PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10690991-B1
Application Number: US-201715683993-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B1

Title: Adjustable lens systems

Abstract:
An electronic device such as a head-mounted device may have displays that are viewable by the eyes of a viewer through adjustable lenses. The adjustable lenses may be liquid crystal lenses. A camera and other sensors in the head-mounted device may monitor the eyes of the user and gather other information. Control circuitry in the head-mounted device may control the adjustable lenses based on measured characteristics of the eyes of the user such as interpupillary distance and direction-of-view. The control circuitry may match the distance between the centers of the adjustable lenses to the measured interpupillary distance and may align the lens centers with the measured direction-of-view. The adjustable lenses may have transparent electrodes that are supplied with time-varying control signals by the control circuitry.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A head-mounted device configured to be placed on a head of a viewer having eyes, comprising:
 control circuitry; 
 a sensor coupled to the control circuitry, wherein the control circuitry is configured to use the sensor to determine first and second pupil locations for the eyes of the viewer and measure a direction-of-view for the eyes of the viewer; 
 first and second adjustable lens components that are adjusted by the control circuitry to form respective first and second lenses; and 
 at least one display configured to produce images that are viewable by the eyes of the viewer through the first and second lenses, wherein the first and second adjustable lens components each include:
 first and second transparent substrates;
 a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates; 
 a first set of elongated transparent electrodes on the first substrate that extend along a first dimension; and 
 a second set of elongated transparent electrodes on the second substrate that extend along a second dimension that is perpendicular to the first dimension, wherein the first and second sets of elongated transparent electrodes intersect at respective pixels in an array of pixels, wherein the control circuitry is configured to apply signals to the first and second sets of electrodes in the first and second adjustable lens components to place lens centers of the first and second lenses in a first position directly in front of the first and second pupil locations, wherein the control circuitry is configured to apply the signals to the first and second sets of electrodes in the first and second adjustable lens components to move the lens centers laterally from the first position to a second position, and wherein the lens centers are aligned with the measured direction-of-view of the eyes of the viewer in the second position. 
 
 
 
     
     
       2. The head-mounted device defined in  claim 1  wherein the control circuitry is configured to apply the signals to the first and second sets of electrodes in the first and second adjustable lens components in frames. 
     
     
       3. The head-mounted device defined in  claim 2  wherein the control circuitry is configured to vary at least one signal applied to at least a given electrode in the first set of electrodes as a function of time during one of the frames. 
     
     
       4. The head-mounted device defined in  claim 3  wherein the control circuitry is configured to apply the signals to adjust focal lengths of the first and second lenses. 
     
     
       5. The head-mounted device defined in  claim 4  wherein the control circuitry is configured to reduce distortion in the first and second lenses by applying the signals. 
     
     
       6. The head-mounted device defined in  claim 1  wherein the sensor comprises a camera. 
     
     
       7. The head-mounted device defined in  claim 6  wherein the control circuitry is configured to process captured images from the camera to measure the direction-of-view. 
     
     
       8. A method, comprising:
 capturing an image of a viewer&#39;s eyes with a camera in a head-mounted display; 
 with control circuitry in a head-mounted display, measuring first and second pupil locations for the viewer&#39;s eyes from the captured image; 
 with the control circuitry, measuring a direction-of-view for the viewer&#39;s eyes from the captured image; and 
 with the control circuitry, adjusting left and right tunable lenses in the head-mounted display to place lens centers of the left and right tunable lenses in a first position directly in front of the first and second pupil locations; and 
 with the control circuitry, laterally shifting the respective lens centers of the left and right tunable lenses from the first position to a second position, wherein the lens centers are aligned with the measured direction-of-view in the second position. 
 
     
     
       9. The method defined in  claim 8 , wherein laterally shifting the respective lens centers of the left and right tunable lenses from the first position to the second position comprises adjusting a lateral position of the left and right lens centers relative to the viewer&#39;s eyes while maintaining a spacing between the left and right lens centers to match an interpupillary distance. 
     
     
       10. A head-mounted device configured to be placed on a head of a viewer having eyes, comprising:
 control circuitry;
 a sensor coupled to the control circuitry, wherein the control circuitry is configured to use the sensor to determine first and second pupil locations for the eyes of the viewer and measure a direction-of-view for the eyes of the viewer; 
 first and second adjustable lens components that are adjusted by the control circuitry to form respective first and second lenses; and 
 at least one display configured to produce images that are viewable by the eyes of the viewer through the first and second lenses, wherein the control circuitry is configured to place first and second respective lens centers of the first and second lenses in a first position directly in front of the first and second pupil locations, wherein the control circuitry is configured to shift the first and second lens centers laterally within the first and second adjustable lens components from the first position to a second position, and wherein the first and second lens centers are aligned with the measured direction-of-view of the eyes of the viewer in the second position.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of provisional patent application No. 62/383,143, filed Sep. 2, 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to optical systems, and, more particularly, to devices with tunable lenses. 
     Electronic devices may include displays and optical systems such as lenses. For example, devices such as virtual reality and augmented reality headsets may include displays and may include lenses that allow users to view the displays. 
     It can be challenging to design devices such as these. If care is not taken, the optical systems in these devices may be insufficiently flexible or may not perform satisfactorily. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device such as a head-mounted device may have one or more displays that produce images that are viewable by the eyes of a viewer through adjustable lenses. The head-mounted device may be a pair of virtual reality glasses or may be an augmented reality headset that allows a viewer to view both computer-generated images and real-world objects in the viewer&#39;s surrounding environment. 
     The adjustable lenses may be liquid crystal lenses. A camera and other sensors in the head-mounted device may monitor the eyes of the viewer and may gather other information. Control circuitry in the head-mounted device may control the adjustable lenses based on measured characteristics of the eyes of the viewer such as interpupillary distance and direction-of-view. The control circuitry may match the distance between the centers of the adjustable lenses to the measured interpupillary distance and may align the lens centers with the measured direction-of-view. The adjustable lenses may also be used to adjust focus and minimize distortion. 
     The adjustable lenses may have transparent electrodes such as elongated indium tin oxide electrodes that are supplied with time-varying control signals by the control circuitry. The transparent electrodes may include a first set of electrodes on a first substrate and a second set of electrodes that runs perpendicular to the first set of electrodes on a second substrate. A liquid crystal layer may be interposed between the first and second substrates. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of an illustrative electronic device in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 2 and 3  are graphs showing how an adjustable lens device may be adjusted so that its refractive index varies as a function of distance to produce a desired lens profile in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 4 and 5  are diagrams of an illustrative tunable lens showing how the position of the lens center may be dynamically adjusted in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram showing how the locations of the centers of a pair of lenses may be adjusted relative to each other to accommodate different interpupillary distances for different viewers in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 7 and 8  are diagrams showing how the locations of the centers of a pair of lenses may be adjusted to accommodate different directions of view through the lenses in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of an illustrative adjustable lens component in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram of illustrative electrodes in the component of  FIG. 9  in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  is a set of graphs showing illustrative signals that may be applied to the electrodes of the component of  FIG. 10  in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  is a graph of root mean square pixel voltage as a function of pixel position across an adjustable lens component supplied with the signals of  FIG. 11  in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An illustrative system having a device with one or more electrically adjustable optical elements is shown in  FIG. 1 . System  10  may include a head-mounted device such as head-mounted display  14 . Head-mounted display  14  may include one or more displays modules such as displays  20  mounted in a support structure such as support structure  12 . Structure  12  may have the shape of a pair of eyeglasses (e.g., supporting frames), may form a housing having a helmet shape, or may have other configurations to help in mounting and securing the components of head-mounted display  14  on the head of a user. 
     Displays  20  may be liquid crystal displays, organic light-emitting diode displays, or displays of other types. Adjustable optical elements such as adjustable lens components  22  may form lenses that allow a viewer (see, e.g., viewer eyes  16 ) to view images on display(s)  20 . There may be two components  22  (e.g., for forming left and right lenses) associated with respective left and right eyes  16 . A single display  20  may produce images for both eyes  16  or, as shown in the example of  FIG. 1 , a pair of displays  20  may be used to display images. As an example, displays  20  may include a left display aligned with a left component  22  and a viewer&#39;s left eye and may include a right display aligned with a right component  22  and a viewer&#39;s right eye. In configurations with multiple displays, the focal length and positions of the lenses formed by components  22  may be selected so that any gap present between the displays will not be visible to a user (i.e., so that the images of the left and right displays overlap seamlessly). 
     In configurations in which head-mounted display  14  is a pair of virtual reality glasses, displays  20  may obscure the viewer&#39;s view of the viewer&#39;s surrounding environment. In configurations in which head-mounted display  14  is a pair of augmented reality glasses, displays  20  may be transparent and/or display  14  may be provided with optical mixers such as half-silvered mirrors to allow viewer  16  to simultaneously view images on displays  20  and external objects such as object  18  in the surrounding environment. 
     Head-mounted display  14  may include control circuitry  26 . Control circuitry  26  may include processing circuitry such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, microcontrollers, baseband processors, image processors, application-specific integrated circuits with processing circuitry, and/or other processing circuitry and may include random-access memory, read-only memory, flash storage, hard disk storage, and/or other storage (e.g., a non-transitory storage media for storing computer instructions for software that runs on control circuitry  26 ). 
     Display  14  may include input-output circuitry such as touch sensors, buttons, microphones to gather voice input and other input, sensors, and other devices that gather input (e.g., user input from viewer  16 ) and may include light-emitting diodes, displays  20 , speakers, and other devices for providing output (e.g., output for viewer  16 ). Display  14  may, if desired, include wireless circuitry and/or other circuitry to support communications with a computer or other external equipment (e.g., a computer that supplies display  14  with image content). If desired, sensors such as an accelerometer, compass, an ambient light sensor or other light detector, a proximity sensor, a scanning laser system, and other sensors may be used in gathering input during operation of display  14 . These sensors may include a digital image sensor such as camera  24 . Cameras such as camera  24  may gather images of the environment surrounding viewer  16  and/or may be used to monitor viewer  16 . As an example, camera  24  may be used by control circuitry  26  to gather images of the pupils and other portions of the eyes of the viewer. The locations of the viewer&#39;s pupils and the locations of the viewer&#39;s pupils relative to the rest of the viewer&#39;s eyes may be used to determine the locations of the centers of the viewer&#39;s eyes (i.e., the centers of the user&#39;s pupils) and the direction of view (gaze direction) of the viewer&#39;s eyes. 
     During operation, control circuitry  26  may supply image content to displays  20 . The content may be remotely received (e.g., from a computer or other content source coupled to display  14 ) and/or may be generated by control circuitry  26  (e.g., text, other computer-generated content, etc.). The content that is supplied to displays  20  by control circuitry  26  may be viewed by viewer  16 . 
     Control circuitry  26  may also control the operation of optical elements such as adjustable lens components  22 . Adjustable lens components  22 , which may sometimes be referred to as adjustable lenses, adjustable lens systems, adjustable optical systems, adjustable lens devices, tunable lenses, etc., may contain electrically adjustable material such as liquid crystal material that may be adjusted to produce customized lenses. Each of components  22  may contain an array of electrodes that apply electric fields to pixel-sized portions of a layer of liquid crystal material or other material with an electrically adjustable index of refraction. By adjusting the voltages of signals applied to the electrodes, the index of refraction of each pixel of components  22  may be dynamically adjusted. This allows the size, shape, and location of the lenses formed within components  22  to be adjusted. 
     Examples of illustrative index-of-refraction profiles that may be generated by components  22  to dynamically form a lens are shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . In the example of  FIG. 2 , refractive index n has been varied continuously between peripheral lens edges X 1  and X 2 . In the example of  FIG. 2 , refractive index n has been varied discontinuously to produce an index-of-refraction profile appropriate for forming a Fresnel lens. Fresnel lens arrangements may be desirable when it is difficult or impossible to produce a desired lens profile within the limits imposed by the maximum refractive index change available for each pixel of components  22 . 
     In the illustrative examples of  FIGS. 4 and 5 , pixels  22 P of an illustrative component  22  have been adjusted to produce rings with refractive index profiles of the type shown in the Fresnel lens of  FIG. 3 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , the pixels of component  22  may be adjusted to produce a lens  22 L with a center C that is aligned with the center of component  22 . If desired, the position of center C of lens  22 L within component  22  and/or other attributes of the lens  22 L (e.g., focal length, corrections for distortion, etc.) may be adjusted, as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     With one illustrative arrangement, which is shown in  FIG. 6 , lens adjustments are used to adjust the spacing of lenses  22 L (e.g., the distance between lens centers C) to accommodate the different interpupillary distances associated with different viewers. Control circuitry  26  may measure the interpupillary distance of each viewer by capturing images of the viewer&#39;s eyes with camera  24  or other sensors and processing the resulting eye position data to extract information on the locations of the viewers pupils. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , a first viewer may have eyes  16 - 1  that are spaced apart by interpupillary distance DB. In this situation, control circuitry  26  may adjust components  22  to produce lenses  22 L that are spaced apart by distance DB and that are therefore properly aligned with eyes  16 - 1 . A second viewer may have eyes  16 - 2  that are spaced apart by a smaller interpupillary distance DL. In this situation, control circuitry  26  may adjust components  22  to produce lenses in positions  22 L′ that are closer together to accommodate the smaller interpupillary distance DL and that are therefore aligned with eyes  16 - 2 . Control circuitry  26  may be configured to adjust the distances between the centers C of lenses  22 L to accommodate different interpupillary distances whenever a viewer first uses display  14 , in response to viewer input (e.g., in response to a button press, voice command, etc.), periodically during use of display  14 , etc. 
     With another illustrative arrangement, which is shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the positions of lenses  22 L (i.e., the positions of lens centers  22 C and/or other lens attributes such as lens size and shape, etc.) may be adjusted in real time to accommodate changes in the viewer&#39;s direction of view. It can be difficult to produce lenses that operate optimally over a wide range of viewing angles, so the ability to dynamically adjust lens positions may help to reduce distortion and improve image quality. In the scenario of  FIGS. 7 and 8 , a viewer is initially looking directly ahead in direction  28  ( FIG. 7 ), so lenses  22 L of components  22  are positioned by control circuitry  26  so that lens centers C are directly in front of eyes  16 . The viewer then looks to the side in direction  30 , as shown in  FIG. 8 . This change in direction of view may be measured using camera  24  to capture images of the viewer&#39;s pupils and other portions of the viewer&#39;s eyes. When the viewer&#39;s direction of view shifts as shown in  FIG. 8 , the lens position of  FIG. 7  will no longer be optimal. To ensure that lens performance is optimal (e.g., to minimize visual artifacts such as blur, distortion, and dispersion), components  22  may be adjusted. As shown in  FIG. 8 , control circuitry  26  can use camera  24  to measure the direction of view of the viewer (i.e., to analyze the viewer&#39;s gaze) and can adjust components  22  accordingly to produce lenses  22 L with lens centers C that are aligned with the viewer&#39;s direction of view (direction  30 ). If desired, other lens characteristics such as lens focus (e.g., lens focal length), lens size and shape, lens attributes for minimizing optical distortion, and other lens characteristics may also be adjusted by control circuitry  26  during use of display  14 . In general, control circuitry  26  can apply any suitable pixel voltages to the pixels of components  22  and any desired lenses  22 L may be produced. 
     A perspective view of an illustrative adjustable lens component is shown in  FIG. 9 . As shown in  FIG. 9 , component  22  may have a layer of liquid crystal material such as liquid crystal layer  40 . Liquid crystal layer  40  may be interposed between transparent substrates such as upper substrate  44  and lower substrate  42 . Substrates  42  and  44  may be formed from clear glass, sapphire or other transparent crystalline material, transparent plastic, or other transparent layers. Component  22  may have a pattern of electrodes that can be supplied with signals from control circuitry  26  to produce desired pixel voltages on the pixels of component  22 . In the example of  FIG. 9 , these electrodes include elongated (strip-shaped electrodes) such as electrodes  34  on layer  44  that run along the Y dimension and perpendicular electrodes  36  on layer  42  that run along the X dimension. Electrodes  34  and  36  may be formed from transparent conductive material such as indium tin oxide or other transparent electrode structures and may be located on outer and/or inner surfaces of substrates  44  and  42 . By forming electrodes  34  and  36  from transparent conductive material, opaque lens areas may be avoided and optical performance may be enhanced. 
     An array of pixels  22 P (e.g., an array of pixels  22 P as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 ) is created by the intersections between electrodes  34  and  36 . At each pixel location in component  22  where a given one of electrodes  34  overlaps with a given one of electrodes  36  (i.e., at each given pixel), a desired voltage may be applied across the liquid crystal layer by supplying a first voltage to the electrode  34  and a second voltage to the electrode  36 . The liquid crystal at the intersection of these two electrodes will receive an applied electric field with a magnitude that is proportional to the difference between the first and second voltages on the electrodes. By controlling the voltages on all of electrodes  34  and all of electrodes  36 , the index of refraction of each pixel  22 P of component  22  can be dynamically adjusted to produce customized lenses  22 L. 
     In the example of  FIG. 9 , component  22  has six electrodes  34  and six electrodes  36  and therefore has 36 associated pixels  22 P. In general, component  22  may have any suitable number of electrodes and any suitable number of pixels. As an example, there may be more than 10, more than 100, more than 500, more than 1000, more than 10000, fewer than 5000, fewer than 250, 200-5000, or other suitable number of electrodes  34  and there may be more than 10, more than 100, more than 500, more than 1000, more than 10000, fewer than 5000, fewer than 250, 200-5000, or other suitable number of electrodes  36 . There may be more than 100, more than 1000, more than 10,000, more than 100,000, fewer than 50,000, fewer than 5000, or other suitable number of pixels  22 P. 
     When an electric field is applied to the liquid crystals in a given pixel  22 P, the liquid crystals change orientation. The speed at which the liquid crystals are reoriented is limited by the viscosity of the liquid crystal material of layer  40  and thickness of layer  40 . To ensure that layer  40  generates sufficient tuning range it may be desirable for layer  40  to be relatively thick (e.g., more than 100 microns, more than 250 microns, less than 500 microns, or other suitable thickness). Despite the relatively large thickness of layer  40  in configurations such as these, tuning speed can be enhanced by minimizing the viscosity of layer  40 . Tuning speed can also be enhanced by using an overdrive scheme in which the voltages of the control signals for pixels  22 P are enhanced. If desired, tuning speed can be enhanced by using dual-frequency liquid crystal material (e.g., liquid crystal material that exhibits a positive dielectric anisotropy at low frequencies and a negative dielectric anisotropy at high frequencies) and by using a dynamically switched drive frequency for the control signals applied to pixels  22 P to increase and decrease the refractive index of pixels  22 P. 
     It may be desirable to tune pixels  22 P faster than the focusing time of human vision (about 100 mS) to minimize visible tuning artifacts. Particularly in lenses with high pixel counts, it can be challenging to supply control signals to pixels  22 P effectively using electrodes  34  and  36 . With one illustrative arrangement, a symmetrical driving scheme that uses time-averaged voltages (sometimes referred to as a symmetrical time-voltage integral driving scheme) may be used to control pixels  22 P so as to produce a satisfactory refractive index profile for lens  22  (e.g., an index profile that is symmetrical and monotonic in each half of lens  22 , as shown in the index profile of  FIG. 2 ). The use of this type of driving scheme is illustrated in  FIGS. 10, 11 , and  12 . 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram showing one illustrative electrode  34  of component  22  of  FIG. 9  and five illustrative electrodes  36 . In practice, component  22  will generally have more electrodes. The configuration of  FIG. 10  is simplified to avoid over-complicating the drawing. As shown in  FIG. 10 , each intersection between one of electrodes  36  and electrode  34  is associated with a different pixel P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , or P 5  of component  22 . During operation, control circuitry  26  supplies electrode  34  with time-varying data signal Vdata and supplies electrodes  36  with respective time-varying control signals V 1 , V 2 , V 3 , V 4 , and V 5 . 
     Illustrative voltages for a frame of these signals are shown in the traces of  FIG. 11 . During operation, control circuitry  26  may apply a continuous series of these frames to component  22  to produce lens  22 L. Voltage polarity may, if desired, be reversed between successive frames. 
     As shown in the uppermost trace on the left in  FIG. 11 , voltage Vdata may be a time-varying signal having three different magnitudes (e.g., decreasing magnitudes Va, Vb, and Vc) across the duration of each frame (as an example). Control signals V 1 , V 2 , V 3 , V 4 , and V 5 , may be adjusted dynamically so that the time-averaged signal on each pixel  22 P has a desired value. In the example of  FIG. 11 , signals V 1  and V 5  are asserted for the entire duration of the frame, control signals V 2  and V 4  are asserted for the last two thirds of the frame, and voltage V 3  is asserted for the last one third of the frame. The resulting signals (and therefore the resulting electric fields) imposed across the liquid crystal material in pixels P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , and P 5  are shown on the right side of  FIG. 11 . The liquid crystal response time of layer  40  is limited, so the liquid crystals do not change state immediately within each frame, but rather response to the time-averaged applied voltage over the entire frame. The time-averaged voltages Vpx 1  (e.g., root mean square voltages averaged over a frame) for pixels P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , and P 5  when controlled using the illustrative multi-level time-varying control signals of  FIG. 11  are shown as a function of pixel position in the graph of  FIG. 12 . As this example demonstrates, a symmetric and monotonic voltage profile (e.g., a profile in which the voltage curve associated with pixels P 3 , P 2 , and P 1  is monotonic and is identical to that of the voltage curve associated with pixels P 3 , P 4 , and P 5 ) may be produced across the pixels of component  22 . Voltage profiles of this type may be used to create lenses with index of refraction profiles of the type shown in  FIG. 2  (as an example). Concave and/or convex lens shapes may be produced in this way. Adjustment of the locations of the centers of lenses  22 L in components  22  may be adjusted by adjusting which electrodes receive the control voltages (e.g., by shifting the applied voltages V 1  . . . V 5  to a right-hand subset of electrodes in each component  22  when it is desired to shift center C to the right or by shifting the applied voltages to a left-hand subset of electrodes when it is desired to shift center C to the left, etc.). 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made to the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20170823
Publication Date: 20200623
Grant Date: 20200623
Priority Date: 20160902
Inventors: MYHRE, GRAHAM B.
CARBONE, GIOVANNI
FAN JIANG, SHIH-CHYUAN
ZHANG, SHENG
WANG, CHAOHAO
Assignee: APPLE INC
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Family ID: 71104883