PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11030269-B2
Application Number: US-201916263704-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Analytic data collection for application navigation

Abstract:
Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for collecting analytic data for application navigation with an electronic device are provided. A navigation event operative to navigate away from the presentation of a particular type of application content of an application (e.g., a news article of a news aggregator application) or any other suitable analytic event may be carried out on an electronic device, in response to which the device may be operative to collect certain data for defining an analytics payload of data that may then be shared by the device for any suitable analysis, such as to analyze how a user arrived at that presented article, how long a user viewed the article, whether or how often a user played back any video embedded in the article, and/or the like, where such analysis may be used to more effectively recommend news articles to the user in the future.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method for providing analytic data associated with a navigation of an application on a computing device, the method comprising, at the computing device:
 detecting a navigation event while displaying a first module of the application; 
 displaying a second module of the application in response to the navigation event; 
 detecting an analytic event while displaying the second module of the application, wherein the analytic event is associated with a plurality of analytic data types; 
 obtaining, for at least one analytic data type of the plurality of analytic data types that matches a respective second application data type associated with the second module, a respective second data object from the second module; 
 obtaining, for at least one remaining analytic data type of the plurality of analytic data types that matches a respective first application data type associated with the first module, a respective first data object from the first module; and 
 generating an analytics payload for the analytic event using the respective first and second data objects. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the navigation event comprises transitioning from a first information feed of the application to a second information feed of the application. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 2 , wherein the navigation event is triggered when a user selects a link that causes the application to transition from the first information feed to the second information feed. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the respective first and second data objects are obtained in response to detecting the analytic event. 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 1 , wherein one or more of the respective first and second application data types and the plurality of analytic data types comprises one or more of a news article analytic data type, a news feed analytic data type, a news group analytic data type, and a play state analytic data type. 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the respective first data object includes information that is pertinent to a first interaction with the first module by a user; and 
 the respective second data object includes information that is pertinent to the navigation event and a second interaction with the second module by the user. 
 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1 , wherein one or more of the respective first and second data objects includes one or more of:
 an indication of a link that, when selected, causes the navigation event; 
 a location of the link within the first module; 
 a first time at which the first module was displayed; 
 a second time at which the second module was displayed; 
 times and types of navigation events associated with interactions with one or more of the first and second modules by a user; and 
 play state information associated with at least one media content displayed within or more of the first and second modules. 
 
     
     
       8. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium configured to store instructions that, when executed by a processor included in a computing device, cause the computing device to provide analytic data associated with a navigation of an application on the computing device, by carrying out steps that include:
 detecting a navigation event while displaying a first module of the application; 
 displaying a second module of the application in response to the navigation event; 
 detecting an analytic event while displaying the second module of the application, wherein the analytic event is associated with a plurality of analytic data types; 
 obtaining, for at least one analytic data type of the plurality of analytic data types that matches a respective second application data type associated with the second module, a respective second data object from the second module; 
 obtaining, for at least one remaining analytic data type of the plurality of analytic data types that matches a respective first application data type associated with the first module, a respective first data object from the first module; and 
 generating an analytics payload for the analytic event using the respective first and second data objects. 
 
     
     
       9. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 8 , wherein the navigation event comprises transitioning from a first information feed of the application to a second information feed of the application. 
     
     
       10. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 9 , wherein the navigation event is triggered when a user selects a link that causes the application to transition from the first information feed to the second information feed. 
     
     
       11. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 8 , wherein the respective first and second data objects are obtained in response to detecting the analytic event. 
     
     
       12. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 8 , wherein one or more of the respective first and second application data types and the plurality of analytic data types comprises one or more of a news article analytic data type, a news feed analytic data type, a news group analytic data type, and a play state analytic data type. 
     
     
       13. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 8 , wherein:
 the respective first data object includes information that is pertinent to a first interaction with the first module by a user; and 
 the respective second data object includes information that is pertinent to the navigation event and a second interaction with the second module by the user. 
 
     
     
       14. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 8 , wherein one or more of the respective first and second data objects includes one or more of:
 an indication of a link that, when selected, causes the navigation event; 
 a location of the link within the first module; 
 a first time at which the first module was displayed; 
 a second time at which the second module was displayed; 
 times and types of navigation events associated with interactions with one or more of the first and second modules by a user; and 
 play state information associated with at least one media content displayed within or more of the first and second modules. 
 
     
     
       15. A computing device configured to provide analytic data associated with a navigation of an application on the computing device, the computing device comprising a processor configured to cause the computing device to carry out steps that include:
 detecting a navigation event while displaying a first module of the application; 
 displaying a second module of the application in response to the navigation event; 
 detecting an analytic event while displaying the second module of the application, wherein the analytic event is associated with a plurality of analytic data types; 
 obtaining, for at least one analytic data type of the plurality of analytic data types that matches a respective second application data type associated with the second module, a respective second data object from the second module; 
 obtaining, for at least one remaining analytic data type of the plurality of analytic data types that matches a respective first application data type associated with the first module, a respective first data object from the first module; and 
 generating an analytics payload for the analytic event using the respective first and second data objects. 
 
     
     
       16. The computing device of  claim 15 , wherein the navigation event comprises transitioning from a first information feed of the application to a second information feed of the application. 
     
     
       17. The computing device of  claim 16 , wherein the navigation event is triggered when a user selects a link that causes the application to transition from the first information feed to the second information feed. 
     
     
       18. The computing device of  claim 15 , wherein the respective first and second data objects are obtained in response to detecting the analytic event. 
     
     
       19. The computing device of  claim 15 , wherein one or more of the respective first and second application data types and the plurality of analytic data types comprises one or more of a news article analytic data type, a news feed analytic data type, a news group analytic data type, and a play state analytic data type. 
     
     
       20. The computing device of  claim 15 , wherein one or more of the respective first and second data objects includes one or more of:
 an indication of a link that, when selected, causes the navigation event; 
 a location of the link within the first module; 
 a first time at which the first module was displayed; 
 a second time at which the second module was displayed; 
 times and types of navigation events associated with interactions with one or more of the first and second modules by a user; and 
 play state information associated with at least one media content displayed within or more of the first and second modules.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of prior filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/679,914, filed Jun. 3, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to collecting analytic data for application navigation with an electronic device. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Data indicative of user navigation within an application on an electronic device is collected for analytic purposes. Often, however, collection of such data is inefficient and unmanageable, especially for increasingly complex hierarchical application navigation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This document describes systems, methods, and computer-readable media for collecting analytic data for application navigation with an electronic device. 
     For example, a method for collecting analytic data for navigation of an application on an electronic device may be provided that includes, while presenting content of a view of a first module of an application using an output component of the electronic device, detecting a navigation event, in response to detecting the navigation event, presenting content of a view of a second module of the application using the output component, while presenting the content of the view of the second module of the application, detecting an analytic event that is associated with a plurality of analytic field data types, for an analytic field data type of the plurality of analytic field data types that matches an application field data type associated with a stack of the second module, obtaining a data object from the stack of the second module, for an other analytic field data type of the plurality of analytic field data types that does not match any application field data type associated with any stack of the second module but that matches an other application field data type associated with a stack of the first module, obtaining a data object from the stack of the first module, and defining an analytics payload for the detected analytic event using the data object obtained from the stack of the second module and using the data object obtained from the stack of the first module. 
     As another example, a method for collecting analytic data for navigation of an application on an electronic device may be provided that includes presenting at least a first portion of first content of a first view of a first module of the application using an output component of the electronic device, storing a first data object associated with a current state of the first content of the first view in a first stack of the first module, wherein a first application field data type is associated with the first stack, while the at least the first portion of the first content of the first view is being presented, detecting a first event with a first view controller of the first module, in response to detecting the first event, loading a second module of the application, wherein the second module includes router tracker data identifying the first module as a parent of the second module, after the loading, presenting at least a second portion of second content of a second view of the second module using the output component, storing a second data object associated with a current state of the second content of the second view in a second stack of the second module, wherein a second application field data type is associated with the second stack, while the at least the second portion of the second content of the second view is being presented, detecting a second event with a second view controller of the second module, and, in response to detecting the second event, determining an analytics payload for the detected second event, wherein determining the analytics payload for the detected second event includes identifying each of at least one analytic field data type associated with the detected second event, for each identified analytic field data type that matches an application field data type associated with a stack of the second module, obtaining at least one data object stored in that stack of the second module, when at least one data object has been obtained from the second module for each identified analytic field data type, defining the analytics payload to include each data object obtained from the second module, and, when at least one data object has not been obtained from the second module for each identified analytic field data type, identifying the first module as the parent of the second module using the router tracker data of the second module, for each identified analytic field data type that did not match an application field data type associated with any stack of the second module but that matches an application field data type associated with a stack of the identified first module, obtaining at least one data object stored in that stack of the identified first module, and, when at least one data object has been obtained from any one of the second module and the identified first module for each identified analytic field data type, defining the analytics payload to include each data object obtained from the second module and each data object obtained from the identified first module. 
     As yet another example, an electronic device may be provided that includes a communications component, a memory component, an input component, an output component, and a processor configured to operate an application by detecting a navigation event using the input component while presenting content of a view of a first module of the application using the output component, in response to detecting the navigation event, presenting content of a view of a second module of the application using the output component, while presenting the content of the view of the second module of the application, detecting, using the input component, an analytic event that is associated with a plurality of analytic field data types, for an analytic field data type of the plurality of analytic field data types that matches an application field data type associated with a stack of the second module, obtaining a data object from the stack of the second module, for an other analytic field data type of the plurality of analytic field data types that does not match any application field data type associated with any stack of the second module but that matches an other application field data type associated with a stack of the first module, obtaining a data object from the stack of the first module, defining an analytics payload for the detected analytic event using the data object obtained from the stack of the second module and using the data object obtained from the stack of the first module, and communicating the defined analytics payload to a remote server using the communications component. 
     This Summary is provided only to summarize some example embodiments, so as to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the subject matter described in this document. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the features described in this Summary are only examples and should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the subject matter described herein in any way. Unless otherwise stated, features described in the context of one example may be combined or used with features described in the context of one or more other examples. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter described herein will become apparent from the following Detailed Description, Figures, and Claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The discussion below makes reference to the following drawings, in which like reference characters may refer to like parts throughout, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view of an illustrative system for collecting analytic data for application navigation; 
         FIG. 2  is a front view of an illustrative example of an electronic device in the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIGS. 2A-2E  are front views of screens of a graphical user interface of an electronic device of one or more of  FIGS. 1 and 2  illustrating application navigation during which analytic data may be collected; 
         FIG. 3  is an exemplary schematic diagram of an application of an electronic device of one or more of  FIGS. 1-2E  that may be navigated; 
         FIG. 4A  is an exemplary schematic diagram of an application of one or more of  FIGS. 1-3  as navigated in a first particular manner; 
         FIG. 4B  is a more detailed exemplary schematic diagram of the application of  FIG. 4A  as navigated in the first particular manner; 
         FIG. 5A  is an exemplary schematic diagram of an application of one or more of  FIGS. 1-3  as navigated in a second particular manner; 
         FIG. 5B  is a more detailed exemplary schematic diagram of the application of  FIG. 5A  as navigated in the second particular manner; and 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart of an illustrative process for collecting analytic data for application navigation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Systems, methods, and computer-readable media may be provided to collect analytic data for application navigation. A navigation event operative to navigate away from the presentation of a particular type of application content of an application (e.g., a news article of a news aggregator application) on an electronic device may also be referred to herein as an analytic event, in response to which the device may be operative to collect certain data for defining an analytics payload of data that may then be shared by the device with any suitable entity to perform any suitable analysis on that data for any suitable purpose (e.g., to analyze how a user arrived at that presented article (e.g., directly from a high-level news recommendation feed or from a group-level news recommendation feed), how long a user viewed the article, whether or how often a user played back any video embedded in the article, and/or the like, where such analysis may be used to more effectively recommend news articles to the user in the future). Certain analytic data to be collected in response to a certain analytic event for defining such analytics payload data may not be originally captured particularly for the view at which the analytic event occurred. For example, when a particular analytic event may occur in response to the application navigating away from the presentation of a particular article, certain analytic data to be collected for defining the analytics payload data associated with that article may not be analytic data that was originally captured based on the presentation of that article (e.g., the duration of time in which a user viewed the presentation of the article). Instead, some analytic data that may be collected for defining the analytics payload data for the article may be originally captured when the application navigated from a high-level news recommendation feed to a group-level news recommendation feed (e.g., a group-level news recommendation feed from which the application then navigated to the article of the analytic event). Therefore, the application may be designed to capture and store analytic data in a particular manner such that the application may be able to collect the appropriate analytic data in an effective and efficient manner for defining analytics payload data. For example, analytic data for a particular view of content (e.g., a particular feed or a particular article) may be captured and stored in a particular module of that particular view, but that module may then be linked to another particular module of another particular view (e.g., a child view of another particular view from which the application navigated to the child view in response to a navigation event) in which other analytic data for that other particular view may be stored. Therefore, view-specific analytic data may be captured by and stored at a view-specific module but then linked to other view-specific analytic data that may be captured by and stored at another view-specific module (e.g., a child of the first view-specific module). Then, in response to a particular analytic event at a particular view-specific module, the application may be operative to collect only the necessary analytic data captured by one or more modules included in a navigational path associated with the view-specific module at which the particular analytic event was detected. Therefore, the data tracking may occur independently of the analytic event submission. This may significantly increase the flexibility and speed and efficiency and effectiveness of the application&#39;s ability to define analytics payload data for a particular analytic event. This may reduce the amount of data passed between modules and/or the amount of data stored in modules. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic view of an illustrative system  1  that may include at least one of each one of an electronic device  100  and a remote server  50  for collecting analytic data for application navigation in accordance with some embodiments. Electronic device  100  can include, but is not limited to, a media player (e.g., an iPod™ available by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), video player, still image player, game player, other media player, music recorder, movie or video camera or recorder, still camera, other media recorder, radio, medical equipment, domestic appliance, transportation vehicle instrument, musical instrument, calculator, cellular telephone (e.g., an iPhone™ available by Apple Inc.), other wireless communication device, personal digital assistant, remote control, pager, computer (e.g., a desktop, laptop, tablet (e.g., an iPad™ available by Apple Inc.), server, etc.), monitor, television, stereo equipment, set up box, set-top box, boom box, modem, router, printer, watch, biometric monitor, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, electronic device  100  may perform a single function (e.g., a device dedicated to collecting analytic data for application navigation) and, in other embodiments, electronic device  100  may perform multiple functions (e.g., a device that collects application analytic data, plays music, and receives and transmits telephone calls). Electronic device  100  may be any portable, mobile, hand-held, or miniature electronic device that may be configured to collect analytic data for application navigation wherever a user travels. Some miniature electronic devices may have a form factor that is smaller than that of hand-held electronic devices, such as an iPod™. Illustrative miniature electronic devices can be integrated into various objects that may include, but are not limited to, watches (e.g., an Apple Watch™ available by Apple Inc.), rings, necklaces, belts, accessories for belts, headsets, accessories for shoes, virtual reality devices, glasses, other wearable electronics, accessories for sporting equipment, accessories for fitness equipment, key chains, or any combination thereof. Alternatively, electronic device  100  may not be portable at all, but may instead be generally stationary. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , for example, electronic device  100  may include processing circuitry  102 , memory  104 , power supply circuitry  106 , input component circuitry  108 , output component circuitry  110 , sensor circuitry  112 , and communications circuitry  114 . Electronic device  100  may also include a bus  115  that may provide one or more wired or wireless communication links or paths for transferring data and/or power to, from, or between various other components of device  100 . In some embodiments, one or more components of electronic device  100  may be combined or omitted. Moreover, electronic device  100  may include any other suitable components not combined or included in  FIG. 1  and/or several instances of the components shown in  FIG. 1 . For the sake of simplicity, only one of each of the components is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Memory  104  may include one or more storage mediums, including, for example, a hard-drive, flash memory, permanent memory such as read-only memory (“ROM”), semi-permanent memory such as random access memory (“RAM”), any other suitable type of storage component, or any combination thereof. Memory  104  may include cache memory, which may be one or more different types of memory used for temporarily storing data for electronic device applications. Memory  104  may be fixedly embedded within electronic device  100  or may be incorporated onto one or more suitable types of cards that may be repeatedly inserted into and removed from electronic device  100  (e.g., a subscriber identity module (“SIM”) card or secure digital (“SD”) memory card). Memory  104  may store media data (e.g., music and image files), software (e.g., for implementing functions on device  100 ), firmware, media information (e.g., media content and/or associated metadata), preference information (e.g., media playback preferences), lifestyle information (e.g., food preferences), exercise information (e.g., information obtained by exercise monitoring equipment or any suitable sensor circuitry), transaction information (e.g., information such as credit card information), wireless connection information (e.g., information that may enable device  100  to establish a wireless connection), subscription information (e.g., information that keeps track of podcasts or television shows or other media a user subscribes to), contact information (e.g., telephone numbers and e-mail addresses), calendar information, pass information (e.g., transportation boarding passes, event tickets, coupons, store cards, financial payment cards, etc.), application navigation analytic information, any other suitable data, or any combination thereof. 
     Power supply circuitry  106  can include any suitable circuitry for receiving and/or generating power, and for providing such power to one or more of the other components of electronic device  100 . For example, power supply circuitry  106  can be coupled to a power grid (e.g., when device  100  is not acting as a portable device or when a battery of the device is being charged at an electrical outlet with power generated by an electrical power plant). As another example, power supply circuitry  106  can be configured to generate power from a natural source (e.g., solar power using solar cells). As another example, power supply circuitry  106  can include one or more batteries for providing power (e.g., when device  100  is acting as a portable device). For example, power supply circuitry  106  can include one or more of a battery (e.g., a gel, nickel metal hydride, nickel cadmium, nickel hydrogen, lead acid, or lithium-ion battery), an uninterruptible or continuous power supply (“UPS” or “CPS”), and circuitry for processing power received from a power generation source (e.g., power generated by an electrical power plant and delivered to the user via an electrical socket or otherwise). The power can be provided by power supply circuitry  106  as alternating current or direct current, and may be processed to transform power or limit received power to particular characteristics. For example, the power can be transformed to or from direct current, and constrained to one or more values of average power, effective power, peak power, energy per pulse, voltage, current (e.g., measured in amperes), or any other characteristic of received power. Power supply circuitry  106  can be operative to request or provide particular amounts of power at different times, for example, based on the needs or requirements of electronic device  100  or periphery devices that may be coupled to electronic device  100  (e.g., to request more power when charging a battery than when the battery is already charged). 
     One or more input components  108  may be provided to permit a user to interact or interface with device  100 . For example, input component circuitry  108  can take a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, a touch pad, dial, click wheel, scroll wheel, touch screen, one or more buttons (e.g., a keyboard), mouse, joy stick, track ball, microphone, still image camera, video camera, scanner (e.g., a bar code scanner or any other suitable scanner that may obtain product identifying information from a code, such as a bar code, or the like), proximity sensor, light detector, biometric sensor (e.g., a fingerprint reader or other feature recognition sensor, which may operate in conjunction with a feature-processing application that may be accessible to electronic device  100  for authenticating a user), line-in connector for data and/or power, and combinations thereof. Each input component  108  can be configured to provide one or more dedicated control functions for making selections or issuing commands associated with operating device  100 . 
     Electronic device  100  may also include one or more output components  110  that may present information (e.g., graphical, audible, and/or tactile information) to a user of device  100 . For example, output component circuitry  110  of electronic device  100  may take various forms, including, but not limited to, audio speakers, headphones, line-out connectors for data and/or power, visual displays, infrared ports, tactile/haptic outputs (e.g., rumblers, vibrators, etc.), and combinations thereof. As a particular example, electronic device  100  may include a display output component as output component  110 , where such a display output component may include any suitable type of display or interface for presenting visual data to a user. A display output component may include a display embedded in device  100  or coupled to device  100  (e.g., a removable display). A display output component may include, for example, a liquid crystal display (“LCD”), a light emitting diode (“LED”) display, an organic light-emitting diode (“OLED”) display, a surface-conduction electron-emitter display (“SED”), a carbon nanotube display, a nanocrystal display, any other suitable type of display, or combination thereof. Alternatively, a display output component can include a movable display or a projecting system for providing a display of content on a surface remote from electronic device  100 , such as, for example, a video projector, a head-up display, or a three-dimensional (e.g., holographic) display. As another example, a display output component may include a digital or mechanical viewfinder, such as a viewfinder of the type found in compact digital cameras, reflex cameras, or any other suitable still or video camera. A display output component may include display driver circuitry, circuitry for driving display drivers, or both, and such a display output component can be operative to display content (e.g., media playback information, application screens for applications implemented on electronic device  100 , information regarding ongoing communications operations, information regarding incoming communications requests, device operation screens, etc.) that may be under the direction of processor  102 . 
     It should be noted that one or more input components and one or more output components may sometimes be referred to collectively herein as an input/output (“I/O”) component or I/O circuitry or I/O interface (e.g., input component  108  and output component  110  as I/O component or I/O interface  109 ). For example, input component  108  and output component  110  may sometimes be a single I/O component  109 , such as a touch screen, that may receive input information through a user&#39;s touch (e.g., multi-touch) of a display screen and that may also provide visual information to a user via that same display screen. 
     Sensor circuitry  112  may include any suitable sensor or any suitable combination of sensors operative to detect movements of electronic device  100  and/or any other characteristics of device  100  or its environment (e.g., physical activity or other characteristics of a user of device  100 ). For example, sensor circuitry  112  may include one or more three-axis acceleration motion sensors (e.g., an accelerometer) that may be operative to detect linear acceleration in three directions (i.e., the x- or left/right direction, the y- or up/down direction, and the z- or forward/backward direction). As another example, sensor circuitry  112  may include one or more single-axis or two-axis acceleration motion sensors that may be operative to detect linear acceleration only along each of the x- or left/right direction and the y- or up/down direction, or along any other pair of directions. In some embodiments, sensor circuitry  112  may include an electrostatic capacitance (e.g., capacitance-coupling) accelerometer that may be based on silicon micro-machined micro electro-mechanical systems (“MEMS”) technology, including a heat-based MEMS type accelerometer, a piezoelectric type accelerometer, a piezo-resistance type accelerometer, and/or any other suitable accelerometer (e.g., which may provide a pedometer or other suitable function). In some embodiments, sensor circuitry  112  may be operative to directly or indirectly detect rotation, rotational movement, angular displacement, tilt, position, orientation, motion along a non-linear (e.g., arcuate) path, or any other non-linear motions. Additionally or alternatively, sensor circuitry  112  may include one or more angular rate, inertial, and/or gyro-motion sensors or gyroscopes for detecting rotational movement. For example, sensor circuitry  112  may include one or more rotating or vibrating elements, optical gyroscopes, vibrating gyroscopes, gas rate gyroscopes, ring gyroscopes, magnetometers (e.g., scalar or vector magnetometers), compasses, and/or the like. Any other suitable sensors may also or alternatively be provided by sensor circuitry  112  for detecting motion on device  100 , such as any suitable pressure sensors, altimeters, or the like. Using sensor circuitry  112 , electronic device  100  may be configured to determine a velocity, acceleration, orientation, and/or any other suitable motion attribute of electronic device  100 . 
     Sensor circuitry  112  may include any suitable sensor(s), including, but not limited to, one or more of a GPS sensor, accelerometer, directional sensor (e.g., compass), gyroscope, motion sensor, pedometer, passive infrared sensor, ultrasonic sensor, microwave sensor, a tomographic motion detector, a camera, a biometric sensor, a light sensor, a timer, or the like. In some examples, a biometric sensor may include, but is not limited to, one or more health-related optical sensors, capacitive sensors, thermal sensors, electric field (“eField”) sensors, and/or ultrasound sensors, such as photoplethysmogram (“PPG”) sensors, electrocardiography (“ECG”) sensors, galvanic skin response (“GSR”) sensors, posture sensors, stress sensors, photoplethysmogram sensors, and/or the like. These sensors can generate data providing health-related information associated with the user. For example, PPG sensors can provide information regarding a user&#39;s respiratory rate, blood pressure, and/or oxygen saturation. ECG sensors can provide information regarding a user&#39;s heartbeats. GSR sensors can provide information regarding a user&#39;s skin moisture, which may be indicative of sweating and can prioritize a thermostat application to determine a user&#39;s body temperature. In some examples, each sensor can be a separate device, while, in other examples, any combination of two or more of the sensors can be included within a single device. For example, a gyroscope, accelerometer, photoplethysmogram, galvanic skin response sensor, and temperature sensor can be included within a wearable electronic device, such as a smart watch, while a scale, blood pressure cuff, blood glucose monitor, SpO2 sensor, respiration sensor, posture sensor, stress sensor, and asthma inhaler can each be separate devices. While specific examples are provided, it should be appreciated that other sensors can be used and other combinations of sensors can be combined into a single device. Using one or more of these sensors, device  100  can determine physiological characteristics of the user while performing a detected activity, such as a heart rate of a user associated with the detected activity, average body temperature of a user detected during the detected activity, any normal or abnormal physical conditions associated with the detected activity, or the like. In some examples, a GPS sensor or any other suitable location detection component(s) of device  100  can be used to determine a user&#39;s location and movement, as well as a displacement of the user&#39;s motion. An accelerometer, directional sensor, and/or gyroscope can further generate activity data that can be used to determine whether a user of device  100  is engaging in an activity, is inactive, or is performing a gesture. Device  100  can further include a timer that can be used, for example, to add time dimensions to various attributes of the detected physical activity, such as a duration of a user&#39;s physical activity or inactivity, time(s) of a day when the activity is detected or not detected, and/or the like. One or more sensors of sensor circuitry or component  112  may be embedded in a body (e.g., housing  101 ) of device  100 , such as along a bottom surface that may be operative to contact a user, or can be positioned at any other desirable location. In some examples, different sensors can be placed in different locations inside or on the surfaces of device  100  (e.g., some located inside housing  101 ) and some attached to an attachment mechanism (e.g., a wrist band coupled to a housing of a wearable device), or the like. In other examples, one or more sensors can be worn by a user separately from device  100 . In such cases, the sensors can be configured to communicate with device  100  using a wired and/or wireless technology (e.g., via communications circuitry  114 ). In some examples, sensors can be configured to communicate with each other and/or share data collected from one or more sensors. In some other examples, device  100  can be waterproof such that the sensors can detect a user&#39;s activity in water. 
     Communications circuitry  114  may be provided to allow device  100  to communicate with one or more other electronic devices or servers using any suitable communications protocol. For example, communications circuitry  114  may support Wi-Fi™ (e.g., an 802.11 protocol), ZigBee™ (e.g., an 802.15.4 protocol), WiDi™, Ethernet, Bluetooth™, Bluetooth™ Low Energy (“BLE”), high frequency systems (e.g., 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.6 GHz communication systems), infrared, transmission control protocol/internet protocol (“TCP/IP”) (e.g., any of the protocols used in each of the TCP/IP layers), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (“SCTP”), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (“DHCP”), hypertext transfer protocol (“HTTP”), BitTorrent™, file transfer protocol (“FTP”), real-time transport protocol (“RTP”), real-time streaming protocol (“RTSP”), real-time control protocol (“RTCP”), Remote Audio Output Protocol (“RAOP”), Real Data Transport Protocol™ (“RDTP”), User Datagram Protocol (“UDP”), secure shell protocol (“SSH”), wireless distribution system (“WDS”) bridging, any communications protocol that may be used by wireless and cellular telephones and personal e-mail devices (e.g., Global System for Mobile Communications (“GSM”), GSM plus Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (“EDGE”), Code Division Multiple Access (“CDMA”), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (“OFDMA”), high speed packet access (“HSPA”), multi-band, etc.), any communications protocol that may be used by a low power Wireless Personal Area Network (“6LoWPAN”) module, Near Field Communication (“NFC”), any other communications protocol, or any combination thereof. Communications circuitry  114  may also include or be electrically coupled to any suitable transceiver circuitry that can enable device  100  to be communicatively coupled to another device (e.g., a host computer or an accessory device) and communicate with that other device wirelessly, or via a wired connection (e.g., using a connector port). Communications circuitry  114  may be configured to determine a geographical position of electronic device  100 . For example, communications circuitry  114  may utilize the global positioning system (“GPS”) or a regional or site-wide positioning system that may use cell tower positioning technology or Wi-Fi™ technology. 
     Processing circuitry  102  of electronic device  100  may include any processing circuitry that may be operative to control the operations and performance of one or more components of electronic device  100 . For example, processor  102  may receive input signals from any input component  108  and/or sensor circuitry  112  and/or communications circuitry  114  and/or drive output signals through any output component  110  and/or communications circuitry  114 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , processor  102  may be used to run at least one application  103 . Application  103  may include, but is not limited to, one or more operating system applications, firmware applications, software applications, algorithmic modules, media analysis applications, media playback applications, media editing applications, communications applications, pass applications, calendar applications, social media applications, state determination applications, biometric feature-processing applications, activity monitoring applications, activity motivating applications, news applications, stock applications, book applications, and/or any other suitable applications. For example, processor  102  may load application  103  as a user interface program to determine how instructions or data received via an input component  108  and/or any other component of device  100  may manipulate the one or more ways in which information may be stored and/or provided to the user via an output component  110  and/or any other component of device  100 . Any application  103  may be accessed by any processing circuitry  102  from any suitable source, such as from memory  104  (e.g., via bus  115 ) and/or from another device or server (e.g., remote server  50 ) (e.g., via communications circuitry  114 ). Processor  102  may include a single processor or multiple processors. For example, processor  102  may include at least one “general purpose” microprocessor, a combination of general and special purpose microprocessors, instruction set processors, graphics processors, video processors, communications processors, motion processors, biometric processors, application processors, and/or related chips sets, and/or special purpose microprocessors. Processor  102  also may include on board memory for caching purposes. Server  50 , although not shown, may be configured to include, one, some, each, and/or multiple ones of the components of device  100  (e.g., processing circuitry, memory, power supply circuitry, input component circuitry, output component circuitry, sensor circuitry, and/or communications circuitry). Server  50  can be configured to communicate with a plurality of devices  100 , and store data collected from these devices, and/or share data with the devices. Server  50  can be further configured to execute computer instructions on any suitable data and communicate the result with one or more of these devices  100 . 
     Electronic device  100  may also be provided with a housing  101  that may at least partially enclose one or more of the components of device  100  for protection from debris and other degrading forces external to device  100 . In some embodiments, one or more of the components may be provided within its own housing (e.g., input component  108  may be an independent keyboard or mouse within its own housing that may wirelessly or through a wire communicate with processor  102 , which may be provided within its own housing). 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , one specific example of electronic device  100  may be an electronic device, such as an iPhone™, where housing  101  may allow access to various input components  108   a - 108   i , various output components  110   a - 110   c , and various I/O components  109   a - 109   c  through which device  100  and a user and/or an ambient environment may interface with each other. Input component  108   a  may include a button that, when pressed, may cause a “home” screen or menu of a currently running application to be displayed by device  100 . Input component  108   b  may be a button for toggling electronic device  100  between a sleep mode and a wake mode or between any other suitable modes. Input component  108   c  may include a two-position slider that may disable one or more output components  112  or any other feature(s) in certain modes of electronic device  100 . Input components  108   d  and  108   e  may include buttons for increasing and decreasing the volume output or any other characteristic output of an output component  110  or any other feature(s) of electronic device  100 . Each one of input components  108   a - 108   e  may be a mechanical input component, such as a button supported by a dome switch, a sliding switch, a control pad, a key, a knob, a scroll wheel, or any other suitable form. 
     An output component  110   a  may be a display that can be used to display a visual or graphic user interface (“GUI”)  180 , which may allow a user to interact with electronic device  100 . GUI  180  may include various layers, windows, screens, templates, elements, menus, and/or other components of a currently running application (e.g., application  103 ) that may be displayed in all or some of the areas of display output component  110   a . One or more of user input components  108   a - 108   i  may be used to navigate through GUI  180 . For example, one user input component  108  may include a scroll wheel that may allow a user to select one or more graphical elements or icons  182  of GUI  180 . Icons  182  may also be selected via a touch screen I/O component  109   a  that may include display output component  110   a  and an associated touch input component  108   f . Such a touch screen I/O component  109   a  may employ any suitable type of touch screen input technology, such as, but not limited to, resistive, capacitive, infrared, surface acoustic wave, electromagnetic, or near field imaging. Furthermore, touch screen I/O component  109   a  may employ single point or multi-point (e.g., multi-touch) input sensing. 
     Icons  182  may represent various applications, layers, windows, screens, templates, elements, and/or other components that may be displayed in some or all of the areas of display component  110   a  upon selection by the user. Furthermore, selection of a specific icon  182  may lead to a hierarchical application navigation process. For example, selection of a specific icon  182  may lead from screen  190  of  FIG. 2  to a new screen of GUI  180  that may include one or more additional icons or other GUI elements of the same application or of a new application associated with that icon  182  (e.g., as described with respect to one or more of screens  190   a - 190   e  of respective  FIGS. 2A-2E ). Textual indicators  181  may be displayed on or near each icon  182  to facilitate user interpretation of each graphical element icon  182 . It is to be appreciated that GUI  180  may include various components arranged in hierarchical and/or non-hierarchical structures. When a specific icon  182  is selected, device  100  may be configured to open a new application associated with that icon  182  and display a corresponding screen of GUI  180  associated with that application. For example, when the specific icon labeled with a “News” textual indicator is selected, device  100  may launch or otherwise access a news application (e.g., Apple News™ available by Apple Inc.) that may provide user access to one or more collections of aggregated news articles (e.g., text, photos, and/or videos) from one or more publishers and/or of one or more grouped collections of article types and may display screens of a specific user interface that may include one or more tools or features for interacting with the aggregated news articles. As another example, when the specific icon labeled with a “Stocks” textual indicator is selected, device  100  may launch or otherwise access a specific stock application (e.g., Apple Stocks™ available by Apple Inc.) and may display screens of a specific user interface that may include one or more tools or features for identifying the performance of certain stocks and/or reading articles associated with the stocks and/or their underlying businesses. As another example, when the specific icon labeled with a “Books” textual indicator is selected, device  100  may launch or otherwise access a specific e-book application (e.g., iBooks™ available by Apple Inc.) and may display screens of a specific user interface that may include one or more tools or features for interacting with and/or discovering one or more e-books in a specific manner. As another example, when the specific icon labeled with a “Social Network” textual indicator is selected, device  100  may launch or otherwise access a specific social media application or site and may display screens of a specific user interface that may include one or more tools or features for interacting with one or more social media networks with which a user may or may not have an account in a specific manner. As another example, when the specific icon labeled with a “Health” textual indicator is selected, device  100  may launch or otherwise access a specific health application or site and may display screens of a specific user interface that may include one or more tools or features for determining or presenting the current and/or past health activities and/or biometric characteristics of a user (e.g., as may be detected by any suitable sensors of device  100  and/or of remote server  50 ) in a specific manner. For each application, screens may be displayed on display output component  110   a  and may include various user interface elements. Additionally or alternatively, for each application, various other types of non-visual information may be provided to a user via various other output components  110  of device  100 . 
     Electronic device  100  also may include various other I/O components  109  that may allow for communication between device  100  and other devices, such as a connection port  109   b  that may be configured for transmitting and receiving data files, such as media files or customer order files, and/or any suitable information (e.g., audio signals) from a remote data source and/or power from an external power source. For example, I/O component  109   b  may be any suitable port (e.g., a Lightning™ connector or a 30-pin dock connector available by Apple Inc.). I/O component  109   c  may be a connection slot for receiving a SIM card or any other type of removable component. Electronic device  100  may also include at least one audio input component  108   g , such as a microphone, and at least one audio output component  110   b , such as an audio speaker. Electronic device  100  may also include at least one tactile output component  110   c  (e.g., a rumbler, vibrator, haptic and/or taptic component, etc.), a camera and/or scanner input component  108   h  (e.g., a video or still camera, and/or a bar code scanner or any other suitable scanner that may obtain product identifying information from a code, such as a bar code, or the like), and a biometric input component  108   i  (e.g., a fingerprint reader or other feature recognition sensor, which may operate in conjunction with a feature-processing application that may be accessible to electronic device  100  for authenticating a user). 
     As just one example, device  100  may have access to an operating system application  103 , which may be used to enable a user to launch one or more navigational applications, including, but not limited to, a news application  105  and a stocks application  107 .  FIGS. 2A-2E  may illustrate certain particular navigations through a news application  105 . For example, in response to selection (e.g., user selection) of the specific icon labeled with a “News” textual indicator at screen  190  of  FIG. 2 , device  100  (e.g., operating system application  103  (e.g., using processing circuitry  102 )) may launch or otherwise access a news application  105  that may provide user access to one or more collections of aggregated news articles (e.g., text, photos, and/or videos) from one or more publishers and/or of one or more grouped collections of article types and may display screens of a specific user interface that may include one or more tools or features for interacting with the aggregated news articles (e.g., certain application data  53  (e.g., updated news/feed content) may be received from remote server  50  (e.g., using communications circuitry  114 ) for updating the news articles or other data utilized by application  105 ). As shown in  FIG. 2A , for example, when news application  105  is initially launched, an initial screen  190   a  of content may be presented that may provide a high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  (e.g., a “For You” news feed). High-level news recommendation feed  200   a  may include any suitable number of links (e.g., using textual, pictoral, graphical, or other suitable content) to various news articles, which may be organized into one or more groups. For example, as shown by screen  190   a  of  FIG. 2A  and screen  190   d  of  FIG. 2D , which may be scrolled to from screen  190   a  using any suitable user input gesture (e.g., as indicated by the altered position of scroll indicator  202   a ), high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  may include any suitable content, such as article links  204   a  and  204   b  that may be organized into a first group that may be identified by a first group link  203   b  (e.g., a “Movies” group of one or more links to articles related to movies), and article links  204   c ,  204   d , and  204   e  that may be organized into a second group that may be identified by a second group link  203   e  (e.g., a “Food” group of one or more links to articles related to food). A user may interact with high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of news application  105  in any suitable manner to arrive at a particular news article. In some embodiments, a user may select a news article link directly from high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  in order to access a news article. For example, a user may select news article link  204   e  of the second group  203   e  of high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of  FIG. 2D , responsive to which news application  105  may be operative to obtain and present screen  190   e  of content of  FIG. 2E  that may provide a specific news article  200   e  (e.g., a “Bake” news article), which may include any suitable news article content, such as text and an embedded video  203   ev . As shown, screen  190   e  may also include any suitable navigation features, such as a scroll indicator  202   e  for scrolling through the content of news article  200   e , a pause/play icon  203   evi  that may be selectable to alternatively play or pause or otherwise control the playback of video  203   ev , a back navigation button  201   e  that may be selectable to navigate backwards through news application  105  (e.g., back to screen  190   d  of  FIG. 2D ), and/or a next article button  206   e  that may be selectable to navigate to a new news article (e.g., to the article associated with news article link  204   d  of  FIG. 2D ). Alternatively, in some other embodiments, a user may first select a particular group or type of news article, responsive to which the news application may present a group-level news recommendation feed specific to the selected group, from which the user may then select a news article link. For example, a user may select first group link  203   b  (e.g., the link associated with the “Movies” group) of high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of  FIG. 2A , responsive to which news application  105  may be operative to obtain and present screen  190   b  of content of  FIG. 2B  that may provide a group-level news recommendation feed  200   b  (e.g., a “Movies” news feed) that may only or mostly include links to news articles related to movies, such as article links  205   a ,  205   b , and  205   c . As shown, screen  190   b  may also include any suitable navigation features, such as a scroll indicator  202   b  for scrolling through the content of group-level news recommendation feed  200   b , and/or a back navigation button  201   b  that may be selectable to navigate backwards through news application  105  (e.g., to screen  190   a  of  FIG. 2A ). Then, a user may select news article link  205   b  of group-level news recommendation feed  200   b  of  FIG. 2B , responsive to which news application  105  may be operative to obtain and present screen  190   c  of content of  FIG. 2C  that may provide a specific news article  200   c  (e.g., an “Actor” news article), which may include any suitable news article content. As shown, screen  190   c  may also include any suitable navigation features, such as a scroll indicator  202   c  for scrolling through the content of news article  200   c , a back navigation button  201   c  that may be selectable to navigate backwards through news application  105  (e.g., to screen  190   b  of  FIG. 2B ), and/or a next article button  206   c  that may be selectable to navigate to a new news article (e.g., to news article  200   e  of  FIG. 2E ). 
     Any event that may result in news application  105  transitioning from a first feed to a second feed or from a feed to an article or from a first article to a second article may be referred to herein as a navigation event, as the application may navigate from a first view or first type of content to a second view or second type of content within the hierarchical application. For example, selection of a group link  203   b  or  203   e  may be a navigation event for transitioning from high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  to a particular group-level news recommendation feed (e.g., feed  200   b ). As another example, selection of an article links  204   a ,  204   b ,  204   c ,  204   d , or  204   e  or selection of a next article button  206   c  or  206   e  or selection of a back navigation button  201   b ,  201   c , or  201   e  may be a navigation event for transitioning from high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  or from a group-level news recommendation feed (e.g., feed  200   b ) to a particular article or vice versa or from an article to another article. One or more particular navigation events may also be referred to herein as an analytic event, in response to which application  105  may be operative to collect certain data for defining an analytics payload of data that may then be shared by device  100  with any suitable entity (e.g., as analytics payload data  57  with remote server  50 ) for use by that suitable entity to perform any suitable analysis on that data for any suitable purpose. For example, any navigation event that ends a presentation of a particular article may also be defined to be an analytic event that may result in certain analytic data being collected for defining analytics payload data  57  for the presentation of that article, where such analytics payload data  57  may then be used to analyze how a user arrived at that presented article (e.g., directly from a high-level news recommendation feed or from a group-level news recommendation feed), how long a user viewed the article, whether or how often a user played back any video embedded in the article, and/or the like. Certain analytic data to be collected in response to a certain analytic event for defining analytics payload data  57  may not be originally captured particularly for the view at which the analytic event occurred. For example, when a particular analytic event may occur in response to the application navigating away from the presentation of a particular article, certain analytic data to be collected for defining analytics payload data  57  associated with that article may not be analytic data that was originally captured based on the presentation of that article (e.g., the duration of time in which a user viewed the presentation of the article). Instead, some analytic data that may be collected for defining analytics payload data  57  for the article may be originally captured when the application navigated from a high-level news recommendation feed to a group-level news recommendation feed (e.g., a group-level news recommendation feed from which the application then navigated to the article of the analytic event). Therefore, application  105  may be designed to capture and store analytic data in a particular manner such that application  105  may be able to collect the appropriate analytic data in an effective and efficient manner for defining analytics payload data  57 . For example, analytic data for a particular view of content (e.g., a particular feed or a particular article) may be captured and stored in a particular module of that particular view, but that module may then be linked to another particular module of another particular view (e.g., a child view of another particular view from which the application navigated to the child view in response to a navigation event) in which other analytic data for that other particular view may be stored. Therefore, view-specific analytic data may be captured by and stored at a view-specific module but then linked to other view-specific analytic data that may be captured by and stored at another view-specific module (e.g., a child of the first view-specific module). Then, in response to a particular analytic event at a particular view-specific module, the application may be operative to collect only the necessary analytic data captured by one or more modules included in a navigational path associated with the view-specific module at which the particular analytic event was detected. This may significantly increase the flexibility and speed and efficiency and effectiveness of the application&#39;s ability to define analytics payload data  57  for a particular analytic event. This may reduce the amount of data passed between modules and/or the amount of data stored in modules. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , for example, when application  105  is launched for use on device  100 , application  105  may create a container  390  (e.g., a dependency injection container, in which dependencies between application components may be managed (e.g., by implementing an inversion of control concept)). Application  105  may be designed to include or support any suitable number of modules, such as modules  300   r ,  300   a ,  300   b ,  300   c , and  300   e . Each module may be considered to be associated with a particular type of feature or view of the application. For example, with respect to a news application, the news application may include a first module for a high-level news recommendation feed (e.g., module  300   a  may be associated with high-level news recommendation feed  200   a ), a second module for a group-level news recommendation feed (e.g., module  300   b  may be associated with movies group-level news recommendation feed  200   b ), a third module for a particular article (e.g., module  300   c  may be associated with actor article  200   c ), a fourth module for another particular article (e.g., module  300   e  may be associated with bake article  200   e ), and/or a fifth module for a root of the application (e.g., module  300   a  may be associated with the root of application  105  (e.g., an app delegate that may be an entry point to the application)). Each module may be configured to have very clear and well-defined interfaces, and may be configured to be independent of other modules. Application  105  and/or the modules thereof may be configured using any suitable application architecture, such as by using model-view-controller (“MVC”) as an application architecture, by using view-interactor-presenter-entity-routing (“VIPER”) as an application architecture, by using any other application architecture, or any combination thereof. The different modules (e.g., modules  300   a ,  300   b ,  300   c ,  300   d , and  300   e ) may be distinct from one another and may not independently store the same analytic data. Such modules may also be referred to herein as the individual objects that may provide the functionality for a part of the application. Each module may represent one view of the application. An application may be made up of various different objects, some of which may hold state or other information that may be useful for analytic tracking. The generation of analytic events may happen in different objects than where the data may exist, and the analytics system may allow for multiple trackers that may track data independently of where events may be generated. 
     As just one example, as shown in  FIG. 3 , each one of modules  300   r ,  300   a ,  300   b ,  300   c , and  300   e  may be configured to include a router (e.g., routers  302   r ,  302   a ,  302   b ,  302   c , and  302   e , respectively), a view (e.g., views  304   r ,  304   a ,  304   b ,  304   c , and  304   e , respectively), a controller (e.g., controllers  306   r ,  306   a ,  306   b ,  306   c , and  306   e , respectively), and a tracker (e.g., trackers  308   r ,  308   a ,  308   b ,  308   c , and  308   e , respectively), while each one of trackers  308   r ,  308   a ,  308   b ,  308   c , and  308   e  may be operative to store tracker reference data (e.g., tracker reference data  303   r ,  303   a ,  303   b ,  303   c , and  303   e , respectively) and to generate and manage one or more data stacks with one or more data objects (e.g., tracker  308   r  may provide stack  310   r  with data object  312   r  and stack  310   r ′ with data object  312   r ′, tracker  308   a  may provide stack  310   a  with data object  312   a  and stack  310   a ′ with data object  312   a ′, tracker  308   b  may provide stack  310   b  with data object  312   b  and stack  310   b ′ with data object  312   b ′, tracker  308   c  may provide stack  310   c  with data object  312   c  and stack  310   c ′ with data object  312   c ′, and tracker  308   e  may provide stack  310   e  with data object  312   e  and stack  310   e ′ with data object  312   e ′). Each one of modules  300   r ,  300   a ,  300   b ,  300   c , and  300   e  may be configured to include a model (not shown), where a model may be configured to express the application&#39;s behavior in terms of the problem domain, independent of the user interface and/or may be configured to directly manage the data, logic, and rules of the application. Each view can be any output representation of information, such as a news feed, a news article, a chart, a diagram, or the like (e.g., a presentation of a respective model in a particular format). Each controller may be configured to accept inputs (e.g., user inputs from any input component circuitry  108 ) and convert inputs into commands for a respective model or view (e.g., a module&#39;s controller may respond to a user input and perform interactions on the data model objects (e.g., by validating a received input and then passing the input to the module&#39;s model)). For example, a controller may be operative to manage a portion of the application&#39;s user interface (e.g., the view that shares a module with the controller) as well as the interactions between that interface and the underlying data. In some embodiments, the controllers of the modules may be operative to facilitate transitions between different modules (e.g., between different module views of the user interface). As also shown in  FIG. 3 , for example, one or more managers  392  may be provided for enabling one or more of the modules to communicate with one or more service layers  394  (e.g., for data requests from a data store (e.g., from remote server  50  via communications circuitry  114 )). 
     Each module may be configured to independently manage its own tracker and the storage of one or more analytic data objects in one or more particular tracker stacks for tracking any suitable types of analytic data associated with the content of that module&#39;s user interface view. As the application is navigated from one view to another view, each view&#39;s module may retain analytic data associated with its view, and such analytic data may later be collected from various modules in response to a particular analytic event. As just one example,  FIGS. 2A-2C ,  FIG. 3 , and  FIGS. 4A and 4B  may illustrate how different types of analytic data may be stored by different trackers of different modules and then later collected in response to an analytic event that may terminate the presentation of news article  200   c  that was navigated to from high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  via group-level news recommendation feed  200   b . As shown in  FIGS. 2A-2C , a user may select first group link  203   b  (e.g., the link associated with the “Movies” group) of high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of  FIG. 2A , responsive to which news application  105  may be operative to obtain and present screen  190   b  of content of  FIG. 2B  that may provide group-level news recommendation feed  200   b  (e.g., a “Movies” news feed) that may only or mostly include links to news articles related to movies, such as article links  205   a ,  205   b , and  205   c , and, then, the user may select news article link  205   b  of group-level news recommendation feed  200   b  of  FIG. 2B , responsive to which news application  105  may be operative to obtain and present screen  190   c  of content of  FIG. 2C  that may provide a specific news article  200   c  (e.g., an “Actor” news article), which may include any suitable news article content. As shown in diagram  400   a  of  FIG. 4A , high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of screen  190   a  may be provided by view  304   a  of module  300   a , group-level news recommendation feed  200   b  of screen  190   b  may be provided by view  304   b  of module  300   b , and news article  200   c  of screen  190   c  may be provided by view  304   c  of module  300   c.    
     When a particular navigation event is detected by module  300   a  (e.g., by controller  306   a ) for navigating from view  304   a  to view  304   b  (e.g., when user selection of first group link  203   b  of high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  is detected), module  300   a  may be operative to utilize a navigation route  301   b  of application  105  for navigating from view  304   a  of module  300   a  to view  304   b  of module  300   b  (e.g., router  302   a  of module  300   a  may be operative to load module  300   b  as a child of module  300   a ). Such navigation to a new module may also include storage of tracker reference data in the new module that may be operative to reference back to the tracker of the previous module. For example, in response to detecting a navigation event for navigating from view  304   a  to view  304   b  utilizing navigation route  301   b , module  300   a  may be operative not only to initiate the loading of new module  300   b , but module  300   a  may also be operative to store tracker reference data  303   b  in tracker  308   b  of module  300   b , which may later be used by module  300   b  for identifying module  300   a  during collection of analytic data for an analytic event (e.g., for identifying module  300   a  as a parent of module  300   b  (e.g., for identifying tracker  308   a  as a parent of tracker  308   b )). Moreover, when view  304   a  is initially presented by module  300   a  (e.g., as high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of screen  190   a  via any suitable output component circuitry  110 ), at any other suitable time during presentation of view  304   a , and/or in response to detecting a navigation event for navigating away from the presentation of view  304   a , module  300   a  may be operative to identify and store any suitable analytic data in one or more tracker stacks of tracker  308   a . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , “For You” feed data  312   a  may be stored in a feed data stack  310   a  of a for you tracker  308   a  of module  300   a , where any such analytic data may be of a particular application field data type associated with that stack (e.g., for you analytic feed data). For example, stack  310   a  may be associated with a unique identifier that is unique to a particular application field data type or particular type of analytic data (e.g., for you analytic feed data), and such a unique identifier may also be used by any suitable analytic event (e.g., as an analytic field data type) to indicate which type(s) of analytic data ought to be collected for that analytic event. For you analytic feed data  312   a  of stack  310   a  may be any suitable analytic data associated with the for you feed data of view  304   a  that may be pertinent to the navigation from view  304   a  to view  304   b , including, but not limited to, identification of first group link  203   b  (e.g., the link associated with the “Movies” group) that was selected by the navigation event at high-level news recommendation feed  200   a , the location (e.g., position) of that selected group link within the list of group links of view  304   a , identification of feed  200   a , the time at which view  304   a  was initially presented, the time at which the navigation event away from view  304   a  was detected, the total duration of time during which view  304   a  was presented, the time and type of any user input interaction(s) detected during presentation of view  304   a  (e.g., any scrolling events between screen  190   a  and screen  190   d  of view  304   a ), and/or the like that may be useful for analyzing user interaction with application  105  for a particular analytic event. 
     When a particular navigation event is detected by module  300   b  (e.g., by controller  306   b ) for navigating from view  304   b  to view  304   c  (e.g., when user selection of news article link  205   c  of group-level news recommendation feed  200   b  is detected), module  300   b  may be operative to utilize a navigation route  301   c  of application  105  for navigating from view  304   b  of module  300   b  to view  304   c  of module  300   c  (e.g., router  302   b  of module  300   b  may be operative to load module  300   c  as a child of module  300   b ). Such navigation to a new module may also include storage of tracker reference data in the new module that may be operative to reference back to the tracker of the previous module. For example, in response to detecting a navigation event for navigating from view  304   b  to view  304   c  utilizing navigation route  301   c , module  300   b  may be operative not only to initiate the loading of new module  300   c , but module  300   b  may also be operative to store tracker reference data  303   c  in tracker  308   c  of module  300   c , which may later be used by module  300   c  for identifying module  300   b  during collection of analytic data for an analytic event (e.g., for identifying module  300   b  as a parent of module  300   c  (e.g., for identifying tracker  308   b  as a parent of tracker  308   c )). Moreover, when view  304   b  is initially presented by module  300   b  (e.g., as group-level news recommendation feed  200   b  of screen  190   b  via any suitable output component circuitry  110 ), at any other suitable time during presentation of view  304   b , and/or in response to detecting a navigation event for navigating away from the presentation of view  304   b , module  300   b  may be operative to identify and store any suitable analytic data in one or more tracker stacks of tracker  308   b . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , “Movies” feed data  312   b  may be stored in a feed data stack  310   b  of a movies feed tracker  308   b  of module  300   b , where any such analytic data may be of a particular application field data type associated with that stack (e.g., movies analytic feed data). For example, stack  310   b  may be associated with a unique identifier that is unique to a particular application field data type or particular type of analytic data (e.g., movies analytic feed data), and such a unique identifier may also be used by any suitable analytic event (e.g., as an analytic field data type) to indicate which type(s) of analytic data ought to be collected for that analytic event. Movies analytic feed data  312   b  of stack  310   b  may be any suitable analytic data associated with the movies feed data of view  304   b  that may be pertinent to the navigation from view  304   b  to view  304   c , including, but not limited to, identification of news article link  205   c  (e.g., the link associated with the “Actor” article) that was selected by the navigation event at group-level news recommendation feed  200   b , the location (e.g., position) of that selected article link within the list of movie feed article links of view  304   b , identification of feed  200   b , the time at which view  304   b  was initially presented, the time at which the navigation event away from view  304   b  was detected, the total duration of time during which view  304   b  was presented, the time and type of any user input interaction(s) detected during presentation of view  304   b  (e.g., any scrolling events), and/or the like that may be useful for analyzing user interaction with application  105  for a particular analytic event. 
     When a particular navigation event is detected by module  300   c  (e.g., by controller  306   c ) for navigating away from view  304   c  (e.g., to view  304   e  (e.g., when user selection of next article button  206   c  of news article  200   c  is detected)), module  300   c  may be operative to utilize a navigation route  301   d  of application  105  for navigating from view  304   c  of module  300   c  to view  304   e  of module  300   e  (e.g., router  302   c  of module  300   c  may be operative to load module  300   e  as a child of module  300   c ). Such navigation to a new module may also include storage of tracker reference data in the new module that may be operative to reference back to the tracker of the previous module. For example, in response to detecting a navigation event for navigating from view  304   c  to view  304   e  utilizing navigation route  301   d , module  300   c  may be operative not only to initiate the loading of new module  300   e , but module  300   c  may also be operative to store tracker reference data  303   e  in tracker  308   e  of module  300   e , which may later be used by module  300   e  for identifying module  300   c  during collection of analytic data for an analytic event (e.g., for identifying module  300   c  as a parent of module  300   e  (e.g., for identifying tracker  308   c  as a parent of tracker  308   e )). Moreover, when view  304   c  is initially presented by module  300   c  (e.g., as actor article  200   c  of screen  190   c  via any suitable output component circuitry  110 ), at any other suitable time during presentation of view  304   c , and/or in response to detecting a navigation event for navigating away from the presentation of view  304   c , module  300   c  may be operative to identify and store any suitable analytic data in one or more tracker stacks of tracker  308   c . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , “Actor” article data  312   c  may be stored in an article data stack  310   c  of an article data tracker  308   c  of module  300   c , where any such analytic data may be of a particular application field data type associated with that stack (e.g., article analytic data). For example, stack  310   c  may be associated with a unique identifier that is unique to a particular application field data type or particular type of analytic data (e.g., article analytic data), and such a unique identifier may also be used by any suitable analytic event (e.g., as an analytic field data type) to indicate which type(s) of analytic data ought to be collected for that analytic event. Article analytic data  312   c  of stack  310   c  may be any suitable analytic data associated with the actor article data of view  304   c  that may be pertinent to the navigation from view  304   c  to view  304   e , including, but not limited to, identification of next article button  206   c  that was selected by the navigation event at news article  200   c , identification of article  200   c , the time at which view  304   c  was initially presented, the time at which the navigation event away from view  304   c  was detected, the total duration of time during which view  304   c  was presented, the time and type of any user input interaction(s) detected during presentation of view  304   c  (e.g., any scrolling events), and/or the like that may be useful for analyzing user interaction with application  105  for a particular analytic event. 
     A navigation event that terminates a presentation of a particular article may also be defined to be an analytic event that may result in certain analytic data being collected for defining analytics payload data  57  for the presentation of that article, where such analytics payload data  57  may then be used to analyze the user&#39;s interaction with that article and navigation to that article. For example, when an event is detected by module  300   c  for navigating away from the presentation of the actor news article of view  304   c , that event may be determined to be an analytic event, and such an analytic event may be determined to be associated with one or more particular analytic field data types. For example, an analytic event for navigation from a presented news article may be defined to be associated with one or more required analytic field data types and/or one or more optional analytic field data types. As a particular example, an analytic event for a presented news article of news application  105  may require collection of analytic data of any suitable required analytic field data types, including, but not limited to, article analytic data and feed analytic data, while such an analytic event for a presented news article of news application  105  may optionally accept collection of analytic data of any suitable optional analytic field data types, including, but not limited to, group analytic data and play state analytic data. Continuing with the example navigation of  FIGS. 2A-2C, 4A, and 4B , in which an analytic event requiring analytic field data types of article analytic data and feed analytic data may be detected for terminating presentation of view  304   c  of module  300   c , device  100  may be configured to identify each analytic field data type associated with that analytic event, and then obtain from tracker  308   c  of current module  300   c  at least one analytic data object from each stack of tracker  308   c  that is associated with an application field data type that matches an analytic field data type of the analytic event. In such an example, module  300   c  may be operative to determine that the application field data type associated with stack  310   c  (e.g., article analytic data type) matches an analytic field data type associated with the detected analytic event (e.g., article analytic data type) and may then collect at least one data object from that stack  310   c  (e.g., article analytic data  312   c  of stack  310   c ) for defining at least a portion of analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event. In some embodiments, only the data object most recently stored in a stack may be collected when the field data type of that stack is determined to match a field data type of an analytic event. In other embodiments, each data object stored in a stack may be collected when the field data type of that stack is determined to match a field data type of an analytic event. 
     When a current module is determined not to include a stack associated with a field data type of an analytic event, then the parent module of the current module may be identified and examined to determine if the parent module includes a stack associated with that currently unfulfilled field data type of the analytic event. Continuing with the example in which an analytic event requiring analytic field data types of article analytic data and feed analytic data may be detected for terminating presentation of view  304   c  of module  300   c , after at least one data object from stack  310   c  of tracker  308   c  of module  300   c  may be collected for at least partially defining analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event due to the article analytic field data type of that stack being determined to match the article analytic field data type of an analytic event, it may be determined that tracker  308   c  does not include any stack with a field data type that matches the feed analytic data type of the analytic event. In response to such a determination, a parent module of module  300   c  may be identified in order to determine if that parent module includes any stack with a field data type that matches the feed analytic data type of the analytic event. For example, tracker reference data  303   c  of module  300   c  may be used to identify module  300   b  as the parent module of module  300   c  and then the system may walk back through the tracker chain (e.g., along a path  303   cb ) from tracker  308   c  of module  300   c  to tracker  308   b  of parent module  300   b  to determine whether that parent tracker  308   b  includes a stack associated with an as of yet unfulfilled field data type of the analytic event (e.g., a feed analytic data type). Indeed, as shown, it may be determined that the field data type of stack  310   b  may match the unfulfilled feed field data type of the analytic event. In such an example, it may be determined that the application field data type associated with stack  310   b  (e.g., feed analytic data type) matches an as of yet unfulfilled analytic field data type associated with the detected analytic event (e.g., feed analytic data type) and may then collect at least one data object from that stack  310   b  (e.g., feed analytic data  312   b  of stack  310   b ) for defining another portion of analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event. In some embodiments, only the data object most recently stored in a stack may be collected when the field data type of that stack is determined to match a field data type of an analytic event. In other embodiments, each data object stored in a stack may be collected when the field data type of that stack is determined to match a field data type of an analytic event. Therefore, analytics payload data  57  may be defined to include collected article data  312   c  of stack  310   c  of tracker  308   c  of module  300   c  and collected feed data  312   b  of stack  310   b  of tracker  308   b  of module  300   b.    
     Once analytic data has been obtained from an initially identified stack for each field data type of an analytic event while tracking backwards the application navigation from the module that detected the analytic event, no more analytic data may need to be collected from any other stacks. For example, continuing with the example in which an analytic event requiring analytic field data types of article analytic data and feed analytic data may be detected for terminating presentation of view  304   c  of module  300   c , after at least one data object from stack  310   c  of tracker  308   c  of module  300   c  may be collected for at least partially defining analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event due to the article analytic field data type of that stack being determined to match the article analytic field data type of the analytic event, and after at least one data object from stack  310   b  of tracker  308   b  of module  300   b  may be collected for at least partially defining analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event due to the feed analytic field data type of that stack being determined to match the feed analytic field data type of the analytic event, then the system may determine that no additional article analytic field data or no additional feed analytic field data needs to be collected. For example, the system may be configured not to bother tracking back further to module  300   b &#39;s parent module  300   a  in order to obtain any additional feed analytic field data from module  300   a  (e.g., feed analytic data  312   a  from stack  310   a  of tracker  308   a  of module  300   a ) as the feed analytic field data type requirement of the analytic event has already been fulfilled by data  312   b  of stack  310   b  of tracker  308   b  of module  300   b . This may reduce the size of analytics payload data  57  and/or the amount of data that must be collected or maintained in the system. For example, although feed data  312   b  and feed data  312   a  may provide different types of information, both feed data  312   b  and feed data  312   a  may be feed data stored in stacks that match the feed analytic field data type of the analytic event and only the most recently stored data (e.g., of data  312   b  of child module  300   b ) may be of interest for the analytic event. Alternatively, in other embodiments, all feed data available to all stacks from all modules in a navigation path may be collected for a particular analytic event. Moreover, in some embodiments, in addition to collecting at least one data object from at least one stack that matches each field data type of the analytic event for defining analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event, navigation path data may also be included as a portion of analytics payload data  57 . For example, even if all of the field data types of the analytic event have been satisfied by article analytic data  312   c  from stack  310   c  of tracker  308   c  of module  300   c  and by feed analytic data  312   b  from stack  310   b  of tracker  308   b  of module  300   b , the full navigation path within application  105  for arriving at article  200   c  of view  304   c  that triggered the analytic event may be determined and included as a portion of analytics payload data  57  for that analytic event. In such embodiments, tracker reference data  303   b  of module  300   b  may be used to identify module  300   a  as the parent module of module  300   b  and then the system may walk back through the tracker chain (e.g., along a path  303   ba ) from tracker  308   b  of module  300   b  to tracker  308   a  of parent module  300   a  to enable definition of the full navigation path within application  105  (e.g., from module  300   a  to module  300   b  to module  300   c ) and information indicative of that path may be included in the definition of analytics payload data  57  along with data  312   c  and data  312   b.    
     As just one other example,  FIGS. 2D, 2E, 3, 5A, and 5B  may illustrate how different types of analytic data may be stored by different trackers of different modules and then later collected in response to an analytic event that may terminate the presentation of news article  200   c  that was navigated thereto directly from high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  (e.g., not via a group-level news recommendation feed). As shown in  FIGS. 2D and 2E , a user may select first article link  204   e  of high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of  FIG. 2D , responsive to which news application  105  may be operative to obtain and present screen  190   e  of content of  FIG. 2E  that may provide a specific news article  200   e  (e.g., a “Bake” news article), which may include any suitable news article content. As shown by diagram  500   a  of  FIG. 5A , high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of screen  190   d  may be provided by view  304   a  of module  300   a , and news article  200   e  of screen  190   e  may be provided by view  304   e  of module  300   e.    
     When a particular navigation event is detected by module  300   a  (e.g., by controller  306   a ) for navigating from view  304   a  to view  304   e  (e.g., when user selection of news article link  203   e  of high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  is detected), module  300   a  may be operative to utilize a navigation route  301   e  of application  105  for navigating from view  304   a  of module  300   a  to view  304   e  of module  300   e  (e.g., router  302   a  of module  300   a  may be operative to load module  300   e  as a child of module  300   a ). Such navigation to a new module may also include storage of tracker reference data in the new module that may be operative to reference back to the tracker of the previous module. For example, in response to detecting a navigation event for navigating from view  304   a  to view  304   e  utilizing navigation route  301   e , module  300   a  may be operative not only to initiate the loading of new module  300   e , but module  300   a  may also be operative to store tracker reference data  303   e  in tracker  308   e  of module  300   e , which may later be used by module  300   e  for identifying module  300   a  during collection of analytic data for an analytic event (e.g., for identifying module  300   a  as a parent of module  300   e  (e.g., for identifying tracker  308   a  as a parent of tracker  308   e )). Moreover, when view  304   a  is initially presented by module  300   a  (e.g., as high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of screen  190   d  via any suitable output component circuitry  110 ), at any other suitable time during presentation of view  304   a , and/or in response to detecting a navigation event for navigating away from the presentation of view  304   a , module  300   a  may be operative to identify and store any suitable analytic data in one or more tracker stacks of tracker  308   a . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , “For You” feed data  312   a  may be stored in a feed data stack  310   a  of a for you tracker  308   a  of module  300   a , where any such analytic data may be of a particular application field data type associated with that stack (e.g., for you analytic feed data). For example, stack  310   a  may be associated with a unique identifier that is unique to a particular application field data type or particular type of analytic data (e.g., for you analytic feed data), and such a unique identifier may also be used by any suitable analytic event (e.g., as an analytic field data type) to indicate which type(s) of analytic data ought to be collected for that analytic event. For you analytic feed data  312   a  of stack  310   a  may be any suitable analytic data associated with the for you feed data of view  304   a  that may be pertinent to the navigation from view  304   a  to view  304   e , including, but not limited to, identification of news article link  204   e  (e.g., the link associated with the “Bake” article) that was selected by the navigation event at high-level news recommendation feed  200   a , the location (e.g., position) of that selected article link within the list of links of view  304   a , identification of feed  200   a , the time at which view  304   a  was initially presented, the time at which the navigation event away from view  304   a  was detected, the total duration of time during which view  304   a  was presented, the time and type of any user input interaction(s) detected during presentation of view  304   a  (e.g., any scrolling events between screen  190   a  and screen  190   d  of view  304   a ), and/or the like that may be useful for analyzing user interaction with application  105  for a particular analytic event. Additionally, because the navigation event away from the presentation of high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of view  304   a  was the selection of an article in a group rather than selection of a group, “Food” group analytic data  312   a ′ may be stored in a group data stack  310   a ′ of for you tracker  308   a  of module  300   a , where any such analytic data may be of a particular application field data type associated with that stack (e.g., group analytic data). For example, stack  310   a ′ may be associated with a unique identifier that is unique to a particular application field data type or particular type of analytic data (e.g., group analytic data), and such a unique identifier may also be used by any suitable analytic event (e.g., as an analytic field data type) to indicate which type(s) of analytic data ought to be collected for that analytic event. For you group analytic data  312   a ′ of stack  310   a ′ may be any suitable analytic data associated with the group of view  304   a  that may be pertinent to the navigation from view  304   a  to view  304   e , including, but not limited to, identification of “food” group link  203   e  (e.g., the link associated with the “Food” group within which the selected article link  204   e  was presented), and/or the like that may be useful for analyzing user interaction with application  105  for a particular analytic event. 
     When a particular navigation event is detected by module  300   e  (e.g., by controller  306   e ) for navigating away from view  304   e  (e.g., to another view of another article or back to the feed of view  304   a  or any other suitable navigation event (e.g., closing of application  105  altogether)), module  300   e  may be operative to utilize a suitable navigation route of application  105  for navigating from view  304   e  of module  300   e  to that other view. Such navigation to another module may also include storage of tracker reference data in the other module that may be operative to reference back to the tracker of the previous module. For example, in response to detecting a navigation event for navigating from view  304   e  to another view, module  300   e  may be operative not only to initiate the loading of that other module, but module  300   e  may also be operative to store tracker reference data in a tracker of that other module, which may later be used by that other module for identifying module  300   e  during collection of analytic data for an analytic event (e.g., for identifying module  300   e  as a parent of that other module (e.g., for identifying tracker  308   e  as a parent of the tracker of that other module)). Moreover, when view  304   e  is initially presented by module  300   e  (e.g., as bake article  200   e  of screen  190   e  via any suitable output component circuitry  110 ), at any other suitable time during presentation of view  304   e , and/or in response to detecting a navigation event for navigating away from the presentation of view  304   e , module  300   e  may be operative to identify and store any suitable analytic data in one or more tracker stacks of tracker  308   e . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , “Bake” article data  312   e  may be stored in an article data stack  310   e  of an article data tracker  308   e  of module  300   e , where any such analytic data may be of a particular application field data type associated with that stack (e.g., article analytic data). For example, stack  310   e  may be associated with a unique identifier that is unique to a particular application field data type or particular type of analytic data (e.g., article analytic data), and such a unique identifier may also be used by any suitable analytic event (e.g., as an analytic field data type) to indicate which type(s) of analytic data ought to be collected for that analytic event. Article analytic data  312   e  of stack  310   e  may be any suitable analytic data associated with the bake article data of view  304   e  that may be pertinent to the navigation from view  304   e  to another view, including, but not limited to, identification of article  200   e , the time at which view  304   e  was initially presented, the time at which the navigation event away from view  304   e  was detected, the total duration of time during which view  304   e  was presented, the time and type of any user input interaction(s) detected during presentation of view  304   e  (e.g., any scrolling events), and/or the like that may be useful for analyzing user interaction with application  105  for a particular analytic event. As another example, as shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , one or more “play state” data objects  312   e ′ 1 ,  312   e ′ 2 , and/or  312   e ′ 3  may be stored in a play state data stack  310   e ′ of article data tracker  308   e  of module  300   e , where any such play state analytic data may be of a particular application field data type associated with that stack (e.g., play state analytic data). For example, stack  310   e ′ may be associated with a unique identifier that is unique to a particular application field data type or particular type of analytic data (e.g., play state analytic data), and such a unique identifier may also be used by any suitable analytic event (e.g., as an analytic field data type) to indicate which type(s) of analytic data ought to be collected for that analytic event. One or more of play state analytic data  312   e ′ 1 ,  312   e ′ 2 , and/or  312   e ′ 3  of stack  310   e ′ may be any suitable analytic data associated with the play state of video  203   ev  of view  304   e  that may be pertinent to the navigation from view  304   e  to another view, including, but not limited to, identification of video  203   ev , the time at which video  203   ev  was initially played (or paused), the total duration of time during which video  203   ev  was played (or paused), the time and type of any user input interaction(s) detected while video  203   ev  was played (or paused) (e.g., any scrolling events), and/or the like that may be useful for analyzing user interaction with application  105  for a particular analytic event. As shown, multiple different play state analytic data objects  312   e ′ 1 ,  312   e ′ 2 , and  312   e ′ 3  may be stored in stack  310   e ′ based on the presentation of view  304   e . For example, video  203   ev  may be played, paused, and then played again while view  304   e  is presented to a user, whereby play state analytic data  312   e ′ 1  may first be stored in association with the first play back, play state analytic data  312   e ′ 2  may then be stored in association with the first pause, and play state analytic data  312   e ′ 3  may then be stored in association with the second play back. 
     A navigation event that terminates a presentation of a particular article may also be defined to be an analytic event that may result in certain analytic data being collected for defining analytics payload data  57  for the presentation of that article, where such analytics payload data  57  may then be used to analyze the user&#39;s interaction with that article and navigation to that article. For example, when an event is detected by module  300   e  for navigating away from the presentation of the bake news article of view  304   e , that event may be determined to be an analytic event, and such an analytic event may be determined to be associated with one or more particular analytic field data types. For example, an analytic event for navigation from a presented news article may be defined to be associated with one or more required analytic field data types and/or one or more optional analytic field data types. As a particular example, an analytic event for a presented news article of news application  105  may require collection of analytic data of any suitable required analytic field data types, including, but not limited to, article analytic data and feed analytic data, while such an analytic event for a presented news article of news application  105  may optionally accept collection of analytic data of any suitable optional analytic field data types, including, but not limited to, group analytic data and play state analytic data. Continuing with the example navigation of  FIGS. 2D, 2E, 5A, and 5B , in which an analytic event requesting analytic field data types of article analytic data, play state analytic data, feed analytic data, and group analytic data may be detected for terminating presentation of view  304   e  of module  300   e , device  100  may be configured to identify each analytic field data type associated with that analytic event, and then obtain from tracker  308   e  of current module  300   e  at least one analytic data object from each stack of tracker  308   e  that is associated with an application field data type that matches an analytic field data type of the analytic event. In such an example, module  300   e  may be operative to determine that the application field data type associated with stack  310   e  (e.g., article analytic data type) matches an analytic field data type associated with the detected analytic event (e.g., article analytic data type) and may then collect at least one data object from that stack  310   e  (e.g., article analytic data  312   e  of stack  310   e ) for defining at least a portion of analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event. In some embodiments, only the data object most recently stored in a stack may be collected when the field data type of that stack is determined to match a field data type of an analytic event. In other embodiments, each data object stored in a stack may be collected when the field data type of that stack is determined to match a field data type of an analytic event. Moreover, in such an example, module  300   e  may be operative to determine that the application field data type associated with stack  310   e ′ (e.g., play state analytic data type) matches an analytic field data type associated with the detected analytic event (e.g., play state analytic data type) and may then collect at least one data object from that stack  310   e ′ (e.g., play state analytic data  312   e ′ 3  of stack  310   e  (if not also play state analytic data  312   e ′ 2  and/or play state analytic data  312   e ′ 1 ) for defining an other portion of analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event. 
     When a current module is determined not to include a stack associated with a field data type of an analytic event, then the parent module of the current module may be identified and examined to determine if the parent module includes a stack associated with that currently unfulfilled field data type of the analytic event. Continuing with the example in which an analytic event requests analytic field data types of article analytic data, play state analytic data, group analytic data, and feed analytic data may be detected for terminating presentation of view  304   e  of module  300   e , after at least one data object from stacks  310   e  of tracker  308   e  of module  300   e  may be collected for at least partially defining analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event due to the article analytic field data type of stack  310   e  being determined to match the article analytic field data type of the analytic event and after at least one data object from stacks  310   e ′ of tracker  308   e  of module  300   e  may be collected for at least partially defining analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event due to the play state analytic field data type of stack  310   e ′ being determined to match the play state analytic field data type of the analytic event, it may be determined that tracker  308   e  does not include any stack with a field data type that matches the feed analytic data type of the analytic event and/or that tracker  308   e  does not include any stack with a field data type that matches the group analytic data type of the analytic event. In response to such a determination, a parent module of module  300   e  may be identified in order to determine if that parent module includes any stack with a field data type that matches the feed analytic data type of the analytic event and/or any stack with a field data type that matches the group analytic data type of the analytic event. For example, tracker reference data  303   e  of module  300   e  may be used to identify module  300   a  as the parent module of module  300   e  and then the system may walk back through the tracker chain (e.g., along a path  303   ea ) from tracker  308   e  of module  300   e  to tracker  308   a  of parent module  300   a  to determine whether that parent tracker  308   a  includes a stack associated with an as of yet unfulfilled field data type of the analytic event (e.g., a feed analytic data type and/or a group analytic data type). Indeed, as shown, it may be determined that the field data type of stack  310   a  may match the unfulfilled feed field data type of the analytic event. In such an example, it may be determined that the application field data type associated with stack  310   a  (e.g., feed analytic data type) matches an as of yet unfulfilled analytic field data type associated with the detected analytic event (e.g., feed analytic data type) and may then collect at least one data object from that stack  310   a  (e.g., feed analytic data  312   a  of stack  310   a ) for defining another portion of analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event. In some embodiments, only the data object most recently stored in a stack may be collected when the field data type of that stack is determined to match a field data type of an analytic event. In other embodiments, each data object stored in a stack may be collected when the field data type of that stack is determined to match a field data type of an analytic event. Additionally, in such an example, it may be determined that the application field data type associated with stack  310   a ′ (e.g., group analytic data type) matches an as of yet unfulfilled analytic field data type associated with the detected analytic event (e.g., group analytic data type) and may then collect at least one data object from that stack  310   a ′ (e.g., group analytic data  312   a ′ of stack  310   a ′) for defining another portion of analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event. Therefore, analytics payload data  57  may be defined to include collected article data  312   e  of stack  310   e  of tracker  308   e  of module  300   e , at least collected play state data  312   e ′ 3  of stack  310   e ′ of tracker  308   e  of module  300   e , collected feed data  312   a  of stack  310   a  of tracker  308   a  of module  300   a , and collected group data  312   a ′ of stack  310   a ′ of tracker  308   a  of module  300   a.    
     Once analytic data has been obtained from an initially identified stack for each field data type of an analytic event while, if necessary, tracking backwards the application navigation from the module that detected the analytic event, no more analytic data may need to be collected from any other stacks. For example, continuing with the example in which an analytic event requiring analytic field data types of article analytic data, play state analytic data, feed analytic data, and group analytic data may be detected for terminating presentation of view  304   e  of module  300   e , after at least one data object from each one of stacks  310   e ,  310   e ′,  310   a , and  310   a ′ may be collected for at least partially defining analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event due to the analytic field data type of each stack being determined to match an analytic field data types of the analytic event, then the system may determine that no additional analytic field data needs to be collected. For example, the system may be configured not to bother tracking back further to a parent of module  300   a  (e.g., to root module  300   r ) in order to obtain any additional analytic field data from module  300   r  as each analytic field data type request of the analytic event has already been fulfilled by modules  300   e  and  300   a . This may reduce the size of analytics payload data  57  and/or the amount of data that must be collected or maintained in the system and/or the amount of time required to collect the analytics payload data. Alternatively, in other embodiments, all data available to all stacks from all modules in a navigation path may be collected for a particular analytic event. Moreover, in some embodiments, in addition to collecting at least one data object from at least one stack that matches each field data type of the analytic event for defining analytics payload data  57  for the analytic event, navigation path data may also be included as a portion of analytics payload data  57 . For example, even if all of the field data types of the analytic event have been satisfied by stacks  310   e ,  310   e ′,  310   a , and  310   a ′, the full navigation path within application  105  for arriving at article  200   e  of view  304   e  that triggered the analytic event may be determined and included as a portion of analytics payload data  57  for that analytic event. In such embodiments, tracker reference data  303   a  of module  300   a  may be used to identify module  300   r  as the parent module of module  300   a  and then the system may walk back through the tracker chain from tracker  308   a  of module  300   a  to tracker  308   r  of parent module  300   r  to enable definition of the full navigation path within application  105  (e.g., from module  300   r  to module  300   a  to module  300   e ) and information indicative of that path may be included in the definition of analytics payload data  57  along with data  312   e ,  312   e ′ 3 ,  312   a , and  312   a′.    
     Therefore, the data and the event may be tracked separately as they are indeed separate things. The data may represent the state of the content and the event may represent the user interaction that may trigger capturing the state of the content. The state of the content may be spread out across several layers of the application but the event for an article analytic event may occur in one place (e.g., the article view controller of the article module). Therefore, the processes of this disclosure enable data to be tracked via data stacks (e.g., push/pop) independently of submitting an analytic event. This may allow the system to do the hard work of populating the events with data based on the state of the system. An event may have any suitable syntax. For example, an event may be provided as follows: 
                                            struct ArticleHostViewExposure {               let article: ArticleData               let feedData: FeedData               // notice the group data and the play state data is optional               let groupData: GroupData?               let playstateData: PlayStateData?           }                        
Therefore, the analytic event may require article data and feed data, but group data may be optional because it may only be part of an application state when viewing an article in the direct from for you navigation flow of  FIGS. 2D, 2E, 5A, and 5B , and, similarly, play state data may be optional because it may only be part of an application state when viewing an article with a certain type of media (e.g., a movie or audio clip, such as in the article of  FIGS. 2E, 5A, and 5B ). The navigation flow of  FIGS. 2D, 2E, 5A, and 5B  may be provided as follows:
 
                                            let feedData = FeedData(feedName: “ForYou”)           tracker.push(feedData)           // user taps on article in feed           let groupData = GroupData(groupName: “Food”)           tracker.push(groupData)           // pushing new view controller on the stack for article           let articleData = ArticleData(articleID: “Bake”)           tracker.push(articleData)           let playstateData = PlayStateData(playstateName: “Play”)           tracker.push(playstateData)                        
As shown by diagram  500   b  in  FIG. 5B , each type of data may be held in its own stack so each data object type can be pushed and popped freely without interfering with the other stacks. Then, an analytic event may be submitted as follows:
 
     tracker.submit(ArticleHostViewExposure.self) 
     The only thing that may be relevant with respect to the analytic event user interaction point is the event that may be sent. Based on the above definition of the ArticleHostViewExposure, the system may gather the state of the application to capture the context of the event, and an event submission may generate the following JavaScript Object Notation (“JSON”): 
                                            {             “article”: {                 “articleID”: “Bake”             },             “feed”: {                 “feedName”: “ForYou”             },             “group”: {                 “groupName”: “Food”             },             “playstate”: {                 “playstateName”: “Play”             }           }                        
These events may be serialized into a flat structure as long as properties across data models were unique. However, proper nesting of data may also be carried out. The system may be operative to reflect the ArticleHostViewExposure event and determine that it requires ArticleData and FeedData and can contain GroupData. The system may then look at the top of all of the data stacks for each type of stack (e.g., the most recently populated stack of each type) to gather that information. On the other hand, the navigation flow of  FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, 4A, and 4B  may be provided as follows:
 
                                            let feedData = FeedData(feedName: “ForYou”)           tracker.push(feedData)           // user taps on group footer to navigate to feed           // push new feed view controller onto the stack           let feedData2 = FeedData(feedName: “Movies”)           tracker.push(feedData2)           // user taps on article in feed           // pushing new view controller on the stack for article           let articleData = ArticleData(articleID: “Actor”)           tracker.push(articleData)                        
As shown in diagram  400   b  of  FIG. 4B , a completely decoupled and accurate representation of the application state may be provided. Then, a similar analytic event may be submitted as follows:
 
     tracker.submit(ArticleHostViewExposure.self). 
     and such an event submission may produce the following JSON: 
                                            {             “article”: {                 “articleID”: “Actor”             },             “feed”: {                 “feedName”: “Movies”             }           }                        
This may be achieved by looking at the top of each data stack of a particular type (e.g., the most recently populated stack of each type associated with the analytic event (e.g., stack  310   b  but not stack  310   a  as stack  310   b  was populated more recently than (e.g., after) stack  310   a )), such that the system will consume the “Movie” feed data and, as there is no group data, group data will not be included in the payload. The data captured in an event is decoupled from the submission point of the event.
 
       FIG. 6  is a flowchart of an illustrative process  600  for operating electronic device  100  for collecting analytic data for navigation of an application on device  100  (e.g., navigation of application  105 ). Process  600  may include decoupling y identity is the same as the other entity identity. A majority or the entirety of process  600  may be carried out by decoupling at least a portion of data capture from the submission point of an analytic event, which, for example, may reduce the data storage and/or data transmission burden amongst distinct modules, thereby creating a more efficient and effective analytic process. 
     At operation  602  of process  600 , while content of a view of a first module of an application is presented using an output component of the electronic device, a navigation event may be detected. For example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2A-2C .  4 A, and  4 B, while an output component of device  100  may present screen  190   b  of content of  FIG. 2B  that may provide group-level news recommendation feed  200   b  of view  304   b  of module  300   b  of application  105 , a navigation event that may include a user selecting news article link  205   b  of group-level news recommendation feed  200   b  may be detected (e.g., by controller  306   b  of module  300   b ). As another example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2D, 2E, 5A, and 5B , while an output component of device  100  may present screen  190   d  of content of  FIG. 2D  that may provide high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  of view  304   a  of module  300   a  of application  105 , a navigation event that may include a user selecting news article link  204   e  of high-level news recommendation feed  200   a  may be detected (e.g., by controller  306   a  of module  300   a ). At operation  604  of process  600 , in response to detecting the navigation event at operation  602 , content of a view of a second module of the application may be presented using the output component. For example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2A-2C, 4A, and 4B , in response to detecting a user selecting news article link  205   b  of group-level news recommendation feed  200   b , the output component of device  100  may present screen  190   c  of content of  FIG. 2C  that may provide actor article data  200   c  of view  304   c  of module  300   c  of application  105 . As another example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2D, 2E, 5A, and 5B , in response to detecting a user selecting news article link  204   e  of high-level news recommendation feed  200   a , the output component of device  100  may present screen  190   e  of content of  FIG. 2E  that may provide bake article data  200   e  of view  304   e  of module  300   e  of application  105 . At operation  606  of process  600 , while content of the view of the second module of the application is presented using the output component of the electronic device, an analytic event may be detected that is associated with a plurality of analytic field data types. For example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2A-2C, 4A, and 4B , while the output component of device  100  may present screen  190   c  of content of  FIG. 2C  that may provide actor article data  200   c  of view  304   c  of module  300   c  of application  105 , an analytic event that may include a user selecting next article button  206   c  of data  200   c  of view  304   c  may be detected for navigating to a new news article (e.g., to news article  200   e  of  FIG. 2E ), where the analytic event may be associated with at least an article analytic field data type and a feed analytic field data type. As another example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2D, 2E, 5A, and 5B , while the output component of device  100  may present screen  190   e  of content of  FIG. 2E  that may provide bake article data  200   e  of view  304   e  of module  300   e  of application  105 , an analytic event that may include a user selecting next article button  206   e  of data  200   e  of view  304   e  may be detected for navigating to a new news article, where the analytic event may be associated with at least an article analytic field data type and a play state analytic field data type and a feed analytic field data type and a group analytic field data type. Next, at operation  608  of process  600 , for an analytic field data type of the plurality of analytic field data types that matches an application field data type associated with a stack of the second module, a data object from the stack of the second module may be obtained. For example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2A-2C, 4A , and  4 B, for the article analytic field data type of the detected analytic event that matches an application field data type of article data stack  310   c  of tracker  308   c  of module  300   c  of the application, an article data object  312   c  may be obtained. As another example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2D, 2E, 5A, and 5B , for the article analytic field data type of the detected analytic event that matches an application field data type of article data stack  310   e  of tracker  308   e  of module  300   e  of the application, an article data object  312   e  may be obtained and/or, for the play state analytic field data type of the detected analytic event that matches an application field data type of play state data stack  310   e ′ of tracker  308   e ′ of module  300   e  of the application, an article data object  312   e ′ 3  may be obtained. At operation  610  of process  600 , for an other analytic field data type of the plurality of analytic field data types that does not match any application field data type associated with any stack of the second module but that matches an other application field data type associated with a stack of the first module, a data object from the stack of the first module may be obtained. For example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2A-2C, 4A, and 4B , for the feed analytic field data type of the detected analytic event that matches an application field data type of feed data stack  310   b  of tracker  308   b  of module  300   b  of the application, a feed data object  312   b  may be obtained. As another example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2D, 2E, 5A, and 5B , for the feed analytic field data type of the detected analytic event that matches an application field data type of feed data stack  310   a  of tracker  308   a  of module  300   a  of the application, a feed data object  312   a  may be obtained and/or, for the group analytic field data type of the detected analytic event that matches an application field data type of group data stack  310   a ′ of tracker  308   a ′ of module  300   a  of the application, a group data object  312   a ′ may be obtained. Then, at operation  612  of process  600 , an analytics payload for the detected analytic event may be defined using the data object obtained from the stack of the second module and using the data object obtained from the stack of the first module. For example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2A-2C, 4A, and 4B , analytics payload data  57  for the detected analytic event may be defined to include article data  312   c  from stack  310   c  of tracker  308   c  of module  300   c  and feed data  312   b  from stack  310   b  of tracker  308   b  of module  300   b . As another example, with respect to the example of  FIGS. 2D, 2E, 5A, and 5B , analytics payload data  57  for the detected analytic event may be defined to include article data  312   e  from stack  310   e  of tracker  308   e  of module  300   e  and/or play state data  312   e ′ 3  from stack  310   e ′ of tracker  308   e  of module  300   e  and feed data  312   a  from stack  310   a  of tracker  308   a  of module  300   a  and/or group data  312   a ′ from stack  310   a ′ of tracker  308   a ′ of module  300   a ′. In some embodiments, the collection of data (e.g., pushing data onto a stack and/or collecting) may be the responsibility of and/or carried out by the application. An analytics framework may be responsible for gathering tracked data (e.g., to generate a payload that can be submitted to a server). An event definition may state what data should be collected when generating a payload (e.g., what type of data and whether it is required/optional). Then, when that event is submitted to the analytic system, the system can reflect the event and generate the payload based on the data that has been pushed into the system. 
     It is understood that the operations shown in process  600  of  FIG. 6  are only illustrative and that existing operations may be modified or omitted, additional operations may be added, and the order of certain operations may be altered. 
     It is to be understood that, although many of the examples described herein are directed to a news application and the various hierarchical navigation views thereof, the processes described herein may be utilized by any suitable application, including, but not limited to, a stock application that may recommend stocks and/or links about stocks, a books application that may recommend books, a movies application that may recommend movies, or any other suitable application. A process may fire an analytic event upstream and then track back downstream the navigation path to collect requested analytic payload data. The different modules (e.g., modules  300   a ,  300   b ,  300   c ,  300   d , and  300   e ) may be distinct from one another and may not independently store the same analytic data. The data captured in an event may be decoupled from the submission point of the event. Tracker chaining may be used to accomplish this decoupling of data tracking and event submission, which allows a navigational hierarchy to be created that matches the application state. When events are submitted, the tracker chain may be walked back to collect the data required for the event. Each tracker may be configured as a chainable object that tracks data through the system (e.g., each view may create its own tracker in response to a parent instructing it to do so, and each tracker can walk back to its parent, even if the parent is not able to later track forward to the child). Therefore, stored analytic data objects need not be forwarded upstream during navigation of an application hierarchy (e.g., from a high-level feed to a group-level feed to an article (e.g., when the article is initially opened)), but instead may be recalled by walking back downstream in response to detecting an analytic event (e.g., after navigating away from a previously opened article). This may provide a much more efficient and effective operation of an electronic device running such an application. 
     As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the collection and use of analytic data available from various specific and legitimate sources to navigate an application. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to identify a specific person or actions thereof. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, online identifiers, telephone numbers, email addresses, home addresses, data or records relating to a user&#39;s health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other personal information. 
     The present disclosure contemplates that those entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities would be expected to implement and consistently apply privacy practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. Such information regarding the use of personal data should be prominently and easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate uses only. Further, such collection/sharing should occur only after receiving the consent of the users or other legitimate basis specified in applicable law. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations which may serve to impose a higher standard. For instance, in the US, collection of or access to certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. 
     Moreover, one, some, or all of the processes described with respect to  FIGS. 1-6  may each be implemented by software, but may also be implemented in hardware, firmware, or any combination of software, hardware, and firmware. They each may also be embodied as machine- or computer-readable code recorded on a machine- or computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may be any data storage device that can store data or instructions which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of such a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., memory  104  of  FIG. 1 ) may include, but are not limited to, read-only memory, random-access memory, flash memory, CD-ROMs, DVDs, magnetic tape, removable memory cards, optical data storage devices, and the like. The computer-readable medium can also be distributed over network-coupled computer systems so that the computer-readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion. For example, the computer-readable medium may be communicated from one electronic device to another electronic device using any suitable communications protocol (e.g., the computer-readable medium may be communicated to electronic device  100  via any suitable communications circuitry  114  (e.g., as at least a portion of application  103  and/or application  105 )). Such a transitory computer-readable medium may embody computer-readable code, instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and may include any information delivery media. A modulated data signal may be a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. 
     It is to be understood that any or each module may be provided as a software construct, firmware construct, one or more hardware components, or a combination thereof. For example, any or each module may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, that may be executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, a program module may include one or more routines, programs, objects, components, and/or data structures that may perform one or more particular tasks or that may implement one or more particular abstract data types. It is also to be understood that the number, configuration, functionality, and interconnection of the modules are only illustrative, and that the number, configuration, functionality, and interconnection of existing modules may be modified or omitted, additional modules may be added, and the interconnection of certain modules may be altered. 
     At least a portion of one or more of the modules may be stored in or otherwise accessible to device  100  in any suitable manner (e.g., in memory  104  of device  100  (e.g., as at least a portion of application  103  and/or application  105 )) and/or to server  50 . Any or each module may be implemented using any suitable technologies (e.g., as one or more integrated circuit devices), and different modules may or may not be identical in structure, capabilities, and operation. Any or all of the modules or other components may be mounted on an expansion card, mounted directly on a system motherboard, or integrated into a system chipset component (e.g., into a “north bridge” chip). 
     Any or each module may be a dedicated system implemented using one or more expansion cards adapted for various bus standards. For example, all of the modules may be mounted on different interconnected expansion cards or all of the modules may be mounted on one expansion card. By way of example only, the modules may interface with a motherboard or processor  102  of device  100  through an expansion slot (e.g., a peripheral component interconnect (“PCI”) slot or a PCI express slot). Alternatively, the system may include one or more dedicated modules that may include memory (e.g., RAM) dedicated to the utilization of the module. A module may utilize a portion of device memory  104  of device  100 . Any or each module may include its own processing circuitry and/or memory. Alternatively, any or each module may share processing circuitry and/or memory with any other module and/or processor  102  and/or memory  104  of device  100 . Alternatively, any or each module may share processing circuitry and/or memory of server  50  remote from device  100 . 
     While there have been described systems, methods, and computer-readable media for collecting analytic data for application navigation with an electronic device, it is to be understood that many changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein in any way. Insubstantial changes from the claimed subject matter as viewed by a person with ordinary skill in the art, now known or later devised, are expressly contemplated as being equivalently within the scope of the claims. Therefore, obvious substitutions now or later known to one with ordinary skill in the art are defined to be within the scope of the defined elements. 
     Therefore, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of illustration rather than of limitation.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190131
Publication Date: 20210608
Grant Date: 20210608
Priority Date: 20180603
Inventors: OWENS, MICHAEL J.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F16/9538", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06Q30/0201", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06Q30/0631", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/954", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/9535", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/9538", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/9535", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/951", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/9538", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/951", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/9535", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/954", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 68693955