PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10953307-B2
Application Number: US-201916556023-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Swim tracking and notifications for wearable devices

Abstract:
The present disclosure generally relates to providing perceptual notifications containing information about a measured activity-based value of a swim characteristic. In some examples, the perceptual notifications utilize colors and haptic taps to convey measured values of the swim characteristic without requiring the swimmer to interact with the perceptual notification while the swimmer is swimming.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device, comprising:
 one or more perceptual output mechanisms; 
 one or more sensors; 
 one or more processors; and 
 memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
 measuring, via the one or more sensors, an activity-based value of an activity characteristic; 
 in response to measuring the activity-based value of the activity characteristic and in accordance with notification criteria being met, issuing, via the one or more perceptual output mechanisms, a perceptual notification that has a first perceptual property based on the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic, wherein:
 in accordance with the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic having a first measured value, the first perceptual property has a first perceptual value; and 
 in accordance with the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic having a second measured value, different than the first measured value, the first perceptual property has a second perceptual value, different than the first perceptual value. 
 
 
 
     
     
       2. The device of  claim 1 , wherein the activity characteristic is a swim characteristic. 
     
     
       3. The device of  claim 2 , wherein the swim characteristic is a direction of swim and wherein the activity-based value is a measure of the difference between a currently detected swim direction and a target swim direction. 
     
     
       4. The device of  claim 2 , wherein the notification criteria includes a criterion that is met when the electronic device detects that the arm position of the swimmer is in a predetermined position. 
     
     
       5. The device of  claim 2 , wherein the swim characteristic is a distance, number of laps, pace, time, direction, or number of calories. 
     
     
       6. The device of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification including one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual property is a number of taps included in the haptic notification; 
 the first perceptual value is a first number of taps that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second number of taps that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       7. The device of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification including one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual property is a frequency of the one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual value is a first frequency of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second frequency of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       8. The device of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification including one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual property is an intensity of the one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual value is a first intensity of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second intensity of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       9. The device of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a visual notification; 
 the first perceptual property is a color included in the visual notification; 
 the first perceptual value is a first color that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second color ha corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       10. The device of  claim 7 , wherein the first color and second color are on a gradient of colors, the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 in accordance with the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic having a third measured value, wherein the third measured value is greater than the first measured value and is less than the second value, the third perceptual value is a third color, wherein the third color is between the first color and the second color on the gradient. 
 
     
     
       11. The device of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a visual notification; 
 the first perceptual property is a shape included in the visual notification; 
 the first perceptual value is a first size of the shape that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second size of the shape that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       12. The device of  claim 1 , wherein the notification criteria includes a criterion that is met when the activity-based value of the activity characteristic is below a first threshold or when the activity-based value of the activity characteristic is above a second threshold. 
     
     
       13. The device of  claim 1 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 receiving data corresponding to a potential notification; 
 in accordance with a determination that the data corresponding to the potential notification is received while a race mode is not active, issuing a perceptual notification corresponding to the data; and 
 in accordance with a determination that the data corresponding to the potential notification is received while the race mode is active, forgo issuing a perceptual notification corresponding to the data. 
 
     
     
       14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with one or more perceptual output mechanisms and one or more sensors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
 measuring, via the one or more sensors, an activity-based value of an activity characteristic; 
 in response to measuring the activity-based value of the activity characteristic and in accordance with notification criteria being met, issuing, via the one or more perceptual output mechanisms, a perceptual notification that has a first perceptual property based on the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic; wherein:
 in accordance with the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic having a first measured value, the first perceptual property has a first perceptual value; and 
 in accordance with the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic having a second measured value, different than the first measured value, the first perceptual property has a second perceptual value, different than the first perceptual value. 
 
 
     
     
       15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 14 , wherein the activity characteristic is a swim characteristic. 
     
     
       16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 15 , wherein the swim characteristic is a direction of swim and wherein the activity-based value is a measure of the difference between a currently detected swim direction and a target swim direction. 
     
     
       17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 15 , wherein the notification criteria includes a criterion that is met when the electronic device detects that the arm position of the swimmer is in a predetermined position. 
     
     
       18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 15 , wherein the swim characteristic is a distance, number of laps, pace, time, direction, or number of calories. 
     
     
       19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 14 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification including one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual property is a number of taps included in the haptic notification; 
 the first perceptual value is a first number of taps that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second number of taps that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 14 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification including one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual property is a frequency of the one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual value is a first frequency of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second frequency of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       21. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 13 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification including one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual property is an intensity of the one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual value is a first intensity of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second intensity of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       22. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 14 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a visual notification; 
 the first perceptual property is a color included in the visual notification; 
 the first perceptual value is a first color that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second color that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       23. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 22 , wherein the first color and second color are on a gradient of colors, the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 in accordance with the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic having a third measured value, wherein the third measured value is greater than the first measured value and is less than the second value, the third perceptual value is a third color, wherein the third color is between the first color and the second color on the gradient. 
 
     
     
       24. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 14 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a visual notification; 
 the first perceptual property is a shape included in the visual notification; 
 the first perceptual value is a first size of the shape that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second size of the shape that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       25. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 14 , wherein the notification criteria includes a criterion that is met when the activity-based value of the activity characteristic is below a first threshold or when the activity-based value of the activity characteristic is above a second threshold. 
     
     
       26. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 14 , the one or more programs further including instructions for:
 receiving data corresponding to a potential notification; 
 in accordance with a determination that the data corresponding to the potential notification is received while a race mode is not active, issuing a perceptual notification corresponding to the data; and 
 in accordance with a determination that the data corresponding to the potential notification is received while the race mode is active, forgo issuing a perceptual notification corresponding to the data. 
 
     
     
       27. A method, comprising:
 at an electronic device with one or more perceptual output mechanisms and one or more sensors:
 measuring, via the one or more sensors, an activity-based value of an activity characteristic; 
 in response to measuring the activity-based value of the activity characteristic and in accordance with notification criteria being met, issuing, via the one or more perceptual output mechanisms, a perceptual notification that has a first perceptual property based on the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic, wherein:
 in accordance with the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic having a first measured value, the first perceptual property has a first perceptual value; and 
 in accordance with the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic having a second measured value, different than the first measured value, the first perceptual property has a second perceptual value, different than the first perceptual value. 
 
 
 
     
     
       28. The method of  claim 27 , wherein the activity characteristic is a swim characteristic. 
     
     
       29. The method of  claim 27 , wherein the swim characteristic is a direction of swim and wherein the activity-based value is a measure of the difference between a currently detected swim direction and a target swim direction. 
     
     
       30. The method of  claim 28 , wherein the notification criteria includes a criterion that is met when the electronic device detects that the arm position of the swimmer is in a predetermined position. 
     
     
       31. The method of  claim 28 , wherein the swim characteristic is a distance, number of laps, pace, time, direction, or number of calories. 
     
     
       32. The method of  claim 27 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification including one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual property is a number of taps included in the haptic notification; 
 the first perceptual value is a first number of taps that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second number of taps that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       33. The method of  claim 27 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification including one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual property is a frequency of the one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual value is a first frequency of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second frequency of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       34. The method of  claim 27 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification including one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual property is an intensity of the one or more haptic taps; 
 the first perceptual value is a first intensity of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and. 
 the second perceptual value is a second intensity of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       35. The method of  claim 27 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a visual notification; 
 the first perceptual property is a color included in the visual notification; 
 the first perceptual value is a first color that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second color that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       36. The method of  claim 35 , wherein the first color and second color are on a gradient of colors, further comprising:
 in accordance with the measured activity-based value of the activity characteristic having a third measured value, wherein the third measured value is greater than the first measured value and is less than the second value, the third perceptual value is a third color, wherein the third color is between the first color and the second color on the gradient. 
 
     
     
       37. The method of  claim 27 , wherein:
 the perceptual notification includes a visual notification; 
 the first perceptual property is a shape included in the visual notification; 
 the first perceptual value is a first size of the shape that corresponds to the first measured value of the activity characteristic; and 
 the second perceptual value is a second size of the shape that corresponds to the second measured value of the activity characteristic. 
 
     
     
       38. The method of  claim 27 , wherein the notification criteria includes a criterion that is met when the activity-based value of the activity characteristic is below a first threshold or when the activity-based value of the activity characteristic is above a second threshold. 
     
     
       39. The method of  claim 27 , further comprising:
 receiving data corresponding to a potential notification; 
 in accordance with a determination that the data corresponding to the potential notification is received while a race mode is not active, issuing a perceptual notification corresponding to the data; and 
 in accordance with a determination that the data corresponding to the potential notification is received while the race mode is active, forgo issuing a perceptual notification corresponding to the data.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional App Ser. No. 62/739,133, entitled “SWIM TRACKING AND NOTIFICATIONS FOR WEARABLE DEVICES”, filed on Sep. 28, 2018, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to computer user interfaces, and more specifically to techniques for providing activity-based notifications. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Swimmers who are swimming frequently use wearable devices to monitor activity-based metrics related to swimming characteristics. For example, swimmers want to monitor their pace, swim time, and a swim direction for open swimming. Notifications are often difficult for swimmers to read while swimming because they contain too much text. Providing perceptual notifications that are optimized to convey information in a glance allow swimmers to obtain information about the measured activity-based metrics in real-time during their swim without having to stop. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Notifications including large amounts of text are generally cumbersome and difficult for a swimmer to read while swimming. For example, notifications displaying blocks of information, such as a pace, elapsed time, swim distance, and calories burned, are difficult for swimmers to read at a glance and while in motion. Existing notifications require a swimmer to pause or stop to read the notification, interrupting swimmers&#39; swim workouts. In some instances, swimmers must interact with the notification in order to see the information in the notification, which is not only disruptive for the swimmer, but also drains battery. This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices. 
     Accordingly, the present technique provides electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing swimmers with notifications while swimmers are swimming. Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replace other methods for providing perceptual notifications that can convey measured activity-based values efficiently. Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a swimmer and produce a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated computing devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges. Such techniques also allow swimmers to more efficiently obtain swimming-related notifications from electronic devices in environments where the swimmer is unable to stop to read text. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is provided. The method is performed at an electronic device with one or more perceptual output mechanisms and one or more sensors. The method comprises: measuring, via the one or more sensors, an activity-based value of a swim characteristic; in response to measuring the activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In accordance with notification criteria being met, issuing, via the one or more perceptual output mechanisms, a perceptual notification that has a first perceptual property based on the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a first measured value, the first perceptual property has a first perceptual value. In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a second measured value, different than the first measured value, the first perceptual property has a second perceptual value, different than the first perceptual value. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The medium stores one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with one or more perceptual output mechanisms and one or more sensors. The one or more programs including instructions for: measuring, via the one or more sensors, an activity-based value of a swim characteristic; in response to measuring the activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In accordance with notification criteria being met, issuing, via the one or more perceptual output mechanisms, a perceptual notification that has a first perceptual property based on the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a first measured value, the first perceptual property has a first perceptual value. In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a second measured value, different than the first measured value, the first perceptual property has a second perceptual value, different than the first perceptual value. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The medium stores one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with one or more perceptual output mechanisms and one or more sensors. The one or more programs including instructions for: measuring, via the one or more sensors, an activity-based value of a swim characteristic; in response to measuring the activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In accordance with notification criteria being met, issuing, via the one or more perceptual output mechanisms, a perceptual notification that has a first perceptual property based on the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a first measured value, the first perceptual property has a first perceptual value. In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a second measured value, different than the first measured value, the first perceptual property has a second perceptual value, different than the first perceptual value. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device is provided. The electronic device comprises: one or more perceptual output mechanisms, one or more sensors, one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: measuring, via the one or more sensors, an activity-based value of a swim characteristic; in response to measuring the activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In accordance with notification criteria being met, issuing, via the one or more perceptual output mechanisms, a perceptual notification that has a first perceptual property based on the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a first measured value, the first perceptual property has a first perceptual value. In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a second measured value, different than the first measured value, the first perceptual property has a second perceptual value, different than the first perceptual value. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device with one or more perceptual output mechanisms and one or more sensors is provided. The electronic device comprises: means for measuring, via the one or more sensors, an activity-based value of a swim characteristic; in response to measuring the activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In accordance with notification criteria being met, the electronic device comprises means for issuing, via the one or more perceptual output mechanisms, a perceptual notification that has a first perceptual property based on the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a first measured value, the first perceptual property has a first perceptual value. In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a second measured value, different than the first measured value, the first perceptual property has a second perceptual value, different than the first perceptual value. 
     Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. 
     Thus, devices are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing notifications, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices. Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace other methods for providing notifications that provide swimming metrics while a swimmer is swimming. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE S 
       For a better understanding of the various described embodiments, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures. 
         FIG. 1A  is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 1B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5B  is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 6A-6J  illustrate exemplary techniques for providing perceptual notifications using measured activity-based values. 
         FIGS. 7A-7D  illustrate exemplary techniques for providing perceptual notifications to provide directions. 
         FIGS. 8A-8C  are flow diagrams illustrating a method for providing perceptual notifications based on measured activity-based values. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters, and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments. 
     There is a need for electronic devices that provide perceptual notifications that are optimized to convey information in a glance to allow swimmers to obtain swim metrics without having to stop. Such techniques can reduce the cognitive burden on a swimmer who relies on notifications for performance or navigation during an open swim, thereby enhancing productivity. Further, such techniques can reduce processor and battery power otherwise wasted on redundant user inputs. 
     Below,  FIGS. 1A-1B, 2, 3, 4A-4B, and 5A-5B  provide a description of exemplary devices for performing the techniques for managing event notifications.  FIGS. 6A-6J  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providing perceptual notifications based on measured values while a swimmer is swimming.  FIGS. 7A-7D  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providing perceptual notifications that provide directions for a swimmer while the swimmer is swimming in the ocean.  FIGS. 8A-8C  are flow diagrams illustrating methods for providing perceptual notifications, in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in  FIGS. 6A-6J  and  FIGS. 7A-7D  are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS. 8A-8C . 
     Although the following description uses terms “first,” “second,” etc. to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by the terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first touch could be termed a second touch, and, similarly, a second touch could be termed a first touch, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments. The first touch and the second touch are both touches, but they are not the same touch. 
     The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     The term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces touch screen displays and/or touchpads), are, optionally, used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touchpad). 
     In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick. 
     The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that are executed on the device optionally use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device are, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device optionally supports the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user. 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.  FIG. 1A  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  100  with touch-sensitive display system  112  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display  112  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch-sensitive display system.” Device  100  includes memory  102  (which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memory controller  122 , one or more processing units (CPUs)  120 , peripherals interface  118 , RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , input/output (I/O) subsystem  106 , other input control devices  116 , and external port  124 . Device  100  optionally includes one or more optical sensors  164 . Device  100  optionally includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165  for detecting intensity of contacts on device  100  (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  112  of device  100 ). Device  100  optionally includes one or more tactile output generators  167  for generating tactile outputs on device  100  (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  112  of device  100  or touchpad  355  of device  300 ) These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  103 . 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. The intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least 256). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface. Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements). In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a user input allows for user access to additional device functionality that may otherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device with limited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on a touch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via a touch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or a physical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button). 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user&#39;s sense of touch. For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user&#39;s hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user&#39;s movements. As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user. 
     It should be appreciated that device  100  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  100  optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG. 1.4  are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  102  optionally includes high-speed random access memory and optionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Memory controller  122  optionally controls access to memory  102  by other components of device  100 . 
     Peripherals interface  118  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU  120  and memory  102 . The one or more processors  120  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  102  to perform various functions for device  100  and to process data. In some embodiments, peripherals interface  118 , CPU  120 , and memory controller  122  are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such as chip  104 . In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  108  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RE circuitry  108  optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The RF circuitry  108  optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near field communication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communication radio. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , and microphone  113  provide an audio interface between a user and device  100 . Audio circuitry  110  receives audio data from peripherals interface  118 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  111 . Speaker  111  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  113  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  118  for processing. Audio data is, optionally, retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  102  and/or RF circuitry  108  by peripherals interface  118 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  110  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  212 ,  FIG. 2 ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  110  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     I/O subsystem  106  couples input/output peripherals on device  100 , such as touch screen  112  and other input control devices  116 , to peripherals interface  118 . I/O subsystem  106  optionally includes display controller  156 , optical sensor controller  158 , depth camera controller  169 , intensity sensor controller  159 , haptic feedback controller  161 , and one or more input controllers  160  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  160  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices  116 . The other input control devices  116  optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  160  are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons  208 ,  FIG. 2 ) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  111  and/or microphone  113 . The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g.,  206 ,  FIG. 2 ). 
     A quick press of the push button optionally disengages a lock of touch screen  112  or optionally begins a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g.,  206 ) optionally turns power to device  100  on or off. The functionality of one or more of the buttons are, optionally, user-customizable. Touch screen  112  is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards. 
     Touch-sensitive display  112  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  156  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen  112 . Touch screen  112  displays visual output to the user. The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output optionally corresponds to user-interface objects. 
     Touch screen  112  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor, or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen  112  and convert the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images) that are displayed on touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen  112  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     Touch screen  112  optionally uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LEI) (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies are used in other embodiments. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  optionally detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen  112  is, optionally, analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, touch screen  112  displays visual output from device  100 , whereas touch-sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen  112  is described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     Touch screen  112  optionally has a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user optionally makes contact with touch screen  112  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  100  optionally includes a touchpad for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad is, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen  112  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  100  also includes power system  162  for powering the various components. Power system  162  optionally includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more optical sensors  164 .  FIG. 1A  shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller  158  in I/O subsystem  106 . Optical sensor  164  optionally includes charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor  164  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), optical sensor  164  optionally captures still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112  on the front of the device so that the touch screen display is enabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image is, optionally, obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the position of optical sensor  164  can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor  164  is used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more depth camera sensors  175 .  FIG. 1A  shows a depth camera sensor coupled to depth camera controller  169  in I/O subsystem  106 . Depth camera sensor  175  receives data from the environment to create a three dimensional model of an object (e.g., a face) within a scene from a viewpoint (e.g., a depth camera sensor). In some embodiments, in conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), depth camera sensor  175  is optionally used to determine a depth map of different portions of an image captured by the imaging module  143 . In some embodiments, a depth camera sensor is located on the front of device  100  so that the user&#39;s image with depth information is, optionally, obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display and to capture settles with depth map data. In some embodiments, the depth camera sensor  175  is located on the back of device, or on the back and the front of the device  100 . In some embodiments, the position of depth camera sensor  175  can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a depth camera sensor  175  is used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165 .  FIG. 1A  shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller  159  in I/O subsystem  106 . Contact intensity sensor  165  optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensity sensor  165  receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112 ). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112 , which is located on the front of device  100 . 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors  166 .  FIG. 1A  shows proximity sensor  166  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, proximity sensor  166  is, optionally, coupled to input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . Proximity sensor  166  optionally performs as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No. 11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen  112  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators  167 .  FIG. 1A  shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller  161  in I/O subsystem  106 . Tactile output generator  167  optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Contact intensity sensor  165  receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module  133  and generates tactile outputs on device  100  that are capable of being sensed by a user of device  100 . In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface touch-sensitive display system  112 ) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device  100 ) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device  100 ). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112 , which is located on the front of device  100 . 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more accelerometers  168 .  FIG. 1A  shows accelerometer  168  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, accelerometer  168  is, optionally, coupled to an input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . Accelerometer  168  optionally performs as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device  100  optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s)  168 , a magnetometer and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  102  include operating system  126 , communication module (or set of instructions)  128 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  130 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  132 , text input module (or set of instructions)  134 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  135 , and applications sets of instructions)  136 . Furthermore, in some embodiments, memory  102  ( FIG. 1A ) or  370  ( FIG. 3 ) stores device/global internal state  157 , as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 3 . Device/global internal state  157  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display  112 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and input control devices  116 ; and location information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  126  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  128  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  124  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  108  and/or external port  124 . External port  124  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the 30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices. 
     Contact/motion module  130  optionally detects contact with touch screen  112  (in conjunction with display controller  156 ) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  130  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  130  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multi-touch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  and display controller  156  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon). In some embodiments, at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device  100 ). For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware. Additionally, in some implementations, a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter). 
     Contact/motion module  130  optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event. 
     Graphics module  132  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen  112  or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including, without limitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  132  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  132  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  156 . 
     Haptic feedback module  133  includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s)  167  to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device  100  in response to user interactions with device  100 . 
     Text input module  134 , which is, optionally, a component of graphics module  132 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  137 , e-mail  140 , IM  141 , browser  147 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     GPS module  135  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  138  for use in location-based dialing; to camera  143  as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Applications  136  optionally include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         Contacts module  137  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   Telephone module  138 ;   Video conference module  139 ;   E-mail client module  140 ;   Instant messaging (IM) module  141 ;   Workout support module  142 ;   Camera module  143  for still and/or video images;   Image management module  144 ;   Video player module;   Music player module;   Browser module  147 ;   Calendar module  148 ;   Widget modules  149 , which optionally include one or more of: weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , dictionary widget  149 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   Widget creator module  150  for making user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   Search module  151 ;   Video and music player module  152 , which merges video player module and music player module;   Notes module  153 ;   Map module  154 ; and/or   Online video module  155 .       

     Examples of other applications  136  that are, optionally, stored in memory  102  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , contacts module  137  are, optionally, used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state  192  of contacts module  137  in memory  102  or memory  370 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  138 , video conference module  139 , e-mail  140 , or  141 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RE circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , telephone module  138  are optionally, used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contacts module  137 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RE circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , contacts module  137 , and telephone module  138 , video conference module  139  includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RE circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140  includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module  144 , e-mail client module  140  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  143 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the instant messaging module  141  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , map module  154 , and music player module, workout support module  142  includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor(s)  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and image management module  144 , camera module  143  includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  102 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory  102 . 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and camera module  143 , image management module  144  includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , browser module  147  includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , calendar module  148  includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , widget modules  149  are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , and dictionary widget  149 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  149 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript tile. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , the widget creator module  150  are, optionally, used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , search module  151  includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  102  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , and browser module  147 , video and music player module  152  includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen  112  or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ). In some embodiments, device  100  optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , notes module  153  includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , and browser module  147 , map module  154  are, optionally, used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , online video module  155  includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module  141 , rather than e-mail client module  140 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. Additional description of the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20, 2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     Each of the above-identified modules and applications corresponds to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module is, optionally, combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., video and music player module  152 ,  FIG. 1A ). In some embodiments, memory  102  optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  102  optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  100  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  100 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  100  is, optionally, reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  100  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device  100 . In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
       FIG. 1B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  ( FIG. 1A ) or  370  ( FIG. 3 ) includes event sorter  170  (e.g., in operating system  126 ) and a respective application  136 - 1  (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications  137 - 151 ,  155 ,  380 - 390 ). 
     Event sorter  170  receives event information and determines the application  136 - 1  and application view  191  of application  136 - 1  to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter  170  includes event monitor  171  and event dispatcher module  174 . In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes application internal state  192 , which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display  112  when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state  157  is used by event sorter  170  to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state  192  is used by event sorter  170  to determine application views  191  to which to deliver event information. 
     In some embodiments, application internal state  192  includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application  136 - 1  resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application  136 - 1 , a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application  136 - 1 , and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user. 
     Event monitor  171  receives event information from peripherals interface  118 . Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display  112 , as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface  118  transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem  106  or a sensor, such as proximity sensor  166 , accelerometer(s)  168 , and/or microphone  113  (through audio circuitry  110 ). Information that peripherals interface  118  receives from I/O subsystem  106  includes information from touch-sensitive display  112  or a touch-sensitive surface. 
     In some embodiments, event monitor  171  sends requests to the peripherals interface  118  at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface  118  transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripherals interface  118  transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration). 
     In some embodiments, event sorter  170  also includes a hit view determination module  172  and/or an active event recognizer determination module  173 . 
     Hit view determination module  172  provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views when touch-sensitive display  112  displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display. 
     Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally, called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture. 
     Hit view determination module  172  receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module  172  identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module  172 , the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view. 
     Active event recognizer determination module  173  determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views. 
     Event dispatcher module  174  dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer  180 ). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module  173 , event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module  173 . In some embodiments, event dispatcher module  174  stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver  182 . 
     In some embodiments, operating system  126  includes event sorter  170 . Alternatively, application  136 - 1  includes event sorter  170 . In yet other embodiments, event sorter  170  is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory  102 , such as contact/motion module  130 . 
     In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes a plurality of event handlers  190  and one or more application views  191 , each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application&#39;s user interface. Each application view  191  of the application  136 - 1  includes one or more event recognizers  180 . Typically, a respective application view  191  includes a plurality of event recognizers  180 . In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers  180  are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit or a higher level object from which application  136 - 1  inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler  190  includes one or more of: data updater  176 , object updater  177 , GUI updater  178 , and/or event data  179  received from event sorter  170 . Event handler  190  optionally utilizes or calls data updater  176 , object updater  177 , or GUI updater  178  to update the application internal state  192 . Alternatively, one or more of the application views  191  include one or more respective event handlers  190 . Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a respective application view  191 . 
     A respective event recognizer  180  receives event information (e.g., event data  179 ) from event sorter  170  and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer  180  includes event receiver  182  and event comparator  184 . In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  also includes at least a subset of: metadata  183 , and event delivery instructions  188  (which optionally include sub-event delivery instructions). 
     Event receiver  182  receives event information from event sorter  170 . The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information optionally also includes speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device. 
     Event comparator  184  compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  includes event definitions  186 . Event definitions  186  contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event  1  ( 187 - 1 ), event  2  ( 187 - 2 ), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event ( 187 ) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event  1  ( 187 - 1 ) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event  2  ( 187 - 2 ) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display  112 , and liftoff of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers  190 . 
     In some embodiments, event definition  187  includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display  112 , when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display  112 , event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler  190 , the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler  190  should be activated. For example, event comparator  184  selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test. 
     In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event ( 187 ) also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer&#39;s event type. 
     When a respective event recognizer  180  determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions  186 , the respective event recognizer  180  enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  includes metadata  183  with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  activates event handler  190  associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  delivers event information associated with the event to event handler  190 . Activating an event handler  190  is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler  190  associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process. 
     In some embodiments, event delivery instructions  188  include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process. 
     In some embodiments, data updater  176  creates and updates data used in application  136 - 1 . For example, data updater  176  updates the telephone number used in contacts module  137 , or stores a video file used in video player module. In some embodiments, object updater  177  creates and updates objects used in application  136 - 1 . For example, object updater  177  creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater  178  updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater  178  prepares display information and sends it to graphics module  132  for display on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In some embodiments, event handler(s)  190  includes or has access to data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178 . In some embodiments, data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a single module of a respective application  136 - 1  or application view  191 . In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules. 
     It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices  100  with input devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc. on touchpads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device  100  having a touch screen  112  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  200 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  202  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  203  (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward), and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device  100 . In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap. 
     Device  100  optionally also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  204 . As described previously, menu button  204  is, optionally, used to navigate to any application  136  in a set of applications that are, optionally, executed on device  100 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen  112 . 
     In some embodiments, device  100  includes touch screen  112 , menu button  204 , push button  206  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  208 , subscriber identity module (SIM) card slot  210 , headset jack  212 , and docking/charging external port  124 . Push button  206  is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device  100  also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone  113 . Device  100  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165  for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen  112  and/or one or more tactile output generators  167  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  100 . 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device  300  need not be portable. In some embodiments, device  300  is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child&#39;s learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device  300  typically includes one or more processing units (CPUs)  310 , one or more network or other communications interfaces  360 , memory  370 , and one or more communication buses  320  for interconnecting these components. Communication buses  320  optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device  300  includes input/output (I/O) interface  330  comprising display  340 , which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface  330  also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)  350  and touchpad  355 , tactile output generator  357  for generating tactile outputs on device  300  (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s)  167  described above with reference to  FIG. 1A ), sensors  359  (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s)  165  described above with reference to  FIG. 1A ). Memory  370  includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory  370  optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s)  310 . In some embodiments, memory  370  stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1A ), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory  370  optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100 . For example, memory  370  of device  300  optionally stores drawing module  380 , presentation module  382 , word processing module  384 , website creation module  386 , disk authoring module  388 , and/or spreadsheet module  390 , while memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1A ) optionally does not store these modules. 
     Each of the above-identified elements in  FIG. 3  is, optionally, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  370  optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  370  optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces that are optionally, implemented on, for example, portable multifunction device  100 . 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device  100  in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces are, optionally, implemented on device  300 . In some embodiments, user interface  400  includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:
         Signal strength indicator(s)  402  for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;   Time  404 ;   Bluetooth indicator  405 ;   Battery status indicator  406 ;   Tray  408  with icons for frequently used applications, such as:
           Icon  416  for telephone module  138 , labeled “Phone,” which optionally includes an indicator  414  of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages;   Icon  418  for e-mail client module  140 , labeled “Mail,” which optionally includes an indicator  410  of the number of unread e-mails;   Icon  420  for browser module  147 , labeled “Browser;” and   Icon  422  for video and music player module  152 , also referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module  152 , labeled “iPod;” and   
           Icons for other applications, such as:
           Icon  424  for IM module  141 , labeled “Messages;”   Icon  426  for calendar module  148 , labeled “Calendar,”   Icon  428  for image management module  144 , labeled “Photos;”   Icon  430  for camera module  143 , labeled “Camera;”   Icon  432  for online video module  155 , labeled “Online Video;”   Icon  434  for stocks widget  149 - 2 , labeled “Stocks,”   Icon  436  for map module  154 , labeled “Maps,”   icon  438  for weather widget  149 - 1 , labeled “Weather;”   Icon  440  for alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , labeled “Clock;”   Icon  442  for workout support module  142 , labeled “Workout Support;”   Icon  444  for notes module  153 , labeled “Notes;” and   Icon  446  for a settings application or module, labeled “Settings,” which provides access to settings for device  100  and its various applications  136 .   
               

     It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in  FIG. 4A  are merely exemplary. For example, icon  422  for video and music player module  152  is labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon. In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device  300 ,  FIG. 3  with a touch-sensitive surface  451  (e.g., a tablet or touchpad  355 ,  FIG. 3 ) that is separate from the display  450  (e.g., touch screen display  112 ). Device  300  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors  359 ) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface  451  and/or one or more tactile output generators  357  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  300 . 
     Although some of the examples that follow will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display  112  (where the touch-sensitive surface and the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in  FIG. 4B . In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG. 4B ) has a primary axis (e.g.,  452  in  FIG. 413 ) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g.,  453  in  FIG. 4B ) on the display (e.g.,  450 ). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g.,  460  and  462  in  FIG. 4B ) with the touch-sensitive surface  451  at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in  FIG. 4B, 460  corresponds to  468  and  462  corresponds to  470 ). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts  460  and  462 , and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG. 4B ) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g.,  450  in  FIG. 4B ) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein. 
     Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input). For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). As another example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates exemplary personal electronic device  500 . Device  500  includes body  502 . In some embodiments, device  500  can include some or all of the features described with respect to devices  100  and  300  (e.g.,  FIGS. 1A-4B ). In some embodiments, device  500  has touch-sensitive display screen  504 , hereafter touch screen  504 . Alternatively, or in addition to touch screen  504 , device  500  has a display and a touch-sensitive surface. As with devices  100  and  300 , in some embodiments, touch screen  504  (or the touch-sensitive surface) optionally includes one or more intensity sensors for detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied. The one or more intensity sensors of touch screen  504  (or the touch-sensitive surface) can provide output data that represents the intensity of touches. The user interface of device  500  can respond to touches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of different intensities can invoke different user interface operations on device  500 . 
     Exemplary techniques for detecting and processing touch intensity are found, for example, in related applications: International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/040061, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to an Application,” filed May 8, 2013, published as WIPO Publication No. WO/2013/169849, and International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/069483, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display Output Relationships,” filed Nov. 11, 2013, published as WIPO Publication No. WO/2014/105276, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     In some embodiments, device  500  has one or more input mechanisms  506  and  508 . Input mechanisms  506  and  508 , if included, can be physical. Examples of physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatable mechanisms. In some embodiments, device  500  has one or more attachment mechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permit attachment of device  500  with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings, necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers, belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachment mechanisms permit device  500  to be worn by a user. 
       FIG. 5B  depicts exemplary personal electronic device  500 . In some embodiments, device  500  can include some or all of the components described with respect to  FIGS. 1A, 1B , and  3 . Device  500  has bus  512  that operatively couples I/O section  514  with one or more computer processors  516  and memory  518 . I/O section  514  can be connected to display  504 , which can have touch-sensitive component  522  and, optionally, intensity sensor  524  (e.g., contact intensity sensor). In addition, I/O section  514  can be connected with communication unit  530  for receiving application and operating system data, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular, and/or other wireless communication techniques. Device  500  can include input mechanisms  506  and/or  508 . Input mechanism  506  is, optionally, a rotatable input device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example. Input mechanism  508  is, optionally, a button, in some examples. 
     Input mechanism  508  is, optionally, a microphone, in some examples. Personal electronic device  500  optionally includes various sensors, such as GPS sensor  532 , accelerometer  534 , directional sensor  540  (e.g., compass), gyroscope  536 , motion sensor  538 , and/or a combination thereof, all of which can be operatively connected to  110  section  514 . 
     Memory  518  of personal electronic device  500  can include one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage mediums, for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors  516 , for example, can cause the computer processors to perform the techniques described below, including processes  800  ( FIGS. 8A-8C ). A computer-readable storage medium can be any medium that can tangibly contain or store computer-executable instructions for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. In some examples, the storage medium is a transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some examples, the storage medium is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, magnetic, optical, and/or semiconductor storages. Examples of such storage include magnetic disks, optical discs based on CD, DVD, or Blu-ray technologies, as well as persistent solid-state memory such as flash, solid-state drives, and the like. Personal electronic device  500  is not limited to the components and configuration of  FIG. 5B , but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations. 
     As used here, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object that is, optionally, displayed on the display screen of devices  100 ,  300 , and/or  500  ( FIGS. 1A, 3, and 5A-5B ). For example, an image (e.g., icon), a button, and text (e.g., hyperlink) each optionally constitute an affordance. 
     As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting. In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad  355  in  FIG. 3  or touch-sensitive surface  451  in  FIG. 4B ) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations that include a touch screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112  in  FIG. 1A  or touch screen  112  in  FIG. 4A ) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch screen display, a detected contact on the touch screen acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations, focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface. Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user&#39;s intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact). For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device). 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “characteristic intensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact based on one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. The characteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number of intensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during a predetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting the contact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or after detecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an end of the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity of the contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact). A characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionally, based on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of the contact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an average value of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value of the intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of the intensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of the intensities of the contact, or the like. In some embodiments, the duration of the contact is used in determining the characteristic intensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of the intensity of the contact over time). In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user. For example, the set of one or more intensity thresholds optionally includes a first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold. In this example, a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceed the first threshold results in a first operation, a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold and does not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a second operation, and a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the second threshold results in a third operation. In some embodiments, a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or more thresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or more operations (e.g., whether to perform a respective operation or forgo performing the respective operation), rather than being used to determine whether to perform a first operation or a second operation. 
     In some embodiments, a portion of a gesture is identified for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. For example, a touch-sensitive surface optionally receives a continuous swipe contact transitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, at which point the intensity of the contact increases. In this example, the characteristic intensity of the contact at the end location is, optionally, based on only a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipe contact (e.g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the end location). In some embodiments, a smoothing algorithm is, optionally, applied to the intensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristic intensity of the contact. For example, the smoothing algorithm optionally includes one or more of: an unweighted sliding-average smoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filter smoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm. In some circumstances, these smoothing algorithms eliminate narrow spikes or dips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. 
     The intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, characterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as a contact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensity threshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more other intensity thresholds. In some embodiments, the light press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, the deep press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations that are different from operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordance with movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface without performing an operation associated with the light press intensity threshold or the deep press intensity threshold. Generally, unless otherwise stated, these intensity thresholds are consistent between different sets of user interface figures. 
     An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between the light press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “light press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deep press intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between the contact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on the touch-surface. A decrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is greater than zero. 
     In some embodiments described herein, one or more operations are performed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respective press input or in response to detecting the respective press input performed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), where the respective press input is detected based at least in part on detecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality of contacts) above a press-input intensity threshold. In some embodiments, the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective press input). In some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). 
     In some embodiments, the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoid accidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines or selects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationship to the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold). Thus, in some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). Similarly, in some embodiments, the press input is detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of the contact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and, optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g., the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity of the contact, depending on the circumstances). 
     For ease of explanation, the descriptions of operations performed in response to a press input associated with a press-input intensity threshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are, optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase in intensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, an increase in intensity of a contact from an intensity below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-input intensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to the press-input intensity threshold. Additionally, in examples where an operation is described as being performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of a contact below the press-input intensity threshold, the operation is, optionally, performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-input intensity threshold. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) and associated processes that are implemented on an electronic device, such as portable multifunction device  100 , device  300 , or device  500 . 
       FIGS. 6A-6J  and  FIGS. 7A-7D  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providing perceptual notifications based on activity-based values of a swim characteristic while a swimmer is swimming, in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS. 8A-8C . 
       FIGS. 6A-6J  illustrate device  600 , worn by swimmer  620 . In some embodiments, device  600  includes one or more features of device  100 ,  300 , or  500 . Device  600  includes display  602 , at least one haptic output generator, at least one activity sensor (e.g., an accelerometer) and at least one orientation sensor. As seen in  FIG. 6A , swimmer  620  is preparing to engage in a physical activity, specifically a lap swim, while wearing device  600 . 
     As discussed in more detail below, as swimmer  620  is swimming, device  600  measures swim characteristics such as pace, distance, laps, direction, time, and/or number of calories burned during the swimmer&#39;s swim. Device  600  issues one or more perceptual notifications (e.g., visual notifications  624 A,  626 A, haptic notifications  628 A) that are based on the measured value of one or more of the swim characteristics (e.g., a pace as swimmer  620  is swimming. 
     In  FIG. 6A , device  600  displays, on display  602 , a set target pace of swimmer  620  as 2′00″/100 m (2 minutes and 0 seconds per 100 meters). In some embodiments, the set target pace was set at device  600  (e.g., via a pace setting user interface of device  600 ). In some embodiments, the set target pace is received from an external electronic device. As shown in  FIG. 6A , device  600  does not provide any initial perceptual notifications because swimmer  620  has not yet started swimming. 
     In  FIG. 6B , device  600  is currently executing an activity tracking function, including measuring (e.g., via a GPS sensor, using stroke detection, an accelerometer, or a gyroscope) swimmer  620 &#39;s pace, a swim characteristic. Device  600  is also displaying visual notification  626 A, which includes text that reflects swimmer  620 &#39;s current pace of 2′20″/100 m. In some embodiments, the text of visual notification  626 A includes additional measured values of additional swim characteristics, such as the elapsed swim time, distance, strokes, etc. The text of visual notification  624 A is displayed in a large font that spans display  602  so that swimmer  620  can easily discern the swim pace from a quick glance. 
     Device  600  also displays visual notification  626 A, which is a display of a substantially uniform red color (as denoted by the left-to-right diagonal hatching of notification  626 A) across display  602 . Device  600  illuminates the displayed color (e.g., a perceptual characteristic of the notification) at an increased brightness to make it easier for swimmer  620  to see the notification while swimming. Device  600  selects a red color to display in visual notification  626 A based on the current swim pace of swimmer  620  being below the target pace set by swimmer  620 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6A . Device  600  displays a visual notification  624 A and/or  626 A when device  600  determines that notification criteria are met. In the embodiment of  FIG. 6A , the notification criteria includes a viewable criterion. A viewable criterion is satisfied when device  600  determines that a physical condition is met, such as detecting swimmer&#39;s  600  arm position being moved to a position where display  602  of device  600  is in front of swimmer  620 . As illustrated in  FIG. 6A , device  600  detects that swimmer&#39;s left arm is positioned in front of swimmer  620  during a freestyle stroke. In response to determining the swimmer&#39;s left arm satisfies the viewable criterion, device  600  issues a visual notification  624 A,  626 A that includes visual information about the pace of swimmer  620  by displaying the measured pace and a substantially uniform display of a red color. Device  600  issues notifications when the viewable criterion, in particular, is satisfied in order to conserve power and only provide visual notifications when swimmer can actually see it, which results in a more efficient user-device interface. 
     Notification criteria also includes a time criterion and a distance criterion. A time criterion is satisfied when device  600  determines that swimmer  620  has been swimming for at least a threshold period of time, or for at least a threshold period of time since the previous notification. For example, device  600  obtains a 5 second notification time period from swimmer  620 , prior to swimmer  620  beginning the swim workout. Thus, when device  600  determines that at least 5 seconds has passed since the last notification (and device  600  determines that other notification criterion in notification criteria), device  600  issues visual alerts  624 A,  626 A. Similarly, a distance criterion is satisfied when device  600  determines that swimmer  620  has swain a at least a threshold distance or at least a threshold distance since the last notification. For example, device  600  obtains a setting to issue a notification every 25 meters. Thus, when device  600  determines that swimmer  620  has swam at least 25 m since the last notification (and device  600  determines that other notification criterion in notification criteria), device  600  issues a visual alert  624 A,  626 A. 
     Device  600  also issues haptic notification  628 A, which includes two haptic taps separated by a long pause (e.g., a lower frequency). Device  600  outputs the haptic taps at a lower frequency to indicate that the measured pace is below the set target pace. Device  600  optionally varies the number of haptic taps, frequency of the tap, and intensity (e.g., perceptual characteristics of the notification) of the tap to indicate whether the measured pace is above or below the target pace. Device  600  outputs a haptic notification  628 A when notification criteria are satisfied, such as when the viewable criterion, time criterion, and distance criterion are met as discussed above. In some embodiments, a haptic notification  628 A (but not a visual notification) is issued even when the viewable criterion is not met because the haptic output does not require a swimmer to view display  602  of device  600  to obtain information from the haptic notification  628 A. 
     At  FIG. 6C , device  600  forgoes displaying a visual because the notification criteria is not satisfied. In particular, the viewable criterion is not satisfied because device  600  determines that the swimmer  620 &#39;s left arm (e.g., the arm wearing the watch) is behind swimmer  620 . Therefore, swimmer  620  would not be able to see display  602 . When the viewable criterion is not satisfied, device  600  forgoes issuing a visual notification. Device  600  optionally turns of display  602  when no visual notification is displayed to conserve battery. Device  600  optionally forgoes issuing a haptic notification when the viewable criterion is not met. 
     At  FIG. 6D , device  600  forgoes displaying a visual notification because notification criteria are not satisfied when a change criterion is not satisfied. The change criterion is not satisfied when device  600  fails to detect a change in the measured pace that exceeds a threshold amount. As illustrated in  FIG. 6B , device  600  previously measured swimmer&#39;s  620  pace to be 2′20″/100 m. At  FIG. 6D , swimmer  620  is still swimming at the same pace. As a result, the change in the measured pace is zero, which does not exceed a threshold amount. When the measured pace is less than the threshold amount, device  600  does not provide a visual notification. In some embodiments, the threshold amounts are determined by the set pace. For example, the change criterion is satisfied only when the measured pace crosses from being below pace, to being at pace (e.g., within a predetermined margin) or above pace (e.g., within a predetermined margin). Device  600  optionally turns off display  602  when no visual notification is displayed to conserve battery. Device  600  optionally forgoes issuing a haptic notification when the viewable criterion is not met. 
     At  FIG. 6E , device  600  measures swimmer&#39;s  620  increased pace and displays a visual notification  624 B that displays text indicating the new, measured pace of swimmer to be 2′00″/100 m, which is the set target pace. Device  600  also displays visual notification  626 B, which is a display of a substantially uniform red-green (as denoted by the combination of left-to-right hatching (red) and the right-to-left (green) hatching) color across display  602 . In some embodiments, device  600  displays a different color (e.g., blue) indicating the swimmer is swimming at the set target pace. Device  600  illuminates the displayed red-green color at an high level of brightness to make it easier for swimmer  620  to see the notification while swimming. The red-green color of visual notification  626 A is selected based on the current swim pace of swimmer  620  being at the target pace set by swimmer  620 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6A . Device  600  optionally selects the displayed color of visual notification  626 B from a gradient of colors between red (e.g., slow pace) and green (e.g., fast pace) that corresponds with the measured pace of swimmer  620 .  FIG. 6J  illustrates that the displayed color may be selected from a gradient of colors between red (slow pace) to green (fast pace) corresponding to the range of paces above and below the set target pace. For example, visual notifications  640 A- 640 E include colors that are selected from a gradient of colors corresponding to the range of measured paces between a slow pace of 2′40″ (or more)/100 m to a fast pace of 1′20″ (or less)/100 m, where the swimmer set target pace of 2′00″/100 m is in the middle of the range. Device  600  displays visual notification  640 A displaying a dark (as denoted by the density of hatching) red color when device  600  detects a significantly slower pace at 2′40″/100 m that is significantly below the set target pace 2′00″/100 m. Device  600  displays visual notification  640 B displaying a pace using a light (as denoted by the reduced density of hatching) red when device  600  detects a slightly slower pace of 2′20″/100 m that is slightly slower than the set target pace. Device  600  displays visual notification  640 C displaying a blend of greenish-red (e.g.,  640 C) or different color (e.g., yellow) to indicate swimmer  620  is swimming at the set target pace. Device  600  displays visual notification  640 C displaying light green when device  600  measures that swimmer  620  is swimming slightly above the average pace at 1′40″/100 m. Device  600  displays visual notification  640 C displaying a dark green color when swimmer  620  is swimming significantly above the average pace at 2′00″/100 m. The display of color in the visual notification provides a more efficient notification interface, as the color of notification  626 A lets swimmer  620  know what swimmer&#39;s  620  pace is without requiring swimmer  620  to stop and interact with the notification to obtain the swim pace. 
     Device  600  displays a visual notification  624 B and/or  626 B when device  600  determines that (visual) notification criteria are met. Notification criteria includes a change criterion. The change criterion is satisfied when device  600  detects that the measured pace differs from the previously measured pace by a threshold amount. For example, device  600  measures the current pace as 2′00″/100 m as swimmer reaches 75 m. The current pace is faster than the previously measured pace of 2′20″/100 m by 20″/100 m. Device  600  displays a visual notification when the change in pace exceeds a set threshold amount (e.g., 5″/100 m). Device  600  also determines that the notification criteria is satisfied because the viewable criterion is satisfied. 
     Device  600  also issues a haptic notification  626 B when notification criteria are met. The frequency of the taps indicates whether swimmer  620  is swimming above pace, below pace or at the target pace. Device  600  issues two taps at a medium frequency (e.g., less delay between taps in comparison to the tap frequency of haptic notification  626 A) to indicate swimmer is swimming at the target pace.  FIG. 6J  illustrates that device  600  issues a two taps at a lower frequency in haptic notification  650 A when swimmer  620  is swimming below pace. When swimmer  620  is swimming at the target pace, device  600  issues two taps at a default frequency, as indicated in haptic notification  650 B. Device  600  issues a haptic notification  650 C comprising two taps at a high frequency when swimmer  620  is swimming above pace. Device  600  optionally increases the intensity of the tap with respect to the pace of the swimmer  620 . For example, as swimmer  620  swims at a faster pace, device  600  issues a higher number of taps at higher frequency and a higher intensity. Device  600  issues a lower number of taps at a lower frequency (e.g., more delay between taps) and at a lower intensity. In some embodiments, the visual and haptic notifications are issued concurrently, resulting in device  600  displaying both text and color at the same time as issuing a haptic tap pattern. 
       FIG. 6F  illustrates device  600  issuing visual notifications  624 C,  626 C as swimmer continues swimming across the pool when notification criteria are satisfied. Device  600  determines that the new, measured pace 1′40″/100 m is faster than the set target pace of 2′00″/100 m, thereby satisfying the change criterion. Visual notification  624 C includes a display of text that reflects the new pace 1′40″/100 m measured by device  600 . Device  600  displays visual notification  626 C which includes a display of a substantially green color (as denoted by the right-to-left hatching) across display  602  of device  600  because the measured pace is faster than the target pace. In some embodiments, the color displayed in the visual notification  626 C is selected from a range of green gradient colors that correspond to paces faster than the target pace. 
     Device  600  issues a haptic notification  628 C when (haptic) notification criteria are satisfied. Device  600  determines that the measured pace is faster than the set target pace. Accordingly, device  600  issues a haptic notification  628 C including two taps at a high frequency to indicate that the pace is above target. The frequency of the taps of haptic notification  628 C is much higher than the frequency of the taps of haptic notification  628 B, which indicates a pace below target. 
       FIGS. 6G-6H  illustrates device  600  issuing visual notifications where a star shape is displayed and the size (e.g., a perceptual value of the notification) of the star indicates the measured pace. A smaller sized shape indicates the swimmer is swimming below pace, while a larger sized shape indicates the swimmer is swimming above pace. When device  600  detects a measured pace is the target pace, device  600  issues a visual notification  630 A that includes a medium-sized star. When device  600  detects the measured pace is below target, visual notification  630 B includes a small star. In some embodiments visual notifications  630 A and  630   b  are overlaid over visual notifications that include a display of color and/or text. Device  600  also issues haptic notifications  628 D and  6268 E respectively that may be issued concurrently with the visual notifications  630 A and  630 B. 
       FIG. 6I  illustrates electronic device  600  issuing a visual notification that indicates when the swim work out is complete or a goal has been achieved. The completion notification criteria are satisfied when a completion criterion is met by swimmer  620  swimming a target distance, a target number of laps, reaching a target number of calories. Device  600  issues a visual notification  630 C that includes a static value such as series of stars indicating the completion of a goal, where the static value is not based on a measured pace. Device  600  displays visual notification  624 F including text indicating the completion of a goal and optionally a summary of the measured values such as the total distance swum, the total number of laps swum, the total swim time, the average swim pace, and/or the total number of calories burned. Visual notification  626 F includes a display of a substantially uniform color (e.g., blue or multi-colored backgrounds) across display  602  that indicates completion of a goal. The color of the notification is not within the color gradient used to indicate a pace or a swim characteristic. In some embodiments visual notifications  624 F and  626 F are overlaid over notification  630 C, so that the text indicating the achievement of a goal is displayed along with the shape over the background color. In some embodiments, visual notification  624 G further includes additional text that provides additional information about the completed goal, such as the total distance, total time, or number of laps swam. 
     Device  600  also issues a haptic notification  628 F includes three taps at a frequency that is associated with completion of the goal and the end of the workout. Haptic notification  628 F includes three taps at a fast frequency to indicate the completion of the goal and the end of the workout. The number of taps, frequency, and intensity are predetermined static amounts so that they do not correspond to a measured value of a swim characteristic. The visual  630 C and haptic notifications  628 F contain static values that are associated with completion so that swimmer  620  may easily distinguish between notifications that indicate completion rather than notifications that indicate an update on a measured value of a pace. 
     In  FIGS. 7A-7D , device  700  is worn by swimmer  720  in an open swim. As seen in  FIG. 7A-7D , device  700  provides swimmer  720  with notifications relating to directions to navigate through a swim course in the ocean. Device  700  obtains coordinates of the swim course, a start location, a final destination, and/or the locations of various landmarks (e.g., buoys, coves, piers, structures) in the course prior to the start of the open swim workout. Device  700  generates a route for the swim and provides perceptual notifications containing directions during the course of swimmer&#39;s  700  swim when swimmer  720  swims off course. In some embodiments, device  700  optimizes a shortest distance route from the starting point to the destination, that also includes reaching all the landmarks (e.g., buoys). In some embodiments, the optimized route is based on water conditions (e.g., the device  700  steers swimmers away from choppy water or strong currents). Swimmer  720  also enters any metrics that swimmer  720  wants to be tracked and receive notifications for during the swim, such as a pace. 
     In  FIG. 7A , device  700  detects that the current swim direction of swimmer  720  in a north direction. Device  700  determines that the calculated optimal swim route requires swimmer  720  to proceed in the left direction. Device  700  issues a notification  724 ,  726 A,  728 A indicating that swimmer  720  should swim in a particular direction when notification criteria are met. Notifications are only displayed when notification criteria are met to conserve battery. In addition to the notification criteria discussed above with respect to  FIGS. 6A-6J , notification criteria optionally includes a deviation criterion that is met when device  700  detects that the current swim direction deviates from a target swim direction by more than a non-zero threshold amount. For example, in  FIG. 7A , device  700  determines that the current swim direction  732 A is north, but target swim direction  734 A is to go west. Device  700  determines a deviation angle  730 A formed between the current swim direction  732 A and target swim direction  734 A. When device  700  determines the deviation angle exceeds a first, non-zero, threshold amount (e.g., 30 degrees), the deviation criterion is met. Notification criteria optionally includes a distance criterion that is met when device  700  detects swimmer  720  has swam a predetermined distance (e.g., 25 m-50 m) or a total distance has been swum since the start. For example, swimmer  720  sets perceptual notifications to be displayed every 50 meters. Notification criteria optionally includes a time criterion that is met when device  700  detects a threshold time period has elapsed (e.g., every 10 seconds). 
     In response to the notification criteria being met, device  700  issues haptic notification  728 A. Haptic notification  728 A provides a haptic tap pattern that indicates swimmer  730  should swim left from swimmer&#39;s  700  current position to stay on course. For example, device  700  issues a haptic notification  728 A indicating a left direction by one short tap and a right direction by one long tap. In some embodiments, haptic notification  728 A indicates a direction by number of taps: a left direction by one tap and a right direction by three taps. Device  700  optionally increases the frequency of the tap and/or shortens the duration of the tap the further off course swimmer  720  deviates from the target swim direction based on deviation angle  730 A. For example, when swimmer  720  deviates from the projected route  734 A by a first, non-zero threshold number of degrees (e.g., 30 degrees), device  700  issues a tap at a first frequency. When swimmer  720  deviates from the projected route  734 A by a second, non-zero threshold number of degrees (e.g., 90 degrees), where the second threshold is larger than the first threshold, the frequency is increased. In some embodiments, device  700  uses the highest tap intensity to ensure that swimmer  720  feels the haptic notification. In some embodiments, the tap intensity is based on the swimmer&#39;s  720  angle of deviation  730 A from a target direction  734 A. In some embodiments, device  700  uses a combination of the number of taps, frequency, and intensity to indicate the direction in the haptic notification. In some embodiments, device  700  issues directional haptic patterns, where the haptic output is on the left side of device  700  if swimmer  720  should swim left and the haptic output is on the right side of device  700  if swimmer  720  should swim right. 
     In response to the notification criteria being met, device  700  also issues visual notification  724 A that includes text indicating Left to alert swimmer  720  to swim in the left direction from swimmer&#39;s  720  current position. In some embodiments, the text displayed includes directions such as left, right, straight, north, east, south, and west. In some embodiments, the text shown in the visual notification gets larger as the angle of deviation  730 A increases and exceeds a first threshold and/or a second threshold. Visual notification  726 A includes a display of a substantially uniform red color on display  702  of device  700  that indicates the left direction that swimmer  720  should swim in. In some embodiments, device  700  displays a first color (e.g., red) to indicate swimmer  720  should swim left and a second color (e.g., green) to indicate swimmer  720  should swim right. In some embodiments, the color shown in the visual notification  726 A gets darker as the angle of deviation  730 A increases and exceeds a second threshold. For example, when swimmer  720  has deviated from the target swim direction  734 A by more than the second threshold number of degrees, a substantially uniform dark red color is displayed on display  702  to indicate the swimmer should make a sharp left turn. In some embodiments, device  700  displays a first shape of a first size (e.g., small circle) to indicate swimmer  720  should swim left and a second shape of a second size (e.g., small triangle) to indicate swimmer  720  should swim right. The size of the shape changes as the angle of deviation  730 A changes. In some embodiments, visual notifications  724 A,  726 A are a combination of color, text, and shape that represents the direction swimmer  720  should swim in. In some embodiments, device  700  concurrently issues visual notifications  724 A,  726 A with the haptic notification  728 A. 
     When device  700  is in race mode (e.g., a form of do-not-disturb mode), device  700  optionally suppresses one or more notifications. Iii some embodiments, when device  700  is in race mode, notifications that are not based on a measured value of a swim characteristic are suppressed until device  700  detects that the swim workout has been completed, paused (e.g., taking a break), or ended (e.g., canceled). In some embodiments, if a race mode or do-not-disturb mode is activated on electronic device  620 , all notifications including swim-related notifications are suppressed. 
     In  FIG. 7B , device  700  detects swimmer  720  has drifted off the target swim direction  734 B and should swim in the right direction when the angle of deviation  730 B exceeds a first threshold number of degrees (e.g., 30 degrees). In response to the notification criteria being met, device  700  issues a haptic notification indicating that swimmer  720  should swim in the right direction. The perceptual notification includes a haptic notification  728 C that includes a haptic pattern consisting of one long tap indicating the right direction. In contrast to haptic notification  728 A, the haptic pattern for left consists of one short tap. 
     Device  700  displays visual notifications  724 C,  726 C when notification criteria are met. The perceptual notification includes a visual notification  724 C that includes text indicating that swimmer  720  should go right. Visual notification  726 C includes a display of a substantially uniform green color on display  702  indicating swimmer  720  should go right. In some embodiments, the visual notification is a combination of color, text, and shape that represents the direction swimmer  720  should swim in. In some embodiments, the perceptual notification includes issuing visual notifications  724 C,  726 C concurrently with the haptic notification  728 C. 
     In  FIG. 7C , device  700  detects swimmer  720  has continued to veer off the target swim direction  734 C and should swim in the right direction to stay on the projected route. Device  700  determines that the swimmer&#39;s angle of deviation  730 C exceeds a second threshold number of degrees e.g., 90 degrees). In response to the notification criteria being met, device  700  issues a haptic notification  728 C that includes a haptic pattern consisting of three, long taps indicating the right direction. The number of taps is increased to inform swimmer  720  that swimmer  720  is more than a second threshold number of degrees off and should make a sharp right turn. In some embodiments, the frequency is optionally increased and/or the duration of the tap is decreased to emphasize how off course swimmer  720  has drifted. 
     Device  700  displays visual notifications  724 C,  726 C when notification criteria are met and the viewable criterion is met. Visual notification  724 C that includes text indicating swimmer  720  should go right. In some embodiments, device  700  outputs the direction in a larger font size when swimmer  720 &#39;s angle of deviation  730 C exceeds a second threshold number of degrees. Visual notification  726 C includes a display of a substantially uniform darker green color indicating swimmer  720  should make a sharper right turn. In some embodiments, visual notifications  724 C,  726 C are a combination of color, text, and shape that represents the direction swimmer  720  should swim in. In some embodiments, the perceptual notification includes issuing visual notifications  724 C,  726 C concurrently with haptic notification  728 C. 
     In  FIG. 7D , device  700  detects swimmer  720  is swimming on course in the target swim direction  734 D. Device  700  determines that swimmer  720 &#39;s angle of deviation  730 D is less than the first threshold number of degrees (e.g., 30 degrees). In response to the notification criteria not being met when no directional correction is needed, device  700  forgoes issuing a visual notification. Device  700  optionally forgoes issuing a haptic notification. In some embodiments, the notification criteria is met when a particular time has elapsed since the swimmer has started swimming or a particular distance has been reached. When no change in direction is detected, electronic device  700  optionally issues a visual notification informing swimmer  720  that he/she is swimming on the projected route  734 D. 
     When device  700  detects that swimmer  720  is on course, device  700  issues visual notifications  724 D,  726 D when notification criteria are met and the viewable criterion is met. The perceptual notification includes a visual notification  724 C that includes text indicating that the swimmer is on course. Visual notification  726 C includes a display of a substantially uniform red-green color or a different color (e.g., yellow) indicating swimmer  720  is on course. In some embodiments, visual notifications  724 C,  726 C are a combination of color, text, and shape that represents the direction swimmer  720  should swim in. In some embodiments, when no directional correction is needed, the perceptual notification includes fewer perceptual properties (e.g., only color, only text, no haptics) than when a directional correction is needed. 
       FIGS. 8A-8C  are flow diagrams illustrating a method for  800  using an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. Method  700  is performed at a device (e.g.,  100 ,  300 ,  500 ,  620 ,  720 ) with one or more perceptual output mechanisms and one or more sensors. Some operations in method  800  are, optionally, combined, the orders of some operations are, optionally, changed, and some operations are, optionally, omitted. 
     As described below, method  800  provides an intuitive way for a measuring activity-based value of a swimming characteristic and presenting the information to the swimmer through a perceptual notification, where the notification has a perceptual property that is based on the measured activity-based value. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a swimmer by presenting measured activity-based values through notifications so that swimmers do not have to stop swimming to get the information in the notification, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. Presenting swimmers with visual or haptic notifications that represent the measured activity-based values provide faster and more efficiently swimmer-device interface that lets the swimmer continue swimming while receiving the information. For battery-operated computing devices, issuing notifications only when notification criteria are met conserves battery. 
     Electronic device (e.g.,  600 ,  700 ) with one or more perceptual output mechanisms (e.g., a display; a haptic actuator, an audio speaker) and one or more sensors measures ( 802 ), via the one or more sensors, measures an activity-based value of a swim characteristic (e.g., pace, time, distance, and/or direction) (e.g., while a swimmer is swimming). 
     In some embodiments, the swim characteristic ( 804 ) is a distance (e.g., distance remaining, distance travelled), number of laps (e.g., laps completed, laps remaining), pace, (e.g., above or below pace), time (e.g., duration of swim workout, duration left to completion), direction (e.g., for open swim if the swimmer needs to swim left or right to stay on course), or number of calories. In some embodiments, the swim characteristic is a direction of swim and wherein the activity-based value is a measure of the difference (e.g., in degrees, an angle) between a currently detected swim direction (e.g., detected using a GPS, accelerometer, gyroscope, compass) and a target swim direction (e.g., based on GPS determined route, a preset route determined by GPS or by preset by the swimmer). 
     In response to measuring the activity-based value of the swim characteristic and in accordance with notification criteria being met, electronic device (e.g.,  600 ,  700 ) issues ( 806 ), via the one or more perceptual output mechanisms, a perceptual notification (e.g.,  624 A,  624 B,  624 C,  628 A) that has a first perceptual property (e.g., color, shape, frequency, intensity, and duration of tap; a non-textual property) based on the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic. In some examples, the notification criteria includes one or more of: a duration since the last notification (e.g., time duration, a distance duration (e.g., a notification is issued no sooner than once every detected 25 meters swum)) and a change in the measured value that exceeds an activity threshold (e.g., an absolute amount of activity or an amount of change in the activity). 
     Displaying perceptual notifications that are based on the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic provides swimmers with real-time swim data without the swimmer having to stop to check the notification. For example, displaying a full screen of color provides information about whether the swimmer is swimming above pace or below pace at a quick glance. Similarly, providing haptic notifications provides the swimmer with real time pace information without the swimmer having to look at the screen. Receiving real-time notifications are useful in notifying the swimmer whether the swimmer is on pace or swimming in the right direction in an open swim, so that the swimmer can make corrections in response to the notification (e.g., swimming faster or turning right). Providing improved notifications to the swimmer without requiting the swimmer to look at the screen or to look at the screen for longer than a quick glance allows the swimmer to obtain swim information by reducing the cognitive burden of the swimmer trying to obtain information while swimming. Providing improved notifications to the swimmer enhances the operability of the device and makes the swimmer-device interface more efficient which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the swimmer to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     In some embodiments, the notification criteria includes a criterion that is met when the electronic device (e.g.,  600 ,  700 ) detects ( 808 ) (e.g., via an accelerometer or a gyroscope) that the arm position of the swimmer (e.g.,  620 ,  720 ) is in a predetermined position (e.g., the predetermined position is a position that corresponds to the electronic device (e.g.,  600 ,  700 ) being visible during a forward stroke or a stroke where the swimmer&#39;s arm position is in front of the swimmer). In some examples, when the predetermined position is a position where electronic device (e.g.,  600 ,  700 ) is not visible (e.g., the arm is behind the swimmer), electronic device (e.g.,  600 ,  700 ) forgoes issuing the perceptual notification (e.g.,  624 A,  624 B,  624 C,  628 A). 
     Issuing a visual notification when a swimmer&#39;s arm position is in a position such that electronic device (e.g.,  600 ,  700 ) is visible conserves battery power, so that only notifications that are visible to a swimmer are shown. Checking whether the swimmer&#39;s arm position is in a predetermined position that corresponds to the swimmer&#39;s arm being in front of the swimmer makes the swimmer-device interface more efficient (e.g., only turning on the screen when the display is visible to the swimmer) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the swimmer to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     In some embodiments, the notification criteria includes a criterion that is met when the activity-based value of the swim characteristic is below a first threshold (e.g., a below pace threshold) or when the activity-based value of the swim characteristic is above a second threshold (e.g., an above pace threshold). In some examples, when the change in the activity-based value is not below the first threshold and/or above the second threshold, (e.g., swimming at the same pace), the electronic device (e.g.,  600 ,  700 ) forgoes issuing a new notification. 
     In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a first measured value ( 818 ) (e.g., below pace, deviation from a target direction by more than ten degrees to the right), the first perceptual property has a first perceptual value (e.g., a visual notification that is substantially uniformly red; longer-duration haptic taps). 
     Displaying perceptual notifications when notification criteria is met when a swim characteristic, such as swimmer&#39;s pace is below a first threshold or above a second threshold ensures that notifications are only issued when there&#39;s a significant change in the measured activity-based value. For example, when the swim pace changes by a threshold amount or the swimmer is swimming in a direction that is off the target direction by a certain threshold amount triggers a notification to be issued. Providing notifications only when a change in the measured value that exceeds a threshold prevents notifications from constantly being issued and enhances the operability of the device. In addition, the more efficient user interface reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the swimmer to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     In accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a second measured value ( 824 ) (e.g., above pace, deviation from a target direction by greater than ten degrees to the left), different than the first measured value, the first perceptual property has a second perceptual value (e.g., a visual notification that is substantially uniformly green; shorter-duration haptic taps), different than the first perceptual value. In some embodiments, the perceptual notification (e.g.,  624 A,  624 B,  624 C,  628 A,  628 B,  628 C) includes longer-duration haptic taps to indicate being below pace, shorter-duration haptic taps to indicate being above pace, display red color in full screen to indicate below pace, and green color in full screen to indicate above pace. 
     In some embodiments, the perceptual notification includes a visual notification ( 810 ) (e.g.,  624 A,  624 B,  624 C) (e.g., a non-textual notification, a notification that is substantially uniform (e.g., uniform in color and/or intensity) across the display). The first perceptual property is a color included in the visual notification ( 812 ). The first perceptual value of the visual notification is a first color ( 820 ) (e.g., red if the swimmer is swimming below pace, green if the swimmer is swimming above pace) that corresponds to the first measured value of the swim characteristic; and the second perceptual value is a second color ( 826 ) (e.g., red if the swimmer is swimming below pace, green if the swimmer is swimming above pace) that corresponds to the second measured value of the swim characteristic. In some examples, the green color is displayed in full-screen to represent exceeding a pace and red color is displayed in full screen to represent being below pace. In some examples, text or shapes are overlaid on top of the color background in the visual notification. 
     In some embodiments, the first color and second color are on a gradient (e.g., the gradient of colors includes the range of colors between a first color representing one end of the range of colors and the second color representing the other end of the range of colors) of colors. The method further comprises: in accordance with the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic having a third measured value, wherein the third measured value is greater than the first measured value and is less than the second value, the third perceptual value is a third color (e.g., the third color is red-green, which is in the middle of the gradient of colors, where the first color is red indicating a slow pace and the second color is green indicating a fast pace), wherein the third color is between the first color and the second color on the gradient (e.g., of the range of colors between the first color and the second color). In some embodiments, the third color may be a dark red is shown if the swimmer is significantly below the average pace, light red is shown if the swimmer is a little below the average pace, light green is shown if the swimmer is a little above the average pace, and dark green is shown if the swimmer is significantly above the average pace. 
     Visual notifications that display a color representing the measured activity-based value of the swim characteristic provides swimmers with real-time swim data without the swimmer having to stop to check the notification. For example, displaying a full screen of color provides information about whether the swimmer is swimming above pace or below pace at a quick glance. Receiving real-time notifications are useful in notifying the swimmer whether the swimmer is on pace or swimming in the right direction in an open swim, so that the swimmer can make corrections in response to the notification (e.g., swimming faster or turning right). Providing improved notifications to the swimmer without requiring the swimmer to look at the screen or to look at the screen for longer than a quick glance provides a more efficient interface that reduces the cognitive burden on the swimmer. Providing improved notifications to the swimmer enhances the operability of the device and makes the swimmer-device interface more efficient which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the swimmer to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     In some embodiments, the perceptual notification includes a visual notification (e.g.,  624 A,  624 B,  624 C). The first perceptual property is a shape included in the visual notification. The first perceptual value is a first size of the shape that (e.g., big star or little star) corresponds to the first measured value of the swim characteristic and the second perceptual value is a second size of the shape that corresponds to the second measured value of the swim characteristic. In some embodiments, a large star may represent exceeding a pace and a small star may represent being below pace. 
     In some embodiments, the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification ( 814 ) (e.g.,  628 A,  628 B,  628 C) including one or more haptic taps. The first perceptual property is a number of taps included in the haptic notification ( 816 ). The first perceptual value of the haptic notification is a first number of taps ( 822 ) that corresponds to the first measured value (e.g., a pace, the number of laps left) of the swim characteristic and the second perceptual value is a second number of taps that corresponds to the second measured value ( 828 ) (e.g., a pace, the number of laps left) of the swim characteristic. In some examples, a notification comprising a first number of taps indicates that the swimmer is below pace, or the number of laps left to swim. A notification comprising a second number of taps indicates the swimmer is above pace. 
     In some embodiments, the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification (e.g.,  628 A,  628 B,  628 C) including one or more haptic taps. The first perceptual property is a frequency of the one or more haptic taps. The first perceptual value is a first frequency of the one or more haptic taps (e.g., higher frequency of taps indicates faster pace, a lower frequency of taps indicates slower pace) that corresponds to the first measured value (e.g., a pace, the number of laps left) of the swim characteristic and the second perceptual value is a second frequency of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the second measured value (e.g., a pace, the number of laps left) of the swim characteristic. In some embodiments, a notification comprising a number of taps at a slow frequency indicates that the swimmer is below pace. A notification comprising a number of taps at a high frequency indicates the swimmer is above pace. 
     In some embodiments, the perceptual notification includes a haptic notification (e.g.,  628 A,  628 B,  628 C) including one or more haptic taps. The first perceptual property is an intensity of the one or more haptic taps. The first perceptual value is a first intensity of the one or more haptic taps (e.g., stronger intensity indicates faster pace, a lower intensity indicates slower pace) that corresponds to the first measured value (e.g., a pace, the number of laps left) of the swim characteristic and the second perceptual value is a second intensity of the one or more haptic taps that corresponds to the second measured value (e.g., a pace, the number of laps left) of the swim characteristic. In some embodiments, a notification comprising a number of taps at a lighter intensity indicates that the swimmer is below pace. A notification comprising a number of taps at a stronger intensity indicates the swimmer is above pace. 
     Haptic notifications that provide tactile notifications that are based on a measured value of a swim characteristic, such as a pace, without requiring the swimmer to look at the display of the device. For example, outputting a particular number of taps at a particular frequency notifies the swimmer about whether the swimmer is swimming above pace or below pace without having to look at the display. Receiving real-time notifications are useful in notifying the swimmer whether the swimmer is on pace or swimming in the right direction in an open swim, so that the swimmer can make corrections in response to the notification (e.g., swimming faster or turning right). Providing improved notifications to the swimmer without requiring the swimmer to look at the screen provides a more efficient interface that reduces the cognitive burden on the swimmer. Providing improved notifications to the swimmer enhances the operability of the device and makes the swimmer-device interface more efficient which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the swimmer to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device (e.g.,  600 ,  700 ) receives data corresponding to a potential notification (e.g., receiving an incoming email, text message, a trigger condition for an alarm; non-activity-based data; data from an external device). In accordance with a determination that the data corresponding to the potential notification is received while a race mode (e.g., an activity-based do not disturb mode) is not active, electronic device (e.g.,  600 ,  700 ) issues a perceptual notification (e.g.,  624 A,  624 B,  624 C,  628 A,  628 B,  628 C) corresponding to the data (e.g., a visual, audio, or haptic notification). In accordance with a determination that the data corresponding to the potential notification is received while the race mode is active, forgo issuing a perceptual notification (e.g.,  624 A,  624 B,  624 C,  628 A,  628 B,  628 C) corresponding to the data. 
     Note that details of the processes described above with respect to method  800  (e.g.,  FIGS. 8A-8C ) are also applicable in an analogous manner to the methods described above. 
     The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the techniques and their practical applications. Others skilled in the art are thereby enabled to best utilize the techniques and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. 
     Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined by the claims. 
     As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources to improve the delivery to swimmers of measured swim values or any other metrics that may be of interest to swimmers. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, twitter IDs, home addresses, data or records relating to a swimmer&#39;s health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying or personal information. 
     The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of swimmers. Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the swimmer are also contemplated by the present disclosure. For instance, health and fitness data may be used to provide insights into a swimmer&#39;s general wellness, or may be used as positive feedback to individuals using technology to pursue wellness goals. 
     The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by swimmers, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from swimmers should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving the informed consent of the swimmers. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of or access to certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country. 
     Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which swimmers selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, the present technology can be configured to allow swimmers to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a swimmer may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app. 
     Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including in certain health related applications, data de-identification can be used to protect a swimmer&#39;s privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth, etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data a city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across swimmers), and/or other methods. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190829
Publication Date: 20210323
Grant Date: 20210323
Priority Date: 20180928
Inventors: WILSON, JAMES R.
JONES, CHRISTOPHER D.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G08B6/00", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G08B7/06", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B71/0622", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B24/0062", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2244/20", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1112", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1118", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2071/0694", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2230/75", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2071/0663", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B71/0686", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2071/0655", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2503/10", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/7455", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1118", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B71/0686", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2071/0694", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B24/0062", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2230/75", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2244/20", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2071/0663", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B2071/0655", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G08B7/06", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A63B71/0622", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 69945568