PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11853647-B2
Application Number: US-202117159696-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Proactive assistance based on dialog communication between devices

Abstract:
Systems and processes for proactive assistance based on dialog communication between devices are provided. In one example process, while voice communication between an electronic device and a second electronic device is established, a stream of audio data associated with the second electronic device can be received. In response to detecting a user input, a text representation of speech contained in a portion of the stream of audio data can be generated. The process can determine whether the text representation contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information In response to determining that the text representation contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information, one or more tasks based on the information can be performed.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device, comprising:
 one or more processors; 
 a memory; and 
 one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
 receiving text from a second electronic device; 
 receiving a speech input from a user of the electronic device; 
 detecting, by a sensor of the electronic device, movement of the electronic device; 
 in accordance with a determination that the speech input includes a request to extract information from the received text and a determination that the detected movement corresponds to a predetermined movement, identifying a portion of the received text based on the request; 
 determining whether the identified portion of the received text contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information; and 
 in response to determining that the identified portion of the received text contains information corresponding to one of the plurality of types of information, performing one or more tasks based on the information, wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 while the electronic device is in a locked state, providing indicia associated with the information at the electronic device; 
 storing the information on the memory of the electronic device; and 
 at a predetermined time after storing the information on the memory of the electronic device, removing the stored information from the memory. 
 
 
 
     
     
       2. The device of  claim 1 , wherein detecting the user input causes a user interface to be displayed on a display of the electronic device, and wherein the one or more tasks include displaying the information via the user interface. 
     
     
       3. The device of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more tasks include:
 storing the information; 
 providing an indicia associated with the information; 
 in response to detecting a user selection associated with the indicia, displaying the information on the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       4. The device of  claim 1 , wherein the information includes a telephone number, wherein the one or more tasks include displaying the telephone number, and wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to:
 in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed telephone number, initiate a voice call based on the telephone number. 
 
     
     
       5. The device of  claim 1 , wherein the information includes a telephone number, wherein the one or more tasks include displaying the telephone number, and wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to:
 in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed telephone number, store the telephone number in association with an address book of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       6. The device of  claim 1 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 determining at least one movement of a contact across a surface of the device; and 
 determining whether the movement of the contact has ceased. 
 
     
     
       7. The device of  claim 1 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 detecting a user selection of an affordance displayed on the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       8. The device of  claim 1 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 detecting user interaction with a physical button of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       9. The device of  claim 1 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 detecting a speech input corresponding to a user intent of extracting information. 
 
     
     
       10. The device of  claim 1 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 providing indicia associated with the information at a third electronic device. 
 
     
     
       11. The device of  claim 10 , wherein providing indicia associated with the information at the third electronic device comprises:
 causing display of a notification regarding the information on a display of a personal computer. 
 
     
     
       12. The device of  claim 10 , wherein providing indicia associated with the information at the third electronic device comprises:
 causing display of a notification regarding the information on a display of a watch. 
 
     
     
       13. The device of  claim 1 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 displaying a prompt to confirm performance of at least one additional task. 
 
     
     
       14. The device of  claim 1 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 storing the information on the memory of the electronic device; 
 at a predetermined time after performing a respective task, removing the stored information from the memory. 
 
     
     
       15. The device of  claim 1 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 displaying a field on the electronic device; and 
 displaying, in the field, a representation corresponding to the information. 
 
     
     
       16. A computer-implemented method, comprising:
 at an electronic device with one or more processors and memory:
 receiving text from a second electronic device; 
 receiving a speech input from a user of the electronic device; 
 detecting, by a sensor of the electronic device, movement of the electronic device; 
 in accordance with a determination that the speech input includes a request to extract information from the received text and a determination that the detected movement corresponds to a predetermined movement, identifying a portion of the received text based on the request; 
 determining whether the identified portion of the received text contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information; and 
 in response to determining that the identified portion of the received text contains information corresponding to one of the plurality of types of information, performing one or more tasks based on the information, wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 while the electronic device is in a locked state, providing indicia associated with the information at the electronic device; 
 storing the information on the memory of the electronic device; and 
 at a predetermined time after storing the information on the memory of the electronic device, removing the stored information from the memory. 
 
 
 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 16 , wherein detecting the user input causes a user interface to be displayed on a display of the electronic device, and wherein the one or more tasks include displaying the information via the user interface. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 16 , wherein the one or more tasks include:
 storing the information; 
 providing an indicia associated with the information; 
 in response to detecting a user selection associated with the indicia, displaying the information on the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       19. The method of  claim 16 , wherein the information includes a telephone number, wherein the one or more tasks include displaying the telephone number, comprising:
 in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed telephone number, initiating a voice call based on the telephone number. 
 
     
     
       20. The method of  claim 16 , wherein the information includes a telephone number, wherein the one or more tasks include displaying the telephone number, comprising:
 in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed telephone number, storing the telephone number in association with an address book of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       21. The method of  claim 16 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 determining at least one movement of a contact across a surface of the device; and 
 determining whether the movement of the contact has ceased. 
 
     
     
       22. The method of  claim 16 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 detecting a user selection of an affordance displayed on the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       23. The method of  claim 16 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 detecting user interaction with a physical button of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       24. The method of  claim 16 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 detecting a speech input corresponding to a user intent of extracting information. 
 
     
     
       25. The method of  claim 16 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 providing indicia associated with the information at a third electronic device. 
 
     
     
       26. The method of  claim 25 , wherein providing indicia associated with the information at the third electronic device comprises:
 causing display of a notification regarding the information on a display of a personal computer. 
 
     
     
       27. The method of  claim 25 , wherein providing indicia associated with the information at the third electronic device comprises:
 causing display of a notification regarding the information on a display of a watch. 
 
     
     
       28. The method of  claim 16 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 displaying a prompt to confirm performance of at least one additional task. 
 
     
     
       29. The method of  claim 16 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 storing the information on the memory of the electronic device; 
 at a predetermined time after performing a respective task, removing the stored information from the memory. 
 
     
     
       30. The method of  claim 16 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 displaying a field on the electronic device; and 
 displaying, in the field, a representation corresponding to the information. 
 
     
     
       31. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to:
 receive text from a second electronic device; 
 receiving a speech input from a user of the electronic device; 
 detecting, by a sensor of the electronic device, movement of the electronic device; 
 in accordance with a determination that the speech input includes a request to extract information from the received text and a determination that the detected movement corresponds to a predetermined movement, identifying a portion of the received text based on the request; 
 determine whether the identified portion of the received text contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information; and 
 in response to determining that the identified portion of the received text contains information corresponding to one of the plurality of types of information, perform one or more tasks based on the information, wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 while the electronic device is in a locked state, provide indicia associated with the information at the electronic device; 
 store the information on the memory of the electronic device; and 
 at a predetermined time after storing the information on the memory of the electronic device, remove the stored information from the memory. 
 
 
     
     
       32. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein detecting the user input causes a user interface to be displayed on a display of the electronic device, and wherein the one or more tasks include displaying the information via the user interface. 
     
     
       33. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein the one or more tasks include:
 storing the information; 
 providing an indicia associated with the information; 
 in response to detecting a user selection associated with the indicia, displaying the information on the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       34. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein the information includes a telephone number, wherein the one or more tasks include displaying the telephone number, and wherein the instructions cause the electronic device to:
 in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed telephone number, initiate a voice call based on the telephone number. 
 
     
     
       35. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein the information includes a telephone number, wherein the one or more tasks include displaying the telephone number, and wherein the instructions cause the electronic device to:
 in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed telephone number, store the telephone number in association with an address book of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       36. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 determining at least one movement of a contact across a surface of the device; and 
 determining whether the movement of the contact has ceased. 
 
     
     
       37. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 detecting a user selection of an affordance displayed on the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       38. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 detecting user interaction with a physical button of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       39. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein detecting the user input that includes a selection of a portion of the received text further comprises:
 detecting a speech input corresponding to a user intent of extracting information. 
 
     
     
       40. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 providing indicia associated with the information at a third electronic device. 
 
     
     
       41. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 40 , wherein providing indicia associated with the information at the third electronic device comprises:
 causing display of a notification regarding the information on a display of a personal computer. 
 
     
     
       42. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 40 , wherein providing indicia associated with the information at the third electronic device comprises:
 causing display of a notification regarding the information on a display of a watch. 
 
     
     
       43. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 displaying a prompt to confirm performance of at least one additional task. 
 
     
     
       44. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 storing the information on the memory of the electronic device; 
 at a predetermined time after performing a respective task, removing the stored information from the memory. 
 
     
     
       45. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 31 , wherein performing one or more tasks based on the information comprises:
 displaying a field on the electronic device; and 
 displaying, in the field, a representation corresponding to the information.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/249,301, filed on Jan. 16, 2019, entitled PROACTIVE ASSISTANCE BASED ON DIALOG COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DEVICES, now granted U.S. Pat. No. 10,942,703, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/169,348, filed on May 31, 2016, entitled PROACTIVE ASSISTANCE BASED ON DIALOG COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DEVICES, now granted U.S. Pat. No. 10,223,066, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 62/387,547, filed on Dec. 23, 2015, entitled PROACTIVE ASSISTANCE BASED ON DIALOG COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DEVICES, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This relates generally to intelligent automated assistants and, more specifically, to proactive assistance based on dialog communication between devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Intelligent automated assistants (or digital assistants) can provide a beneficial interface between human users and electronic devices. Such assistants can allow users to interact with devices or systems using natural language in spoken and/or text forms. For example, a user can provide a speech input containing a user request to a digital assistant operating on an electronic device. The digital assistant can interpret the user&#39;s intent from the speech input and operationalize the user&#39;s intent into tasks. The tasks can then be performed by executing one or more services of the electronic device, and a relevant output responsive to the user request can be returned to the user. 
     Typically, digital assistants can be implemented using a dedicated user interface of the electronic device. To obtain assistance from the digital assistant, a user may need to navigate to the dedicated user interface and provide a user request to the digital assistant. Such actions may be cumbersome, especially when the user is already utilizing the electronic device for other functions (e.g., conducting a phone call or responding to a text message). This can restrict the application and usefulness of digital assistants and thus limit the widespread adoption of digital assistants. 
     SUMMARY 
     Systems and processes for proactive assistance based on dialog communication between devices are provided. In one example process, while voice communication between an electronic device and a second electronic device is established, a stream of audio data associated with the second electronic device can be received. In response to detecting a user input, a text representation of speech contained in a portion of the stream of audio data can be generated. The process can determine whether the text representation contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information. In response to determining that the text representation contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information, one or more tasks based on the information can be performed. 
     In another example process, text associated with a user of a second electronic device can be received. A user input can be detected. In response to detecting the user input, the process can determine whether a portion of the text contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information. In response to determining that the portion of the text contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information, one or more tasks can be performed based on the information. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram illustrating a system and environment for implementing a digital assistant according to various examples. 
         FIG.  2 A  is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device implementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant according to various examples. 
         FIG.  2 B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling according to various examples. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a portable multifunction device implementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant according to various examples. 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface according to various examples. 
         FIG.  5 A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device according to various examples. 
         FIG.  5 B  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display according to various examples. 
         FIG.  6 A  illustrates a personal electronic device according to various examples. 
         FIG.  6 B  is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device according to various examples. 
         FIG.  7 A  is a block diagram illustrating a digital assistant system or a server portion thereof according to various examples. 
         FIG.  7 B  illustrates the functions of the digital assistant shown in  FIG.  7 A  according to various examples. 
         FIG.  7 C  illustrates a portion of an ontology according to various examples. 
         FIGS.  8 A-B  illustrate a process for proactive assistance based on dialog communication between devices according to various examples. 
         FIGS.  9 A-D  illustrate exemplary user interfaces of an electronic device for proactive assistance based on dialog communication between devices according to various examples. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a functional block diagram of an electronic device according to various examples. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description of examples, reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which it is shown by way of illustration specific examples that can be practiced. It is to be understood that other examples can be used and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the various examples. 
     During dialog communication (e.g., telephone calls, instant messaging, videotelephony calls, etc.) between a user&#39;s electronic device and a second electronic device, it can be inconvenient for the user to look up information or perform other tasks on the electronic device (e.g., create a calendar event). This can be because the electronic device is displaying information required for the dialog communication (e.g., during instant messaging), or because the electronic device is positioned against the user&#39;s face (e.g., during a telephone call). Further, the user of the electronic device may need to focus his or her attention on communicating with the other participant(s) of the dialog communication rather than performing other tasks on the electronic device. Techniques for providing proactive assistance based on dialog communication between devices are described herein. The techniques enable relevant tasks to be anticipated and performed based on the dialog communication between devices. In one example process, dialog communication can be established between an electronic device and a second electronic device. Dialog associated with the second electronic device can be received. A determination can be made as to whether the dialog contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information. The plurality of types of information can be information that is likely of interest to the user (e.g., contact information, locations, media items, etc.). In response to determining that the dialog contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information, one or more tasks based on the information can be performed. By proactively performing relevant tasks based on the received dialog, the user&#39;s attention can be focused on communicating with the other participant(s) of the dialog communication rather than on performing other tasks on the electronic device (e.g., look up contact information or calendar information). In addition, the user would not be required to navigate to a stand-alone interface associated with the digital assistant to obtain assistance during the dialog communication. This can improve user experience and also improve the quality of interpersonal communication using the electronic device. 
     Although the following description uses terms “first,” “second,” etc. to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by the terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first user input could be termed a second user input, and, similarly, a second user input could be termed a first user input, without departing from the scope of the various described examples. The first user input and the second user input can both be inputs and, in some cases, can be separate and different inputs. 
     The terminology used in the description of the various described examples herein is for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described examples and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     The term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     1. System and Environment 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a block diagram of system  100  according to various examples. In some examples, system  100  can implement a digital assistant. The terms “digital assistant,” “virtual assistant,” “intelligent automated assistant,” or “automatic digital assistant” can refer to any information processing system that interprets natural language input in spoken and/or textual form to infer user intent, and performs actions based on the inferred user intent. For example, to act on an inferred user intent, the system can perform one or more of the following: identifying a task flow with steps and parameters designed to accomplish the inferred user intent, inputting specific requirements from the inferred user intent into the task flow; executing the task flow by invoking programs, methods, services, APIs, or the like; and generating output responses to the user in an audible (e.g., speech) and/or visual form. 
     Specifically, a digital assistant can be capable of accepting a user request at least partially in the form of a natural language command, request, statement, narrative, and/or inquiry. Typically, the user request can seek either an informational answer or performance of a task by the digital assistant. A satisfactory response to the user request can be a provision of the requested informational answer, a performance of the requested task, or a combination of the two. For example, a user can ask the digital assistant a question, such as “Where am I right now?” Based on the user&#39;s current location, the digital assistant can answer, “You are in Central Park near the west gate.” The user can also request the performance of a task, for example, “Please invite my friends to my girlfriend&#39;s birthday party next week.” In response, the digital assistant can acknowledge the request by saying “Yes, right away,” and then send a suitable calendar invite on behalf of the user to each of the user&#39;s friends listed in the user&#39;s electronic address book. During performance of a requested task, the digital assistant can sometimes interact with the user in a continuous dialogue involving multiple exchanges of information over an extended period of time. There are numerous other ways of interacting with a digital assistant to request information or performance of various tasks. In addition to providing verbal responses and taking programmed actions, the digital assistant can also provide responses in other visual or audio forms, e.g., as text, alerts, music, videos, animations, etc. 
     As shown in  FIG.  1   , in some examples, a digital assistant can be implemented according to a client-server model. The digital assistant can include client-side portion  102  (hereafter “DA client  102 ”) executed on user device  104  and server-side portion  106  (hereafter “DA server  106 ”) executed on server system  108 . DA client  102  can communicate with DA server  106  through one or more networks  110 . DA client  102  can provide client-side functionalities such as user-facing input and output processing and communication with DA server  106 . DA server  106  can provide server-side functionalities for any number of DA clients  102  each residing on a respective user device  104 . 
     In some examples, DA server  106  can include client-facing I/O interface  112 , one or more processing modules  114 , data and models  116 , and I/O interface to external services  118 . The client-facing I/O interface  112  can facilitate the client-facing input and output processing for DA server  106 . One or more processing modules  114  can utilize data and models  116  to process speech input and determine the user&#39;s intent based on natural language input. Further, one or more processing modules  114  perform task execution based on inferred user intent. In some examples, DA server  106  can communicate with external services  120  through network(s)  110  for task completion or information acquisition. I/O interface to external services  118  can facilitate such communications. 
     User device  104  can be any suitable electronic device. For example, user devices can be a portable multifunctional device (e.g., device  200 , described below with reference to  FIG.  2 A ), a multifunctional device (e.g., device  400 , described below with reference to  FIG.  4   ), or a personal electronic device (e.g., device  600 , described below with reference to  FIG.  6 A-B .) A portable multifunctional device can be, for example, a mobile telephone that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Specific examples of portable multifunction devices can include the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, California Other examples of portable multifunction devices can include, without limitation, laptop or tablet computers. Further, in some examples, user device  104  can be a non-portable multifunctional device. In particular, user device  104  can be a desktop computer, a game console, a television, or a television set-top box. In some examples, user device  104  can include a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touchpads). Further, user device  104  can optionally include one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick. Various examples of electronic devices, such as multifunctional devices, are described below in greater detail. 
     Examples of communication network(s)  110  can include local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN), e.g., the Internet. Communication network(s)  110  can be implemented using any known network protocol, including various wired or wireless protocols, such as, for example, Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communication protocol. 
     Server system  108  can be implemented on one or more standalone data processing apparatus or a distributed network of computers. In some examples, server system  108  can also employ various virtual devices and/or services of third-party service providers (e.g., third-party cloud service providers) to provide the underlying computing resources and/or infrastructure resources of server system  108 . 
     In some examples, user device  104  can communicate with DA server  106  via second user device  122 . Second user device  122  can be similar or identical to user device  104 . For example, second user device  122  can be similar to devices  200 ,  400 , or  600  described below with reference to  FIGS.  2 A,  4 , and  6 A -B. User device  104  can be configured to communicatively couple to second user device  122  via a direct communication connection, such as Bluetooth, NFC, BTLE, or the like, or via a wired or wireless network, such as a local Wi-Fi network. In some examples, second user device  122  can be configured to act as a proxy between user device  104  and DA server  106 . For example, DA client  102  of user device  104  can be configured to transmit information (e.g., a user request received at user device  104 ) to DA server  106  via second user device  122 . DA server  106  can process the information and return relevant data (e.g., data content responsive to the user request) to user device  104  via second user device  122 . 
     In some examples, user device  104  can be configured to communicate abbreviated requests for data to second user device  122  to reduce the amount of information transmitted from user device  104 . Second user device  122  can be configured to determine supplemental information to add to the abbreviated request to generate a complete request to transmit to DA server  106 . This system architecture can advantageously allow user device  104  having limited communication capabilities and/or limited battery power (e.g., a watch or a similar compact electronic device) to access services provided by DA server  106  by using second user device  122 , having greater communication capabilities and/or battery power (e.g., a mobile phone, laptop computer, tablet computer, or the like), as a proxy to DA server  106 . While only two user devices  104  and  122  are shown in  FIG.  1   , it should be appreciated that system  100  can include any number and type of user devices configured in this proxy configuration to communicate with DA server system  106 . 
     Although the digital assistant shown in  FIG.  1    can include both a client-side portion (e.g., DA client  102 ) and a server-side portion (e.g., DA server  106 ), in some examples, the functions of a digital assistant can be implemented as a standalone application installed on a user device. In addition, the divisions of functionalities between the client and server portions of the digital assistant can vary in different implementations. For instance, in some examples, the DA client can be a thin-client that provides only user-facing input and output processing functions, and delegates all other functionalities of the digital assistant to a backend server. 
     2. Electronic Devices 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of electronic devices for implementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant.  FIG.  2 A  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  200  with touch-sensitive display system  212  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display  212  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch-sensitive display system.” Device  200  includes memory  202  (which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memory controller  222 , one or more processing units (CPUs)  220 , peripherals interface  218 , RF circuitry  208 , audio circuitry  210 , speaker  211 , microphone  213 , input/output (I/O) subsystem  206 , other input control devices  216 , and external port  224 . Device  200  optionally includes one or more optical sensors  264 . Device  200  optionally includes one or more contact intensity sensors  265  for detecting intensity of contacts on device  200  (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  212  of device  200 ). Device  200  optionally includes one or more tactile output generators  267  for generating tactile outputs on device  200  (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  212  of device  200  or touchpad  455  of device  400 ). These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  203 . 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. The intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least 256). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface. Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements). In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a user input allows for user access to additional device functionality that may otherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device with limited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on a touch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via a touch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or a physical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button). 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user&#39;s sense of touch. For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user&#39;s hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user&#39;s movements. As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user. 
     It should be appreciated that device  200  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  200  optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG.  2 A  are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  202  may include one or more computer-readable storage mediums. The computer-readable storage mediums may be tangible and non-transitory. Memory  202  may include high-speed random access memory and may also include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Memory controller  222  may control access to memory  202  by other components of device  200 . 
     In some examples, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of memory  202  can be used to store instructions (e.g., for performing aspects of processes described below) for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In other examples, the instructions (e.g., for performing aspects of the processes described below) can be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (not shown) of the server system  108  or can be divided between the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of memory  202  and the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of server system  108 . In the context of this document, a “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” can be any medium that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     Peripherals interface  218  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU  220  and memory  202 . The one or more processors  220  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  202  to perform various functions for device  200  and to process data. In some embodiments, peripherals interface  218 , CPU  220 , and memory controller  222  may be implemented on a single chip, such as chip  204 . In some other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  208  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  208  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  208  optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry  208  optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The RF circuitry  208  optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near field communication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communication radio. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  210 , speaker  211 , and microphone  213  provide an audio interface between a user and device  200 . Audio circuitry  210  receives audio data from peripherals interface  218 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  211 . Speaker  211  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  210  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  213  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  210  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  218  for processing. Audio data may be retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  202  and/or RF circuitry  208  by peripherals interface  218 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  210  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  312 ,  FIG.  3   ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  210  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     In some examples, audio circuitry  210  can include a buffer (e.g., memory) to store audio data received from peripherals interface  218 . The buffer can also store audio data converted from the electrical signals of microphone  213 . The buffer can be a circular buffer. The circular buffer can be a first-in first-out (FIFO) buffer that continually overwrites its contents. The buffer may be of any size, such as for example 10 or 20 seconds. In some examples, audio circuitry  210  can utilize memory  202  to store audio data. 
     I/O subsystem  206  couples input/output peripherals on device  200 , such as touch screen  212  and other input control devices  216 , to peripherals interface  218 . I/O subsystem  206  optionally includes display controller  256 , optical sensor controller  258 , intensity sensor controller  259 , haptic feedback controller  261 , and one or more input controllers  260  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  260  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices  216 . The other input control devices  216  optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  260  are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  308 ,  FIG.  3   ) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  211  and/or microphone  213 . The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g.,  306 ,  FIG.  3   ). 
     A quick press of the push button may disengage a lock of touch screen  212  or begin a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g.,  306 ) may turn power to device  200  on or off. The user may be able to customize a functionality of one or more of the buttons. Touch screen  212  is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards. 
     Touch-sensitive display  212  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  256  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen  212 . Touch screen  212  displays visual output to the user. The visual output may include graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output may correspond to user-interface objects. 
     Touch screen  212  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor, or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen  212  and display controller  256  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  202 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen  212  and convert the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images) that are displayed on touch screen  212 . In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen  212  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     Touch screen  212  may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. Touch screen  212  and display controller  256  may detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen  212 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, California. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen  212  may be analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, touch screen  212  displays visual output from device  200 , whereas touch-sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen  212  may be as described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     Touch screen  212  may have a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user may make contact with touch screen  212  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  200  may include a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad may be a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen  212  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  200  also includes power system  262  for powering the various components. Power system  262  may include a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  200  may also include one or more optical sensors  264 .  FIG.  2 A  shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller  258  in I/O subsystem  206 . Optical sensor  264  may include charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor  264  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  243  (also called a camera module), optical sensor  264  may capture still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  200 , opposite touch screen display  212  on the front of the device so that the touch screen display may be used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image may be obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the position of optical sensor  264  can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor  264  may be used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition. 
     Device  200  optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors  265 .  FIG.  2 A  shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller  259  in I/O subsystem  206 . Contact intensity sensor  265  optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensity sensor  265  receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  212 ). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device  200 , opposite touch screen display  212 , which is located on the front of device  200 . 
     Device  200  may also include one or more proximity sensors  266 .  FIG.  2 A  shows proximity sensor  266  coupled to peripherals interface  218 . Alternately, proximity sensor  266  may be coupled to input controller  260  in I/O subsystem  206 . Proximity sensor  266  may perform as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No. 11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen  212  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  200  optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators  267 .  FIG.  2 A  shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller  261  in I/O subsystem  206 . Tactile output generator  267  optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Contact intensity sensor  265  receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module  233  and generates tactile outputs on device  200  that are capable of being sensed by a user of device  200 . In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  212 ) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device  200 ) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device  200 ). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device  200 , opposite touch screen display  212 , which is located on the front of device  200 . 
     Device  200  may also include one or more accelerometers  268 .  FIG.  2 A  shows accelerometer  268  coupled to peripherals interface  218 . Alternately, accelerometer  268  may be coupled to an input controller  260  in I/O subsystem  206 . Accelerometer  268  may perform as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device  200  optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s)  268 , a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device  200 . 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  202  include operating system  226 , communication module (or set of instructions)  228 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  230 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  232 , text input module (or set of instructions)  234 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  235 , Digital Assistant Client Module  229 , and applications (or sets of instructions)  236 . Further, memory  202  can store data and models, such as user data and models  231 . Furthermore, in some embodiments, memory  202  ( FIG.  2 A ) or  470  ( FIG.  4   ) stores device/global internal state  257 , as shown in  FIGS.  2 A and  4   . Device/global internal state  257  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display  212 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and input control devices  216 ; and location information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  226  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  228  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  224  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  208  and/or external port  224 . External port  224  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the 30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices. 
     Contact/motion module  230  optionally detects contact with touch screen  212  (in conjunction with display controller  256 ) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  230  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  230  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  230  and display controller  256  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     In some embodiments, contact/motion module  230  uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon). In some embodiments, at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device  200 ). For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware. Additionally, in some implementations, a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter). 
     Contact/motion module  230  optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event. 
     Graphics module  232  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen  212  or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including, without limitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  232  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  232  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  256 . 
     Haptic feedback module  233  includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s)  267  to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device  200  in response to user interactions with device  200 . 
     Text input module  234 , which may be a component of graphics module  232 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  237 , e mail  240 , IM  241 , browser  247 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     GPS module  235  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  238  for use in location-based dialing; to camera  243  as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Digital assistant client module  229  can include various client-side digital assistant instructions to provide the client-side functionalities of the digital assistant. For example, digital assistant client module  229  can be capable of accepting voice input (e.g., speech input), text input, touch input, and/or gestural input through various user interfaces (e.g., microphone  213 , accelerometer(s)  268 , touch-sensitive display system  212 , optical sensor(s)  229 , other input control devices  216 , etc.) of portable multifunction device  200 . Digital assistant client module  229  can also be capable of providing output in audio (e.g., speech output), visual, and/or tactile forms through various output interfaces (e.g., speaker  211 , touch-sensitive display system  212 , tactile output generator(s)  267 , etc.) of portable multifunction device  200 . For example, output can be provided as voice, sound, alerts, text messages, menus, graphics, videos, animations, vibrations, and/or combinations of two or more of the above. During operation, digital assistant client module  229  can communicate with DA server  106  using RF circuitry  208 . 
     User data and models  231  can include various data associated with the user (e.g., user-specific vocabulary data, user preference data, user-specified name pronunciations, data from the user&#39;s electronic address book, to-do lists, shopping lists, etc.) to provide the client-side functionalities of the digital assistant. Further, user data and models  231  can includes various models (e.g., speech recognition models, statistical language models, natural language processing models, ontology, task flow models, service models, etc.) for processing user input and determining user intent. 
     In some examples, digital assistant client module  229  can utilize the various sensors, subsystems, and peripheral devices of portable multifunction device  200  to gather additional information from the surrounding environment of the portable multifunction device  200  to establish a context associated with a user, the current user interaction, and/or the current user input. In some examples, digital assistant client module  229  can provide the contextual information or a subset thereof with the user input to DA server  106  to help infer the user&#39;s intent. In some examples, the digital assistant can also use the contextual information to determine how to prepare and deliver outputs to the user. Contextual information can be referred to as context data. 
     In some examples, the contextual information that accompanies the user input can include sensor information, e.g., lighting, ambient noise, ambient temperature, images or videos of the surrounding environment, etc. In some examples, the contextual information can also include the physical state of the device, e.g., device orientation, device location, device temperature, power level, speed, acceleration, motion patterns, cellular signals strength, etc. In some examples, information related to the software state of DA server  106 , e.g., running processes, installed programs, past and present network activities, background services, error logs, resources usage, etc., and of portable multifunction device  200  can be provided to DA server  106  as contextual information associated with a user input. 
     In some examples, the digital assistant client module  229  can selectively provide information (e.g., user data  231 ) stored on the portable multifunction device  200  in response to requests from DA server  106 . In some examples, digital assistant client module  229  can also elicit additional input from the user via a natural language dialogue or other user interfaces upon request by DA server  106 . Digital assistant client module  229  can pass the additional input to DA server  106  to help DA server  106  in intent deduction and/or fulfillment of the user&#39;s intent expressed in the user request. 
     A more detailed description of a digital assistant is described below with reference to  FIGS.  7 A-C . It should be recognized that digital assistant client module  229  can include any number of the sub-modules of digital assistant module  726  described below. 
     Applications  236  may include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         Contacts module  237  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   Telephone module  238 ;   Video conference module  239 ;   E-mail client module  240 ;   Instant messaging (IM) module  241 ;   Workout support module  242 ;   Camera module  243  for still and/or video images;   Image management module  244 ;   Video player module;   Music player module;   Browser module  247 ;   Calendar module  248 ;   Widget modules  249 , which may include one or more of: weather widget  249 - 1 , stocks widget  249 - 2 , calculator widget  249 - 3 , alarm clock widget  249 - 4 , dictionary widget  249 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  249 - 6 ;   Widget creator module  250  for making user-created widgets  249 - 6 ;   Search module  251 ;   Video and music player module  252 , which merges video player module and music player module;   Notes module  253 ;   Map module  254 ; and/or   Online video module  255 .       

     Examples of other applications  236  that may be stored in memory  202  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , and text input module  234 , contacts module  237  may be used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state  292  of contacts module  237  in memory  202  or memory  470 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  238 , video conference module  239 , e-mail  240 , or IM  241 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  208 , audio circuitry  210 , speaker  211 , microphone  213 , touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , and text input module  234 , telephone module  238  may be used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contacts module  237 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication may use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  208 , audio circuitry  210 , speaker  211 , microphone  213 , touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , optical sensor  264 , optical sensor controller  258 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , text input module  234 , contacts module  237 , and telephone module  238 , video conference module  239  includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  208 , touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , and text input module  234 , e-mail client module  240  includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module  244 , e-mail client module  240  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  243 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  208 , touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , and text input module  234 , the instant messaging module  241  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages may include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  208 , touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , text input module  234 , GPS module  235 , map module  254 , and music player module, workout support module  242  includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , optical sensor(s)  264 , optical sensor controller  258 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , and image management module  244 , camera module  243  includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  202 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory  202 . 
     In conjunction with touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , text input module  234 , and camera module  243 , image management module  244  includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  208 , touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , and text input module  234 , browser module  247  includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  208 , touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , text input module  234 , e-mail client module  240 , and browser module  247 , calendar module  248  includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  208 , touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , text input module  234 , and browser module  247 , widget modules  249  are mini-applications that may be downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  249 - 1 , stocks widget  249 - 2 , calculator widget  249 - 3 , alarm clock widget  249 - 4 , and dictionary widget  249 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  249 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  208 , touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , text input module  234 , and browser module  247 , the widget creator module  250  may be used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , and text input module  234 , search module  251  includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  202  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , audio circuitry  210 , speaker  211 , RF circuitry  208 , and browser module  247 , video and music player module  252  includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen  212  or on an external, connected display via external port  224 ). In some embodiments, device  200  optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , and text input module  234 , notes module  253  includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  208 , touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , text input module  234 , GPS module  235 , and browser module  247 , map module  254  may be used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  212 , display controller  256 , contact/motion module  230 , graphics module  232 , audio circuitry  210 , speaker  211 , RF circuitry  208 , text input module  234 , e-mail client module  240 , and browser module  247 , online video module  255  includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  224 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module  241 , rather than e-mail client module  240 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. Additional description of the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20, 2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     Each of the above-identified modules and applications corresponds to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module may be combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., video and music player module  252 ,  FIG.  2 A ). In some embodiments, memory  202  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  202  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  200  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  200 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  200  may be reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  200  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device  200 . In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
       FIG.  2 B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  202  ( FIG.  2 A ) or  470  ( FIG.  4   ) includes event sorter  270  (e.g., in operating system  226 ) and a respective application  236 - 1  (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications  237 - 251 ,  255 ,  480 - 490 ). 
     Event sorter  270  receives event information and determines the application  236 - 1  and application view  291  of application  236 - 1  to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter  270  includes event monitor  271  and event dispatcher module  274 . In some embodiments, application  236 - 1  includes application internal state  292 , which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display  212  when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state  257  is used by event sorter  270  to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state  292  is used by event sorter  270  to determine application views  291  to which to deliver event information. 
     In some embodiments, application internal state  292  includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application  236 - 1  resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application  236 - 1 , a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application  236 - 1 , and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user. 
     Event monitor  271  receives event information from peripherals interface  218 . Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display  212 , as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface  218  transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem  206  or a sensor, such as proximity sensor  266 , accelerometer(s)  268 , and/or microphone  213  (through audio circuitry  210 ). Information that peripherals interface  218  receives from I/O subsystem  206  includes information from touch-sensitive display  212  or a touch-sensitive surface. 
     In some embodiments, event monitor  271  sends requests to the peripherals interface  218  at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface  218  transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripherals interface  218  transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration). 
     In some embodiments, event sorter  270  also includes a hit view determination module  272  and/or an active event recognizer determination module  273 . 
     Hit view determination module  272  provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views when touch-sensitive display  212  displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display. 
     Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected may correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected may be called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs may be determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture. 
     Hit view determination module  272  receives information related to sub events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module  272  identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module  272 , the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view. 
     Active event recognizer determination module  273  determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  273  determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  273  determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views. 
     Event dispatcher module  274  dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer  280 ). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module  273 , event dispatcher module  274  delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module  273 . In some embodiments, event dispatcher module  274  stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver  282 . 
     In some embodiments, operating system  226  includes event sorter  270 . Alternatively, application  236 - 1  includes event sorter  270 . In yet other embodiments, event sorter  270  is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory  202 , such as contact/motion module  230 . 
     In some embodiments, application  236 - 1  includes a plurality of event handlers  290  and one or more application views  291 , each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application&#39;s user interface. Each application view  291  of the application  236 - 1  includes one or more event recognizers  280 . Typically, a respective application view  291  includes a plurality of event recognizers  280 . In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers  280  are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application  236 - 1  inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler  290  includes one or more of: data updater  276 , object updater  277 , GUI updater  278 , and/or event data  279  received from event sorter  270 . Event handler  290  may utilize or call data updater  276 , object updater  277 , or GUI updater  278  to update the application internal state  292 . Alternatively, one or more of the application views  291  include one or more respective event handlers  290 . Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater  276 , object updater  277 , and GUI updater  278  are included in a respective application view  291 . 
     A respective event recognizer  280  receives event information (e.g., event data  279 ) from event sorter  270  and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer  280  includes event receiver  282  and event comparator  284 . In some embodiments, event recognizer  280  also includes at least a subset of: metadata  283 , and event delivery instructions  288  (which may include sub-event delivery instructions). 
     Event receiver  282  receives event information from event sorter  270 . The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information may also include speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device. 
     Event comparator  284  compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator  284  includes event definitions  286 . Event definitions  286  contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event  1  ( 287 - 1 ), event  2  ( 287 - 2 ), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event ( 287 ) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event  1  ( 287 - 1 ) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event  2  ( 287 - 2 ) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display  212 , and liftoff of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers  290 . 
     In some embodiments, event definition  287  includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator  284  performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display  212 , when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display  212 , event comparator  284  performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler  290 , the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler  290  should be activated. For example, event comparator  284  selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test. 
     In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event ( 287 ) also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer&#39;s event type. 
     When a respective event recognizer  280  determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions  286 , the respective event recognizer  280  enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  280  includes metadata  283  with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata  283  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers may interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. In some embodiments, metadata  283  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  280  activates event handler  290  associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  280  delivers event information associated with the event to event handler  290 . Activating an event handler  290  is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer  280  throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler  290  associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process. 
     In some embodiments, event delivery instructions  288  include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process. 
     In some embodiments, data updater  276  creates and updates data used in application  236 - 1 . For example, data updater  276  updates the telephone number used in contacts module  237 , or stores a video file used in video player module. In some embodiments, object updater  277  creates and updates objects used in application  236 - 1 . For example, object updater  277  creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater  278  updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater  278  prepares display information and sends it to graphics module  232  for display on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In some embodiments, event handler(s)  290  includes or has access to data updater  276 , object updater  277 , and GUI updater  278 . In some embodiments, data updater  276 , object updater  277 , and GUI updater  278  are included in a single module of a respective application  236 - 1  or application view  291 . In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules. 
     It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices  200  with input devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc. on touchpads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates a portable multifunction device  200  having a touch screen  212  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  300 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  302  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  303  (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward), and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device  200 . In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap. 
     Device  200  may also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  304 . As described previously, menu button  304  may be used to navigate to any application  236  in a set of applications that may be executed on device  200 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen  212 . 
     In one embodiment, device  200  includes touch screen  212 , menu button  304 , push button  306  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  308 , subscriber identity module (SIM) card slot  310 , headset jack  312 , and docking/charging external port  224 . Push button  306  is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device  200  also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone  213 . Device  200  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors  265  for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen  212  and/or one or more tactile output generators  267  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  200 . 
       FIG.  4    is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device  400  need not be portable. In some embodiments, device  400  is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child&#39;s learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device  400  typically includes one or more processing units (CPUs)  410 , one or more network or other communications interfaces  460 , memory  470 , and one or more communication buses  420  for interconnecting these components. Communication buses  420  optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device  400  includes input/output (I/O) interface  430  comprising display  440 , which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface  430  also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)  450  and touchpad  455 , tactile output generator  457  for generating tactile outputs on device  400  (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s)  267  described above with reference to  FIG.  2 A ), sensors  459  (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s)  265  described above with reference to  FIG.  2 A ). Memory  470  includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory  470  optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s)  410 . In some embodiments, memory  470  stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory  202  of portable multifunction device  200  ( FIG.  2 A ), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory  470  optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory  202  of portable multifunction device  200 . For example, memory  470  of device  400  optionally stores drawing module  480 , presentation module  482 , word processing module  484 , website creation module  486 , disk authoring module  488 , and/or spreadsheet module  490 , while memory  202  of portable multifunction device  200  ( FIG.  2 A ) optionally does not store these modules. 
     Each of the above-identified elements in  FIG.  4    may be stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  470  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  470  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces that may be implemented on, for example, portable multifunction device  200 . 
       FIG.  5 A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device  200  in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces may be implemented on device  400 . In some embodiments, user interface  500  includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof: 
     Signal strength indicator(s)  502  for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;
         Time  504 ;   Bluetooth indicator  505 ;   Battery status indicator  506 ;   Tray  508  with icons for frequently used applications, such as:
           Icon  516  for telephone module  238 , labeled “Phone,” which optionally includes an indicator  514  of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages;   Icon  518  for e-mail client module  240 , labeled “Mail,” which optionally includes an indicator  510  of the number of unread e-mails;   Icon  520  for browser module  247 , labeled “Browser;” and   Icon  522  for video and music player module  252 , also referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module  252 , labeled “iPod;” and   
           Icons for other applications, such as:
           Icon  524  for IM module  241 , labeled “Messages;”   Icon  526  for calendar module  248 , labeled “Calendar;”   Icon  528  for image management module  244 , labeled “Photos;”   Icon  530  for camera module  243 , labeled “Camera;”   Icon  532  for online video module  255 , labeled “Online Video;”   Icon  534  for stocks widget  249 - 2 , labeled “Stocks;”   Icon  536  for map module  254 , labeled “Maps;”   Icon  538  for weather widget  249 - 1 , labeled “Weather;”   Icon  540  for alarm clock widget  249 - 4 , labeled “Clock;”   Icon  542  for workout support module  242 , labeled “Workout Support;”   Icon  544  for notes module  253 , labeled “Notes;” and   Icon  546  for a settings application or module, labeled “Settings,” which provides access to settings for device  200  and its various applications  236 .   
               

     It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in  FIG.  5 A  are merely exemplary. For example, icon  522  for video and music player module  252  may optionally be labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon. In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon. 
       FIG.  5 B  illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device  400 ,  FIG.  4   ) with a touch-sensitive surface  551  (e.g., a tablet or touchpad  455 ,  FIG.  4   ) that is separate from the display  550  (e.g., touch screen display  212 ). Device  400  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors  457 ) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface  551  and/or one or more tactile output generators  459  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  400 . 
     Although some of the examples which follow will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display  212  (where the touch-sensitive surface and the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in  FIG.  5 B . In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  551  in  FIG.  5 B ) has a primary axis (e.g.,  552  in  FIG.  5 B ) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g.,  553  in  FIG.  5 B ) on the display (e.g.,  550 ). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g.,  560  and  562  in  FIG.  5 B ) with the touch-sensitive surface  551  at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in  FIG.  5 B,  560    corresponds to  568  and  562  corresponds to  570 ). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts  560  and  562 , and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  551  in  FIG.  5 B ) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g.,  550  in  FIG.  5 B ) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein. 
     Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input). For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). As another example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously. 
       FIG.  6 A  illustrates exemplary personal electronic device  600 . Device  600  includes body  602 . In some embodiments, device  600  can include some or all of the features described with respect to devices  200  and  400  (e.g.,  FIGS.  2 A- 4 B ). In some embodiments, device  600  has touch-sensitive display screen  604 , hereafter touch screen  604 . Alternatively, or in addition to touch screen  604 , device  600  has a display and a touch-sensitive surface. As with devices  200  and  400 , in some embodiments, touch screen  604  (or the touch-sensitive surface) may have one or more intensity sensors for detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied. The one or more intensity sensors of touch screen  604  (or the touch-sensitive surface) can provide output data that represents the intensity of touches. The user interface of device  600  can respond to touches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of different intensities can invoke different user interface operations on device  600 . 
     Techniques for detecting and processing touch intensity may be found, for example, in related applications: International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/040061, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to an Application,” filed May 8, 2013, and International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/069483, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display Output Relationships,” filed Nov. 11, 2013, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     In some embodiments, device  600  has one or more input mechanisms  606  and  608 . Input mechanisms  606  and  608 , if included, can be physical. Examples of physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatable mechanisms. In some embodiments, device  600  has one or more attachment mechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permit attachment of device  600  with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings, necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers, belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachment mechanisms may permit device  600  to be worn by a user. 
       FIG.  6 B  depicts exemplary personal electronic device  600 . In some embodiments, device  600  can include some or all of the components described with respect to  FIGS.  2 A,  2 B , and  4 . Device  600  has bus  612  that operatively couples I/O section  614  with one or more computer processors  616  and memory  618 . I/O section  614  can be connected to display  604 , which can have touch-sensitive component  622  and, optionally, touch-intensity sensitive component  624 . In addition, I/O section  614  can be connected with communication unit  630  for receiving application and operating system data, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular, and/or other wireless communication techniques. Device  600  can include input mechanisms  606  and/or  608 . Input mechanism  606  may be a rotatable input device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example. Input mechanism  608  may be a button, in some examples. 
     Input mechanism  608  may be a microphone, in some examples. Personal electronic device  600  can include various sensors, such as GPS sensor  632 , accelerometer  634 , directional sensor  640  (e.g., compass), gyroscope  636 , motion sensor  638 , and/or a combination thereof, all of which can be operatively connected to I/O section  614 . 
     Memory  618  of personal electronic device  600  can be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors  616 , for example, can cause the computer processors to perform the techniques and processes described below. The computer-executable instructions can also be stored and/or transported within any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. For purposes of this document, a “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” can be any medium that can tangibly contain or store computer-executable instructions for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, magnetic, optical, and/or semiconductor storages. Examples of such storage include magnetic disks, optical discs based on CD, DVD, or Blu-ray technologies, as well as persistent solid-state memory such as flash, solid-state drives, and the like. Personal electronic device  600  is not limited to the components and configuration of  FIG.  6 B , but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations. 
     As used here, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object that may be displayed on the display screen of devices  200 ,  400 , and/or  600  ( FIGS.  2 ,  4 , and  6   ). For example, an image (e.g., icon), a button, and text (e.g., hyperlink) may each constitute an affordance. 
     As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting. In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad  455  in  FIG.  4    or touch-sensitive surface  551  in  FIG.  5 B ) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations that include a touch screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  212  in  FIG.  2 A  or touch screen  212  in  FIG.  5 A ) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch screen display, a detected contact on the touch screen acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations, focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface. Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user&#39;s intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact). For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device). 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “characteristic intensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact based on one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. The characteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number of intensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during a predetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting the contact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or after detecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an end of the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity of the contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact). A characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionally based on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of the contact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an average value of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value of the intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of the intensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of the intensities of the contact, or the like. In some embodiments, the duration of the contact is used in determining the characteristic intensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of the intensity of the contact over time). In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user. For example, the set of one or more intensity thresholds may include a first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold. In this example, a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceed the first threshold results in a first operation, a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold and does not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a second operation, and a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the second threshold results in a third operation. In some embodiments, a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or more thresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or more operations (e.g., whether to perform a respective operation or forgo performing the respective operation) rather than being used to determine whether to perform a first operation or a second operation. 
     In some embodiments, a portion of a gesture is identified for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. For example, a touch-sensitive surface may receive a continuous swipe contact transitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, at which point the intensity of the contact increases. In this example, the characteristic intensity of the contact at the end location may be based on only a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipe contact (e.g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the end location). In some embodiments, a smoothing algorithm may be applied to the intensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristic intensity of the contact. For example, the smoothing algorithm optionally includes one or more of: an unweighted sliding-average smoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filter smoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm. In some circumstances, these smoothing algorithms eliminate narrow spikes or dips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. 
     The intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface may be characterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as a contact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensity threshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more other intensity thresholds. In some embodiments, the light press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, the deep press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations that are different from operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordance with movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface without performing an operation associated with the light press intensity threshold or the deep press intensity threshold. Generally, unless otherwise stated, these intensity thresholds are consistent between different sets of user interface figures. 
     An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between the light press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “light press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deep press intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between the contact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on the touch-surface. A decrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is greater than zero. 
     In some embodiments described herein, one or more operations are performed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respective press input or in response to detecting the respective press input performed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), where the respective press input is detected based at least in part on detecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality of contacts) above a press-input intensity threshold. In some embodiments, the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective press input). In some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). 
     In some embodiments, the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoid accidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines or selects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationship to the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold). Thus, in some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). Similarly, in some embodiments, the press input is detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of the contact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and, optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g., the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity of the contact, depending on the circumstances). 
     For ease of explanation, the descriptions of operations performed in response to a press input associated with a press-input intensity threshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are, optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase in intensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, an increase in intensity of a contact from an intensity below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-input intensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to the press-input intensity threshold. Additionally, in examples where an operation is described as being performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of a contact below the press-input intensity threshold, the operation is, optionally, performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-input intensity threshold. 
     3. Digital Assistant System 
       FIG.  7 A  illustrates a block diagram of digital assistant system  700  in accordance with various examples. In some examples, digital assistant system  700  can be implemented on a standalone computer system. In some examples, digital assistant system  700  can be distributed across multiple computers. In some examples, some of the modules and functions of the digital assistant can be divided into a server portion and a client portion, where the client portion resides on one or more user devices (e.g., devices  104 ,  122 ,  200 ,  400 , or  600 ) and communicates with the server portion (e.g., server system  108 ) through one or more networks, e.g., as shown in  FIG.  1   . In some examples, digital assistant system  700  can be an implementation of server system  108  (and/or DA server  106 ) shown in  FIG.  1   . It should be noted that digital assistant system  700  is only one example of a digital assistant system, and that digital assistant system  700  can have more or fewer components than shown, may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG.  7 A  can be implemented in hardware, software instructions for execution by one or more processors, firmware, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits, or a combination thereof. 
     Digital assistant system  700  can include memory  702 , one or more processors  704 , input/output (I/O) interface  706 , and network communications interface  708 . These components can communicate with one another over one or more communication buses or signal lines  710 . 
     In some examples, memory  702  can include a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as high-speed random access memory and/or a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium (e.g., one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices). 
     In some examples, I/O interface  706  can couple input/output devices  716  of digital assistant system  700 , such as displays, keyboards, touch screens, and microphones, to user interface module  722 . I/O interface  706 , in conjunction with user interface module  722 , can receive user inputs (e.g., voice input, keyboard inputs, touch inputs, etc.) and processes them accordingly. In some examples, e.g., when the digital assistant is implemented on a standalone user device, digital assistant system  700  can include any of the components and I/O communication interfaces described with respect to devices  200 ,  400 , or  600  in  FIGS.  2 A,  4 ,  6 A -B, respectively. In some examples, digital assistant system  700  can represent the server portion of a digital assistant implementation, and can interact with the user through a client-side portion residing on a user device (e.g., devices  104 ,  200 ,  400 , or  600 ). 
     In some examples, the network communications interface  708  can include wired communication port(s)  712  and/or wireless transmission and reception circuitry  714 . The wired communication port(s) can receive and send communication signals via one or more wired interfaces, e.g., Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc. The wireless circuitry  714  can receive and send RF signals and/or optical signals from/to communications networks and other communications devices. The wireless communications can use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, such as GSM, EDGE, CDMA, TDMA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, VoIP, Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communication protocol. Network communications interface  708  can enable communication between digital assistant system  700  with networks, such as the Internet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices. 
     In some examples, memory  702 , or the computer-readable storage media of memory  702 , can store programs, modules, instructions, and data structures including all or a subset of: operating system  718 , communications module  720 , user interface module  722 , one or more applications  724 , and digital assistant module  726 . In particular, memory  702 , or the computer-readable storage media of memory  702 , can store instructions for performing the processes described below. One or more processors  704  can execute these programs, modules, and instructions, and reads/writes from/to the data structures. 
     Operating system  718  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, iOS, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) can include various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communications between various hardware, firmware, and software components. 
     Communications module  720  can facilitate communications between digital assistant system  700  with other devices over network communications interface  708 . For example, communications module  720  can communicate with RF circuitry  208  of electronic devices such as devices  200 ,  400 , and  600  shown in  FIG.  2 A,  4 ,  6 A -B, respectively. Communications module  720  can also include various components for handling data received by wireless circuitry  714  and/or wired communications port  712 . 
     User interface module  722  can receive commands and/or inputs from a user via I/O interface  706  (e.g., from a keyboard, touch screen, pointing device, controller, and/or microphone), and generate user interface objects on a display. User interface module  722  can also prepare and deliver outputs (e.g., speech, sound, animation, text, icons, vibrations, haptic feedback, light, etc.) to the user via the I/O interface  706  (e.g., through displays, audio channels, speakers, touch-pads, etc.). 
     Applications  724  can include programs and/or modules that are configured to be executed by one or more processors  704 . For example, if the digital assistant system is implemented on a standalone user device, applications  724  can include user applications, such as games, a calendar application, a navigation application, or an email application. If digital assistant system  700  is implemented on a server, applications  724  can include resource management applications, diagnostic applications, or scheduling applications, for example. 
     Memory  702  can also store digital assistant module  726  (or the server portion of a digital assistant). In some examples, digital assistant module  726  can include the following sub-modules, or a subset or superset thereof: input/output processing module  728 , speech-to-text (STT) processing module  730 , natural language processing module  732 , dialogue flow processing module  734 , task flow processing module  736 , service processing module  738 , and speech synthesis module  740 . Each of these modules can have access to one or more of the following systems or data and models of the digital assistant module  726 , or a subset or superset thereof: ontology  760 , vocabulary index  744 , user data  748 , task flow models  754 , service models  756 , and ASR systems. 
     In some examples, using the processing modules, data, and models implemented in digital assistant module  726 , the digital assistant can perform at least some of the following: converting speech input into text; identifying a user&#39;s intent expressed in a natural language input received from the user; actively eliciting and obtaining information needed to fully infer the user&#39;s intent (e.g., by disambiguating words, games, intentions, etc.); determining the task flow for fulfilling the inferred intent; and executing the task flow to fulfill the inferred intent. 
     In some examples, as shown in  FIG.  7 B , I/O processing module  728  can interact with the user through I/O devices  716  in  FIG.  7 A  or with a user device (e.g., devices  104 ,  200 ,  400 , or  600 ) through network communications interface  708  in  FIG.  7 A  to obtain user input (e.g., a speech input) and to provide responses (e.g., as speech outputs) to the user input. I/O processing module  728  can optionally obtain contextual information associated with the user input from the user device, along with or shortly after the receipt of the user input. The contextual information can include user-specific data, vocabulary, and/or preferences relevant to the user input. In some examples, the contextual information also includes software and hardware states of the user device at the time the user request is received, and/or information related to the surrounding environment of the user at the time that the user request was received. In some examples, I/O processing module  728  can also send follow-up questions to, and receive answers from, the user regarding the user request. When a user request is received by I/O processing module  728  and the user request can include speech input, I/O processing module  728  can forward the speech input to STT processing module  730  (or speech recognizer) for speech-to-text conversions. 
     STT processing module  730  can include one or more ASR systems. The one or more ASR systems can process the speech input that is received through I/O processing module  728  to produce a recognition result. Each ASR system can include a front-end speech pre-processor. The front-end speech pre-processor can extract representative features from the speech input. For example, the front-end speech pre-processor can perform a Fourier transform on the speech input to extract spectral features that characterize the speech input as a sequence of representative multi-dimensional vectors. Further, each ASR system can include one or more speech recognition models (e.g., acoustic models and/or language models) and can implement one or more speech recognition engines. Examples of speech recognition models can include Hidden Markov Models, Gaussian-Mixture Models, Deep Neural Network Models, n-gram language models, and other statistical models. Examples of speech recognition engines can include the dynamic time warping based engines and weighted finite-state transducers (WFST) based engines. The one or more speech recognition models and the one or more speech recognition engines can be used to process the extracted representative features of the front-end speech pre-processor to produce intermediate recognitions results (e.g., phonemes, phonemic strings, and sub-words), and ultimately, text recognition results (e.g., words, word strings, or sequence of tokens). In some examples, the speech input can be processed at least partially by a third-party service or on the user&#39;s device (e.g., device  104 ,  200 ,  400 , or  600 ) to produce the recognition result. Once STT processing module  730  produces recognition results containing a text string (e.g., words, or sequence of words, or sequence of tokens), the recognition result can be passed to natural language processing module  732  for intent deduction. 
     More details on the speech-to-text processing are described in U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 13/236,942 for “Consolidating Speech Recognition Results,” filed on Sep. 20, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In some examples, STT processing module  730  can include and/or access a vocabulary of recognizable words via phonetic alphabet conversion module  731 . Each vocabulary word can be associated with one or more candidate pronunciations of the word represented in a speech recognition phonetic alphabet. In particular, the vocabulary of recognizable words can include a word that is associated with a plurality of candidate pronunciations. For example, the vocabulary may include the word “tomato” that is associated with the candidate pronunciations of   and  . Further, vocabulary words can be associated with custom candidate pronunciations that are based on previous speech inputs from the user. Such custom candidate pronunciations can be stored in STT processing module  730  and can be associated with a particular user via the user&#39;s profile on the device. In some examples, the candidate pronunciations for words can be determined based on the spelling of the word and one or more linguistic and/or phonetic rules. In some examples, the candidate pronunciations can be manually generated, e.g., based on known canonical pronunciations. 
     In some examples, the candidate pronunciations can be ranked based on the commonness of the candidate pronunciation. For example, the candidate pronunciation   can be ranked higher than  , because the former is a more commonly used pronunciation (e.g., among all users, for users in a particular geographical region, or for any other appropriate subset of users). In some examples, candidate pronunciations can be ranked based on whether the candidate pronunciation is a custom candidate pronunciation associated with the user. For example, custom candidate pronunciations can be ranked higher than canonical candidate pronunciations. This can be useful for recognizing proper nouns having a unique pronunciation that deviates from canonical pronunciation. In some examples, candidate pronunciations can be associated with one or more speech characteristics, such as geographic origin, nationality, or ethnicity. For example, the candidate pronunciation   can be associated with the United States, whereas the candidate pronunciation   can be associated with Great Britain. Further, the rank of the candidate pronunciation can be based on one or more characteristics (e.g., geographic origin, nationality, ethnicity, etc.) of the user stored in the user&#39;s profile on the device. For example, it can be determined from the user&#39;s profile that the user is associated with the United States. Based on the user being associated with the United States, the candidate pronunciation   (associated with the United States) can be ranked higher than the candidate pronunciation   (associated with Great Britain). In some examples, one of the ranked candidate pronunciations can be selected as a predicted pronunciation (e.g., the most likely pronunciation). 
     When a speech input is received, STT processing module  730  can be used to determine the phonemes corresponding to the speech input (e.g., using an acoustic model), and then attempt to determine words that match the phonemes (e.g., using a language model). For example, if STT processing module  730  can first identify the sequence of phonemes   corresponding to a portion of the speech input, it can then determine, based on vocabulary index  744 , that this sequence corresponds to the word “tomato.” 
     In some examples, STT processing module  730  can use approximate matching techniques to determine words in an utterance. Thus, for example, the STT processing module  730  can determine that the sequence of phonemes   corresponds to the word “tomato,” even if that particular sequence of phonemes is not one of the candidate sequence of phonemes for that word. 
     Natural language processing module  732  (“natural language processor”) of the digital assistant can take the sequence of words or tokens (“token sequence”) generated by STT processing module  730 , and attempt to associate the token sequence with one or more “actionable intents” recognized by the digital assistant. An “actionable intent” can represent a task that can be performed by the digital assistant, and can have an associated task flow implemented in task flow models  754 . The associated task flow can be a series of programmed actions and steps that the digital assistant takes in order to perform the task. The scope of a digital assistant&#39;s capabilities can be dependent on the number and variety of task flows that have been implemented and stored in task flow models  754 , or in other words, on the number and variety of “actionable intents” that the digital assistant recognizes. The effectiveness of the digital assistant, however, can also be dependent on the assistant&#39;s ability to infer the correct “actionable intent(s)” from the user request expressed in natural language. 
     In some examples, in addition to the sequence of words or tokens obtained from STT processing module  730 , natural language processing module  732  can also receive contextual information associated with the user request, e.g., from I/O processing module  728 . The natural language processing module  732  can optionally use the contextual information to clarify, supplement, and/or further define the information contained in the token sequence received from STT processing module  730 . The contextual information can include, for example, user preferences, hardware, and/or software states of the user device, sensor information collected before, during, or shortly after the user request, prior interactions (e.g., dialogue) between the digital assistant and the user, and the like. As described herein, contextual information can be dynamic, and can change with time, location, content of the dialogue, and other factors. 
     In some examples, the natural language processing can be based on, e.g., ontology  760 . Ontology  760  can be a hierarchical structure containing many nodes, each node representing either an “actionable intent” or a “property” relevant to one or more of the “actionable intents” or other “properties.” As noted above, an “actionable intent” can represent a task that the digital assistant is capable of performing, i.e., it is “actionable” or can be acted on. A “property” can represent a parameter associated with an actionable intent or a sub-aspect of another property. A linkage between an actionable intent node and a property node in ontology  760  can define how a parameter represented by the property node pertains to the task represented by the actionable intent node. 
     In some examples, ontology  760  can be made up of actionable intent nodes and property nodes. Within ontology  760 , each actionable intent node can be linked to one or more property nodes either directly or through one or more intermediate property nodes. Similarly, each property node can be linked to one or more actionable intent nodes either directly or through one or more intermediate property nodes. For example, as shown in  FIG.  7 C , ontology  760  can include a “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., an actionable intent node). Property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time” (for the reservation), and “party size” can each be directly linked to the actionable intent node (i.e., the “restaurant reservation” node). 
     In addition, property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location” can be sub-nodes of the property node “restaurant,” and can each be linked to the “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., the actionable intent node) through the intermediate property node “restaurant.” For another example, as shown in  FIG.  7 C , ontology  760  can also include a “set reminder” node (i.e., another actionable intent node). Property nodes “date/time” (for setting the reminder) and “subject” (for the reminder) can each be linked to the “set reminder” node. Since the property “date/time” can be relevant to both the task of making a restaurant reservation and the task of setting a reminder, the property node “date/time” can be linked to both the “restaurant reservation” node and the “set reminder” node in ontology  760 . 
     An actionable intent node, along with its linked concept nodes, can be described as a “domain.” In the present discussion, each domain can be associated with a respective actionable intent, and refers to the group of nodes (and the relationships there between) associated with the particular actionable intent. For example, ontology  760  shown in  FIG.  7 C  can include an example of restaurant reservation domain  762  and an example of reminder domain  764  within ontology  760 . The restaurant reservation domain includes the actionable intent node “restaurant reservation,” property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time,” and “party size,” and sub-property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location.” Reminder domain  764  can include the actionable intent node “set reminder,” and property nodes “subject” and “date/time.” In some examples, ontology  760  can be made up of many domains. Each domain can share one or more property nodes with one or more other domains. For example, the “date/time” property node can be associated with many different domains (e.g., a scheduling domain, a travel reservation domain, a movie ticket domain, etc.), in addition to restaurant reservation domain  762  and reminder domain  764 . 
     While  FIG.  7 C  illustrates two example domains within ontology  760 , other domains can include, for example, “find a movie,” “initiate a phone call,” “find directions,” “schedule a meeting,” “send a message,” and “provide an answer to a question,” “read a list,” “providing navigation instructions,” “provide instructions for a task” and so on. A “send a message” domain can be associated with a “send a message” actionable intent node, and may further include property nodes such as “recipient(s),” “message type,” and “message body.” The property node “recipient” can be further defined, for example, by the sub-property nodes such as “recipient name” and “message address.” 
     In some examples, ontology  760  can include all the domains (and hence actionable intents) that the digital assistant is capable of understanding and acting upon. In some examples, ontology  760  can be modified, such as by adding or removing entire domains or nodes, or by modifying relationships between the nodes within the ontology  760 . 
     In some examples, nodes associated with multiple related actionable intents can be clustered under a “super domain” in ontology  760 . For example, a “travel” super-domain can include a cluster of property nodes and actionable intent nodes related to travel. The actionable intent nodes related to travel can include “airline reservation,” “hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” “find points of interest,” and so on. The actionable intent nodes under the same super domain (e.g., the “travel” super domain) can have many property nodes in common. For example, the actionable intent nodes for “airline reservation,” “hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” and “find points of interest” can share one or more of the property nodes “start location,” “destination,” “departure date/time,” “arrival date/time,” and “party size.” 
     In some examples, each node in ontology  760  can be associated with a set of words and/or phrases that are relevant to the property or actionable intent represented by the node. The respective set of words and/or phrases associated with each node can be the so-called “vocabulary” associated with the node. The respective set of words and/or phrases associated with each node can be stored in vocabulary index  744  in association with the property or actionable intent represented by the node. For example, returning to  FIG.  7 B , the vocabulary associated with the node for the property of “restaurant” can include words such as “food,” “drinks,” “cuisine,” “hungry,” “eat,” “pizza,” “fast food,” “meal,” and soon. For another example, the vocabulary associated with the node for the actionable intent of “initiate a phone call” can include words and phrases such as “call,” “phone,” “dial,” “ring,” “call this number,” “make a call to,” and so on. The vocabulary index  744  can optionally include words and phrases in different languages. 
     Natural language processing module  732  can receive the token sequence (e.g., a text string) from STT processing module  730 , and determine what nodes are implicated by the words in the token sequence. In some examples, if a word or phrase in the token sequence is found to be associated with one or more nodes in ontology  760  (via vocabulary index  744 ), the word or phrase can “trigger” or “activate” those nodes. Based on the quantity and/or relative importance of the activated nodes, natural language processing module  732  can select one of the actionable intents as the task that the user intended the digital assistant to perform. In some examples, the domain that has the most “triggered” nodes can be selected. In some examples, the domain having the highest confidence value (e.g., based on the relative importance of its various triggered nodes) can be selected. In some examples, the domain can be selected based on a combination of the number and the importance of the triggered nodes. In some examples, additional factors are considered in selecting the node as well, such as whether the digital assistant has previously correctly interpreted a similar request from a user. 
     User data  748  can include user-specific information, such as user-specific vocabulary, user preferences, user address, user&#39;s default and secondary languages, user&#39;s contact list, and other short-term or long-term information for each user. In some examples, natural language processing module  732  can use the user-specific information to supplement the information contained in the user input to further define the user intent. For example, for a user request “invite my friends to my birthday party,” natural language processing module  732  can be able to access user data  748  to determine who the “friends” are and when and where the “birthday party” would be held, rather than requiring the user to provide such information explicitly in his/her request. 
     Other details of searching an ontology based on a token string is described in U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/341,743 for “Method and Apparatus for Searching Using An Active Ontology,” filed Dec. 22, 2008, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In some examples, once natural language processing module  732  identifies an actionable intent (or domain) based on the user request, natural language processing module  732  can generate a structured query to represent the identified actionable intent. In some examples, the structured query can include parameters for one or more nodes within the domain for the actionable intent, and at least some of the parameters are populated with the specific information and requirements specified in the user request. For example, the user may say “Make me a dinner reservation at a sushi place at  7 .” In this case, natural language processing module  732  can be able to correctly identify the actionable intent to be “restaurant reservation” based on the user input. According to the ontology, a structured query for a “restaurant reservation” domain may include parameters such as {Cuisine}, {Time}, {Date}, {Party Size}, and the like. In some examples, based on the speech input and the text derived from the speech input using STT processing module  730 , natural language processing module  732  can generate a partial structured query for the restaurant reservation domain, where the partial structured query includes the parameters {Cuisine=“Sushi”} and {Time=“7 pm”}. However, in this example, the user&#39;s utterance contains insufficient information to complete the structured query associated with the domain. Therefore, other necessary parameters such as {Party Size} and {Date} may not be specified in the structured query based on the information currently available. In some examples, natural language processing module  732  can populate some parameters of the structured query with received contextual information. For example, in some examples, if the user requested a sushi restaurant “near me,” natural language processing module  732  can populate a (location) parameter in the structured query with GPS coordinates from the user device. 
     In some examples, natural language processing module  732  can pass the generated structured query (including any completed parameters) to task flow processing module  736  (“task flow processor”). Task flow processing module  736  can be configured to receive the structured query from natural language processing module  732 , complete the structured query, if necessary, and perform the actions required to “complete” the user&#39;s ultimate request. In some examples, the various procedures necessary to complete these tasks can be provided in task flow models  754 . In some examples, task flow models  754  can include procedures for obtaining additional information from the user and task flows for performing actions associated with the actionable intent. 
     As described above, in order to complete a structured query, task flow processing module  736  may need to initiate additional dialogue with the user in order to obtain additional information, and/or disambiguate potentially ambiguous utterances. When such interactions are necessary, task flow processing module  736  can invoke dialogue flow processing module  734  to engage in a dialogue with the user. In some examples, dialogue flow processing module  734  can determine how (and/or when) to ask the user for the additional information and receives and processes the user responses. The questions can be provided to and answers can be received from the users through I/O processing module  728 . In some examples, dialogue flow processing module  734  can present dialogue output to the user via audio and/or visual output, and receives input from the user via spoken or physical (e.g., clicking) responses. Continuing with the example above, when task flow processing module  736  invokes dialogue flow processing module  734  to determine the “party size” and “date” information for the structured query associated with the domain “restaurant reservation,” dialogue flow processing module  734  can generate questions such as “For how many people?” and “On which day?” to pass to the user. Once answers are received from the user, dialogue flow processing module  734  can then populate the structured query with the missing information, or pass the information to task flow processing module  736  to complete the missing information from the structured query. 
     Once task flow processing module  736  has completed the structured query for an actionable intent, task flow processing module  736  can proceed to perform the ultimate task associated with the actionable intent. Accordingly, task flow processing module  736  can execute the steps and instructions in the task flow model according to the specific parameters contained in the structured query. For example, the task flow model for the actionable intent of “restaurant reservation” can include steps and instructions for contacting a restaurant and actually requesting a reservation for a particular party size at a particular time. For example, using a structured query such as: {restaurant reservation, restaurant=ABC Café, date=Mar. 12, 2012, time=7 pm, party size=5}, task flow processing module  736  can perform the steps of: (1) logging onto a server of the ABC Café or a restaurant reservation system such as OPENTABLE®, (2) entering the date, time, and party size information in a form on the website, (3) submitting the form, and (4) making a calendar entry for the reservation in the user&#39;s calendar. 
     In some examples, task flow processing module  736  can employ the assistance of service processing module  738  (“service processing module”) to complete a task requested in the user input or to provide an informational answer requested in the user input. For example, service processing module  738  can act on behalf of task flow processing module  736  to make a phone call, set a calendar entry, invoke a map search, invoke or interact with other user applications installed on the user device, and invoke or interact with third-party services (e.g., a restaurant reservation portal, a social networking website, a banking portal, etc.). In some examples, the protocols and application programming interfaces (API) required by each service can be specified by a respective service model among service models  756 . Service processing module  738  can access the appropriate service model for a service and generate requests for the service in accordance with the protocols and APIs required by the service according to the service model. 
     For example, if a restaurant has enabled an online reservation service, the restaurant can submit a service model specifying the necessary parameters for making a reservation and the APIs for communicating the values of the necessary parameter to the online reservation service. When requested by task flow processing module  736 , service processing module  738  can establish a network connection with the online reservation service using the web address stored in the service model, and send the necessary parameters of the reservation (e.g., time, date, party size) to the online reservation interface in a format according to the API of the online reservation service. 
     In some examples, natural language processing module  732 , dialogue flow processing module  734 , and task flow processing module  736  can be used collectively and iteratively to infer and define the user&#39;s intent, obtain information to further clarify and refine the user intent, and finally generate a response (i.e., an output to the user, or the completion of a task) to fulfill the user&#39;s intent. The generated response can be a dialogue response to the speech input that at least partially fulfills the user&#39;s intent. Further, in some examples, the generated response can be output as a speech output. In these examples, the generated response can be sent to speech synthesis module  740  (e.g., speech synthesizer) where it can be processed to synthesize the dialogue response in speech form. In yet other examples, the generated response can be data content relevant to satisfying a user request in the speech input. 
     Speech synthesis module  740  can be configured to synthesize speech outputs for presentation to the user. Speech synthesis module  740  synthesizes speech outputs based on text provided by the digital assistant. For example, the generated dialogue response can be in the form of a text string. Speech synthesis module  740  can convert the text string to an audible speech output. Speech synthesis module  740  can use any appropriate speech synthesis technique in order to generate speech outputs from text, including, but not limited, to concatenative synthesis, unit selection synthesis, diphone synthesis, domain-specific synthesis, formant synthesis, articulatory synthesis, hidden Markov model (HMM) based synthesis, and sinewave synthesis. In some examples, speech synthesis module  740  can be configured to synthesize individual words based on phonemic strings corresponding to the words. For example, a phonemic string can be associated with a word in the generated dialogue response. The phonemic string can be stored in metadata associated with the word. Speech synthesis model  740  can be configured to directly process the phonemic string in the metadata to synthesize the word in speech form. 
     In some examples, instead of (or in addition to) using speech synthesis module  740 , speech synthesis can be performed on a remote device (e.g., the server system  108 ), and the synthesized speech can be sent to the user device for output to the user. For example, this can occur in some implementations where outputs for a digital assistant are generated at a server system. And because server systems generally have more processing power or resources than a user device, it can be possible to obtain higher quality speech outputs than would be practical with client-side synthesis. 
     Additional details on digital assistants can be found in the U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982, entitled “Intelligent Automated Assistant,” filed Jan. 10, 2011, and U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 13/251,088, entitled “Generating and Processing Task Items That Represent Tasks to Perform,” filed Sep. 30, 2011, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     4. Processes for Proactive Assistance Based on Dialog Communication Between Devices 
       FIGS.  8 A-B  illustrate process  800  for proactive assistance based on dialog communication between devices according to various examples.  FIGS.  9 A-D  illustrate exemplary user interfaces of an electronic device for proactive assistance based on dialog communication between devices according to various examples. Process  800  can be performed using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant. In some examples, process  800  can be performed at a client-server system (e.g., system  100 ) implementing a digital assistant. In some examples, process  800  can be performed at an electronic device (e.g., device  104 ,  200 ,  400 , or  600 ). In process  800 , some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order of some blocks are, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally, omitted. 
     At block  802 , dialog communication can be established with a second electronic device. The dialog communication can include any form of dialog (e.g., voice, text, sign language, etc.) that is exchanged (e.g., transmitted or received) between a user of the electronic device and a user of the second electronic device. The second electronic device can be similar or identical to devices  104 ,  200 ,  400 , or  600 , described above. In some examples, the second electronic device can be a landline telephone device, a mobile telephone device, a VoIP device, a videotelephony device, a server, or a device associated with an automated answering service. 
     In some examples, establishing dialog communication can include establishing voice communication. Voice communication can be established, for example, by establishing a telephone call, a voice over internet protocol (VoIP) call, a videotelephony call (e.g., Skype call, Facetime call, etc.), or the like. In other examples, establishing dialog communication can include establishing text communication between the electronic device and the second electronic device. For example, establishing text communication can include establishing a text message conversation, an instant messaging or chat session, an email thread, a message board thread, or the like. One or more of blocks  804 - 816 , described below, can be performed while dialog communication is established between the electronic device and the second electronic device (e.g., during the telephone call or instant messaging session). Further, one or more of blocks  804 - 816  can be performed after ending dialog communication between the electronic device and the second electronic device (e.g., after hanging up the telephone call or after the instant messaging session is over). 
     At block  804 , dialog can be received. In some examples, the dialog can include a stream of audio data. In other examples, the dialog can include text data. The dialog can be associated with the second electronic device or with a user of the second electronic device. Further, in some examples, the dialog can be associated with the electronic device or with a user of the electronic device. The dialog can include speech or text data addressed to the user of the electronic device or to the user of the second electronic device. However, the dialog may not include speech or text addressed to the digital assistant of the electronic device. In examples where the dialog includes a stream of audio data, the stream of audio data can include speech received via the second electronic device from a user of the second electronic device. Additionally or alternatively, the stream of audio data can include speech received at the electronic device (e.g., via microphone  213 ) from the user of the electronic device. In some examples, the stream of audio data can include previously recorded speech or synthesized speech (e.g., voicemail prompt or automated answering service, automated voice response menu, etc.) associated with the second electronic device. In particular, the record speech or synthesized speech can be played, generated, or transmitted by the second electronic device. 
     At block  806 , at least a portion of the dialog received at block  804  can be stored. In particular, the dialog can be stored in a buffer or memory of the electronic device. In examples where the dialog includes a stream of audio data, the stream of audio data can be stored in a continuous buffer (e.g., memory  202  or  470 ) of the electronic device or in the memory of a remote server. In these examples, the stream of audio data can be continuously stored without deleting any portion of the stream of audio data from the memory prior to ending the voice communication between the electronic device and the second electronic device. Alternatively, at least a portion of the stream of audio data can be stored in a circular buffer (e.g., buffer of audio circuitry  210 ) of the electronic device. The circular buffer can be a first-in first-out (FIFO) buffer that continually overwrites its contents. In particular, the most recently received frame of audio data can continually overwrite the oldest stored frame of audio data. The circular buffer may be of any size. For example, the circular buffer can be configured to store the most recent N seconds of the stream of audio data, where N is a predetermined number (e.g., 10 or 20). Further, it should be recognized that in some examples, the circular buffer can be implemented using the processor of the electronic device (e.g., processor(s)  220 ), the memory of the electronic device (e.g., memory  202 ) and an audio processing program stored in the memory and executed by the processor. In particular, the audio processing program can include instructions for storing only the most recent N seconds of the stream of audio data in the memory and continually overwriting the older frames of audio data in the memory. Storing only the most recent N seconds of the stream of audio data can be desirable to reduce privacy concerns. In particular, because only a small interval of the audio data is stored at any given time, the user&#39;s exposure in the event of any unauthorized distribution of the dialog can be minimized. Further, storing only the most recent N seconds rather than the entire stream of audio data can require fewer computing resources and can thus improve battery life of the electronic device. 
     At block  808 , a user input can be detected. The user input can correspond to an action indicating that the user intends to perform a task on the electronic device related to the dialog. The user input can be any input initiated by the user and can correspond to a predetermined trigger condition for causing block  810 ,  812 , or  814  to be automatically performed (e.g., without additional user intervention). In some examples, the user input can be detected by a physical sensor (e.g., accelerometer  268 , microphone  213 , touch sensitive display system  212 , optical sensor  264 , contact intensity sensor  265 , etc.) of the electronic device. 
     In one example, the user input can be detected by a proximity sensor (e.g., optical sensor  264 ) of the electronic device. In particular, the user input can correspond to a user moving the electronic device (e.g., mobile phone) away from the user&#39;s face to look at the display of the electronic device. This can be desirable during telephone calls (e.g., voice dialog) when the electronic device is positioned proximate to the user&#39;s face. In this example, the proximity sensor may be initially positioned less than a threshold distance from a surface (e.g., the user&#39;s face), and the user input can include changing a position of the electronic device such that the proximity sensor is positioned greater than the threshold distance from the surface (e.g., moving the electronic device away from the user&#39;s face). Thus, in this example, detecting the user input can include detecting the movement of the electronic device away from a surface by the proximity sensor of the electronic device. 
     In another example, the user input can be detected by an accelerometer (e.g., accelerometer  268 ) of the electronic device. In this example, the user input can include positioning the electronic device for the user to view the display of the electronic device. Specifically, the user input can include raising or rotating the electronic device such that the display is facing the user. Alternatively, the user input can include shaking the electronic device. These movements can, for example, correspond to removing the electronic device from the user&#39;s pocket or the user&#39;s bag to view the display of the electronic device. Thus, in this example, detecting the user input can include detecting predetermined movements of the electronic device by the accelerometer of the electronic device. 
     In yet another example, the user input can include a user selection of an affordance on the electronic device. The affordance can be a physical button of the electronic device. Alternatively, the affordance can be displayed on a touchscreen (touchscreen  212 ) of the electronic device. Thus, in these examples, detecting the user input can include detecting a user selection of an affordance on the electronic device. 
     In some examples, the user input can be associated with navigating to a user interface of the electronic device. In these examples, detecting the user input can cause the user interface to be displayed on the display of the electronic device. The user interface can be configured to display information based on the received dialog. In particular, the information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information at block  814  can be displayed via the user interface. 
     In some examples, the user input can be a voice command corresponding to the user intent of extracting information from the received dialog. For example, the user input can be the voice command “Hey Siri, remember that phone number,” or “Hey Siri, put that in my calendar.” In these examples, the voice command can include a predefine trigger phrase (e.g., “Hey Siri”) that invokes the digital assistant to process the voice command. The voice command can be received via a microphone (e.g., microphone  213 ) of the electronic device and can be transcribed into text (e.g., using STT processing module  730 ). The text can then be processed to determine the user intent (e.g., using natural language processing module  732 ). In these examples, the user intent can be determined to include extracting information from the received dialog. 
     In some examples, the user input can be detected via a third electronic device (e.g., device  122 ) that is communicatively coupled to the electronic device. For example, the third electronic device can be a watch or a personal computer that is communicatively coupled to the electronic device. In these examples, the user input can be provided on the third electronic device, and the electronic device can detect the user input via a corresponding signal transmitted from the third electronic device to the electronic device. This can be desirable for telephone calls where the electronic device is held close to the user&#39;s face and thus, it would be more convenient for the user to provide the user input on a separate device communicatively coupled to the electronic device. 
     In examples where the dialog of block  804  includes text, the user input can define a portion of the text. For example, the user input can include highlighting or selecting the portion of the text via a user interface of the electronic device. The portion of text can correspond to the portion to be analyzed at block  814  to determine whether the portion contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information. By allowing the user to define the portion of the dialog to analyze at block  814 , the most relevant information can be processed for proactive assistance. This can improve the accuracy and relevance of the proactive assistance provided. 
     Although in the present example, block  810  includes detecting a user input, it should be recognized that in other examples, block  810  can include detecting any predefined trigger condition. In these examples, the trigger condition need not be initiated by the user of the electronic device. For instance, the trigger condition can be based on the dialog, which can include audio or text input associated with the user of the electronic device and/or the user of the second electronic device. The dialog can be continuously monitored to identify one or more trigger structures. The one or more trigger structures can include a keyword or phrase that is likely of interest to the user (e.g., “phone,” “number,” “meeting,” “tomorrow,” etc.). Further, the one or more trigger structures can include information corresponding to one of the plurality of types of information described below in block  814 . For example, the one or more trigger structures can include a text, number, or sound pattern corresponding to a portion of a phone number sequence (e.g., 1-800- . . . ) or a portion of an email address (e.g., john@ . . . ). In examples where the dialog includes speech/audio, the dialog can be monitored using an audio model to identify the one or more trigger structures. The audio model can be a less computationally intensive audio model that consumes less power than conventional audio models. This can enable the audio model to be utilized continuously while receiving the stream of audio data to detect the one or more trigger structures. The trigger condition can be determined to be satisfied upon detecting the one or more trigger structures in the dialog. In these examples, blocks  810 ,  812 , or  814  can be performed in response to determining that the trigger condition has been satisfied. 
     In examples where the dialog received at block  804  includes a stream of audio data, blocks  810  or  812  can be performed. Blocks  810  and  814  need not be performed in examples where the dialog received at block  804  includes text. At block  810 , a determination can be made as to whether an audio quality of the stream of audio data is greater than a threshold value. In particular, the stream of audio data can be continuously monitored to determine the audio quality. The determination of the audio quality can be based on, for example, the audio frame rate, the audio bit rate, or the audio frame error rates. In response to determining that the audio quality of the stream of audio data is greater than the threshold value, one or more of blocks  812 - 816  can be performed. In response to determining that the audio quality of the stream of audio data is not greater than the threshold value (e.g., poor audio quality), process  800  can end. The determination at block  810  can be desirable to increase the accuracy of the text representation generated at block  812 . In particular, poor audio quality can result in an inaccurate text representation being generated at block  812  and meaningless results being produced. 
     In other examples, the audio quality can be determined based on the text representation generated at block  812 . In particular, block  812  (described below) can be initially performed to generate a text representation of speech contained in at least a portion of the stream of audio data. The text representation of block  812  can be associated with a confidence score representing a likelihood that the text representation corresponds to the speech contained in the at least a portion of the stream of audio data. In these examples, the audio quality can be based on the confidence score. In response to determining that the audio quality of the stream of audio data (e.g., the confidence score of the text representation) is greater than the threshold value, one or more of blocks  814 - 816  can be performed. In response to determining that the audio quality of the stream of audio data (e.g., the confidence score of the text representation) is not greater than the threshold value, process  800  can end. 
     At block  812 , a text representation of speech contained in at least a portion of the stream of audio data can be generated. The text representation can be generated by performing speech-to-text processing on the at least a portion of the stream of audio (e.g., using STT processing module  730 ). The speech-to-text processing can be performed at the electronic device. Alternatively, the speech-to-text processing can be performed at a remote server. In particular, the electronic device can cause the text representation to be generated by transmitting the at least a portion of the stream of audio to the remote server for speech-to-text processing. 
     In some examples, the stream of audio data can be continuously converted into text. In these examples, block  812  can be automatically performed without user intervention upon receiving the stream of audio data at block  804 . Further, in these examples, the text representation can correspond to speech contained in the entire stream of audio data received at block  804 . In other examples, the at least a portion of the stream of audio data can be less than the entire stream of audio data. In particular, the portion of the stream of audio data can include a predetermined duration of the stream of audio data prior to detecting the user input. In these examples, the text representation of speech contained in the at least a portion of the stream of audio can be generated in response to detecting the user input (or trigger condition) at block  808 . As described above, the stream of audio data can be buffered using a circular buffer (or using an audio processing program), where only the most recent portion of the stream of audio data (e.g., the most recent N seconds) is stored. Thus, in these examples, the at least a portion of the stream of audio data can be the most recent portion of the stream of audio data stored in the circular buffer (or in the memory using the audio processing program) at the time the user input (or trigger condition) is detected at block  808 . In some example, the at least a portion of the stream of audio data can include a portion of the stream of audio data received prior to detecting the user input (or trigger condition) and a portion of the stream of audio data received after detecting the user input (or trigger condition) at block  808 . Further, in examples where one or more trigger structures is identified in the stream of audio, the at least a portion of the stream of audio data can include a portion of the stream of audio data prior to the detected one or more trigger structures in the stream of audio data and a portion of the stream of audio data after the detected one or more trigger structures in the stream of audio data. 
     It can be advantageous for the user to trigger speech-to-text processing for the at least a portion of the stream of audio data. This can be because the user trigger allows the user to identify the portion of the stream of audio that contains information that is of interest to the user. Process  800  can thus focus on determining the relevant information from the identified portion of the stream of audio, which can reduce false positives and improve accuracy and relevance of proactive assistance. Further, the user trigger can also improve user concerns by providing the user a greater sense of control over which parts of the voice communication are analyzed and what information is subsequently store. This can alleviate privacy concerns of both the user of the electronic device and the user of the second electronic device. 
     In some examples, the at least a portion of the stream of audio data can be based on a sentence boundary. In particular, the stream of audio data can be analyzed to determine a sentence boundary. The determination can be made using waveform analysis of the stream of audio data. For example, time domain and/or frequency domain features of the stream of audio data can be analyzed to determine a sentence boundary. Time domain features can include, for example, zero crossing rates, short-time energy, spectral energy, spectral flatness, and autocorrelation. Frequency domain features can include, for example, mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, linear predictive cepstral coefficients, and mel-frequency discrete wavelet coefficients. In one example, the spectral energy (e.g., amplitude) of the stream of audio data can be analyzed and a sentence boundary can be identified where the spectral energy decreases from above a first threshold level to below a second threshold level within a predetermined time interval. In these examples, the at least a portion of the stream of audio data can have a start-point corresponding to a first sentence boundary and an end-point corresponding to a second sentence boundary. This reduces the likelihood that the text representation contains incomplete sentences, which reduces the likelihood of incomplete information. 
     As discussed above, the stream of audio data can include speech dialog from both the user of the electronic device and the user of the second electronic device. In some examples, the text representation can include text corresponding to the speech of both the users in the at least a portion of the stream of audio data. In this way, information from both the users can be captured to determine appropriate tasks to perform at block  816 . In other examples, only speech associated with the second electronic device can be transcribed into text. For example, the at least a portion of the stream of audio data can include voice data of the user of the second electronic device, but may not include voice data of the user of the electronic device. Alternatively, the stream of audio data can include voice data of both users, but only the portion of the stream of audio data containing voice data of the user of the second electronic device can be transcribed into text. In these examples, the at least a portion of the stream of audio data for which a text representation is generated can include voice data of the user of the second electronic device, but may not include voice data of the user of the electronic device. 
     The text representation can be generated using a speech recognition model (e.g., acoustic model and language model). The speech recognition model can be based on the encoding of the stream of audio data. For instance, in examples where the stream of audio data comprises GSM-encoded digital audio data, the speech recognition model can be trained using GSM-encoded digital speech data. This can increase the accuracy of the text representation being generated. 
     In some examples, the speech recognition model used to generate the text representation can be trained with user data stored on the electronic device. The user data can include any data associated with user input such as, for example, names and/or addresses in the address book of the electronic device, locations previous searched on the maps application of the electronic device, text input, or the like. Training the speech recognition model using user data can increase the accuracy of recognizing names or locations that are not commonly used in conventional corpuses of text. Further, in some examples, the speech recognition model can be optimized to recognize specific types of information, such as addresses, phone numbers, names of people, or dates. For example, the speech recognition model can be trained using large samples of speech and text corresponding to these specific types of information. This can increase the accuracy of recognizing speech containing these specific types of information. 
     In some examples, the appropriate speech recognition model for generating the text representation can be determined at block  812 . In particular, the different speech recognition models can be associated with different languages. In some examples, the appropriate speech recognition model can be determined based on the country code of the phone number associated with the second electronic device. Specifically, the country code can be determined at block  812  based on conventional caller identification techniques or based on the number dialed at the electronic device to establish the voice communication with the second electronic device. Based on the determined country code, the appropriate speech recognition model can be selected. The selected speech recognition model can be associated with a language that is predominantly spoken in the country corresponding to the country code. For example, if the country code is determined to be “1” (United States or Canada), then an English speech recognition model can be selected. The selected English speech recognition model can then be utilized for speech-to-text processing to generate the text representation at block  812 . 
     In other examples, the appropriate speech recognition model for generating the text representation can be determined based on the confidence score associated with processing the at least a portion of the stream of audio data using the respective speech recognition model. In particular, the at least a portion of the stream of audio data can be processed using several speech recognition models and the speech recognition model associated with the highest confidence score can be selected to generate the text representation. For example, a first confidence score associated with processing the portion of the stream of audio data using an English speech model can be determined. A second confidence score associated with processing the portion of the stream of audio data using a French speech recognition model can also be determined. In accordance with determining that the second confidence score is greater than the first confidence score, the text representation can be generated using the French speech recognition model. 
     At block  814 , a determination can be made as to whether a text representation of at a portion of the dialog contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information. In examples where the dialog includes a stream of audio data, the text representation of the at least a portion of the dialog can be the text representation generated at block  812 . In examples where the dialog includes text, the text representation of the at least a portion of the dialog can include at least a portion of the text. The at least a portion of the text can be the entire text of the dialog. Alternatively, the at least a portion of the text can be less than the entire text of the dialog. In some examples, the at least a portion of the text can include text associated with the user of the second electronic device, but not text associated with the user of the electronic device. In some examples, the at least a portion of the text can correspond to the portion of text defined by the user input of block  808 . 
     The plurality of types of information can include types of information that are likely of interest to the user, such as, for example, contact information (e.g., phone numbers, email addresses, names, etc.), location information (e.g., addresses, points of interest, landmarks, restaurants, etc.), event information, time information, transit information (e.g., flight information, transit schedule information, transit vessel information, etc.), media information (e.g., movies, music, video games, books, etc.), or the like. In some examples, one or more of the plurality of types of information can be associated with a text pattern or a grammar structure. For example, a sequence of seven or more numbers can be associated with a telephone number. In another example, a sequence of text characters that includes the character “@” can be associated with an email address. In yet another example, a sequence of text characters beginning with “www” or ending with “.com” can be associated with web address information. Thus, the determination at block  814  can include analyzing the text representation to identify such text patterns or grammar structures that correspond to one of the plurality of types of information. 
     In some examples, one or more of the plurality of types of information can be associated with certain keywords. For example, the keywords “road,” “boulevard,” or “street” can be associated with location information. In another example, the keywords “Monday,” “yesterday,” “next week,” or “o&#39;clock” can be associated with time information. Thus, the determination at block  814  can include analyzing the text representation to identifying one or more such keywords that correspond to one of the plurality of types of information. 
     In some examples, one or more of the plurality of types of information can be associated with one or more domains of an ontology. In these examples, block  814  can include performing natural language processing on the text representation (e.g., using natural language processing module  732 ) to determine a domain corresponding to the text representation. The domain can be one of a plurality of domains that are part of an ontology (e.g., ontology  760 ). In one such example, the text representation can include the phrase “We have reserved seats  20 C on your flight to New York.” Based on analyzing the words in this phrase (e.g., “reserved,” “seats,” “flight,” “New York”), it can be determined that the text representation corresponds to a travel-related domain or a transit-related domain. Thus, the determination at block  814  can include determining whether the text representation corresponds to a domain that is associated with one of the plurality of types of information. 
     Additional examples for identifying relevant information contained in text (e.g., the text representation) are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,946,647, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
     In some examples, upon determining that the text representation contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information, block  814  can further include determining whether the information is complete. For example, the text representation can include the text “ . . . street, San Francisco, California” Based on the text representation, it can be determined that the text representation includes location information. In addition, it can be determined that the location information is incomplete because it is missing a street name and a street number. In these examples, a larger portion of dialog of block  804  can be analyzed to obtain the missing information. In examples where the dialog includes text, a larger portion of the text can be analyzed. In particular, second information from a second portion of the text that is different from the portion of the text can be obtained. In examples where the dialog includes a stream of audio, a larger portion of the stream of audio data can be converted to text, which can then be analyzed to obtain the missing information. In particular, in response to determining that the information is not complete, a second text representation of speech contained in a second portion of the stream of audio data can be generated. The second portion can be different from the first portion of the stream of audio data. For example, the second portion of the stream of audio data can be prior to (e.g., older or less recent) than the first portion of the stream of audio data. Second information from the second portion of the stream of audio data can then be obtained. For instance, in the previous example, the second information can include the missing street name and street number (e.g., 100 Market). Further, in these examples, the one or more tasks of block  816  can be based on both the information and the second information. 
     In response to determining that the text representation contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information, block  816  can be performed. At block  816 , one or more tasks can be performed. The one or more tasks can be based on the information of block  814 . Further, in examples where a domain corresponding to the text representation is determined, the one or more tasks can be based on the domain. The one or more tasks can be performed while dialog communication is established or after dialog communication has ended. In some examples, a portion of the one or more tasks can be performed while dialog communication is established and a portion of the one or more tasks can be performed after dialog communication has ended. 
     The one or more tasks can serve to notify the user that relevant information was identified from the stream of audio data at block  814 . In particular, the one or more tasks can include causing an indicia associated with the information to be provided. In some examples, the indicia can be a notification that is displayed on the electronic device. The notification can be a graphic or text notification indicating that relevant information was identified. Further, the notification can include details of the type of information identified. In other examples, the indicia can be a sound or voice notification provided at the electronic device. In yet other examples, the indicia can be a haptic output (e.g., vibration or tap) provided at the electronic device. 
     In some examples, the indicia associated with the information can be provided on the third electronic device (e.g., device  122 ). As discussed above, the third electronic device can be, for example, a personal computer or a watch that is communicatively coupled to the electronic device and used by the user of the electronic device. In these examples, the electronic device can display the indicia on the third electronic device. For example, the electronic device can display a notification regarding the identified information on the third electronic device. Additionally or alternatively, the notification can be in the form of a sound/voice notification or a haptic (e.g., vibration or tap) notification on the third electronic device. Utilizing a third electronic device to provide the indicia can be desirable since the electronic device may not be accessible to the user while dialog communication is established between the electronic device and the second electronic device. For example, user may place the electronic device against his or her ear during a telephone call and would be unable to view any notification displayed on the electronic device. Thus, providing the indicia on the third electronic device can enable the user to recognize the indicia and in turn, view the identified information associated with the indicia. 
     In some examples, the indicia can be provided via a user interface of the electronic device while the electronic device is in a locked state. For example, with reference to  FIG.  9 A , user interface  902  can be displayed while electronic device  900  is in a locked state. In particular, most of the features of electronic device  900  may not be accessible to the user while in the locked state without successfully authenticating the user (e.g., providing a password, finger print, etc.). As shown, icons  904  and  906  are displayed via user interface  902  while electronic device  900  is in a locked state. Icons  904  and  906  can be indicia associated with the information of block  814 . In particular, icons  904  and  906  can inform the user that relevant information is identified in the received dialog. In this example, icons  904  and  906  can indicate that event information and phone number information, respectively, are identified in the dialog. In some examples, icons  904  and  906  can be user selectable. In response to detecting a user selection of icon  904  or  906 , a corresponding action can be performed. For example, the corresponding action can include displaying the respective information on the electronic device (e.g., via user interface  902 ). Ina specific example, the phone number information can be displayed or a phone call based on the phone number information can be initiated in response to detecting a user selection of icon  906 . 
     In some examples, the one or more tasks performed can include displaying the information of block  814 . The information can be displayed on a display (e.g., touchscreen  212 ) of the electronic device or on a display of the third electronic device. In an illustrative example shown in  FIG.  9 B , telephone user interface  910  can be displayed while voice communication is established between electronic device  900  and the second electronic device. In this example, the information of block  814  can include telephone number  908 . As shown in  FIG.  9 B , telephone number  908  can be displayed on the display of electronic device  900  at block  816 . Telephone number  908  can be displayed on telephone user interface  910  or on a separate banner that overlaps on telephone user interface  910 . In some examples, telephone number  908  can be displayed only during the duration of the voice communication and can cease to display upon ending the voice communication between electronic device  900  and the second electronic device. In other examples, the display of telephone number  908  can persist on electronic device  900  for a predetermined duration after ending the voice communication between electronic device  900  and the second electronic device. Displaying telephone number  908  can indicate to the user that the digital assistant of the electronic device has recognized the phone number as relevant information and has stored phone number  908 . This can be desirable to allow the user to conveniently save the phone number that was provided by the user of the second electronic device without having to find pen and paper to write down the phone number or manually enter the information into the electronic device while attending to the call. 
     The displayed information can be user selectable where selection of the displayed information can cause additional action(s) to be performed. The additional action(s) can be automatically performed in response to detecting the user selection of the displayed information. Alternatively, a prompt can be displayed to the user to confirm performance of the additional action(s). The additional action(s) can then be performed upon receiving user confirmation responsive to the prompt. The additional action(s) can be performed while dialog communication is established or after ending the dialog communication between the electronic device and the second electronic device. 
     With reference back to  FIG.  9 B , a user selection of displayed telephone number  908  can be detected. In response to detecting the user selection of displayed telephone number  908 , a voice call can be initiated based on telephone number  908 . It should be recognized that the voice call can be a telephone call, a VoIP call, a videotelephony call, or the like. In another example, in response to detecting the user selection of displayed telephone number  908 , displayed telephone number  908  can be stored in association with an address book (e.g., address book of contacts module  237 ) of the electronic device. Specifically, telephone number  908  can be stored in a contact of the address book. In yet another example, in response to detecting the user selection of displayed telephone number  908 , composition of a text message can be initiated. In particular, the recipient field of the text message can be auto-populated with telephone number  908 , and thus the text message can be sent to an electronic device associated with telephone number  908 . 
     In some examples, the information of block  814  can be displayed via a user interface. For example, with reference to  FIG.  9 C , user interface  912  can be displayed in response to detecting second user input. User interface  912  can be configured to display information identified from the currently established dialog communication between electronic device  900  and the second electronic device as well as information identified from previously established dialog communications. As shown, telephone number  908  can be displayed via user interface  912 . Similar to  FIG.  9 A , telephone number  908  can be user selectable via user interface  912  where, in response to detecting a user selection of the telephone number  908 , additional action(s) can be performed. In some examples, the information (e.g., telephone number  908 ) can remain on user interface  912  after ending the dialog communication between the electronic device and the second electronic device. This can provide the user an opportunity to permanently save the information after ending the dialog communication, if desired. In particular, the user would be able to refer to the information and perform actions associated with the information after ending the dialog communication. Further, in some examples, the information (e.g., telephone number  908 ) can be removed from user interface  912  a predetermined time after ending the dialog communication between the electronic device and the second electronic device. This can serve to preserve the privacy of the user where information extracted based on the dialog communication (and not subsequently saved by the user) can be automatically purged after a predetermined amount of time. 
     In some examples, the one or more tasks performed can include storing the information of block  814 . The information can be stored locally in the memory (e.g., memory  202 ) of the electronic device. Alternatively, the information can be stored remotely on a server. In particular, the information can be stored in a database. The database can include a collection of past and current information extracted from dialog communication between the electronic device and a remote electronic device. In a specific example, the information can be stored in a database associated with a digital assistant implemented on the electronic device. The database can be utilized by the digital assistant as a knowledge base for responding to user requests. For example, a telephone number identified from at least a portion of the received dialog can be stored in the database that is associated with the digital assistant. Upon receiving from a user a voice command associated with the telephone number (e.g., “What was that phone number just now?”), the electronic device can retrieve the telephone number from the database associated with the digital assistant. 
     In some examples, the one or more tasks performed at block  816  can be specific to an application of the electronic device. In particular, the one or more tasks can include identifying, based on the information of block  814 , a corresponding application of the electronic device. Upon identifying the application corresponding to the information, the information can be displayed on a user interface of the application. Further, in response to detecting a user input associated with the information on the user interface of the application, a corresponding action can be executed using the application. For example, with reference to  FIG.  9 D , the information of block  814  can include the location information “100 Market Street, San Francisco, California” Based on this location information, the maps application (e.g., maps application maps module  254 ) of the electronic device can be identified. Upon identifying the maps application, the location information can be displayed on user interface  914  of the maps application. As shown, user interface  914  can include search field  916  for entering locations or addresses to be searched using the maps application. User interface  914  can further include list  918  with locations or addresses. List  918  can include locations that were previously entered or searched via search field  916 . Additionally, location information  920  (“100 Market Street, San Francisco, California) identified in the dialog received at block  804  can be displayed in list  918  on user interface  914 . In this example, location information  920  can be user selectable. In response to detecting a user selection of location information  920 , a corresponding action can be executed. In particular, location information  920  can be automatically entered into search field  916  and the map application can perform a search based on location information  920 . A map indicating the location associated with location information  920  can be displayed on the electronic device. 
     As discussed above in block  806 , at least a portion of the dialog can be stored in a buffer or memory of the electronic device. Further, in examples where the dialog includes a stream of audio, the text representation of block  812  can also be stored in the memory of the electronic device. To preserve the privacy of the user, the at least a portion of the stored dialog and/or the text representation can be removed from the memory a predetermined time after being stored or a predetermined time after performing the one or more tasks at block  816 . The information of block  814  can remain stored in the memory of the electronic device after performing the one or more tasks at block  816 . In some examples, the information can be automatically removed from the memory a predetermined time after performing the one or more tasks, unless otherwise instructed by the user. 
     Additional illustrative examples of proactively performing tasks based on information obtained from dialog communication between devices are provided below. In each of the examples, the electronic device, implementing process  800 , can proactively anticipate and perform actions that the user may wish to perform based on the information obtained from the dialog communication. In some examples, the user of the second electronic device may wish to provide the user of the electronic device with his new email address. The dialog of block  804  can thus include an email address and the information of block  814  can include the email address. In these examples, the one or more tasks of block  816  can include displaying the email address (or an affordance representing the email address) on the electronic device. Further, in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed email address, composition of an email message can be initiated. A recipient of the email message can be based on the email address. In particular, the email address can be auto-populated into the recipient field of the email message. Alternatively, in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed email address, the email address can be added into a contact of the address book of the electronic device. 
     In some examples, the user of the second electronic device can provide a location to meet during dialog communication with the user of the electronic device. The dialog of block  804  can thus include a location (e.g., “100 Market St., San Francisco, California”) and the information of block  814  can include the location. In this example, the one or more tasks can include displaying a map indicating the location. In addition, the one or more tasks can include providing directions to the location. In particular, a current location of the electronic device can be obtained (e.g., using a GPS sensor of the electronic device), and directions from the obtained current location to the location in the dialog can then be determined. The directions can be displayed on the map. Further, the one or more tasks can include providing a travel distance or an estimated travel time. In particular, the one or more tasks can include determining the distance or the estimated travel time between the current location and the location. The distance or the estimated travel time can be displayed on the electronic device. In some examples, the one or more tasks can further include determining one or more points of interest associated with the location. The points of interest can be determined by performing a search for restaurants, gas stations, popular landmarks, or the like in the vicinity (e.g., within a predetermine distance) of the location. The one or more points of interest can be displayed on the map. 
     In some examples, the dialog of block  804  can include time information. For example, the user of the second device can propose a time to meet for lunch. The information of block  814  can thus include time information. In these examples, the one or more tasks can include displaying a user schedule corresponding to the time information. The user schedule can be stored on the electronic device in association with the calendar application (e.g., the calendar application of calendar module  248 ) of the electronic device. This can be desirable to allow the user of the electronic device to quickly and conveniently check his or her schedule and thus provide a quick response to the user of the second electronic device regarding the proposed time. 
     In some examples, the dialog of block  804  can include event information. For example, the user of the second electronic device can invite the user of the electronic device to a birthday party at a future date. The event information can be associated with time information (e.g., the time and date of the event) and can include additional information such as the venue for the event and a description of the event. In these examples, the one or more tasks can include displaying the event information. In addition, the electronic device can enable the user to conveniently add the event information into the user&#39;s calendar. In particular, in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed event information, a calendar event can be generated in the calendar application of the electronic device. The calendar event can be based on the event information and the time information. Further, additional relevant tasks can be provided to proactively assist the user based on the event information. For example, information regarding the event or the venue for the event (e.g., restaurant reviews, admission costs, reservation information, driving directions, etc.) can be displayed. 
     In some examples, the dialog of block  804  can include transit information. For example, the user of the second electronic device can provide flight numbers, airport names, destination names, train line information, transit schedules, bus numbers, train station names, or the like. The information of block  814  can thus include such transit information. In these examples, the one or more tasks can include obtaining and displaying additional information associated with the transit information. In particular, the additional information associated with the transit information can include schedule information, route information, vessel information, or seating arrangement information. In a specific example where the transit information is a destination name, the additional information can include various flight options for flying from the current location to the destination. In particular, a flight reservation website can be provided and a search of the various flight options can be performed and displayed. 
     In some examples, the dialog of block  804  can include contact information. For example, the user of the second electronic device can provide contact information or request contact information from the user of the electronic device (e.g., “What is John&#39;s phone number?”). The information of block  814  can thus include a name corresponding to a contact in an address book of the electronic device. In these examples, the one or more tasks can include displaying (e.g., on the electronic device or on the third electronic device) the contact information (e.g., John&#39;s phone number) of the contact in the address book. Further, in response to receiving a user input (at the electronic device or at the third electronic device) associated with the displayed contact information, the contact information can be sent to the second electronic device. 
     In some examples, the dialog of block  804  can include an attribute of a media item. For example, the user of the second electronic device can provide a title name, an actor name, or a character name of a media item (e.g., “Want to go watch Mission Impossible?”). The media item can be a song, movie, video game, television show, video clip, book, publication, or the like. The information of block  814  can thus include the attribute of the media item. In these examples, the one or more tasks can include displaying the attribute of the media item. Further, the one or more tasks can include performing an additional action associated with the media item. In particular, media information associated with the media item can be obtained and displayed. The media information can include showtimes, reviews, plot summaries, purchasing information, or the like. For example, the showtimes and the list of cinemas showing “Mission Impossible—Rogue Nation” near the current location of the electronic device can be obtained and displayed. 
     In examples where the dialog of block  804  includes a stream of audio data, process  800  can further include determining whether a portion of the stream of audio data includes a prompt to leave a voice mail message. For example, the text representation of block  812  can be analyzed to determine whether it contains keywords or phrases associated with a voice mail prompt (e.g., “I&#39;m unable to answer” or “leave a message”). Additionally, the stream of audio data can be analyzed to determine whether it contains a particular sound or tone (e.g., a “beep”) that is associated with a voice mail prompt. In response to determining that the portion of the stream of audio data comprises a prompt to leave a voice mail message, composition of a text message can be initiated. The text message can be addressed to the second electronic device. For example, the phone number used to establish dialog communication (e.g., telephone call) with the second electronic device can be obtained and the phone number can be auto-populated in the recipient field of the text message. Such proactive actions can be desirable since typically, users tend to send a text message rather than leave a voice message. The electronic device can thus proactively assist the user to provide an improved user experience. 
     In some examples, the second electronic device can be associated with an automated answering service. In these examples, process  800  can include determining whether a portion of the stream of audio data includes a portion of an automated voice menu. The determination can be based on identifying keywords or phrases such as “press one to,” “menu options,” or “automated.” Additionally or alternatively, the determination can be based on the telephone number used to establish the dialog communication (e.g., telephone call) at block  802 . For example, the telephone number can be determined to be associated with an automated banking service. Further, the determination can be based on a domain of an ontology corresponding to the text representation of the portion of the stream of audio data. In response to determining that the portion of the stream of audio data includes a portion of an automated voice menu, a visual representation of the automated voice menu can be displayed. The visual representation can be generated based on previous voice interactions with the automated answering service and can be desirable to help the user navigate through the voice menu without having to first listen to all the options in the automated voice menu. 
     In some examples, relevant user data can be proactively provided to the user based on the user or entity associated with the second electronic device. In particular, process  800  can include identifying a business entity associated with the portion of the stream of audio data. The identification can be based on the telephone number used to establish dialog communication with the second electronic device. For text based communication, the identification can be based on the email address or other addressing information associated with the second electronic device. In response to identifying the business entity, user data associated with the business entity can be retrieved. The user data can include any information that is associated with the user of the electronic device and accessible by the electronic device. For example, the user data can be based on emails addressed to or sent by the user or any user input received at the electronic device. In one example, if the business entity is a courier company (e.g., FedEx or UPS), then the user data can include the tracking number of a package that the user recently sent or is expecting based on a recent purchase. In another example, if the business entity is a bank for which the user of the electronic device is a customer, then the user data can include the bank account number of the user. The user data can be displayed while voice communication is established between the electronic device and the second electronic device. This enables the user to readily access relevant information required to communicate with the business entity. 
     5. Other Electronic Devices 
       FIG.  10    shows a functional block diagram of electronic device  1000  configured in accordance with the principles of the various described examples. The functional blocks of the device can be optionally implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described examples. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG.  10    can be optionally combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described examples. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination, separation, or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG.  10   , electronic device  1000  can include touch screen display unit  1002  configured to display information and to receive input from the user, audio input unit  1004  configured to receive audio input (e.g., speech input), sensor unit  1005  configured to sense user input, and communication unit  1006  configured to transmit and receive information (e.g., dialog communication such as voice data or text data). Electronic device  1000  can further include processing unit  1008  coupled to touch screen display unit  1002 , audio input unit  1004 , sensor unit  1005 , and communication unit  1006 . In some examples, processing unit  1008  can include communication enabling unit  1010 , receiving unit  1012 , detecting unit  1014 , generating unit  1016 , determining unit  1018 , performing unit  1020 , display enabling unit  1022 , obtaining unit  1024 , removing unit  1026 , executing unit  1028 , retrieving unit  1030 , initiating unit  1032 , storing unit  1034 , identifying unit  1036 , and selecting unit  1038 . 
     In accordance with some embodiments, processing unit  1008  is configured to establish (e.g., with communication unit  1006  and/or communication enabling unit  1010 ) voice communication between electronic device  1000  and a second electronic device. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit  1012  and via communication unit  1006 ) a stream of audio data associated with the second electronic device. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to detect (e.g., with detecting unit  1014 ) a user input. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to detecting the user input, generate (e.g., with generating unit  1016 ) a text representation of speech contained in a portion of the stream of audio data. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) whether the text representation contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to determining that the text representation contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information, perform (e.g., with performing unit  1020 ) one or more tasks based on the information. In some examples, receiving unit  1012 , detecting unit  1014 , generating unit  1016 , determining unit  1018 , and performing unit  1020  can be configured to respectively receive, detect, generate, determine, and perform, while voice communication is established between the electronic device and a second electronic device. 
     In some examples, the user input is detected by a physical sensor (e.g., sensor unit  1005 ) of the electronic device. 
     In some examples, electronic device  1000  can further comprise a proximity sensor (e.g., sensor unit  1005 ). The proximity sensor is positioned less than a threshold distance from a surface and the user input includes changing a position of electronic device  900  such that the proximity sensor is positioned greater than the threshold distance from the surface. 
     In some examples, the user input is detected by an accelerometer (sensor unit  1005 ) of the electronic device, and the user input includes positioning electronic device  900  for a user to view a display (e.g., touch screen display unit  1002 ) of electronic device  900 . 
     In some examples, the user input includes selecting an affordance on electronic device  900 . In some examples, detecting the user input causes a user interface to be displayed on a display (e.g., touch screen display unit  1002 ) of electronic device  900 . 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to display (e.g., with display enabling unit  1022  and on touch screen display unit  1002 ) the information via the user interface. 
     In some examples, the user input includes a user utterance, and detecting the user input includes detecting one or more trigger words in the user utterance. 
     In some examples, the user input includes a voice command, and detecting the user input includes determining that the voice command corresponds to a user intent of extracting information from the stream of audio data. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) whether the information is complete. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to determining that the information is not complete, generate (e.g., with generating unit  1016 ) a text representation of speech contained in a second portion of the stream of audio data that is different from the first portion of the stream of audio data. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to obtain (e.g., with obtaining unit  1024 ) second information from the second portion of the stream of audio data, where the one or more tasks are based on the second information. 
     In some examples, the one or more tasks include storing the information, and providing an indicia associated with the information. 
     In some examples, the indicia associated with the information is provided on a third electronic device. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to display (e.g., with display enabling unit  1022  and on touch screen display unit  1002 ) a second user interface while electronic device  900  is in a locked state. Providing the indicia associated with the information includes displaying the indicia on the second user interface while electronic device  900  is in a locked state. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to detecting a user selection of the indicia on the second user interface, display (e.g., with display enabling unit  1022  the information on touch screen display unit  1002 . 
     In some examples, the one or more tasks include displaying the information. 
     In some examples, the information is displayed via a third user interface of the electronic device. 
     In some examples, the information remains on the third user interface of the electronic device after ending the voice communication between the electronic device and the second electronic device. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to remove (e.g., with removing unit  1026 ) the information from the third user interface of electronic device  900  a predetermined time after ending the voice communication between the electronic device and the second electronic device. 
     In some examples, the one or more tasks include identifying, based on the information, an application of the electronic device, and displaying the information on a user interface of the application. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to detecting a second user input associated with the information on the user interface of the application, execute (e.g., with executing unit  1028 ) a corresponding action using the application. 
     In some examples, the one or more tasks include storing the information in a database associated with a digital assistant implemented on the electronic device. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, upon receiving a voice command associated with the information, retrieve (e.g., with retrieving unit  1030 ) the information from the database. 
     In some examples, the information includes a telephone number, and the one or more tasks include displaying the telephone number. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed telephone number, initiate (e.g., with initiating unit  1032 ) a voice call based on the telephone number. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed telephone number, store (e.g., with storing unit  1034 ) the telephone number in association with an address book of the electronic device. In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed telephone number, initiate (e.g., with initiating unit  1032 ) a composition of a text message, where a recipient of the text message is based on the telephone number. 
     In some examples, the information includes an email address, and wherein the one or more tasks include displaying the email address. In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed email address, initiate (e.g., with initiating unit  1032 ) a composition of an email message, where a recipient of the email message is based on the email address. 
     In some examples, the information includes a location, and the one or more tasks include displaying a map indicating the location. In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to obtain (e.g., with obtaining unit  1024 ) a current location of the electronic device. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) directions from the current location of the electronic device to the location in the information. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to display (e.g., with display enabling unit  1022  and on touch screen display unit  1002 ) the directions on the map. 
     In some examples, the one or more tasks further include determining one or more points of interest associated with the location in the information, and displaying the one or more points of interest on the map. 
     In some examples, the one or more tasks further include determining an estimated travel time between a current location of the electronic device and the location in the information, and displaying the estimated travel time. 
     In some examples, the information includes time information, the one or more tasks include displaying a user schedule corresponding to the time information, and the user schedule is stored on the electronic device in association with a calendar application of the electronic device. 
     In some examples, the information includes event information associated with time information, where the one or more tasks include displaying the event information. In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to detecting a user selection of the displayed event information, generate (e.g., with generating unit  1016 ) a calendar event in a calendar application of the electronic device, where the calendar event is based on the event information and the time information. 
     In some examples, the information includes transit information, where the one or more tasks include obtaining additional information associated with the transit information. The additional information associated with the transit information includes schedule information, route information, vessel information, or seating arrangement information. 
     In some examples, the information includes a name corresponding to a contact in an address book of the electronic device, and the one or more tasks include displaying contact information of the contact. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to receiving a third user input associated with the displayed contact information, send (e.g., with communication enabling unit  1010  and via communication unit  1008 ) the contact information to the second electronic device. 
     In some examples, the information includes an attribute of a media item, where the one or more tasks include displaying the attribute of the media item. In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to obtain (e.g., with obtaining unit  1024 ) media information associated with the media item. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to display (e.g., with display enabling unit  1022  and on touch screen display unit  1002 ) the media information associated with the media item. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) whether the portion of the stream of audio data comprises a prompt to leave a voice mail message. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to determining that the portion of the stream of audio data comprises a prompt to leave a voice mail message, initiate (e.g., with initiating unit  1032 ) a composition of a text message addressed to the second electronic device. 
     In some examples, the voice communication between the electronic device and the second electronic device is established based on a phone number, and the text message is addressed to the phone number. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) whether the portion of the stream of audio data comprises a portion of an automated voice menu. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to determining that the portion of the stream of audio data comprises a portion of an automated voice menu, display (e.g., with display enabling unit  1022  and on touch screen display unit  1002 ) a visual representation of the automated voice menu. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to identify (e.g., with identifying unit  1036 ) a business entity based on the portion of the stream of audio data. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to identifying the business entity, retrieve (e.g., with retrieving unit  1030 ) user data associated with the business entity, and display (e.g., display enabling unit  1022  and on touch screen display unit  1002 ) the user data while voice communication is established between the electronic device and the second electronic device. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) a domain corresponding to the text representation. The domain is part of an ontology, and wherein the one or more tasks is based on the domain. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to store (e.g., with storing unit  1034 ) the portion of the stream of audio data and the text representation in memory of the electronic device, and delete (e.g., with removing unit  1026 ) the portion of the stream of audio data and the text representation from the memory after performing the one or more tasks. 
     In some examples, the portion of the stream of audio data is less than the entire stream of audio data. In some examples, the portion of the stream of audio data comprises a predetermined duration of the stream of audio data prior to detecting the user input. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) a sentence boundary in the stream of audio data, where the portion of the stream of audio data is based on the sentence boundary. 
     In some examples, the stream of audio data includes voice data of a user of the second electronic device and does not include voice data of a user of the electronic device 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) whether an audio quality of the stream of audio data is greater than a threshold value, where the text representation is generated in response to determining that the audio quality of the stream of audio data is greater than the threshold value. 
     In some examples, the text representation is generated using a speech recognition model that is trained with GSM-encoded digital speech data. In some examples, the text representation is generated using a speech recognition model that is trained with user data stored on the electronic device. In some examples, the text representation is generated using a second speech recognition model that is optimized to recognize addresses, phone numbers, names of people, or dates. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) a country code associated with the second electronic device, and select (e.g., with selecting unit  1038 ) a third speech recognition model based on the country code, where the text transcription is generated using the third speech recognition model. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) a first confidence score associated with processing the portion of the stream of audio data using a fourth speech recognition model, and determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) a second confidence score associated with processing the portion of the stream of audio data using a fifth speech recognition model, where the text representation is generated using the fifth speech recognition model in accordance with determining that the second confidence score is greater than the first confidence score. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to store (e.g., with storing unit  1034 ) the stream of audio data in a circular buffer. In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to store (e.g., with storing unit  1034 ) the stream of audio data in memory without deleting any portion of the stream of audio data from the memory prior to ending the voice communication between the electronic device and the second electronic device. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, processing unit  1008  is configured to establish (e.g., with communication unit  1006  and/or communication enabling unit  1010 ) dialog communication with a second electronic device. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to received (e.g., with receiving unit  1012 ) text associated with a second electronic device. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to detect (e.g., with detecting unit  1014 ) a user input. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to detecting the user input, determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) whether a portion of the text contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to determining that the portion of the text contains information corresponding to one of a plurality of types of information, perform (e.g., with performing unit  1020 ) one or more tasks based on the information. 
     In some examples, the user input defines the portion of the text. In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to display (e.g., with display enabling unit  1022  and via touch screen display unit  1002 ) the information via the user interface. 
     In some examples, the user input includes a voice command, and detecting the user input includes determining that the voice command corresponds to a user intent of extracting information from the text. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) whether the information is complete. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to determining that the information is not complete, obtain (e.g., with obtaining unit  1024 ) second information from a second portion of the text that is different from the portion of the text, where the one or more tasks are based on the second information. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to identify (e.g., with identifying unit  1036 ) a business entity associated with the text. Processing unit  1008  is further configured to, in response to identifying the business entity, retrieve (e.g., with retrieving unit  1030 ) user data associated with the business entity, and display (e.g., with display enabling unit  1022  and via touch screen display unit  1002 ) the user data. 
     In some examples, processing unit  1008  is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit  1018 ) a domain corresponding to the portion of text, where the domain is part of an ontology, and where the one or more tasks is based on the domain. In some examples, the portion of the text is less than the entire text. 
     The operations described above with reference to  FIG.  8    can be optionally implemented by components depicted in  FIGS.  1 - 4 ,  6 A -B, and  7 A. For example, the operations of process  800  may be implemented by one or more of operating system  718 , applications module  724 , I/O processing module  728 , STT processing module  730 , natural language processing module  732 , task flow processing module  736 , service processing module  738 , or processor(s)  220 ,  410 ,  704 . It would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in  FIGS.  1 - 4 ,  6 A -B, and  7 A. 
     In accordance with some implementations, a computer-readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium) is provided, the computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods or processes described herein. 
     In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a portable electronic device) is provided that comprises means for performing any of the methods or processes described herein. 
     In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a portable electronic device) is provided that comprises a processing unit configured to perform any of the methods or processes described herein. 
     In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a portable electronic device) is provided that comprises one or more processors and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods or processes described herein. 
     The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the techniques and their practical applications. Others skilled in the art are thereby enabled to best utilize the techniques and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. 
     Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined by the claims. 
     As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources to improve the delivery to users of invitational content or any other content that may be of interest to them. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, home addresses, or any other identifying information. 
     The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For example, the personal information data can be used to deliver targeted content that is of greater interest to the user. Accordingly, use of such personal information data enables calculated control of the delivered content. Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure. 
     The present disclosure further contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. For example, personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection should occur only after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities would take any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. 
     Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, in the case of advertisement delivery services, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services. In another example, users can select not to provide location information for targeted content delivery services. In yet another example, users can select to not provide precise location information, but permit the transfer of location zone information. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, content can be selected and delivered to users by inferring preferences based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the content delivery services, or publically available information.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20210127
Publication Date: 20231226
Grant Date: 20231226
Priority Date: 20151223
Inventors: MARTEL, MATHIEU JEAN
DENIAU, THOMAS
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/167", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/165", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/3329", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F40/279", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F40/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G10L15/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G10L15/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G10L15/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/167", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/167", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/165", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/3329", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G10L15/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G10L15/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F40/279", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F40/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G10L15/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G10L15/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G10L15/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/165", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/3329", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F40/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F40/279", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/3329", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/165", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/167", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F40/279", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F40/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G10L15/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G10L15/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 59086607