex  94  (e.g., layer  102 - 2  may emit light corresponding to the display data), and a third connector  96  that conveys near field communications signals to and/or from layer  102 - 3  over a third display flex  94 . Connectors  96  may include conductive contact pads, conductive pins, conductive springs, conductive adhesive, conductive clips, solder, welds, conductive wires, and/or any other desired conductive interconnect structures and/or fasteners for conveying data associated with display module  104  between display module  104  and circuitry on logic board  90  or elsewhere in device  10 . 
     Transceiver circuitry  48  may be coupled to antenna feed  62  of antenna  40 - 1  over radio-frequency transmission line  50  ( FIG.  3   ). Radio-frequency transmission line  50  may include conductive paths in flexible printed circuit  120  and dielectric support structure  118 . Dielectric support structure  118  may, for example, be formed from plastic or other dielectric materials, from a rigid printed circuit board, from a flexible printed circuit, etc. Conductive paths associated with radio-frequency transmission line  50  in flexible printed circuit  120  may be coupled to conductive paths associated with radio-frequency transmission line  50  in dielectric support structure  118  over radio-frequency connector  122 . 
     Ground signal line  54  in transmission line  50  ( FIG.  3   ) may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal  72  over path  114  (e.g., ground traces in dielectric support structure  118  may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal  72  over path  114 ). Path  114  may include conductive wires, conductive adhesive, conductive fasteners such as screws, conductive pins, conductive clips, conductive brackets, solder, welds, and/or any other desired conductive interconnect structures. Signal line  52  of transmission line  50  ( FIG.  3   ) may be coupled to positive antenna feed terminal  70  of antenna  40 - 1  over conductive clip  116  (e.g., signal traces in dielectric support structure  118  may be coupled to positive antenna feed terminal  70  over conductive clip  116 ). One or more components such as components  124  may be mounted to dielectric support structure  118  if desired. Components  124  may include amplifier circuitry, impedance matching circuitry, or any other desired components. 
     If desired, a conductive tab or blade such as conductive tab  112  may be coupled to the conductive structures of display module  104  (e.g., conductive structures in layers  102 , a conductive back plate, a conductive frame, conductive shielding cans or layers, and/or other conductive display structures  84  in display module  104 ). Clip  116  may mate with tab  112  to form an electrical connection between transmission line  50  and positive antenna feed terminal  70  (e.g., positive antenna feed terminal  70  may be located on tab  112  when clip  116  is attached to tab  112 ). Clip  116  may, for example, be a tulip clip or other clip that has prongs or other structures that exerts pressure towards tab  112 , thereby ensuring that a robust and reliable electrical connection is held between tab  112  and clip  116  over time. 
     When configured in this way, antenna currents may be conveyed over antenna feed  62  and may begin to flow around the perimeter of slot element  74  (e.g., in the X-Y plane of  FIG.  6   ). In order to help define the lateral (elongated) length L of slot element  74 , conductive interconnect paths such as conductive interconnect path  86  of  FIG.  5    may span gap  113  between a given side of display module  104  and an adjacent conductive sidewall  12 W. In the example of  FIG.  6   , conductive interconnect path  86  of  FIG.  5    is implemented using conductive interconnect structures  106 . Conductive interconnect structures  106  may sometimes be referred to herein as conductive grounding structures  106  or grounding structures  106 . 
     In one suitable arrangement, conductive interconnect structures  106  may be shorted to (e.g., in direct contact with) the conductive material in display module  104 , as shown by dashed lines  108 . For example, conductive interconnect structures  106  may be shorted to conductive material within layer  102 - 1 , layer  102 - 2 , or layer  102 - 3 , a conductive frame of display module  104 , a conductive back plate of display module  104 , shielding structures in display module  104 , and/or other conductive material in display module  104  that are used to form conductive display structures  84  of antenna  40 - 1 . 
     If desired, conductive adhesive or conductive fastening structures such as pins, solder, welds, springs, screws, clips, brackets, and/or other fastening structures may be used to ensure that conductive interconnect structures  106  are held in contact with conductive material in display module  104 . Conductive interconnect structures  106  may extend across gap  113  and may be shorted to conductive sidewall  12 W. Conductive interconnect structures  106  may be held into contact with conductive sidewall  12 W using conductive adhesive, pins, springs, screws, clips, brackets, solder, welds, and/or other structures if desired. In the example of  FIG.  6   , a conductive screw  110  fastens conductive interconnect structures  106  to conductive sidewall  12 W and serves to electrically short conductive interconnect structures  106  and thus conductive display structures  84  to conductive sidewall  12 W. 
     When configured in this way, conductive interconnect structures  106  may define a portion of the perimeter of slot element  74  in antenna  40 - 1  (e.g., in the X-Y plane of  FIG.  6   ), thereby partially defining length L of slot element  74  ( FIG.  4   ). In addition, conductive interconnect structures  106  (e.g., conductive interconnect path  86  as shown in  FIG.  5   ) may form a short circuit path between conductive material in display module  104  and conductive sidewall  12 W (e.g., antenna currents for antenna  40 - 1  may flow over conductive interconnect structures  106  between display module  104  and conductive sidewall  12 W). Shorting display module  104  to conductive sidewall  12 W across gap  113  may serve to mitigate excessively strong electric fields that would otherwise be present in the vicinity of gap  113  due to the location of antenna feed  62  on a different side of display module  104 . This may serve to optimize antenna efficiency relative to scenarios where display module  104  is completely isolated from conductive sidewalls  12 W, for example. 
     This example is merely illustrative. Conductive interconnect structures  106  need not directly contact display module  104 . In another suitable arrangement, conductive interconnect structures  106  may span gap  113  without directly contacting display module  104  (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  6   ). In this scenario, conductive interconnect structures  106  may be electrically shorted to one or more display flexes  94  (e.g., to ground conductors or other conductive material in display flexes  94 ). For example, conductive interconnect structures  106  may be electrically shorted to display flexes  94  using conductive adhesive or conductive fastening structures such as pins, solder, welds, springs, screws, clips, brackets, and/or other structures that ensure that conductive interconnect structures  106  are held in contact with display flexes  94 . 
     If desired, conductive interconnect structures  106  may be located sufficiently close to the conductive material in display module  104  so as to effectively short conductive display structures  84  to a grounding structure such as sidewall  12 W (e.g., at radio-frequencies handled by antenna feed  62 ). For example, conductive interconnect structures  106  may be capacitively coupled to conductive display structures  84  in display module  104  and antenna currents associated with antenna  40 - 1  may flow between display module  104  and conductive sidewall  12 W over conductive interconnect structures  106  (e.g., via capacitive coupling). Conductive interconnect structures  106  need not be shorted to display flexes  94  in this scenario, if desired. Conductive interconnect structures  106  may directly contact one, both, or neither of display module  104  and display flexes  94 . Conductive interconnect structures  106  may be capacitively coupled to one, both, or neither of display module  104  and display flexes  94 . 
     In another suitable arrangement, conductive interconnect structures  106  may be located far enough away from display module  104  so that conductive interconnect structures  106  are not capacitively coupled to the conductive material in display module  104 . In this scenario, because conductive interconnect structures  106  are held at a ground potential (e.g., because conductive interconnect structures  106  short ground structures in display flexes  94  to the grounded conductive sidewall  12 W), conductive interconnect structures  106  may still electrically define edges of slot element  74  despite not actually being in contact with or capacitively coupled to conductive display structures  84  in display module  104 , thereby helping to define length L of slot element  74  ( FIG.  4   ). 
     The example of  FIG.  6    is merely illustrative. In general, conductive sidewalls  12 W, cover layer  98 , and dielectric rear housing wall  100  may have any desired shapes. Additional components may be formed within volume  88  if desired. A substrate or other support structure may be interposed between logic board  90  and display flexes  94  if desired (e.g., to hold display flexes  94  in place). Other arrangements may be used if desired. If desired, flexible printed circuit  120  may be coupled to antenna feed  62  without dielectric support structure  118  or flexible printed circuit  120  may be omitted (e.g., dielectric support structure  118  may be coupled directly to transceiver circuitry  48 ). Other transmission line and feeding structures may be used if desired. 
       FIG.  7    is a top-down view showing how slot element  74  of antenna  40 - 1  may follow a meandering path around display module  104  and may have edges defined by display module  104 , conductive sidewalls  12 W, and conductive interconnect structures  106 . The plane of the page in  FIG.  7    may, for example, lie in the X-Y plane of  FIGS.  5  and  6   . In the example of  FIG.  7   , display cover layer  98  of  FIG.  6    is not shown for the sake of clarity. 
     As shown in  FIG.  7   , slot element  74  of antenna  40 - 1  may follow a meandering path and may have edges defined by different conductive electronic device structures. For example, slot element  74  may have a first set of edges (e.g., outer edges) defined by conductive sidewalls  12 W and a second set of edges (e.g., inner edges) defined by conductive structures such as conductive display structures  84 . Conductive display structures  84  may, for example, include conductive portions of display module  104  ( FIG.  6   ) such as metal portions of a frame or assembly of display  14 , touch sensor electrodes within layer  102 - 1 , pixel circuitry within layer  102 - 2 , portions of a near field communications antenna embedded within layer  102 - 3 , ground plane structures within display  14 , a metal back plate for display  14 , or other conductive structures on or in display  14 . 
     In the example of  FIG.  7   , slot element  74  follows a meandering path and has a first segment  126  extending between the left conductive sidewall  12 W and conductive display structures  84 , a second segment  128  extending between the top conductive sidewall  12 W and conductive display structures  84 , and a third segment  130  extending between the right conductive sidewall  12 W and conductive display structures  84 . Segments  126  and  130  may extend along parallel longitudinal axes. Segment  128  may extend between ends of segments  126  and  130  (e.g., perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of segments  126  and  130 ). In this way, slot element  74  may be an elongated slot element that extends between conductive display structures  84  and multiple conductive sidewalls  12 W (e.g., to maximize the length of slot element  74  for covering relatively low frequency bands such as satellite navigation communications bands and low band cellular telephone communications bands). 
     Antenna  40 - 1  may be fed using antenna feed  62  coupled across width W of slot element  74 . In the example of  FIG.  7   , antenna feed  62  is coupled across segment  128  of slot element  74 . This is merely illustrative and, in general, antenna feed  62  may be coupled across any desired portion of slot element  74 . As examples, antenna feed  62  may be coupled across a corner portion of slot element  74  (e.g., the perpendicular corner at which segments  126  and  128  are joined), may be coupled across segment  126  of slot element  74 , or may be coupled across any other portion of slot element  74 . 
     Ground antenna feed terminal  72  of antenna feed  62  may be coupled to a given conductive sidewall  12 W and positive antenna feed terminal  70  of antenna feed  62  may be coupled to conductive display structures  84 . This is merely illustrative. If desired, ground antenna feed terminal  72  may be coupled to conductive display structures  84  and positive antenna feed terminal  70  may be coupled to conductive sidewall  12 W. In the example of  FIG.  7   , antenna feed terminals  70  and  72  may be coupled across segment  128  of slot element  74 . If desired, antenna feed terminals  70  and  72  may be respectively coupled at locations  70 - 1  and  72 - 1  (in the example of antenna feed  62  being formed across the corner portion of slot element  74 ) or locations  70 - 2  and  72 - 2  (in the example of antenna feed  62  being formed across segment  126  of slot element  74 ). 
     When configured based on conductive sidewalls  12 W, conductive display structures  84 , and conductive interconnect structures  106 , slot element  74  may have length L defined by the cumulative lengths of segments  126 ,  128 , and  130 . The perimeter of slot element  74  may be defined by the sum of the lengths of the edges of these segments. Antenna  40 - 1  may, for example, exhibit response peaks when the perimeter of slot element  74  is approximately equal to the effective wavelength of operation of the antenna (e.g., the wavelength after accounting for dielectric effects associated with the materials in device  10 ). Antenna feed  62  may convey antenna currents around the perimeter of slot element  74  (e.g., over conductive sidewalls  12 W and conductive display structures  84 ). The antenna currents may generate corresponding wireless signals that are transmitted by antenna  40 - 1  or may be generated in response to corresponding wireless signals received by antenna  40 - 1  from external equipment. 
     Conductive interconnect structures  106  may define opposing edges  76  and  78  of slot element  74  and may serve to effectively define the length L of slot element  74 . Conductive interconnect structures  106  may be held at a ground potential and/or may short conductive display structures  84  to conductive sidewall  12 W. When configured in this way, antenna currents conveyed by antenna feed  62  may experience a short circuit impedance at ends  76  and  78  of slot element  74  (over conductive interconnect structures  106 ). 
     If desired, the location and width of conductive interconnect structures  106  may be adjusted (e.g., as shown by arrows  131 ) to extend or contract the length L of slot element  74  (e.g., so that slot element  74  radiates at desired frequencies). In one suitable arrangement, antenna  40 - 1  may be provided with suitable impedance matching circuitry and a selected length L so that slot element  74  radiates in a first frequency band (e.g., a first frequency band from 1.5 GHz to 2.2 GHz that covers WLAN, WPAN, satellite navigation, cellular midband, and/or some cellular high band frequencies), a second frequency band (e.g., a second frequency band from 2.2 GHz to 3.0 GHz that covers WLAN/WPAN frequencies), and a third frequency band (e.g., a third frequency band from 5.0 to 8.0 GHz that covers WLAN frequencies and UWB frequencies). One or more of these frequency bands may be covered by harmonic modes of slot element  74  if desired. Conductive interconnect structures  106  may be directly connected to conductive display structures  84  (e.g., as shown by dashed lines  108  of  FIG.  6   ), may be indirectly coupled to conductive display structures  106  via capacitive coupling, or may be separated from conductive display structures  106  (e.g., conductive interconnect structures  106  need not be in contact with conductive display structures  84  but still electrically define part of the perimeter of slot element  74 ). 
     In scenarios where conductive interconnect structures  106  are absent from device  10 , excessively strong electric fields may be generated between conductive display structures  84  and the conductive sidewall  12 W at the side of device  10  opposite to antenna feed  62 . These fields may limit the overall antenna efficiency of antenna  40 - 1 . However, the presence of conductive interconnect structures  106  may effectively form a short circuit between conductive display structures  84  and conductive sidewall  12 W. This may, for example, configure housing  12  and conductive display structures  84  to electrically behave as a single metal body, mitigating excessive electric fields at the side of device  10  opposing antenna feed  62 . In this way, antenna  40 - 1  may operate with greater antenna efficiency relative to scenarios where conductive interconnect structures  106  are absent from device  10 . The presence of conductive interconnect structures  106  may allow for the width W of slot element  74  and the thickness of device  10  to be reduced given equal antenna efficiencies relative to scenarios where conductive interconnect structures  106  are not formed within device  10 , for example. 
     Conductive interconnect structures  106  may include any desired conductive structures such as conductive adhesive (e.g., conductive tape), conductive fasteners (e.g., conductive screws or clips such as blade clips), conductive pins, solder, welds, conductive traces on flexible printed circuits, metal foil, stamped sheet metal, integral device housing structures, conductive brackets, conductive springs, and/or any other desired structures for defining the perimeter of slot element  74  and/or effectively forming an electrical short circuit path between conductive display structures  84  and housing  12 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  7   , multiple display flexes  94  may be formed under conductive display structures  84  (e.g., a first display flex  94 - 1 , a second display flex  94 - 2 , and a third display flex  94 - 3 ). Display flex  94 - 3  may be electrically coupled to layer  102 - 3  ( FIG.  6   ), display flex  94 - 2  may be electrically coupled to layer  102 - 2 , and display flex  94 - 1  may be electrically coupled to layer  102 - 1 . The ends of display flexes  94  closest to antenna feed  62  may be coupled to conductive display structures  84 , for example. The opposing ends of display flexes  94  may be coupled to display interface circuitry  92  ( FIG.  6   ). Display flex  94 - 3  may convey near field communications signals between layer  102 - 3  and other communications circuitry on logic board  90 . Display flex  94 - 2  may convey image data between layer  102 - 2  and display circuitry on logic board  90 . Display flex  94 - 1  may convey touch sensor data between layer  102 - 1  and control circuitry on logic board  90 . Conductive interconnect structures  106  may electrically short grounded portions of display flexes  94 - 1 ,  94 - 2 , and  94 - 3  to conductive sidewalls  12 W if desired. 
     The example for the configuration of antenna  40 - 1  in  FIG.  7    is merely illustrative. Slot element  74  may have a uniform width W along length L or may have different widths along length L. If desired, width W may be adjusted to tweak the bandwidth of antenna  40 - 1 . As an example, width W may be between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm. Slot element  74  may have other shapes if desired (e.g., shapes with more than three segments extending along respective longitudinal axes, fewer than three segments, curved edges, etc.). 
     Because the dimensions of slot element  74  are set by features of device  10  that serve other purposes, those features may constrain the dimensions of slot element  74  and consequently the frequency coverage of antenna  40 - 1 . As an example, due to the length of slot element  74  being defined by sidewalls  12 W and conductive display structure  84 , antenna  40 - 1  may more readily to radiate at lower frequencies given effective elongated length of slot element  74 . Additional antenna elements such as tuning element for operating in harmonic modes may be required for antenna  40 - 1  to radiate at higher frequencies of interest (e.g., in an UWB band). However, this can lead to bulky additional antenna elements for antenna  40 - 1  being placed at undesirable or otherwise impossible locations that overlap with, interfere with, and/or are interfered by other electronic device components. As such, it may be desirable to provide an electronic device having compact antenna structures operable to provide frequency coverage at high frequencies (as wells as low frequencies) to provide a high bandwidth antenna system. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  7   , device  10  may include antenna structures that are operable to provide frequency coverage at relatively low frequencies (e.g., below 5 GHz, below 3 GHz, below 2.5 GHz, etc.) and relatively high frequencies (e.g., above 5 GHz, above 3 GHz, above 2.5 GHz, etc.). In particular, in addition to including antenna  40 - 1  (e.g., associated with slot antenna resonating element  74 ), device  10  may also include an antenna such as antenna  40 - 2 . Antenna  40 - 2  may include an antenna resonating (radiating) element such as antenna resonating element arm  142  aligned with (e.g., disposed within) slot element  74  (e.g., within slot element  74  in the top-down view of  FIG.  7   ). As such, antenna resonating element arm  142  may be interposed between conductive sidewalls  12 W and conductive display structures  84 . The example of the antenna resonating element being an antenna resonating element arm is merely illustrative. If desired, other antenna resonating structures may be used. Antenna resonating element arm  142  may sometimes be referred to as antenna resonating element  142 , antenna radiating element  142 , and antenna radiating element arm  142 . 
     In the example of  FIG.  7   , antenna resonating element arm  142  may be coupled to a printed circuit such as printed circuit  140 , sometimes referred to as a printed circuit board. Printed circuit  140  may be a flexible printed circuit board, a rigid printed circuit board, or a printed circuit board having combination of flexible and rigid structures. One or more antenna elements for antenna  40 - 2  may formed on printed circuit  140 . 
     Antenna  40 - 2  may be an inverted-F antenna having return path  148  and feed path  147  (e.g., a feed leg) coupled in parallel to antenna resonating element arm  142 . The length of resonating element arm  142  may be selected so that antenna  40 - 2  radiates (or resonates) at desired operating frequencies. As an example, the length of resonating element arm  142  may be equal to one-quarter of the effective wavelength corresponding to a desired operating frequency for antenna  40 - 2 . The effective wavelength may be equal to a freespace wavelength multiplied by a constant value that is determined by the dielectric materials in and surrounding antenna resonating element arm  142 . Antenna  40 - 2  may also exhibit resonances at harmonic frequencies. 
     Return path  148  may be coupled to a grounding structure formed on printed circuit  140  and/or provided separately from printed circuit  140  via conductive path  152 . As an example, printed circuit  140  may include conductive traces or other conductive portions that form at least a portion of an antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2 . The conductive ground portions on printed circuit  140  may be coupled to other grounding structures such as conductive sidewalls  12 W that form an additional portion of antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2 . The antenna ground for antenna  40 - 1  may also form the antenna ground for antenna  40 - 1 . Antenna  40 - 2  may include antenna feed  145  coupled across feed path  147  and the antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2  (e.g., the conductive ground portions of printed circuit  140 , conductive sidewalls  12 W, etc.). One or more of these antenna ground structures may be represented by antenna ground  150  in  FIG.  7   . Antenna feed  145  may include a ground antenna feed terminal such as antenna feed terminal  146  coupled to the antenna ground and a positive antenna feed terminal such as antenna feed terminal  144  coupled to feed path  147 . 
     In the example of  FIG.  7   , printed circuit  140  may be disposed in segment  128  of slot element  74  and may extend along segment  128  to provide antenna resonating element arm  142  at a desirable location within slot element  74 . Antenna resonating element arm  142  may have a first portion disposed in segment  128  of slot element  74  and a second portion disposed in segment  130  of slot element  74 . Antenna resonating element arm  142  may therefore include a bend such as a perpendicular bend to accommodate for the bend in slot element  74  (between segments  128  and  130 ). 
     As shown in the top-down view of  FIG.  7   , antenna resonating element arm  142  may lie within slot element  74 . This may include configurations in which antenna resonating element arm  142  lies in the same X-Y plane as conductive display structures  84  and sidewalls  12 W that define slot element  74 . This may also include configurations in which antenna resonating element arm  142  lies in a different X-Y plane than that in which conductive display structure  84  and sidewalls  12 W lie (e.g., that in which slot  74  lies). Regardless of which configuration, antenna resonating element arm  142  may remain aligned with slot element  74  (as shown in the top-down view of  FIG.  7   ). 
     Antenna resonating element arm  142  may have a first (proximal) end at printed circuit  140  in slot segment  128 , may extend towards and into slot segment  130 , and may have a second (distal) end in slot segment  130 . The antenna resonating element arm  142  may extend away from antenna feed  62  for antenna  40 - 1  (e.g., the proximal end of antenna resonating element arm  142  may be interposed between the distal end of antenna resonating element arm  142  and antenna feed  62 ). Configured in this manner, antenna resonating element arm  132  may exhibit a peak electric field at location  156  (at the distal end of antenna resonating element arm  132 ) during operation. Because the peak electrical field location for slot antenna resonating element  74  is situated at location  154 , by providing the distal end of antenna resonating element arm  142  away from location  154  (e.g., at location  156 ), antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 2  may have satisfactory electromagnetic isolation with respect to each other. 
     The example for the configuration of antenna  40 - 2  in  FIG.  7    is merely illustrative. If desired, antenna  40 - 2  may instead be formed from a monopole antenna element, a dipole antenna element, or any other suitable antenna structure. Depending on the configuration of antenna  40 - 1  (e.g., the position of peak electric field for antenna  40 - 1 ), antenna  40 - 2  may be situated in a different location within slot element  74 . As examples, antenna resonating element  142  for antenna  40 - 2  may be disposed, entirely within slot segment  126 , entirely within slot segment  128 , entirely within slot segment  130 , within two or more portions of slot segments  126 ,  128 , and  130 , etc. If desired, printed circuit  140  may be formed at any suitable location to place antenna resonating element arm  142  at a desirable location (e.g., within one or more of the slot segments). If desired, antenna  40 - 2  may be implemented without printed circuit  140 , and antenna resonating element arm  142  may optionally be coupled directly to transmission line structures or other feed structures (e.g., without intervening printed circuit  140 ). 
     In the example of  FIG.  7   , the distal end of antenna resonating element arm  142  may be disposed adjacent to button  18 . This is merely illustrative. If desired, the distal end of antenna resonating element arm  142  may extend past button  18 , may terminate before reaching button  18 , may terminate at other components in device  10 , or may terminate at any suitable location. 
       FIG.  8    is a partial cross-sectional side view of device  10  (e.g., taken across lines A 2 -A 2 ′ in  FIG.  1   ) showing how antenna  40 - 2  ( FIG.  7   ) may be implemented within device  10 . As shown in  FIG.  8   , display module  104  may be coupled to (e.g., mounted to) display cover layer  98 . One or more conductive layers in display module  104  may form conductive display structure  84  ( FIG.  7   ), which in combination with sidewall  12 W may define slot element  74 . 
     Sidewall  12 W may include have two ledges (sometimes referred to as steps or extensions) such as ledges  168  and  170 , on which components in device  10  may be disposed. Display cover layer  98  may be coupled to ledge  168  via attachment structure  158 . Attachment structure  158  may include adhesive, pins, springs, screws, clips, brackets, solder, welds, gaskets, and/or other attachment structures. If desired, attachment structure  158  may include sensor components such as a force sensor configured to detect and/or measure a force being applied to display cover layer  98 . 
     Antenna support structure  160  may be formed on ledge  170  of sidewall  12 W. Antenna support structure  160 , which may sometimes be referred to as support structure  160 , may include a molded frame structure (e.g., a molded plastic), a foam structure, a dielectric support structure, a structure on which conductive traces may be suitably formed, and/or a structure suitable for supporting conductive traces for antenna elements, as examples. Antenna resonating element arm  142  may be formed on antenna support structure  160 . Additional antenna elements such as feed path  147 , a return path, an antenna ground, and/or other antenna elements, may also be formed on support structure  160 . These additional antenna elements may be formed on one or more sides of support structure  160  (e.g., formed on a side of support structure  160  that is adjacent to the side of support structure  160  on which antenna resonating element arm  142  is formed). 
     Antenna resonating element arm  142  and additional antenna elements may be formed from metal coating layers, portions of other metal members for other components in device  10 , metal foil, wires, and/or other conductive material formed on support structure  160 . As an example, the conductive material for antenna resonating element arm  142  (and/or any other antenna elements) may be formed on antenna support structure  160  using laser direct structuring (LDS). If desired, the conductive material for antenna elements may be formed on and/or placed onto support structure  160  in any other suitable manner. 
     Printed circuit  140  (in  FIG.  7   ) may be adjacent to or in relatively close proximity to antenna support structure  160  such that antenna elements on printed circuit  140  (e.g., an antenna ground, antenna feed, etc.) may be coupled to antenna elements on antenna support structure  160  (e.g., antenna resonating element arm  142 ) to form antenna  40 - 2 . As examples, antenna support structure  160  may be mounted directly on printed circuit  140 , may be attached to printed circuit  140  by screws, adhesive, connectors, and/or other attachment structures, may be mounted to an interposing structure or component that is shared by printed circuit  140 , may be separated from printed circuit  140  but disposed a suitable distance apart, may have a portion that is supported by and/or mounted to printed circuit  140  and another portion mounted to and/or hangs over other components, and/or may be positioned in any other suitable manner with respect to printed circuit  140 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , antenna resonating element arm  142  may be formed on the top surface opposing the bottom surface to which ledge  170  is coupled. By configuring antenna resonating element arm  142  in such a manner, antenna resonating element arm  142  may be aligned with slot element  74  in the vertical direction (parallel to the Z-axis). Antenna  40 - 2  may therefore radiate through slot element  74 , through display cover layer  98 , and through a front face of device  10  (as shown by arrow  166 ). 
     In the example of  FIG.  8   , antenna resonating element arm  142  may be formed below (e.g., in the negative X direction from) a lateral opening (in the X-Y plane) that form a portion of slot element  74  that is laterally adjacent to display module  104 . This is merely illustrative. If desired, antenna resonating element arm  142  may be formed at or above the lateral opening that form the portion of slot element  74  adjacent to display module  104 . In other words, the height of support structure  160  may be increased along the Z-axis and/or the thickness (in the Z-axis direction) of the conductive traces forming antenna resonating element arm  142  may increase to provide extend antenna resonating element arm  142  vertically (in the positive Z direction) to a position that is laterally adjacent to display module  104  (e.g., in the same X-Y plane as at least a portion of display module  104 ). 
     Slot element  74  may be defined by a gap between conductive structures in display module  104  and portions of sidewall  12 W (e.g., ledge  170 ) that is not necessarily in the same X-Y plane as display module  104 . As such, regardless of the vertical placement of antenna resonating element arm  142 , antenna resonating element arm  142  and support structure  160  may still be disposed within slot element  74 . In other words, in both the original vertical placement configuration of antenna resonating element  142  shown in  FIG.  8    and the raised vertical placement of antenna resonating element  142 , antenna resonating element  142  may be disposed in slot element  74 . 
     To operate antenna  40 - 2 , device  10  may include printed circuit  164  that may be coupled to antenna resonating element arm  142  and to other antenna resonating elements such as an antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2  using printed circuit  162 . As an example, printed circuit  164  may be the same as main logic board  90  in  FIG.  6   , on which transceiver circuitry  48  ( FIG.  6   ) may be mounted. In this example, transceiver circuitry  48  may provide antenna signals to antenna resonating element arm  142  and the other antenna elements for antenna  40 - 2  and may receive antenna signals from antenna resonating element arm  142  and the other antenna elements for antenna  40 - 2 . If desired, printed circuit  164  may be implemented separately from main logic board  90  (e.g., implemented as part of a separate flexible and/or rigid printed circuit board separate from main logic board  90 ). If desired, transceiver circuitry for antenna  40 - 2  may be mounted in any other suitable manner. If desired, printed circuit  164  may be used to implement one or more portions of printed circuit  140  ( FIG.  7   ), transmission line structures (e.g., on printed circuit  162 ), and/or antenna elements (e.g., a portion of an antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2 ), may be implemented separately from printed circuit  140  and printed circuit  162 , and/or may be coupled to and through portions of printed circuit  140  and printed circuit  162  when forming connections to antenna elements for antenna  40 - 2 . 
     Printed circuit  162  may be implemented as a flexible printed circuit that is coupled to printed circuit  164  via a connector or other conductive interconnect structures. Conductive traces in printed circuit  162  may form transmission line structures for feeding antenna signals to antenna  40 - 2 . The conductive traces in printed circuit  162  may form an antenna signal path coupled to feed path  147  for antenna resonating element arm  142  and may form a ground antenna signal path coupled to an antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2 . This is merely illustrative. If desired, other conductive interconnect structures such as conductive contact pads, conductive pins, conductive springs, conductive adhesive, conductive clips, solder, welds, conductive wires, or any other suitable conductive interconnect structures may be used instead of or in addition to the conductive traces in printed circuit  162  to connect transceiver circuitry to antenna elements (e.g., antenna resonating element arm  142  and the antenna ground) for antenna  40 - 2 . 
       FIG.  9    shows a detailed top-down view of antenna elements for antenna  40 - 2  disposed within slot element  74 . As shown in  FIG.  9   , printed circuit  140  may be provided on ledge  170  of sidewall  12 W and may include conductive traces that form an antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2 . The antenna ground on printed circuit  140  may be coupled to other conductive elements that form the antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2  such as conductive sidewalls  12 W and/or conductive traces on a main logic board (e.g., printed circuit  164  in  FIG.  8   , printed circuit  90  in  FIG.  6   ). 
     As an example, at least a portion of the antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2  may be formed from conductive ground traces at a bottom surface of printed circuit  140 . These conductive ground traces on printed circuit  140  may be connected to conductive sidewalls  12 W through screws, other conductive retaining members securing components within device  10 , or other conductive members. These conductive ground traces on printed circuit  140  may be connected to conductive ground traces on a main logic board through conductive traces in a connecting printed circuit or other conductive members. These examples are merely illustrative. If desired, antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2  may be formed any suitable one or combination of conductive structures (e.g., housing structures, conductive traces, device components, etc.) connected using any suitable means such as conductive wires, conductive adhesive, conductive fasteners such as screws, conductive pins, conductive clips, conductive brackets, solder, welds, and/or any other desired conductive interconnect structures. 
     Antenna resonating element arm  142  may be formed on a support structure such as support structure  160  ( FIG.  8   ). Return path  148  may couple antenna resonating element arm  142  to the antenna ground for antenna  40 - 2  (e.g., grounding structure  150  such as sidewall  12 W) via path  152 , which may include conductive traces in printed circuit  140 , a conductive fastener for retaining components such as a vibrator, and/or other connective structures. 
     Printed circuit  162  may be disposed on ledge  170  of sidewall  12 W and may be coupled to printed circuit  140  using connector  163 . Printed circuit  162  may provide transmission line structures for feeding antenna  40 - 2  such as antenna signal line (path)  172  and antenna ground signal line (path)  174 . Antenna signal path  172  may include conductive traces in printed circuit  162  and conductive traces in printed circuit  140 , and may be coupled to positive antenna feed terminal  144 . Antenna ground path  174  may include conductive traces in printed circuit  162  and conductive traces in printed circuit  140 , and may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal  146 . In the example of  FIG.  9   , printed circuit  162  may include a branched-off portion  161  that includes the conductive traces in ground path  174 . Portion  161  may route antenna ground path  174  to other components in device  10  such as a logic board, a grounding structure, etc. Antenna ground path  174  may ultimately connect to a ground antenna feed terminal for antenna  40 - 2  (e.g., terminal  146 ). If desired, ground path  174  may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal  146  directly through connector  163  and conductive traces in printed circuit  140  (similar to antenna signal path  172 ). 
     These examples for implementing antenna signal path  172  and antenna ground path  174  are merely illustrative. If desired, antenna signal path  172  and/or antenna ground path  174  may include any suitable conductive interconnect structures such as conductive traces, conductive wires, conductive adhesive, conductive fasteners such as screws, conductive pins, conductive clips, conductive brackets, solder, welds, electrical components, conductive structural housing members, and/or any other desired conductive interconnect structures. If desired, transmission line structure may be implemented in manners other than using printed circuit  162  (e.g., a coaxial cable, a waveguide transmission line, etc.). 
       FIG.  10    shows illustrative circuitry for operating antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 2  as described in connection with  FIGS.  4 - 9   . In the example of  FIG.  10   , control circuitry  28  (i.e., control circuitry  28  in  FIG.  2   ) may be coupled to low frequency transceiver circuitry  180  via path  182  and may be coupled to high frequency transceiver circuitry  190  via path  192 . Low frequency transceiver circuitry  180  may be configured to provide antenna signals to and receive antenna signals from antenna  40 - 1  for frequencies in a first range of frequencies. High frequency transceiver circuitry  190  may be configured to provide antenna signals to and receive antenna signals from antenna  40 - 2  for frequencies in a second range of frequencies. The first range of frequencies may be lower than the second range of frequencies. If desired, the first range of frequencies may partially overlap the second range of frequencies. 
     As examples, low frequency transceiver circuitry  180  may include transceiver circuitry for supporting frequencies in a first frequency band from 1.5 GHz to 2.2 GHz that covers WLAN, WPAN, satellite navigation, cellular midband, and/or some cellular high band frequencies and a second frequency band from 2.2 GHz to 3.0 GHz that covers WLAN/WPAN frequencies. This is merely illustrative. If desired, low frequency transceiver circuitry  180  may use antenna  40 - 1  to provide frequency coverage at other suitable frequencies such as frequencies in a third frequency band from 5.0 to 8.0 GHz that covers WLAN frequencies and UWB frequencies. 
     As examples, high frequency transceiver circuitry  190  may include transceiver circuitry for supporting frequencies in a frequency band from 5.0 to 8.0 GHz that covers WLAN frequencies and UWB frequencies. High frequency transceiver circuitry  190  may provide coverage for the 5.0 to 8.0 GHz band instead of or in addition to low frequency transceiver circuitry  180  providing coverage in the same band. This is merely illustrative. If desired, high frequency transceiver circuitry  190  may use antenna  40 - 2  to provide frequency coverage at other suitable frequencies. 
     Control circuitry  28  may separately control transceiver circuitries  180  and  190  to operate antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 2  across low and high frequency bands, respectively, thereby increasing frequency coverage for the overall antenna system in device  10  ( FIG.  2   ). Additionally, by implementing antenna  40 - 2  using an antenna resonating element arm within a slot element that forms antenna  40 - 1 , device  10  may be provided with compact and well-integrated antennas that behave symbiotically (e.g., slot element  74  forming a window for antenna resonating element arm  142  in  FIG.  8   , antenna resonating element arm  142  formed within existing slot structures as to not take up additional space). Moreover, antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 2  may exhibit relatively high electromagnetic antenna isolation between each other (e.g., because the respective high electric field locations  154  and  156  in  FIG.  7    are spaced relatively far apart). Consequently, device  10  may implement compact antennas  40  (e.g., antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 2 ) having increase bandwidth with still maintaining satisfactory isolation between the antennas. 
       FIG.  11    is a graph in which antenna performance (antenna efficiency) has been plotted as a function of operating frequency for antennas  40  in device  10  ( FIG.  2   ). As shown in  FIG.  11   , curve  200  plots the antenna efficiency of antennas  40  in device  10  in the absence of antenna  40 - 2  as shown and described in connection with  FIGS.  7 - 10   . As shown by curve  200 , other antenna structures for antennas  40  (e.g., antenna structures formed from display circuitry, formed on rear housing antenna structures, formed from peripheral conductive structures, etc.) may support reasonable antenna efficiencies at relatively low frequencies such as frequencies in the GPS band at 1.5 GHz, the cellular midband from 1.4 GHz to 2.2 GHz, the cellular high band at 2.2 GHz, the 2.4 GHz WLAN/WPAN band, and any other relatively low frequency bands. However, these antenna structures may be unable to provide increased bandwidth to cover relatively high frequencies such as the frequencies in the UWB communications band from about 5.0 GHz to about 8.5 GHz. 
     Curve  202  plots the antenna efficiency of antennas  40  in device  10  in scenarios where antenna  40 - 2  as shown and described in connection with  FIGS.  7 - 10    are present. As shown by curve  202 , the other antenna structures for antennas  40  may still support reasonable antenna efficiencies at relatively low frequencies such as frequencies in the GPS band at 1.5 GHz, the cellular midband from 1.4 GHz to 2.2 GHz, the cellular high band at 2.2 GHz, the 2.4 GHz WLAN/WPAN band, and any other relatively low frequency bands. At the same time, antenna  40 - 2  as shown and described in connection with  FIGS.  7 - 10    may support efficiency peaks at higher frequencies such as frequencies in the UWB communications band from about 5.0 GHz to about 8.5 GHz. In this way, antennas  40  for device  10  may exhibit satisfactory antenna efficiency across each of these bands despite the constrained form factor of device  10 . The example of  FIG.  11    is merely illustrative. In general, efficiency curve  202  may have other shapes. Curve  202  (i.e., antennas  40  including antenna  40 - 2 ) may exhibit efficiency peaks in any desired number of frequency bands and across any desired frequencies. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made to the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190926
Publication Date: 20231226
Grant Date: 20231226
Priority Date: 20190926
Inventors: Ruaro, Andrea
DA COSTA BRAS LIMA, EDUARDO JORGE
Martinis, Mario
PAPANTONIS, DIMITRIOS
NATH, JAYESH
PASCOLINI, MATTIA
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G04R60/10", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G17/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/2291", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/273", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/38", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/25", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/307", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q13/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/273", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04R60/10", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/40", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/28", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/42", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04R60/12", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G21/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q13/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/38", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G17/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/307", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/25", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/2291", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/273", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 75163301