PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-8526396-B2
Application Number: US-93390209-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Performing processing with respect to an overhead message for a mobile station in tunnel mode

Abstract:
A mobile station determines whether the mobile station is receiving an overhead message in tunnel mode during a handover procedure of the mobile station from a source wireless access network to a target wireless network. The source and target wireless access networks are according to different technologies. In response to determining that the mobile station is in the tunnel mode, tunnel mode processing of the overhead message is performed. In response to determining that the mobile station is not in the tunnel mode, different processing of the overhead message is performed.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method performed by a mobile station, comprising:
 determining whether the mobile station is in a tunnel mode for receiving an overhead message during a handover procedure of the mobile station between different types of wireless access networks; 
 in response to determining that the mobile station is in the tunnel mode, performing first processing with respect to the overhead message, wherein the overhead message is associated with a collection of parameters, and wherein performing the first processing comprises setting any parameter that is part of the collection and that is not received in the overhead message in tunnel mode to a corresponding selected value; and 
 in response to determining that the mobile station is not in the tunnel mode, performing second, different processing with respect to the overhead message. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein setting the parameter that is not received in the overhead message to the corresponding selected value comprises setting the parameter that is not received in the overhead message to a default value. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein setting the parameter that is not received in the overhead message to the corresponding selected value comprises setting the parameter that is not received in the overhead message to a previous value of the parameter. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 3 , wherein the handover procedure is from a source wireless access network to a target wireless access network, and wherein the parameter that is not received in the overhead message is set to a previous value of the parameter assigned when the mobile station is attached to the source wireless access network. 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the different types of wireless access networks include a source wireless access network and a target wireless access network, the method further comprising:
 when in tunnel mode, the mobile station receiving the overhead message associated with the source wireless access network that is tunneled through the target wireless access network. 
 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 5 , further comprising:
 when not in tunnel mode, the mobile station receiving the overhead message directly over-the-air from a base station of the source wireless access network. 
 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising receiving the overhead message that is an EV-DO overhead message. 
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 7 , further comprising:
 when in tunnel mode, the mobile station receiving the EV-DO overhead message through an LTE (Long Term Evolution) access network. 
 
     
     
       9. A mobile station comprising:
 a communications interface to communicate over-the-air; 
 a processor to:
 determine whether the mobile station is receiving an overhead message in tunnel mode during a handover procedure of the mobile station from a source wireless access network to a target wireless network, wherein the source and target wireless access networks supports different technologies; 
 in response to determining that the mobile station is in the tunnel mode, performing tunnel mode processing of the overhead message; 
 when in tunnel mode, adjust a value of an indicator for indicating whether parameters of the overhead message are up to date; and 
 in response to determining that the mobile station is not in the tunnel mode, performing different processing of the overhead message. 
 
 
     
     
       10. The mobile station of  claim 9 , wherein the source wireless access network is part of an EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) access network, and the target wireless access network is part of an LTE (Long Term Evolution) access network. 
     
     
       11. The mobile station of  claim 9 , wherein the overhead message is associated with a collection of parameters, and wherein the processor is to further:
 set any parameter that is part of the collection and that is not received in the overhead message in tunnel mode to a corresponding selected value. 
 
     
     
       12. The mobile station of  claim 9 , wherein the value of the indicator is adjusted by:
 in response to receiving the overhead message in tunnel mode and storing the overhead message, set the value of the indicator to indicate that the parameters of the overhead message are up to date. 
 
     
     
       13. The mobile station of  claim 12 , wherein the value of the indicator is adjusted by:
 in response to initially entering the tunnel mode or exiting the tunnel mode, set the value of the indicator to indicate that the parameters of the overhead message are not up to date. 
 
     
     
       14. The mobile station of  claim 9 , wherein the overhead message is associated with a timer that upon expiration causes a connection to be lost, and wherein the processor is to further:
 in response to receiving the overhead message in tunnel mode, reset the timer. 
 
     
     
       15. The mobile station of  claim 9 , wherein the overhead message is associated with a timer that upon expiration causes a connection to be lost, and wherein the processor is to further:
 disregard the timer when in the tunnel mode. 
 
     
     
       16. At least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium storing instructions that upon execution cause a mobile station to:
 determine whether the mobile station is receiving an overhead message in tunnel mode during a handover procedure of the mobile station from a source wireless access network to a target wireless network, wherein the source and target wireless access networks are according to different technologies; 
 in response to determining that the mobile station is in the tunnel mode, performing tunnel mode processing of the overhead message, wherein the overhead message is associated with a collection of parameters, and wherein performing the tunnel mode processing comprises setting any parameter that is part of the collection and that is not received in the overhead message in the tunnel mode to a corresponding selected value; and 
 in response to determining that the mobile station is not in the tunnel mode, perform different processing of the overhead message. 
 
     
     
       17. The article of  claim 16 , wherein the instructions upon execution cause the mobile station to further:
 when in tunnel mode, receive the overhead message sent by the source wireless access network that is tunneled through the target wireless access network. 
 
     
     
       18. The article of  claim 17 , wherein the instructions upon execution cause the mobile station to further:
 when not in tunnel mode, receive the overhead message directly over-the-air from a base station of the source wireless access network. 
 
     
     
       19. A mobile station comprising:
 a communications interface to communicate over-the-air; 
 a processor to:
 determine whether the mobile station is receiving an overhead message in tunnel mode during a handover procedure of the mobile station from a source wireless access network to a target wireless network, wherein the source and target wireless access networks supports different technologies; 
 in response to determining that the mobile station is in the tunnel mode, performing tunnel mode processing of the overhead message, wherein the overhead message is associated with a collection of parameters, and wherein the processor is to further set any parameter that is part of the collection and that is not received in the overhead message in tunnel mode to a corresponding selected value; and 
 in response to determining that the mobile station is not in the tunnel mode, performing different processing of the overhead message. 
 
 
     
     
       20. A mobile station comprising:
 a communications interface to communicate over-the-air; 
 a processor to:
 determine whether the mobile station is receiving an overhead message in tunnel mode during a handover procedure of the mobile station from a source wireless access network to a target wireless network, wherein the source and target wireless access networks supports different technologies; 
 in response to determining that the mobile station is in the tunnel mode, performing tunnel mode processing of the overhead message, wherein the overhead message is associated with a timer that upon expiration causes a connection to be lost, and wherein the processor is to further disregard the timer when in the tunnel mode; and 
 in response to determining that the mobile station is not in the tunnel mode, performing different processing of the overhead message.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT/US09/40908, filed on Apr. 17, 2009, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/045,829, filed Apr. 17, 2008. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates generally to performing processing with respect to an overhead message for a mobile station in tunnel mode. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Various wireless access technologies have been proposed or implemented to enable mobile stations to perform communications with other mobile stations or with wired terminals coupled to wired networks. Examples of wireless access technologies include GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) or UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) technologies, defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP); CDMA 2000 (Code Division Multiple Access 2000) technologies, defined by 3GPP2; or other wireless access technologies. The CDMA 2000 family of wireless access technologies includes the 1xRTT wireless access technology (generally used to perform circuit-switched communications), and the 1xEV-DO (or EV-DO) wireless access technology (used for communication of packet data and defined by the High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) specification, also known as the IS-856 specification). 
     More recently, further development of the 3GPP standards have lead to the 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) wireless access technology. The LTE technology is the next generation enhancement of the UMTS technology to provide improved data speeds, reduced latency, and others. 
     Certain mobile stations are able to support multiple different types of wireless access technologies. For example, a mobile station can support both the LTE wireless access technology as well as the EV-DO wireless access technology. Such a mobile station can move between an LTE wireless access network and an EV-DO wireless access network. 
     When performing active handover of a mobile station between different wireless access networks (such as between an LTE wireless access network and an EV-DO wireless access network), conventional standards may not support the handling of certain types of messages that are sent from the access network to the mobile station during the handover process. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, according to an embodiment, a technique or mechanism is provided to allow for handover of a mobile station between different types of wireless access networks. In one embodiment, it is determined whether the mobile station is in a tunnel mode for receiving an overhead message during a handover procedure of the mobile station between different types of wireless access networks. In response to determining that the mobile station is in the tunnel mode, first processing with respect to the overhead message is performed. However, in response to determining that the mobile station is not in the tunnel mode, second, different processing is performed with respect to the overhead message. 
     Other or alternative features will become apparent from the following description, from the drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary communications arrangement that includes two different types of wireless access networks, in which preferred embodiments of the invention can be incorporated; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a multimode mobile station that is able to communicate with two different types of wireless access networks, according to a preferred embodiment; and 
         FIG. 3  is a flow diagram of a process performed by the multimode mobile station, according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with preferred embodiments, a mechanism is provided to allow a multimode mobile station (a mobile station that is able to support multiple different types of wireless access technologies) to perform active handover (or other type of handover) between different types of wireless access networks. Active handover of a mobile station between different types of wireless access networks refers to performing handover of the mobile station from a source access network to a target access network while the mobile station remains connected for communicating traffic (e.g., data traffic, voice traffic, video traffic, etc.). In one example, the different types of wireless access networks include an LTE (Long-Term Evolution) wireless access network, as defined by the 3GPP standards. LTE is an enhancement of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) technologies, and is described in 3GPP TS 23.401 and 23.402. Another type of wireless access technology is the Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO or more simply “EV”) wireless access technology, which is defined by the CDMA 2000 standards. Although reference is made to specific wireless access technologies in this description, note that other preferred embodiments are also applicable to other types of wireless access technologies. Also, although reference is made to active handovers, it is noted that techniques according to some embodiments are applicable in other handover contexts. For example, techniques according to some embodiments are applicable to idle handovers. 
     When the multimode mobile station is performing a handover from a first type of wireless access network (source wireless access network) to a second, different type of wireless access network (target wireless access network), the mobile station may have to continue to receive certain types of information from the source wireless access network after the mobile station has transitioned to the target wireless access network. Examples of such information include overhead messages that provide certain information that the mobile station uses to access the system in the source wireless access network. Once the mobile station has transitioned to the target wireless access network, an overhead message that is sent by the source wireless access network is tunneled through the target wireless access network. In accordance with preferred embodiments, the mobile station is able to receive such a tunneled overhead message and perform processing of the tunneled overhead message. 
     More specifically, according to some preferred embodiments, the mobile station is able to detect whether or not the mobile station is in a tunnel mode with respect to receiving of overhead messages from the source access network during a handover procedure. Before the handover, while the mobile station is attached to the source wireless access network, overhead messages are received over-the-air directly from a base station in the source wireless access network. However, once the mobile station has transitioned to the target wireless access network, the overhead messages are no longer received over-the-air in the source wireless access network, but rather, such overhead messages are tunneled through the target wireless access network to the mobile station. Tunneling of overhead messages from one wireless access network through another wireless access network refers to a tunnel mode of operation. 
     In accordance with some preferred embodiments, the mobile station performs different processing with respect to overhead messages depending upon whether the mobile station is in tunnel mode or not in tunnel mode. If the mobile station is not in tunnel mode, the mobile station is able to perform a first type of processing of the overhead messages received directly over-the-air from a base station in the source wireless access network. On the other hand, if the mobile station is in tunnel mode, the mobile station performs a second, different type of processing of tunneled overhead messages. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary communications arrangement that includes an LTE access network  120  and an EV access network  122 . Both the LTE access network  120  and EV access network  122  are connected to a packet-switched services network  114  to allow for provision of packet-switched services to a mobile station  100 . Packet-switched services include packet-switched data services (such as web browsing, e-mail, text chat, and so forth), packet-switched voice services (such as voice over Internet Protocol), or other packet-switched services. The mobile station  100  is a multimode mobile station that is able to perform communications in either the EV wireless access network  122  or the LTE wireless access network  120 . Such a mobile station is also referred to as an enhanced access terminal (eAT). 
     Reference to an EV or EV-DO access network or access technology refers to any technology based on or evolved from the EV or EV-DO technology defined by the CDMA 2000 standards, whether or not the label “EV” or “EV-DO” is used. Similarly, reference to the LTE access network or access technology refers to any technology based on or evolved from the LTE technology defined by 3GPP, whether or not the label “LTE” is used. 
     The EV access network  122  includes a base station  110  that performs over-the-air communications (using radio frequency or RF signals, for example) with the mobile station  100  when the mobile station  100  is attached to the EV access network  122 . The base station  110  is in turn connected to a packet data serving node (PDSN), which is the connection point between the base station  110  and the packet-switched services network  114 . 
     The packet-switched services network  114  can include Internet Protocol (IP) networks that allow for provision of packet-switched services. The mobile station  100  can establish a communications session using the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) as defined by Request for Comments (RFC) 3261, entitled “SIP:Session Initiation Protocol,” dated June 2002. In one example, the packet-switched services network  114  may be an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) network as defined by 3GPP. An IMS network includes various control functions for provision of IP multimedia services, including audio, video, text, chat, or any combination of the foregoing. 
     The LTE access network  120  includes an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)  102 , which includes an enhanced NodeB (eNB)  104 , which is the equivalent of a base station used in the LTE access network  120 . The LTE access network  120  also includes a mobility management entity (MME)  108 , which performs various functions including handoff control. The LTE access network  120  also includes a serving gateway  106  for routing data packets between the LTE access network  120  and the external packet-switched services network  114 . 
     Note that the components shown for the LTE access network  120  and the EV access network  122  in  FIG. 1  are provided for purposes of example, as other arrangements can be used in other implementations. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 1 , the mobile station  100  can transition ( 130 ) between from the EV access network  122  to the LTE access network  120  (or vice versa). When the mobile station  100  is attached to the EV access network  122 , the mobile station  100  is able to receive overhead messages directly over-the-air from the base station  110  of the EV access network  122 . Once a mobile station  100  moves close to a border between the EV access network  122  and LTE access network, a handover may be performed to transition the mobile station  100  from the EV access network  122  to the LTE access network  120 . During the handover procedure, overhead messages associated with the EV access network  122  are tunneled through the LTE access network  120 . 
     When the mobile station is attached to the EV access network  122 , the overhead messages received are overhead messages according to the format defined by standards for the EV access network. However, if the mobile station is attached to the LTE access network  120 , then the phrase “overhead message” can refer to any container that contains the EV overhead parameters, where the container can be an LTE message or an information element carried by an LTE message. In tunnel mode, overhead parameters are sent by the EV access network  122  to the LTE access network  120 , which packages the overhead parameters into an LTE container, or datafills information elements of an LTE message with values of the overhead parameters. More generally, an “overhead message” of a first type wireless access network in tunnel mode can refer to a container defined by a second type wireless access network that carries parameters of such overhead message of the first type wireless access network. 
       FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of components of the multimode mobile station  100 . In some implementations, the mobile station  100  is a single-receiver mobile station, which means that the mobile station is able to monitor just one wireless access technology (e.g., EV or LTE access technology) at one time. Alternatively, the mobile station  100  can be a dual-receiver mobile station, which means that mobile station can monitor two different wireless access technologies simultaneously. 
     The mobile station  100  includes a user interface  216  to allow a user to interact with the mobile station. Also, the mobile station  100  includes a processor  212  that is connected to a storage  214 . The processor  212  is able to execute various software of the mobile station  100  to perform various mobile station tasks. 
     To allow the mobile station  100  to communicate with two different types of wireless access networks, the mobile station  100  includes an LTE protocol stack  206  and an EV protocol stack  208 . The EV protocol stack  208  allows the mobile station  100  to communicate with the EV access network  122  over the EV air interface  204 . The LTE protocol stack  206  allows the mobile station  100  to communicate over-the-air with the LTE access network  120 . The EV protocol stack  208  and LTE protocol stack  206  of the mobile station  100  are part of a communications interface of the mobile station to allow the mobile station to communicate with a wireless access network. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , when the mobile station is attached to the LTE access network, a tunnel interface  202  is established to allow for certain overhead messages sent by the base station  110  ( FIG. 1 ) in the EV access network  122  to be tunneled through the LTE access network  120  to the mobile station  100 . A path  220  is provided between the LTE protocol stack  206  and the EV protocol stack  208  in the mobile station  100  to allow for tunneled overhead messages to be communicated through the LTE protocol stack  206  to the EV protocol stack  208  for proper processing. 
     According to preferred embodiments, the mobile station  100  performs different processing depending upon whether the mobile station  100  is in a tunnel mode or not in a tunnel mode with respect to overhead messages sent by the EV access network  122 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 2 , the EV protocol stack  208  includes an OMP (Overhead Messages Protocol) state machine  210  that has multiple states. The Overhead Messages Protocol (OMP), as defined by the 3GPP2 standards body, specifies procedures for processing overhead messages sent by the EV access network  122 . 
     The OMP state machine  210  includes at least an inactive state and an active state. In the inactive state, the OMP state machine  210  waits for an Activate command. The inactive state is a state when the mobile station has not acquired an access network or is not required to receive overhead messages. In response to an Activate command, the mobile station transitions from the inactive state to the active state, in which the mobile station is able to receive overhead messages sent by the access network. Although reference is made to two states (an inactive state and an active state) in the described example, it is noted that techniques according to preferred embodiments can also be applied to an OMP state machine that has more than two states. 
     In accordance with preferred embodiments, the EV protocol stack  208  in the mobile station  100  is able to detect whether the mobile station is in tunnel mode or not in tunnel mode, such that processing of overhead messages can be performed accordingly. 
       FIG. 3  is a flow diagram of a process performed by the mobile station, according to an embodiment. The mobile station receives (at  302 ) an Activate command, which can be generated inside the mobile station  100  when the mobile station has acquired an access network, such as the EV access network  122 , or in response to another trigger that specifies that the mobile station has to process overhead messages. 
     Next, the mobile station detects (at  304 ) whether or not the mobile station is in a tunnel mode (in which the mobile station is attached to the LTE access network  120  and has to receive EV overhead messages through a tunnel from the EV access network  122  through the LTE access network  120 ). If the mobile station is not in tunnel mode, then the mobile station transitions to the active state of the OMP state machine  210 , and performs normal OMP operations, which are OMP operations for processing overhead messages received directly over-the-air a base station in the EV access network  122 . 
     However, if the mobile station detects that the mobile station is in tunnel mode, then the OMP state machine  210  is transitioned (at  308 ) to an active state in which processing of tunneled overhead messages is performed. When the mobile station is in tunnel mode, the processing that is performed with respect to EV overhead messages differ from processing of overhead messages received over-the-air from the EV access network  122 . In tunnel mode, the content of an EV overhead message is carried in an LTE container, which can be an LTE message or an overhead information element(s) of an LTE message. Thus, when the mobile station is in tunnel mode, reference to an “overhead message” is intended to also cover such container(s). Because of bandwidth concerns associated with the air interface in the LTE access network  120 , the overhead messages that are tunneled through the LTE access network  120  may not contain certain parameters of over-the-air EV overhead messages. 
     In tunnel mode, the mobile station sets overhead parameters to selected values (at  310 ). For overhead parameter values actually received in the LTE container(s), the mobile station sets the overhead parameters to those values. However, any overhead parameter not included in a tunneled overhead message are set to predetermined values. A “predetermined” value may be a default value (that is preconfigured into the mobile station  100 ), or alternatively, the “predetermined” value can be a prior value that was set by the mobile station when the mobile station was attached to the EV access network  122 . 
     Examples of overhead messages include the Quick Configuration (QuickConfig) message and the SectorParameters message. The QuickConfig message is used to indicate a change in the overhead messages&#39; content and to provide frequently changing information. The QuickConfig message includes, as examples, the following parameters: ColorCode (which identifies a cell sector in the EV access network  122 ); Sector Identifier (which is an identifier associated with the cell sector); SectorSignature (which is used to indicate that the content of a SectorParameters message has changed); AccessSignature (which is used to indicate that the content of an AccessParameters message has changed); Redirect (which is set to a value “1” if the access network is redirecting all mobile stations away from the access network); and other parameters. 
     The SectorParameters message is used to convey sector-specific information to mobile stations. Examples of the parameters in the SectorParameters message include: Sector Identifier (an identifier of the sector); Latitude (the latitude of the sector); Longitude (the longitude of the sector); and so forth. 
     The AccessParameters message is used to convey access channel information to a mobile station. Details regarding the QuickConfig, SectorParameters, and AccessParameters messages can be found in 3GPP2 C.S0024 specifications. 
     Examples of parameters that may not be included in overhead messages sent in tunnel mode include the Redirect parameter, the SectorSignature parameter and the AccessSignature parameter. These parameters can be set to default values, as preconfigured in the mobile station  100 . Alternatively, if the mobile station had previously been attached to the EV access network  122 , then previous values would have been set for such parameters; in such a scenario, the mobile station  100  is able to set such parameters to previous values, when such parameters are not included in the overhead messages. 
     The mobile station  100  also performs supervision handling (at  312 ) of overhead messages. Each of the QuickConfig and SectorParameters messages is associated with a corresponding supervision timer. When the mobile station  100  is attached to the EV access network  122 , an overhead message received over-the-air will cause the corresponding one of these supervision timers to be reset (restarted). Expiration of a supervision timer would cause a connection to the EV access network to be lost. In accordance with some preferred embodiments, a similar behavior is provided for supervision timers when the mobile station  100  is in tunnel mode. Thus, for example, if a QuickConfig overhead message is received in tunnel mode, an indication of such QuickConfig messages is provided from the LTE protocol stack  206  to the EV protocol stack  208 , which would then restart the QuickConfig supervision timer. Similarly, when the mobile station  100  receives a SectorParameters message in tunnel mode, an indication of such message would be provided from the LTE protocol stack  206  to the EV protocol stack  208 , and the SectorParameters supervision timer can be restarted. 
     In an alternative embodiment, instead of restarting supervision timers in response to receipt of overhead messages in tunnel mode, the EV protocol stack  208  can choose to ignore the supervision timers when the mobile station  100  is in tunnel mode. 
     The mobile station  100  when in tunnel mode also performs (at  314 ) tunnel-mode control of the following parameter: OverheadParameterUpToDate. The OverheadParameterUpToDate parameter is set to a value “0” when overhead parameters are considered to be not up-to-date. However, when this parameter is set to the value “1”, then the overhead parameters in the mobile station  100  are considered to be up-to-date. In tunnel mode, according to preferred embodiments, the OverheadParameterUpToDate parameter can be set to a default value of “0” to assume that overhead parameters when in tunnel mode are not up-to-date. However, when the mobile station receives a tunneled overhead parameter information element, and if the mobile station has updated overhead parameters stored in the mobile station in response to such overhead parameter information element, then the EV protocol stack  208  can update the OverheadParameterUpToDate parameter to the value “1”. 
     In addition, the OverheadParameterUpToDate parameter can be set to the value “0” when the mobile station exits tunnel mode, which means that the mobile station would have moved back to the EV access network. Setting the OverheadParameterUpToDate parameter to “0” upon exiting tunnel mode would then force the mobile station to use the over-the-air overhead parameters, rather than the tunneled parameters previously received. 
     The mobile station  100  can also monitor (at  316 ) sequence numbers of a tunneled overhead parameter information element, if such sequence numbers are included. The mobile station  100  can compare the sequence numbers to determine whether the stored overhead parameters are up-to-date. If not up-to-date, the OverheadParameterUpToDate parameter can be set to the value “0”. 
     The various tasks described above can be performed by software. Instructions of such software are executed on a processor (e.g., processor  212  in  FIG. 2 ). The processor includes microprocessors, microcontrollers, processor modules or subsystems (including one or more microprocessors or microcontrollers), or other control or computing devices. A “processor” can refer to a single component or to plural components. 
     Data and instructions (of the software) are stored in respective storage devices, which are implemented as one or more computer-readable or machine-readable storage media. The storage media include different forms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic or static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs), erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) and flash memories; magnetic disks such as fixed, floppy and removable disks; other magnetic media including tape; and optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digital video disks (DVDs). 
     In the foregoing description, numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the present invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these details. While the invention has been disclosed with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20090417
Publication Date: 20130903
Grant Date: 20130903
Priority Date: 20080417
Inventors: JANG KE-CHI
SONG YI
WU GENG
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W36/144", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/0011", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W88/06", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W88/06", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W88/06", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/0011", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/0011", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W88/06", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/144", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/144", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/144", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/0011", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 41199750