PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10476170-B2
Application Number: US-201815906979-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Antenna arrays having conductive shielding buckets

Abstract:
An electronic device may be provided with a sidewall, a display module separated from the sidewall by a gap, a display cover, a conductive bucket mounted to the display cover within the gap, and a phased antenna array mounted to the bucket for conveying millimeter wave signals through the display cover. The sidewall may form part of an antenna for conveying non-millimeter wave signals. The array may include resonating elements on a substrate. The resonating elements may be fed using feed terminals coupled to alternating sides of the resonating elements. Dielectric layers having a dielectric constant lower than that of the display cover may be provided on a surface of the display cover within the bucket. The array may operate with satisfactory efficiency despite the small amount of available space within the device, electromagnetic interference from the sidewall and the display module, and dielectric loading by the display cover.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device, comprising:
 a housing having a peripheral conductive sidewall; 
 a display having a display cover layer mounted to the peripheral conductive sidewall and a display module configured to emit light through the display cover layer, wherein the display module is separated from the conductive sidewall by a gap; 
 a conductive bucket mounted within the gap between the display module and the peripheral conductive sidewall, the conductive bucket and the display cover layer defining a cavity; 
 transceiver circuitry configured to generate radio-frequency signals at a frequency between 10 GHz and 300 GHz; and 
 a phased antenna array mounted to the conductive bucket within the cavity, wherein the phased antenna array is configured to transmit the radio-frequency signals through the display cover layer. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , further comprising:
 additional transceiver circuitry configured to generate additional radio-frequency signals at an additional frequency between 600 MHz and 10 GHz; and 
 an antenna that includes the peripheral conductive sidewall and that is configured to transmit the additional radio-frequency signals. 
 
     
     
       3. The electronic device defined in  claim 2 , wherein the conductive bucket comprises a conductive rear wall and conductive sidewalls extending from the conductive rear wall to the display cover layer, the phased antenna array being mounted to the conductive rear wall. 
     
     
       4. The electronic device defined in  claim 3 , wherein the phased antenna array comprises a plurality of patch antenna resonating elements on a substrate, each of the patch antenna resonating elements in the plurality of patch antenna resonating elements being fed by first and second positive antenna feed terminals. 
     
     
       5. The electronic device defined in  claim 4 , wherein the first and second positive antenna feed terminals are configured to convey the radio-frequency signals at respective first and second orthogonal polarizations. 
     
     
       6. The electronic device defined in  claim 5 , wherein each of the patch antenna resonating elements in the plurality of patch antenna resonating elements has a first side facing the peripheral conductive sidewall and an opposing second side facing the display module, the first positive antenna feed terminal for each of the patch antenna resonating elements in the plurality of patch antenna resonating elements being located at the second side of the patch antenna resonating element in the plurality of patch antenna resonating elements. 
     
     
       7. The electronic device defined in  claim 5 , further comprising:
 a dielectric layer on an interior surface of the display cover layer and within the cavity, wherein the display cover layer has a first dielectric constant and the dielectric layer has a second dielectric constant that is less than the first dielectric constant. 
 
     
     
       8. The electronic device defined in  claim 4 , wherein the first and second positive antenna feed terminals are both configured to convey the radio-frequency signals using parallel linear polarizations. 
     
     
       9. The electronic device defined in  claim 8 , further comprising:
 switching circuitry coupled to the first and second positive antenna feed terminals for each of the patch antenna resonating elements in the plurality of patch antenna resonating elements; and 
 control circuitry coupled to the switching circuitry and configured to control the switching circuitry to activate a selected one of the first and second positive antenna feed terminals for each of the patch antenna resonating elements in the plurality of patch antenna resonating elements at a given time. 
 
     
     
       10. The electronic device defined in  claim 3 , wherein the antenna comprises an antenna ground, the peripheral conductive sidewall forming a portion of the antenna ground. 
     
     
       11. The electronic device defined in claim  3 , wherein the antenna comprises an antenna resonating element and an antenna ground, the peripheral conductive sidewall forming a portion of the antenna resonating element. 
     
     
       12. An electronic device comprising:
 a housing having a dielectric wall; 
 a conductive cavity mounted in the housing, 
 
       wherein the conductive cavity has a conductive rear wall and conductive sidewalls extending from a periphery of the conductive rear wall to the dielectric wall;
 a phased antenna array mounted to the conductive rear wall and configured to convey radio-frequency signals at a frequency greater than 10 GHz through the dielectric wall; and 
 a dielectric layer on an interior surface of the dielectric wall, wherein the dielectric wall has a first dielectric constant and the dielectric layer has a second dielectric constant that is less than the first dielectric constant. 
 
     
     
       13. The electronic device defined in  claim 12 , further comprising:
 an additional dielectric layer on the dielectric layer, wherein the dielectric layer is interposed between the interior surface of the dielectric wall and the additional dielectric layer, and the additional dielectric layer has a third dielectric constant that is less than the second dielectric constant. 
 
     
     
       14. The electronic device defined in  claim 13 , wherein the conductive sidewalls laterally surround the dielectric layer and the additional dielectric layer. 
     
     
       15. The electronic device defined in  claim 12 , further comprising:
 a display having a display cover layer that forms a front face of the electronic device, wherein the dielectric wall forms a rear face of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       16. The electronic device defined in  claim 15 , wherein the dielectric wall comprises glass and the conductive sidewalls are in direct contact with the dielectric layer. 
     
     
       17. An electronic device comprising:
 a dielectric cover layer; 
 a conductive bucket having a conductive rear wall and first and second conductive sidewalls extending from opposing sides of the conductive rear wall to the dielectric cover layer; and 
 a phased antenna array mounted to the conductive rear wall and configured to transmit radio-frequency signals at a frequency between 10 GHz and 300 GHz through the dielectric cover layer, the phased antenna array comprising:
 a substrate mounted to the conductive rear wall, 
 a first antenna resonating element on the substrate, wherein the first antenna resonating element has a first side facing the first conductive sidewall and a second side facing the second conductive sidewall, 
 a second antenna resonating element on the substrate, wherein the second antenna resonating element has a first side facing the first conductive sidewall and a second side facing the second conductive sidewall, 
 a first positive antenna feed terminal coupled to the first side of the first antenna resonating element, and 
 a second positive antenna feed terminal coupled to the second side of the second antenna resonating element. 
 
 
     
     
       18. The electronic device defined in  claim 17 , wherein the phased antenna array further comprises:
 a third antenna resonating element on the substrate, wherein the third antenna resonating element has a first side facing the first conductive sidewall and a second side facing the second conductive sidewall; 
 a fourth antenna resonating element on the substrate, wherein the fourth antenna resonating element has a first side facing the first conductive sidewall and a second side facing the second conductive sidewall, the second antenna resonating element being interposed between the first and third antenna resonating elements, and the third antenna resonating element being interposed between the second and fourth antenna resonating elements; 
 a third positive antenna feed terminal coupled to the second side of the third antenna resonating element, and 
 a fourth positive antenna feed terminal coupled to the first side of the fourth antenna resonating element. 
 
     
     
       19. The electronic device defined in  claim 18 , further comprising:
 a housing having a peripheral conductive sidewall, wherein the dielectric cover layer is mounted to the peripheral conductive sidewall; 
 a display having a display module, wherein the dielectric cover layer is mounted to the display module, the display module is configured to emit light through the dielectric cover layer, the display module is separated from the peripheral conductive sidewall by a gap, and the conductive bucket is mounted to the dielectric cover layer within the gap. 
 
     
     
       20. The electronic device defined in  claim 19 , wherein the first conductive sidewall of the conductive bucket is interposed between the phased antenna array and the peripheral conductive sidewall and the second conductive sidewall of the conductive bucket is interposed between the phased antenna array and the display module.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with wireless communications circuitry. 
     Electronic devices often include wireless communications circuitry. For example, cellular telephones, computers, and other devices often contain antennas and wireless transceivers for supporting wireless communications. 
     It may be desirable to support wireless communications in millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications bands. Millimeter wave communications, which are sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) communications, and centimeter wave communications involve communications at frequencies of about 10-300 GHz. Operation at these frequencies may support high bandwidths, but may raise significant challenges. For example, millimeter wave communications signals generated by antennas can be characterized by substantial attenuation and/or distortion during signal propagation through various mediums. In addition, antennas that support millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications are often particularly susceptible to electromagnetic interference from nearby electronic components. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide electronic devices with improved wireless communications circuitry such as communications circuitry that supports millimeter and centimeter wave communications. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device may be provided with wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include one or more antennas and transceiver circuitry such as centimeter and millimeter wave transceiver circuitry (e.g., circuitry that transmits and receives antennas signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz). The antennas may be arranged in a phased antenna array. 
     The electronic device may include a housing having a peripheral conductive sidewall. The electronic device may include a display having a display cover layer mounted to the peripheral conductive sidewall and a display module that emits light through the display cover layer. The display module may be separated from the peripheral conductive sidewall by a gap. A conductive bucket may be mounted to the display cover layer within the gap. The conductive bucket and the display cover layer may define an enclosed cavity. The conductive bucket may include a conductive rear wall and conductive sidewalls that extend from a periphery of the conductive rear wall to an inner surface of the display cover layer. A phased antenna array may be mounted to the conductive rear wall within the cavity. The phased antenna array may transmit radio-frequency signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz through the display cover layer. The peripheral conductive sidewall may form part of an antenna that handles radio-frequency signals below 10 GHz. The conductive bucket may shield the phased antenna array from interference by the peripheral conductive sidewall and/or the display module. 
     If desired, the phased antenna array may include antenna resonating elements on a dielectric substrate. The antenna resonating elements may each be coupled to first and second antenna feeds for covering vertical and horizontal polarizations. If desired, the antenna resonating elements may include additional feeds for covering the vertical and horizontal polarizations. In this scenario, switching circuitry may be used to activate a selected one of the antenna feeds for covering horizontal and/or vertical polarizations on each antenna resonating element at any given time. In one suitable arrangement, antenna feeds for covering the same polarization may be located on alternating sides of the antenna resonating elements within the phased antenna array to mitigate cross-coupling between the antennas. If desired, one or more dielectric layers having a dielectric constant that is lower than the dielectric constant of the display cover layer may be provided on an interior surface of the display cover layer within the cavity. The phased antenna array may operate with satisfactory antenna efficiency at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies despite the small amount of available space within the electronic device, electromagnetic interference generated by the peripheral conductive housing sidewall and the display module, and/or dielectric loading effects from the display cover layer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device with wireless communications circuitry in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an illustrative phased antenna array that may be adjusted using control circuitry to direct a beam of signals in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of illustrative wireless communications circuitry in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of an illustrative patch antenna in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a top-down view of an illustrative electronic device having a phased antenna array mounted within a conductive shielding bucket in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative electronic device having a phased antenna array mounted within a conductive shielding bucket in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a top-down view of an illustrative phased antenna array mounted within a conductive shielding bucket and having alternating antenna feed terminals to minimize antenna cross-coupling in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram showing how an illustrative phased antenna array may include antennas with multiple switchable antenna feed terminals in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative phased antenna array provided with dielectric layers for impedance matching the phased antenna array to a dielectric cover layer in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 11 and 12  are graphs of illustrative antenna performance (SI  1  reflection coefficient values) as a function of frequency for a phased antenna array of the type shown in  FIGS. 6-10  in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Electronic devices such as electronic device  10  of  FIG. 1  may contain wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include one or more antennas. The antennas may include phased antenna arrays that are used for handling millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications. Millimeter wave communications, which are sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) communications, involve signals at 60 GHz or other frequencies between about 30 GHz and 300 GHz. Centimeter wave communications involve signals at frequencies between about 10 GHz and 30 GHz. While uses of millimeter wave communications may be described herein as examples, centimeter wave communications, EHF communications, or any other types of communications may be similarly used. If desired, electronic devices may also contain wireless communications circuitry for handling satellite navigation system signals, cellular telephone signals, local wireless area network signals, near-field communications, light-based wireless communications, or other wireless communications. 
     Electronic devices (such as device  10  in  FIG. 1 ) may be a computing device such as a laptop computer, a computer monitor containing an embedded computer, a tablet computer, a cellular telephone, a media player, or other handheld or portable electronic device, a smaller device such as a wristwatch device, a pendant device, a headphone or earpiece device, a virtual or augmented reality headset device, a device embedded in eyeglasses or other equipment worn on a user&#39;s head, or other wearable or miniature device, a television, a computer display that does not contain an embedded computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, an embedded system such as a system in which electronic equipment with a display is mounted in a kiosk or automobile, a wireless access point or base station (e.g., a wireless router or other equipment for routing communications between other wireless devices and a larger network such as the internet or a cellular telephone network), a desktop computer, a keyboard, a gaming controller, a computer mouse, a mousepad, a trackpad or touchpad, equipment that implements the functionality of two or more of these devices, or other electronic equipment. The above-mentioned examples are merely illustrative. Other configurations may be used for electronic devices if desired. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , device  10  may include a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as a case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of these materials. In some situations, parts of housing  12  may be formed from dielectric or other low-conductivity material (e.g., glass, ceramic, plastic, sapphire, etc.). In other situations, housing  12  or at least some of the structures that make up housing  12  may be formed from metal elements. 
     Device  10  may, if desired, have a display such as display  6 . Display  6  may be mounted on the front face of device  10 . Display  6  may be a touch screen that incorporates capacitive touch electrodes or may be insensitive to touch. The rear face of housing  12  (i.e., the face of device  10  opposing the front face of device  10 ) may have a substantially planar housing wall such as rear housing wall  12 R (e.g., a planar housing wall). Rear housing wall  12 R may have slots that pass entirely through the rear housing wall and that therefore separate portions of housing  12  from each other. Rear housing wall  12 R may include conductive portions and/or dielectric portions. If desired, rear housing wall  12 R may include a planar metal layer covered by a thin layer or coating of dielectric such as glass, plastic, sapphire, or ceramic. Housing  12  may also have shallow grooves that do not pass entirely through housing  12 . The slots and grooves may be filled with plastic or other dielectric. If desired, portions of housing  12  that have been separated from each other (e.g., by a through slot) may be joined by internal conductive structures (e.g., sheet metal or other metal members that bridge the slot). 
     Housing  12  may include peripheral housing structures such as peripheral structures  12 W. Peripheral structures  12 W and rear housing wall  12 R may sometimes be referred to herein collectively as conductive structures of housing  12 . Peripheral structures  12 W may run around the periphery of device  10  and display  6 . In configurations in which device  10  and display  6  have a rectangular shape with four edges, peripheral structures  12 W may be implemented using peripheral housing structures that have a rectangular ring shape with four corresponding edges and that extend from rear housing wall  12 R to the front face of device  10  (as an example). Peripheral structures  12 W or part of peripheral structures  12 W may serve as a bezel for display  6  (e.g., a cosmetic trim that surrounds all four sides of display  6  and/or that helps hold display  6  to  4 ; device  10 ) if desired. Peripheral structures  12 W may, if desired, form sidewall structures for device  10  (e.g., by forming a metal band with vertical sidewalls, curved sidewalls, etc.). 
     Peripheral structures  12 W may be formed of a conductive material such as metal and may therefore sometimes be referred to as peripheral conductive housing structures, conductive housing structures, peripheral metal structures, peripheral conductive sidewalls, peripheral conductive sidewall structures, conductive housing sidewalls, peripheral conductive housing sidewalls, sidewalls, sidewall structures, or a peripheral conductive housing member (as examples). Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be formed from a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, or other suitable materials. One, two, or more than two separate structures may be used in forming peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. 
     It is not necessary for peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W to have a uniform cross-section. For example, the top portion of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may, if desired, have an inwardly protruding lip that helps hold display  6  in place. The bottom portion of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may also have an enlarged lip (e.g., in the plane of the rear surface of device  10 ). Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may have substantially straight vertical sidewalls, may have sidewalls that are curved, or may have other suitable shapes. In some configurations (e.g., when peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W serve as a bezel for display  6 ), peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may run around the lip of housing  12  (i.e., peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may cover only the edge of housing  12  that surrounds display  6  and not the rest of the sidewalls of housing  12 ). 
     If desired, rear housing wall  12 R may be formed from a metal such as stainless steel or aluminum and may sometimes be referred to herein as conductive rear housing wall  12 R or conductive rear wall  12 R. Conductive rear housing wall  12 R may lie in a plane that is parallel to display  6 . In configurations for device  10  in which rear housing wall  12 R is formed from metal, it may be desirable to form parts of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W as integral portions of the housing structures forming the conductive rear housing wall of housing  12 . For example, conductive rear housing wall  12 R of device  10  may be formed from a planar metal structure and portions of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W on the sides of housing  12  may be formed as flat or curved vertically extending integral metal portions of the planar metal structure (e.g., housing structures  12 R and  12 W may be formed from a continuous piece of metal in a unibody configuration). Housing structures such as these may, if desired, be machined from a block of metal and/or may include multiple metal pieces that are assembled together to form housing  12 . Conductive rear housing wall  12 R may have one or more, two or more, or three or more portions. Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and/or the conductive rear housing wall  12 R may form one or more exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., surfaces that are visible to a user of device  10 ) and/or may be implemented using internal structures that do not form exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., conductive housing structures that are not visible to a user of device  10  such as conductive structures that are covered with layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coating layers that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide structures  12 W and/or  12 R from view of the user). 
     Display  6  may have an array of pixels that form an active area AA that displays images for a user of device  10 . For example, active area AA may include an array of display pixels. The array of pixels may be formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic pixels, an array of plasma display pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode display pixels or other light-emitting diode pixels, an array of electrowetting display pixels, or display pixels based on other display technologies. If desired, active area AA may include touch sensors such as touch sensor capacitive electrodes, force sensors, or other sensors for gathering a user input. 
     Display  6  may have an inactive border region that runs along one or more of the edges of active area AA. Inactive area IA may be free of pixels for displaying images and may overlap circuitry and other internal device structures in housing  12 . To block these structures from view by a user of device  10 , the underside of the display cover layer or other layers in display  6  that overlaps inactive area IA may be coated with an opaque masking layer in inactive area IA. The opaque masking layer may have any suitable color. 
     Display  6  may be protected using a display cover layer such as a layer of transparent glass, clear plastic, transparent ceramic, sapphire, or other transparent crystalline material, or other transparent layer(s). The display cover layer may have a planar shape, a convex curved profile, a shape with planar and curved portions, a layout that includes a planar main area surrounded on one or more edges with a portion that is bent out of the plane of the planar main area, or other suitable shapes. The display cover layer may cover the entire front face of device  10 . In another suitable arrangement, the display cover layer may cover substantially all of the front face of device  10  or only a portion of the front face of device  10 . Openings may be formed in the display cover layer. For example, an opening may be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate a button. An opening may also be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate ports such as speaker port  4  or a microphone port. Openings may be formed in housing  12  to form communications ports (e.g., an audio jack port, a digital data port, etc.) and/or audio ports for audio components such as a speaker and/or a microphone if desired. 
     Display  6  may include conductive structures such as an array of capacitive electrodes for a touch sensor, conductive lines for addressing pixels, driver circuits, etc. Housing  12  may include internal conductive structures such as metal frame members and a planar conductive housing member (sometimes referred to as a backplate) that spans the walls of housing  12  (i.e., a substantially rectangular sheet formed from one or more metal parts that is welded or otherwise connected between opposing sides of sidewalls  12 W). The backplate may form an exterior rear surface of device  10  or may be covered by layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coatings that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide the backplate from view of the user. Device  10  may also include conductive structures such as printed circuit boards, components mounted on printed circuit boards, and other internal conductive structures. These conductive structures, which may be used in forming a ground plane in device  10 , may extend under active area AA of display  6 , for example. 
     In regions  7  and  9 , openings may be formed within the conductive structures of device  10  (e.g., between peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and opposing conductive ground structures such as conductive portions of conductive rear housing wall  12 R, conductive traces on a printed circuit board, conductive electrical components in display  6 , etc.). These openings, which may sometimes be referred to as gaps, may be filled with air, plastic, and/or other dielectrics and may be used in forming slot antenna resonating elements for one or more antennas in device  10 , if desired. 
     Conductive housing structures and other conductive structures in device  10  may serve as a ground plane for the antennas in device  10 . The openings in regions  7  and  9  may serve as slots in open or closed slot antennas, may serve as a central dielectric region that is surrounded by a conductive path of materials in a loop antenna, may serve as a space that separates an antenna resonating element such as a strip antenna resonating element or an inverted-F antenna resonating element from the ground plane, may contribute to the performance of a parasitic antenna resonating element, or may otherwise serve as part of antenna structures formed in regions  7  and  9 . If desired, the ground plane that is under active area AA of display  6  and/or other metal structures in device  10  may have portions that extend into parts of the ends of device  10  (e.g., the ground may extend towards the dielectric-filled openings in regions  7  and  9 ), thereby narrowing the slots in regions  7  and  9 . 
     In general, device  10  may include any suitable number of antennas (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, etc.). The antennas in device  10  may be located at opposing first and second ends of an elongated device housing (e.g., at ends  7  and  9  of device  10  of  FIG. 1 ), along one or more edges of a device housing, in the center of a device housing, in other suitable locations, or in one or more of these locations. The arrangement of  FIG. 1  is merely illustrative. 
     Portions of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be provided with peripheral gap structures. For example, peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be provided with one or more gaps such as gaps  8 , as shown in  FIG. 1 . The gaps in peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be filled with dielectric such as polymer, ceramic, glass, air, other dielectric materials, or combinations of these materials. Gaps  8  may divide peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W into one or more peripheral conductive segments. There may be, for example, two peripheral conductive segments in peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W (e.g., in an arrangement with two of gaps  8 ), three peripheral conductive segments (e.g., in an arrangement with three of gaps  8 ), four peripheral conductive segments (e.g., in an arrangement with four of gaps  8 ), six peripheral conductive segments (e.g., in an arrangement with six gaps  8 ), etc. The segments of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W that are formed in this way may form parts of antennas in device  10 . 
     If desired, openings in housing  12  such as grooves that extend partway or completely through housing  12  may extend across the width of the rear wall of housing  12  and may penetrate through the rear wall of housing  12  to divide the rear wall into different portions. These grooves may also extend into peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and may form antenna slots, gaps  8 , and other structures in device  10 . Polymer or other dielectric may fill these grooves and other housing openings. In some situations, housing openings that form antenna slots and other structure may be filled with a dielectric such as air. 
     In a typical scenario, device  10  may have one or more upper antennas and one or more lower antennas (as an example). An upper antenna may, for example, be formed at the upper end of device  10  in region  9 . A lower antenna may, for example, be formed at the lower end of device  10  in region  7 . The antennas may be used separately to cover identical communications bands, overlapping communications bands, or separate communications bands. The antennas may be used to implement an antenna diversity scheme or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna scheme. 
     Antennas in device  10  may be used to support any communications bands of interest. For example, device  10  may include antenna structures for supporting local area network communications, voice and data cellular telephone communications, global positioning system (GPS) communications or other satellite navigation system communications, Bluetooth® communications, near-field communications, etc. Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and/or conductive rear housing wall  12 R may be used to form antenna resonating elements (e.g., inverted-F antenna resonating element arms, edges of slot antenna resonating elements, etc.) for antennas in device  10  that cover frequencies below 10 GHz (e.g., cellular telephone frequencies, wireless local and personal area network frequencies, satellite navigation frequencies, near field communications frequencies, etc.). Other antennas in device  10  may be used to support communications in millimeter wave or centimeter wave communications bands above 10 GHz (sometimes referred to herein as millimeter and centimeter wave communications antennas). 
     In order to provide an end user of device  10  with as large of a display as possible (e.g., to maximize an area of the device used for displaying media, running applications, etc.), it may be desirable to increase the amount of area at the front face of device  10  that is covered by active area AA of display  6 . Increasing the size of active area AA may reduce the size of inactive area IA within device  10 . This may reduce the area within device  10  available for forming millimeter and centimeter wave communications antennas within device  10 . 
     Millimeter and centimeter wave communications antennas may be particularly susceptible to electromagnetic interference and coupling from nearby electronic components (e.g., active components such as active area AA of display  6  and components used in forming other antennas in device  10  such as peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W, particularly in scenarios where peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W are used to form antenna resonating elements for other antennas that cover frequencies lower than 10 GHz such as cellular telephone frequencies). If care is not taken, increasing the size of active area AA may reduce the operating space available to the millimeter and centimeter wave communications antennas, which can in turn increase the amount of electromagnetic interference imposed on the millimeter and centimeter wave communications antennas by active area AA and peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide millimeter and centimeter wave communications antennas that are free from interference from other components in device  10  despite the limited area available within device  10 . 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram showing illustrative components that may be used in an electronic device such as electronic device  10 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , device  10  may include storage and processing circuitry such as control circuitry  14 . Control circuitry  14  may include storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid-state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in control circuitry  14  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . This processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, baseband processor integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits, etc. 
     Control circuitry  14  may be used to run software on device  10 , such as internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, control circuitry  14  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using control circuitry  14  include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as WiFi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol or other wireless personal area network protocols, IEEE 802.1 lad protocols, cellular telephone protocols, MIMO protocols, antenna diversity protocols, satellite navigation system protocols, etc. 
     Device  10  may include input-output circuitry  16 . Input-output circuitry  16  may include input-output devices  18 . Input-output devices  18  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  18  may include user interface devices, data port devices, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices may include touch screens, displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, speakers, status indicators, light sources, audio jacks and other audio port components, digital data port devices, light sensors, accelerometers or other components that can detect motion and device orientation relative to the Earth, capacitance sensors, proximity sensors (e.g., a capacitive proximity sensor and/or an infrared proximity sensor), magnetic sensors, and other sensors and input-output components. 
     Input-output circuitry  16  may include wireless communications circuitry  34  for communicating wirelessly with external equipment. Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas  40 , transmission lines, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  20  for handling various radio-frequency communications bands. For example, circuitry  34  may include transceiver circuitry  22 ,  24 ,  26 , and  28 . 
     Transceiver circuitry  24  may be wireless local area network transceiver circuitry. Transceiver circuitry  24  may handle 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for Wi-Fi® (IEEE 802.11) communications or other wireless local area network (WLAN) bands and may handle the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band or other wireless personal area network (WPAN) bands. 
     Circuitry  34  may use cellular telephone transceiver circuitry  26  for handling wireless communications in frequency ranges such as a low communications band from 600 to 960 MHz, a midband from 1710 to 2170 MHz, a high band from 2300 to 2700 MHz, an ultra-high band from 3400 to 3700 MHz, or other communications bands between 600 MHz and 4000 MHz or other suitable frequencies (as examples). Circuitry  26  may handle voice data and non-voice data. 
     Millimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  (sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) transceiver circuitry  28  or transceiver circuitry  28 ) may support communications at frequencies between about 10 GHz and 300 GHz. For example, transceiver circuitry  28  may support communications in Extremely High Frequency (EHF) or millimeter wave communications bands between about 30 GHz and 300 GHz and/or in centimeter wave communications bands between about 10 GHz and 30 GHz (sometimes referred to as Super High Frequency (SHF) bands). As examples, transceiver circuitry  28  may support communications in an IEEE K communications band between about 18 GHz and 27 GHz, a K a  communications band between about 26.5 GHz and 40 GHz, a Ku communications band between about 12 GHz and 18 GHz, a V communications band between about 40 GHz and 75 GHz, a W communications band between about 75 GHz and 110 GHz, or any other desired frequency band between approximately 10 GHz and 300 GHz. If desired, circuitry  28  may support IEEE 802.1 lad communications at 60 GHz and/or 5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems (5G) communications bands between 27 GHz and 90 GHz. If desired, circuitry  28  may support communications at multiple frequency bands between 10 GHz and 300 GHz such as a first band from 27.5 GHz to 28.5 GHz, a second band from 37 GHz to 41 GHz, and a third band from 57 GHz to 71 GHz, or other communications bands between 10 GHz and 300 GHz. Circuitry  28  may be formed from one or more integrated circuits (e.g., multiple integrated circuits mounted on a common printed circuit in a system-in-package device, one or more integrated circuits mounted on different substrates, etc.). While circuitry  28  is sometimes referred to herein as millimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28 , millimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may handle communications at any desired communications bands at frequencies between 10 GHz and 300 GHz (e.g., transceiver circuitry  28  may transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in millimeter wave communications bands, centimeter wave communications bands, etc.). 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include satellite navigation system circuitry such as Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver circuitry  22  for receiving GPS signals at 1575 MHz or for handling other satellite positioning data (e.g., GLONASS signals at 1609 MHz). Satellite navigation system signals for receiver  22  are received from a constellation of satellites orbiting the earth. 
     In satellite navigation system links, cellular telephone links, and other long-range links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over thousands of feet or miles. In Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® links at 2.4 and 5 GHz and other short-range wireless links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over tens or hundreds of feet. Extremely high frequency (EHF) wireless transceiver circuitry  28  may convey signals that travel (over short distances) between a transmitter and a receiver over a line-of-sight path. To enhance signal reception for millimeter and centimeter wave communications, phased antenna arrays and beam steering techniques may be used (e.g., schemes in which antenna signal phase and/or magnitude for each antenna in an array is adjusted to perform beam steering). Antenna diversity schemes may also be used to ensure that the antennas that have become blocked or that are otherwise degraded due to the operating environment of device  10  can be switched out of use and higher-performing antennas used in their place. 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  can include circuitry for other short-range and long-range wireless links if desired. For example, wireless communications circuitry  34  may include circuitry for receiving television and radio signals, paging system transceivers, near field communications (NFC) circuitry, etc. 
     Antennas  40  in wireless communications circuitry  34  may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas  40  may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, stacked patch antenna structures, antenna structures having parasitic elements, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, monopoles, dipoles, helical antenna structures, Yagi (Yagi-Uda) antenna structures, surface integrated waveguide structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. If desired, one or more of antennas  40  may be cavity-backed antennas. Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a local wireless link antenna and another type of antenna may be used in forming a remote wireless link antenna. Dedicated antennas may be used for receiving satellite navigation system signals or, if desired, antennas  40  can be configured to receive both satellite navigation system signals and signals for other communications bands (e.g., wireless local area network signals and/or cellular telephone signals). Antennas  40  can be arranged in phased antenna arrays for handling millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications. 
     Transmission line paths may be used to route antenna signals within device  10 . For example, transmission line paths may be used to couple antennas  40  to transceiver circuitry  20 . Transmission line paths in device  10  may include coaxial cable paths, microstrip transmission lines, stripline transmission lines, edge-coupled microstrip transmission lines, edge-coupled stripline transmission lines, waveguide structures for conveying signals at millimeter wave frequencies (e.g., coplanar waveguides or grounded coplanar waveguides), transmission lines formed from combinations of transmission lines of these types, etc. 
     Transmission line paths in device  10  may be integrated into rigid and/or flexible printed circuit boards if desired. In one suitable arrangement, transmission line paths in device  10  may include transmission line conductors (e.g., signal and/or ground conductors) that are integrated within multilayer laminated structures (e.g., layers of a conductive material such as copper and a dielectric material such as a resin that are laminated together without intervening adhesive) that may be folded or bent in multiple dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and that maintain a bent or folded shape after bending (e.g., the multilayer laminated structures may be folded into a particular three-dimensional shape to route around other device components and may be rigid enough to hold its shape after folding without being held in place by stiffeners or other structures). All of the multiple layers of the laminated structures may be batch laminated together (e.g., in a single pressing process) without adhesive (e.g., as opposed to performing multiple pressing processes to laminate multiple layers together with adhesive). Filter circuitry, switching circuitry, impedance matching circuitry, and other circuitry may be interposed within the transmission lines, if desired. 
     Device  10  may contain multiple antennas  40 . The antennas may be used together or one of the antennas may be switched into use while other antenna(s) are switched out of use. If desired, control circuitry  14  may be used to select an optimum antenna to use in device  10  in real time and/or to select an optimum setting for adjustable wireless circuitry associated with one or more of antennas  40 . Antenna adjustments may be made to tune antennas to perform in desired frequency ranges, to perform beam steering with a phased antenna array, and to otherwise optimize antenna performance. Sensors may be incorporated into antennas  40  to gather sensor data in real time that is used in adjusting antennas  40  if desired. 
     In some configurations, antennas  40  may include antenna arrays (e.g., phased antenna arrays to implement beam steering functions). For example, the antennas that are used in handling millimeter wave signals for extremely high frequency wireless transceiver circuits  28  may be implemented as phased antenna arrays. The radiating elements in a phased antenna array for supporting millimeter wave communications may be patch antennas, dipole antennas, Yagi (Yagi-Uda) antennas, or other suitable antenna elements. Transceiver circuitry  28  can be integrated with the phased antenna arrays to form integrated phased antenna array and transceiver circuit modules or packages (sometimes referred to herein as integrated antenna modules or antenna modules) if desired. 
     In devices such as handheld devices, the presence of an external object such as the hand of a user or a table or other surface on which a device is resting has a potential to block wireless signals such as millimeter wave signals. In addition, millimeter wave communications typically require a line of sight between antennas  40  and the antennas on an external device. Accordingly, it may be desirable to incorporate multiple phased antenna arrays into device  10 , each of which is placed in a different location within or on device  10 . With this type of arrangement, an unblocked phased antenna array may be switched into use and, once switched into use, the phased antenna array may use beam steering to optimize wireless performance. Similarly, if a phased antenna array does not face or have a line of sight to an external device, another phased antenna array that has line of sight to the external device may be switched into use and that phased antenna array may use beam steering to optimize wireless performance. Configurations in which antennas from one or more different locations in device  10  are operated together may also be used (e.g., to form a phased antenna array, etc.). 
       FIG. 3  shows how antennas  40  for handling millimeter and centimeter wave communications may be formed in a phased antenna array. As shown in  FIG. 3 , phased antenna array  60  (sometimes referred to herein as array  60 , antenna array  60 , or array  60  of antennas  40 ) may be coupled to signal paths such as transmission line paths  64  (e.g., one or more radio-frequency transmission lines). For example, a first antenna  40 - 1  in phased antenna array  60  may be coupled to a first transmission line path  64 - 1 , a second antenna  40 - 2  in phased antenna array  60  may be coupled to a second transmission line path  64 - 2 , an Nth antenna  40 -N in phased antenna array  60  may be coupled to an Nth transmission line path  64 -N, etc. While antennas  40  are described herein as forming a phased antenna array, the antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  may sometimes be referred to as collectively forming a single phased array antenna. 
     Antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  may be arranged in any desired number of rows and columns or in any other desired pattern (e.g., the antennas need not be arranged in a grid pattern having rows and columns). During signal transmission operations, transmission line paths  64  may be used to supply signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals such as millimeter wave and/or centimeter wave signals) from transceiver circuitry  28  ( FIG. 2 ) to phased antenna array  60  for wireless transmission to external wireless equipment. During signal reception operations, transmission line paths  64  may be used to convey signals received at phased antenna array  60  from external equipment to transceiver circuitry  28  ( FIG. 2 ). 
     The use of multiple antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  allows beam steering arrangements to be implemented by controlling the relative phases and magnitudes (amplitudes) of the radio-frequency signals conveyed by the antennas. In the example of  FIG. 3 , antennas  40  each have a corresponding radio-frequency phase and magnitude controller  62  (e.g., a first phase and magnitude controller  62 - 1  interposed on transmission line path  64 - 1  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 - 1 , a second phase and magnitude controller  62 - 2  interposed on transmission line path  64 - 2  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 - 2 , an Nth phase and magnitude controller  62 -N interposed on transmission line path  64 -N may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 -N, etc.). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  62  may each include circuitry for adjusting the phase of the radio-frequency signals on transmission line paths  64  (e.g., phase shifter circuits) and/or circuitry for adjusting the magnitude of the radio-frequency signals on transmission line paths  64  (e.g., power amplifier and/or low noise amplifier circuits). Phase and magnitude controllers  62  may sometimes be referred to collectively herein as beam steering circuitry (e.g., beam steering circuitry that steers the beam of radio-frequency signals transmitted and/or received by phased antenna array  60 ). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  62  may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the transmitted signals that are provided to each of the antennas in phased antenna array  60  and may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  60  from external equipment. Phase and magnitude controllers  62  may, if desired, include phase detection circuitry for detecting the phases of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  60  from external equipment. The term “beam” or “signal beam” may be used herein to collectively refer to wireless signals that are transmitted and received by phased antenna array  60  in a particular direction. The term “transmit beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to wireless radio-frequency signals that are transmitted in a particular direction whereas the term “receive beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to wireless radio-frequency signals that are received from a particular direction. 
     If, for example, phase and magnitude controllers  62  are adjusted to produce a first set of phases and/or magnitudes for transmitted millimeter wave signals, the transmitted signals will form a millimeter wave frequency transmit beam as shown by beam  66  of  FIG. 3  that is oriented in the direction of point A. If, however, phase and magnitude controllers  62  are adjusted to produce a second set of phases and/or magnitudes for the transmitted millimeter wave signals, the transmitted signals will form a millimeter wave frequency transmit beam as shown by beam  68  that is oriented in the direction of point B. Similarly, if phase and magnitude controllers  62  are adjusted to produce the first set of phases and/or magnitudes, wireless signals (e.g., millimeter wave signals in a millimeter wave frequency receive beam) may be received from the direction of point A as shown by beam  66 . If phase and magnitude controllers  62  are adjusted to produce the second set of phases and/or magnitudes, signals may be received from the direction of point B, as shown by beam  68 . 
     Each phase and magnitude controller  62  may be controlled to produce a desired phase and/or magnitude based on a corresponding control signal  58  received from control circuitry  14  of  FIG. 2  or other control circuitry in device  10  (e.g., the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  62 - 1  may be controlled using control signal  58 - 1 , the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  62 - 2  may be controlled using control signal  58 - 2 , etc.). If desired, control circuitry  14  may actively adjust control signals  58  in real time to steer the transmit or receive beam in different desired directions over time. Phase and magnitude controllers  62  may provide information identifying the phase of received signals to control circuitry  14  if desired. 
     When performing millimeter or centimeter wave communications, radio-frequency signals are conveyed over a line of sight path between phased antenna array  60  and external equipment. If the external equipment is located at location A of  FIG. 3 , phase and magnitude controllers  62  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards direction A. If the external equipment is located at location B, phase and magnitude controllers  62  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards direction B. In the example of  FIG. 3 , beam steering is shown as being performed over a single degree of freedom for the sake of simplicity (e.g., towards the left and right on the page of  FIG. 3 ). However, in practice, the beam is steered over two or more degrees of freedom (e.g., in three dimensions, into and out of the page and to the left and right on the page of  FIG. 3 ). 
     A schematic diagram of an antenna  40  that may be formed in phased antenna array  60  (e.g., as antenna  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and/or  40 -N in phased antenna array  60  of  FIG. 3 ) is shown in  FIG. 4 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , antenna  40  may be coupled to transceiver circuitry  20  (e.g., millimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  of  FIG. 2 ). Transceiver circuitry  20  may be coupled to antenna feed  96  of antenna  40  using transmission line path  64  (sometimes referred to herein as radio-frequency transmission line  64 ). Antenna feed  96  may include a positive antenna feed terminal such as positive antenna feed terminal  98  and may include a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal  100 . Transmission line path  64  may include a positive signal conductor such as signal conductor  94  that is coupled to terminal  98  and a ground conductor such as ground conductor  90  that is coupled to terminal  100 . 
     Any desired antenna structures may be used for implementing antenna  40 . In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, patch antenna structures may be used for implementing antenna  40 . Antennas  40  that are implemented using patch antenna structures may sometimes be referred to herein as patch antennas. An illustrative patch antenna that may be used in phased antenna array  60  of  FIG. 3  is shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , antenna  40  may have a patch antenna resonating element  104  that is separated from and parallel to a ground plane such as antenna ground plane  102 . Patch antenna resonating element  104  may lie within a plane such as the X-Y plane of  FIG. 5  (e.g., the lateral surface area of element  104  may lie in the X-Y plane). Patch antenna resonating element  104  may sometimes be referred to herein as patch  104 , patch element  104 , patch resonating element  104 , antenna resonating element  104 , or resonating element  104 . Ground plane  102  may lie within a plane that is parallel to the plane of patch element  104 . Patch element  104  and ground plane  102  may therefore lie in separate parallel planes that are separated by a distance  109 . Patch  104  and ground plane  102  may be formed from conductive traces patterned on a dielectric substrate such as a rigid or flexible printed circuit board substrate, metal foil, stamped sheet metal, electronic device housing structures, or any other desired conductive structures. 
     The length of the sides of patch element  104  may be selected so that antenna  40  resonates at a desired operating frequency. For example, the sides of patch element  104  may each have a length  114  that is approximately equal to half of the wavelength of the signals conveyed by antenna  40  (e.g., the effective wavelength given the dielectric properties of the materials surrounding patch element  104 ). In one suitable arrangement, length  114  may be between 0.8 mm and 1.2 mm (e.g., approximately 1.1 mm) for covering a millimeter wave frequency band between 57 GHz and 70 GHz, as just one example. 
     The example of  FIG. 5  is merely illustrative. Patch element  104  may have a square shape in which all of the sides of patch element  104  are the same length or may have a different rectangular shape. Patch element  104  may be formed in other shapes having any desired number of straight and/or curved edges. If desired, patch element  104  and ground plane  102  may have different shapes and relative orientations. 
     To enhance the polarizations handled by antenna  40 , antenna  40  may be provided with multiple feeds. As shown in  FIG. 5 , antenna  40  may have a first feed at antenna port P 1  that is coupled to a first transmission line path  64  such as transmission line path  64 V and a second feed at antenna port P 2  that is coupled to a second transmission line path  64  such as transmission line path  64 H. The first antenna feed may have a first ground antenna feed terminal coupled to ground plane  102  (not shown in  FIG. 5  for the sake of clarity) and a first positive antenna feed terminal  98  such as positive antenna feed terminal  98 V coupled to patch element  104 . The second antenna feed may have a second ground antenna feed terminal coupled to ground plane  102  (not shown in  FIG. 5  for the sake of clarity) and a second positive antenna feed terminal  98  such as positive antenna feed terminal  98 H on patch element  104 . 
     Holes or openings such as openings  117  and  119  may be formed in ground plane  102 . Transmission line path  64 V may include a vertical conductor (e.g., a conductive through-via, conductive pin, metal pillar, solder bump, combinations of these, or other vertical conductive interconnect structures) that extends through hole  117  to positive antenna feed terminal  98 V on patch element  104 . Transmission line path  64 H may include a vertical conductor that extends through hole  119  to positive antenna feed terminal  98 H on patch element  104 . This example is merely illustrative and, if desired, other transmission line structures may be used (e.g., coaxial cable structures, stripline transmission line structures, etc.). 
     When using the first antenna feed associated with port P 1 , antenna  40  may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals having a first polarization (e.g., the electric field E 1  of antenna signals  115  associated with port P 1  may be oriented parallel to the Y-axis in  FIG. 5 ). When using the antenna feed associated with port P 2 , antenna  40  may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals having a second polarization (e.g., the electric field E 2  of antenna signals  115  associated with port P 2  may be oriented parallel to the X-axis of  FIG. 5  so that the polarizations associated with ports P 1  and P 2  are orthogonal to each other). 
     One of ports P 1  and P 2  may be used at a given time so that antenna  40  operates as a single-polarization antenna or both ports may be operated at the same time so that antenna  40  operates with other polarizations (e.g., as a dual-polarization antenna, a circularly-polarized antenna, an elliptically-polarized antenna, etc.). If desired, the active port may be changed over time so that antenna  40  can switch between covering vertical or horizontal polarizations at a given time. Ports P 1  and P 2  may be coupled to different phase and magnitude controllers  62  ( FIG. 3 ) or may both be coupled to the same phase and magnitude controller  62 . If desired, ports P 1  and P 2  may both be operated with the same phase and magnitude at a given time (e.g., when antenna  40  acts as a dual-polarization antenna). If desired, the phases and magnitudes of radio-frequency signals conveyed over ports P 1  and P 2  may be controlled separately and varied over time so that antenna  40  exhibits other polarizations (e.g., circular or elliptical polarizations). 
     If care is not taken, antennas  40  such as dual-polarization patch antennas of the type shown in  FIG. 5  may have insufficient bandwidth for covering an entirety of a communications band of interest (e.g., a communications band at frequencies greater than 10 GHz). For example, in scenarios where antenna  40  is configured to cover a millimeter wave communications band between 57 GHz and 71 GHz, patch element  104  as shown in  FIG. 5  may have insufficient bandwidth to cover the entirety of the frequency range between 57 GHz and 71 GHz. If desired, antenna  40  may include one or more parasitic antenna resonating elements that serve to broaden the bandwidth of antenna  40  (e.g., to extend the bandwidth of antenna  40  to cover an entirety of the communications band between 57 GHz and 71 GHz). The parasitic antenna resonating elements may include one or more conductive patches located above patch element  104 , as an example. 
     If desired, antenna  40  of  FIG. 5  may be formed on a dielectric substrate (not shown in  FIG. 5  for the sake of clarity). The dielectric substrate may be, for example, a rigid or printed circuit board or other dielectric substrate. The dielectric substrate may include multiple stacked dielectric layers (e.g., multiple layers of printed circuit board substrate such as multiple layers of fiberglass-filled epoxy, multiple layers of ceramic substrate, etc.). Ground plane  102  and patch element  104  may be formed on different layers of the dielectric substrate if desired. The example of  FIG. 5  is merely illustrative and, in general, antenna  40  may have any desired number of feeds. Other antenna types may be used if desired. 
       FIG. 6  is a top-down view of electronic device  10  showing how phased antenna array  60  ( FIG. 3 ) of antennas  40  (e.g., dual polarization patch antennas of the type shown in  FIG. 5 ) may be mounted within device  10 . The plane of the page of  FIG. 6  may, for example, lie in the X-Y plane of  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , display  6  may include conductive display structures such as display structures  122 . Display  6  may include a display cover layer such as a transparent glass layer (not shown in  FIG. 6  for the sake of clarity) mounted over display structures  122 . Display structures  122  may form active area AA of  FIG. 1 . Display structures  122  (sometimes referred to as display module  122 , display panel  122 , active display circuitry  122 , or active display structures  122 ) may include pixels formed from light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic LEDs (OLEDs), plasma cells, electrowetting pixels, electrophoretic pixels, liquid crystal display (LCD) components, or other suitable pixel structures. Display module  122  may include active light emitting components, touch sensor components (e.g., touch sensor electrodes), force sensor components, and/or other active components. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , display module  122  in display  6  may be separated from peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W by gap  124  (sometimes referred to herein as opening  124  or slot  124 ). Gap  124  may, for example, form inactive area IA of  FIG. 1  (e.g., because gap  124  is formed under the display cover layer for display  6  but is not formed under display module  122  and active area AA of display  6 ). 
     Phased antenna array  60  may be mounted within gap  124  between display module  122  and peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. Phased antenna array  60  may include any desired number of antennas  40  arranged in any desired number of rows and columns. In the example of  FIG. 6 , phased antenna array  60  includes a single column of antennas  40  (e.g., due to the limited lateral space between display module  122  and peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W). 
     The antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  may be formed on a dielectric substrate such as substrate  120 . Substrate  120  may be, for example, a rigid or flexible printed circuit board or other dielectric substrate. Substrate  120  may include multiple stacked dielectric layers (e.g., multiple layers of printed circuit board substrate such as multiple layers of fiberglass-filled epoxy) or may include a single dielectric layer. Substrate  120  may include any desired dielectric materials such as epoxy, plastic, ceramic, glass, foam, or other materials. Antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  may be mounted at a surface of substrate  120  or may be partially or completely embedded within substrate  120  (e.g., within a single layer of substrate  120  or within multiple layers of substrate  120 ). 
     In the example of  FIG. 6 , antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  are shown as being patch antennas having antenna resonating elements  110  formed over an antenna ground plane (e.g., ground plane  102  of  FIG. 5 ). Antenna resonating elements  110  may include patch elements  104  of  FIG. 5  or parasitic antenna resonating elements that are parasitically coupled to the patch elements. Antenna resonating elements  110  may include other types of antenna resonating elements in scenarios where antennas  40  are implemented using other antenna structures if desired. 
     The ground plane, antenna resonating elements  110 , and an optional parasitic element over antenna resonating elements  110  may each be formed on separate layers of substrate  120  if desired (e.g., the parasitic element or the patch element may be formed on an exposed surface of substrate  120 ). If desired, each antenna  40  may be fed using a single feed for covering a single polarization or may be fed using multiple feeds for covering multiple polarizations or other polarizations such as circular or elliptical polarizations (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 5 ). This is merely illustrative and, in general, any other desired antenna structures may be used to implement antennas  40  on phased antenna array  60 . Each antenna  40  in phased antenna array  60  may be laterally separated (e.g., in the X-Y plane of  FIG. 6 ) from an adjacent antenna  40  by approximately one-half of the effective wavelength of operation of phased antenna array  60  (e.g., one-half of the freespace wavelength of operation after adjusting for contributions from the dielectric materials used to form substrate  120 ). Antennas having different sizes for covering multiple different frequency bands may be formed within the same phased antenna array  60  if desired. 
     During operation, display module  122  may generate electromagnetic signals (e.g., in displaying images and/or receiving a user input such as a touch sensor input or force sensor input). Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may form part of another antenna in device  10  and may generate electromagnetic signals (e.g., a portion of a slot antenna resonating element, a portion of an inverted-F antenna resonating element, an antenna ground, etc.). If care is not taken, display module  122  and/or peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may electromagnetically couple to phased antenna array  60 , leading to interference on the radio-frequency signals handled by phased antenna array  60 . 
     In order to mitigate these effects, phased antenna array  60  may be mounted within a conductive shielding bucket such as conductive bucket  140 . Conductive bucket  140  may include a conductive rear surface formed under phased antenna array  60  and conductive sidewalls extending around one or more peripheral sides of phased antenna array  60 . Conductive bucket  140  may serve to isolate phased antenna array  60  from the electromagnetic effects of display module  122  and peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W (e.g., electromagnetic coupling due to the relatively small width of gap  124  between display module  122  and peripheral conductive housing structures  122 ). 
       FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional side view showing how phased antenna array  60  may be mounted to conductive bucket  140  within gap  124  (e.g., as taken along line AA′ of  FIG. 6 ). As shown in  FIG. 7 , display  6  may include dielectric cover layer  156  over display module  122 . 
     Dielectric cover layer  156  (sometimes referred to herein as display cover layer  156 , display cover  156 , cover layer  156 , or cover glass  156 ) may be formed from an optically transparent dielectric such as glass, sapphire, ceramic, or plastic. Display module  122  may form active area AA of display  6  and may display images (e.g., emit image light) through display cover layer  156  for view by a user and/or may gather touch or force sensor inputs through display cover layer  156 . Display cover layer  156  may be used to mount display  6  to peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W in one suitable arrangement. If desired, portions of display cover layer  156  may be provided with opaque masking layers (e.g., ink masking layers) and/or pigment to obscure interior  258  of device  10  from view of the user. Other components  160  such as a main logic board may be located within interior  158  of device  10 . Exterior surface  154  of display cover layer  156  may form an exterior surface of device  10 . 
     Conductive bucket  140  may be mounted below display cover layer  156  within gap  124  between peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and display module  122  (e.g., within inactive area IA of display  6 ). Some or all of conductive bucket  140  may be laterally interposed between peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and display module  122 . Conductive bucket  140  (sometimes referred to herein as conductive shielding bucket  140 , shielding bucket  140 , conductive cavity  140 , or conductive pocket  140 ) may include a conductive rear wall  142  and conductive sidewalls such as walls  144  and  146  that extend from conductive rear wall  142  towards display cover layer  156 . Conductive sidewalls  144  and  146  may, for example, extend parallel to peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. Conductive rear wall  12 R may extend parallel to display cover layer  156 . Conductive bucket  140  may be formed using stamped sheet metal, conductive traces on underlying substrates, conductive portions of electronic components within device  10 , portions of the housing for device  10 , and/or any other desired conductive structures. 
     Phased antenna array  60  may be mounted to conductive rear wall  142  of conductive bucket  140 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , phased antenna array  60  may include antenna resonating elements  110  (sometimes referred to herein as antenna elements  110  or antenna radiating elements  110 ) separated from conductive rear wall  142  by dielectric substrate  120  of phased antenna array  60 . Ground plane  102  for phased antenna array  60  may be embedded within dielectric substrate  120 . 
     If desired, ground plane  102  may be shorted to conductive bucket  140  so that conductive bucket  140  serves as a part of the antenna ground for phased antenna array  60 . In another suitable arrangement, ground plane  102  within dielectric substrate  120  may be omitted and conductive bucket  140  may be held at a ground potential to serve as the antenna ground for phased antenna array  60 . Transmission line signal conductors  94  may coupling antenna resonating elements  110  to transceiver circuitry. Transmission line signal conductors  94  may, for example, include conductive through vias extending through substrate  120 . Holes or openings may be formed in conductive bucket  140  to allow transmission line structures (e.g., transmission line paths  64  of  FIG. 5 ) to be routed between phased antenna array  60  and the transceiver circuitry. 
     The example of  FIG. 7  in which conductive bucket  140  and phased antenna array  60  is mounted behind display cover layer  156  is merely illustrative. If desired, conductive bucket  140  and phased antenna array  60  may be mounted behind any desired dielectric layer located at any desired location on device  10  (e.g., where display cover layer  156  of  FIG. 7  is replaced with a dielectric housing wall or an antenna window in a conductive housing wall located elsewhere on device  10  such as rear housing wall  12 R). 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , display cover layer  156  may be separated from phased antenna array  60  by a gap such as gap  150  (sometimes referred to herein as cavity  150 , dielectric cavity  150 , or volume  150 ). Cavity  150  may be filled with a dielectric material such as plastic, foam, air, etc. The dielectric properties of cavity  150  and display cover layer  156  may be selected to impedance match phased antenna array  60  to the exterior of device  10 . Display cover layer  156  may have a uniform thickness (as defined by the distance between interior surface  152  and exterior surface  154  of display cover layer  156 ) across the lateral area of phased antenna array  60  or may have a varying thickness across the lateral area of phased antenna array  60 . Interior surface  152  may sometimes be referred to herein as internal surface  152 , inner surface  152 , or lower surface  152 . Exterior surface  154  may sometimes be referred to herein as external surface  154 , outer surface  154 , or upper surface  154 . 
     Surfaces  152  and  154  may lie in parallel planes with respect to a surface of antenna resonating elements  110 , a surface of substrate  120 , and/or a surface of ground plane  102 . In another suitable example, interior surface  152  and/or exterior surface  154  may be curved to minimize destructive interference between radio-frequency signals that are transmitted by phased antenna array  60  and reflected versions of the transmitted signals that are reflected at surfaces  152  and/or  154  (e.g., due differences in the dielectric constants of cavity  150 , display cover layer  156 , and the exterior of device  10 ). 
     Conductive sidewalls such as sidewalls  144  and  146  may extend around all sides of cavity  150  (e.g., to surround the lateral periphery of phased antenna array  60 ). In this way, conductive bucket  140  and display cover layer  156  may completely enclose or encapsulate phased antenna array  60  within cavity  150  (e.g., the edges of cavity  150  may be defined by conductive bucket  140  and display cover layer  156 ). 
     Conductive bucket  140  may be affixed, attached, or connected to dielectric cover layer  122 . For example, conductive bucket  140  may be in direct contact with interior surface  152  of display cover layer  156  (e.g., conductive bucket  140  may be secured to display cover layer  156  using screws, pins, clips, or other fastening structures) or may be secured to display cover layer  156  using adhesive (e.g., a layer of conductive and/or dielectric adhesive interposed between the top surface of sidewalls  144  and  146  and interior surface  152  of display cover layer  156 ). In another suitable arrangement, conductive bucket  140  may be unattached to display cover layer  156 . For example, conductive bucket  140  may be pressed against interior surface  152  of display cover layer  156  using biasing structures (e.g., springs, foam, clips, magnets, etc.) or may be separated from interior surface  152  by a gap. 
     Conductive bucket  140  may serve to block electromagnetic signals conveyed by phased antenna array  60  from escaping cavity  150  towards the interior of device  10 . Similarly, conductive bucket  140  may serve to block electromagnetic interference at phased antenna array due to peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W (e.g., other antenna structures in device  10 ) and/or display module  122 . Conductive bucket  140  may also serve to block surface waves generated at interior surface  152  within cavity  150  from propagating beyond cavity  150 . 
     In this way, phased antenna array  60  may be mounted within a relatively small inactive area IA of display  6  (thereby allowing for as large an active area AA for a user of device  10  as possible), without allowing the relatively high electromagnetic coupling associated with such a small volume between active circuitry (e.g., display module  122 ) and antenna components (e.g., peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W) to interfere with the operation of phased antenna array  60  at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies. The example of  FIG. 7  is merely illustrative. If desired, conductive bucket  140  may have other shapes (e.g., shapes having straight and/or curved edges or walls). 
     In practice, if care is not taken, electromagnetic cross-coupling between antennas  40  within phased antenna array  60  can limit the overall antenna efficiency for phased antenna array  60 . If desired, antennas  40  within phased antenna array  60  may be provided alternating feed locations to minimize cross-coupling between antennas  40 .  FIG. 8  is a top-down view of phased antenna array  60  having alternating feed locations within conductive bucket  140 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , substrate  120  of phased antenna array  60  may be mounted to conductive rear wall  142  of conductive bucket  140 . Conductive bucket  140  may include sidewalls such as sidewalls  144 ,  146 ,  172 , and  174  that laterally surround the periphery of cavity  150  and phased antenna array  60 . 
     Phased antenna array  60  may include four antennas  40  such as a first antenna  40 - 1 , a second antenna  40 - 2 , a third antenna  40 - 3 , and a fourth antenna  40 - 4 . Antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and  40 - 4  may each handle radio-frequency signals of a given polarization (e.g., a vertical polarization) using corresponding vertical positive antenna feed terminals  98 V. In order to minimize cross-coupling between the vertical feeds of antennas  40 , positive antenna feed terminals  98 V of antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 4  may be coupled to the corresponding antenna resonating elements  110  adjacent to conductive sidewall  144  whereas positive antenna feed terminals  98 V of antennas  40 - 2  and  40 - 3  are coupled to the corresponding antenna resonating elements  110  adjacent to conductive sidewall  146 . In other words, positive antenna feed terminals  98 V of antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 4  may be coupled to the side of the corresponding antenna resonating elements  110  facing conductive sidewall  144 . Positive antenna feed terminals  98 V of antennas  40 - 2  and  40 - 3  may be coupled to the side of the corresponding antenna resonating elements  110  facing conductive sidewall  146 . 
     Radio-frequency signals handled by positive antenna feed terminal  98 V of antenna  40 - 1  may be approximately 180 degrees out of phase with the radio-frequency signals handled by positive antenna feed terminal  98 V of antenna  40 - 2 . Similarly, radio-frequency signals handled by positive antenna feed terminal  98 V of antenna  40 - 3  may be approximately 180 degrees out of phase with the radio-frequency signals handled by positive antenna feed terminal  98 V of antenna  40 - 4 . This may serve to minimize cross-coupling between antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and  40 - 4  in phased antenna array  60  and thus maximize antenna efficiency for phased antenna array  60 . While the example of  FIG. 8  shows four antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60 , a similar feeding arrangement may be used for any desired number of antennas (e.g., where each pair of adjacent antennas has alternating vertical antenna feed locations). 
     In another suitable arrangement, the positive antenna feed terminal  98 V for each of antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and  40 - 4  may be located on the same side of phased antenna array  60 . For example, the positive antenna feed terminal  98 V for each of antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and  40 - 4  may be located on the side of antenna resonating elements  110  facing conductive sidewall  146 . This may, for example, maximize the distance between the antenna feed terminals and peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and thus maximize isolation between phased antenna array  60  and peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W (e.g., in scenarios where peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W form part of another antenna in device  10 ). In general, the location of positive antenna feed terminals  98 V may be selected to maximize isolation between phased antenna array  60  and peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W, to maximize isolation between phased antenna array  60  and display module  122 , and/or to minimize cross coupling between the antennas in phased antenna array  60  at desired frequencies. 
     Substrate  120  and/or antenna resonating elements  110  may be separated from the conductive sidewalls of conductive bucket  140  by a gap  180 . The size of gap  180  may be adjusted to tweak a capacitance of phased antenna array  60  (e.g., to help impedance match phased antenna array  60  to display cover layer  156  of  FIG. 7  and to optimize antenna efficiency for phased antenna array  60 ). Gap  180  may be omitted if desired. 
     The example of  FIG. 8  is merely illustrative. Phased antenna array  60  may include any desired number of antennas  40  arranged in any desired pattern and having any desired feed locations. Phased antenna array  60  may include different antennas (e.g., patch antennas having patch elements with different sizes) for concurrently covering different frequencies. Conductive sidewalls  172  and/or  174  may be omitted if desired. Conductive bucket  140  and/or substrate  120  may have other shapes (e.g., shapes having curved and/or straight edges). Conductive sidewalls  144 ,  172 ,  146 , and/or  174  may be omitted and the conductive boundary of cavity  150  may be defined by other conductive components within device  10  if desired. 
     If desired, each antenna  40  in phased antenna array  60  may include multiple positive antenna feed terminals that can be selectively activated or deactivated at any given time.  FIG. 9  is a schematic circuit diagram showing how antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  may have switchable antenna feed terminals. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and  40 - 4  of phased antenna array  60  may include multiple vertical positive antenna feed terminals such as a first positive antenna feed terminal  98 V and a second vertical positive antenna feed terminal  98 V′. Positive antenna feed terminals  98 V and  98 V′ may, for example, be coupled to opposing sides of the corresponding antenna resonating element  110 . 
     Positive antenna feed terminals  98 V and  98 V′ may each be coupled to a corresponding switch. For example, positive antenna feed terminals  98 V and  98 V′ of antenna  40 - 1  may be coupled to switch SW 1 , positive antenna feed terminals  98 V and  98 V′ of antenna  40 - 2  may be coupled to switch SW 2 , positive antenna feed terminals  98 V and  98 V′ of antenna  40 - 3  may be coupled to switch SW 3 , etc. Each switch may be coupled to transceiver circuitry  28  ( FIG. 2 ) over a corresponding radio-frequency transmission line path  64 . For example, switch SW 1  may be coupled to the transceiver circuitry over radio-frequency transmission line path  64 - 1 , switch SW 2  may be coupled to the transceiver circuitry over radio-frequency transmission line path  64 - 2 , switch SW 3  may be coupled to the transceiver circuitry over radio-frequency transmission line path  64 - 3 , etc. The switches may receive a control signal CTRL from control circuitry  14  ( FIG. 2 ). Control signal CTRL may control the switches to activate a selected one of positive antenna feed terminals  98 V and  98 V′ for use at any given time for each antenna  40  (e.g., the positive antenna feed terminals may be activated by coupling the terminals to the corresponding radio-frequency transmission line path  64  and may be deactivated by decoupling the terminals from the radio-frequency transmission line path). 
     In this way, control circuitry  14  may actively control phased antenna array  60  to use a different selected positive antenna feed terminal for each antenna  40  in phased antenna array  60  at a given time. Control circuitry  14  may monitor the wireless performance of phased antenna array  60  (e.g., by gathering radio-frequency performance metric data such as error level data, received signal strength data, etc.), software operations that are being performed by device  10 , and/or sensor data gathered by device  10  to determine which positive antenna feed terminals to activate (use) at a given time (e.g., a set of positive antenna feed terminals that maximizes antenna efficiency for phased antenna array  60  at a given time). The active positive antenna feed terminals may be changed over time as environmental and/or operating conditions of device  10  change over time (e.g., to ensure that phased antenna array  60  continues to exhibit satisfactory wireless performance over time). 
     The example of  FIG. 9  is merely illustrative. If desired, each antenna  40  may also include one or more horizontal positive antenna feed terminals (e.g., horizontal positive antenna feed terminals  98 H of  FIG. 5 ). In scenarios where each antenna  40  includes multiple horizontal positive antenna feed terminals, control circuitry  14  may control the switching circuitry to selectively activate one or more of the horizontal positive antenna feed terminals at a given time (e.g., to optimize wireless performance for phased antenna array  60 ). More than two vertical positive antenna feed terminals and/or more than two horizontal positive antenna feed terminals may be used for each antenna if desired. Antenna resonating elements  110  may have any desired shape. Any desired number of antennas  40  may be formed in phased antenna array  60 . Any desired switching circuitry may be used to selectively couple different positive antenna feed terminals to radio-frequency transmission line paths  64  (e.g., any desired network of switches, switch matrices, etc.). 
     In practice, the presence of display cover layer  156  ( FIG. 7 ) over phased antenna array  60  may undesirably load phased antenna array  60 . If care is not taken, this loading can detune phased antenna array  60  or otherwise reduce the wireless performance of phased antenna array  60 . If desired, conductive bucket  140  may be provided with additional dielectric layers to help to mitigate these loading effects. 
       FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view of conductive bucket  140  having additional dielectric layers to mitigate the loading effects of display cover layer  156 . As shown in  FIG. 10 , additional dielectric layers such as dielectric layers  200  and  202  may be interposed between phased antenna array  60  and display cover layer  156 . Dielectric layers  200  and  202  may be formed within cavity  150  (e.g., conductive sidewalls  144  and  146  may surround layers  200  and  202 ). In another suitable arrangement, dielectric layers  200  and  202  may be formed on interior surface  152  of display cover layer  156  and conductive sidewalls  144  and  146  may be mounted to dielectric layers  200  and  202  (e.g., dielectric layers  200  and  202  may be interposed between display cover layer  156  and conductive sidewalls  144  and  146 ). 
     Dielectric layers  202  and  204  may be formed from any desired dielectric materials (e.g., glass, plastic, ceramic, polymer, etc.). Display cover layer  156  may have a first dielectric constant (e.g., 6.0). Dielectric layer  202  may have a second dielectric constant that is less than the first dielectric constant (e.g., 4.0). Dielectric layer  200  may have a third dielectric constant that is less than the second dielectric constant (e.g., 3.0). Graduating the dielectric constant between phased antenna array  60  and display cover layer  156  in this way (e.g., using interposing dielectric layers of intermediate dielectric constant such as layers  202  and  204 ), may serve to reduce the loading effects of display cover layer  156  on phased antenna array  60 , thereby maximizing the antenna efficiency of phased antenna array  60 , for example. 
     The example of  FIG. 10  is merely illustrative. If desired, layer  200  may be omitted or more than two dielectric layers may be interposed between cavity  150  and display cover layer  156 . If desired, the shape and/or size of antenna resonating elements  110  may be adjusted to help to compensate for dielectric loading effects of display cover layer  156 . The size of gap  180  of  FIG. 8  may also be adjusted to compensate for these effects if desired. More than one phased antenna array  60  may be formed within conductive bucket  140  if desired. 
       FIG. 11  shows a plot of antenna performance (e.g., a scattering parameter such as reflection coefficient S 11 ) as a function of frequency for phased antenna array  60 . As shown in  FIG. 10 , curve  210  illustrates the performance of phased antenna array  60  located in a free space environment. As shown by curve  210 , phased antenna array  60  may exhibit performance peaks at one or more frequencies such as frequency F 1  and frequency F 2  (e.g., frequencies at which reflection coefficient S 11  is at a minimum and thus antenna efficiency is at a maximum). Frequencies F 1  and F 2  may be any desired frequencies between 10 GHz and 300 GHz. In one suitable arrangement, frequency F 1  may be approximately 38 GHz whereas frequency F 2  is approximately 42 GHz. Phased antenna array  60  may exhibit satisfactory wireless performance (e.g., reflection coefficient values below predetermined threshold level TH) across a frequency band that includes frequencies F 1  and F 2  (e.g., a frequency band extending from about 37 GHz to about 43 GHz). 
     Curve  214  illustrates the performance of phased antenna array  60  when located within gap  124  between peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and display module  122  ( FIGS. 6 and 7 ) and in the absence of conductive bucket  140 . As shown by curve  214 , phased antenna array  60  may exhibit unsatisfactory wireless performance (e.g., reflection coefficient values that exceed predetermined threshold level TH) across the frequency band. This reduction in antenna performance may, for example, be a result of interference between peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and phased antenna array  60 , interference between display module  122  and phased antenna array  60 , and/or cross coupling between antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60 . 
     Curve  212  illustrates the performance of phased antenna array  60  when mounted within conductive bucket  140 . As shown by curve  212 , phased antenna array  60  may exhibit satisfactory wireless performance across the frequency band. This increase in antenna performance may be a result of the isolation provided by conductive bucket  140 , the use of alternating antenna feed terminals (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 8 ), the use of switchable feed terminals (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 9 ), and/or the use of intervening dielectric layers within conductive bucket  140  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 10 ), for example. In this way, phased antenna array  60  may continue to operate with satisfactory antenna efficiency across a desired frequency band despite the relatively small available volume within inactive area IA of display  6  ( FIG. 7 ). 
       FIG. 12  is a plot of reflection coefficient S 11  as a function of frequency for phased antenna array  60  illustrating how phased antenna array  60  may mitigate dielectric loading effects from display cover layer  156 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , curve  222  illustrates the performance of phased antenna array  60  when loaded by display cover layer  156 . As shown by curve  222 , the presence of display cover layer  156  may detune the response of phased antenna array  60  to lower frequencies. This detuning may reduce the overall antenna efficiency of phased antenna array  60  across the entire frequency band of interest. 
     Forming dielectric layers such as dielectric layers  200  and  202  ( FIG. 10 ) between phased antenna array  60  and display cover layer  156  may mitigate the dielectric loading effects of display cover layer  156 , shifting the response of phased antenna array  60  to a response illustrated by curve  220 , as shown by arrow  224 . Shift  224  may also be produced by adjusting the shape of antenna resonating elements  110  ( FIG. 8 ) if desired. For example, antenna resonating elements  110  may be reduced in size so that length  114  ( FIG. 5 ) is less than half of the wavelength of operation, thereby counteracting the shift to lower frequencies generated by display cover layer  156 . Combinations of these arrangements may be used to produce shift  224  if desired. In this way, the frequency response of phased antenna array  60  may be re-aligned with the frequency band of interest despite loading effects from display cover layer  156  (e.g., so that phased antenna array  60  exhibits satisfactory antenna efficiency over the entire frequency band of interest). 
     The examples of  FIGS. 11 and 12  are merely illustrative. Phased antenna array  60  may exhibit any desired number of wireless performance peaks at any desired number of frequencies greater than 10 GHz. In general, curves  212  ( FIG. 11 ),  222 , and  220  ( FIG. 12 ) may exhibit other shapes. In this way, phased antenna array  60  may operate with satisfactory antenna efficiency at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies despite the small amount of space within device  10  available for phased antenna array  60 , electromagnetic interference generated by peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and display module  122 , and dielectric loading effects from display cover layer  156 . 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made to the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20180227
Publication Date: 20191112
Grant Date: 20191112
Priority Date: 20180227
Inventors: RAJAGOPALAN, HARISH
GOMEZ ANGULO, RODNEY A.
PAULOTTO, Simone
MOW, MATTHEW A.
AVSER, BILGEHAN
XU, HAO
EDWARDS, JENNIFER M.
PASCOLINI, MATTIA
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H01Q3/38", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q13/06", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/065", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/245", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/42", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/523", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/422", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0435", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/42", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/065", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q3/38", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 67684741