PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9411048-B2
Application Number: US-201213599664-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Electronic device with adaptive proximity sensor threshold

Abstract:
An electronic device may be provided with electronic components such as a touch screen display. The touch screen display may be controlled based on information from a proximity sensor. The proximity sensor may have a light source that emits infrared light and a light detector that detects reflected infrared light. When the electronic device is in the vicinity of a user&#39;s head, the proximity sensor may produce data indicative of the presence of the user&#39;s head. Variations in proximity sensor output due to user hair color and smudges on the proximity sensor can be accommodated by using a dynamically adjustable proximity sensor data threshold in processing proximity sensor data. Proximity sensor data may be analyzed in real time to detect signal strength fluctuations that are indicative of the presence of low-reflectively dark hair on the user&#39;s head. Threshold adjustments may be based on the presence of dark hair.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method of operating an electronic device that has control circuitry, a proximity sensor, and an electronic component, comprising:
 gathering proximity sensor data with the proximity sensor; 
 comparing a dynamically adjusted threshold to the gathered proximity sensor data using the control circuitry, wherein the dynamically adjusted threshold has at least first and second values, wherein the second value is configured to discriminate between a proximity sensor signal from the proximity sensor that corresponds to reflected light from a user&#39;s head and reflected light from a smudge over the proximity sensor; 
 analyzing the gathered proximity data; 
 adjusting the dynamically adjusted threshold based on analyzing the gathered proximity data, wherein adjusting the dynamically adjusted threshold comprises setting the dynamically adjusted threshold to either the first value or the second value; and 
 based on the comparing the dynamically adjusted threshold to the gathered proximity sensor data, controlling the electronic component using the control circuitry. 
 
     
     
       2. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein the electronic component comprises a touch screen display and wherein controlling the electronic component comprises disabling touch sensor functionality in the touch screen display. 
     
     
       3. The method defined in  claim 2  wherein controlling the electronic component comprises disabling display pixels in the display. 
     
     
       4. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein analyzing the gathered proximity data comprises performing signal fluctuation detection operations on the gathered proximity sensor data associated with a high-to-low proximity sensor signal transition to determine whether a user of the electronic device has dark hair. 
     
     
       5. The method defined in  claim 4  wherein analyzing the gathered proximity data comprises comparing proximity data samples to a predetermined blip detection threshold value. 
     
     
       6. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein comparing the dynamically adjusted threshold to the gathered proximity sensor data comprises determining whether an external object is in the vicinity of the electronic device. 
     
     
       7. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein the first value is configured to discriminate between a proximity sensor signal from the proximity sensor that corresponds to reflected light from dark hair and a proximity sensor signal from the proximity sensor that corresponds to reflected light from skin, and wherein the second value is greater than the first value. 
     
     
       8. The method defined in  claim 7  wherein the proximity sensor comprises a light source and a light detector and wherein gathering the proximity sensor data comprises gathering data from the light detector. 
     
     
       9. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein adjusting the dynamically adjusted threshold based on analyzing the gathered proximity data comprises using the control circuitry to adjust the dynamically adjusted threshold in real time. 
     
     
       10. An electronic device, comprising:
 a touch screen display; 
 a proximity sensor; and 
 control circuitry that is configured to gather proximity sensor data with the proximity sensor and that is configured to control the touch screen display in response to comparing the proximity sensor data to a dynamically adjusted threshold value, wherein the control circuitry is configured to dynamically adjust the threshold value between a first value and a second value that is greater than the first value, wherein the control circuitry is configured to analyze high-to-low signal transitions in the proximity sensor data indicative of reflections from dark hair, and wherein the second value is configured to discriminate between a proximity sensor signal from the proximity sensor that corresponds to reflected light from a user&#39;s head and reflected light from a smudge over the proximity sensor. 
 
     
     
       11. The electronic device defined in  claim 10  wherein the proximity sensor has a light source that emits infrared light and has a light detector that is configured to receive reflected portions of the emitted infrared light. 
     
     
       12. The electronic device defined in  claim 10 , wherein the first value is configured to discriminate between a proximity sensor signal from the proximity sensor that corresponds to reflected light from dark hair and a proximity sensor signal from the proximity sensor that corresponds to reflected light from skin. 
     
     
       13. The electronic device defined in  claim 12 , wherein the second value is greater than the first value. 
     
     
       14. A method of controlling an electronic component in an electronic device using control circuitry and proximity sensor, the method comprising:
 gathering proximity sensor data with the proximity sensor; 
 dynamically adjusting a proximity sensor data threshold based on an analysis of the proximity sensor data with the control circuitry, wherein dynamically adjusting the proximity sensor data comprises adjusting the proximity data sensor threshold to a first value and adjusting the proximity data sensor threshold to a second value that is different than the first value, and wherein adjusting the proximity data sensor threshold to the second value comprises adjusting the proximity data sensor threshold to the second value to discriminate between a proximity sensor signal from the proximity sensor that corresponds to reflected light from a user&#39;s head and reflected light from a smudge over the proximity sensor; 
 comparing the proximity sensor data to the dynamically adjusted proximity sensor data threshold; and 
 controlling the electronic component based on the comparison of the proximity sensor data to the dynamically adjusted proximity sensor data threshold. 
 
     
     
       15. The method defined in  claim 14  wherein gathering the proximity sensor data comprises storing proximity sensor data signals in bins in a data buffer implemented using the control circuitry. 
     
     
       16. The method defined in  claim 14  further comprising:
 analyzing high-to-low transitions in the gathered proximity sensor data for signal fluctuations indicative of light reflections from dark hair, wherein dynamically adjusting the proximity sensor data threshold based on the analysis of the proximity sensor data with the control circuitry comprises adjusting the proximity sensor data threshold based on analyzing the high-to-low transitions. 
 
     
     
       17. The method defined in  claim 16  wherein the electronic component comprises a display having an array of display pixels and a touch sensor and wherein controlling the electronic component comprises disabling the touch sensor in response to determining from comparing the proximity sensor data to the dynamically adjusted proximity sensor data threshold that the electronic device is in the vicinity of a head of a user of the electronic device. 
     
     
       18. The method defined in  claim 17  wherein controlling the electronic component comprises turning off display pixels in the display in response to determining from comparing the proximity sensor data to the dynamically adjusted proximity sensor data threshold that the electronic device is in the vicinity of the head. 
     
     
       19. The method defined in  claim 16  wherein adjusting the proximity data sensor threshold to the first value comprises adjusting the proximity data sensor threshold to the first value to discriminate between a proximity sensor signal from the proximity sensor that corresponds to reflected light from dark hair and a proximity sensor signal from the proximity sensor that corresponds to reflected light from skin.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with proximity sensors. 
     Cellular telephones are sometimes provided with proximity sensors. For example, a cellular telephone may be provided with a proximity sensor that is located near an ear speaker on a front face of the cellular telephone. 
     The front face of the cellular telephone may also contain a touch screen display. The proximity sensor may be used to determine when the cellular telephone is near to the head of a user. When not in proximity to the head of the user, the cellular telephone may be placed in a normal mode of operation in which the touch screen display is used to present visual information to the user and in which the touch sensor portion of the touch screen is enabled. In response to determining that the cellular telephone has been brought into the vicinity of the user&#39;s head, the display may be disabled to conserve power and the touch sensor on the display may be temporarily disabled to avoid inadvertent touch input from contact between the user&#39;s head and the touch sensor. 
     A proximity sensor for use in a cellular telephone may be based on an infrared light-emitting diode and a corresponding infrared light detector. During operation, the light-emitting diode may emit infrared light outwards from the front face of the cellular telephone. When the cellular telephone is not in the vicinity of a user&#39;s head, the infrared light will not be reflected towards the light detector and only small amounts of reflected light will be detected by the light detector. When, however, the cellular telephone is adjacent to the user&#39;s head, the emitted light from the infrared light-emitting diode will be reflected from the user&#39;s head and detected by the light detector. 
     Light-based proximity sensors such as these may be used to detect the position of a cellular telephone relative to a user&#39;s head, but can be challenging to operate accurately. If care is not taken, it can be difficult to determine when a user&#39;s head is in the vicinity of the cellular telephone, particularly when a user has hair that is dark and exhibits low reflectivity or when the proximity sensor has become smudged with grease from the skin of the user. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide improved ways in which to use proximity sensors to accurately determine whether a user&#39;s head is in the vicinity of cellular telephone or other electronic device. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device may be provided with electronic components such as a touch screen display. The touch screen display may be controlled based on information from a proximity sensor. For example, when the proximity sensor indicates that the electronic device is not near the head of a user, the electronic device may be operated in a normal mode in which the display is used to display images and in which the touch sensor functionality of the display is enabled. When the proximity sensor indicates that the electronic device is in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head, the electronic device may be operated in a close proximity mode in which display pixels in the display are disabled and in which the touch sensor functionality of the display is disabled. 
     The proximity sensor may have a light source that emits infrared light and a light detector that detects reflected infrared light. When the electronic device is in the vicinity of a user&#39;s head, the proximity sensor may produce data indicative of the presence of the user&#39;s head. Variations in proximity sensor output due to user hair color and smudges on the proximity sensor can be accommodated by using a dynamically adjustable proximity sensor data threshold in processing proximity sensor data. 
     Proximity sensor data may be analyzed in real time to detect signal strength fluctuations that are indicative of the presence of low-reflectively dark hair on the user&#39;s head. Threshold adjustments may then be based on the presence or absence of dark hair. 
     If desired, proximity sensor data may be used to invoke a voice recognition application or to trigger other suitable actions. 
     Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device with a proximity sensor in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device with a proximity sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart of illustrative steps involved in taking actions in an electronic device based on proximity sensor readings in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing how proximity sensor signals in an electronic device may vary as a function of time under different operating scenarios in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram showing how a proximity sensor signal in an electronic device may operate when used in detecting the presence of a user&#39;s head with dark hair in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing how a proximity sensor signal in an electronic device may operate when the proximity sensor becomes smudged with grease from the skin of a user in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a graph showing how an electronic device may adjust display and touch sensor functionality in response to proximity sensor measurements in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a flow chart of illustrative steps involved in dynamically adjusting a proximity sensor threshold during the operation of an electronic device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a graph showing how an electronic device may be provided with proximity sensor thresholds of different types and values in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An electronic device may be provided with electronic components such as touch screen displays. The functionality of the electronic device may be controlled based on how far the electronic device is located from external objects such as a user&#39;s head. When the electronic device is not in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head, for example, the electronic device can be operated in a normal mode in which the touch screen display is enabled. In response to detection of the presence of the electronic device in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head, the electronic device may be operated in a mode in which the touch screen is disabled or other appropriate actions are taken. Disabling touch sensing capabilities from the electronic device when the electronic device is near the user&#39;s head may help avoid inadvertent touch input as the touch sensor comes into contact with the user&#39;s ear and hair. Disabling display functions in the touch screen display when the electronic device is near the user&#39;s head may help conserve power and reduce user confusion about the status of the display. 
     An electronic device may use one or more proximity sensors to detect external objects. As an example, an electronic device may use an infrared-light-based proximity sensor to gather proximity data. During operation, proximity data from the proximity sensor may be compared to one or more threshold values. Based on this proximity sensor data analysis, the electronic device can determine whether or not the electronic device is near the user&#39;s head and can take appropriate action. Proximity sensor operating parameters such as proximity sensor threshold values may be adjusted dynamically to enhance proximity detection performance. 
     An illustrative electronic device that may be provided with a proximity sensor is shown in  FIG. 1 . Electronic devices such as device  10  of  FIG. 1  may be cellular telephones, media players, other handheld portable devices, somewhat smaller portable devices such as wrist-watch devices, pendant devices, or other wearable or miniature devices, gaming equipment, tablet computers, notebook computers, desktop computers, televisions, computer monitors, computers integrated into computer displays, or other electronic equipment. 
     As shown in the example of  FIG. 1 , device  10  may include a display such as display  14 . Display  14  may be mounted in a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12  may have upper and lower portions joined by a hinge (e.g., in a laptop computer) or may form a structure without a hinge, as shown in  FIG. 1 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as an enclosure or case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of any two or more of these materials. Housing  12  may be formed using a unibody configuration in which some or all of housing  12  is machined or molded as a single structure or may be formed using multiple structures (e.g., an internal frame structure, one or more structures that form exterior housing surfaces, etc.). 
     Display  14  may be a touch screen display that incorporates a layer of conductive capacitive touch sensor electrodes such as electrodes  20  or other touch sensor components (e.g., resistive touch sensor components, acoustic touch sensor components, force-based touch sensor components, light-based touch sensor components, etc.) or may be a display that is not touch-sensitive. Capacitive touch screen electrodes  20  may be formed from an array of indium tin oxide pads or other transparent conductive structures. 
     Display  14  may include an array of display pixels such as pixels  21  formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic display pixels, an array of plasma display pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode display pixels, an array of electrowetting display pixels, or display pixels based on other display technologies. The brightness of display  14  may be adjustable. For example, display  14  may include a backlight unit formed from a light source such as a lamp or light-emitting diodes that can be used to increase or decrease display backlight levels (e.g., to increase or decrease the brightness of the image produced by display pixels  21 ) and thereby adjust display brightness. Display  14  may also include organic light-emitting diode pixels or other pixels with adjustable intensities. In this type of display, display brightness can be adjusted by adjusting the intensities of drive signals used to control individual display pixels. 
     Display  14  may be protected using a display cover layer such as a layer of transparent glass or clear plastic. Openings may be formed in the display cover layer. For example, an opening may be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate a button such as button  16 . An opening may also be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate ports such as speaker port  18 . 
     In the center of display  14  (e.g., in the portion of display  14  within rectangular region  22  of  FIG. 1 ), display  14  may contain an array of active display pixels such as pixels  21 . Region  22  may therefore sometimes be referred to as the active region of display  14 . The rectangular ring-shaped region that surrounds the periphery of active display region  22  may not contain any active display pixels and may therefore sometimes be referred to as the inactive region of display  14 . The display cover layer or other display layers in display  14  may be provided with an opaque masking layer in the inactive region to hide internal components from view by a user. Openings may be formed in the opaque masking layer to accommodate light-based components. For example, an opening may be provided in the opaque masking layer to accommodate an ambient light sensor such as ambient light sensor  24 . 
     If desired, an opening in the opaque masking layer may be filled with an ink or other material that is transparent to infrared light but opaque to visible light. As an example, light-based proximity sensor  26  may be mounted under this type of opening in the opaque masking layer of the inactive portion of display  14 . Light-based proximity sensor  26  may include a light transmitter such as light source  28  and a light sensor such as light detector  30 . Light source  28  may be an infrared light-emitting diode and light detector  30  may be a photodetector based on a transistor or photodiode (as examples). During operation, proximity sensor detector  30  may gather light from source  28  that has reflected from nearby objects. Other types of proximity sensor may be used in device  10  if desired. The use of a proximity sensor that includes infrared light transmitters and sensors is merely illustrative. 
     Proximity sensor  26  may detect when a user&#39;s head, a user&#39;s fingers, or other external object is in the vicinity of device  10  (e.g., within 5 cm or less of sensor  26 , within 1 cm or less of sensor  26 , or within other suitable distance of sensor  26 ). 
     During operation of device  10 , proximity sensor data from proximity sensor  26  may be used in controlling the operation of device  10 . For example, when proximity sensor measurements from sensor  26  indicate that device  10  is in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head (and that the user&#39;s head is in the vicinity of device  10 ), device  10  can be placed in a close proximity mode. When operating in the close proximity mode, the functionality of device  10  can be altered to ensure proper operation of device  10 . For example, touch screen input can be temporarily disabled so that touch events related to contact between the user&#39;s head and one or more of capacitive touch sensor electrodes  20  can be ignored. Display brightness can also be turned down partly or fully by disabling a backlight in device  10  or by otherwise temporarily disabling display pixels  21 , thereby conserving power. In the event that proximity sensor data indicates that device  10  and the user&#39;s head are not adjacent to each other, (e.g., when it is determined that device  10  is more than 1 cm from the user&#39;s head, is more than 5 cm from the user&#39;s head, etc.), device  10  can be placed in a normal (non-close-proximity) operating mode. 
     A schematic diagram of device  10  showing how device  10  may include sensors and other components is shown in  FIG. 2 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , electronic device  10  may include control circuitry such as storage and processing circuitry  40 . Storage and processing circuitry  40  may include one or more different types of storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in storage and processing circuitry  40  may be used in controlling the operation of device  10 . The processing circuitry may be based on a processor such as a microprocessor and other suitable integrated circuits. With one suitable arrangement, storage and processing circuitry  40  may be used to run software on device  10 , such as internet browsing applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, software for capturing and processing images, software implementing functions associated with gathering and processing sensor data, software that makes adjustments to display brightness and touch sensor functionality, etc. 
     Input-output circuitry  32  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. 
     Input-output circuitry  32  may include wired and wireless communications circuitry  34 . Communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Input-output circuitry  32  may include input-output devices  36  such as button  16  of  FIG. 1 , joysticks, click wheels, scrolling wheels, a touch screen such as display  14  of  FIG. 1 , other touch sensors such as track pads or touch-sensor-based buttons, vibrators, audio components such as microphones and speakers, image capture devices such as a camera module having an image sensor and a corresponding lens system, keyboards, status-indicator lights, tone generators, key pads, and other equipment for gathering input from a user or other external source and/or generating output for a user. 
     Sensor circuitry such as sensors  38  of  FIG. 2  may include an ambient light sensor for gathering information on ambient light levels such as ambient light sensor  24 . Ambient light sensor  24  may include one or more semiconductor detectors (e.g., silicon-based detectors) or other light detection circuitry. Sensors  38  may also include proximity sensor components. Sensors  38  may, for example, include a dedicated proximity sensor such as proximity sensor  26  and/or a proximity sensor formed from touch sensors  20  (e.g., a portion of the capacitive touch sensor electrodes in a touch sensor array for display  14  that are otherwise used in gathering touch input for device  10  such as the sensor electrodes in region  22  of  FIG. 1 ). Proximity sensor components in device  10  may, in general, include capacitive proximity sensor components, infrared-light-based proximity sensor components, proximity sensor components based on acoustic signaling schemes, or other proximity sensor equipment. Sensors  38  may also include a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and other circuitry for making measurements of the environment surrounding device  10 . 
     Sensor data such as proximity sensor data from sensors  38  may be used in controlling the operation of device  10 . Device  10  can activate or inactivate display  14 , may activate or inactivate touch screen functionality, may activate or inactivate a voice recognition function on device  10 , or may take other suitable actions based at least partly on proximity sensor data. 
     During operation of device  10 , device  10  may, for example, use proximity sensor  26  to monitor the position of device  10  relative to external objects such as a user&#39;s head and can take suitable actions based on an analysis of the proximity sensor data that has been gathered. A flow chart of illustrative steps involved in gathering and using proximity sensor data in the operation of device  10  is shown in  FIG. 3 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , electronic device  10  may gather proximity sensor data during the operations of step  50 . During step  50 , storage and processing circuitry  40  may, for example, use a light-based proximity sensor such as proximity sensor  26  of  FIG. 1  to make measurements of the amount of infrared light that has been emitted by light source  28  that has been reflected from an external object and detected by light detector  30 . Measurements may be made every T seconds, where T has a value from 10 ms to 1000 ms, a value from 1 ms to 400 ms, a value of 20 ms to 200 ms, a value of more than 50 ms, or a value of less than 150 ms (as examples). Measurement data may be stored in storage in circuitry  40  (e.g., in a buffer having storage bins). 
     At step  52 , gathered proximity sensor data may be analyzed by device  10 . For example, storage and processing circuitry  40  may compare proximity sensor data that has been gathered to one or more threshold values. 
     At step  54 , device  10  may take suitable action based on the results of the analysis operations of step  52 . For example, device  10  may activate or inactivate a voice recognition feature in device  10  or other device functionality. As another example, device  10  may use storage and processing circuitry  40  to control input-output circuitry  32  such as touch sensor and/or display components based on information on whether proximity sensor readings exceeded or did not exceed proximity sensor thresholds. Time constraints (e.g., information on the time period over which threshold values were exceeded or not exceeded), time-based filtering, and other signal processing techniques may be used in analyzing proximity sensor data during the operations of step  52 . Actions that may be taken at step  54  in response to the data analysis operations of step  52  may include enabling components, disabling components, adjusting the power supplied to components, or otherwise adjusting the operating parameters of input-output circuitry  32  of device  10 . With one illustrative arrangement, which is sometimes described herein as an example, touch screen functionality and display output functionality may be selectively enabled and disabled based on proximity sensor information from sensor  26 . 
     The hair of users varies in reflectivity in the infrared light spectrum. Dark (e.g., black) hair tends to absorb infrared light, rather than reflecting infrared light. Dark hair may, for example, reflect less infrared light than skin. As a result, relatively low magnitude infrared-light reflections may be measured when a dark-haired (e.g., black-haired) user places device  10  next to the user&#39;s head to make a telephone call. Smudges from finger grease or other contaminants also have the potential to affect proximity sensor readings. When a smudge is present over proximity sensor  26 , more infrared light will be reflected into light detector  30  than expected. 
     During operation, care must be taken to avoid false negatives (e.g., situations in which the absorption of light by dark hair makes it erroneously appear as though device  10  is not in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head when it is) and false positives (e.g., situations in which the reflection of light from a smudge makes it erroneously appear as though device  10  is in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head when it is not). Dynamic adjustments to thresholds and/or other settings associated with the analysis of proximity sensor data by device  10  may be used to improve proximity sensor performance in challenging operating scenarios such as these. 
       FIG. 4  is a graph illustrating how proximity sensor data (e.g., detected reflected infrared light signal PS) may vary as a function of time t during operation of device  10  and showing how different threshold values THB and THG may be used in avoiding errors due to false positives and false negatives. Solid line  56  of  FIG. 4  corresponds to an illustrative dark hair proximity sensor signal (i.e., a proximity sensor signal PS reflected from a user with dark hair). Dashed line  58  of  FIG. 4  corresponds to an illustrative smudged sensor proximity sensor signal (i.e., a proximity sensor signal PS reflected from a sensor that becomes covered by a greases smudge). Threshold THX illustrates a predetermined blip detection threshold value that may be applied to proximity sensor signals to determine whether or not to analyze the sensor signals for the presence (or absence) of signal fluctuations associated with a high-to-low signal transition. 
     In the example represented by solid line  56  of  FIG. 4 , device  10  is initially being held away from the user&#39;s head. As shown by solid line  56 , which corresponds to measured proximity sensor signals for a user with dark hair, reflected light signal P 3  is relatively low at times before time t 1 , because relatively little light is reflected into light detector  30  in the absence of the user&#39;s head. At time t 1 , the user places device  10  against the user&#39;s head to make a telephone call. As device  10  approaches the user&#39;s head at time t 1 , light is reflected from the user&#39;s hair and skin and the reflected signal PS that is measured by the proximity sensor increases to level P 2 . 
     As device  10  is placed in closer proximity to the user&#39;s head at time t 2 , device  10  rests against the user&#39;s hair. In this position, infrared-light absorption by the dark hair of the user and the absence of significant skin reflection causes the amount of reflected light to decrease to value P 5 . Value P 5  is relatively low relative to peak value P 2 , because dark hair absorbs more infrared light than skin. When light is being reflected from the user&#39;s skin as well as the user&#39;s hair at time t 1 , peak value P 2  will be measured (in this example), but when device  10  has been brought into close proximity to the user&#39;s hair at times after time t 2  so that only light reflections from the dark hair are being received, value P 5  will be measured. 
     Dashed line  58  corresponds to measured signals when proximity sensor  26  becomes impaired by a smudge. In the scenario represented by line  58 , device  10  is placed in close proximity to a user&#39;s head at time t 0  and is removed from the vicinity of the user&#39;s head at time t 3 . During times between time t 0  and t 3 , proximity sensor  26  becomes smudged with grease from the user&#39;s skin. 
     As shown by line  58 , reflected light signal P 3  at times before time t 0  is relatively low due to the absence of the user&#39;s head in the vicinity of device  10 . When the user moves device  10  near to the user&#39;s head to make a telephone call at time t 0 , light is reflected from the user&#39;s hair and skin and the reflected signal PS increases to level P 1 . At times between time t 0  and time t 3 , device  10  is in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head so that contact with the skin of the user or other source of contamination produces a grease smudge on sensor  26 . At time t 3 , the user removes device  10  from the vicinity of the user&#39;s head, causing the amount of reflected light to decrease to value P 4 . Value P 4  is low relative to peak value P 2 , because less light is reflected towards the sensor once device  10  has been removed from the user&#39;s head. Value P 4  of line  58  at times after time t 3  is higher than value P 5  for line  56 , however, because more light is reflected back into detector  30  from light source  28  in a smudged sensor than from dark hair (in this example). Value P 4  of line  58  after time t 3  is higher than value P 3  for line  58  before time t 0 , because the presence of the smudge over the sensor reflects light from light source  28  to light detector  30 . 
     Threshold values may be used by device  10  in determining whether or not device  10  is in the vicinity of a user&#39;s head. As shown in  FIG. 4 , a first threshold value such as value THB may be suitable for discriminating between level P 3  of curve  56  (i.e., a scenario in which device  10  is not in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head) and level P 5  of curve  56  (i.e., a scenario in which device  10  is in the vicinity of a user&#39;s head that is covered with dark hair), whereas a second threshold value THG that is different than THB may be suitable for discriminating between level P 1  of curve  58  (i.e., a scenario in which a device is in the vicinity of a user&#39;s head) and level P 4  (a scenario in which a device with a smudged sensor is no longer in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head). 
     Lower threshold values such as threshold THB are helpful in ensuring that signals of level P 5  on line  56  that are associated with device  10  being adjacent to the head of a dark haired user are not incorrectly identified as being associated with a situation represented by the portion of line  56  before time t 0  in which device  10  is not adjacent to the head of the user. Higher threshold values such as threshold value THG are helpful in ensuring that signals of level P 4  such as the signals after time t 3  on line  58  that are associated with a smudged sensor device that is not adjacent to the user&#39;s head are not incorrectly identified as being associated with the portion of line  58  at level P 1  between time t 0  and t 3  that corresponds to a situation in which device  10  is in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head. 
     To achieve satisfactory results over a range of different operating scenarios, threshold values may be adjusted dynamically in real time. Signal analysis operations may be performed on reflected proximity sensor signals PS at times such as the transition period associated with a decline in reflected signal power at times t 2  and t 3  of  FIG. 4 . The results of these signal analysis operations may be used to determine whether the measured proximity sensor signal exhibits characteristics of dark hair or a smudge. By distinguishing between these two scenarios using real time proximity sensor data analysis, device  10  can accurately dynamically adjust the threshold that is applied to measured sensor signal PS. 
       FIG. 5  is a graph of a typical proximity sensor signal when device  10  is being used by a user with dark hair. Line  60  shows how proximity sensor signal PS changes as a function of time in a scenario in which a user is placing device  10  near to the user&#39;s head, as described in connection with line  56  of  FIG. 4 . During portion  62  of line  60 , proximity sensor signal PS is high, because light is being reflected from the skin and hair of the user. As device  10  is placed in close proximity to the user&#39;s hair, infrared absorption in the hair may lead to decreased proximity sensor signal values, as shown by the signal strength decrease (high-to-low transition) in portion  64  of line  60 . Reflections from dark hair associated with transition  64  tend to be characterized by rapid fluctuation in signal strength, as illustrated by transition signal blip  66  on line  68 . 
     Device  10  can analyze proximity sensor data for blips when the magnitude of signal  60  has dropped below a predetermined threshold value of THX. Proximity sensor data signal blips such as blip  66  may be characterized by a magnitude variation ΔP and a time period ΔT. When a signal blip such as blip  66  with characteristics such as these is detected by device  10  based on analysis of proximity sensor signal PS associated with high-to-low signal strength transition  64 , device  10  can conclude that the user of device  10  has dark hair and that portion  68  of line  60  is associated with signal reflections from dark hair while device  10  is in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head. 
       FIG. 6  shows how measured proximity sensor signal PS may vary in a scenario in which the proximity sensor of device  10  has become smudged. In this type of situation, high-to-low signal transition  70  of proximity sensor signal  72  is free of signal fluctuations (i.e., there is no signal blip in portion  74  of signal  72  in association with transition  70 ). 
       FIG. 7  is a flow chart illustrating how the operation of device  10  may be controlled using proximity sensor data from proximity sensor  26 . At step  76 , device  10  may be operated in a normal mode. For example, device  10  may be operated in a mode in which storage and processing circuitry  40  enables touch sensor operation (e.g., the operation of touch sensor electrodes  20  for touch screen display  14 ) and enables display  14  (e.g., by adjusting display pixels  21  so that an image is displayed for a user). During the normal mode operations of step  76 , device  10  may use control circuitry  40  to gather and analyze proximity sensor data from proximity sensor  26 . As an example, device  10  may compare proximity sensor signal measurements PS to a threshold value TH_TRIG to determine when an external object has been brought into the vicinity of device  10 . 
     When PS exceeds threshold TH_TRIG, device  10  can conclude that a user has placed device  10  in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head and can therefore operate device  10  in a close proximity mode (step  78 ). During the operations of step  78 , device  10  can take actions that are appropriate for scenarios in which device  10  is held adjacent to the head of the user. For example, control circuitry  40  may temporarily disable touch screen functionality in display  14  and/or may disable display  14  (e.g., by turning off display pixel array  21 ). During the operations of step  78 , control circuitry  40  can analyze proximity sensor signal PS and can make corresponding dynamic adjustments in threshold value TH_REL. Threshold TH_REL may be compared to proximity sensor signal PS to determine when the external object has been removed from the vicinity of device  10 . By adjusting TH_REL dynamically, device  10  may respond appropriately to measured proximity sensor data. 
     The example of  FIG. 7  is merely illustrative. Device  10  may, in general, take any suitable action based on proximity sensor data. For example, device  10  may activate or inactivate voice recognition capabilities for device  10 , may invoke one or more software programs, may activate or inactivate operating system functions, or may otherwise control the operation of device  10  in response to proximity sensor information. 
     A flow chart of illustrative steps involved in performing the threshold adjustment operations of step  78  of  FIG. 7  is shown in  FIG. 8 . Proximity sensor data may be stored in storage within control circuitry  40  such as a data buffer. The data buffer may have a number of storage locations (sometimes referred to as bins). At step  80 , the contents of the data buffer may be cleared (i.e., each of the bins in the data buffer may be zeroed). 
     At step  82 , proximity sensor data may be acquired by control circuitry  40  using proximity sensor  26 . Proximity sensor readings may be acquired periodically (e.g., every 100 ms or other suitable interval). After a desired set of proximity sensor readings (e.g., 5-200 samples) has been obtained, an average value, cumulative value or other value based on the set of samples may be stored in a respective bin in the data buffer (e.g., a bin may be filled every second or other suitable time interval). 
     As each sample is being acquired during step  82 , control circuitry  40  may analyze the stored data in the bins and may perform blip detection operations to detect proximity sensor signal level fluctuations such as fluctuation  66  of  FIG. 5 . Control circuitry  40  may, for example, determine whether all of the bin values in the data buffer are greater than a predetermined value (BIN0) and may determine whether or not signal fluctuations (blips) are present following the high-to-low proximity sensor signal transition of the type shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
     Step  82  also involves making adjustments to threshold TH_REL (sometimes referred to as a release threshold). If all bins have values that are greater than BIN0 and if no blip is detected, it can be concluded that the proximity sensor signal PS that has been acquired is associated with a user who does not have dark hair (i.e., a non-dark-hair user). Accordingly, device  10  may set the value of TH_REL to a value of TH_L (e.g., a relatively larger value such as value THG of  FIG. 4 ). If all bins do not have values that are greater than BIN0 or if a blip is detected, device  10  may concluded that the user of device  10  has dark hair and may set threshold TH_REL to a TH_S (e.g., a relatively smaller value such as value THB of  FIG. 4 ). 
     After dynamically adjusting threshold TH_REL in this way, device  10  may use control circuitry  40  to compare the current value of threshold TH_REL to signals PS (e.g., to a time-averaged or otherwise filtered version of signal PS). The comparison operations of step  82  may reveal whether device  10  should remain at step  78  of  FIG. 7  or should transition from the close proximity mode of operation of step  78  to normal operating mode  76 . 
     If desired, device  10  may use two or more thresholds, a combination of fixed and adjustable thresholds, or other suitable thresholds. As shown in  FIG. 9 , for example, device  10  may divide proximity sensor signal measurements PS into three zones (I, II, and III). When measured proximity sensor signals PS fall within zone I, device  10  may conclude that device  10  is not in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head and may therefore perform release operations such as enabling display  14  and the touch sensor array on display  14 . When measured proximity sensor signals PS fall within zone III, device  10  can conclude that device  10  is in the vicinity of the user&#39;s head and can therefore suppress release operations (e.g., device  10  can maintain display  14  and its touch sensor array in a disabled configuration). The action taken by device  10  when proximity sensor signals fall within zone II may depend on the amount of time that a given signal lies within zone II (e.g., sufficient time within zone II may be required for release). 
     If desired, proximity data from a population of users of different hair colors (and therefore different infrared light reflection values) may be gathered and stored in a database. The database may be mined to identify proximity sensor data features such as blip characteristics that are correlated with certain types of hair (e.g., black hair). As an example, Fourier transform coefficients may be computed within predetermined time windows associated with high-to-low signal transitions. 
     Key features can be extracted from the database using data mining techniques. These features can be analyzed using a classification engine. As an example, a fast Fourier transform may be performed on the most recent N (e.g., 10) proximity sensor samples to produce fast Fourier transform coefficients. The coefficients can be compared to known signal features using the classification engine in real time to determine whether or not signal characteristics are present that indicate that the user of the device has dark hair. 
     Based on the identified hair color of the user, device  10  can make real time adjustments to a threshold value such as TH_REL. If desired, long-term history information may be maintained in device  10  and may be used to bias the results of the classification engine. With this type of approach, device  10  may learn that the most frequent user of device  10  (i.e., the owner of device  10 ) has (or does not have) black hair and can use this information to help in identifying the hair color of the user. Threshold values or other operating parameters may then be adjusted based on the hair color. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this invention and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20120830
Publication Date: 20160809
Grant Date: 20160809
Priority Date: 20120830
Inventors: VIETA WILLIAM MATTHEW
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W52/0254", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/3231", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S7/4802", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/3265", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S17/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/0251", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/0254", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M2250/22", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M2250/22", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/0267", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/0267", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M2250/12", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S7/4802", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M2250/12", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/0251", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/3265", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/3231", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S17/04", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M2250/12", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y02B60/1289", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S7/4802", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/3231", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/3265", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/0254", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/0267", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y02B60/1242", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01S17/026", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M2250/22", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/0251", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M1/72519", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M1/724", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04M1/724", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y02D30/70", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y02D30/70", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y02D10/00", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y02D10/00", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 48980254