PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11816325-B2
Application Number: US-201715411110-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Application shortcuts for carplay

Abstract:
The present disclosure generally relates to replacing an application affordance corresponding to an application with a different application affordance corresponding to a different application when the different application meets a predetermined criteria.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device, comprising:
 one or more processors; 
 a memory; and 
 one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
 causing a user interface to be displayed on a display screen in operable communication with the electronic device, wherein displaying the user interface includes concurrently displaying a plurality of shortcut affordances in a first portion of the display screen and a currently-active application in a second portion of the display screen, wherein the plurality of shortcut affordances includes:
 a first shortcut affordance at a first shortcut position corresponding to a first category of applications, wherein the first category of applications is selected from a group consisting of a maps category associated with navigation-related applications, a multimedia category associated with multimedia applications, and a communications category associated with communications applications, wherein the first shortcut affordance corresponds to a first application, and wherein selection of the first shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display screen; and 
 a second shortcut affordance at a second shortcut position corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications, wherein the second category of applications is selected from a group consisting of the maps category, the multimedia category, and the communications category, wherein the second shortcut affordance corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application, and wherein selection of the second shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display screen; 
 
 while continuing to cause display of the plurality of shortcut affordances:
 launching a third application; and 
 while the third application is the currently-active application:
 detecting a sequence of one or more inputs at the second portion of the display screen that interacts with the third application; and 
 in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs at the second portion that interacts with the third application: 
  in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to the third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, causing the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance on the display screen at the second shortcut position and ceasing to display the first shortcut affordance on the display screen; and 
  in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, causing the first shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display screen at the first shortcut position; 
 
 
 receiving a user input corresponding to a request to display, in the second portion, a user interface including a plurality of application launch icons; and 
 in response to receiving the user input:
 causing display of, in the second portion, the user interface including the plurality of application launch icons; and 
 causing display of the first shortcut affordance in the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance in the second shortcut position to be maintained. 
 
 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a last-active application that was an application in the first category of applications that was most recently displayed on the display screen. 
     
     
       3. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a most-frequently-used application. 
     
     
       4. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a currently-active application that was an application in the first category of applications that was most recently performing a function. 
     
     
       5. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application corresponds to a prioritized application that was an application in the first category of applications that has a highest priority. 
     
     
       6. The electronic device of  claim 1 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 detecting a second sequence of one or more inputs; and 
 in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs:
 determining whether the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to a fourth application to a status that meets a second shortcut replacement criteria corresponding to the second shortcut position; 
 in accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to a fourth application to a status that meets second shortcut replacement criteria, wherein the second shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the fourth application belongs to the second category of applications, causing the second shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a fourth shortcut affordance corresponding to the fourth application at the second shortcut position while maintaining display of the first shortcut affordance on the display screen; and 
 
 in accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the fourth application to the status that meets the second shortcut replacement criteria, causing the second shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display screen. 
 
     
     
       7. The electronic device of  claim 6 , wherein the second shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the fourth application is distinct from the first application. 
     
     
       8. The electronic device of  claim 1 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 while displaying the third shortcut affordance, causing display of information related to an ongoing activity at the third application. 
 
     
     
       9. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the third shortcut affordance corresponds to a phone application and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying a duration of an ongoing phone call. 
     
     
       10. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the third shortcut affordance corresponds to a maps application and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying at least one of an estimated time of arrival or turn-by-turn directions. 
     
     
       11. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the first category of applications and the second category of applications do not include any common application that belongs to both the first category of applications and the second category of applications. 
     
     
       12. The electronic device of  claim 1 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 displaying a fifth shortcut affordance at a third shortcut position corresponding to a third category of applications distinct from the first category of applications and the second category of applications, wherein the fifth shortcut affordance corresponds to a fifth application. 
 
     
     
       13. The electronic device of  claim 12 , wherein the fifth shortcut affordance corresponds to a phone application with an active timer displaying a duration of an ongoing call. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the first portion is displayed along a border of the display screen adjacent to the second portion. 
     
     
       15. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the first shortcut position and second shortcut position are displayed in fixed arrangement relative to one another on the display screen. 
     
     
       16. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the first shortcut position is the only shortcut position that corresponds to the first category of applications on the display screen; and 
 the second shortcut position is the only shortcut position that corresponds to the second category of applications on the display screen. 
 
     
     
       17. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device in operable communication with a display screen, cause the electronic device to:
 cause a user interface to be displayed on the display screen, wherein displaying the user interface includes concurrently displaying a plurality of shortcut affordances in a first portion of the display screen and a currently-active application in a second portion of the display screen, wherein the plurality of shortcut affordances includes:
 a first shortcut affordance at a first shortcut position corresponding to a first category of applications, wherein the first category of applications is selected from a group consisting of a maps category associated with navigation-related applications, a multimedia category associated with multimedia applications, and a communications category associated with communications applications, wherein the first shortcut affordance corresponds to a first application, and wherein selection of the first shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display screen; and 
 a second shortcut affordance at a second shortcut position corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications, wherein the second category of applications is selected from a group consisting of the maps category, the multimedia category, and the communications category, wherein the second shortcut affordance corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application, and wherein selection of the second shortcut accordance causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display screen; 
 
 while continuing to cause display of the plurality of shortcut affordances:
 launching a third application; and 
 while the third application is the currently-active application:
 detecting a sequence of one or more inputs at the second portion of the display screen that interacts with the third application; and 
 in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs at the second portion that interacts with the third application:
 in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to a third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, causing the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance on the display screen at the second shortcut position and ceasing to display the first shortcut affordance on the display screen; and 
 in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, causing the first shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display screen at the first shortcut position; 
 
 
 receiving a user input corresponding to a request to display, in the second portion, a user interface including a plurality of application launch icons; and 
 in response to receiving the user input:
 causing display of, in the second portion, the user interface including the plurality of application launch icons; and 
 causing display of the first shortcut affordance in the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance in the second shortcut position to be maintained. 
 
 
 
     
     
       18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 17 , wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a most-frequently-used application. 
     
     
       19. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 17 , wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a currently-active application that was an application in the first category of applications that was most recently performing a function. 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 17 , wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application corresponds to a prioritized application that was an application in the first category of applications that has a highest priority. 
     
     
       21. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 17 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 detecting a second sequence of one or more inputs; and 
 in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs:
 determining whether the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to a fourth application to a status that meets a second shortcut replacement criteria corresponding to the second shortcut position; 
 in accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to a fourth application to a status that meets second shortcut replacement criteria, wherein the second shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the fourth application belongs to the second category of applications, causing the second shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a fourth shortcut affordance corresponding to the fourth application at the second shortcut position while maintaining display of the first shortcut affordance on the display screen; and 
 
 in accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the fourth application to the status that meets the second shortcut replacement criteria, causing the second shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display screen. 
 
     
     
       22. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 21 , wherein the second shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the fourth application is distinct from the first application. 
     
     
       23. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 17 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 while displaying the third shortcut affordance, causing display of information related to an ongoing activity at the third application. 
 
     
     
       24. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 18 , wherein the third shortcut affordance corresponds to a phone application and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying a duration of an ongoing phone call. 
     
     
       25. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 17 , wherein the third shortcut affordance corresponds to a maps application and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying at least one of an estimated time of arrival or turn-by-turn directions. 
     
     
       26. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 17 , wherein the first category of applications and the second category of applications do not include any common application that belongs to both the first category of applications and the second category of applications. 
     
     
       27. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 17 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 displaying a fifth shortcut affordance at a third shortcut position corresponding to a third category of applications distinct from the first category of applications and the second category of applications, wherein the fifth shortcut affordance corresponds to a fifth application. 
 
     
     
       28. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 27 , wherein the fifth shortcut affordance corresponds to a phone application with an active timer displaying a duration of an ongoing call. 
     
     
       29. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 17 , wherein the first portion is displayed along a border of the display screen adjacent to the second portion. 
     
     
       30. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of  claim 17 , wherein the first shortcut position and second shortcut position are displayed in fixed arrangement relative to one another on the display screen. 
     
     
       31. The non-transitory computer readable medium of  claim 15 , wherein:
 the first shortcut position is the only shortcut position that corresponds to the first category of applications on the display screen; and 
 the second shortcut position is the only shortcut position that corresponds to the second category of applications on the display screen. 
 
     
     
       32. A method, comprising:
 at an electronic device that is in communication with a display screen:
 causing a user interface to be displayed on a display screen in operable communication with the electronic device, wherein displaying the user interface includes concurrently displaying a plurality of shortcut affordances in a first portion of the display screen and a currently-active application in a second portion of the display screen, wherein the plurality of shortcut affordances includes:
 a first shortcut affordance at a first shortcut position corresponding to a first category of applications, wherein the first category of applications is selected from a group consisting of a maps category associated with navigation-related applications, a multimedia category associated with multimedia applications, and a communications category associated with communications applications, wherein the first shortcut affordance corresponds to a first application, and wherein selection of the first shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display screen; and 
 a second shortcut affordance at a second shortcut position corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications, wherein the second category of applications is selected from a group consisting of the maps category, the multimedia category, and the communications category, wherein the second shortcut affordance corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application, and wherein selection of the second shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display screen; 
 
 while continuing to cause display of the plurality of shortcut affordances:
 launching a third application; and 
 while the third application is the currently-active application:
 detecting a sequence of one or more inputs at the second portion of the display screen that interacts with the third application; and 
 in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs at the second portion that interacts with the third application: 
  in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to a third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, causing the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance on the display screen at the second shortcut position and ceasing to display the first shortcut affordance on the display screen; and 
  in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, causing the first shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display screen at the first shortcut position; 
 
 
 receiving a user input corresponding to a request to display, in the second portion, a user interface including a plurality of application launch icons; and 
 in response to receiving the user input:
 causing display of, in the second portion, the user interface including the plurality of application launch icons; and 
 causing display of the first shortcut affordance in the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance in the second shortcut position to be maintained. 
 
 
 
     
     
       33. The method of  claim 32 , wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a most-frequently-used application. 
     
     
       34. The method of  claim 32 , wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a currently-active application that was an application in the first category of applications that was most recently performing a function. 
     
     
       35. The method of  claim 32 , wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application corresponds to a prioritized application that was an application in the first category of applications that has a highest priority. 
     
     
       36. The method of  claim 32 , further comprising:
 detecting a second sequence of one or more inputs; and 
 in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs:
 determining whether the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to a fourth application to a status that meets a second shortcut replacement criteria corresponding to the second shortcut position; 
 in accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to a fourth application to a status that meets second shortcut replacement criteria, wherein the second shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the fourth application belongs to the second category of applications, causing the second shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a fourth shortcut affordance corresponding to the fourth application at the second shortcut position while maintaining display of the first shortcut affordance on the display screen; and 
 
 in accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the fourth application to the status that meets the second shortcut replacement criteria, causing the second shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display screen. 
 
     
     
       37. The method of  claim 36 , wherein the second shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the fourth application is distinct from the first application. 
     
     
       38. The method of  claim 32 , further comprising:
 while displaying the third shortcut affordance, causing display of information related to an ongoing activity at the third application. 
 
     
     
       39. The method of  claim 32 , wherein the third shortcut affordance corresponds to a phone application and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying a duration of an ongoing phone call. 
     
     
       40. The method of  claim 32 , wherein the third shortcut affordance corresponds to a maps application and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying at least one of an estimated time of arrival or turn-by-turn directions. 
     
     
       41. The method of  claim 32 , wherein the first category of applications and the second category of applications do not include any common application that belongs to both the first category of applications and the second category of applications. 
     
     
       42. The method of  claim 32 , further comprising:
 displaying a fifth shortcut affordance at a third shortcut position corresponding to a third category of applications distinct from the first category of applications and the second category of applications, wherein the fifth shortcut affordance corresponds to a fifth application. 
 
     
     
       43. The method of  claim 40 , wherein the fifth shortcut affordance corresponds to a phone application with an active timer displaying a duration of an ongoing call. 
     
     
       44. The method of  claim 32 , wherein the first portion is displayed along a border of the display screen adjacent to the second portion. 
     
     
       45. The method of  claim 32 , wherein the first shortcut position and second shortcut position are displayed in fixed arrangement relative to one another on the display screen. 
     
     
       46. The method of  claim 32 , wherein:
 the first shortcut position is the only shortcut position that corresponds to the first category of applications on the display screen; and 
 the second shortcut position is the only shortcut position that corresponds to the second category of applications on the display screen.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application 62/349,025, entitled “APPLICATION SHORTCUTS FOR CARPLAY,” filed Jun. 12, 2016, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to computer user interfaces, and more specifically to techniques for user interfaces. 
     BACKGROUND 
     User interfaces may provide a large number of application launch icons. However, in some cases it is difficult to navigate to a desired application launch icon. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Some techniques for providing application shortcuts using electronic devices, however, are generally cumbersome and inefficient. For example, some techniques use a complex and time-consuming user interface, which require multiple key presses or keystrokes in order to arrive at a desired application launch icon. In this way, some techniques require more time than necessary, thereby wasting user time and device energy. This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices where conservation of battery power and maximizing time between charges is desirable. 
     Accordingly, the present technique provides electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing shortcut access to applications. Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replace other methods for application shortcuts. Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device. The method includes causing a user interface to be displayed on the display screen, where displaying the user interface includes concurrently displaying: a first shortcut affordance at a first shortcut position corresponding to a first category of applications, where the first shortcut affordance corresponds to a first application, where selection of the first shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display; and a second shortcut affordance at a second shortcut position corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications, where the second shortcut affordance corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application, where selection of the second shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display. The method includes, while displaying the first shortcut affordance at the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance at the second shortcut position, detecting a sequence of one or more inputs. The method includes, in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs: in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to a third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, where the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, causing the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance on the display. The method includes, in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, causing the first shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes one or more processors, a memory, and one or more programs, where the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors. The one or more programs including instructions for causing a user interface to be displayed on a display screen in operable communication with the electronic device, where displaying the user interface includes concurrently displaying: a first shortcut affordance at a first shortcut position corresponding to a first category of applications, where the first shortcut affordance corresponds to a first application, where selection of the first shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display; and a second shortcut affordance at a second shortcut position corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications, where the second shortcut affordance corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application, where selection of the second shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display. The one or more programs including instructions for, while displaying the first shortcut affordance at the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance at the second shortcut position, detecting a sequence of one or more inputs. The one or more programs including instructions for, in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs: in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to a third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, where the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, causing the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance on the display; and in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, causing the first shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium stores one or more programs that include instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device in operable communication with a display, cause the device to cause a user interface to be displayed on the display screen, where displaying the user interface includes concurrently displaying: a first shortcut affordance at a first shortcut position corresponding to a first category of applications, where the first shortcut affordance corresponds to a first application, where selection of the first shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display; and a second shortcut affordance at a second shortcut position corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications, where the second shortcut affordance corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application, where selection of the second shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display. The one or more programs may include instructions that may cause the device to, while displaying the first shortcut affordance at the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance at the second shortcut position, detect a sequence of one or more inputs. The one or more programs may include instructions that may cause the device to, in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs: in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to a third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, where the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, cause the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance on the display; and in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, cause the first shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes means for causing a user interface to be displayed on a display screen in operable communication with the device, where displaying the user interface includes concurrently displaying a first shortcut affordance at a first shortcut position corresponding to a first category of applications, where the first shortcut affordance corresponds to a first application, where selection of the first shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display; and a second shortcut affordance at a second shortcut position corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications, where the second shortcut affordance corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application, where selection of the second shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display. The electronic device includes means for, while displaying the first shortcut affordance at the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance at the second shortcut position, detecting a sequence of one or more inputs. The electronic device includes, in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs: means for, in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to a third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, where the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, causing the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance on the display; and means for, in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, causing the first shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a processing unit configured to cause a user interface to be displayed on a display screen in operative communication with the electronic device, where displaying the user interface includes concurrently displaying: a first shortcut affordance at a first shortcut position corresponding to a first category of applications, where the first shortcut affordance corresponds to a first application, where selection of the first shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display; and a second shortcut affordance at a second shortcut position corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications, where the second shortcut affordance corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application, where selection of the second shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display. The processing unit is configured to, while displaying the first shortcut affordance at the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance at the second shortcut position, detect a sequence of one or more inputs. The processing unit is configured to, in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs: in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to a third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, where the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, cause the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance on the display; and in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, cause the first shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes one or more processors, a memory, and one or more programs, where the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods of claims 1-24. In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium stores one or more programs, the one or more programs including instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device in operable communication with a display, cause the device to perform any of the methods of claims 1-24. In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device, includes means for performing any of the methods of claims 1-24. 
     Further, executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. In accordance with some embodiments, a transitory computer readable storage medium stores one or more programs that include instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device in operable communication with a display, cause the device to cause a user interface to be displayed on the display screen, where displaying the user interface includes concurrently displaying: a first shortcut affordance at a first shortcut position corresponding to a first category of applications, where the first shortcut affordance corresponds to a first application, where selection of the first shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display; and a second shortcut affordance at a second shortcut position corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications, where the second shortcut affordance corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application, where selection of the second shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display. The one or more programs may include instructions that may cause the device to, while displaying the first shortcut affordance at the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance at the second shortcut position, detect a sequence of one or more inputs. The one or more programs may include instructions that may cause the device to, in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs: in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to a third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, where the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, cause the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance on the display; and in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, cause the first shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display. 
     Thus, devices are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing application shortcuts, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices. Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace other methods for providing application shortcuts. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       For a better understanding of the various described embodiments, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures. 
         FIG.  1 A  is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  1 B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5 A  illustrates a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5 B  is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6 A  an example user interface in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6 B  an example user interface with a home screen in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6 C  an example user interface with a music application in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6 D  an example user interface with a maps application in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  6 E and  6 F  show example user interfaces in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6 G  is an example user interface based on a last-active application criterion in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  6 H- 6 I  is an example user interface based on a most-frequently-used or prioritized application criterion in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6 J  is an example user interface based on a currently-active application criterion in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  6 K- 6 L  is an example user interface based on second shortcut replacement criteria in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6 M  is an example user interface with a third application shortcut position in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6 N  is an example user interface based on detection of an inactive application in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is a flow diagram illustrating a method of application shortcuts, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG.  8    is a functional block diagram of an electronic device, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters, and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments. 
     There is a need for electronic devices that provide efficient methods and interfaces for application shortcuts. Such techniques can reduce the cognitive burden on a user who accesses such application shortcuts, thereby enhancing productivity. Further, such techniques can reduce processor and battery power otherwise wasted on redundant user inputs. 
     Below,  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B,  2 ,  3 ,  4 A- 4 B,  5 A and  5 B  provide a description of exemplary devices for performing the techniques for providing application shortcuts.  FIGS.  6 A- 6 N  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providing application shortcuts.  FIG.  7    is a flow diagram illustrating methods for providing application shortcuts in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 N  are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIG.  7   . 
     Although the following description uses terms “first,” “second,” etc. to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by the terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first touch could be termed a second touch, and, similarly, a second touch could be termed a first touch, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments. The first touch and the second touch are both touches, but they are not the same touch. 
     The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     The term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touchpads), are, optionally, used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touchpad). 
     In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick. 
     The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that are executed on the device optionally use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device are, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device optionally supports the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user. 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.  FIG.  1 A  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  100  with touch-sensitive display system  112  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display  112  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch-sensitive display system.” Device  100  includes memory  102  (which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memory controller  122 , one or more processing units (CPUs)  120 , peripherals interface  118 , RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , input/output (I/O) subsystem  106 , other input control devices  116 , and external port  124 . Device  100  optionally includes one or more optical sensors  164 . Device  100  optionally includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165  for detecting intensity of contacts on device  100  (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  112  of device  100 ). Device  100  optionally includes one or more tactile output generators  167  for generating tactile outputs on device  100  (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  112  of device  100  or touchpad  355  of device  300 ). These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  103 . 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. The intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least 256). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface. Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements). In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a user input allows for user access to additional device functionality that may otherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device with limited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on a touch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via a touch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or a physical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button). 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user&#39;s sense of touch. For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user&#39;s hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user&#39;s movements. As an example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user. 
     It should be appreciated that device  100  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  100  optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG.  1 A  are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  102  optionally includes high-speed random access memory and optionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Memory controller  122  optionally controls access to memory  102  by other components of device  100 . 
     Peripherals interface  118  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU  120  and memory  102 . The one or more processors  120  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  102  to perform various functions for device  100  and to process data. In some embodiments, peripherals interface  118 , CPU  120 , and memory controller  122  are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such as chip  104 . In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  108  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry  108  optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The RF circuitry  108  optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near field communication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communication radio. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , and microphone  113  provide an audio interface between a user and device  100 . Audio circuitry  110  receives audio data from peripherals interface  118 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  111 . Speaker  111  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  113  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  118  for processing. Audio data is, optionally, retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  102  and/or RF circuitry  108  by peripherals interface  118 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  110  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  212 ,  FIG.  2   ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  110  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     I/O subsystem  106  couples input/output peripherals on device  100 , such as touch screen  112  and other input control devices  116 , to peripherals interface  118 . I/O subsystem  106  optionally includes display controller  156 , optical sensor controller  158 , intensity sensor controller  159 , haptic feedback controller  161 , and one or more input controllers  160  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  160  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices  116 . The other input control devices  116  optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  160  are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  208 ,  FIG.  2   ) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  111  and/or microphone  113 . The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g.,  206 ,  FIG.  2   ). 
     A quick press of the push button optionally disengages a lock of touch screen  112  or optionally begins a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g.,  206 ) optionally turns power to device  100  on or off. The functionality of one or more of the buttons are, optionally, user-customizable. Touch screen  112  is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards. 
     Touch-sensitive display  112  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  156  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen  112 . Touch screen  112  displays visual output to the user. The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output optionally corresponds to user-interface objects. 
     Touch screen  112  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor, or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen  112  and convert the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images) that are displayed on touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen  112  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     Touch screen  112  optionally uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies are used in other embodiments. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  optionally detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen  112  is, optionally, analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U. S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, touch screen  112  displays visual output from device  100 , whereas touch-sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen  112  is described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     Touch screen  112  optionally has a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user optionally makes contact with touch screen  112  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  100  optionally includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad is, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen  112  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  100  also includes power system  162  for powering the various components. Power system  162  optionally includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more optical sensors  164 .  FIG.  1 A  shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller  158  in I/O subsystem  106 . Optical sensor  164  optionally includes charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor  164  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), optical sensor  164  optionally captures still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112  on the front of the device so that the touch screen display is enabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image is, optionally, obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the position of optical sensor  164  can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor  164  is used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165 .  FIG.  1 A  shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller  159  in I/O subsystem  106 . Contact intensity sensor  165  optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensity sensor  165  receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112 ). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112 , which is located on the front of device  100 . 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors  166 .  FIG.  1 A  shows proximity sensor  166  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, proximity sensor  166  is, optionally, coupled to input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . Proximity sensor  166  optionally performs as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No. 11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen  112  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators  167 .  FIG.  1 A  shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller  161  in I/O subsystem  106 . Tactile output generator  167  optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Contact intensity sensor  165  receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module  133  and generates tactile outputs on device  100  that are capable of being sensed by a user of device  100 . In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112 ) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device  100 ) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device  100 ). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112 , which is located on the front of device  100 . 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more accelerometers  168 .  FIG.  1 A  shows accelerometer  168  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, accelerometer  168  is, optionally, coupled to an input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . Accelerometer  168  optionally performs as described in U. S. Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U. S. Patent Publication No. 20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device  100  optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s)  168 , a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  102  include operating system  126 , communication module (or set of instructions)  128 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  130 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  132 , text input module (or set of instructions)  134 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  135 , and applications (or sets of instructions)  136 . Furthermore, in some embodiments, memory  102  ( FIG.  1 A ) or  370  ( FIG.  3   ) stores device/global internal state  157 , as shown in  FIGS.  1 A and  3   . Device/global internal state  157  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display  112 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and input control devices  116 ; and location information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  126  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  128  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  124  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  108  and/or external port  124 . External port  124  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the 30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices. 
     Contact/motion module  130  optionally detects contact with touch screen  112  (in conjunction with display controller  156 ) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  130  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  130  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  and display controller  156  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon). In some embodiments, at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device  100 ). For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware. Additionally, in some implementations, a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter). 
     Contact/motion module  130  optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As an example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event. 
     Graphics module  132  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen  112  or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including, without limitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  132  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  132  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  156 . 
     Haptic feedback module  133  includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s)  167  to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device  100  in response to user interactions with device  100 . 
     Text input module  134 , which is, optionally, a component of graphics module  132 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  137 , e-mail  140 , IM  141 , browser  147 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     GPS module  135  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  138  for use in location-based dialing; to camera  143  as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Applications  136  optionally include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         Contacts module  137  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   Telephone module  138 ;   Video conference module  139 ;   E-mail client module  140 ;   Instant messaging (IM) module  141 ;   Workout support module  142 ;   Camera module  143  for still and/or video images;   Image management module  144 ;   Video player module;   Music player module;   Browser module  147 ;   Calendar module  148 ;   Widget modules  149 , which optionally include one or more of: weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , dictionary widget  149 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   Widget creator module  150  for making user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   Search module  151 ;   Video and music player module  152 , which merges video player module and music player module;   Notes module  153 ;   Map module  154 ; and/or   Online video module  155 .       

     Examples of other applications  136  that are, optionally, stored in memory  102  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , contacts module  137  are, optionally, used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state  192  of contacts module  137  in memory  102  or memory  370 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  138 , video conference module  139 , e-mail  140 , or IM  141 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , telephone module  138  are optionally, used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contacts module  137 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , contacts module  137 , and telephone module  138 , video conference module  139  includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140  includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module  144 , e-mail client module  140  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  143 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the instant messaging module  141  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , map module  154 , and music player module, workout support module  142  includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor(s)  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and image management module  144 , camera module  143  includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  102 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory  102 . 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and camera module  143 , image management module  144  includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , browser module  147  includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , calendar module  148  includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , widget modules  149  are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , and dictionary widget  149 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  149 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , the widget creator module  150  are, optionally, used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , search module  151  includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  102  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , and browser module  147 , video and music player module  152  includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen  112  or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ). In some embodiments, device  100  optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , notes module  153  includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , and browser module  147 , map module  154  are, optionally, used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , online video module  155  includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module  141 , rather than e-mail client module  140 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. Additional description of the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20, 2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     Each of the above-identified modules and applications corresponds to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module is, optionally, combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., video and music player module  152 ,  FIG.  1 A ). In some embodiments, memory  102  optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  102  optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  100  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  100 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  100  is, optionally, reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  100  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device  100 . In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
       FIG.  1 B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  ( FIG.  1 A ) or  370  ( FIG.  3   ) includes event sorter  170  (e.g., in operating system  126 ) and a respective application  136 - 1  (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications  137 - 151 ,  155 ,  380 - 390 ). 
     Event sorter  170  receives event information and determines the application  136 - 1  and application view  191  of application  136 - 1  to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter  170  includes event monitor  171  and event dispatcher module  174 . In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes application internal state  192 , which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display  112  when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state  157  is used by event sorter  170  to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state  192  is used by event sorter  170  to determine application views  191  to which to deliver event information. 
     In some embodiments, application internal state  192  includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application  136 - 1  resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application  136 - 1 , a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application  136 - 1 , and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user. 
     Event monitor  171  receives event information from peripherals interface  118 . Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display  112 , as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface  118  transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem  106  or a sensor, such as proximity sensor  166 , accelerometer(s)  168 , and/or microphone  113  (through audio circuitry  110 ). Information that peripherals interface  118  receives from I/O subsystem  106  includes information from touch-sensitive display  112  or a touch-sensitive surface. 
     In some embodiments, event monitor  171  sends requests to the peripherals interface  118  at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface  118  transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripherals interface  118  transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration). 
     In some embodiments, event sorter  170  also includes a hit view determination module  172  and/or an active event recognizer determination module  173 . 
     Hit view determination module  172  provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views when touch-sensitive display  112  displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display. 
     Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally, called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture. 
     Hit view determination module  172  receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module  172  identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module  172 , the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view. 
     Active event recognizer determination module  173  determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views. 
     Event dispatcher module  174  dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer  180 ). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module  173 , event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module  173 . In some embodiments, event dispatcher module  174  stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver  182 . 
     In some embodiments, operating system  126  includes event sorter  170 . Alternatively, application  136 - 1  includes event sorter  170 . In yet other embodiments, event sorter  170  is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory  102 , such as contact/motion module  130 . 
     In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes a plurality of event handlers  190  and one or more application views  191 , each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application&#39;s user interface. Each application view  191  of the application  136 - 1  includes one or more event recognizers  180 . Typically, a respective application view  191  includes a plurality of event recognizers  180 . In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers  180  are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application  136 - 1  inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler  190  includes one or more of: data updater  176 , object updater  177 , GUI updater  178 , and/or event data  179  received from event sorter  170 . Event handler  190  optionally utilizes or calls data updater  176 , object updater  177 , or GUI updater  178  to update the application internal state  192 . Alternatively, one or more of the application views  191  include one or more respective event handlers  190 . Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a respective application view  191 . 
     A respective event recognizer  180  receives event information (e.g., event data  179 ) from event sorter  170  and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer  180  includes event receiver  182  and event comparator  184 . In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  also includes at least a subset of: metadata  183 , and event delivery instructions  188  (which optionally include sub-event delivery instructions). 
     Event receiver  182  receives event information from event sorter  170 . The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information optionally also includes speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device. 
     Event comparator  184  compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  includes event definitions  186 . Event definitions  186  contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event  1  ( 187 - 1 ), event  2  ( 187 - 2 ), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event ( 187 ) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event  1  ( 187 - 1 ) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In an example, the definition for event  2  ( 187 - 2 ) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display  112 , and liftoff of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers  190 . 
     In some embodiments, event definition  187  includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display  112 , when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display  112 , event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler  190 , the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler  190  should be activated. For example, event comparator  184  selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test. 
     In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event ( 187 ) also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer&#39;s event type. 
     When a respective event recognizer  180  determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions  186 , the respective event recognizer  180  enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  includes metadata  183  with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  activates event handler  190  associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  delivers event information associated with the event to event handler  190 . Activating an event handler  190  is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler  190  associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process. 
     In some embodiments, event delivery instructions  188  include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process. 
     In some embodiments, data updater  176  creates and updates data used in application  136 - 1 . For example, data updater  176  updates the telephone number used in contacts module  137 , or stores a video file used in video player module. In some embodiments, object updater  177  creates and updates objects used in application  136 - 1 . For example, object updater  177  creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater  178  updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater  178  prepares display information and sends it to graphics module  132  for display on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In some embodiments, event handler(s)  190  includes or has access to data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178 . In some embodiments, data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a single module of a respective application  136 - 1  or application view  191 . In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules. 
     It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices  100  with input devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc. on touchpads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a portable multifunction device  100  having a touch screen  112  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  200 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  202  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  203  (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward), and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device  100 . In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap. 
     Device  100  optionally also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  204 . As described previously, menu button  204  is, optionally, used to navigate to any application  136  in a set of applications that are, optionally, executed on device  100 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen  112 . 
     In some embodiments, device  100  includes touch screen  112 , menu button  204 , push button  206  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  208 , subscriber identity module (SIM) card slot  210 , headset jack  212 , and docking/charging external port  124 . Push button  206  is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device  100  also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone  113 . Device  100  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165  for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen  112  and/or one or more tactile output generators  167  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  100 . 
       FIG.  3    is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device  300  need not be portable. In some embodiments, device  300  is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child&#39;s learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device  300  typically includes one or more processing units (CPUs)  310 , one or more network or other communications interfaces  360 , memory  370 , and one or more communication buses  320  for interconnecting these components. Communication buses  320  optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device  300  includes input/output (I/O) interface  330  comprising display  340 , which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface  330  also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)  350  and touchpad  355 , tactile output generator  357  for generating tactile outputs on device  300  (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s)  167  described above with reference to  FIG.  1 A ), sensors  359  (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s)  165  described above with reference to  FIG.  1 A ). Memory  370  includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory  370  optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s)  310 . In some embodiments, memory  370  stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG.  1 A ), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory  370  optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100 . For example, memory  370  of device  300  optionally stores drawing module  380 , presentation module  382 , word processing module  384 , website creation module  386 , disk authoring module  388 , and/or spreadsheet module  390 , while memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG.  1 A ) optionally does not store these modules. 
     Each of the above-identified elements in  FIG.  3    is, optionally, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  370  optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  370  optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces that are, optionally, implemented on, for example, portable multifunction device  100 . 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device  100  in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces are, optionally, implemented on device  300 . In some embodiments, user interface  400  includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:
         Signal strength indicator(s)  402  for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;   Time  404 ;   Bluetooth indicator  405 ;   Battery status indicator  406 ;   Tray  408  with icons for frequently used applications, such as:
           Icon  416  for telephone module  138 , labeled “Phone,” which optionally includes an indicator  414  of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages;   Icon  418  for e-mail client module  140 , labeled “Mail,” which optionally includes an indicator  410  of the number of unread e-mails;   Icon  420  for browser module  147 , labeled “Browser;” and   Icon  422  for video and music player module  152 , also referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module  152 , labeled “iPod;” and   
           Icons for other applications, such as:
           Icon  424  for IM module  141 , labeled “Messages;”   Icon  426  for calendar module  148 , labeled “Calendar;”   Icon  428  for image management module  144 , labeled “Photos;”   Icon  430  for camera module  143 , labeled “Camera;”   Icon  432  for online video module  155 , labeled “Online Video;”   Icon  434  for stocks widget  149 - 2 , labeled “Stocks;”   Icon  436  for map module  154 , labeled “Maps;”   Icon  438  for weather widget  149 - 1 , labeled “Weather;”   Icon  440  for alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , labeled “Clock;”   Icon  442  for workout support module  142 , labeled “Workout Support;”   Icon  444  for notes module  153 , labeled “Notes;” and   Icon  446  for a settings application or module, labeled “Settings,” which provides access to settings for device  100  and its various applications  136 .   
               

     It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in  FIG.  4 A  are merely exemplary. For example, icon  422  for video and music player module  152  is labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon. In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon. 
       FIG.  4 B  illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device  300 ,  FIG.  3   ) with a touch-sensitive surface  451  (e.g., a tablet or touchpad  355 ,  FIG.  3   ) that is separate from the display  450  (e.g., touch screen display  112 ). Device  300  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors  359 ) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface  451  and/or one or more tactile output generators  357  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  300 . 
     Although some of the examples that follow will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display  112  (where the touch-sensitive surface and the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in  FIG.  4 B . In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG.  4 B ) has a primary axis (e.g.,  452  in  FIG.  4 B ) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g.,  453  in  FIG.  4 B ) on the display (e.g.,  450 ). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g.,  460  and  462  in  FIG.  4 B ) with the touch-sensitive surface  451  at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in  FIG.  4 B,  460    corresponds to  468  and  462  corresponds to  470 ). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts  460  and  462 , and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG.  4 B ) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g.,  450  in  FIG.  4 B ) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein. 
     Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input). For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). As an example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously. 
       FIG.  5 A  illustrates exemplary personal electronic device  500 . Device  500  includes body  502 . In some embodiments, device  500  can include some or all of the features described with respect to devices  100  and  300  (e.g.,  FIGS.  1 A- 4 B ). In some embodiments, device  500  has touch-sensitive display screen  504 , hereafter touch screen  504 . Alternatively, or in addition to touch screen  504 , device  500  has a display and a touch-sensitive surface. As with devices  100  and  300 , in some embodiments, touch screen  504  (or the touch-sensitive surface) optionally includes one or more intensity sensors for detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied. The one or more intensity sensors of touch screen  504  (or the touch-sensitive surface) can provide output data that represents the intensity of touches. The user interface of device  500  can respond to touches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of different intensities can invoke different user interface operations on device  500 . 
     Exemplary techniques for detecting and processing touch intensity are found, for example, in related applications: International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/040061, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to an Application,” filed May 8, 2013, published as WIPO Publication No. WO/2013/169849, and International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/069483, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display Output Relationships,” filed Nov. 11, 2013, published as WIPO Publication No. WO/2014/105276, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     In some embodiments, device  500  has one or more input mechanisms  506  and  508 . Input mechanisms  506  and  508 , if included, can be physical. Examples of physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatable mechanisms. In some embodiments, device  500  has one or more attachment mechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permit attachment of device  500  with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings, necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers, belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachment mechanisms permit device  500  to be worn by a user. 
       FIG.  5 B  depicts exemplary personal electronic device  500 . In some embodiments, device  500  can include some or all of the components described with respect to  FIGS.  1 A,  1 B , and  3 . Device  500  has bus  512  that operatively couples I/O section  514  with one or more computer processors  516  and memory  518 . I/O section  514  can be connected to display  504 , which can have touch-sensitive component  522  and, optionally, intensity sensor  524  (e.g., contact intensity sensor). In addition, I/O section  514  can be connected with communication unit  530  for receiving application and operating system data, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular, and/or other wireless communication techniques. Device  500  can include input mechanisms  506  and/or  508 . Input mechanism  506  is, optionally, a rotatable input device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example. Input mechanism  508  is, optionally, a button, in some examples. 
     Input mechanism  508  is, optionally, a microphone, in some examples. Personal electronic device  500  optionally includes various sensors, such as GPS sensor  532 , accelerometer  534 , directional sensor  540  (e.g., compass), gyroscope  536 , motion sensor  538 , and/or a combination thereof, all of which can be operatively connected to I/O section  514 . 
     Memory  518  of personal electronic device  500  can include one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage mediums, for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors  516 , for example, can cause the computer processors to perform the techniques described below, including process  700  ( FIG.  7   ). A computer-readable storage medium can be any medium that can tangibly contain or store computer-executable instructions for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. In some examples, the storage medium is a transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some examples, the storage medium is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, magnetic, optical, and/or semiconductor storages. Examples of such storage include magnetic disks, optical discs based on CD, DVD, or Blu-ray technologies, as well as persistent solid-state memory such as flash, solid-state drives, and the like. Personal electronic device  500  is not limited to the components and configuration of  FIG.  5 B , but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations. 
     As used here, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object that is, optionally, displayed on the display screen of devices  100 ,  300 , and/or  500  ( FIGS.  1 A,  3 , and  5 A- 5 B ). For example, an image (e.g., icon), a button, and text (e.g., hyperlink) each optionally constitute an affordance. 
     As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting. In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad  355  in  FIG.  3    or touch-sensitive surface  451  in  FIG.  4 B ) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations that include a touch screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112  in  FIG.  1 A  or touch screen  112  in  FIG.  4 A ) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch screen display, a detected contact on the touch screen acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations, focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface. Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user&#39;s intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact). For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device). 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “characteristic intensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact based on one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. The characteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number of intensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during a predetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting the contact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or after detecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an end of the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity of the contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact). A characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionally, based on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of the contact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an average value of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value of the intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of the intensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of the intensities of the contact, or the like. In some embodiments, the duration of the contact is used in determining the characteristic intensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of the intensity of the contact over time). In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user. For example, the set of one or more intensity thresholds optionally includes a first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold. In this example, a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceed the first threshold results in a first operation, a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold and does not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a second operation, and a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the second threshold results in a third operation. In some embodiments, a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or more thresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or more operations (e.g., whether to perform a respective operation or forgo performing the respective operation), rather than being used to determine whether to perform a first operation or a second operation. 
     In some embodiments, a portion of a gesture is identified for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. For example, a touch-sensitive surface optionally receives a continuous swipe contact transitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, at which point the intensity of the contact increases. In this example, the characteristic intensity of the contact at the end location is, optionally, based on only a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipe contact (e.g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the end location). In some embodiments, a smoothing algorithm is, optionally, applied to the intensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristic intensity of the contact. For example, the smoothing algorithm optionally includes one or more of: an unweighted sliding-average smoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filter smoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm. In some circumstances, these smoothing algorithms eliminate narrow spikes or dips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. 
     The intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, characterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as a contact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensity threshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more other intensity thresholds. In some embodiments, the light press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, the deep press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations that are different from operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordance with movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface without performing an operation associated with the light press intensity threshold or the deep press intensity threshold. Generally, unless otherwise stated, these intensity thresholds are consistent between different sets of user interface figures. 
     An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between the light press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “light press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deep press intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between the contact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on the touch-surface. A decrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is greater than zero. 
     In some embodiments described herein, one or more operations are performed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respective press input or in response to detecting the respective press input performed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), where the respective press input is detected based at least in part on detecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality of contacts) above a press-input intensity threshold. In some embodiments, the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective press input). In some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). 
     In some embodiments, the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoid accidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines or selects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationship to the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold). Thus, in some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). Similarly, in some embodiments, the press input is detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of the contact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and, optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g., the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity of the contact, depending on the circumstances). 
     For ease of explanation, the descriptions of operations performed in response to a press input associated with a press-input intensity threshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are, optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase in intensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, an increase in intensity of a contact from an intensity below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-input intensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to the press-input intensity threshold. Additionally, in examples where an operation is described as being performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of a contact below the press-input intensity threshold, the operation is, optionally, performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-input intensity threshold. 
     As used herein, an “installed application” refers to a software application that has been downloaded onto an electronic device (e.g., devices  100 ,  300 , and/or  500 ) and is ready to be launched (e.g., become opened) on the device. In some embodiments, a downloaded application becomes an installed application by way of an installation program that extracts program portions from a downloaded package and integrates the extracted portions with the operating system of the computer system. 
     As used herein, the terms “open application” or “executing application” refer to a software application with retained state information (e.g., as part of device/global internal state  157  and/or application internal state  192 ). An open or executing application is, optionally, any one of the following types of applications:
         an active application, which is currently displayed on a display screen of the device that the application is being used on;   a background application (or background processes), which is not currently displayed, but one or more processes for the application are being processed by one or more processors; and   a suspended or hibernated application, which is not running, but has state information that is stored in memory (volatile and non-volatile, respectively) and that can be used to resume execution of the application.       

     As used herein, the term “closed application” refers to software applications without retained state information (e.g., state information for closed applications is not stored in a memory of the device). Accordingly, closing an application includes stopping and/or removing application processes for the application and removing state information for the application from the memory of the device. Generally, opening a second application while in a first application does not close the first application. When the second application is displayed and the first application ceases to be displayed, the first application becomes a background application. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) and associated processes that are implemented on an electronic device, such as portable multifunction device  100 , device  300 , or device  500 . 
       FIGS.  6 A- 6 N  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for application shortcuts in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIG.  7   . 
       FIG.  6 A  illustrates an example user interface  600  for application shortcuts in accordance with various embodiments presented herein. In some examples, the user interface  600  is provided by an electronic device  600 A that is in operative communication with a display screen  600 B (e.g., a display screen displaying user interface  600 ). In some embodiments, device  600 A includes some or all of the features of device  100 , device  300 , or device  500 , discussed above. Electronic device  600 A can optionally be a mobile phone that is in wired (e.g., USB, Lightning) or wireless (e.g., Bluetooth, WiFi) connection with a display screen, or with an external electronic device having a display screen. In some examples, the display screen  600 B is provided on a dashboard of an automobile. In that case, the mobile phone (e.g., device  600 A) can optionally communicate instruction signals for generating the user interface at the display screen  600 B in accordance with various embodiments discussed herein. Further, user interactions detected at the display screen  600 B can optionally be communicated to the mobile phone (e.g., device  600 A). In some cases, the user interface  600  described herein can optionally be provided at a display screen of the electronic device (e.g., device  600 A) itself. 
     As depicted in  FIG.  6 A , the user interface  600  includes a first portion  602  and a second portion  604 . The first portion  602  is provided along a border of the user interface  600  and contains a shortcuts menu  606  having three application shortcut positions that provide application shortcut affordances that launch, activate, or otherwise cause display of their corresponding applications in the second portion  604 , as described further in the succeeding paragraphs below. For example, shortcut affordance A  608  corresponding to an application A is located at a first shortcut position  610 , shortcut affordance B  612  corresponding to an application B is located at a second shortcut position  614 , and a shortcut affordance C  616  corresponding to an application C is located at a third shortcut position  618 . A currently-active application can optionally be displayed in the second portion  604 . In this way, the currently-active application is displayed in a main or larger area of the user interface on the display screen  600 B and is adjacent to the smaller shortcuts menu  606 . In this way, the shortcuts menu occupies minimal screen space and does not interfere with the display of applications. 
     The first portion  602  can optionally further provide status information such as a current time  620 , network connectivity  622  (e.g., wireless signal level) for device  600 A, and/or a virtual home button  624  for causing display of a plurality of application launch icons contained on a home screen. The home button  624  enables return to an application launching user interface. While the first portion  602  is provided along a vertical border of the user interface  600 , in some examples, the first portion  602  is provided along a horizontal border of the user interface  600 , such as above or below the second portion  604 . While three shortcut affordances  608 ,  612 ,  616 , are displayed at three shortcut positions  610 ,  614 ,  618 , any number of shortcut affordances and/or shortcut positions can optionally be provided in the first portion  602 . 
     In some embodiments, as depicted in  FIG.  6 B , the shortcuts menu  606  remains displayed unless a home screen  626  is shown. For example, device  600 A receives a user input corresponding to a request to display, in the second portion  604 , a user interface including a plurality of application launch icons (e.g., home screen  626 ). The user selection can optionally include user input on the virtual home button  624 . The user selection can optionally include user input on a hardware button at device  600 A itself. In response to receiving the user input, device  600 A causes display of, in the second portion  604  of the user interface  600 , the user interface including the plurality of application launch icons (e.g., home screen  626 ). In some cases, an application that was previously displayed in the second portion  604  is replaced by display of the home screen  626  in response to the user input. 
     In some examples, device  600 A ceases to cause display of the first portion  602  of the user interface  600  when no application is being displayed in the second portion  604 . For example, the first portion  602  is removed from the user interface  600  when there is no currently active application being displayed in the second portion  604 , such as when the home screen  62  is being displayed. In some examples, the first portion  602  remains displayed in the user interface and provides information other the shortcuts menu  606 . For example, the first portion  602  maintains display of the current time  620 , network connectivity  622 , and/or the virtual home button  624 . In some examples, device  600 A ceases to cause display of the first portion  602  any time that application launch icons are provided outside of the shortcuts menu  606  in the first portion  602 . In that case, redundancy in display of the same application launching affordances can be omitted. In some examples, device  600 A maintains display of shortcuts menu  606  while other application launch icons are provided. In that case, the user can easily access an application having a shortcut affordance displayed in the shortcut menu, particularly if there is a large number of application launching affordances that are displayed. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  6 C , the first portion  602  includes the shortcuts menu  606  of and the second portion  604  includes a music application interface  628  that is displayed upon user selection of a music launch icon on the home screen  626  at  FIG.  6 B . Selection of any application launch icon provided on the home screen  626  can display the corresponding application user interface in the second portion  604 , and/or cause display of the shortcuts menu  606  since the home screen  626  is no longer displayed. Here, example shortcut affordances include a maps shortcut affordance corresponding to a maps application, a music shortcut affordance corresponding to a music application, and a phone shortcuts affordance corresponding to a phone application. The maps shortcut affordance is provided at the first shortcut position  610  and is an example of shortcut affordance A  608 . The music shortcut affordance is provided at the second shortcut position  614  and is an example of the shortcut affordance B  610 . The phone shortcuts affordance is provided at the third shortcut position  618  and is an example of shortcut affordance C  614 . In some embodiments, each shortcut position  610 , 614 , 618  corresponds to a distinct category of applications. For example, the first shortcut position  610  corresponds to a first category of applications, such as a navigation category. The second shortcut position  614  corresponds to a second category of applications, such as a multimedia category. The third shortcut position  618  corresponds to a third category of applications, such as a communications category. 
     In some embodiments, the first shortcut position  610 , the second shortcut position  614 , and the third shortcut position  618  are displayed in a fixed arrangement relative to one another in the first portion  602 . For example, any or all of the shortcut positions can optionally be displayed in a predefined arrangement relative to one another on the shortcuts menu  606 . In practice, consistency in display of particular categories of applications enables the user to know where to look for certain application shortcuts. 
     As further shown in  FIG.  6 C , the music application shortcut at the second shortcut position  614  includes an indicator (e.g., dot) indicating that the music application user interface is displayed in the second portion  604 . In general, an indicator is associated with a particular shortcut position  610 ,  614 ,  618  and/or particular shortcut affordance  608 ,  610 ,  616  when a corresponding application is active. For example,  FIG.  6 D  shows a maps application interface  630  that is displayed upon user selection of a maps launch icon on the home screen  626  at  FIG.  6 B . Here, the indicator is displayed adjacent to the maps shortcut affordance at the first shortcut position. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  6 E , an example user interface  600  is shown in accordance with various embodiments. Here, shortcuts menu  606   a  provides two shortcut positions, first shortcut position  610   a  and second shortcut position  614   a . Each shortcut position corresponds to a distinct category of applications. For example, a first shortcut affordance  608   a  is displayed at the first shortcut position  614   a  that is separate and distinct from the second shortcut affordance  612   a  provided at the second shortcut position  614   a . The second shortcut position  614   a  corresponds to a second category of applications that is distinct from the first category of applications, which corresponds to the first shortcut position  610   a . In this way, the first category of applications and the second category of applications do not have any common applications between them. Additional shortcut positions and shortcut affordances can optionally be provided, as indicated in  FIG.  6 E . Each shortcut position can be automatically updated with different shortcut affordances when certain applications within their respective categories meet certain criteria. Each shortcut position can have a different set of criteria, as discussed further below. 
     For example, while device  600 A displays the first shortcut affordance  608   a  at the first shortcut position  610   a  and the second shortcut affordance  612   a  at the second position  614   a , device  600 A can detect a sequence of one or more inputs, such as touch inputs, rotatable knob inputs, voice commands, and/or any other type of user interaction with the user interface  600 , such as interactions with elements in the first portion  602   a  or the second portion  604   a  of the user interface  600 . In some cases, in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs, device  600 A determines that the sequence of one or more inputs corresponds to interaction with a third application. For example, the sequence of one or more inputs correspond to activation of a function of the third application, which can optionally include, initiating a voice or telephone call, starting a turn-by-turn navigation session, starting audio playback of a music or audio book, and so on. For instance, the sequence of one or more inputs can optionally correspond to a user input on the third application as it is displayed on the display screen  600 B at the second portion  604   a  of the user interface  600 . 
     In some examples, in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs, the device  600 A determines whether the sequence of one or more inputs changes the status associated with the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria for the first shortcut position  610   a . In that case, the device (e.g., device  600 A) optionally causes the first shortcut affordance  608   a  that is displayed to cease to be displayed. The device (e.g., device  600 A) can optionally cause the first shortcut affordance  608   a  to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance  608   b  that corresponds to the third application ( FIG.  6 F ). In that case, the third shortcut affordance  608   b  is displayed at the first shortcut position  606   a . At the same time, the second shortcut affordance  612   a  is, optionally, maintained on the display, independent of the change in the first shortcut position  610   a.    
     In some embodiments, the status corresponding to the third application can optionally be a usage-based status and/or a priority-based status. Further, in some embodiments, the first shortcut replacement criteria include a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications. In some embodiments, and as discussed further below, other criterion that are included in the first shortcut replacement criteria include one or more of: a last-used criterion, most-currently-used criterion, currently-in-use criterion, and/or priority-based criterion such as a high priority application. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  6 E , in some embodiments, while displaying the first shortcut affordance  608   a  at the first shortcut position  610   a  and the second shortcut affordance  612   a  at the second shortcut position  614   a , device  600 A detects the sequence of one or more inputs and in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs, device  600 A determines that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding to the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria. In that case, in accordance with the determination, device  600 A causes the first shortcut position  610   a  to maintain display of the first shortcut affordance  608   a . For example, the device (device  600 A) can optionally forgo ceasing to display the first shortcut affordance  608   a  at the first shortcut position  610   a  and/or forgo replacing the first shortcut affordance  608   a  at the first shortcut position  610   a  with the third shortcut affordance  608   b.    
     In some embodiments, the criterion is a last-active application. For example, the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a last-active application, such as last-active application that was an application in the first category of applications that was most recently displayed on the display. For example, the status of the third application indicates that the application is a last-active application from the first category of applications. In an example shown in  FIG.  6 G , display of the third application has been replaced by display of a subsequent application, which therefore causes the status of the third application to meet the last-active application criterion. 
     In some embodiments, the criterion is a most-frequently-used application. For example, the first shortcut replacement criteria include a criterion that is met when the third application is a most-frequently-used application. In this case, the status of the third application indicates that the third application is a most-frequently-used application from the first category of applications. In an example, a most-frequently-used application is displayed on the display screen  600 B while a shortcut affordance corresponding to the most-frequently-used application is displayed at a shortcut position ( FIG.  6 H ). In other cases, the most-frequently-used application is not displayed or is not currently active, yet its corresponding shortcut affordance is displayed ( FIG.  6 I ). 
     In some embodiments, the criterion is a currently-active application, where the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a currently-active application that was an application in the first category of applications that was most recently performing a function. For example, the status of the third application indicates that the third application is currently being displayed. In this case, the shortcut affordance for the third application is displayed while the third application is being displayed ( FIG.  6 J ). As shown in  FIG.  6 J , the first application is active while first shortcut affordance  606   a  is displayed. Subsequently, in response to user input to activate the third application, the third application is displayed, and the third shortcut affordance  608   b  replaces the first application shortcut affordance  608   a.    
     In some embodiments, the criterion is a prioritized application where the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application corresponds to a prioritized application that was an application in the first category of applications that has a highest priority. Here, for example, the status of the third application indicates that the third application is a high priority application within the first category of applications. In some cases, the prioritized application is displayed on the display screen  600 B while its shortcut affordance is displayed at a shortcut position ( FIG.  6 H ). In other cases, the prioritized application is not displayed or is not currently active, yet its shortcut affordance is displayed ( FIG.  6 I ). Merely by way of example, a high priority application is user-specified. For example, a user specifies a communications application as a high priority application for display at a shortcut position. In some cases, any application that is deemed a high priority application is always displayed at a shortcut position, and/or given preference for display at the shortcut position under certain conditions, such as when two or more applications meet shortcut replacement criteria for a common shortcut position. In an example, high priority status of an application is dynamic and linked to a time of day such that the status drops in priority at other times of day. In some embodiments, a user schedules a telephonic application as a prioritized application having a corresponding shortcut affordance being displayed at the shortcut position during weekday mornings to answer phone calls during their work commute, while another application in the same category takes priority and occupies the shortcut position on weekend mornings. In some embodiments, the high priority status aids in determining which application of multiple applications that meet certain criteria for a common shortcut position should be displayed. 
     In some cases, the shortcut replacement criteria include the foregoing usage-based criterions, such as the last-active, most-frequently-used, and/or currently-active criterions. In some cases, the shortcut replacement criteria include various priority-based criterions, such as the high-priority based criterion described previously. It is noted that the shortcut replacement criteria can optionally include any number of criterions for determining which application should be placed in a shortcut position. It is further noted that shortcut criteria can optionally vary independently among the different shortcut positions, and can optionally include any combination of the foregoing types of criterion. 
     In some examples, a second set of shortcut replacement criteria is implemented. Merely by way of example, the device detects a second sequence of one or more inputs and in response to detecting the second sequence of one or more inputs, the device determines whether the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to the third application to a status that meets a second shortcut replacement criteria that corresponds to the second shortcut position  614   a . In some ways, the second shortcut replacement criteria include similar, same, or different criterions as the first shortcut replacement criteria. 
     In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to the fourth application to a status that meets the second shortcut replacement criteria, device  600 A replaces the second shortcut affordance  612   a  with display of a fourth shortcut affordance  612   b  corresponding to the fourth application at the second shortcut position  614   a . At the same time, device  600 A maintains display of the first shortcut affordance  608   a  on the display ( FIG.  6 K ), or maintains display of the third shortcut affordance  608   b  ( FIG.  6 L ), since they would not be affected. In some embodiments, as shown in  FIGS.  6 K and  6 L , “Application x” is the fourth application displayed, in accordance with various embodiments discussed herein. For example, the status corresponding to the fourth application includes a status that is based on usage and/or priority of the fourth application. The second shortcut replacement criteria can optionally include, for example, criterion that includes usage-based criterion (e.g., last-used, most-frequently-used, currently-in-use) or other priority-based criterion (e.g., high-priority application). In some cases, upon determination that the status of the fourth application meets the second shortcut replacement criteria, the device (e.g., device  600 A) automatically replaces the existing second shortcut affordance  612   a  at the second shortcut position  614   a  for the second application with the fourth shortcut affordance  612   b  for the fourth application. 
     In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the fourth application to the status that meets the second shortcut replacement criteria, the device (e.g., device  600 A) causes the second shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display. For example, the device (e.g., device  600 A) forgoes replacing display of the second shortcut affordance. 
     As described above, the second shortcut replacement criteria can optionally include any of the above-discussed criterions that are usage-based and/or priority based. Further, the second shortcut replacement criteria can optionally include a criterion that is met when the fourth application is distinct from the first application. In another aspect, the second shortcut replacement criteria can optionally include a criterion that is met when the fourth application does not belong to the first category of applications. In this way, as discussed previously, the first shortcut position  610   a  and the second shortcut position  614   a  provide different shortcut affordances for different applications so that no shortcuts to the same application are shown. 
     In some examples, the third shortcut affordance includes information related to an ongoing activity at the third application. For instance, while displaying the third shortcut affordance, device  600 A causes display of information related to the ongoing activity at the third application adjacent to the third shortcut affordance and/or incorporated in the third shortcut affordance (see, e.g.,  FIG.  6 C , third shortcut affordance  616  with call timer). Therefore, in some examples, a shortcut affordance is animated and/or dynamic rather than a still icon. In some embodiments, when the third application or any application having a corresponding shortcut affordance is a prioritized application, device  600 A causes the additional information to be displayed, such as a running duration of a phone call and/or indications, directions and/or arrows related to an ongoing turn-by-turn navigation session. In some examples, shortcut affordances described herein are based on and/or the same as a normal default application launch affordance of the application. For example, shortcut affordances described herein are distinct from the default application launch affordances, such as affordances provided on a home screen of the display, and/or can include the additional information related to ongoing activity as described above. 
     The third shortcut affordance optionally corresponds to a phone application and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying an active timer for the phone call (see, e.g.,  FIG.  6 C , third shortcut affordance  616  with call timer). In some examples, the third shortcut affordance corresponds to a maps application and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying at least one of an estimated time of arrival and turn-by-turn directions. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  6 M , in some embodiments, the user interface  600  includes a third shortcut position  618   a  that corresponds to a third category of applications distinct from the first category of applications and the second category of applications. In some examples, all three shortcut positions can optionally display different shortcut affordances corresponding to different applications. For example, a fifth shortcut affordance  616   a  corresponding to a fifth application is displayed at the third shortcut position  618   a . In some embodiments, the fifth shortcut affordance corresponds to the phone application with the active timer displaying a duration of an ongoing phone call (see, e.g.,  FIG.  6 C , third shortcut affordance  616  with call timer). In some examples, the fifth shortcut affordance  616   a  is a fixed affordance at the third shortcut position  618   a . Still, in some example, the third shortcut position  618   a  is based on third replacement criteria. 
     In some embodiments, the first category and the second category are distinct. For example, the first category of applications and the second category of applications do not have any common application that belongs to both the first category of applications and the second category of applications. In this case, the first shortcut position  610   a  and the second shortcut position  612   a  provide different shortcut affordances so that there are no repeated shortcuts, which waste resources. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the first category of applications and the second category of applications includes a maps category associated with navigation-related applications. For example, in some embodiments, the maps category is a fixed category at the first shortcut position or the second shortcut position. In some embodiments, navigation-related applications are desirable as occupying a shortcut position where travel and/or transportation is relevant. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the first category of applications and the second category of applications includes a multimedia category. For example, at least one of the first category of applications and the second category of applications includes a multimedia category associated with multimedia applications, such as a music category associated with music applications and/or a podcast category associated with various podcast sources or providers. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second categories of applications is a communications category associated with communications applications. Merely by way of example, communications applications include a phone application or text messaging application. The communication applications category can optionally be a fixed category and/or an optional category for a shortcut position. 
     In some embodiments, the categories described herein can optionally be fixed categories for certain shortcut positions and/or can optionally be removed upon user request. In other aspects, a user can optionally define or create a category of applications and populate the category. Merely by way of example, a user defines a “favorites” category, populates the favorites category with their favorite applications, and defines one or more criterion for determining which of the favorite applications is displayed with a shortcut affordance. 
     In some embodiments, the last-active criterion is met by an application status that indicates a period of inactivity of the application. For example as shown in  FIG.  6 N , a currently-active application is a sixth application. Device  600 A can optionally detect that the sixth application that is displayed in the second portion  604   a  of the user interface  600  is inactive for a predetermined period of time. For example, the device (e.g., device  600 A) can optionally determine that the sixth application is idle when no user interaction with the application or no output from the application is being generated. In response to detecting that the sixth application displayed in the second portion of the user interface is inactive for a predetermined period of time, the device (e.g., device  600 A) can optionally cause the first shortcut affordance  608   a  at the first shortcut position  610   a  to be replaced with display of a sixth shortcut affordance  608   c  corresponding to the sixth application. Meanwhile, device  600 A can optionally maintain display of the second shortcut affordance  612   a  at the second shortcut position  614   a  on the display. 
     Further, in response to detecting that the sixth application displayed in the second portion of the user interface is inactive for a predetermined period of time, device  600 A can optionally cause the display of the sixth application, in the second portion, to be replaced with display of a seventh application. The seventh application can optionally include an application that is displayed in the second portion prior to display of the sixth application. For example, in some embodiments, an application currently displayed in the second portion of the user interface is replaced with an application that was previously displayed in the second portion when the electronic device determines that currently displayed application has been inactive for more than a predetermined period of time. In some embodiments, the electronic device (e.g., device  600 A) also causes the shortcut affordance in the first position to be replaced with a shortcut affordance corresponding the application that is being replaced or no longer being displayed. In practice, this can optionally permit a user to quickly revert to displaying the replaced application in the second portion. 
       FIG.  7    is a flow diagram illustrating a method for application shortcuts using an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. Method  700  is performed at a device (e.g.,  100 ,  300 ,  500 ) in operative communication with a display. Some operations in method  700  are, optionally, combined, the order of some operations are, optionally, changed, and some operations are, optionally, omitted. 
     As described below, method  700  provides an intuitive process for application shortcuts. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user for accessing applications and/or application shortcuts, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated computing devices, enabling a user to launch applications faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges. 
     As shown in the method  700 , the device (e.g., device  600 A) causes (at  702 ) a user interface (e.g., user interface  600 ) to be displayed on a display screen  600 B. Displaying the user interface (e.g., user interface  600 ) includes concurrently displaying a first shortcut affordance (e.g., first shortcut affordance  608   a ) at a first shortcut position (e.g., first shortcut position  610   a ) corresponding to a first category of applications and a second shortcut affordance (e.g., second shortcut affordance  612   a ) at a second shortcut position (e.g., second shortcut position  614   a ) corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications. 
     The first shortcut affordance (e.g., first shortcut affordance  608   a ) corresponds to a first application. Selection of the first shortcut affordance (e.g., first shortcut affordance  608   a ) causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display (e.g., display screen  600 B). 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the first shortcut position (e.g., first shortcut position  610   a ) and second shortcut position (e.g., second shortcut position  614   a ) are displayed in fixed arrangement relative to one another on the display screen (e.g., display screen  600 B). In practice, specific categories of application shortcuts are located in a fixed position on the display screen  600 B. This minimizes user confusion and enables the user to quickly know where to access such applications. Further, fixing the position on the display screen  600 B may simplify code related to the user interface  600  and other applications coordinating with or otherwise presented in the user interface  600 . 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the device (e.g., device  600 A) causes display of an indicator (e.g.,  6 C,  6 D) associated with the first shortcut position (e.g., first shortcut position  610 ) or the second shortcut position (e.g., second shortcut position  614 ) when a corresponding application having a shortcut affordance in the first shortcut position (e.g., first shortcut position  610 ) or the second shortcut position (e.g., second shortcut position  614 ) is active. In practice, the indicator permits the user to quickly identify an application that is being displayed, which is beneficial so the user does not select the shortcut affordance corresponding to the application that is already being displayed. 
     The second shortcut affordance (e.g., second shortcut affordance  612   a ) corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application. Selection of the second shortcut affordance (e.g., second shortcut affordance  612   a ) causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display (e.g., display screen  600 B). 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the device (e.g., device  600 A) detects a second sequence of one or more inputs. In response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs, the device (e.g., device  600 A) determines whether the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to the third application to a status that meets a second shortcut replacement criteria corresponding to the second shortcut position (e.g., second shortcut position  614   a ). In accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to a fourth application to a status that meets second shortcut replacement criteria, wherein the second shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the fourth application belongs to the second category of applications, the device causes the second shortcut affordance (e.g., second shortcut affordance  612   a ) to be replaced with display of a fourth shortcut affordance (e.g., fourth shortcut affordance  612   b ) corresponding to the fourth application at the second shortcut position (e.g., second shortcut position  614   a ) while maintaining display of the first shortcut affordance (e.g., first shortcut affordance  608   a ) on the display. In accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the fourth application to the status that meets the second shortcut replacement criteria, the device causes the second shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display (e.g., display screen  600 B) (e.g.,  FIGS.  6 K- 6 L ). In practice, the first shortcut position (e.g., first shortcut position  610   a ) and the second shortcut position (e.g., second shortcut position  614   a ) can be updated separately and independently of each other according to their own respective set of shortcut replacement criteria. This may conserve resources, such as memory and power consumption, thereby enabling the device  600 B to run and provide other applications 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the second shortcut replacement criteria include a criterion that is met when the fourth application is distinct from the first application (e.g.,  FIGS.  6 K- 6 L ). The fourth application and the first application are not the same application and do not belong in the same category of applications. In an example, the first shortcut position and the second shortcut position provide access to different applications. In practice, duplicate applications appearing in both slots simultaneously are prohibited, thereby conserving device resources. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the first category of applications and the second category of applications do not include any common application that belongs to both the first category of applications and the second category of applications (e.g.,  FIG.  6 A ). Applications belong to either the first category of applications, the second category of applications, a different category of applications distinct from the first and second categories of applications, or do not belong to any category of applications. In practice, duplication of application shortcut affordances is minimized or prohibited, thereby conserving valuable resources such as display screen real estate. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, at least one of the first category of applications and the second category of applications includes a maps category associated with navigation-related applications (e.g.,  608  at  FIG.  6 D ). In practice, navigation-related applications are immediately useful and desirable in certain situations, such as when the user is traveling. Quick and efficient access to navigation-related applications can be appreciated in situations where the user is on-the-go but unsure of where to go. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, at least one of the first category of applications and the second category of applications includes a multimedia category associated with multimedia applications (e.g.,  612  at  FIG.  6 C ). For example, multimedia applications include applications that provide access to music, podcasts, audiobooks, movies, radio, and in some cases social media platforms that share certain media. In practice, multimedia applications are provide a source of entertainment or information for a user. Easy access to entertainment is beneficial and increase usage frequency of certain applications that are easily accessed. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, at least one of the first category of applications and the second category of applications is a communications category associated with communications applications (e.g.,  616  at  FIG.  6 C ). Merely by way of example, communications applications can optionally include messaging applications, telephone applications, email applications, and other types of electronic communications applications. Providing quick and easy access to such applications allows the user to stay readily connected with other users. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the user interface (e.g., user interface  600 ) includes a first portion (e.g., first portion  602 ) and a second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ), further wherein the first shortcut affordance (e.g., first shortcut affordance  608   a ) in the first shortcut position (e.g., first shortcut position  610   a ) and the second shortcut affordance (e.g., second shortcut affordance  612   a ) in the second shortcut position (e.g., second shortcut position  614   a ) are displayed in the first portion (e.g., first portion  602 ), and a currently-active application is displayed in the second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ). In practice, the user interface (e.g., user interface  600 ) provides access to the shortcut affordances while providing access to an application. This allows the user to quickly navigate to any application having a shortcut affordance being displayed in the first portion. In some examples, the first portion remains displayed for an entirety of display of an application in the second portion. In some examples, displaying both portions simultaneously allows a user to easily navigate between the two portions, from one portion to the next. This reduces user burden, minimizes clicks and enhances user experience. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the device receives a user input corresponding to a request to display, in the second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ), a user interface including a plurality of application launch icons (e.g., home screen  626 ), and in response to receiving the user input, causes display of, in the second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ), the user interface including the plurality of application launch icons (e.g., home screen  626 ), and causes ceasing display of the first shortcut affordance (e.g., first shortcut affordance  608   a ) in the first shortcut position (e.g., first shortcut position  610   a ) and the second shortcut affordance (e.g., second shortcut affordance  612   a ) in the second shortcut position (e.g., second shortcut position  614   a ). In some examples, the first portion  602  of the user interface (e.g., user interface  600 ) containing the shortcut affordances is no longer displayed in response to receiving the user input. In practice, ceasing display of shortcut affordances corresponding to applications that have launch icons already being displayed reduces redundancy of features (e.g., access to the applications) and minimizes user confusion. In this way, display screen real estate can be freed to display more application launch icons or other functions and information (e.g., weather). 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the first portion (e.g., first portion  602 ) is displayed along a border of the display screen (e.g., display screen  600 B) adjacent to the second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ). In this example, the first portion  602  containing the shortcut affordances occupies less screen space than the second portion  604  (e.g., the main portion) which frees up screen space for displaying an application. Maintaining the first portion along a border also facilitates user navigation to the first portion since accidentally navigating past the first portion is prevented, thereby saving time. 
     While displaying the first shortcut affordance (e.g., first shortcut affordance  608   a ) at the first shortcut position (e.g., first shortcut position  610   a ) and the second shortcut affordance (e.g., second shortcut affordance  612   a ) at the second shortcut position (e.g., second shortcut position  614   a ), the device detects (at  704 ) a sequence of one or more inputs. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the sequence of one or more inputs corresponds to interaction with the third application (e.g.,  FIG.  6 F ). For example, the sequence of one or more inputs includes multiple tap gestures on affordances provided in a user interface of the third application. In some examples, the sequence of one or more inputs corresponds to interaction with the third application when the particular sequence of one or more inputs causes activation of a function or a change in operation in the third application. For example, the sequence of one or more inputs causes a music application to output music through speakers. In some examples, the sequence of one or more inputs does not interact with the third application. Instead, the sequence of one or more inputs interacts with an application other than the third application. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, further in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs, the device determines whether the sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria. For example, the sequence of one or more inputs interacts with the third application, which changes the status of the third application to a currently-active status that meets a currently-active criterion of the first shortcut replacement criteria (e.g.,  FIG.  6 J ). In some examples, the sequence of one or more inputs interacts with an application other than the third application, which changes the status of the third application to a last-active status that meets a last-active criterion of the first shortcut replacement criteria (e.g.,  FIG.  6 G ). In more examples, the sequence of one or more inputs interacts with the third application, which changes the status of the third application to a most-frequently-used application, such as a most frequently activated or displayed application. In that case, the changed status meets a most-frequently-used application criterion of the first shortcut replacement criteria (e.g.,  FIG.  6 H- 6 I ). In some examples, the sequence of one or more inputs corresponds to changing a priority of the third application to a high priority application (e.g.,  FIG.  6 H- 6 I ). For example, the user can manually update or set a priority ranking of the third application among other applications in the first application category corresponding to the first shortcut position. In that case, the user&#39;s manual update or setting of the priority of the application is considered the sequence of one or more inputs that changes the status of the third application to the status that meets the prioritized application criterion for the first application shortcut criteria. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a last-active application that was an application in the first category of applications that was most recently displayed on the display (e.g.,  FIG.  6 G ). For example, the third application was most recently displayed in the second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ) of the user interface (e.g., user interface  600 ). For instance, the third application is no longer currently being displayed in the second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ) of the user interface (e.g., user interface  600 ). In some cases, the third application is the previously displayed application that was displayed before it was replaced with a currently displayed application. In that case, the third application is the most recently displayed application that is not the currently displayed application. In practice, displaying a shortcut affordance corresponding to a last-active application (e.g., a previously-displayed application that is no longer displayed) enables the user to quickly jump back to the previous application of that category of applications. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a most-frequently-used application (e.g.,  FIGS.  6 H- 6 I ). The most-frequently-used application criterion is met when a usage frequency reflected in the status of the third application indicates that the third application is a most-frequently-used application in the first category of applications for the first shortcut position  610   a . The usage frequency can optionally be based on user interaction with the third application over a predefined period of time, such as over the past week or over the past month. In some examples, the usage frequency can optionally be based on user interaction with the third application since installation of the third application. In practice, the user has quick access to commonly used applications that are considered to have a high frequency of usage among other applications in its category. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a currently-active application that was an application in the first category of applications that was most recently performing a function (e.g.,  FIG.  6 J ). For example, the currently-active application is an application that is currently being displayed in the second portion  604  of the user interface  600 . The sequence of one or more inputs can optionally correspond to interaction with the currently-active application that is displayed in the user interface  600 . In some examples, the currently-active application is not displayed in the second portion  604  of the user interface  600 , but is still the currently-active application when the application is generating output, such as audio, music, directions, and so on. In practice, displaying a shortcut affordance corresponding to an application that is currently active can optionally facilitate a user to identify the currently-active application or display the currently-active application if it is currently outputting feedback to the user (e.g., music, tactile sensations) but not currently being displayed on the display screen  600 B. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the first shortcut replacement criteria include a criterion that is met when the third application corresponds to a prioritized application that was an application in the first category of applications that has a highest priority (e.g.,  FIGS.  6 H- 6 I ). The prioritized application can optionally be user-selected. In some examples, the prioritized application can optionally be based on other data, such as contextual data. For example, the prioritized application can optionally be dynamic based on a currently detected location of the device  600 A. In some examples, the prioritized application is scheduled to be prioritized during certain times of day or in certain geographic locations. In practice, a user can easily, quickly, and efficiently access applications that are deemed highly important or more important than other applications in the first category. 
     In response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs, the device, in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to a third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, where the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, causes (at  706 ) the first shortcut affordance (e.g., first shortcut affordance  608   a ) to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position (e.g., first shortcut position  610   a ) while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance (e.g., second shortcut affordance  612   a ) on the display (e.g., display screen  600 B). 
     In accordance with some embodiments, while displaying the third shortcut affordance, the device causes display of information related to an ongoing activity at the third application (e.g.,  FIG.  6 C, 6 D ). In some examples, there is no ongoing activity at the third application. In that case, no information regarding ongoing activity at the third application is displayed. In some examples, when no ongoing activity is detected at the third application, information related to a lack of ongoing activity at the third application is displayed while displaying the third shortcut affordance. Such information can optionally be displayed adjacent to the third shortcut affordance (e.g., third shortcut affordance  608   b ) or incorporated in the shortcut affordance, which would be a dynamic shortcut affordance that updates in appearance based on whether there is ongoing activity. Merely by way of example, the third shortcut affordance (e.g., third shortcut affordance  608   b ) corresponds to a phone application (e.g.,  618  at  FIG.  6 D ) and the displayed information includes an active timer for an ongoing phone call. When the phone is not active, the displayed information includes an active timer showing zero minutes (e.g., “00:00”) or another indication that there is no active phone call. In some examples, no information is displayed along with the third shortcut affordance (e.g., third shortcut affordance  608   b ) when there is no ongoing activity at the third application. In some examples, the third application is a text messaging application and the displayed information related to ongoing activity indicates an incoming text message. In yet another application, the third application is a chat application or an email application and the displayed information includes a received message. In practice, this enables the user to stay apprised of updates on activity at the third application without necessarily displaying or otherwise interacting with the third application. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the third shortcut affordance (e.g., third shortcut affordance  608   b ) corresponds to a phone application and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying a duration of an ongoing phone call (e.g.,  616  at  FIG.  6 C ). In practice, providing a duration of the ongoing call in an easy-to-view manner adjacent to its shortcut affordance allows a user to quickly ascertain a length of a call without being distracted by having to navigate to another user interface (e.g., a phone application specific user interface) to acquire the call information. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the third shortcut affordance (e.g., third shortcut affordance  608   b ) corresponds to a maps application (e.g.,  608  at  FIG.  6 D ) and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying at least one of an estimated time of arrival and turn-by-turn directions. For example, displayed information related to ongoing activity at the third application corresponding to the third shortcut affordance  608   b  (e.g., the maps application) is the turn-by-turn directions, which include directional arrows adjacent to the third shortcut affordance indicating a next turn, road signs indicating a current road being traveled, road signs indicating an upcoming road or exit while traveling, and/or any combination thereof. In some examples, information related to the ongoing activity includes the estimated time of arrival, which can optionally be a countdown timer to arrival or an arrival time that is updated while being displayed. In practice, the user can navigate away from the maps application (e.g., remove the application from being displayed) but still stay in the navigation provided by the maps application. 
     Further in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs, the device, in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding to the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, causes ( 708 ) the first shortcut affordance (e.g., first shortcut affordance  608   a ) to be maintained on the display (e.g., display screen  600 B). 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the device displays a fifth shortcut affordance (e.g., fifth shortcut affordance  616   a ) at a third shortcut position (e.g., third shortcut position  618   a ) corresponding to a third category of applications distinct from the first category of applications and the second category of applications, wherein the fifth shortcut affordance corresponds to a fifth application (e.g.,  FIG.  6 M ). In practice, multiple shortcut positions for multiple distinct categories of applications provide quick user access to a variety of applications. In some examples, the third shortcut position is a fixed category while the first shortcut position and the second shortcut position are flexible, user-specifiable categories. In some examples, the third shortcut position corresponds to a user-specifiable category of applications while the first shortcut position and the second shortcut position correspond to fixed categories of applications. In some cases, the third shortcut position is optional. In some cases, additional shortcut positions corresponding to additional categories distinct from currently-provided categories are provided. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the fifth shortcut affordance (e.g., fifth shortcut affordance  616   a ) corresponds to a phone application with an active timer displaying a duration of an ongoing call (e.g.,  616  at  FIG.  6 C ). In some examples, the phone application with the active timer is always displayed at the third shortcut position and is not replaced by other shortcut affordances. In some examples, the third shortcut position (e.g., third shortcut position  618   a ) provides the fifth shortcut affordance (e.g., fifth shortcut affordance  616   a ) that is set by the user. Providing a constant shortcut affordance that does not get replaced is beneficial to the user for certain applications that the user deems highly desirable for display and/or access. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the currently-active application is a sixth application. The device (e.g., device  600 A) detects that the sixth application displayed in the second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ) of the user interface (e.g., user interface  600 ) is inactive for a predetermined period of time. In response to detecting that the sixth application displayed in the second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ) of the user interface (e.g., user interface  600 ) is inactive for a predetermined period of time, the device (e.g., device  600 A) causes the first shortcut affordance (e.g., first shortcut affordance  608   a ) to be replaced with display of a sixth shortcut affordance (e.g., sixth shortcut affordance  608   c ) corresponding to the sixth application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance (e.g., second shortcut affordance  612   a ) on the display, and causes replacing the display of the sixth application, in the second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ), with display of a seventh application, wherein the seventh application is an application displayed in the second portion (e.g., second portion  604 ) prior to display of the sixth application. In practice, ceasing to display the sixth application if it has been determined to be inactive conserves resources and/or reduce user input required to return to a previously displayed application. Providing the shortcut affordance corresponding to the replaced application allows the user to switch back to the application if later interaction with the replaced application is desired. 
     In accordance with some embodiments,  FIG.  8    shows an exemplary functional block diagram of an electronic device  800  configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments. In accordance with some embodiments, the functional blocks of electronic device  800  are configured to perform the techniques described above. The functional blocks of the device  800  are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described examples. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG.  8    are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described examples. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , an electronic device  800  includes, optionally, a display unit  802  configured to display a graphic user interface, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface unit  804  configured to receive contacts, and a processing unit  806  optionally coupled to the display unit  802  and the touch-sensitive surface unit  804 . In some embodiments, the processing unit  806  includes a display enabling unit  810 , a detecting unit  812 , a determining unit  814 , and a receiving unit  816 . 
     The processing unit  806  is configured to: cause (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) a user interface to be displayed on a display screen unit in operative communication with the electronic device, wherein displaying the user interface includes concurrently displaying: a first shortcut affordance at a first shortcut position corresponding to a first category of applications, wherein the first shortcut affordance corresponds to a first application, wherein selection of the first shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the first application to be displayed on the display; and a second shortcut affordance at a second shortcut position corresponding to a second category of applications distinct from the first category of applications, wherein the second shortcut affordance corresponds to a second application distinct from the first application, wherein selection of the second shortcut affordance causes a user interface for the second application to be displayed on the display. 
     The processing unit  806  is further configured to: while displaying (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) the first shortcut affordance at the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance at the second shortcut position, detect (e.g., with detecting unit  812 ) a sequence of one or more inputs. The processing unit  806  is further configured to: in response to detecting (e.g., with detecting unit  812 ) the sequence of one or more inputs: in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs changes a status corresponding to a third application to a status that meets first shortcut replacement criteria, wherein the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application belongs to the first category of applications, cause (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a third shortcut affordance corresponding to the third application at the first shortcut position while maintaining (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) display of the second shortcut affordance on the display; and in accordance with a determination that the sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria, cause (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) the first shortcut affordance to be maintained on the display. 
     In some embodiments, the sequence of one or more inputs corresponds to interaction with the third application. 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  806  is further configured to: further in response to detecting (e.g., with detecting unit  812 ) the sequence of one or more inputs, determine (e.g., with determining unit  814 ) whether the sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to the third application to the status that meets the first shortcut replacement criteria. 
     In some embodiments, the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a last-active application that was an application in the first category of applications that was most recently displayed on the display. 
     In some embodiments, the first shortcut replacement criteria include a criterion that is met when the third application is a most-frequently-used application. 
     In some embodiments, the first shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the third application is a currently-active application that was an application in the first category of applications that was most recently performing a function. 
     In some embodiments, the first shortcut replacement criteria include a criterion that is met when the third application corresponds to a prioritized application that was an application in the first category of applications that has a highest priority. 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  806  is further configured to: detect (e.g., with detecting unit  812 ) a second sequence of one or more inputs, and in response to detecting the sequence of one or more inputs: determine (e.g., with determining unit  814 ) whether the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to the third application to a status that meets a second shortcut replacement criteria corresponding to the second shortcut position. The processing unit  806  is further configured to, in accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs changes the status corresponding to a fourth application to a status that meets second shortcut replacement criteria, wherein the second shortcut replacement criteria includes a criterion that is met when the fourth application belongs to the second category of applications, cause (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) the second shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a fourth shortcut affordance corresponding to the fourth application at the second shortcut position while maintaining (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) display of the first shortcut affordance on the display; and in accordance with a determination that the second sequence of one or more inputs does not change the status corresponding the fourth application to the status that meets the second shortcut replacement criteria, cause (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) the second shortcut affordance to be maintained (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) on the display. 
     In some embodiments, the second shortcut replacement criteria include a criterion that is met when the fourth application is distinct from the first application. 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  806  is further configured to: while displaying (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) the third shortcut affordance, cause display (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) of information related to an ongoing activity at the third application. 
     In some embodiments, the third shortcut affordance corresponds to a phone application and displaying the third shortcut affordance includes displaying (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) a duration of an ongoing phone call. 
     In some embodiments, the third shortcut affordance corresponds to a maps application and displaying (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) the third shortcut affordance includes displaying (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) at least one of an estimated time of arrival and turn-by-turn directions. 
     In some embodiments, the first category of applications and the second category of applications do not include any common application that belongs to both the first category of applications and the second category of applications. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the first category of applications and the second category of applications includes a maps category associated with navigation-related applications 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the first category of applications and the second category of applications includes a multimedia category associated with multimedia applications. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the first category of applications and the second category of applications is a communications category associated with communications applications. 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  806  is further configured to: display (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) a fifth shortcut affordance at a third shortcut position corresponding to a third category of applications distinct from the first category of applications and the second category of applications, wherein the fifth shortcut affordance corresponds to a fifth application. 
     In some embodiments, the fifth shortcut affordance corresponds to a phone application with an active timer displaying a duration of an ongoing call. 
     In some embodiments, the user interface includes a first portion and a second portion, further wherein the first shortcut affordance in the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance in the second shortcut position are displayed in the first portion, and a currently-active application is displayed in the second portion. 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  806  is further configured to, receive (e.g., with receiving unit  816 ) a user input corresponding to a request to display (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ), in the second portion, a user interface including a plurality of application launch icons; and in response to receiving the user input: cause display of, (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) in the second portion, the user interface including the plurality of application launch icons; and cause ceasing display of (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) the first shortcut affordance in the first shortcut position and the second shortcut affordance in the second shortcut position. 
     In some embodiments, the first portion is displayed along a border of the display screen adjacent to the second portion. 
     In some embodiments, the currently-active application is a sixth application, wherein the processing unit  806  is further configured to: detect (e.g., with detecting unit  812 ) that the sixth application displayed in the second portion of the user interface is inactive for a predetermined period of time. The processing unit  806  is further configured to, in response to detecting (e.g., with detecting unit  812 ) that the sixth application displayed in the second portion of the user interface is inactive for a predetermined period of time, cause (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) the first shortcut affordance to be replaced with display of a sixth shortcut affordance corresponding to the sixth application at the first shortcut position while maintaining display of the second shortcut affordance on the display; and cause replacing (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) the display of the sixth application, in the second portion, with display of a seventh application, wherein the seventh application is an application displayed in the second portion prior to display of the sixth application. 
     In some embodiments, the first shortcut position and second shortcut position are displayed in fixed arrangement relative to one another on the display screen. 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  806  is further configured to: cause display of (e.g., with display enabling unit  810 ) an indicator associated with the first shortcut position or the second shortcut position when a corresponding application having a shortcut affordance in the first shortcut position or the second shortcut position is active. 
     The operations described above with reference to  FIG.  7    are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B  or  FIG.  8   . For example, display causing operations  702 ,  706 , and  708 , and detecting operation  704 , are, optionally, implemented by event sorter  170 , event recognizer  180 , and event handler  190 . Event monitor  171  in event sorter  170  detects a contact on touch-sensitive display  112 , and event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to application  136 - 1 . A respective event recognizer  180  of application  136 - 1  compares the event information to respective event definitions  186 , and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub event, such as activation of an affordance on a user interface. When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer  180  activates an event handler  190  associated with the detection of the event or sub-event. Event handler  190  optionally utilizes or calls data updater  176  or object updater  177  to update the application internal state  192 . In some embodiments, event handler  190  accesses a respective GUI updater  178  to update what is displayed by the application. Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B . 
     The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the techniques and their practical applications. Others skilled in the art are thereby enabled to best utilize the techniques and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. 
     Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined by the claims. 
     As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources to improve the delivery to users of invitational content or any other content that may be of interest to them. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, home addresses, or any other identifying information. 
     The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For example, the personal information data can be used to deliver targeted content that is of greater interest to the user. Accordingly, use of such personal information data enables calculated control of the delivered content. Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure. 
     The present disclosure further contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. For example, personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection should occur only after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities would take any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. 
     Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, in the case of advertisement delivery services, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services. In some examples, users can select not to provide location information for targeted content delivery services. In yet some examples, users can select to not provide precise location information, but permit the transfer of location zone information. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, content can be selected and delivered to users by inferring preferences based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the content delivery services, or publically available information.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20170120
Publication Date: 20231114
Grant Date: 20231114
Priority Date: 20160612
Inventors: BOULE, ANDRE M. J.
DELLINGER, RICHARD R.
FEDERIGHI, CRAIG M.
LEMAY, STEPHEN O.
PITSCHEL, DONALD W.
SCHUBERT, EMILY CLARK
KNIPPERS, MICHAEL
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/04883", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04817", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04845", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04886", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04803", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04808", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M1/724", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M1/72403", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M2250/22", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04886", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04883", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04803", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M2250/22", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04817", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04808", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M1/72403", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04886", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M2250/22", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04803", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M1/724", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M1/72403", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04817", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04845", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04808", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 60574050