PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11789561-B2
Application Number: US-202217933783-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Architecture for differential drive and sense touch technology

Abstract:
Differential driving and/or sensing can reduce noise in a touch screen. In some examples, the touch screen can include column and row electrodes routed vertically in the active area. In some examples, the touch electrodes and/or routing traces can be implemented using metal mesh in first and second metal layers. To improve optical performance, overlapping portions of metal mesh can be designed to provide an appearance of uniform width/area. In some examples, a dielectric layer can have an increased thickness and/or a reduced dielectric constant, and/or metal mesh in the first metal layer can be flooded with a transparent conductive material. In some examples, routing traces can be disposed beneath touch electrodes and/or metal mesh for touch electrodes can be flooded with a transparent conductive material without flooding metal mesh for routing traces. In some examples, touch electrodes can be interleaved within a touch node to improve differential cancelation.

Claims:
The invention claimed is: 
     
       1. A touch screen comprising:
 a display having an active area; 
 a first metal layer and a second metal layer disposed over the display; and 
 an intermediate dielectric layer, disposed between the first metal layer and the second metal layer; 
 wherein a plurality of touch electrodes of the touch screen is formed in the active area of the display, the plurality of touch electrodes including a touch electrode formed from first metal mesh in the first metal layer and first metal mesh in the second metal layer; and 
 wherein a plurality of routing traces is formed in the active area of the display and coupled to the plurality of touch electrodes, the plurality of routing traces including a routing trace formed from second metal mesh in the second metal layer and second metal mesh in the first metal layer. 
 
     
     
       2. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the first metal mesh of the first metal layer aligns with the first metal mesh of the second metal layer. 
     
     
       3. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein a width of the first metal mesh of the second metal layer is less than a width of the first metal mesh of the first metal layer. 
     
     
       4. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the second metal mesh of the first metal layer aligns with the second metal mesh of the second metal layer. 
     
     
       5. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein a width of the second metal mesh of the second metal layer is less than a width of the second metal mesh of the first metal layer. 
     
     
       6. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of touch electrodes is formed using bridges in the active area of the display formed of the first metal mesh in the second metal layer. 
     
     
       7. The touch screen of  claim 1 ,
 wherein a portion of the routing trace formed from the second metal mesh in the second metal layer is disposed beneath a portion of the touch electrode formed from the first metal mesh in the first metal layer. 
 
     
     
       8. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of touch electrodes of the touch screen is formed from the first metal mesh in the first metal layer and the first metal mesh in the second metal layer. 
     
     
       9. The touch screen of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 transparent conductive material filling gaps in the first metal mesh in the first metal layer without filling gaps in the second metal mesh in the first metal layer. 
 
     
     
       10. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the intermediate dielectric layer comprises an organic material. 
     
     
       11. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the intermediate dielectric layer has a thickness greater than 0.5 micron. 
     
     
       12. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the intermediate dielectric layer has a thickness between 1-2.5 micron. 
     
     
       13. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the intermediate dielectric layer has a dielectric constant less than 5. 
     
     
       14. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the intermediate dielectric layer has a dielectric constant between 2.5-4. 
     
     
       15. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the touch electrode formed from the first metal mesh in the first metal layer and the first metal mesh in the second metal layer comprises non-overlapping regions and overlapping regions, wherein the first metal mesh in the first metal layer and the first metal mesh in the second metal layer are non-parallel in the overlapping regions. 
     
     
       16. The touch screen of  claim 15 , wherein the first metal mesh in the first metal layer and the first metal mesh in the second metal layer are orthogonal in the overlapping regions of the touch electrode. 
     
     
       17. The touch screen of  claim 16 , wherein the area of each of the overlapping regions of the touch electrode is uniform. 
     
     
       18. The touch screen of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 transparent conductive material filling gaps in the first metal mesh in the first metal layer and filling gaps in the second metal mesh in the first metal layer. 
 
     
     
       19. The touch screen of  claim 18 , further comprising:
 a second intermediate dielectric layer disposed between a first transparent conductive material and the first metal layer and between a second transparent conductive material and the first metal layer. 
 
     
     
       20. An electronic device comprising:
 an energy storage device; 
 communication circuitry; and 
 a touch screen comprising:
 a display having an active area; 
 a first metal layer and a second metal layer disposed over the display; and 
 an intermediate dielectric layer, disposed between the first metal layer and the second metal layer; 
 
 wherein a plurality of touch electrodes of the touch screen is formed in the active area of the display, the plurality of touch electrodes including a touch electrode formed from first metal mesh in the first metal layer and first metal mesh in the second metal layer; and 
 wherein a plurality of routing traces is formed in the active area of the display and coupled to the plurality of touch electrodes, the plurality of routing traces including a routing trace formed from second metal mesh in the second metal layer and second metal mesh in the first metal layer.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/261,620, filed Sep. 24, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/364,338, filed May 6, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This relates generally to touch sensor panels/screens, and more particularly to touch sensor panels/screens with differential drive and/or sense. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Many types of input devices are presently available for performing operations in a computing system, such as buttons or keys, mice, trackballs, joysticks, touch sensor panels, touch screens and the like. Touch screens, in particular, are popular because of their ease and versatility of operation as well as their declining price. Touch screens can include a touch sensor panel, which can be a clear panel with a touch-sensitive surface, and a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED) display or organic light emitting diode (OLED) display that can be positioned partially or fully behind the panel so that the touch-sensitive surface can cover at least a portion of the viewable area of the display device. Touch screens can allow a user to perform various functions by touching the touch sensor panel using a finger, stylus or other object at a location often dictated by a user interface (UI) being displayed by the display device. In general, touch screens can recognize a touch and the position of the touch on the touch sensor panel, and the computing system can then interpret the touch in accordance with the display appearing at the time of the touch, and thereafter can perform one or more actions based on the touch. In the case of some touch sensing systems, a physical touch on the display is not needed to detect a touch. For example, in some capacitive-type touch sensing systems, fringing electrical fields used to detect touch can extend beyond the surface of the display, and objects approaching near the surface may be detected near the surface without actually touching the surface. 
     Capacitive touch sensor panels can be formed by a matrix of partially or fully transparent or non-transparent conductive plates (e.g., touch electrodes) made of materials such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). In some examples, the conductive plates can be formed from other materials including conductive polymers, metal mesh, graphene, nanowires (e.g., silver nanowires) or nanotubes (e.g., carbon nanotubes). It is due in part to their substantial transparency that some capacitive touch sensor panels can be overlaid on a display to form a touch screen, as described above. Some touch screens can be formed by at least partially integrating touch sensing circuitry into a display pixel stack-up (i.e., the stacked material layers forming the display pixels). 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This relates to touch sensor panels (or touch screens or touch-sensitive surfaces) with improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In some examples, a touch sensor panel can include a two-dimensional array of touch nodes formed from a plurality of touch electrodes. For example, the two-dimensional array of touch nodes can be arranged in rows and columns. Each column (or row) of touch nodes can be driven with a plurality of drive signals. For example, a first drive signal can be applied to first column electrodes within a column of touch nodes and a second drive signal can be applied to second column electrode with the column of touch nodes. Each row (or column) of touch nodes can be sensed by sense circuitry (e.g., differentially). For example, a first row electrode within a row of touch nodes can be coupled to a first input and a second row electrode within the row of touch nodes can be coupled to a second input, such that a first input and second input can be differentially sensed. Differential driving (e.g., using complementary drive signals) and/or differential sensing can reduce noise in the touch and/or display systems of the touch screen. 
     The column electrodes can be routed vertically (e.g., overlapping the two-dimensional array of touch nodes) to a first edge of the touch sensor panel to couple the column electrodes to drive circuitry. In some examples, row electrodes can be routed from a second edge of the touch sensor panel (e.g., perpendicular to the first edge) in a border region around the two-dimensional array of touch nodes. In some examples, the row electrodes can also be routed vertically (e.g., overlapping the two-dimensional array of touch nodes) to the first edge of the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the routing traces can be formed from metal mesh. 
     In some examples, a touch sensor panel can be divided into three banks of rows (e.g., more generally for a plurality of banks of rows). In some examples, the routing traces for rows can be implemented using four routing tracks (also referred to herein as a set of one or more routing trace segments) per column for the three banks. In some examples, to improve optical characteristics (e.g., reduce visibility of the metal mesh), the four routing tracks can extend the vertical length of the touch sensor panel (e.g., the length of the column of touch nodes). In some examples, routing traces implemented in the four routing traces using electrical connections and/or discontinuities within the routing tracks can be used to improve characteristics of the routing. For example, a discontinuity in a routing track after an electrical connection to a row electrode can reduce the capacitive loading of a routing trace to the row electrode. The discontinuity can also allow for other routing trace segments within the routing track to be used for another routing trace to reduce the resistance of the routing trace. In some examples, the utilization of the routing tracks for routing traces can be optimized to reduce routing trace resistances. 
     In some examples, the interconnections between routing traces and row electrodes can have a chevron pattern to reduce maximum routing trace resistance and/or to balance routing trace resistance across the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the interconnections between routing traces and row electrodes can have an S-shape pattern (also referred to as diagonal or zigzag) to reduce row-to-row differences in resistance (and reduce discontinuities in bandwidth for the touch sensor panel). In some examples, the interconnections between routing traces and row electrodes can have a hybrid pattern, in which upper and lower rows can have the diagonal pattern similar to the S-shape pattern, and intermediate rows can have border area routing outside of the area of the two-dimensional array of touch nodes. The hybrid pattern can provide for increased usage of routing tracks for longer routing traces (e.g., most distant from the sensing circuitry). 
     In some examples, differential sense routing can be implemented to reduce cross-coupling within the touch sensor panel. For example, the routing traces for row electrodes that are used for a differential measurement can be routed in pairs such that cross-coupling becomes common mode and cancels out in the differential measurement. In some examples, staggering the differential drive signals and reduce parasitic signal loss for a differential drive and sense measurement. For example, rather than applying complimentary drive signals to different touch nodes within a column, complimentary drive signals can be applied in an adjacent column. In some examples, the complimentary drive signals can be applied to diagonally adjacent touch nodes. 
     In some examples, routing traces for a touch sensor panel can be implemented in an active area (at least partially). In some examples, the touch electrodes and routing traces can be implemented using metal mesh in a first metal layer and using bridges in a second metal layer to interconnect conductive segments of the metal mesh forming the touch electrodes. In some examples, the touch electrodes can be implemented using metal mesh in a first metal layer and using bridges in a second metal layer to interconnect conductive segments of the metal mesh forming the touch electrodes, and the routing traces can be implemented using metal mesh in the first metal layer and using metal mesh in the second metal layer. In some examples, the touch electrodes and/or routing traces can be implemented using metal mesh in a first metal layer and using metal mesh in a second metal layer. 
     In some examples, portions of metal mesh for a touch electrode and/or routing trace overlapping and in parallel between the first metal layer and the second metal layer. In some examples, to improve optical performance, the overlapping, parallel portions can be aligned. In some examples, to improve optical performance, the width of the metal mesh in the first layer can be greater than the width of the metal mesh in the second layer for the overlapping, parallel portions. In some examples, to improve optical performance, the metal mesh in the first metal layer and the metal mesh in the second metal layer for a touch electrode can be non-parallel (e.g., orthogonal), such that overlapping portions can have a substantially uniform area across the touch electrode (e.g., within a threshold such as 2 microns-squared or 1.5 microns-squared). 
     In some examples, to improve SNR and touch sensor panel bandwidth, a dielectric layer between the first metal layer and the second metal layer can reduce capacitive coupling therebetween (e.g., parallel plate capacitance). For example, the dielectric layer can have an increased thickness and/or a reduced dielectric constant to reduce the capacitive coupling. In some examples, to improve SNR and touch sensor panel bandwidth, the metal mesh in the first metal layer can be flooded, filled or otherwise augmented with a transparent conductive material electrically coupled to the metal mesh (optionally separated from the first metal layer by a dielectric layer). 
     In some examples, to reduce cross-talk in a non-differential operating mode (e.g., stylus or self-capacitance), routing traces can be disposed in a second metal layer beneath touch electrodes implemented in the first metal layer (and optionally also in the second metal layer). In some examples, to reduce cross-talk in a non-differential operating mode and to improve SNR and touch sensor panel bandwidth, the metal mesh for touch electrodes in the first metal layer can be flooded, filled or otherwise augmented with a transparent conductive material electrically coupled to the metal mesh, without flooding, filling or otherwise augmenting the metal mesh for routing in the first metal layer with the transparent conductive material. 
     In some examples, a stack-up of a display and touch sensor can include at least one encapsulation layer, over which components of the stack-up are disposed or otherwise formed. Display components formed on a substrate can be covered by a first encapsulation layer formed using either a selective or blanket deposition method (e.g., using an ink-jet printing process). A display-noise shield or sensor can be formed on the first encapsulation layer using an on-cell process. In some examples, the use of the on-cell process can improve alignment of structures of the shield or sensor to the display components (and thereby can improve manufacturing yield for the stack-up). 
     In some examples, a display-noise sensor can detect signals corresponding to electrical interference from the display components. In such examples, the display-noise sensor can include one or more metal layers that can be patterned such that rows and columns of display-noise sensor electrodes are substantially aligned with rows and columns of the display components. During readout of touch signals at a touch screen formed over the display components, display-noise sensor signals of the display-noise sensor can simultaneously read out and subtracted from the touch signals to reduce or remove electrical interference of the display from the touch signals. 
     In some examples, a display-noise shield can mitigate signals corresponding to electrical interference from the display components from passing through the stack-up to the touch sensor. In such examples, the display-noise shield can be a layer of metal mesh formed across all the display components (e.g., a global mesh structure). In other examples, the display-noise shield can be a flood of solid transparent conductive material formed across all the display components (e.g., a global fill, or solid metal layer structure). In further examples, the display-noise shield can be a combination layer of metal mesh and solid transparent conductive material, together formed across all the display components (e.g., alternating sections of metal mesh and/or patches of the transparent conductive material). 
     In some examples, a second encapsulation layer can be formed over the display-noise shield/sensor. In some examples, a dielectric layer can be formed over the second encapsulation layer to mitigate the impact of any parasitic capacitances between the shield/sensor and a touch screen in the stack-up. The second encapsulation layer can be formed using an ink-jet printing deposition process. A touch sensor can be formed above the second encapsulation layer, according to an on-cell manufacturing process (e.g., to improve alignment and/or avoid a lamination of a discrete touch sensor to a display stack-up). 
     In some examples, readout circuitry can be configured to simultaneously read out touch signals from the touch sensor and signals from the display-noise sensor to produce a noise-corrected touch signal (e.g., to reduce or eliminate electrical interference caused by the display). In some examples, a display-noise shield can be biased to a fixed voltage level (e.g., a ground voltage level, or a non-zero voltage level). 
     In some examples, a touch electrode architecture for differential drive without differential sense can be implemented. Differential drive can still reduce the touch-to-display noise. The touch electrode architecture for differential drive can simplify the touch electrode architecture design because fewer routing traces and fewer bridges are required compared with some of the differential drive and differential sense touch electrode architectures described herein. 
     In some examples, one or more touch nodes in a touch electrode architecture each include a differential pair of row electrodes and a differential pair of column electrodes. For example, a touch node can include a portion of first row electrode Rx 0 + and a portion of a second row electrode Rx 0 − (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of a first column electrode Tx 0 + and a portion of a second column electrode Tx 0 − (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving). The arrangement of the first and second row electrodes and the first and second column electrodes can result in two dominant mutual capacitances that are in-phase. Additionally, because the touch node includes portions of the first and second row electrodes and the first and second column electrodes, the differential cancelation occurs on a per touch node basis rather than across two touch nodes. Additionally, the non-dominant (minor) parasitic capacitance can be reduced by reducing routing lengths and increasing separation between electrodes that generate parasitic mutual capacitances. 
     In some examples, the touch electrode architecture includes fully differentially interleaved row and column electrodes within a touch node. In some examples, the touch electrode architecture differential for row (or column) electrodes and pseudodifferential for column (or row) electrodes. 
     In some examples, common mode noise can be reduced using spatial separation and spatial filtering. The spatial separation between touch signal and common mode noise signal can be achieved using a touch electrode architecture with reduced pitch for the transmitter and receiver electrodes. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS.  1 A- 1 E  illustrate example systems that can include a touch screen according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example computing system including a touch screen according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor circuit corresponding to a self-capacitance measurement of a touch node electrode and sensing circuit according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor circuit corresponding to a mutual-capacitance drive line and sense line and sensing circuit according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates touch screen with touch electrodes arranged in rows and columns according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates touch screen with touch node electrodes arranged in a pixelated touch node electrode configuration according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an example touch screen stack-up including a metal mesh layer according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  6 A  illustrates a symbolic representation of a touch sensor panel implementing differential sensing according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  6 B  illustrates a symbolic representation of a touch sensor panel implementing differential driving and differential sensing according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  7 A  illustrates a portion of a touch sensor panel that can be used to implementing differential driving and/or differential sensing according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  7 B- 7 C  illustrate different configurations of routing traces for a touch node with two vertical routing traces for row electrodes and four vertical routing traces for column electrodes according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  8 - 10    illustrate different routing patterns for row electrodes according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  11 A- 11 B  illustrate an example touch sensor with vertical routing traces and corresponding signal levels with and without cross-talk according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  11 C- 11 D  illustrate portions of example touch sensor panels with non-differential routing traces or with differential routing traces according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  12 A- 12 B  illustrate an example touch node in a row-column architecture using single-ended capacitance measurements or differential capacitance measurements according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  13 A- 13 B  illustrate portions of touch sensor panels and representations of stimulation applied the touch sensor panels according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  14 A- 14 B  illustrate a two-layer configuration including touch electrodes and routing traces in a first layer and bridges in a second layer according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  14 C  illustrates bridges and stacked routing traces in a second layer of a two-layer configuration (including touch electrodes and routing traces in a first layer corresponding to  FIG.  14 A ) according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  15 A- 15 B  illustrate partial views of the two-layer configuration of  FIGS.  14 A- 14 C  according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  16    illustrates a partial view of the two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments in the first layer and the second layer, a routing trace in the first layer and stacked routing trace segments in the second layer according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  17 A- 17 D  illustrate cross-sectional views of a portion of example two-layer configurations according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  18    illustrates a portion of a two-layer configuration including a touch electrode implemented partially in a first layer and partially in a second layer according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  19 A  illustrates a partial view of a two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments in the first layer and the second layer and stacked routing traces in the first layer and the second layer according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  19 B  illustrates a partial view of a two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments in the first layer and the second layer and a buried routing trace in the second layer according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  19 C  illustrates a partial view of a two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments in the first layer and the second layer and a buried routing trace in the second layer according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  20 A  illustrates a partial view of a two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments in the first layer and the second layer and stacked routing traces in the first layer and the second layer according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  20 B- 20 C  illustrate example cross-sectional views of a portion of the two-layer configuration including a transparent conductive material flood according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  21    illustrates a partial view of a two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments in the first layer and the second layer and stacked routing traces in the first layer and the second layer according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  22    illustrates an example touch screen stack-up including an encapsulation layer and optional dielectric layer for isolation according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  23    illustrates example layers of a display-noise sensor formed on a printed layer of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  24    illustrates an example display-noise shield formed on a printed layer of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  25    illustrates an example touch sensor of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  26    illustrates an example transfer-type touch sensor of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  27    illustrates exemplary readout terminals of a touch sensor and a pixel-aligned display-noise sensor of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  28    illustrates exemplary readout terminals of a touch sensor and a display-noise shield of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  29    illustrates exemplary readout circuitry for a touch sensor and a display-noise sensor of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  30    illustrates an exemplary voltage bias for a display-noise shield of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  31    illustrates an example process for operating a touch screen stack-up with a touch sensor and a display-noise sensor between the touch sensor and display pixels according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  32    illustrates an example process for forming a touch screen stack-up with a display-noise shield/sensor formed on a first printed layer and a touch sensor formed on a second printed layer according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  33    illustrates a portion of an example touch sensor panel according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  34    illustrates a portion of an example touch sensor panel configured for differential drive according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  35 A- 35 B  illustrate example touch electrode architectures according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  36    illustrates an example touch electrode architecture that is fully differential within a touch node according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  37    illustrates a portion of an example touch sensor panel configured for differential drive according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  38    illustrates a portion of an example touch sensor panel configured for differential drive according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  39    illustrates plots of spatial touch signal and noise according to examples of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description of examples, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which it is shown by way of illustration specific examples that can be practiced. It is to be understood that other examples can be used and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosed examples. 
     This relates to touch sensor panels (or touch screens or touch-sensitive surfaces) with improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In some examples, a touch sensor panel can include a two-dimensional array of touch nodes formed from a plurality of touch electrodes. For example, the two-dimensional array of touch nodes can be arranged in rows and columns. Each column (or row) of touch nodes can be driven with a plurality of drive signals. For example, a first drive signal can be applied to first column electrodes within a column of touch nodes and a second drive signal can be applied to second column electrode with the column of touch nodes. Each row (or column) of touch nodes can be sensed by sense circuitry (e.g., differentially). For example, a first row electrode within a row of touch nodes can be coupled to a first input and a second row electrode within the row of touch nodes can be coupled to a second input, such that a first input and second input can be differentially sensed. Differential driving (e.g., using complementary drive signals) and/or differential sensing can reduce noise in the touch and/or display systems of the touch screen. 
     The column electrodes can be routed vertically (e.g., overlapping the two-dimensional array of touch nodes) to a first edge of the touch sensor panel to couple the column electrodes to drive circuitry. In some examples, row electrodes can be routed from a second edge of the touch sensor panel (e.g., perpendicular to the first edge) in a border region around the two-dimensional array of touch nodes. In some examples, the row electrodes can also be routed vertically (e.g., overlapping the two-dimensional array of touch nodes) to the first edge of the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the routing traces can be formed from metal mesh. 
     In some examples, a touch sensor panel can be divided into three banks of rows (e.g., more generally for a plurality of banks of rows). In some examples, the routing traces for rows can be implemented using four routing tracks (also referred to herein as a set of one or more routing trace segments) per column for the three banks. In some examples, to improve optical characteristics (e.g., reduce visibility of the metal mesh), the four routing tracks can extend the vertical length of the touch sensor panel (e.g., the length of the column of touch nodes). In some examples, routing traces implemented in the four routing traces using electrical connections and/or discontinuities within the routing tracks can be used to improve characteristics of the routing. For example, a discontinuity in a routing track after an electrical connection to a row electrode can reduce the capacitive loading of a routing trace to the row electrode. The discontinuity can also allow for other routing trace segments within the routing track to be used for another routing trace to reduce the resistance of the routing trace. In some examples, the utilization of the routing tracks for routing traces can be optimized to reduce routing trace resistances. 
     In some examples, the interconnections between routing traces and row electrodes can have a chevron pattern to reduce maximum routing trace resistance and/or to balance routing trace resistance across the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the interconnections between routing traces and row electrodes can have an S-shape pattern (also referred to as diagonal or zigzag) to reduce row-to-row differences in resistance (and reduce discontinuities in bandwidth for the touch sensor panel). In some examples, the interconnections between routing traces and row electrodes can have a hybrid pattern, in which upper and lower rows can have the diagonal pattern similar to the S-shape pattern, and intermediate rows can have border area routing outside of the area of the two-dimensional array of touch nodes. The hybrid pattern can provide for increased usage of routing tracks for longer routing traces (e.g., most distant from the sensing circuitry). 
     In some examples, differential sense routing can be implemented to reduce cross-coupling within the touch sensor panel. For example, the routing traces for row electrodes that are used for a differential measurement can be routed in pairs such that cross-coupling becomes common mode and cancels out in the differential measurement. In some examples, staggering the differential drive signals and reduce parasitic signal loss for a differential drive and sense measurement. For example, rather than applying complimentary drive signals to different touch nodes within a column, complimentary drive signals can be applied in an adjacent column. In some examples, the complimentary drive signals can be applied to diagonally adjacent touch nodes. 
     In some examples, routing traces for a touch sensor panel can be implemented in an active area (at least partially). In some examples, the touch electrodes and routing traces can be implemented using metal mesh in a first metal layer and using bridges in a second metal layer to interconnect conductive segments of the metal mesh forming the touch electrodes. In some examples, the touch electrodes can be implemented using metal mesh in a first metal layer and using bridges in a second metal layer to interconnect conductive segments of the metal mesh forming the touch electrodes, and the routing traces can be implemented using metal mesh in the first metal layer and using metal mesh in the second metal layer. In some examples, the touch electrodes and/or routing traces can be implemented using metal mesh in a first metal layer and using metal mesh in a second metal layer. 
     In some examples, portions of metal mesh for a touch electrode and/or routing trace overlapping and in parallel between the first metal layer and the second metal layer. In some examples, to improve optical performance, the overlapping, parallel portions can be aligned. In some examples, to improve optical performance, the width of the metal mesh in the first layer can be greater than the width of the metal mesh in the second layer for the overlapping, parallel portions. In some examples, to improve optical performance, the metal mesh in the first metal layer and the metal mesh in the second metal layer for a touch electrode can be non-parallel (e.g., orthogonal), such that overlapping portions can have a substantially uniform area across the touch electrode (e.g., within a threshold such as 2 microns-squared or 1.5 microns-squared). 
     In some examples, to improve SNR and touch sensor panel bandwidth, a dielectric layer between the first metal layer and the second metal layer can reduce capacitive coupling therebetween (e.g., parallel plate capacitance). For example, the dielectric layer can have an increased thickness and/or a reduced dielectric constant to reduce the capacitive coupling. In some examples, to improve SNR and touch sensor panel bandwidth, the metal mesh in the first metal layer can be flooded, filled or otherwise augmented with a transparent conductive material electrically coupled to the metal mesh (optionally separated from the first metal layer by a dielectric layer). 
     In some examples, to reduce cross-talk in a non-differential operating mode (e.g., stylus or self-capacitance), routing traces can be disposed in a second metal layer beneath touch electrodes implemented in the first metal layer (and optionally also in the second metal layer). In some examples, to reduce cross-talk in a non-differential operating mode and to improve SNR and touch sensor panel bandwidth, the metal mesh for touch electrodes in the first metal layer can be flooded, filled or otherwise augmented with a transparent conductive material electrically coupled to the metal mesh, without flooding, filling or otherwise augmenting the metal mesh for routing in the first metal layer with the transparent conductive material. In some examples, the first metal layer can be flooded with transparent conductive material and the transparent conductive material can be etched away from the routing traces in the first metal layer. 
     In some examples, a touch electrode architecture for differential drive without differential sense can be implemented. Differential drive can still reduce the touch-to-display noise. The touch electrode architecture for differential drive can simplify the touch electrode architecture design because fewer routing traces and fewer bridges are required compared with some of the differential drive and differential sense touch electrode architectures described herein. 
     In some examples, one or more touch nodes in a touch electrode architecture each include a differential pair of row electrodes and a differential pair of column electrodes. For example, a touch node can include a portion of first row electrode Rx 0 + and a portion of a second row electrode Rx 0 − (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of a first column electrode Tx 0 + and a portion of a second column electrode Tx 0 − (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving). The arrangement of the first and second row electrodes and the first and second column electrodes can result in two dominant mutual capacitances that are in-phase. Additionally, because the touch node includes portions of the first and second row electrodes and the first and second column electrodes, the differential cancelation occurs on a per touch node basis rather than across two touch nodes. Additionally, the non-dominant (minor) parasitic capacitance can be reduced by reducing routing lengths and increasing separation between electrodes that generate parasitic mutual capacitances. 
     In some examples, the touch electrode architecture includes fully differentially interleaved row and column electrodes within a touch node. In some examples, the touch electrode architecture differential for row (or column) electrodes and pseudodifferential for column (or row) electrodes. 
     In some examples, common mode noise can be reduced using spatial separation and spatial filtering. The spatial separation between touch signal and common mode noise signal can be achieved using a touch electrode architecture with reduced pitch for the transmitter and receiver electrodes. 
       FIGS.  1 A- 1 E  illustrate example systems that can include a touch screen according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 A  illustrates an example mobile telephone  136  that includes a touch screen  124  according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 B  illustrates an example digital media player  140  that includes a touch screen  126  according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 C  illustrates an example personal computer  144  that includes a touch screen  128  according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 D  illustrates an example tablet computing device  148  that includes a touch screen  130  according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 E  illustrates an example wearable device  150  that includes a touch screen  132  and can be attached to a user using a strap  152  according to examples of the disclosure. It is understood that a touch screen can be implemented in other devices as well. 
     In some examples, touch screens  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  and  132  can be based on self-capacitance. A self-capacitance based touch system can include a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material or groups of individual plates of conductive material forming larger conductive regions that can be referred to as touch electrodes or as touch node electrodes (as described below with reference to  FIG.  4 B ). For example, a touch screen can include a plurality of individual touch electrodes, each touch electrode identifying or representing a unique location (e.g., a touch node) on the touch screen at which touch or proximity is to be sensed, and each touch node electrode being electrically isolated from the other touch node electrodes in the touch screen/panel. Such a touch screen can be referred to as a pixelated self-capacitance touch screen, though it is understood that in some examples, the touch node electrodes on the touch screen can be used to perform scans other than self-capacitance scans on the touch screen (e.g., mutual capacitance scans). During operation, a touch node electrode can be stimulated with an alternating current (AC) waveform, and the self-capacitance to ground of the touch node electrode can be measured. As an object approaches the touch node electrode, the self-capacitance to ground of the touch node electrode can change (e.g., increase). This change in the self-capacitance of the touch node electrode can be detected and measured by the touch sensing system to determine the positions of multiple objects when they touch, or come in proximity to, the touch screen. In some examples, the touch node electrodes of a self-capacitance based touch system can be formed from rows and columns of conductive material, and changes in the self-capacitance to ground of the rows and columns can be detected, similar to above. In some examples, a touch screen can be multi-touch, single touch, projection scan, full-imaging multi-touch, capacitive touch, etc. 
     In some examples, touch screens  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  and  132  can be based on mutual capacitance. A mutual capacitance based touch system can include electrodes arranged as drive and sense lines that may cross over each other on different layers (in a double-sided configuration), or may be adjacent to each other on the same layer (e.g., as described below with reference to  FIG.  4 A ). The crossing or adjacent locations can form touch nodes. During operation, the drive line can be stimulated with an AC waveform and the mutual capacitance of the touch node can be measured. As an object approaches the touch node, the mutual capacitance of the touch node can change (e.g., decrease). This change in the mutual capacitance of the touch node can be detected and measured by the touch sensing system to determine the positions of multiple objects when they touch, or come in proximity to, the touch screen. As described herein, in some examples, a mutual capacitance based touch system can form touch nodes from a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material. 
     In some examples, touch screens  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  and  132  can be based on mutual capacitance and/or self-capacitance. The electrodes can be arranged as a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material (e.g., as in touch node electrodes  408  in touch screen  402  in  FIG.  4 B ) or as drive lines and sense lines (e.g., as in row touch electrodes  404  and column touch electrodes  406  in touch screen  400  in  FIG.  4 A ), or in another pattern. The electrodes can be configurable for mutual capacitance or self-capacitance sensing or a combination of mutual and self-capacitance sensing. For example, in one mode of operation electrodes can be configured to sense mutual capacitance between electrodes and in a different mode of operation electrodes can be configured to sense self-capacitance of electrodes. In some examples, some of the electrodes can be configured to sense mutual capacitance therebetween and some of the electrodes can be configured to sense self-capacitance thereof. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example computing system including a touch screen according to examples of the disclosure. Computing system  200  can be included in, for example, a mobile phone, tablet, touchpad, portable or desktop computer, portable media player, wearable device or any mobile or non-mobile computing device that includes a touch screen or touch sensor panel. Computing system  200  can include a touch sensing system including one or more touch processors  202 , peripherals  204 , a touch controller  206 , and touch sensing circuitry (described in more detail below). Peripherals  204  can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) or other types of memory or storage, watchdog timers and the like. Touch controller  206  can include, but is not limited to, one or more sense channels  208 , channel scan logic  210  and driver logic  214 . Channel scan logic  210  can access RAM  212 , autonomously read data from the sense channels and provide control for the sense channels. In addition, channel scan logic  210  can control driver logic  214  to generate stimulation signals  216  at various frequencies and/or phases that can be selectively applied to drive regions of the touch sensing circuitry of touch screen  220 , as described in more detail below. In some examples, touch controller  206 , touch processor  202  and peripherals  204  can be integrated into a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and in some examples can be integrated with touch screen  220  itself. 
     It should be apparent that the architecture shown in  FIG.  2    is only one example architecture of computing system  200 , and that the system could have more or fewer components than shown, or a different configuration of components. In some examples, computing system  200  can include an energy storage device (e.g., a battery) to provide a power supply and/or communication circuitry to provide for wired or wireless communication (e.g., cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.). The various components shown in  FIG.  2    can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Computing system  200  can include a host processor  228  for receiving outputs from touch processor  202  and performing actions based on the outputs. For example, host processor  228  can be connected to program storage  232  and a display controller/driver  234  (e.g., a Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD) driver). It is understood that although some examples of the disclosure may be described with reference to LCD displays, the scope of the disclosure is not so limited and can extend to other types of displays, such as Light-Emitting Diode (LED) displays, including Organic LED (OLED), Active-Matrix Organic LED (AMOLED) and Passive-Matrix Organic LED (POLED) displays. Display driver  234  can provide voltages on select (e.g., gate) lines to each pixel transistor and can provide data signals along data lines to these same transistors to control the pixel display image. 
     Host processor  228  can use display driver  234  to generate a display image on touch screen  220 , such as a display image of a user interface (UI), and can use touch processor  202  and touch controller  206  to detect a touch on or near touch screen  220 , such as a touch input to the displayed UI. The touch input can be used by computer programs stored in program storage  232  to perform actions that can include, but are not limited to, moving an object such as a cursor or pointer, scrolling or panning, adjusting control settings, opening a file or document, viewing a menu, making a selection, executing instructions, operating a peripheral device connected to the host device, answering a telephone call, placing a telephone call, terminating a telephone call, changing the volume or audio settings, storing information related to telephone communications such as addresses, frequently dialed numbers, received calls, missed calls, logging onto a computer or a computer network, permitting authorized individuals access to restricted areas of the computer or computer network, loading a user profile associated with a user&#39;s preferred arrangement of the computer desktop, permitting access to web content, launching a particular program, encrypting or decoding a message, and/or the like. Host processor  228  can also perform additional functions that may not be related to touch processing. 
     Note that one or more of the functions described herein, can be performed by firmware stored in memory (e.g., one of the peripherals  204  in  FIG.  2   ) and executed by touch processor  202 , or stored in program storage  232  and executed by host processor  228 . The firmware can also be stored and/or transported within any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” can be any medium (excluding signals) that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. In some examples, RAM  212  or program storage  232  (or both) can be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. One or both of RAM  212  and program storage  232  can have stored therein instructions, which when executed by touch processor  202  or host processor  228  or both, can cause the device including computing system  200  to perform one or more functions and methods of one or more examples of this disclosure. The computer-readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), a random access memory (RAM) (magnetic), a read-only memory (ROM) (magnetic), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) (magnetic), a portable optical disc such a CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW, or flash memory such as compact flash cards, secured digital cards, USB memory devices, memory sticks, and the like. 
     The firmware can also be propagated within any transport medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “transport medium” can be any medium that can communicate, propagate or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The transport medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic or infrared wired or wireless propagation medium. 
     Touch screen  220  can be used to derive touch information at multiple discrete locations of the touch screen, referred to herein as touch nodes. Touch screen  220  can include touch sensing circuitry that can include a capacitive sensing medium having a plurality of drive lines  222  and a plurality of sense lines  223 . It should be noted that the term “lines” is sometimes used herein to mean simply conductive pathways, as one skilled in the art will readily understand, and is not limited to elements that are strictly linear, but includes pathways that change direction, and includes pathways of different size, shape, materials, etc. Drive lines  222  can be driven by stimulation signals  216  from driver logic  214  through a drive interface  224 , and resulting sense signals  217  generated in sense lines  223  can be transmitted through a sense interface  225  to sense channels  208  in touch controller  206 . In this way, drive lines and sense lines can be part of the touch sensing circuitry that can interact to form capacitive sensing nodes, which can be thought of as touch picture elements (touch pixels) and referred to herein as touch nodes, such as touch nodes  226  and  227 . This way of understanding can be particularly useful when touch screen  220  is viewed as capturing an “image” of touch (“touch image”). In other words, after touch controller  206  has determined whether a touch has been detected at each touch nodes in the touch screen, the pattern of touch nodes in the touch screen at which a touch occurred can be thought of as an “image” of touch (e.g., a pattern of fingers touching the touch screen). As used herein, an electrical component “coupled to” or “connected to” another electrical component encompasses a direct or indirect connection providing electrical path for communication or operation between the coupled components. Thus, for example, drive lines  222  may be directly connected to driver logic  214  or indirectly connected to drive logic  214  via drive interface  224  and sense lines  223  may be directly connected to sense channels  208  or indirectly connected to sense channels  208  via sense interface  225 . In either case an electrical path for driving and/or sensing the touch nodes can be provided. 
       FIG.  3 A  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor circuit  300  corresponding to a self-capacitance measurement of a touch node electrode  302  and sensing circuit  314  according to examples of the disclosure. Touch node electrode  302  can correspond to a touch electrode  404  or  406  of touch screen  400  or a touch node electrode  408  of touch screen  402 . Touch node electrode  302  can have an inherent self-capacitance to ground associated with it, and also an additional self-capacitance to ground that is formed when an object, such as finger  305 , is in proximity to or touching the electrode. The total self-capacitance to ground of touch node electrode  302  can be illustrated as capacitance  304 . Touch node electrode  302  can be coupled to sensing circuit  314 . Sensing circuit  314  can include an operational amplifier  308 , feedback resistor  312  and feedback capacitor  310 , although other configurations can be employed. For example, feedback resistor  312  can be replaced by a switched capacitor resistor in order to minimize a parasitic capacitance effect that can be caused by a variable feedback resistor. Touch node electrode  302  can be coupled to the inverting input (−) of operational amplifier  308 . An AC voltage source  306  (V ac ) can be coupled to the non-inverting input (+) of operational amplifier  308 . Touch sensor circuit  300  can be configured to sense changes (e.g., increases) in the total self-capacitance  304  of the touch node electrode  302  induced by a finger or object either touching or in proximity to the touch sensor panel. Output  320  can be used by a processor to determine the presence of a proximity or touch event, or the output can be inputted into a discrete logic network to determine the presence of a proximity or touch event. 
       FIG.  3 B  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor circuit  350  corresponding to a mutual-capacitance drive line  322  and sense line  326  and sensing circuit  314  according to examples of the disclosure. Drive line  322  can be stimulated by stimulation signal  306  (e.g., an AC voltage signal). Stimulation signal  306  can be capacitively coupled to sense line  326  through mutual capacitance  324  between drive line  322  and the sense line. When a finger or object  305  approaches the touch node created by the intersection of drive line  322  and sense line  326 , mutual capacitance  324  can change (e.g., decrease) (e.g., due to capacitive coupling indicated by capacitances C FD    311  and C FS    313 , which can be formed between drive line  322 , finger  305  and sense line  326 ). This change in mutual capacitance  324  can be detected to indicate a touch or proximity event at the touch node, as described herein. The sense signal coupled onto sense line  326  can be received by sensing circuit  314 . Sensing circuit  314  can include operational amplifier  308  and at least one of a feedback resistor  312  and a feedback capacitor  310 .  FIG.  3 B  illustrates a general case in which both resistive and capacitive feedback elements are utilized. The sense signal (referred to as Vin) can be inputted into the inverting input of operational amplifier  308 , and the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier can be coupled to a reference voltage V ref . Operational amplifier  308  can drive its output to voltage V o  to keep V in  substantially equal to V ref , and can therefore maintain V in  constant or virtually grounded. A person of skill in the art would understand that in this context, equal can include deviations of up to 15%. Therefore, the gain of sensing circuit  314  can be mostly a function of the ratio of mutual capacitance  324  and the feedback impedance, comprised of resistor  312  and/or capacitor  310 . The output of sensing circuit  314  Vo can be filtered and heterodyned or homodyned by being fed into multiplier  328 , where Vo can be multiplied with local oscillator  330  to produce V detect . V detect  can be inputted into filter  332 . One skilled in the art will recognize that the placement of filter  332  can be varied; thus, the filter can be placed after multiplier  328 , as illustrated, or two filters can be employed: one before the multiplier and one after the multiplier. In some examples, there can be no filter at all. The direct current (DC) portion of V detect  can be used to determine if a touch or proximity event has occurred. Note that while  FIGS.  3 A- 3 B  indicate the demodulation at multiplier  328  occurs in the analog domain, output Vo may be digitized by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and blocks  328 ,  332  and  330  may be implemented in a digital fashion (e.g.,  328  can be a digital demodulator,  332  can be a digital filter, and  330  can be a digital NCO (Numerical Controlled Oscillator). 
     Referring back to  FIG.  2   , in some examples, touch screen  220  can be an integrated touch screen in which touch sensing circuit elements of the touch sensing system can be integrated into the display pixel stack-ups of a display. The circuit elements in touch screen  220  can include, for example, elements that can exist in LCD or other displays (LED display, OLED display, etc.), such as one or more pixel transistors (e.g., thin film transistors (TFTs)), gate lines, data lines, pixel electrodes and common electrodes. In a given display pixel, a voltage between a pixel electrode and a common electrode can control a luminance of the display pixel. The voltage on the pixel electrode can be supplied by a data line through a pixel transistor, which can be controlled by a gate line. It is noted that circuit elements are not limited to whole circuit components, such as a whole capacitor, a whole transistor, etc., but can include portions of circuitry, such as only one of the two plates of a parallel plate capacitor. 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates touch screen  400  with touch electrodes  404  and  406  arranged in rows and columns according to examples of the disclosure. Specifically, touch screen  400  can include a plurality of touch electrodes  404  disposed as rows, and a plurality of touch electrodes  406  disposed as columns. Touch electrodes  404  and touch electrodes  406  can be on the same or different material layers on touch screen  400 , and can intersect with each other, as illustrated in  FIG.  4 A . In some examples, the electrodes can be formed on opposite sides of a transparent (partially or fully) substrate and from a transparent (partially or fully) semiconductor material, such as ITO, though other materials are possible. Electrodes displayed on layers on different sides of the substrate can be referred to herein as a double-sided sensor. In some examples, touch screen  400  can sense the self-capacitance of touch electrodes  404  and  406  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  400 , and in some examples, touch screen  400  can sense the mutual capacitance between touch electrodes  404  and  406  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  400 . 
     Although  FIG.  4 A  illustrates touch electrodes  404  and touch electrodes  406  as rectangular electrodes, in some examples, other shapes and configurations are possible for row and column electrodes. For example, in some examples, some or all row and column electrodes can be formed from multiple touch electrodes formed on one side of substrate from a transparent (partially or fully) semiconductor material. The touch electrodes of a particular row or column can be interconnected by coupling segments and/or bridges. Row and column electrodes formed in a layer on the same side of a substrate can be referred to herein as a single-sided sensor. As described in more detail below, row and column electrodes can have other shapes. Additionally, although primarily described in terms of a row-column configuration, it is understood that in some examples, the same principles can be applied to two-axis array of touch nodes in a non-rectilinear arrangement. 
       FIG.  4 B  illustrates touch screen  402  with touch node electrodes  408  arranged in a pixelated touch node electrode configuration according to examples of the disclosure. Specifically, touch screen  402  can include a plurality of individual touch node electrodes  408 , each touch node electrode identifying or representing a unique location on the touch screen at which touch or proximity (i.e., a touch or proximity event) is to be sensed, and each touch node electrode being electrically isolated from the other touch node electrodes in the touch screen/panel, as previously described. Touch node electrodes  408  can be on the same or different material layers on touch screen  402 . In some examples, touch screen  402  can sense the self-capacitance of touch node electrodes  408  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  402 , and in some examples, touch screen  402  can sense the mutual capacitance between touch node electrodes  408  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  402 . 
     In some examples, some or all of the touch electrodes of a touch screen can be formed from a metal mesh in one or more layers.  FIG.  5    illustrates an example touch screen stack-up including a metal mesh layer according to examples of the disclosure. Touch screen  500  can include a substrate  509  (e.g., a printed circuit board) upon which display components  508  (e.g., LEDs or other light emitting components and circuitry) can be mounted. In some examples, the display components  508  can be partially or fully embedded in substrate  509  (e.g., the components can be placed in depressions in the substrate). Substrate  509  can include routing traces in one or more layers to route the display components (e.g., LEDs) to display driving circuitry (e.g., display driver  234 ). The stack-up of touch screen  500  can also include one or more passivation layers deposited over the display components  508 . For example, the stack-up of touch screen  500  illustrated in  FIG.  5    can include an intermediate layer/passivation layer  507  (e.g., transparent epoxy), between first metal layer  516  and second metal layer  506 , and passivation layer  517 . Passivation layers  507  and  517  can planarize the surface for respective metal mesh layers. Additionally, the passivation layers can provide electrical isolation (e.g., between metal mesh layers and between the LEDs and a metal mesh layer). Metal mesh layer  516  (e.g., copper, silver, etc.) can be deposited on the planarized surface of the passivation layer  517  over the display components  508 , and metal mesh layer  506  (e.g., copper, silver, etc.) can be deposited on the planarized surface of passivation layer  507 . In some examples, the passivation layer  517  can include material to encapsulate the display components to protect them from corrosion or other environmental exposure. Metal mesh layer  506  and/or metal mesh layer  516  can include a pattern of conductor material in a mesh pattern. In some examples, metal mesh layer  506  and metal mesh layer  516  can be coupled by one or more vias (e.g., through intermediate layer/passivation layer  507 . Additionally, although not shown in  FIG.  5   , a border region around the display active area can include metallization (or other conductive material) that may or may not be a metal mesh pattern. In some examples, metal mesh is formed of a non-transparent material, but the metal mesh wires are sufficiently thin and sparse to appear transparent to the human eye. The touch electrodes (and some routing) as described herein can be formed in the metal mesh layer(s) from portions of the metal mesh. In some examples, polarizer  504  can be disposed above the metal mesh layer  506  (optionally with another planarization layer disposed over the metal mesh layer  506 ). Cover glass (or front crystal)  502  can be disposed over polarizer  504  and form the outer surface of touch screen  500 . It is understood that although two metal mesh layers (and two corresponding planarization layers) are illustrated, in some examples more or fewer metal mesh layers (and corresponding planarization layers) can be implemented. Additionally, it is understood that in some examples, display components  508 , substrate  509  and/or passivation layer  517  can be replaced by a thin-film transistor (TFT) LCD display (or other types of displays), in some examples. Additionally, it is understood that polarizer  504  can include one or more transparent layers including a polarizer, adhesive layers (e.g., optically clear adhesive) and protective layers. 
     As described herein, in some examples, touch electrodes of the touch screen can be differentially driven and/or differentially sensed. Differential driving and differential sensing can reduce noise in the touch and/or display systems of the touch screen that may arise due to the proximity of the touch system to the display system. For example, the touch screen may include touch electrodes that are disposed partially or entirely over the display (e.g., a touch sensor panel laminated to a display, or otherwise integrated on or in the display stack-up), or otherwise in proximity to the display. For example, touch electrodes (e.g., formed of metal mesh) may capacitive couple with display electrodes (e.g., cathode electrodes), which can result in display operation injecting noise into the touch electrodes (e.g., reducing the touch sensing performance). Additionally, touch operation (e.g., stimulating touch electrodes) can result in injecting noise in the display (e.g., introducing image artifacts). Differential driving and differential sensing can cause most noise coupled into the sensing circuitry due to the display to be common mode and the common mode noise can be rejected by the differential sensing circuitry. Likewise, the differential driving can reduce local imbalance on display electrodes from touch electrodes. Thus, differential driving can cause the cathode of the display to shield the display from the touch operation, which can lower injected noise into the display system (and/or allow for more headroom to increase the amplitude of drive signals compared with a non-differential driving scheme). 
     As described herein, differential driving refers to concurrently driving a first of two drive electrodes with a first stimulation signal (e.g., a sine wave, a square wave, etc.) and a second of two drive electrodes with a second stimulation signal that is 180 degrees out of phase with the first stimulation signal (e.g., an inverted sine wave, an inverted square wave, etc.). In some examples, the first and second stimulation signals can be driven by a differential driving circuit. In some examples, the first and second stimulation signals can be driven by two single-ended driving circuits. Differential driving can be extended for more than two drive electrodes such that for N concurrently driven drive electrodes, one half of the drive electrodes can be concurrently driven with a first set of stimulation signals and the other half of the drive electrodes can be concurrently driven with a second set of stimulation signals complimentary to the first set (e.g., an inverted version of the first set). As described herein, differential sensing refers to sensing two sense electrodes differentially. For example, a first of the two sense electrodes can be input into a first terminal of a differential amplifier (e.g., the inverting input) and a second of the two sense electrodes can be input into a second terminal of the differential amplifier (e.g., the non-inverting input). In some examples, the differential sensing can be implemented with two single-ended amplifiers (e.g., sensing circuit  314 ) each sensing one sense electrode and two ADCs configured to convert the outputs of the two single-ended amplifier to a digital output. The differential can be computed between the digital outputs of the two amplifiers (e.g., in the analog or digital domain). In some examples, using differential amplifiers (rather than two single-ended amplifiers) may provide improved input referred noise for the differential part of the signal (removing common mode noise, and reducing the dynamic range). In some examples, using single-ended amplifiers (rather than a differential amplifiers) may provide output representative of common mode noise that may be useful for the system. 
       FIG.  6 A  illustrates a symbolic representation of a touch sensor panel implementing differential sensing according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  6 A  illustrates a touch sensor panel  600  including row electrodes  602 A- 602 D (also referred to as drive electrodes or lines) and column electrodes  604 A- 604 H (also referred to as sense electrodes or lines). Touch sensor panel  600  can also include drive circuitry (e.g., drivers/transmitters  606 A- 606 D that can correspond to driver logic  214 ) configured to drive row electrodes  602 A- 602 D and sense circuitry (e.g., differential amplifiers  608 A- 608 D that can correspond to a part of sense channels  208 ) configured to sense column electrodes  604 A- 604 H. It should be understood that although the terms “row” and “column” may be used throughout this disclosure in conjunction with figures showing row and column arrangements, these terms are used for convenience of explanation, and actual orientations can be interchanged in accordance with examples of the disclosure. 
     In particular, touch sensor panel  600  illustrates a touch sensor panel with four row electrodes  602 A- 602 D and eight column electrodes  604 A- 604 H. Each driver/transmitter  606 A- 606 D can be coupled to a respective one of the row electrodes  602 A- 602 D (e.g., driver/transmitter  606 A can be coupled to row electrode  602 A, driver/transmitter  606 B can be coupled to row electrode  602 B, etc.). Each differential amplifier  608 A- 608 D can be coupled to a respective pair of the column electrodes  604 A- 604 H (e.g., differential amplifier  608 A can be coupled to column electrodes  604 A- 604 B, differential amplifier  608 B can be coupled to column electrodes  604 C- 604 D, etc.). The differential amplifiers  608 A- 608 D can each include a common mode feedback circuit (e.g., including resistive and/or capacitive circuit elements) to keep the inputs at virtual ground. A first column electrode of the respective pair of column electrodes can be coupled to an inverting terminal of corresponding differential amplifier and a second column electrode of the respective pair of column electrodes can be coupled to the non-inverting terminal of the corresponding differential amplifier. 
     Touch sensor panel  600  can be driven and sensed to detect sixteen capacitance values. Technically, a mutual capacitance (electrostatic fringe field) may be formed between the intersection (or adjacency) of each row electrode and each column electrode. For example, a first mutual capacitance, C′ 0 , can be formed between row electrode  602 A and column electrode  604 A and a second mutual capacitance, C 0 , can be formed between row electrode  602 A and column electrode  604 B. However, as represented in  FIG.  6 A , the amount of conductive material at some of the intersections (or adjacencies) of row electrodes and column electrodes may be smaller than the amount of conductive material at the intersections (or adjacencies) of other row electrodes. For example, as represented in  FIG.  6 A , the amount of conductive material at the intersection of row electrode  602 A and column electrode  604 A can be less than the amount of conductive material at the intersection of row electrode  602 A and column electrode  604 B. As a result, the mutual capacitance (electrostatic fringe field) of the former can be relatively negligible with respect to the latter, such that the mutual capacitance of the former can be essentially ignored, in some examples. (In some examples, the relatively negligible capacitance can be reduced by increasing the distance between certain portions of the row and column electrodes and or electrically isolating certain portions of the row and column electrodes.) For example, the mutual capacitance between row electrode  602 A and column electrode  604 A (C′ 0 ) can be relatively small compared with the mutual capacitance between row electrode  602 A and column electrode  604 B (C 0 ) or the mutual capacitance of row electrode  602 B and column electrode  604 A (C 1 ). 
     For each respective driver and a respective differential sense amplifier in  FIG.  6 A , one of the mutual capacitances can be a dominant (or major) mutual capacitance and one of the mutual capacitances can be a minor mutual capacitance (where the mutual capacitance/electrostatic fringe field can be a function of the amount of conductive material and arrangement of conductive material). In some examples, the dominant mutual capacitance can correspond to fringe field coupling above a threshold for the respective driver/differential amplifier (e.g., above 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, etc.) and the minor mutual capacitance can correspond to fringe field coupling below a threshold for the respective driver/differential amplifier (e.g., below 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, etc.). Thus, the sixteen values measured for touch sensor panel  600  can represent the dominant mutual capacitances by virtue of the pattern of conductive material for the row electrodes and column electrodes. For example, C 0  can represent a dominant mutual capacitance between row electrode  602 A and column electrode  604 B, C 1  can represent a dominant mutual capacitance between row electrode  602 B and column electrode  604 A, C 2  can represent a dominant mutual capacitance between row electrode  602 C and column electrode  604 B, and C 3  can represent a dominant mutual capacitance between row electrode  602 D and column electrode  604 A. Each of these dominant mutual capacitances can represent an effective touch node for the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the “effective touch node” described herein can be alternatively referred to as the “touch node” because it can represent the dominant mutual capacitance for the region of the touch sensor panel. 
     The dominant mutual capacitance (relatively high electrostatic fringe field) and minor mutual capacitances (relatively low electrostatic fringe field) can be spatially alternating, in some examples. The spatially alternating can appear along one or both dimensions. For example, for driver  606 A/row electrode  602 A, dominant capacitances C 0 , C 4 , C 8 , C 12  (formed with column electrode  604 B,  604 D,  604 F,  604 H and the inverting terminal of differential amplifiers  608 A- 608 D) can alternate spatially with minor capacitances C′ 0 , C′ 4 , C′ 8 , C′ 12 . For the remaining drivers/row electrodes, the dominant and minor capacitances can alternate spatially as well. For the inverting terminal of differential amplifier  608 A/column electrode  604 B, dominant capacitances C 0  and C 2  (formed with row electrode  602 A and  602 C and corresponding driver  606 A and  606 C) can alternate spatially with minor capacitances C′ 1  and C′ 3 . For the non-inverting terminal of differential amplifier  608 A/column electrode  604 A, dominant capacitances C 1  and C 3  (formed with row electrode  602 B and  602 D and corresponding driver  606 B and  606 D) can alternate spatially with minor capacitances C′ 0  and C′ 2 . For the remaining differential amplifier/column electrodes, the dominant and minor capacitances can alternate spatially as well. 
     During operation, row electrodes  602 A- 602 D can be stimulated with a multi-stimulus pattern of drive signals (H 0 -H 3 ), and column electrodes  604 A- 604 D can be differentially sensed using differential amplifiers  608 A- 608 D. For example, the multi-stimulus pattern can be a Hadamard matrix (e.g., a 4×4 matrix including “1” and “−1” values, indexed to driver and drive step) applied to a common stimulation signal (e.g., a sine wave, a square wave, etc.) to encode the drive signals. The multi-stimulus pattern can allow for the dominant mutual capacitances to be measured and decoded based on the multi-stimulus drive pattern. Differentially sensing the column electrodes can remove common mode noise from the touch measurements. It should be understood that although touch sensor panel  600  includes sixteen dominant capacitance values (e.g., corresponding to sixteen touch nodes in a 4×4 array), that the touch sensor panel can be scaled up or down to include fewer or more touch nodes. 
     In some examples, to reduce noise and thereby improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), touch sensor panel  600  can be modified to implement differential driving. For example, rather than implementing one drive line per row of effective touch nodes, two drive lines can be used per row of effective touch nodes.  FIG.  6 B  illustrates a symbolic representation of a touch sensor panel implementing differential driving and differential sensing according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  6 B  illustrates a touch sensor panel  510  including row electrodes  602 A- 602 D and row electrodes  602 A′- 602 D′ (eight row electrodes) and column electrodes  604 A- 604 H (eight column electrodes). Touch sensor panel  600  can also include drive circuitry (e.g., drivers/transmitters  606 A- 606 D and drivers/transmitters  606 A′- 606 D′) configured to drive row electrodes  602 A- 602 D and  602 A′- 602 D′ and sense circuitry (e.g., differential amplifiers  608 A- 608 D) configured to sense column electrodes  604 A- 604 H. 
     Each driver/transmitter  606 A- 606 D,  606 A′- 606 D′ can be coupled to a respective one of the row electrodes  602 A- 602 D,  602 A′- 602 D′ and each differential amplifier  608 A- 608 D can be coupled to a respective pair of the column electrodes  604 A- 604 H. Despite doubling the row electrodes compared with touch sensor panel  600 , touch sensor panel  510  can be driven and sensed to detect sixteen dominant mutual capacitance values (represented in  FIG.  6 A  by the relatively large amount of conductive material of some row electrodes and column electrodes). The sixteen dominant mutual capacitance values can represent a 4×4 array of touch nodes for the touch sensor panel. During operation, row electrodes  602 A- 602 D and row electrodes  602 A′- 602 D′ can be stimulated with a multi-stimulus pattern of drive signals (H 0 -H 3  and H 0 ′-H 3 ′), and column electrodes  604 A- 604 D can be differentially sensed using differential amplifiers  608 A- 608 D. In some examples, the multi-stimulus pattern can be two orthogonal Hadamard matrices (e.g., each a 4×4 matrix including “1” and “−1” values, indexed to driver and drive step) applied to a common stimulation signal (e.g., a sine wave, a square wave, etc.) to encode the drive signals. In some examples, the multi-stimulus pattern can be one Hadamard matrix and its complimentary signals (180 degrees out of phase) applied to a common stimulation signal (e.g., a sine wave, a square wave, etc.) to encode the drive signals. The multi-stimulus pattern can allow for the dominant mutual capacitances to be measured and decoded based on the multi-stimulus drive pattern. Differentially sensing the column electrodes can remove common mode noise from the touch measurements. It should be understood that although touch sensor panel  510  includes sixteen dominant capacitance values (e.g., corresponding to sixteen touch nodes), that the touch sensor panel can be scaled up or down to include fewer or more touch nodes. 
     As described with respect to  FIG.  6 A , the dominant mutual capacitance (relatively high electrostatic fringe field) and minor mutual capacitances (relatively low electrostatic fringe field) can be spatially patterned in  FIG.  6 B . In some examples, the spatial alternating can appear along one or both dimensions. For example, for driver  606 A/row electrode  602 A, dominant capacitances can be formed at intersections with column electrodes  604 B and  604 F, with minor capacitances formed at the remaining intersections with columns electrodes  604 A,  604 C- 604 E,  604 G and  604 H. In a similar manner, driver  606 B/row electrode  602 A′, dominant capacitances can be formed at intersections with column electrodes  604 D and  604 H, with minor capacitances formed at the remaining intersections with columns electrodes  604 A- 604 C and  604 E- 604 G. The spatial pattern of dominant and minor capacitances can repeat for the remaining rows. For the inverting terminal of differential amplifier  608 A/column electrode  604 B, dominant capacitances C 0  and C 2  can be formed at intersections with row electrode  602 A and  602 C and corresponding driver  606 A and  606 C, with minor capacitances at the remaining intersections for column electrode  604 B. For the non-inverting terminal of differential amplifier  608 A/column electrode  604 A, dominant capacitances C 1  and C 3  can be formed at intersections with row electrode  602 B and  602 D, with minor capacitances at the remaining intersections for column electrode  604 A. The spatial pattern of dominant and minor capacitances can repeat for the remaining columns. Thus, along the rows and along the columns, the dominant capacitances can be spatially separated from each other by three minor capacitances in the spatial pattern of  FIG.  6 B . 
       FIG.  7 A  illustrates a portion of a touch sensor panel that can be used to implementing differential driving and/or differential sensing according to examples of the disclosure. Touch sensor panel  700  can have mutual capacitance/electrostatic fringe field coupling with a spatial pattern, in a manner similar to described above with respect to  FIG.  5 B .  FIG.  7 A  illustrates a touch sensor panel  700  including row electrodes  702 A- 702 F and column electrodes  704 A- 704 F. Touch sensor panel  700  can also include drive circuitry (e.g., drivers/transmitter that can correspond to driver logic  214  or drivers/transmitter  606 A- 606 D′) configured to drive column electrodes  704 A- 704 F and sense circuitry (e.g., differential amplifiers including common mode feedback circuits that can correspond to a part of sense channels  208  or differential amplifiers  608 A- 608 D) configured to sense row electrodes  702 A- 702 F. In particular,  FIG.  7 A  illustrates touch sensor panel  700  with six row electrodes  702 A- 602 F and six column electrodes  704 A- 704 F. Each driver/transmitter can be coupled to a respective one of the column electrodes  704 A- 704 F and each differential amplifier can be coupled to a respective pair of row electrodes  702 A- 702 F. A first row electrode of the respective pair of row electrodes can be coupled to an inverting terminal of a corresponding differential amplifier and a second row electrode of the respective pair of row electrodes can be coupled to the non-inverting terminal of the corresponding differential amplifier. For simplicity of illustration,  FIG.  7 A  illustrates differential driver  706  configured to output complimentary drive signals D 0 + and D 0 − to routing traces for column electrodes  704 A- 704 B, but it should be understood that additional drivers can be included to drive additional column electrodes. Likewise, for simplicity of illustration,  FIG.  7 A  illustrates differential amplifier  708  (or  708 ′) configured to receiving and differentially sensing signals from routing traces for row electrodes  702 A- 702 B, but it should be understood that additional receivers can be included to sense additional row electrodes. 
     Column electrodes  704 A- 704 F can include multiple conductive segments interconnected by routing. For example, column electrode  704 A includes two conductive segments (e.g., each having a “H” shape) forming the effective touch nodes of touch sensor panel  700  that are connected by routing such as routing  705 A. Likewise, row electrodes  702 A- 702 F can include multiple conductive segments interconnected by routing. For example, row electrode  702 A includes conductive segments  702 A′ and  702 A″ (e.g., with a shape of a rectangle with an “H” shaped cutout) forming the effective touch nodes of touch sensor panel  700  that are connected by routing such as routing  702 A′″. In some examples, as illustrated in  FIG.  7 A , the sense electrodes be contiguous such that the multiple segments  702 A′ and  702 A″ and routing traces  702 A′″ can be considered one row electrode. It is understood although similar shading is used for the row electrode pairs in each row and similar shading is used for column electrodes within each row and an alternative row, that these shadings are for ease of illustration and do not necessarily indicate that the electrodes are coupled together. For example, each row electrode can be electrically isolated and coupled to a different input of the sensing circuitry. Column electrodes in alternating rows may be electrically connected, but each column of column electrodes may be coupled to different outputs of stimulation circuitry. 
     Touch sensor panel  700  can be viewed as including a two dimensional array (three rows and three columns) of effective touch nodes. Each effective touch node of touch sensor panel  700  can measure a capacitance dominated by the capacitance between the conductive segments of respective row and column electrodes (formed from interlocking conductive segments). For example, the mutual capacitance between segment  702 A′ of row electrode  702 A and the upper segment of column electrode  704 A can dominate for the effective touch node corresponding to the region of column 1 and row 1 of touch sensor panel  700 . The capacitive contributions of the routing portions of nearby row or column electrodes can form minor mutual capacitances that can be negligible in comparison (e.g., the contribution from the routing portion  705 A or  705 B of column electrode  704 A or  704 B to segment  702 A′ of row electrode  702 A). As a result of the pattern of the row and column electrodes, the dominant/minor mutual capacitance/electrostatic fringe field coupling can be spatially patterned, as described herein. For example, column electrode  704 A can dominantly couple with row electrodes  702 A and  702 E, with minor coupling for row electrodes  702 B,  702 C,  702 D and  702 F. Row electrode  702 A can dominantly couple with column electrode  704 A and  704 E, with minor coupling for column electrodes  704 B,  704 C,  704 D and  704 F. The spatial pattern of dominant/minor mutual capacitance/electrostatic fringe field coupling can continue in a similar manner. It should be noted that the size of the routing may be exaggerated for illustration purposes and the routings size relative to the conductive segments may be even smaller than shown. In some examples, the conductive segments of row and column electrodes are formed in a common layer (i.e., the same layer of the touch sensor panel), such as in second metal layer  506 . In some examples, the routing of the row and column electrodes can be formed at least in part in the common layer. In some examples, some or all of the routing can be in a different layer, such as in first metal layer  516  (e.g., to allow for electrical separation where the electrodes overlap in the illustration, and to further reduce the contribution of the routing to the capacitance at the effective touch nodes). 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  7 A , touch sensor panel  700  can include three rows and three columns of touch nodes (e.g., effective touch nodes). For example, a first column of touch nodes can be formed primarily from the conductive segments of row electrodes  702 A,  702 C,  702 E and the conductive segments of column electrodes  704 A,  704 B. As another example, a second column of touch nodes can be formed primarily from the conductive segments of row electrodes  702 B,  702 D,  702 F and the conductive segments of column electrodes  704 C,  704 D. In a similar manner, a first row of touch nodes can be formed primarily from the conductive segments of row electrodes  702 A and  702 B and the conductive segments of column electrodes  704 A,  704 C, and  704 E. As another example, a second row of touch nodes can be formed primarily from the conductive segments of row electrodes  702 C and  702 D and the conductive segments of column electrodes  704 B,  704 D, and  704 F. 
     During operation, the drive circuitry coupled to the column electrodes can differentially drive the column electrodes and differential amplifiers can differentially sense the row electrodes. For example, column electrodes  704 A- 704 F can be stimulated (e.g., concurrently) with a multi-stimulus pattern of complimentary drive signals (D 0 +/−, D 1 +/− and D 2 +/−) over multiple scan steps. Although a 3×3 array of touch nodes is shown for simplicity of illustration, it should be understood that the array can be expanded to a 4×4 array (or a larger sized array) using complimentary drive signals (D 0 +/−, D 1 +/−D 2 +/−, and D 3 +/−, for example (alternatively represented as D 0 -D 3  and D 0 ′-D 3 ′). For example, the multi-stimulus pattern can be a Hadamard matrix including values of 1 (for phase of 0 degrees) and −1 (for phase of 180 degrees) applied to a common stimulation signal (e.g., a sine wave at frequency f 1 ) to encode the drive signals, allowing for the dominant mutual capacitances to be measured and decoded based on the multi-stimulus drive pattern. For example, for a 4×4 array, D 0 -D 3  can be represented by the following Hadamard matrix: 
     
       
         
           
             [ 
             
               
                 
                   1 
                 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   1 
                 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   1 
                 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   1 
                 
               
             
             ] 
           
         
       
     
     wherein each row in the matrix represents a step of the scan, and each column representing one of the drive signals D 0 -D 3 , such that the values of the matrix represent the phase applied to the common stimulation signal for D 0 , D 1 , D 2 , and D 3  for each step. For each drive signal in the multi-stimulus pattern of drive signals, a complimentary signal can be applied concurrently (e.g., drive signals D 0 -D 3  and D 0 ′-D 3 ′). For example, the first row corresponding to the first scan step indicates that drive signal D 0  has a phase of 180 degrees. Drive signal D 0  can be applied differentially to column electrodes  704 A and  704 B such that the signal applied to column electrode  704 A is 180 degrees out of phase with the signal applied to column electrode  704 B. According to the example Hadamard matrix above driver/buffer  706  outputs a drive signal with a phase of 0 and outputs a complimentary drive signal with a phase of 180 degree. In a similar manner, two complimentary drive signals can be applied to the touch sensor panel for each of the drive signals D 0 -D 3  in a 4×4 array. The drive signals can be output for the drive lines according to the remaining rows of the Hadamard matrix for the subsequent three scan steps. 
     Considering an example receiver of differential amplifier  708  (or  708 ′), for drive signal DO at the touch node for row 1, column 1, the minor coupling between column electrode  704 B by virtue of routing trace  705 B and row electrode  702 A can be relatively small compared with the dominant coupling of between column electrode  704 A and row electrode  702 A (e.g., via fringe field coupling therebetween). The dominant coupling can be represented by capacitance C 0  (for row 1, column 1) that is coupled to the non-inverting (positive) input terminal of differential amplifier  708 . Thus, a current proportional to C 0  can appear at the output of differential amplifier  708 . In a similar manner, for drive signal D 1 , the dominant coupling between column electrode  704 C and row electrode  702 B can be represented by capacitance C 1  (for row 1, column 2), that is coupled to the inverting (negative) input terminal of differential amplifier  708  and a current proportional to C 1  can appear at the output of differential amplifier  708 . The additional dominant couplings for differential amplifier  708  are similar for the remaining columns corresponding to the first row. Thus, the output of the measurement of the current by differential amplifier  708  for the first scan step can be proportional to C 0 -C 1 -C 2 -C 3  for an array with four columns. Following the same procedure for the remaining three steps, the output for the four scan steps can be represented as a vector proportional to: 
     
       
         
           
             [ 
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       C 
                       0 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       C 
                       1 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       C 
                       2 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       C 
                       3 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         0 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       C 
                       1 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       C 
                       2 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       C 
                       3 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         0 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       C 
                       1 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       C 
                       2 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       C 
                       3 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         0 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       C 
                       1 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       C 
                       2 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       C 
                       3 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             ] 
           
         
       
     
     This vector encoding can be decoded or inverted by the matrix, extracting the individual capacitances, but with an effective integration time of the entire measurement, as shown by the equation below: 
     
       
         
           
             
               [ 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       C 
                       0 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       C 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       C 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
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                       3 
                     
                   
                 
               
               ] 
             
             = 
             
               
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                           - 
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                           - 
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                 ] 
               
               [ 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         C 
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                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         1 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         2 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         - 
                         
                           C 
                           0 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         C 
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                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         2 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         - 
                         
                           C 
                           0 
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         1 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         C 
                         2 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         - 
                         
                           C 
                           0 
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         C 
                         1 
                       
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                         2 
                       
                       + 
                       
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                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               ] 
             
           
         
       
     
     Although  FIG.  7 A  illustrates the drive circuitry as including three differential drivers  706 A- 706 C outputting a signal and its compliment, it should be understood that other implementations are possible. For example, six discreet drivers can be used, where each of differential drivers outputs a signal or its compliment. In some examples, the complimentary drive signals can be applied to adjacent column electrodes such that the net electrical effect due to the drive signal can be zero (or within a threshold of zero) localized to the two column electrodes. For example, adjacent column electrodes  704 A and  704 B (or  704 B and  704 C) can be driven with the complimentary signals and result in a net zero (or near zero) electrical effect (e.g., to reduce noise from the touch system coupled into the display system). Although applying complimentary signals is shown in adjacent electrodes, it is understood that the complimentary signal can be applied to a non-adjacent column electrode such that the net electrical effect may be zero (or within a threshold of zero) for the touch sensor panel, but may not be zero at localized regions of the touch sensor panel. 
     For each column of touch nodes in touch sensor panel  700 , a first drive signal and a second drive signal can be applied. For example, column 1 of touch sensor panel can be driven with a first drive signal on column electrode  704 A (applied to two touch nodes in the column of touch nodes) and can be driven with a second drive signal on column electrode  704 B (e.g., applied to two different touch nodes in the column of touch nodes for a 4×4 array). As shown in  FIG.  7 A , the first drive signal is applied to alternating touch nodes in the column and the second drive signal is applied to alternating touch nodes in the column. 
     Row electrodes can be differentially sensed using differential amplifiers. Differentially sensing the row electrodes can remove common mode noise from the touch measurements. 
     Although applying complimentary signals is shown in adjacent electrodes for each column (e.g., the complementary signals D 0 /D 0 ′ are applied to column 1, the complementary signals D 1 /D 1 ′ are applied to column 2, etc.), it is understood that the complimentary signal can be applied to different column electrodes such that the net electrical effect may be zero (or within a threshold of zero) over a larger localized region the touch sensor panel (e.g., across diagonal touch nodes), but may not be net zero within a column of the touch sensor panel (e.g., for adjacent touch nodes). In some examples, the cancelation of the complimentary signals can occur on diagonal touch nodes, as described in more detail with respect to  FIGS.  13 A- 13 B . For example, the drive circuitry can be configured to drive column electrode  704 A with D 0 +, column electrode  704 B with D 1 −, column electrode  704 C with D 1 + and column electrode  704 D with D 0 −. As a result, the cancelation of the transmit signals can occur at diagonals. For example, the cancelation of D 0 + and D 0 − can occur between the transmitter electrode for the touch node in row 1, column 1 of the array of  FIG.  7 A  and the transmitter electrode for the touch node is row 2, column 2. In a similar manner, the cancelation of D 1 + and D 1 − can occur between the transmitter electrode for the touch node in row 1, column 2 of the array of  FIG.  7 A  and the transmitter electrode for the touch node is row 2, column 1. In some examples, due to the increased distance along the diagonal, diagonal cancelation of the complementary drive signals can result in increased sensed signal in response to a touching object (because there is less cancelation of signal) compared with the sensed signal for a touch sensor panel with cancelation of complementary drive signals within a column of touch nodes. 
     It should be understood that although touch sensor panel  700  includes a 3×3 array of nine dominant capacitance values (e.g., corresponding to nine effective touch nodes), that the touch sensor panel can be scaled up or down to include fewer or more touch nodes. For example, a touch sensor panel can be scaled to a 4×4 array of sixteen dominant capacitance values (e.g., corresponding to sixteen effective touch nodes), or scaled to an 8×8 array of touch nodes (e.g., 64 capacitance values for 64 effective touch nodes) by increasing the row electrodes, column electrodes, drivers/transmitters and differential amplifiers. 
     Additionally, it should be understood that although differential driving and sensing is described with reference to touch sensor panel  700  in  FIG.  7 A , that touch sensor panel  700  can, in some examples, be operated in a non-differential sensing configuration to sense stimulation from an input device (e.g., a stylus that provides stimulation) in contact or proximity to touch sensor panel  700 . For example, in order to detect the input device stimulation, switching circuitry can be used to couple the two row electrodes for a row of touch nodes to the same input of a differential amplifier (e.g., inverting input), and couple another input of the differential amplifier (e.g., non-inverting input) to a ground or another reference potential (e.g., corresponding to the row electrodes being detected as one sense line using the touch circuitry in the configuration shown in  FIG.  3 B ). In contrast, for differential driving and sensing described herein, the switching circuitry can couple the row electrodes to differential amplifiers (e.g., as represented by differential amplifiers  708 . For example, switching circuitry (not shown) can be optionally included between two routing traces for row electrodes  702 A and  702 B and corresponding differential amplifier  708 . The switching circuitry can include one or more switches including multiplexer(s) and/or switch(es) that can be controlled by a mode selection input. In a differential drive/sense mode of operation, the switching circuitry (can couple row electrode  702 A to the non-inverting terminal (and can decouple row electrode  702 A from the inverting terminal) and row electrode  702 B can be coupled to the inverting terminal of differential amplifier  708 . In a non-differential sensing configuration to sense stimulation from an input device (e.g., a stylus), row electrode  702 A and row electrode  702 B can be coupled to the inverting terminal of differential amplifier  708  and the non-inverting terminal of differential amplifier  708  can be coupled to ground (or a virtual ground) using the switching circuitry. In some examples, for the non-differential operation, the column electrodes in each column can use the same phase stimulation signals rather than complimentary signals (e.g., DO can be applied to column electrodes  704 A- 704 B for the first column, D 1  can be applied to column electrodes  704 C- 704 D for the second column, etc.). 
     As shown in  FIG.  7 A , the column electrodes can be routed to drive circuitry using column routing traces that are vertical (e.g., column electrodes  704 A- 704 F routed to drivers, such as driver  706 , using vertical column routing traces  705 A- 705 F). In some examples, the row electrodes can be routed to sensing circuitry using horizontal row rowing traces (e.g., row electrodes  702 A- 702 F routed to sensing circuitry, such as differential amplifiers  708 ′, using horizontal column routing traces). In some examples, both the column electrodes and the row electrodes can be routed to drive circuitry or sensing circuitry using vertical routing traces (e.g., using vertical column routing traces  705 A- 705 F and using vertical row routing traces  703 - 703 F). Using vertical routing traces for the row and column electrodes (or more generally routing the row and column electrodes to a same edge) can allow for routing the row and column electrodes to a common location (for connection to the drive circuitry and sensing circuitry) without requiring vertical routing traces in the border area, thereby enabling the device include touch sensor panel  700  to have reduced border. 
       FIG.  7 A  illustrates two vertical routing traces for complimentary drive signals per column of column electrodes and two vertical routing traces per row of row electrodes (e.g., two vertical routing traces per pair of row electrode). In some examples, additional routing traces can be used for rows and/or column electrodes. For example, rather than using one routing electrode per drive signal per column (e.g., two total for complimentary drive signals applied to a column) multiple routing traces can be used (e.g., four routing traces, two for each of the complimentary drive signals). In some examples, rather than using one routing electrode per column (e.g., two total for a differential amplifier for a row) multiple routing traces can be used. For example,  FIGS.  7 B- 7 C  illustrate different configurations of routing traces for a touch node with two vertical routing traces for row electrodes and four vertical routing traces for column electrodes according to examples of the disclosure. 
       FIG.  7 B  illustrates a first configuration  720  of routing traces for a touch node with two vertical routing traces for row electrodes and four vertical routing traces for column electrodes. The touch node includes a segment of a row electrode  702  (e.g., with a shape of a rectangle with an “H” shaped cutout) and a segment of a column electrode  704  (e.g., having a “H” shape). Configuration  720  includes two vertical routing traces  726  and  728  used for routing complimentary drive signals for the column in which the touch electrode of  FIG.  7 B  is located. One of the vertical routing traces—routing trace  726  or routing trace  728 —can be electrically connected to the column electrode segment  704 . In some examples, column electrode segment  704  can be formed in second metal layer  506 , the routing traces can be formed in the first metal layer  516 , and the electrical connection between the column electrode segment  704  and the routing trace can be made with a via through the intermediate layer  507 . In some examples, routing traces  726  and  728  can extend from one edge of the touch sensor panel to the opposite edge (e.g., from the top to the bottom). In some such examples, the routing traces  726  and  728  make electrical connections with alternate column electrode segments in a column. For example, column electrode segments in the column can be connected to routing trace  726  for even rows of the touch sensor panel and column electrode segments in the column can be connected to routing trace  728  for odd rows of the touch sensor panel. 
     Configuration  720  also includes four vertical routing traces  730 ,  732 ,  734  and  736  used for routing a row electrode  702  (including one or more segments). One or more of the vertical routing traces—routing trace  730 ,  732 ,  734  and/or  736 —can be electrically connected to the row electrode  702 . As described in more detail herein, in some examples, a different number of routing traces can be electrically connected to a respective row electrode  702  depending on the position of the respective row relative to the sensing circuitry. In some examples, the further a respective row electrode is from the sensing circuitry, the more routing traces can be coupled to the respective row electrode. In some examples, the row electrode  702  can be formed in second metal layer  506 , the routing traces can be formed in the first metal layer  516 , and the electrical connection between the row electrode  702  and the routing trace can be made with one or more vias through the intermediate layer  507 . In some examples, routing traces  730 ,  732 ,  734  and/or  736  can extend from one edge of the touch sensor panel to the opposite edge (e.g., from the top to the bottom), optionally with some breaks or interconnections, as described in more detail herein. 
     As shown in  FIG.  7 B , the vertical routing traces  726  and  728  for column electrodes can be disposed to overlap the arms of the H-shape column electrode segment (e.g., approximately at the middle of the arms) and the vertical routing traces  730 ,  732 ,  734  and  736  for row electrodes can be disposed on opposite sides of the vertical routing traces  726  and  728  for column electrodes. For example, vertical routing traces  726  can be sandwiched between the vertical routing traces  730  and  732  and vertical routing traces  728  can be sandwiched between the vertical routing traces  734  and  736 . In some examples, vertical routing traces  726 ,  728 ,  730 ,  732 ,  734  and  736  can be equally spaced. In some examples, vertical routing traces  730  and  736  can be disposed so as not to overlap column electrode segment  704 , whereas vertical routing traces  732  and  734  can partially overlap column electrode segment  704 , but between the arms so as to minimize the overlap of the vertical routing traces for row electrodes with the column electrode. 
       FIG.  7 C  illustrates a second configuration  740  of routing traces for a touch node with two vertical routing traces for row electrodes and four vertical routing traces for column electrodes. Configuration  740  can be similar to configuration  720 , but have different placement of the vertical routing traces  746  and  748  for column electrodes (e.g., corresponding to vertical routing traces  726  and  728 ) and vertical routing traces  750 ,  752 ,  754 , and  756  for row electrodes (e.g., corresponding to vertical routing traces  730 ,  732 ,  734 , and  736 ). 
     As shown in  FIG.  7 C , the vertical routing traces  746  and  748  for column electrodes can be disposed to overlap the arms of the H-shape column electrode segment (e.g., approximately at the outside edges of the arms) and the vertical routing traces  750 ,  752 ,  754  and  756  for row electrodes can be disposed on opposite sides of the vertical routing traces  746  and  748  for column electrodes. For example, vertical routing traces  746  can be sandwiched between the vertical routing traces  750  and  752  and vertical routing traces  748  can be sandwiched between the vertical routing traces  754  and  756 . In some examples, vertical routing traces  746 ,  748 ,  750 ,  752 ,  754  and  756  can be equally spaced, with greater spacing than in the configuration of  FIG.  720   . In some examples, vertical routing traces  750  and  756  can be disposed so as not to overlap column electrode segment  704  (e.g., at or within a threshold distance of the outer edge of the segment of the row electrode shown in  FIG.  7 B- 7 C ), whereas vertical routing traces  752  and  754  can partially overlap column electrode segment  704 , but between the arms so as to minimize the overlap of the vertical routing traces for row electrodes with the column electrode. In some examples, vertical routing traces  752  and  754  can be at or within a threshold distance of the inner edge of the arms of the H-shaped column electrode segment  704 . 
     Although described with reference to  FIGS.  7 B and  7 C  as vertical routing traces  746 ,  748 ,  750 ,  752 ,  754  and  756 , it should be understood that these vertical routing traces can represent routing tracks (e.g., regions within the metal mesh) within which one or more routing traces can be implemented for a column. The routing tracks are sometimes referred to herein as a set of one or more routing trace segments, and electrically connected portions of one or more sets of the one or more routing traces segments can form a respective routing trace for a respective row electrode (or column electrode). In some examples, the routing tracks are simply referred to in shorthand as a routing trace in that conceptually the various routing segments in a vertical routing track extend the full length or substantially the full length of a column, despite the possibility that different routing segments may be electrically isolated from one another and may be used for routing more than one row electrode (or may be floating). 
       FIGS.  8 - 10    illustrate different routing patterns for row electrodes according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  8    illustrates a chevron routing pattern according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  8    illustrates a touch sensor panel  800  that includes a 48×32 array of touch nodes as indicated by the indexing on the left and top size of the array, with each box in the array representing a touch node formed from a row electrode and column electrode segment (e.g. corresponding to touch nodes shown in  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C ). Each of the rows can include two row electrodes, for a total of 96 row electrodes to be routed to the sensing circuitry (e.g., to differential amplifiers). Touch sensor panel  800  can be divided into three banks, with each bank including 16 rows. For example, a first bank  802  can include rows 1-16, a second bank  804  can include rows 17-32, and a third bank  806  can include rows 33-48. It should be understood that a touch sensor panel can include a different size array or different number of banks than shown in  FIG.  8   . 
     Touch sensor panel  800  includes vertical routing tracks for row electrodes in groups  808  of four vertical routing tracks per column. Electrical connections between one or more of the routing traces implemented with the vertical routing tracks are indicated at touch nodes with a numerical text label (“1”, “2:1”, or “4:2”). A group  808  of four vertical routing tracks in one column of the touch sensor panel can be used to make electrical connections to one row electrode per bank (e.g., using three routing traces implemented within the four routing tracks). For example, the leftmost group  808  can be used to make electrical connections to a row electrode in rows 2, 18 and 34 in banks  802 ,  804  and  806  respectively as indicated by touch nodes with numerical text labels (“1”, “2:1”, or “4:2”). For each column in the chevron routing pattern, the location of the electrical connection for the rows in different banks can be equally spaced. For example, the connections in column 1 (at rows 2, 18 and 34) can be 16 rows apart, and that same spacing between connections can repeat for each of the columns in the chevron routing pattern of  FIG.  8   . This spacing can help balance bandwidth for the touch sensor panel because the uniform spacing can help equalize the resistance for the routing traces across the touch sensor panel. Although not shown in  FIG.  8    for ease of illustration, each column of the touch sensor panel can include two vertical routing traces (and two vertical routing tracks) for routing column electrode segments to the drive circuitry. 
     For ease of illustration,  FIG.  8    shows the groups  808  of four vertical routing tracks for odd-numbered columns, representing one of a pair of row electrodes in a row of the touch sensor panel (e.g., to be coupled to one terminal of a differential amplifier for the row or otherwise coupled to one terminal of an amplifier for a differential measurement), but it is understood that similar groups of vertical routing tracks can be used for even-numbered columns to make electrical connections to the other of the pair of row electrodes in a row of the touch sensor panel (e.g., to be coupled to the other terminal of the differential amplifier for the row). For example, vertical routing tracks of group  808  in column 1 can be used to make electrical connections to one of the row electrode in rows 2, 18 and 34 of the touch sensor panel, and another group of vertical routing tracks in adjacent column 2 can be used to make electrical connections to the other of the row electrodes in rows 2, 18 and 24. Thus, each bank can include one electrical connection per column for a total of 32 electrical connections per bank, and 96 electrical connections for the three banks. 
     Although described above as having the second row electrode for a row being electrically connected in the adjacent column, it is understood that in some examples, the connection for the second row electrode for a row can be made in a different column. For example, the connection for the even-numbered columns can occur at the touch nodes on the diagonal between two odd-numbered columns. For example, the electrical connection for one row electrode in row 48 can be made in column 15 and the electrical connection for the second row electrode in row 48 can be made in column 16; the electrical connection for one row electrode in row 47 can be made in column 17 and the electrical connection for the second row electrode in row 47 can be made in column 14; the electrical connection for one row electrode in row 46 can be made in column 13 and the electrical connection for the second row electrode in row 46 can be made in column 18; the electrical connection for one row electrode in row 45 can be made in column 19 and the electrical connection for the second row electrode in row 45 can be made in column 12, and so on. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  8   , touch sensor panel  800  can have a chevron routing pattern because the locations of the electrical connections for each bank result in a chevron shaped pattern. For example, the electrical connections between routing traces and row electrodes for a bank can be positioned in an increasing slope arrangement when moving toward the center of the bank, and positioned in a decreasing slope arrangement when moving toward the left and right edges from the center of the bank. In some examples, the electrical connections on the left half of the bank can be for even rows, and those connections on the right half of the bank can be for odd rows (vice versa). For example, for bank  806 , the electrical connections for rows can occur at those touch nodes labeled “4:2.” The chevron pattern can point upward in  FIG.  8    such that the electrical connections for row 48 at the top of bank  806  can be at the center of the 32 rows (e.g., at columns 15 and 16). The chevron pattern repeats in a similar manner for banks  802  and  804 . 
     In some examples, having the chevron pattern point upward can help reduce the maximum length of a routing trace and therefore the maximum resistance. For example, the vertical routing traces can be routed to a center region  850  at the bottom of the panel (e.g., in a border region outside the active area of the touch sensor panel). The center region  850  can be a group of bond pads or other connections to enable connection to a touch sensing circuit including the differential amplifiers (or single-ended amplifier configured for differential measurements). As a result, groups  808  of routing track and routing traces implemented within the routing tracks at the left-most and right-most edges of the touch sensor panel can travel a greater horizontal distance to center region  850  (e.g., in the bottom border region) compared with a group of routing traces in the center of the touch sensor panel. To balance these trace lengths, the upward pointing chevron pattern can allow for routing traces in a group of routing tracks to travel a shorter vertical distance for the left-most and right-most edges of the touch sensor panel compared with routing traces in a group of routing tracks in the center of the touch sensor panel. As a result, the upward facing chevron pattern can reduce the maximum path length and thereby reduce the maximum routing trace resistance to increase the bandwidth of touch sensor panel  800 . It should be understood, however, that in some examples, the chevrons may be oriented differently (e.g., pointing downward). 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , the vertical routing tracks can extend substantially from one edge of the touch sensor panel (e.g., a bottom edge) to an opposite edge (e.g., a top edge) for improved optical performance. For example, rather than terminating a vertical routing trace withing a vertical routing track at the point of an electrical connection with a row electrode, the vertical routing track can include routing trace segments that can extend beyond the point of an electrical connection so that the vertical routing track may provide a more uniform pattern of metal mesh wire that may be less visible to a user (for improved optical performance). In some examples, the vertical routing tracks may include one or more breaks (e.g., discontinuities in the metal mesh) so that the remainder of the routing traces segment(s) in a vertical routing track beyond the touch node at which an electrical connection is made is not electrically connected to the sensing amplifier (e.g., floating or tied to a voltage potential). For example,  FIG.  8    shows a break  813  in the metal mesh of a vertical routing track after vertical routing trace  810 D makes an electrical connection to row electrode  814 A, a break  823  in the metal mesh of two vertical routing tracks after vertical routing trace  810 C makes an electrical connection to row electrode  814 B, and a break  833  in the metal mesh of four vertical routing tracks after vertical routing traces  810 A and  810 B make electrical connection(s) to row electrode  814 C. The breaks in the metal mesh beyond the electrical connection can de-load the traces. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, as explained in more detail below, in some examples, the effective resistance of routing can be different for different banks of the touch sensor panel  800 . For example, after a portion of a routing trace electrically connected to a row electrode (and after a break in the routing track), some or all of the remainder of the routing trace segments within the routing track can be repurposed and interconnected to one or more of the remaining routing trace segments within one or more other routing tracks to increase the effective width of the routing trace and thereby reduce the effective resistance of the routing trace for routing traces connecting to touch nodes in the downstream banks. In this way, disconnections (breaks) and interconnections of the group of vertical routing tracks can be used to balance bandwidth for the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the routing trace utilization (the disconnections and interconnections of the vertical routing tracks) can be optimized on a per touch-node basis to reduce the maximum routing trace resistance or to reduce the variance in the total routing trace resistance. 
     For example, a first routing trace can include a portion (e.g., vertical routing trace  810 D) of a first vertical routing track, and can be used to route a row electrode  814 A in row 1, column 31 to the bottom of touch sensor panel  800 . The electrical connection can be made by one or more vias  812  between the row electrode and the first routing trace (e.g., vertical routing trace  810 D) at the location of row electrode  814 A in the touch node at row 1, column 31. After a break  813 , some or all of the remaining portions of the vertical routing track (represented by routing trace segments  810 D′,  810 D″, and  810 D″), can be used for reducing the routing trace resistance for upstream banks. For example, a second routing trace can include a second portion (e.g., routing trace segment  810 D′) of the first vertical routing track and a portion (e.g., routing trace  810 C of a second vertical routing track). For example, segments of the first and second routing tracks can be coupled and one or more points between the electrical connection at row 1, column 31 (in bank  802 ) and the electrical connection at row 17, column 31 (in bank  804 ) to double the effective width (and thereby reduce the resistance) for the second routing trace between row 2 and 17 as compared with the width of the second routing trace between rows 1 and 2. The electrical connection can be made by one or more vias  822  between the row electrode and the second routing trace (e.g., with vertical routing trace  810 C and/or interconnected trace segment  810 D′) at the location of row electrode  814 B in the touch node at row 17, column 31. 
     After a break  823 , some or all of the remaining portions of the first and second vertical routing tracks (represented by routing trace segments  810 C′,  810 D″, and  810 D′″), can be used for reducing the routing trace resistance for the upstream bank. For example, a third routing trace can include a portion (e.g., vertical routing traces  810 A and  810 B) of a third vertical routing track and a fourth vertical routing track, a third portion of the first vertical routing track and a second portion of the second routing track. For example, segments of the third and fourth routing tracks can be interconnected at one or more points between the electrical connection to row electrode  814 C and the differential amplifier circuit (e.g., in or outside of the active area of the touch sensor panel). Additionally, routing trace segments  810 C′ and  810 D″ in the first and second routing tracks can be coupled to vertical routing traces  810 A and  810 B at one or more points between the electrical connection at row 17, column 31 (in bank  804 ) and the electrical connection at row 33, column 31 (in bank  806 ) to double the effective width (and thereby reduce the resistance) of the third routing trace between rows 18 and 33 compared with the width of the third routing trace between rows 1 and 18 (and quadruple the effective width compared to a single vertical routing track) for the routing traces between rows 17 and 33. The electrical connection can be made by one or more vias  832  between the row electrode and the third routing trace (e.g., with vertical routing traces  810 A- 810 B and/or interconnected routing trace segments  810 C′ and  810 D″) at the location of row electrode  814 C in the touch node at row 33, column 31. After a break  833 , the remaining routing segments  810 A′,  810 B′,  810 C″ and  810 D′″ can be decoupled for the routing traces and from the differential amplifiers. 
     The numerical text labels for the touch nodes with electrical connections provide an indication regarding the number of vertical routing tracks used for each routing trace and the effective width of the routing traces used for routing to the row electrode in each bank. For example, the numerical text label “1” for touch nodes with an electrical connection indicates that a portion of one of the four vertical routing tracks in a group  808  (with an effective width of one routing track) can be used for a routing trace (e.g., like the first routing trace including routing trace segment  810 D). The numerical text label “2:1” for touch nodes with an electrical connection indicates that a portion of two of the four vertical routing tracks in a group  808  can be used to double the effective width for a portion of the routing length (e.g., second routing trace including routing trace segment  810 C and interconnected routing trace segment  810 D′). The numerical text label “4:2” for touch nodes with an electrical connection indicates that portions of the four vertical routing traces in a group  808  can be used to double the effective width for a portion of the routing length (e.g., third routing trace including routing trace segments  810 A- 810 B and interconnected routing trace segments  810 C′ and  810 D″). 
     Alternatively, the numerical text label “2:1” can provide an indication of a transition point between an effective width of two routing tracks to an effective width of one routing track and the numerical text label “4:2” can provide an indication of a transition point between an effective width of four routing tracks to an effective width of two routing tracks. 
     It should be understood that the dimensions of the touch sensor panel, the number of banks, and the number of vertical routing tracks per group are exemplary. In some examples, the touch sensor panel can be doubled in size by to have 48 rows and 64 columns, and the chevron pattern shown in  FIG.  8    can repeat for columns 33-64. In some such examples, each row can have two row electrodes, and the additional columns can be used to double the number of routing traces used to make an electrical connection. In some such examples, each row can have four row electrodes. For example, two row electrodes per row can be used for columns 1-32 and an additional two row electrodes per row can be used for columns 33-64. In some examples, more or fewer vertical routing tracks or banks can be used than shown in  FIG.  8   . 
     The chevron routing pattern can be used to maximize bandwidth for the touch sensor panel by reducing a maximum total routing trace length. However, in some examples, because routing for adjacent rows can be separated by a large number of columns. For example, the electrical connection for row 36 (at column 3) and row 35 (at column 29) can be separated by 26 columns and the electrical connection for row 32 (at column 15) and row 33 (at column 31) can be separated by 16 columns. In contrast, the electrical connection for row 48 (at column 15) and row 47 (at column 17) can be separated by 2 columns. As a result, the touch nodes of touch sensor panel  800  may have resistance differentials between adjacent touch nodes that can result in reduced accuracy for measuring a location of an object moving across the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the reduced accuracy can manifest in increased wobble for an active or passive stylus input device due to the resistance differential between adjacent touch nodes in a column (and/or in a row). 
       FIG.  9    illustrates an S-shaped or zig-zag routing pattern according to examples of the disclosure. The S-shaped routing pattern can reduce the resistance differential between adjacent touch nodes in a column (and/or in a row) compared with the chevron routing pattern illustrated in  FIG.  8   , but with a reduction in the bandwidth of the touch sensor panel due to a longer maximum routing trace resistance (e.g., a reduction in bandwidth between 5%-25%).  FIG.  9    illustrates a touch sensor panel  900  that includes a 48×32 array of touch nodes similar to that of touch sensor panel  800 , that can include banks  902 ,  904  and  906  (e.g., corresponding to banks  802 ,  804 , and  806 ), but including a different pattern of electrical connections between the groups  908  of vertical routing tracks (e.g., corresponding to groups  808  of four vertical routing tracks). 
     Electrical connections between one or more of the row electrodes and routing traces using segments in the vertical routing tracks are indicated at touch nodes with a numerical text label (“1”, “2:1”, “2” or “4:2”). A group  908  of four vertical routing tracks in one column of the touch sensor panel can be used to make electrical connections to one row electrode per bank. For example, the leftmost group  908  can be used to make electrical connections to a row electrode in rows 1, 32 and 33 in banks  902 ,  904  and  906  respectively as indicated by touch nodes with numerical text labels (“1”, “2:1”, or “2”). Unlike the chevron routing pattern, the location of the electrical connection for the rows in different banks may not be equally spaced. For example, the connections in column 1 (at rows 1, 32 and 33), some of the connections can be 31 rows apart and other connections can be at adjacent rows, and the disparate spacing between connections can cause a decrease in bandwidth for the touch sensor panel due to non-uniform spacing and increased trace resistances for some of the routing traces of the touch sensor panel. Although not shown in  FIG.  9    for ease of illustration, each column of the touch sensor panel can include two vertical routing tracks for routing column electrode segments to the drive circuitry. 
     For ease of illustration,  FIG.  9    shows the groups  908  of four vertical routing tracks for odd-numbered columns, representing one of a pair of row electrodes in a row of the touch sensor panel (e.g., to be coupled to one terminal of a differential amplifier for the row), but it is understood that similar groups of vertical routing tracks can be used for even-numbered columns to make electrical connections to the other of the pair of row electrodes in a row of the touch sensor panel (e.g., to be coupled to the other terminal of the differential amplifier for the row). For example, vertical routing tracks of group  908  in column 1 can be used to make electrical connections to one of the row electrode in rows 1, 32 and 33 of the touch sensor panel, and another group of vertical routing tracks in adjacent column 2 can be used to make electrical connections to the other of the row electrodes in rows 1, 32 and 33. Thus, each bank can include one electrical connection per column for a total of 32 electrical connections per bank, and 96 electrical connections for the three banks. Although described above as having the second row electrode for a row being electrically connected in the adjacent column, it is understood that, in some examples, the connection for the second row electrode for a row can be made in a different column. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  9   , touch sensor panel  900  can be said to have an S-shaped routing pattern because the locations of the electrical connections for each bank result in an S-shaped shaped pattern. For example, the electrical connections between routing traces and row electrodes for a bank can be positioned in a single slope arrangement between left and right edges of the bank. In some examples, adjacent banks (e.g., vertically adjacent) can have their electrical connections be arranged in opposite slopes (alternating from left to right or from right to left). Additionally, the electrical connections for the two adjacent rows at a boundary between two adjacent banks (e.g., an electronical connection between a first row in a first bank and an electrical connection between a second row in a second bank different than the first bank, the first row and the second row being adjacent) can be adjacent to one another (near a common edge of the touch sensor panel). For example, each sequential electrical connections between a bottom row of a first bank and a top row of an adjacent second bank can be located along a common edge of the touch sensor panel (e.g., along a right edge or a left edge). For example, for bank  906 , the electrical connections for rows can occur at those touch nodes labeled “4:2” along a first diagonal descending from row 48, column 32 to row 33, column 1. The S-shaped pattern repeats in a similar manner for banks  902  and  904 , with electrical connections along a second diagonal descending from row 32, column 1 to row 17 column 32 and along a third diagonal descending from row 16, column 32 to row 1, column 1. The electrical connections for row 33, column 1 and row 32, column 1 can be along the left edge of the touch sensor panel, and the electrical connections for row 17, column 32 and row 16, column 32 can be along the right edge of the touch sensor panel. 
     In some examples, having the S-shaped pattern can help reduce the change in resistance between adjacent rows and therefore reduce the row-to-row change in bandwidth. For example, the routing traces length and thereby the change in resistance for any two adjacent rows can be relatively small (e.g., less than 100Ω), whereas the chevron configuration of  FIG.  8    may have some discontinuities in which the routing trace length and thereby the change in resistance can be relatively greater between some adjacent rows (e.g., greater than 500Ω). For example, in the chevron configuration of  FIG.  8   , the connections for row 32 and row 33 can occur in column 15 and column 1, respectively, which can result in a relatively large different in trace length and resistance. In some examples, reducing the row-to-row change in resistance can improve accuracy for touch sensing that can manifest in decreased wobble for an active or passive stylus input device due to the smaller resistance differential between adjacent touch nodes in a column (and/or in a row). 
     As shown in  FIG.  9   , the vertical routing tracks (and the trace segments therein) can extend substantially from one edge of the touch sensor panel (e.g., a bottom edge) to an opposite edge (e.g., a top edge) for improved optical performance. For example, rather than terminating a vertical routing trace at the point of an electrical connection with a row electrode, the segments in a vertical routing track can extend beyond the point of an electrical connection so that the vertical routing tracks may provide a more uniform pattern of metal mesh wire that may be less visible to a user (for improved optical performance). In some examples, the vertical routing tracks may include breaks so that the remainder of a vertical routing track beyond the touch node at which an electrical connection is made is not electrically connected to the sensing amplifier (e.g., floating or tied to a voltage potential), as described above with reference to  FIG.  8    and not repeated here for brevity. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, as explained above with respect to  FIG.  8   , in some examples, the effective resistance of routing can be different for different banks of the touch sensor panel  900 . For example, after a routing trace including a portion of a routing track electrically connects to a row electrode (and after a break in the routing track), some or all of the remainder of the routing track be repurposed and/or interconnected to one or more of the remaining routing traces to increase the effective width of the routing trace and thereby reduce the effective resistance of the routing trace for routing traces connecting to touch nodes in the downstream banks. In this way, disconnections (breaks) and interconnections of the group of vertical routing tracks can be used to better balance bandwidth for the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the routing track utilization (the disconnections and interconnections of the vertical routing tracks) can be optimized on a per touch-node basis to reduce the maximum routing trace resistance or to reduce the variance in the total routing trace resistance. 
     It should be understood that the dimensions of the touch sensor panel, the number of banks, and the number of vertical routing tracks per group are exemplary. In some examples, the touch sensor panel can be doubled in size by to have 48 rows and 64 columns, and the S-shaped pattern shown in  FIG.  9    can repeat for columns 33-64 (e.g., mirrored across the boundary between columns 32 and 33). In some such examples, each row can have two row electrodes, and the additional columns can be used to double the number of routing traces used to make an electrical connection. In some such examples, each row can have four row electrodes. For example, two row electrodes per row can be used for columns 1-32 and an additional two row electrodes per row can be used for columns 33-64. In some examples, more or fewer vertical routing tracks or banks can be used than shown in  FIG.  9   . 
     In some examples, a hybrid routing pattern can be used. In a hybrid routing pattern some routing traces are disposed in the active area (e.g., overlapping row and/or column electrodes) and some routing traces are disposed outside the active area (e.g., in a border area).  FIG.  10    illustrates hybrid routing pattern according to examples of the disclosure. The hybrid routing pattern can include features of the S-shaped or zig-zag routing pattern illustrated in  FIG.  9    (e.g., row connections along a diagonal), but also includes some border-area routing traces. The hybrid routing pattern can reduce the resistance differential between adjacent touch nodes in a column (and/or in a row) in a similar manner as described above with respect to  FIG.  9   . However, the use of border-area routing traces can reduce the number of routing tracks required in the active area and/or reduce the maximum resistance of routing traces by repurposing more of the routing tracks for the longer routing traces. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates a touch sensor panel  1000  that includes a 48×32 array of touch nodes similar to that of touch sensor panel  900 , that can include banks  1002 ,  1004  and  1006  (e.g., corresponding to banks  902 ,  904 , and  906 ), but including a different pattern of electrical connections between the groups  1008  of vertical routing tracks (e.g., groups of two vertical routing tracks). Although two vertical routing tracks are shown per column, these routing tracks can be thicker (and therefore have improved resistance characteristics (e.g., reduced resistance per unit length of the routing trace)). Alternatively, the vertical routing tracks can include four vertical routing tracks (e.g., corresponding to groups  908  of four vertical routing tracks), where two of four vertical routing tracks can be routed with the same connections as one of the two illustrated vertical routing traces in  FIG.  10    (or alternatively, some or all of the columns can use one of the four vertical routing tracks for interconnections in the first bank  1002  and three of the four vertical routing tracks for interconnections to the third bank  1006 ). 
     Electrical connections between one or more of the row electrodes and routing traces using segments in the vertical routing tracks are indicated at touch nodes with a numerical text label (“1” or “2:1”). A group  1008  of two vertical routing tracks in one column of the touch sensor panel can be used to make electrical connections to one row electrode in an upper bank and one row electrode in a lower bank. For example, the leftmost group  1008  can be used to make electrical connections to a row electrode in rows 16 and 33 in banks  1002  and  1006 , respectively, as indicated by touch nodes with numerical text labels (“1” or “2:1”). In a similar manner, in vertical routing tracks in column 3 can be used to make electrical connections to a row electrode in rows 15 and 34 in banks  1002  and  1006 . The electrical connection to each of the row electrodes in the middle bank  1004  can be made using a routing trace (e.g., routing trace  1010 ) in the border area (e.g., outside the active area). The routing traces in the border area may also be referred to herein as a border-area routing trace or a border routing trace. Like the routing S-shaped routing pattern of  FIG.  9   , the location of the electrical connection for the rows in different banks may not be equally spaced. For example, the connections in column 1 (at rows 16 and 33), the connections can be 17 rows apart and the connections in column 31 can be 47 rows apart. The disparate spacing between connections can cause a decrease in bandwidth for the touch sensor panel due to non-uniform spacing and increased trace resistances for some of the routing traces of the touch sensor panel. In some examples, as described herein, the increased trace resistances can be reduced using the hybrid routing configuration. Although not shown in  FIG.  10    for ease of illustration, each column of the touch sensor panel can include two vertical routing tracks for routing column electrode segments to the drive circuitry. 
     For ease of illustration,  FIG.  10    shows the groups  1008  of two vertical routing tracks for odd-numbered columns, representing one of a pair of row electrodes in a row of the touch sensor panel (e.g., to be coupled to one terminal of a differential amplifier for the row), but it is understood that similar groups of vertical routing tracks can be used for even-numbered columns to make electrical connections to the other of the pair of row electrodes in a row of the touch sensor panel (e.g., to be coupled to the other terminal of the differential amplifier for the row). For example, vertical routing tracks of group  1008  in column 1 can be used to make electrical connections to one of the row electrode in rows 1 and 33 of the touch sensor panel, and another group of vertical routing tracks in adjacent column 2 can be used to make electrical connections to the other of the row electrodes in rows 1 and 33. The electrical connections for the pair of row electrodes can be made in the border area (e.g., on the same side or on opposite sides of the touch sensor panel). Thus, each of the upper bank and the lower bank can include one electrical connection per column and the middle bank can include two electrical connections per row (one each for the pair of row electrodes in a row) for a total of 32 electrical connections per bank, and 96 electrical connections for the three banks. Although described above as having the second row electrode for a row being electrically connected in the adjacent column in the upper and lower banks, it is understood that, in some examples, the connection for the second row electrode for a row can be made in a different column. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  10   , touch sensor panel  1000  can have routing pattern similar to the S-shaped routing pattern. For example, the electrical connections between routing traces and row electrodes for a bank can be positioned in a single slope arrangement between left and right edges of the bank. For example, for bank  1006 , the electrical connections for rows can occur at those touch nodes labeled “2:1” along a first diagonal descending from row 48, column 32 to row 33, column 1. The electrical connections for bank  1002  follow in a similar manner, with electrical connections along a second diagonal descending from row 16, column 1 to row 1, column 32. The intermediate bank  1004  can be connected using border area routing, as described herein. In some examples, the first and third banks separated by the intermediate bank can have their electrical connections be arranged in opposite slopes (alternating from left to right or from right to left). Additionally, an electronical connection between a first row in a first bank adjacent to a row connected using border-area routing and an electrical connection between a second row in a second bank different than the first bank can be at or near a common edge of the touch sensor panel. For example, the electrical connections for row 33, column 1 and row 16, column 1 can be along the left edge of the touch sensor panel. 
     In some examples, having the diagonal pattern similar to the S-shaped pattern in the hybrid device can help reduce the change in resistance between adjacent rows within the upper and lower banks and therefore reduce the row-to-row change in bandwidth. In some examples, the border-area routing traces can also be designed to reduce the row-to-row change in resistance and provide relative continuity in resistance for the middle bank (e.g., between the resistance in the top row of the lower bank and the bottom row of the upper bank). 
     As shown in  FIG.  10   , the vertical routing tracks (and the trace segments therein) can extend substantially from one edge of the touch sensor panel (e.g., a bottom edge) to an opposite edge (e.g., a top edge) for improved optical performance. For example, rather than terminating a vertical routing trace at the point of an electrical connection with a row electrode, the vertical routing track can extend beyond the point of an electrical connection so that the vertical routing tracks may provide a more uniform pattern of metal mesh wire that may be less visible to a user (for improved optical performance). In some examples, the vertical routing tracks may include breaks so that the remainder of a vertical routing track beyond the touch node at which an electrical connection is made is not electrically connected to the sensing amplifier (e.g., floating or tied to a voltage potential), as described above with reference to  FIG.  8    and not repeated here for brevity. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, as explained above with respect to  FIG.  8   , in some examples, the effective resistance of routing can be different for different banks of the touch sensor panel  1000 . For example, after a routing trace including a portion of a routing track electrically connects to a row electrode (and after a break in the routing track), some or all of the remainder of the routing track be repurposed and/or interconnected to one or more of the remaining routing traces to increase the effective width of the routing trace and thereby reduce the effective resistance of the routing trace for routing traces connecting to touch nodes in the downstream banks. In this way, disconnections (breaks) and interconnections of the group of vertical routing tracks can be used to better balance bandwidth for the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the routing track utilization (the disconnections and interconnections of the vertical routing tracks) can be optimized on a per touch-node basis to reduce the maximum routing trace resistance or to reduce the variance in the total routing trace resistance. 
     It should be understood that the dimensions of the touch sensor panel, the number of banks, and the number of vertical routing tracks per group are exemplary. In some examples, the touch sensor panel can be doubled in size by to have 48 rows and 64 columns, and the hybrid pattern shown in  FIG.  10    can repeat for columns 33-64 (e.g., mirrored across the boundary between columns 32 and 33). In some such examples, each row can have two row electrodes, and the additional columns can be used to double the number of routing traces used to make an electrical connection. In some such examples, each row can have four row electrodes. For example, two row electrodes per row can be used for columns 1-32 and an additional two row electrodes per row can be used for columns 33-64. In some examples, more or fewer vertical routing traces or banks can be used than shown in  FIG.  10   . 
     Although  FIG.  10    shows the upper and lower banks  1002  and  1006  with routing traces in the active area and middle bank  1004  with routing traces in the border area, it is understood that the distribution of traces in the active area and in the border area can be different than shown in  FIG.  10   . For example, more or fewer of the electrical connections can be changed between the S-shaped pattern and the hybrid pattern (e.g., adding a partial third diagonal in the second bank by including some active area routing traces/tracks for the rows in the middle bank or reducing the length of the diagonal in the upper and/or lower bank by using more border routing traces for electrical connection). 
     As described herein, in some examples, the electrical connections for a row to a differential sense amplifier can impact cross-talk between adjacent rows within a column.  FIGS.  11 A- 11 B  illustrate an example touch sensor with vertical routing traces and corresponding signal levels with and without cross-talk according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  11 A  illustrates a touch sensor panel  1100 , which can correspond to the row and column electrodes of touch sensor panel  700  (but with different routing shown). Row electrode  1104  corresponding to the touch node at row 1, column 2 can be coupled to a sense amplifier using a routing trace implemented with segments in three routing tracks  1106  (with three routing trace connection points, such as vias, shown for row electrode  1104 ). The routing tracks  1106  can be vertical routing tracks that overlap with other touch nodes in the column (e.g., at row 2, column 2 and row 3, column 2).  FIG.  11 B  illustrates a comparison of signal measurements at the touch electrodes in the second column with crosstalk and without cross-talk (e.g., actual or ideal signal) due to the presence of a finger  1102  finger touching or in proximity to the touch node at row 2, column 2. As shown in  FIG.  11 B , the presence of the finger  1102  in proximity to routing traces  1106  at row 2, column 2 can cause modulation of the measured signal at row 1, column 2. In some examples, the modulation can be on the order of 5%-30% depending on the size, number, and/or orientation of finger(s). This modulation can cause a distortion in the touch signal profile that results in inaccurate location detection and poorer touch performance. In some examples, as described with respect to  FIG.  11 D , differential routing traces can be used to mitigate the impact of cross-talk. 
       FIG.  11 C  and  FIG.  11 D  illustrate portions of example touch sensor panels with non-differential routing traces or with differential routing traces according to examples of the disclosure. The respective portions of the touch sensor panel  1120  and  1140  each include a two-by-two array of touch nodes including four column electrodes  1124 A- 1124 D (H-shaped electrodes) and four row electrodes labeled  1122 A- 1122 D. The row electrodes  1122 A- 1122 D can be routed to the sensing circuitry (e.g., single-ended or differential amplifiers) using routing traces  1126 A- 1126 H. Electrical connections between the routing traces implemented in routing tracks  1126 A- 1126 H and the row electrodes  1122 A- 1122 D can be made using vias  1128 A- 1128 L. For simplicity column routing is not shown in  FIGS.  11 C- 11 D . The four row electrodes can be coupled to four inputs of the sensing circuitry, referenced with labels S 0 +, S 0 , S 1 +, and S 1 − (e.g., which may be used for two differential measurement). Two row electrodes  1122 A and  1122 B (also labeled S 0 + and S 0 −) can be routed to two inputs of the sensing circuitry (e.g., two terminals of a differential sense amplifier S 0 ) for a differential measurement, and two row electrodes  1122 C and  1122 D (also labeled S 1 + and S 1 −) can be routed to two inputs of the sensing circuitry (e.g., two terminals of a differential sense amplifier S 1 ) for a differential measurement. 
     In some examples, as shown in non-differential configuration of  FIG.  11 C , the routing traces for a first input of a differential measurement can be disposed in one column and the routing traces for a second input of the differential measurement can be disposed in a second column. For example, a first routing trace can be implemented using routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 A and  1126 B and using portions of routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 C and  1126 D. The first routing trace can be electrically connected to row electrode  1122 A using vias  1128 A- 1128 D and can be routed vertically in the left column. Routing tracks  1126 A and  1126 B also overlap row electrode  1122 C, but without electrical connection. In a similar manner, a second routing trace can be implemented using routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 E and  1126 F and using portions of routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 G and  1126 H. The second routing trace can be electrically connected to row electrode  1122 B using vias  1128 E- 1128 H and can be routed vertically in the right column. Routing tracks  1126 E and  1126 F also overlap row electrode  1122 D, but without electrical connection. It should be understood that the routing for row electrodes  1122 A and  1122 B can correspond to two routing traces with a “4:2” electrical connection that includes a transition from using two vertical routing tracks to four vertical routing tracks (e.g., to double the effective width for a portion of the routing length and thereby reduce routing trace resistance). For example, routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 A and  1126 B corresponding to one input of the sensing circuitry are shown to be connected and splitting into routing trace segments in four tracks over row electrode  1122 A (e.g., with some horizontal interconnection between the tracks near the border between row electrode  1122 A and row electrode  1122 C). Likewise, routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 E and  1126 F corresponding to another input of the sensing circuitry are shown to be connected and splitting into routing trace segments in four tracks over row electrode  1122 B (e.g., with some horizontal interconnection between the tracks near the border between row electrode  1122 B and row electrode  1122 D).  FIG.  11 C  also illustrates routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 C and  1126 D that are electrically connected to row electrode  1122 C using vias  11281  and  1128 ) and routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 G and  1126 H that are electrically connected to row electrode  1122 D using vias  1128 K and  1128 L. As described with reference to  FIGS.  11 A- 11 B , a finger touching or in proximity to the bottom right touch node including column electrode  1124 C and row electrode  1122 C can cause some cross-talk (e.g., modulation that distorts the touch signal) to be introduced in the measurement of the top right touch node including column electrode  1124 A and row electrode  1122 A due to the routing tracks  1126 A and  1126 B overlapping the bottom right touch node. 
     In some examples, the cross-talk can be mitigated using differential routing traces as illustrated in  FIG.  11 D . In the differential routing configuration, the routing traces for a first input of a differential measurement and the routing traces for a second input of the differential measurement can be disposed in the same column. For example, a first routing trace can be implemented using routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 A and  1126 B and using portions of routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 C and  1126 D, and a second routing trace can be implemented using routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 E and  1126 F and using portions of routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 G and  1126 H. The first routing trace is electrically connected to row electrode  1122 A using vias  1128 A- 1128 D and the second electrode is electrically connected to row electrode  1122 B using vias  1128 E- 1128 H. The segments of the first and second routing traces can be routed vertically in pairs of routing tracks (e.g., in left column, and also in the upper half of the right column). The first and second routing traces in routing tracks  1126 A,  1126 B,  1126 E and  1126 F also overlap row electrode  1122 C, but without electrical connection.  FIG.  11 D  also illustrates routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 C and  1126 D that are electrically connected to row electrode  1122 C using vias  11281  and  1128 ) and routing trace segments in routing tracks  1126 G and  1126 H that are electrically connected to row electrode  1122 D using vias  1128 K and  1128 L. These segments can be routed vertically in pairs of routing tracks (e.g., in bottom right column), and these connections for row electrodes  1122 C and  1122 D can be made within the same column (e.g., rather than in different column as in  FIG.  11 C ). 
     A finger touching or in proximity to the bottom left touch node including column electrode  1124 C and row electrode  1122 C can cause modulation to be introduced in the measurement of the top left touch node including column electrode  1124 A and row electrode  1122 A due to routing tracks  1126 A and  1126 B overlapping the bottom left touch node. However, the same (or similar) modulation can be introduced in due to overlapping routing tracks  1126 E and  1126 F overlapping the bottom left touch node. Thus a differential measurement of the inputs received from the first and second routing (e.g., including segments in at least routing tracks  1126 A, 1126 B,  1126 E, and  1126 F) can cancel or reduce the cross-talk modulation (e.g., the cross-talk modulation becomes common mode). Although  FIG.  11 D  illustrates cross-talk mitigation for a two-by-two array at  4 : 2  routing trace connected, it should be understood that this technique can be used for other routing traces to reduce cross-talk for regions of a larger touch sensor panel. 
     As described herein, a differential drive and differential sense architecture can reduce noise in the touch and/or display systems of a touch screen that may arise due to the proximity of the touch system to the display system. The use of differential drive and differential sense architecture, however, may result in a reduced signal-to-noise ratio for the sensed touch signals due to parasitic non-idealities of the implementation of the differential drive and differential sense architecture. In some examples, as described in more detail herein, staggering connections between the drive circuitry and column electrodes and/or between sense circuitry and row electrodes can reduce the parasitic effects and/or increase the signal-to-noise ratio for differential drive and differential sense architectures. 
       FIGS.  12 A- 12 B  illustrate an example touch node in a row-column architecture using single-ended capacitance measurements or differential capacitance measurements according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  12 A  illustrates a row electrode  1202  and a column electrode  1204  of a touch sensor panel, with touch node  1200  corresponding to an adjacency between a portion of the row electrode  1202  and the column electrode  1204 . As shown in  FIG.  12 A , the column electrode  1204  can include multiple coupled electrode segments  1204 A- 1204 C, and the row electrode  1202  can include multiple coupled electrode segments  1202 A- 1202 C (coupling of the segments is not shown for simplicity). 
     A driving circuit  1206  can stimulate the row electrode  1202  and a sensing circuit  1208  coupled to column electrode  1204  can measure a capacitance of touch node  1200 . The capacitance measured by the sensing circuit can primarily measure capacitive coupling between row electrode segment  1202 B and column electrode segment  1204 B, illustrated by capacitance C M  (main capacitance) in  FIG.  12 A . However, in addition to measuring C M , the capacitance measurement can also include parasitic capacitances from coupled between other row electrode segments and column electrode segments of adjacent touch nodes. For example, parasitic couplings can include coupling between row electrode segments  1202 A and column electrode segments  1204 B (C PR  or parasitic row coupling), coupling between row electrode segments  1202 C and column electrode segments  1204 B (C PR ), coupling between row electrode segments  1202 B and column electrode segments  1204 A (C PC  or parasitic column coupling), and coupling between row electrode segments  1202 B and column electrode segments  1204 C (C PC ). 
       FIG.  12 A  illustrates a circuit diagram representing the drive circuit  1206  for row electrode  1202  and the sensing circuit  1208  for column electrode  1204 , with the capacitances measured for touch node  1200  including the main capacitance, C M , and the combined parasitic capacitance of two parasitic column couplings and two parasitic row couplings. Because the measurement is single-ended, these capacitances sum for a total measured capacitance of C M +2C PC +2C PR . 
       FIG.  12 B  illustrates a portion of a touch sensor panel including a column with two column electrodes including a first column electrode  1214 A (including two electrode segments illustrated in  FIG.  12 B ) and a second column electrode  1214 B, and a row with two row electrodes including a first row electrode  1212 A (including two electrode segments illustrated in  FIG.  12 B ) and a second column electrode  1212 B. Touch node  1210  corresponding to an adjacency between column electrode  1214 B and the row electrode  1212 B. A driving circuit  1216  can stimulate the row electrode  1212 B with a drive signal and row electrode  1212 B with a complimentary drive signal (as indicated by the D+ and D− labels), and a sensing circuit  1218  coupled to column electrode  1214 B and column electrode  1214 A can differentially measure (as indicated by S+ and S− labels) a capacitance of touch node  1210 . The capacitance measured by the sensing circuit can primarily measure capacitive coupling between row electrode  1212 B and column electrode  1214 B, illustrated by capacitance C M  (main capacitance), and also measure the parasitic capacitances. The parasitic capacitances can include coupling between row electrode  1212 A and column electrode segment  1214 B (C PR , doubled for the two adjacent segments shown in  FIG.  12 B ), and coupling between row electrode  1202 B and column electrode  1214 A (C PC , doubled for the two adjacent segments shown in  FIG.  12 B ). 
       FIG.  12 B  illustrates a circuit diagram representing the drive circuit  1216  for the row electrodes  1212 A- 1212 B and the sensing circuit  1218  for column electrodes  1214 A- 1214 B, with the capacitances measured for touch node  1210  including the main capacitance, C M , but attenuated by the combined parasitic capacitances. Because of the differential drive and different sense configuration, these parasitic capacitances are out of phase and sum for a total measured capacitance of C M −2C PC −2C PR . The parasitic effects decrease the total measured signal, which reduces the SNR. In some examples, the parasitic effects can decrease the total measured signal by approximately 75%-80%, reducing the SNR for the touch sensor panel. Furthermore, the parasitic effects can reduce the effectiveness of differential cancelation of noise described herein, which can also increase the noise (e.g., by approximately 3-5 times) and further degrading SNR. 
     In some examples, the SNR can be approved by changing the pattern of stimulation applied to the touch sensor panel. The pattern can be changed by the coupling between routing traces and the drive circuitry (e.g., optionally using switches or alternatively by changing the codes used generate drive signals in the driver circuitry).  FIGS.  13 A- 13 B  illustrate portions of touch sensor panels and representations of stimulation applied the touch sensor panels according to examples of the disclosure. Touch sensor panel  1300  can correspond to touch sensor panel  700 . Touch sensor panel  1300  can include row electrodes  1302 A- 1302 F (e.g., corresponding to row electrodes  702 A- 702 F) and column electrodes  1304 A- 1304 F (e.g., corresponding to row electrodes  704 A- 704 F). Touch sensor panel can be viewed as including a two dimensional array (three rows and three columns) of effective touch nodes, with each of the touch nodes including one row electrode segment and one column electrode segment. The row electrodes can be coupled to sensing circuitry and the column electrodes can be coupled to driver circuitry (e.g., a driver/transmitter). For example,  FIG.  13 A  illustrates a differential driver circuit  1305 A (or two single-output driver circuits) coupled to column electrodes  1304 A and  1304 B, differential driver circuit  1305 B coupled to column electrodes  1304 C and  1304 D, and differential driver circuit  1305 C coupled to column electrodes  1304 E and  1304 F (e.g., generating coded, complimentary drive signals). Differential amplifiers  1308 A- 1308 C (or multiple single-ended amplifiers) can be coupled to a respective pair of row electrodes  1302 A- 1302 F. 
     Touch sensor panel  1300  can be viewed as an expansion of the view of a portion of a touch sensor panel presented in  FIG.  12 B  (although the row/column conventions for driving and sensing are different between  FIGS.  12 B and  13 A ). For example, touch node  1210  can correspond to the touch node in the center of touch sensor panel  1300  corresponding to column electrode  1304 D and row electrode  1302 D. The polarity of the drive signal applied to adjacent column electrode  1304 C is complimentary in a similar manner as shown by the complimentary phase of adjacent row electrode  1212 A, and likewise the polarity for the differential amplifier terminal coupled to adjacent row electrode  1302 C is opposite the polarity of row electrode  1302 D as shown by the opposite polarity of adjacent column electrode  1214 A. 
       FIG.  13 A  also illustrates a representation  1310  of the stimulation applied to a touch sensor panel. Representation  1310  shows stimulation of a 4×4 array of touch nodes though the portion of touch sensor panel  1300  shown in  FIG.  13 A  only shows a 3×3 array. Representation  1310  shows that a set of complimentary drive signals is used within each column (e.g., with the drive signals labeled TX 0 , TX 1 , etc. using indexing corresponding to the driver circuits with labels D 0 , D 1 , etc.). For example, the leftmost column uses opposite phases of TX 0  (alternating + and −), and each column to the right uses opposite phases of TX 1 , TX 2 , and TX 3 , respectively (where TX 0 , TX 1 , TX 2  and TX 3  can be orthogonal drive signals). In a similar manner, each row of row electrodes couples to the differential input of one corresponding differential amplifier. As described with respect to  FIG.  12 B , such a configuration can be susceptible to a reduction in SNR due to parasitic capacitances. 
       FIG.  13 B  illustrates touch sensor panel  1320  corresponding to touch sensor panel  1300 , but having different coupling between the driver circuitry and the column electrodes. For example, as shown in  FIG.  13 B , the complimentary drive signals can be applied in different columns such that the complimentary drive signals are diagonally adjacent (staggered). For example, as shown in representation  1330  of the stimulation applied to a touch sensor panel, each drive signal can have its compliment applied to the touch node (using the column electrode) that is offset by one row and one column. For example, TX 0 + is applied to the touch node at column 1, row 1 and its compliment is applied to the touch node at column 2, row 2. Similar relationships for the complimentary touch signals can be applied across the touch sensor panel. Staggering the complimentary drive signals can reduce the size of parasitic capacitances (e.g., C PC  shown in  FIG.  12 B ) because the diagonal distance between the electrodes is greater than non-diagonally adjacent electrodes, and thereby increase the signal (boosting SNR). In some examples, the boost in signal can be between 80%-100% (or more) compared with the non-staggered stimulation pattern of  FIG.  13 A . It should be understood that staggering increases the differential cancelation pitch (e.g., the distance between the complimentary signals), which increases the area over which the differential signals cancel. As a result, increasing the differential cancelation pitch can result in less cancelation of coexistence noise (e.g., an increase in touch-to-display noise). However, the reduction in cancelation of coexistence noise may be outweighed by the improved signal level to improve SNR. Although staggering is shown for diagonally adjacent touch nodes in pairs of columns that other staggering patterns are possible, with a tradeoff between the level of suppression of coexistence noise (which improves with a smaller differential cancelation pitch) with the signal level (which improves by increasing the distance between the drive electrodes with opposite phase). It should also be understood that because display-to-touch noise is primarily mitigated by differential sensing, that staggering the stimulation pattern should not impact (or have minimal impact on) the level of display-to-touch noise. 
     As shown in  FIG.  13 B , staggering can be implemented by changing the routing between the column electrodes and the driving circuitry. For example, the routing traces output by driver circuit  1306 A can include one output to column electrode  1304 A and the complimentary output to column electrode  1304 D (rather than to  1304 B as in  FIG.  13 A ). Likewise, the routing traces output by driver circuit  1306 B can include one output to column electrode  1304 C and the complimentary output to column electrode  1304 B (rather than to  1304 D as in  FIG.  13 A ). In some examples, the staggering can be implemented using the driver circuitry without changing the routing between the driver circuitry and the electrodes of the touch sensor panel. For example, switching circuitry can be implemented between the output of the driver circuitry and the routing traces to achieve the staggered pattern of drive signals. Alternatively, the driver circuitry can be configured to generate the staggered pattern using different control signals (e.g., output TX 0 − from the output of driver circuit  1305 B coupled to column electrode  1304 D in  FIG.  13 A  and output TX 1 − from the output of driver circuit  1305 A coupled to column electrode  1304 B. Implementing the staggering pattern without changing the routing can provide improved flexibility for implementing differential and non-differential scans. For example, although the touch sensing may be implemented using a differential configuration, in some examples, stylus sensing can be implemented without using different driving or different sensing. For example, the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes can be configured as receiver electrodes in an active stylus sensing operation. The first row electrode and a second row electrode for each row of the two-axis array of touch nodes can be coupled together and to an input of a sensing circuit. Thus, implementing the staggering pattern without changing the routing allows for implementation of either differential or single-ended scanning modes. 
     In some examples, the differential driving and sensing can operate in different modes for touch sensing based on noise conditions. For example, the touch system may perform a touch sensing operation using staggering described herein under relatively more noisy conditions (e.g., above a threshold amount of noise, while a charger is plugged in, etc.) so that the sensed signal can be boosted (but with less cancelation of coexistence noise), but the touch system may perform a touch sensing operation without staggering under relatively less noisy conditions (e.g., less than the threshold amount of noise, while not plugged into the charger, etc.) so that the improved cancelation can occur, but the signal level may be relatively small (e.g., attenuated compared with staggering). 
     Although staggering is described primarily in the context of the stimulation applied to the column electrodes of  FIG.  13 B , it is understood that a similar principle can be additional or alternatively applied to staggering the connections between the row electrodes and sensing circuitry. For example, rather than sensing both row electrodes in a row differentially using one differential amplifier, in some examples, one row electrode can be coupled to a first input of a first differential amplifier and a second row electrode can be coupled to a first input of a second differential amplifier. It is understood that if staggering is implemented for both the stimulation and sensing sides of the touch sensor panel that care should be taken so that staggering applied to the stimulation side and the staggering applied to the sensing side do not interfere with the ability to measure the differential touch signal. 
     As described herein, in some examples, routing for including row electrodes and column electrodes of a touch sensor panel can be implemented at least partially in the active area. Active area routing can allow for a device with a reduced border area (e.g., around the active area).  FIGS.  14 A- 14 B  illustrate a two-layer configuration (e.g., corresponding to touch sensor panel  700 ) including touch electrodes and routing traces in a first layer and bridges in a second layer according to examples of the disclosure. Specifically,  FIG.  14 A  illustrates a first layer  1400 A (also referred to herein a “metal 2” or “TM2”) of the two-layer configuration and  FIG.  14 B  illustrates a second layer  1400 B (also referred to herein a “metal 1” or “TM1”) of the two-layer configuration. The first layer  1400 A and the second layer  1400 B can both be metal mesh layers corresponding to metal layers  506  and  516 . In some examples, the first layer including touch electrodes can be positioned relatively closer to the cover glass than the second layer. To show the overlapping contents of the layers,  FIGS.  14 A- 14 B  each illustrate the touch electrodes, routing traces and bridges, but touch electrodes and routing traces in layer  1400 A are emphasized and the bridges in layer  1400 B are deemphasized in  FIG.  14 A , whereas bridges in layer  1400 B are emphasized and touch electrodes and routing traces in layer  1400 A are deemphasized in  FIG.  14 B . The emphasis is provided with darker/thicker lines compared with the lighter/thinner lines for deemphasized contents. 
       FIG.  14 A  illustrates row electrodes  1402 A- 1402 F and column electrodes  1404 A- 1404 F (e.g., corresponding to row electrodes  702 A- 702 F and column electrodes  704 A- 704 F). Additionally,  FIG.  14 A  illustrates row routing traces  1403 A- 1403 F and column routing traces  1405 A- 1405 F (e.g., corresponding to row routing traces  703 A- 703 F and column routing traces  705 A- 705 F).  FIG.  14 B  illustrates bridges  1410 , which can be connected to the first layer using a pair of vias at opposite ends of the bridge (e.g., horizontal ends). Unlike in  FIG.  7 A , which illustrates the routing traces in a different layer than the touch electrodes, in  FIGS.  14 A- 14 B  the routing traces are implemented in the same layer. As a result, the routing traces that may be used to interconnect segments of touch electrodes together (and to drive/sense circuitry) may also cause further segmentation of the metal mesh of the touch electrodes. In some examples, these segments of the touch electrodes can be electrically interconnected using bridges. For example, the column electrodes  1404 A- 1404 F can include multiple conductive segments interconnected by routing and/or bridges. Likewise, row electrodes  1402 A- 1402 F can include multiple conductive segments connected together and to sensing circuitry by routing and/or bridges. 
     As an illustrative example, column electrode  1404 A can include conductive segments  1404 A_ 1 - 1404 A_ 5  (rather than two segments shown in  FIG.  7    due to routing traces  1403 C and  1405 B) that are connected together and to driving circuitry by routing trace  1405 A (including routing trace segments  1405 A_ 1 - 1405 A_ 3 ) and bridges  1410  (including bridges  1410 A_ 1 - 1410 A_ 3  that bridge the conductive segments over routing traces  1403 C and  1405 B). As another illustrative example, row electrode  1402 A can include conductive segments  1402 A_ 1 - 1402 A_ 13  (rather than two segments  702 A′ and  702 A″ connected by routing  702 A′″ as shown in  FIG.  7    due to routing traces including  1405 A- 1405 F, additional row routing trace lines) that are connected together and to sensing circuitry by routing  1403 A and bridges  1410  (including bridges  1410 B_ 1 - 1410 B_ 10  that bridge the conductive segments over routing traces including  1405 A- 1405 F). 
     It is understood that  FIG.  14 A- 14 B  show an exemplary representation of electrodes, routing and bridges, but that other arrangements of the electrodes, routing and bridges can be implemented. It is also understood that for simplicity of illustration some bridges between conductive segments may not be shown (e.g., conductive segment  1402 A_ 1 , conductive  1402 A_ 3  and/or conductive segment  1402 A_ 11  may extend beyond and be connected at the bottom edge(s) of conductive segment  1404 A_ 1 , including by one or more bridges over routing traces, such as over routing trace  1405 A_ 2 ). Although  FIGS.  14 A- 14 B  illustrate two vertical routing traces for complimentary drive signals per column of column electrodes and two vertical routing traces per row of row electrodes (e.g., two vertical routing traces per pair of row electrode), it should be understood that different numbers of vertical routing traces for rows and/or columns is possible. It should be understood that although touch sensor panel of  FIGS.  14 A- 14 B  includes a 3×3 array of nine dominant capacitance values (e.g., corresponding to nine effective touch nodes), that the touch sensor panel can be scaled up or down to include fewer or more touch nodes. 
       FIGS.  14 A and  14 C  illustrate a two-layer configuration (e.g., corresponding to touch sensor panel  700 ) including touch electrodes and routing traces in a first layer and bridges and stacked routing traces in a second layer according to examples of the disclosure. Stacking the routing traces can reduce the resistance of the routing traces and increase the bandwidth of the touch sensor panel compared with the two-layer configuration of  FIGS.  14 A- 14 B  without the stacked routing traces. Specifically,  FIG.  14 A  illustrates a first layer  1400 A (also referred to herein a “metal 2” or “TM2”) of the two-layer configuration and  FIG.  14 B  illustrates a second layer  1400 C (also referred to herein a “metal 1” or “TM1”) of the two-layer configuration. The first layer  1400 A and the second layer  1400 C can both be metal mesh layers corresponding to metal layers  506  and  516 . In some examples, the first layer including touch electrodes can be positioned relatively closer to the cover glass than the second layer. To show the overlapping contents of the layers,  FIGS.  14 A and  14 C  each illustrate the touch electrodes, routing traces and bridges, but touch electrodes and routing traces in layer  1400 A are emphasized and the bridges in layer  1400 C are deemphasized in  FIG.  14 A , whereas bridges and routing in layer  1400 C are emphasized and touch electrodes and routing traces in layer  1400 A are deemphasized in  FIG.  14 C . The emphasis is provided with darker/thicker lines compared with the lighter/thinner lines for deemphasized contents. 
     As described herein,  FIG.  14 A  illustrates row electrodes  1402 A- 1402 F, column electrodes  1404 A- 1404 F, row routing traces  1403 A- 1403 F and column routing traces  1405 A- 1405 F.  FIG.  14 C  illustrates bridges  1410 , row routing trace  1413 A- 1413 F and column routing traces  1415 A- 14145 F. Bridges  1410  can be connected to the first layer using a pair of vias at opposite ends of the bridge (e.g., horizontal ends) to connect segments that are otherwise electrically disconnected due to a routing trace. Unlike in  FIG.  14 B , which illustrates bridges without routing traces in the second layer, in  FIG.  14 C , the second layer can also include additional routing traces corresponding to the routing traces in the first layer (stacked routing traces). The routing traces in layers  1400 A and  1400 C can be coupled together outside the active area or using vias within the active area. 
     For example, in addition to coupling the segments of column electrode  1404 A together and to driving circuitry using routing trace  1405 A (including routing trace segments  1405 A_ 1 - 1405 A_ 3 ) in layer  1400 A, additional routing trace segments  1415 A_ 1 - 1415 A_ 5  in the second layer  1400 C can be used to reduce the effective resistance of the routing trace (e.g., by approximately half). For example, routing trace segment  1415 A_ 1  can run parallel to routing trace segment  1405 A_ 1  and routing trace segments  1415 A_ 3  and  1415 A_ 4  can run parallel to routing trace segment  1405 A_ 2 , and so on. Additionally, routing trace segments  1415 A_ 2  and  1415 A_ 5  can run parallel to routing trace segments  1404 A_ 5  and  1404 A_ 1 , respectively, as well. 
     In a similar manner, stacked routing can be used for row routing traces. For example, in addition to coupling the segments of row electrode  1402 A together using bridges  1410  (in layer  1400 C) and to sensing circuitry using routing trace  1403 A in layer  1400 A, additional routing traces segments  1413 A_ 1 - 1413 A_ 5  in the second layer  1400 C can be used to reduce the effective resistance of the routing trace (e.g., by approximately half). For example, routing trace segments  1415 A_ 1 - 1415 A_ 5  can run parallel to row routing trace  1403 . The routing trace segments in layer  1400 C can be interrupted by the bridges in layer  1400 C. 
     It is understood that  FIGS.  14 A and  14 C  show an exemplary representation of electrodes, routing and bridges, but that other arrangements of the electrodes, routing and bridges can be implemented. It is also understood that for simplicity of illustration some bridges between conductive segments may not be shown (e.g., conductive segment  1402 A_ 1 , conductive  1402 A_ 3  and/or conductive segment  1402 A_ 11  may extend beyond and be connected at the bottom edge(s) of conductive segment  1404 A_ 1 , including by one or more bridges over routing traces, such as over routing trace  1405 A_ 2 ). Although  FIGS.  14 A and  14 C  illustrate two vertical routing traces for complimentary drive signals per column of column electrodes and two vertical routing traces per row of row electrodes (e.g., two vertical routing traces per pair of row electrode), it should be understood that different numbers of vertical routing traces for rows and/or columns is possible. It should be understood that although touch sensor panel of  FIGS.  14 A and  14 C  includes a 3×3 array of nine dominant capacitance values (e.g., corresponding to nine effective touch nodes), that the touch sensor panel can be scaled up or down to include fewer or more touch nodes. 
       FIGS.  15 A- 15 B  illustrate partial views  1500  and  1550  of a region  1450  of the two-layer configuration of  FIGS.  14 A- 14 C  including two touch electrode segments  1552 A- 1552 B and a routing trace  1158  in the first layer (e.g., metal 2 layer) and a bridge  1554  and optionally stacked routing trace segments  1556 A- 1556 B in the second layer (metal 1 layer) according to examples of the disclosure. Partial view  1500  corresponds to the two-layer configuration of  FIGS.  14 A and  14 B , whereas partial view  1550  corresponds to the two-layer configuration of  FIGS.  14 A and  14 C . Although not shown the first and second layers can be separated by an insulating layer (e.g., a dielectric layer). The electrodes, routing, and bridges in  FIGS.  15 A- 15 B  are shown as a mesh representative of a metal mesh implementation of the electrodes. As described herein, one end of bridge  1554  can be coupled to touch electrode segments  1552 A (e.g., using a via through an intermediate dielectric layer separating the first and second layers) and a second end of bridge  1554  can be coupled to touch electrode segment  1552 B (e.g., using a via through an intermediate dielectric layer separating the first and second layers). Stacked routing trace segments  1556 A- 1556 B in partial view  1550  (but not shown in partial view  1500  or in corresponding  FIG.  14 B ) can each be coupled to routing trace  1558  (e.g., using vias through the intermediate dielectric layer). 
       FIG.  16    illustrates a partial view  1650  of the two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments  1652 A- 1652 D in the first layer and the second layer (including a bridging portion  1654 ), a routing trace  1658  in the first layer and stacked routing trace segments  1656 A- 1656 B in the second layer according to examples of the disclosure. Stacking the routing traces and stacking the touch electrodes can increase the bandwidth of the touch sensor panel compared with the two-layer configuration of  FIGS.  14 A- 14 B  without the stacked routing traces and without stacked electrodes and compared with the two-layer configuration of  FIGS.  14 A and  15 A  without the stacked touch electrodes. For example, in addition to reducing the resistance of the routing traces, the stacked touch electrodes can increase the capacitive signal coupling.  FIG.  16    includes a partial view of for ease of illustration, but it is understood that stacked touch electrodes and stacked routing traces can be implemented throughout a touch sensor panel as described herein. Additionally, the stacked touch electrodes of  FIG.  16    provide flexibility for placement of the via between touch electrode segments of the two layers in comparison to the configurations of  FIGS.  14 A- 15 B . For example, in  FIG.  14 B  and  FIG.  15 B , the opposite ends of each bridge can be connected using two vias (e.g., one via per end) to interconnect the two segments using the bridge. However, as shown in  FIG.  16   , the stacked touch electrode including touch electrode segments  1652 C- 1652 D and bridging portion  1654  are interconnected in the second layer, and can be interconnected with the touch electrode segments  1652 A- 1652 B at any overlapping region between the touch electrode segments between the two layers. 
     Stacking routing and/or touch electrodes as described herein can result in reduced optical performance (e.g., visibility of the metal mesh) for a device. In particular, misalignment between metal mesh between the first layer and the second layer can increase the visibility of metal mesh to a user.  FIGS.  17 A- 17 D  illustrate cross-sectional views  1700 ,  1710 ,  1720  and  1730  of a portion of example two-layer configurations according to examples of the disclosure.  FIGS.  17 A- 17 B  illustrate cross-sectional views of a portion of the two-layer configuration with metal mesh  1702 / 1702 ′ in the first layer disposed on an inter-layer dielectric (ILD)  1704 , which can be disposed on metal mesh  1706  in the second layer. The metal mesh can correspond to routing trace segments in the first and second layers corresponding to stacked routing. The metal mesh in the first layer the in the second layer can have equal widths (e.g., the trapezoid representing the metal mesh trace can have the same base width). In  FIG.  17 A , the metal mesh  1702  in the first layer and the metal mesh  1706  in the second layer can be aligned such that metal mesh  1706  in the second layer may not be visible to a user looking down at the top of the first layer. However, as shown in  FIG.  17 B , when the metal mesh  1702 ′ in the first layer is not aligned with the metal mesh  1706  in the second layer (e.g., due to manufacturing limitations), metal mesh  1706  in the second layer can be visible to a user looking down at the top of the first layer. 
     In some examples, increasing the width of metal mesh in the first layer and/or shrinking the width of the metal mesh in the second layer can improve the optical performance by ensuring that the metal mesh in the first layer overlaps the metal mesh in the second layer.  FIGS.  17 C- 17 D  illustrate cross-sectional views of to portion of the two-layer configuration with metal mesh  1712 / 1712 ′ in the first layer disposed on an inter-layer dielectric (ILD)  1704 , which can be disposed on metal mesh  1706  in the second layer. The metal mesh can correspond to routing trace segments in the first and second layers corresponding to stacked routing. The metal mesh in the first layer the in the second layer can have unequal widths. In particular, the metal mesh  1712 / 1712 ′ in the first layer (“TM2”) can be wider than the metal mesh in the second layer (“TM1”) to improve optical performance of the touch sensor panel. As shown in  FIGS.  17 C- 17 D , whether the metal mesh  1712  in the first layer aligns (e.g., is centered) with the metal mesh  1706  in the second layer or whether the metal mesh  1712 ′ is offset (off-center) from that metal mesh  1706  in the second layer, metal mesh  1706  may not be visible to a user looking down at the top of the first layer, thereby reducing the visibility of the metal mesh overall. 
     In some examples, the visibility improvement can be achieved by increasing the width of the metal mesh  1712 / 1712 ′ compared with the width of metal mesh  1702 / 1702 ′. In some examples, the visibility improvement can be achieved by decreasing the width of the metal mesh  1706  shown in  FIGS.  17 C- 17 D  compared with the width of metal mesh  1706  shown in  FIGS.  17 A- 17 B . In some examples, the visibility improvement can be achieved by increasing the width of the metal mesh  1712 / 1712 ′ compared with the width of metal mesh  1702 / 1702 ′ and decreasing the width of the metal mesh  1706  shown in  FIGS.  17 C- 17 D  compared with the width of metal mesh  1706  shown in  FIGS.  17 A- 17 B . For example, metal mesh  1702  and metal mesh  1706  can be 4 microns wide each in  FIG.  17 A , but metal mesh  1712  and metal mesh  1706  can be 5 microns and 3 microns wide, respectively. 
     In some examples, optical performance of a touch sensor panel can be improved by implementing a touch electrode partially in two layers rather than fully stacking the touch electrodes (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  16   ).  FIG.  18    illustrates a portion of a two-layer configuration including a configuration  1800  of a touch electrode implemented partially in a first layer and partially in a second layer according to examples of the disclosure. For example, metal mesh  1802 A can be implemented in a first layer and metal mesh  1802 B can be implemented in a second layer. Referring back to  FIG.  16   , touch electrode segments  1652 A and  1652 C overlap and touch electrode segments  1652 B and  1652 D overlap. As a result, in order to reduce optical artifacts, the alignment of the metal mesh traces (e.g., described in  FIG.  17 A ) must be maximized across relatively large area of the touch electrode. For example,  FIG.  16    shows the horizontal and/or vertical portions of the metal mesh in parallel between the two layers. In contrast, in configuration  1800  of  FIG.  18   , the metal mesh  1802 A can be implemented in a first layer and the metal mesh  1802 B can be implemented in a second layer such that the overlap between the two layers is reduced. Furthermore, as shown in  FIG.  18   , when the metal mesh  1802 A in the first layer and the metal mesh  1802 B in the second layer overlap, the overlapping point is a non-parallel intersection (e.g., orthogonal crossing). For example, crossing point  1804  can represent a square or rectangular overlapping area at which the metal mesh  1802 A and metal mesh  1802 B overlap. This same square or rectangular overlapping area can appear at each crossing point shown in  FIG.  18   . As a result, the appearance of the metal mesh between the first and second layers can have relatively uniform appearance across the touch sensor panel (e.g., uniform area at crossing points and uniform width outside of the crossing points). 
     As with  FIG.  16   , the configuration  1800  of  FIG.  18    also provides flexibility in terms of placement of vias (e.g., not limited to bridges as in the configurations of  FIGS.  14 A- 15 B ). However, it should be understood that the bandwidth improvement from the configuration of  FIG.  18    is relatively less than the bandwidth improvement from the configuration of  FIG.  16    (e.g., because there is less metal mesh used to implement the touch electrode across the two layers), whereas the optical performance of the configuration of  FIG.  18    may be greater than the optical performance of the configuration of  FIG.  16   . 
     As described herein (e.g., with respect to  FIG.  11 A- 11 D ), in some examples, the routing traces for a row to a (differential) sense amplifier can impact cross-talk between adjacent rows within a column. In some examples, the cross-talk can be mitigated using differential routing traces as described with reference to  FIG.  11 D , for example, when performing differential measurements. However, some touch sensor panel operations may not include differential measurements. For example, a self-capacitance scan—in which the touch electrodes can be stimulated with the same phase drive signal simultaneously—or a stylus scan may not be performed differentially. In some examples, the cross-talk can be reduced by burying the routing trace (e.g., rather than stacking the routing trace as described with reference to  FIG.  15 A  or  FIG.  16   ). 
       FIG.  19 A  illustrates a partial view  1900  of a two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments  1952 A- 1952 D in the first layer and the second layer and stacked routing traces  1956 - 1958  in the first layer and the second layer according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  19 A  can correspond to  FIG.  16    at a region without a bridging portion  1654 .  FIG.  19 A  also illustrates a corresponding cross-sectional view of a portion of the two-layer configuration with metal mesh  1902  in the first layer disposed on an inter-layer dielectric (ILD)  1904 , which can be disposed on metal mesh  1906  in the second layer.  FIG.  19 B  illustrates a partial view  1910  of a two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments  1962 A- 1962 C in the first layer and the second layer and buried routing trace  1966  in the second layer according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  19 A  also illustrates a corresponding cross-sectional view of a portion of the two-layer configuration with metal mesh  1902  in the first layer disposed on an inter-layer dielectric (ILD)  1904 , which can be disposed on metal mesh  1906  in the second layer. Unlike  FIG.  19 A , in  FIG.  19 B , the buried routing trace  1966  can be shielded at least partially from cross-talk due to an object (e.g., a finger or stylus) in proximity to the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the cross-coupling can be reduced from approximately 10% of the full-scale touch signal to approximately 2% of the full-scale touch signal. 
     Although burying the routing trace can reduce cross-talk, the increase in metal mesh can also increase parallel plate capacitance between the first layer and the second layer, which can decrease the bandwidth of the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the increase in parallel plate capacitance can be mitigated by changing properties of the ILD.  FIG.  19 C  illustrates a partial view  1920  of a two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments  1972 A- 1972 C in the first layer and the second layer and buried routing trace  1976  in the second layer according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  19 C  also illustrates a corresponding cross-sectional view of a portion of the two-layer configuration with metal mesh  1902  in the first layer disposed on an inter-layer dielectric (ILD)  1904 ′, which can be disposed on metal mesh  1906  in the second layer. The metal mesh touch electrodes and routing traces of  FIG.  19 C  can be the same or similar to the touch electrodes and routing traces of  FIG.  19 B . However, the ILD can be modified to have a thickness T 2  in  FIG.  19 C  greater than the thickness T 1  in  FIG.  19 B  (and as shown the first and second layers in views  1920  are separated from one another more than the first and second layers in view  1910 ). In some examples, the thickness increase can be between 25%-500%. In some examples, the thickness increase can be between 100%-250%. In some examples, the thickness increase can be between 150%-200%. It should be understood that the above ranges are examples, and that thickness can be increased to achieve the desired bandwidth for the touch sensor panel. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the ILD can be modified to have a different dielectric constant in  FIG.  19 C  less than the dielectric constant of the ILD in  FIG.  19 B . In some examples, the dielectric constant of the ILD in  FIG.  19 C  can be between 25%-75% of the dielectric constant of the ILD in  FIG.  19 B . In some examples, the dielectric constant of the ILD in  FIG.  19 C  can be between 25%-50% of the dielectric constant of the ILD in  FIG.  19 B . It should be understood that the above ranges are examples, and that dielectric can be decreased to achieve the desired bandwidth for the touch sensor panel. In some examples, the dielectric constant can be lowered by using an organic material such as a photo-patternable ultraviolet-cured acrylic or other suitable material. 
     Because parallel plate capacitance is proportional to the dielectric constant and inversely proportional to the separation distance between the plates, increasing the ILD thickness or decreasing the dielectric constant of the ILD can reduce the parallel plate capacitance and improve the touch sensor panel bandwidth. 
     As described herein, the SNR of the touch sensor panel using metal mesh touch electrodes can be relatively low compared with a touch sensor panel using a transparent conductor such as indium tin oxide. Conceptually, the source of the signal loss can be that the non-solid structure of metal mesh (e.g., gaps) permit some exposure of device ground (e.g., display cathodes) such that only a portion of the signal is coupled to the metal mesh. In some examples, the signal loss can be between 30-70% depending on the size of the object in proximity to the touch sensor panel. In some examples, to boost SNR (e.g., boost touch signal), the metal mesh in the first layer can be flooded or otherwise filled with a transparent conductive material (e.g., ITO). 
       FIG.  20 A  illustrates a partial view  2000  of a two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments  2052 A- 2052 D in the first layer and the second layer and stacked routing traces  2056 - 2058  in the first layer and the second layer according to examples of the disclosure.  FIGS.  20 B- 20 C  illustrate examples of corresponding cross-sectional views of a portion of the two-layer configuration including an ITO flood according to examples of the disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  20 A  (and unlike  FIG.  19 A ), the metal mesh of touch electrode segments  2052 A- 2052 B and routing trace  2058  in the first layer can be filled (e.g., flooded) partially or fully with a transparent conductive material, such as ITO or any other suitable transparent or semi-transparent conductive material. The conductive material can fill the gaps in the metal mesh and boost the signal received at the touch electrodes (e.g., the signal is received by the ITO rather than passing through to ground electrodes within the device). In some examples, the metal mesh of the touch electrodes can have low resistance characteristics relative to the transparent conductor, so that the metal mesh can handle the conduction required for touch sensing. As a result, the requirements of the sheet resistance of the transparent conductor can be reduced. In some examples, a relaxed sheet resistance for the transparent conductor can allow for low-temperature deposition techniques to be used (e.g., low-temperature ITO deposition). 
     In some examples, as shown in  FIG.  20 B , the transparent conductor can be deposited on the metal mesh and be deposited directly on the metal mesh layer. For example,  FIG.  20 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of the two-layer configuration with metal mesh  2002  in the first metal mesh layer disposed on an inter-layer dielectric (ILD)  2004 , which can be disposed on metal mesh  2006  in the second metal mesh layer. ITO  2001  (or another suitable transparent conductor) can be deposited on the metal mesh  2002 . As described herein, connections between the first and second layers of metal mesh can be achieved using vias in the ILD. In some examples, as shown in  FIG.  20 C , the transparent conductor can be separated from the metal mesh layer by another ILD. For example,  FIG.  20 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of the two-layer configuration with metal mesh  2002  in the first metal mesh layer disposed on a first inter-layer dielectric (ILD)  2004 B, which can be disposed on metal mesh  2006  in the second metal mesh layer. A second ILD  2004 A can be deposited on the metal mesh  2002 , and the ITO  2001  (or another suitable transparent conductor) can be deposited on second ILD  2004 A. As described herein, connections between the first and second layers of metal mesh can be achieved using vias in the ILD. Additionally, the connections between the ITO  2001  and the metal mesh  2002  can be achieved using vias through the second ILD  2004 A. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, rather than burying the routing trace as described with reference to  FIG.  19 B- 19 C , cross-talk can be reduced by using a fill of a conductive material for selected portions of the metal mesh (e.g., a selective ITO fill).  FIG.  21    illustrates a partial view  2100  of a two-layer configuration including stacked touch electrode segments  2152 A- 2152 D in the first layer and the second layer and stacked routing traces  2156 - 2158  in the first layer and the second layer according to examples of the disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  21    (and unlike  FIG.  20 A ), the metal mesh of touch electrode segments  2152 A- 2152 B in the first layer can be filled (e.g., flooded) partially or fully with a transparent conductive material, such as ITO or any other suitable transparent or semi-transparent conductive material, without filling routing trace  2158  with the conductive material (e.g., using a mask to prevent filling). In some examples, the routing trace  2058  can also be filled, but the fill of conductive material can be etched away. The conductive material can fill the gaps in the metal mesh touch electrodes and boost the signal received at the touch electrodes (e.g., the signal is received by the ITO rather than passing through to ground electrodes within the device). However, the cross-talk coupling through the routing trace  2158  can be un-boosted (e.g., reduced to 4-6% of the full scale touch signal at touch electrodes  2152 A- 2152 B) without the fill for the routing trace  2158 . As a result, the cross-talk can be reduced using selective ITO flooding, without burying the routing trace as described with reference to  FIG.  19 B- 19 C . 
     It should be understood that although described separately, the various features described herein can be used in combination. For example, burying of the routing trace described with reference to  FIG.  19 B  can be combined with an improved ILD characteristic described with reference to  FIG.  19 C  and/or with an improved signal characteristic of ITO flooding described with reference to  FIGS.  20 A- 20 C . As another example, the routing techniques described with reference to  FIGS.  14 A- 21    can be applied to the touch sensor panels described with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 13 B . 
     As described herein, in some examples, noise from the display can couple to touch electrodes due at least in part to the proximity of the display to the touch electrodes of a touch sensor panel. In some examples, a shield layer or display-noise sensor can be disposed on a printed layer (e.g., an encapsulation layer) to reduce the noise from the display.  FIG.  22    illustrates an example touch screen stack-up  2200  including an encapsulation layer  2208  and optional dielectric layer  2214  for isolation according to examples of the disclosure. In some examples, various layers of stack-up  2200  can be formed using a shared manufacturing process. In such examples, components are manufactured and disposed onto their respective locations within stack-up  2200  in a serial fashion (e.g., without relying on discrete components that are manufactured at a prior time, and then transferred to a location within stack-up  2200 ). In some examples, components that are both manufactured and disposed onto their respective locations within stack-up  2200 , and not manufactured separately as discrete, or semi-discrete components, can be referred to as on-chip fabricated/manufactured components, or components fabricated using on-chip technologies for manufacturing. As discussed below, stack-up  2200  includes multiple such components that are fabricated using on-chip technologies for manufacturing, which offer several advantages over alternative “discrete” components that require being transferred to stack-up  2200 . 
     Stack-up  2200  can be built or fabricated upon substrate  2202 , in some examples. Substrate  2202  can be a printed circuit board substrate, a silicon substrate, or any other suitable base substrate material(s) for stack-up  2200 . Display components  2204  (e.g., corresponding to display components  508 ) can be formed over substrate  2202 , in some examples, and can include a plurality of display elements arranged in an array (e.g., in rows and columns). Each display element can comprise a display pixel, in some examples. A display pixel can correspond to light-emitting components capable of generating colored light, in some examples. Examples of display pixels can include a backlit Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD), or a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) display, including Organic LED (OLED), Active-Matrix Organic LED (AMOLED), and Passive-Matrix Organic LED (PMOLED) displays. In some examples, a display pixel can include a number of sub-pixels (e.g., one, two, three, or more sub-pixels). As an example, a display pixel can include a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, and a blue sub-pixel, where the various sub-pixels have respective dimensions relative to each other, and relative to the dimensions of the entire display pixel. In some examples, red, green, and blue sub-pixels can have approximately, or substantially similar dimensions to one another (e.g., the sub-pixels are all within a 5% range of a target dimension or area for the sub-pixels). In other examples, a blue sub-pixel can occupy approximately 50% of the area of a display pixel, with red and green sub-pixels occupying the remaining 50% of the area (e.g., each occupying 25% of the display pixel area). In some examples, display components  2204  are formed over the entirety of substrate  2202 . In other examples, display components  2204  are formed over portions of substrate  2202  (e.g., some portions of substrate  2202  do not have display components  2204  formed over them). 
     Passivation layer  2206  can be formed over display components  2204 , in some examples. In some such examples, passivation layer  2206  can be in direct contact with display components  2204 . Similar to layers  507  and  517  described in connection with  FIG.  5   , passivation layer  2206  can planarize the surface of display components  2204  and can provide electrical isolation to display components  2204  (e.g., isolation from components in other layers formed above passivation layer  2206 ). In some examples, passivation layer  2206  is formed after all of the display sub-pixels and pixels (e.g., of display components  2204 ) have been fabricated or formed over substrate  2202 . In some examples, passivation layer  2206  is formed over the entirety of display components  2204 . In some examples, additional passivation layers similar to passivation layer  2206  can be formed over any of the layers of stack-up  2200  whose manufacture can result in an uneven surface (e.g., a surface that is difficult to form additional layers over). In some examples, an additional passivation layer similar to passivation layer  2206  can be provided over first encapsulation layer  2208  such that it directly contacts the first encapsulation layer, and/or provided over second encapsulation layer  2212  such that it directly contacts the second encapsulation layer. In some such examples, forming a passivation layer over the first encapsulation layer and/or the second encapsulation layer can improve the accuracy and manufacturability of components/layers in stack-up  2200  formed above those layers. 
     A first encapsulation layer  2208  can be formed over passivation layer  2206 , in some examples. In some such examples, first encapsulation layer  2208  can be in direct contact with passivation layer  2206 . First encapsulation layer  2208  can be referred to as a “printed layer,” when it is deposited over/onto passivation layer  2206  using a printing or deposition technique, in some examples. First encapsulation layer  2208  can be deposited onto passivation layer  2206  using an ink-jet printing technique, in some examples. Ink-jet printing techniques can cause layers to be selectively deposited (e.g., deposited over a portion of an underlying layer), or globally/blanket deposited (e.g., deposited over an entirety of the underlying layer), in some examples. In some examples, first encapsulation layer  2208  can be ink-jet printed selectively over regions of passivation layer  2206  under which display components  2204  are formed. In other examples, first encapsulation layer  2208  can be ink-jet printed over the entirety of passivation layer  2206  (e.g., a blanket deposition). First encapsulation layer  2208  can be an optically transmissive or transparent layer, through which light emitted from display components  2204  can pass. In some examples, a thickness of first encapsulation layer  2208  is less than a threshold thickness (e.g., 10 microns or less, 12 microns or less, or 14 microns or less, etc.). 
     A display-noise shield/sensor  2210  can be formed over the first encapsulation layer  2208 , in some examples. In some such examples, a layer of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  can be in direct contact with first encapsulation layer  2208 . During a manufacturing process of stack-up  2200 , display-noise shield/sensor  2210  is manufactured over first encapsulation layer  2208  after layer  2208  has been ink-jet printed over passivation layer  2206 . As discussed with respect to later drawings related to display-noise shield/sensor  2210 , the shield/sensor can be formed from one or more metal layers, which can be directly formed and/or deposited over the first encapsulation layer  2208 . Providing a display-noise shield/sensor  2210  in this way can sometimes be referred to herein as “manufacture by on-cell process,” or an in situ manufacturing technique. The process of manufacturing display-noise shield/sensor using an on-cell process provides numerous advantages over alternative techniques, where a discrete, or semi-discrete component manufactured using a different process (e.g., at a different time, location, using different manufacturing equipment, etc.) from the process used to manufacture the prior layers (e.g., substrate  2202 , display components  2204 , passivation layer  2206 , and first encapsulation layer  2208 ). In some examples, these advantages include the elimination of alignment and lamination steps associated with aligning the (semi-)discrete component associated with a display-noise shield/sensor to the already-manufactured layers  2202 - 2208  and using a laminate or adhesive to affix the component associated with the display-noise shield/sensor to the already-manufactured layers  2202 - 2208 . These advantages of manufacturing display-noise shield/sensor using an on-cell process contribute to lower yield losses of the overall stack-up  2200 , relative to alternative processes. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the thickness of the touch sensor panel can be reduced using the on-cell process compared with a discrete touch sensor laminated to the display, thereby reducing the overall thickness of the touch screen. 
     Display-noise shield/sensor  2210  can be either a shield and/or a sensor, depending on the implementation. Whether display-noise shield/sensor  2210  is a shield or a sensor, shield/sensor  2210  can be manufactured over first encapsulation layer  2208 . As described above, layer  2208  can sometimes be selectively ink-jet printed onto portions of passivation layer  2206  under which display components  2204  are formed, in some examples. In such examples, display-noise shield/sensor  2210  is formed only on those selectively ink-jet printed portions of first encapsulation layer  2208 . In some examples, where display-noise shield/sensor  2210  is a shield, the shield can include a single conductive layer (e.g., ITO layer, metal layer) or metal mesh layer. In some examples, the shield layer can be flooded with conductive material(s) (e.g., ITO, metal). In some examples, the shield layer can include with a global mesh pattern such that the footprint of the display-noise shield/sensor  2210  can be occupied by an electrically connected conductive metal mesh. In some examples, the shield layer can include a combination of the metal mesh flooded with a conductive material. The conductive materials can help mitigate noise signals generated by display components  2204  from interfering with components formed above display-noise shield/sensor  2210  in stack-up  2200 . In some examples, a shield layer including a metal mesh in combination with a flood of conductive material can provide improved isolation compared with metal mesh alone and reduced resistivity compared with a flood of conductive material alone. In such examples, patches of the flood of conductive material can be disposed between the metal mesh, resulting in the layer associated with shield/sensor  2210  sometimes referred to as a layer with alternating metal mesh and conductive material portions (e.g., where the conductive material portions are formed or positioned between gaps in the metal mesh). In such examples, this combination can be formed by first forming a metal mesh layer (e.g., by depositing and/or patterning a first conductive material according to a mesh pattern), and then forming a flood of conductive material between the mesh pattern of the metal mesh layer (e.g., by depositing and/or patterning a second conductive material according to a patch pattern, aligned to the mesh pattern, where paths of material of the mesh pattern are aligned with open paths of the patch pattern). One alternative process to forming the combination can be first forming a flood of conductive material in patches (e.g., by depositing and/or patterning a second conductive material according to a patch pattern), and then forming a metal mesh pattern in spaces between the patches (e.g., by depositing and/or patterning a first conductive material according to a mesh pattern, aligned to the patch pattern, where patches of material of the patch pattern are aligned with open sections of the mesh pattern). Another alternative process to forming the combination can be forming the flood of conductive material as a solid layer first (e.g., directly over first encapsulation layer  2208 ), and then subsequently forming a metal mesh pattern over the solid layer of the conductive material. 
     When the shield layer is formed using two conductive materials in this way (e.g., a first material for the mesh pattern, and a second material for the patch pattern), a first conductive material for the mesh pattern can be different from a second conductive material for the patch pattern. As an example, the first conductive material for the mesh pattern can be aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), or any other suitable conductive material for forming a metal mesh in shield layer  2210 . As another example, the material for the mesh pattern can be a combination of conductive materials deposited as multiple layers, such as a layer of titanium (Ti), onto which a layer of aluminum (Al) is deposited, onto which a layer of titanium (Ti) is deposited). In some such examples, the mesh pattern formed of layers of titanium, aluminum, and titanium can be above the second conductive material, or below the second conductive material. As an example, the second conductive material for the optional patch pattern can be ITO, silver (Ag) nanowire, or any other suitable transparent (or effectively transparent) conductive material for forming patches that can be formed above, below, or between the metal mesh in shield/sensor  2210  layer. Accordingly, in some examples, the layer associated with shield/sensor  2210  can be referred to as a metal mesh layer with patches of ITO, silver, or any other suitable conductive material for forming patches. 
     In some examples, instead of a contiguous conductive layer (or metal mesh pattern, or a combination of the two) spanning an entirety of the footprint of display-noise shield/sensor  2210 , a number of conductive segments can be electrically coupled (e.g., using the same metal or a different metal) to form the shield layer. In such examples, the segments can be aligned to sub-pixel elements of display components  2204 . 
     In examples where display-noise shield/sensor  2210  is a sensor, the sensor can include multiple metal layers or metal mesh layers. Conductive segments with some correspondence to row and column touch electrodes (e.g., of touch sensor  2216 ) can be formed in one of the metal (mesh) layers of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  to form a sensor (e.g., electrodes of the sensor). In some examples, a contiguous column electrode can be formed in a first metal (mesh) layer of display-noise shield/sensor  2210 , with non-contiguous row electrodes also formed in the first metal (mesh) layer. A second metal (mesh) layer can include bridges that connect the non-contiguous row electrodes in the first metal (mesh) layer, in some examples. In some examples, conductive segments within the metal (mesh) layers of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  can have a one-to-one correspondence to row and column touch electrodes of touch sensor  2216  (e.g., each conductive patch of display-noise sensor  2210  has a single corresponding touch electrode of touch sensor  2216  such that the patterning of the electrodes of the display-noise sensor and the touch electrodes of the touch sensor  2216  are the same). In some examples, conductive segments within the metal (mesh) layers of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  can have a size based on respective sizes of row and column touch electrodes of touch sensor  2216  (e.g., each conductive patch of display-noise sensor  2210  has the same or a proportional size to a corresponding touch electrode of touch sensor  2216 ). In examples where conductive segments within the metal (mesh) layers of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  are smaller than corresponding row and column touch electrodes of touch sensor  2216 , conductive segments within layers of sensor  2210  can be centered about a center-point of a corresponding touch electrode of touch sensor  2216 . In some examples, conductive segments within the metal (mesh) layers of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  are aligned to sub-pixel elements of display components  2204  and/or touch electrode of touch sensor  2216 . 
     Second encapsulation layer  2212  can be formed over display-noise shield/sensor  2210 , in some examples. In some such examples, second encapsulation layer  2212  can be in direct contact with a layer of display-noise shield/sensor  2210 . Similar to first encapsulation layer  2208 , second encapsulation layer  2212  can be printed using selective printing, or blanket printing. Second encapsulation layer  2212  can be referred to as a “printed layer,” when it is deposited over/onto display-noise shield/sensor  2210  using a printing or deposition technique, in some examples. Second encapsulation layer  2212  can be deposited over/onto display-noise shield/sensor  2210  using an ink-jet printing technique, in some examples. Ink-jet printing techniques can cause layers to be selectively deposited (e.g., deposited over a portion of an underlying layer), or globally/blanket deposited (e.g., deposited over an entirety of the underlying layer), in some examples. In some examples, second encapsulation layer  2212  can be ink-jet printed selectively over regions of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  under which display components  2204  are formed. In other examples, second encapsulation layer  2212  can be ink-jet printed over the entirety of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  (e.g., a blanket deposition). Second encapsulation layer  2212  can be an optically transmissive or transparent layer, through which light emitted from display components  2204  can pass. In some examples, a thickness of second encapsulation layer  2212  is less than a threshold thickness (e.g., 10 microns or less, 12 microns or less, 14 microns or less, etc.). 
     Dielectric layer  2214  can optionally be formed over second encapsulation layer  2212  as an isolation layer to isolate display-noise shield/sensor  2210  from touch sensor  2216 . In some examples, if one or more metal layers of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  is flooded or provided with a global metal mesh, a high parasitic capacitance can develop between row/column electrodes of touch sensor  2216  and display-noise shield/sensor  2210 . In such examples, this high capacitance (referred to as C M2_M4  in the context of  FIG.  29   ), can result in reduced bandwidth for touch signal sensing by touch sensor  2216 . In some examples, a thickness of dielectric layer  2214  is less than a threshold thickness (e.g., 3 microns or less, 5 microns or less, 7 microns or less, etc.). 
     Touch sensor  2216  can be formed over second encapsulation layer  2212  and/or dielectric layer  2214  (e.g., when dielectric layer  2214  is included in stack-up  2200 ). Touch sensor  2216  can have metal patterns that are aligned to display components  2204  (and to display-noise shield/sensor  2210 ) so that the metal patterns of touch sensor  2216  do not interfere with, or obstruct light emitted by display components  2204 . In some examples, touch sensor  2216  can be manufactured using an on-cell process over second encapsulation layer  2212  and/or dielectric layer  2214 . In other examples, touch sensor  2216  can be manufactured separately (e.g., at a prior time to manufacturing stack-up  2200 ) as a discrete or semi-discrete component, and can subsequently be transferred to its position within stack-up  2200  after the manufacture of preceding layers (e.g., layers  2202 - 2214 ). In some examples, 
     Polarization layer  2218  can be formed over touch sensor  2216 , and can include a material that selectively filters light so that only a certain polarization of light can be transmitted through the material. In some examples, a thickness of polarization layer  2218  can be between 10 and 150 microns, or between 30 and 80 microns in other examples. In some examples, a thickness of polarization layer  2218  is less than a threshold thickness (e.g., 50 microns or less, 100 microns or less, etc.). 
     Adhesive layer  2220  can be formed over polarization layer, and can include an optically clear/transparent material that allows light to be transmitted through it. In some examples, a thickness of adhesive layer  2220  can be between 10 and 80 microns, or between 35 and 55 microns in other examples. In some examples, a thickness of adhesive layer  2220  is less than a threshold thickness (e.g., 30 microns or less, 50 microns or less, 70 microns or less, etc.). 
     Cover layer  2222  can be formed over adhesive layer  2220 , and can include a glass or crystal layer. In some examples, a thickness of cover layer  2222  can be between 60 and 120 microns, or between 75 and 105 microns in other examples. In some examples a thickness of cover layer  2222  is less than a threshold thickness (e.g., 75 microns or less, 95 microns or less, 115 microns or less, etc.). 
       FIG.  23    illustrates example layers of a display-noise sensor  2210 A formed on a printed layer of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. As described in connection with the general display-noise sensor  2210  of  FIG.  22   , display-noise sensor  2210 A can be formed on first encapsulation layer  2208 . In some examples, first encapsulation layer  2208  is deposited using ink-jet printing and forms a substantially flat surface upon which metal layer(s) can be formed (e.g., points on the surface of first encapsulation layer  2208  are all within a 5% range of a target level height for the first encapsulation layer within stack-up  2200 ). 
     First metal layer  2302  can be formed over the first encapsulation layer  2208 . In some examples, display-noise sensor  2210 A can be formed using an on-cell manufacturing technique (e.g., by forming sensor  2210 A directly on first encapsulation layer  2208  as part of the same manufacturing process). Forming a display-noise sensor can require forming multiple metal layers separated by an interlayer dielectric layer between them and connected by vias through the interlayer dielectric layer, in some examples (e.g., metal layers  2302  and  2306  separated by interlayer dielectric layer  2304  of  FIG.  23   ). 
     In some examples, the on-cell manufactured display-noise sensor  2210 A can be formed by first forming a first metal layer  2302  over the first encapsulation layer  2208 , followed by forming an interlayer dielectric layer  2304 , and finally forming a second metal layer  2306 . In some examples, a thickness of first metal layer  2302  can be between 0.4 and 1 micron, or between 0.5 and 0.9 microns in other examples. In some examples, a thickness of first metal layer  2302  can be less than a threshold thickness (e.g., 0.4 microns or less, 0.6 microns or less, 0.8 microns or less, etc.). In some examples, a thickness of interlayer dielectric layer  2304  can be between 1 and 2.2 microns, or between 1.3 and 1.9 microns. In some examples, a thickness of interlayer dielectric layer  2304  can be less than a threshold thickness (e.g., 1.4 microns or less, 1.6 microns or less, 1.8 microns or less, etc.). In some examples, a thickness of second metal layer  2306  can be between 0.4 and 1 micron, or between 0.5 and 0.9 microns in other examples. In some examples, a thickness of second metal layer  2306  can be less than a threshold thickness (0.4 microns or less, 0.6 microns or less, 0.8 microns or less, etc.). 
     In some examples, the first and second metal layers  2302  and  2306  can be used to form row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes of display-noise sensor  2210 A, corresponding to row and column touch electrodes of touch sensor  2216 . As an example, row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes in first and second metal layers  2302  and  2306  can form a mutual-capacitance type touch sensor, or a self-capacitance type touch sensor. In such examples, interlayer dielectric layer  2304  between the two metal layers  2302 / 2306  can be patterned with vias, to allow interconnection between at least one portion of one metal layer with at least one portion of the other metal layer. As an example, row noise-sensor electrodes can be formed in first metal layer  2302 , and column noise-sensor electrodes can be formed in second metal layer  2306 . Alternatively, column noise-sensor electrodes can be formed in first metal layer  2302 , and row noise-sensor electrodes can be formed in second metal layer  2306 . As another example, both row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes can be formed in first metal layer  2302 , and second metal layer  2306  can be used to form conductive bridges to connect any discontinuous noise sensor electrodes in the first metal layer. Alternatively, both row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes can be formed in second metal layer  2506 , and first metal layer  2502  can be used to form conductive bridges to connect any discontinuous noise sensor electrodes in the second metal layer. In examples where both row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes are formed in a single metal layer of the first/second metal layers, the column noise-sensor electrodes may have a contiguous shape such as a solid bar (e.g., a contiguous metal mesh pattern), and the row noise-sensor electrodes may have a non-contiguous shape such as a plurality of segments (e.g., a stripe pattern of non-contiguous metal mesh segments, adjacent to one or more column electrodes). In such examples, dielectric layer  2304  can be patterned with vias, that allow for metal interconnections between the non-contiguous segments of row noise-sensor electrodes in one of the metal layers (e.g., first metal layer  2302 ), and conductive structures in the other metal layer (e.g., second metal layer  2306 ). In such examples, conductive structures in the other (e.g., second) metal layer can include conductive bridge structures, that extend at least the length of separation between non-contiguous row noise-sensor electrode segments in the metal layer containing the contiguous column noise-sensor electrodes and the non-contiguous row noise-sensor electrode segments (e.g., first metal layer). By way of the vias formed by patterning of interlayer dielectric layer  2304 , bridge structures in the other metal layer can electrically couple the non-contiguous row noise-sensor electrode segments, and allow the segments to function similar to a continuous row electrode along their length. 
       FIG.  24    illustrates an example display-noise shield formed on a printed layer of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. As described in connection with the general display-noise sensor  2210  of  FIG.  22   , display-noise shield  2210 B can be formed on first encapsulation layer  2208 . In some examples, first encapsulation layer  2208  is deposited using ink-jet printing, and forms a substantially flat surface upon which metal layers can be formed. 
     Metal layer  2402  can be formed over the first encapsulation layer  2208 . In some examples, display-noise shield  2210 B can be formed using an on-cell manufacturing technique (e.g., by forming shield  2210 B directly on first encapsulation layer  2208  as part of the same manufacturing process). Forming a display-noise shield can require forming a metal layer  2402  and including a dielectric shield within stack-up  2200  (e.g. dielectric layer  2214 ) to reduce parasitic capacitances with metal layer  2402 . 
     In some examples, the on-cell manufactured display-noise shield  2210 B can be formed by first forming a metal layer  2402  over the first encapsulation layer  2208 , followed by forming a second encapsulation layer  2212  over metal layer  2402 . In examples where metal layer  2402  is flooded or provided with a global metal mesh, a high parasitic capacitance can develop between row/column electrodes of touch sensor  2216  and display-noise shield/sensor  2210 . In such examples, this high capacitance (sometimes referred to as C M2_M4  in the context of  FIG.  29   ), can result in results in very low bandwidth for touch signal sensing by touch sensor  2216 . An optional dielectric layer  2214  can be provided above second encapsulation layer  2212  to isolate touch sensor  2216  from parasitic capacitances with metal layer  2402 . In some examples, a thickness of metal layer  2402  can be between 0.4 and 1 micron, or between 0.5 and 0.9 microns in other examples. In some examples, a thickness of metal layer  2402  can be less than a threshold thickness (0.4 microns or less, 0.6 microns or less, 0.8 microns or less, etc.). 
     Metal layer  2402  can be flooded with metal, or be filled with a global metal mesh pattern, such that the entire footprint of the display-noise shield/sensor  2210  can be occupied by a conductive metal (mesh), that can help mitigate noise signals generated by display components  2204  from interfering with components formed above display-noise shield/sensor  2210  in stack-up  2200 . In some examples, metal layer  2402  can be filled with a combination of a flood of conductive material and a metal mesh to provide improved insulation (e.g., compared with mesh alone) and reduced resistivity (compared to a flood of conductive material alone). In some such examples, patches of the flood of conductive material can be disposed between the metal mesh. Sometimes metal layer  2402  can be referred to as having alternating metal mesh and conductive material portions (e.g., where the conductive material portions are formed or positioned between gaps in the metal mesh). In some such examples, the combination can be formed by first forming a metal mesh layer (e.g., by depositing and/or patterning a first conductive material according to a mesh pattern) and then forming a flood of conductive material between the mesh pattern of the metal mesh layer (e.g., by depositing and/or patterning a second conductive material according to a patch pattern, aligned to the mesh pattern, where paths of material of the mesh pattern are aligned with open paths of the patch pattern). Alternatively, the order of material formation can be reversed (e.g., as described above in connection with display-noise shield/sensor  2210  of  FIG.  22   ). One alternative process to forming the combination can be first forming a flood of conductive material in patches, and then forming a metal mesh pattern in spaces between the patches. Another alternative process to forming the combination can be forming the flood of conductive material as a solid layer first, and then subsequently forming a metal mesh pattern over the solid layer of the conductive material. 
       FIG.  25    illustrates an example touch sensor of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. In some examples,  FIG.  25    can show a sub-stack  2500  of stack-up  2200  shown/described by  FIG.  22   . Specifically,  FIG.  25    can show a sub-stack  2500  corresponding to touch sensor  2216  of  FIG.  22   , when touch sensor  2216  is manufactured/formed according to an on-cell process, or is manufactured in situ, according to some examples. As described above in connection with the manufacture of display-noise shield/sensor  2210 , manufacturing touch sensor  2216  using an on-cell process provides similar advantages over alternative arrangements (e.g., arrangements where a discrete, or semi-discrete touch sensor manufactured using a different process is transferred to the manufacture process used to form layers  2202 - 2214  of  FIG.  22   ). In some examples, these advantages include the elimination of alignment and lamination/adhesion steps associated with aligning the (semi-)discrete touch sensor to the already-manufactured layers  2202 - 2214  and using a laminate or adhesive to affix the (semi-)discrete touch sensor to said already-manufactured layers  2202 - 2214 . These advantages of manufacturing the touch sensor using an on-cell process contribute to lower yield losses of the overall stack-up  2200 , relative to alternative processes. Moreover, by eliminating alignment steps necessitated by merging different manufacturing processes (e.g., when transferring a semi-discrete touch sensor to on-cell manufactured layers  2202 - 2214 ), touch accuracy associated with sensed signals of touch sensor  2216  can be improved. Because touch sensor  2216  is aligned by virtue of being manufactured using an on-cell process (sometimes referred to as being “process-aligned”), row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes of touch sensor  2216  can be substantially aligned with corresponding row noise-sensing electrodes and column noise-sensing electrodes of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  (e.g., row and column touch electrodes may overlay corresponding row and column noise-sensing electrodes within a 5% deviation from a target centered/aligned position within stack-up  2200 ). Additionally, touch sensor  2216  being process-aligned can improve or optimize the alignment of row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes of the touch sensor with pixels and/or sub-pixels of display components  2204 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  25   , touch sensor  2216  can be formed over dielectric layer  2214  and/or second encapsulation layer  2212 . As described in connection with stack-up  2200  of  FIG.  22   , second encapsulation layer  2212  can be deposited according to a blanket deposition process, or according to a selective deposition process (e.g., ink-jet printing). In some examples, depositing second encapsulation layer  2212  according to a blanket deposition process can result in a surface of the second encapsulation layer being planar (e.g., level, or even). In some examples, the layers of touch sensor  2216  can be formed directly on the planar surface of second encapsulation layer  2212 . In some examples, a dielectric layer  2214  may be formed over the second encapsulation layer  2212 . Dielectric layer  2214  can sometimes be called an “isolation dielectric layer” or even a “thick dielectric layer,” in reference to its separating touch sensor  2216  from display-noise shield/sensor  2210 , and from display components  2204  (e.g., components formed below touch sensor  2216 ). In some examples, dielectric layer  2214  can be called “thick” because of its thickness being relatively larger than the thickness of other dielectric layers (such as those of display-noise sensor  2210 A) in stack-up  2200  of  FIG.  22   . In some examples, a thickness of dielectric layer  2214  can be between 1 and 6 microns, or can be between 2 and 5 microns in other examples. In some examples, a thickness of dielectric layer  2214  can be less than a threshold thickness (e.g., 2 microns or less, 5 microns or less, 8 microns or less, etc.). Separating touch sensor  2216  from components formed below it (e.g., by the inclusion of dielectric layer  2214 ) reduces the impact of noise and/or interference from said components, and additionally reduces the parasitic capacitances between the touch sensor and said components, in some examples. 
     The on-cell manufactured touch sensor  2216  can be formed by first forming a first metal layer  2502  over the second encapsulation layer and/or dielectric layer  2214 , followed by forming an interlayer dielectric layer  2504 , and finally forming a second metal layer  2506 . In some examples, the first and second metal layers  2502  and  2506  can be used to form row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes of a touch sensor. As an example, row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes in first and second metal layers  2502  and  2506  can form a mutual-capacitance type touch sensor, or a self-capacitance type touch sensor. In such examples, interlayer dielectric layer  2504  between the two metal layers  2502 / 2506  can be patterned with vias, to allow interconnection between at least one portion of one metal layer with at least one portion of the other metal layer. As an example, row touch electrodes can be formed in first metal layer  2502 , and column touch electrodes can be formed in second metal layer  2506 . Alternatively, column touch electrodes can be formed in first metal layer  2502 , and row touch electrodes can be formed in second metal layer  2506 . As another example, both row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes can be formed in first metal layer  2502 , and second metal layer  2506  can be used to form conductive bridges to connect any discontinuous touch electrodes in the first metal layer. Alternatively, both row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes can be formed in second metal layer  2506 , and first metal layer  2502  can be used to form conductive bridges to connect any discontinuous touch electrodes in the second metal layer. In examples where both row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes are formed in a single metal layer of the first/second metal layers, the column electrodes may have a contiguous shape such as a solid bar (e.g., a contiguous metal mesh pattern), and the row electrodes may have a non-contiguous shape such as a plurality of segments (e.g., a stripe pattern of non-contiguous metal mesh segments, adjacent to one or more column electrodes). In such examples, dielectric layer  2504  can be patterned with vias, that allow for metal interconnections between the non-contiguous segments of row electrodes in one of the metal layers (e.g., first metal layer  2502 ), and conductive structures in the other metal layer (e.g., second metal layer  2506 ). In such examples, conductive structures in the other (e.g., second) metal layer can include conductive bridge structures, that extend at least the length of separation between non-contiguous row touch electrode segments in the metal layer containing the contiguous column touch electrodes and the non-contiguous row touch electrode segments (e.g., first metal layer). By way of the vias formed by patterning of interlayer dielectric layer  2504 , bridge structures in the other metal layer can electrically couple the non-contiguous row touch electrode segments, and allow the segments to function similar to a continuous row electrode along their length. In some examples, the touch sensor can be implemented according to the touch electrodes (and routing) patterns described with respect to  FIGS.  5 - 21   . 
       FIG.  26    illustrates an example transfer-type touch sensor of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. In some examples,  FIG.  26    can show a sub-stack  2600  of stack-up  2200  shown/described by  FIG.  22   . In contrast to the arrangement described above in connection with  FIG.  25   , touch sensor  2216  as illustrated by  FIG.  26    is not manufactured using on-cell processes. Instead, touch sensor  2216  of  FIG.  26    represents a discrete or semi-discrete component manufactured using a different process than the manufacturing process used to form layers  2202 - 2214  of  FIG.  22   . In other words, touch sensor  2216  represents a component that is manufactured at a different time, a different location, and/or using a different manufacturing process, relative to layers  2202 - 2214  of  FIG.  22    (e.g., the preceding layers of stack-up  2200 ). 
     Similar to the arrangement of  FIG.  25   , touch sensor  2216  of  FIG.  26    includes a first metal layer  2602 , an interlayer dielectric layer  2604 , and a second metal layer  2606 . These layers may be equivalent to corresponding layers  2502 ,  2504 , and  2506  of  FIG.  25   , except that the alignment from lamination may be reduced compared with the process-alignment with layers  2202 - 2214  of  FIG.  22    resulting from on-cell processes. Because touch sensor  2216  of  FIG.  26    is manufactured using a different process than preceding layers of a stack-up, the touch sensor can sometimes be referred to as a “transfer-type” touch sensor. With a transfer-type touch sensor, as illustrated by  FIG.  26   , some of the advantages of on-cell processes are not available, requiring careful alignment and lamination/adhesion steps to integrate touch sensor  2216  with layers  2202 - 2214  of stack-up  2200  of  FIG.  22   . These additional alignment and lamination/adhesion steps complicate the manufacture of stack-up  2200 , and are prone to error, in some examples. Examples of error in alignment can include mis-aligning touch sensor  2216  relative to display-noise shield/sensor  2210  and/or display components  2204 , such that rows and columns formed in the metal layers of touch sensor  2216  are not substantially aligned with corresponding structures in shield/sensor  2210  and/or display components  2204 . Such an error can reduce touch sensor accuracy, and/or result in additional yield loss. Examples of error in lamination/adhesion can include partial/incomplete, or insufficient adhesion of touch sensor  2216  to the remainder of stack-up  2200  (e.g., preceding layers  2202 - 2214 ). Specifically, transfer-type touch sensor  2216  of  FIG.  26    can be laminated/adhered to the remainder of stack-up  2200  by adhesive layer  2610 . However, partial and/or incomplete adhesion between adhesive layer  2610  and dielectric layer  2214  or second encapsulation layer  2212  can result in insufficient anchoring of touch sensor  2216  to stack-up  2200 . Insufficient anchoring of touch sensor  2216  to stack-up  2200  can result in future misalignment of touch sensor  2216  relative to stack-up  2200  (e.g., by movement of touch sensor  2216 ), or inconsistent performance of touch sensor  2216  during operation of a device containing stack-up  2200  (e.g., due to strain/force on touch sensor  2216  that causes it to move while the device is in use). Additionally, because touch sensor  2216  of  FIG.  26    is not formed using on-cell processes, but is instead manufactured using a different process, touch sensor substrate(s)  2608  may be included within stack-up  2200  of  FIG.  22   , and can correspond to a base substrate upon which the layers  2602 - 2606  are formed (e.g., during the separate manufacture of transfer-type touch sensor  2216 ). 
       FIG.  27    illustrates exemplary readout terminals of a touch sensor and a pixel-aligned display-noise sensor of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  27    illustrates a simplified stack-up relative to  2200  of  FIG.  22   , only illustrating display components  2204  (represented here as pixels in an array, each with multiple sub-pixels), a metal layer of display-noise sensor  2210 A (e.g., second metal layer  2306  of  FIG.  23   ), and a metal layer of touch sensor  2216  (e.g., second metal layer  2506  of  FIG.  25   , or  2606  of  FIG.  26   ). Starting from the bottom of the simplified stack-up, display components  2204  can be used to display text, images, videos, or other information to a user, and can do so by modifying signals input to the display to cause corresponding/desired changes to outputs of the display components  2204  themselves. When output values of pixels in display components  2204  change during normal operation of an electronic device, the changing pixel output values can generate associated noise signals that are usually localized to a vicinity of the display components  2204  that changed. 
     Display-noise sensor  2210 A is illustrated above display components  2204 , and can be formed over first encapsulation layer  2208 , as described above in connection with  FIGS.  22  and  23   .  FIG.  27    illustrates display-noise sensor  2210 A as a single metal layer, corresponding to embodiments in which both row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes are formed in a single metal layer (e.g., second metal layer  2306  of  FIG.  23   ). In such examples, another metal layer (e.g., first metal layer  2302 ) can be used to form interconnections between discontinuous row and/or column noise sensor electrode segments (e.g., in second metal layer  2306 ). However, this is merely illustrative, and display-noise sensor  2210 A can also have row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes formed in different respective metal layers. Row noise-sensor electrodes that extend in a first direction over corresponding segments of display components  2204  can be sensitive to electrical noise generated by changes to output values of underlaying display components  2204  along the first direction. A connection point of a row noise-sensor electrode of display-noise sensor  2210 A can be labeled by the terminal B 1 , and read out at a readout circuit (e.g.,  2900  of  FIG.  29   ). Similarly, column noise-sensor electrodes that extend in a second direction, different from the first direction, over corresponding segments of display components  2204  can be sensitive to electrical noise generated by changes to output values of underlaying display components  2204  along the second direction. A connection point of a column noise-sensor electrode of display-noise sensor  2210 A can be labeled by the terminal B 2 , and read out at a readout circuit. Metal used to form row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes in display-noise sensor  2210 A can be patterned to be substantially aligned with sub-pixel components of display components  2204 , such that metal in display-noise sensor  2210 A does not optically interfere with light transmitted from display components  2204  (e.g., pattern features of row and column noise-sensor electrodes may overlay corresponding sub-pixel display components within a 5% deviation from a target centered/aligned position within stack-up  2200 ). 
     Touch sensor  2216  is illustrated above display-noise sensor  2210 A (opposite side of the display-noise sensor from the display), and can be formed over dielectric layer  2214  and/or second encapsulation layer  2212 , as described above in connection with  FIGS.  22  and  25   . Touch sensor  2216  is illustrated as a single metal layer, corresponding to embodiments in which both row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes are formed in a single metal layer (e.g., second metal layer  2506  of  FIG.  25   ). In such examples, another metal layer (e.g., first metal layer  2502 ) can be used to form interconnections between discontinuous row and/or column touch electrode segments (e.g., in second metal layer  2506 ). However, this is merely illustrative, and touch sensor  2216  can also have row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes formed in different respective metal layers. Row touch electrodes that extend in a first direction over corresponding segments of display components  2204  can be sensitive to electrical noise generated by changes to output values of underlaying display components  2204  along the first direction. These row touch electrodes can also extend over a corresponding row noise-sensor electrode of display-noise sensor  2210 A. A connection point of a row touch electrode of touch sensor  2216  can be labeled by the terminal A 1 , and read out at a readout circuit in parallel with a corresponding signal from a row noise-sensor electrode labeled by the terminal B 1 . Similarly, column touch electrodes that extend in a second direction, different from the first direction, over corresponding segments of display components  2204  can be sensitive to electrical noise generated by changes to output values of underlaying display components  2204  along the second direction. These column touch electrodes can also extend over a corresponding column noise-sensor electrode of display-noise sensor  2210 A. A connection point of a column touch electrode of touch sensor  2216  can be labeled by the terminal A 2 , and read out at a readout circuit in parallel with a corresponding signal from a column noise-sensor electrode labeled by the terminal B 2 . Metal used to form row/column touch electrodes in touch sensor  2216  can be patterned to be substantially aligned with sub-pixel components of display components  2204 , such that metal in touch sensor  2216  does not optically interfere with light transmitted from display components  2204  (e.g., pattern features of row and column touch electrodes may overlay corresponding sub-pixel light-emitting display components within a 5% deviation from a target centered/aligned position within stack-up  2200 ). 
     Each row touch electrode of touch sensor  2216  can overlay a corresponding row noise-sensor electrode of display-noise sensor  2210 A, in some examples. Each corresponding pair of row touch electrode and row noise-sensor electrode can overlay a corresponding row of display pixels of display components  2204 , and can be sensitive to electrical noise generated by changes to output values of underlaying display components  2204 , in some examples. To mitigate the influence of electrical noise from the display components  2204 , display-noise signals from rows/columns of display-noise sensor  2210 A (e.g., signals read out from terminals B 1 /B 2 ) can be read out in parallel with corresponding touch detection signals from rows/columns of touch sensor  2216  (e.g., signals read out from terminals A 1 /A 2 ), by a readout circuit, in some examples. In some examples, the signals B 1 /B 2  read out from display-noise sensor  2210 A and the signals A 1 /A 2  read out from touch sensor  2216  can correspond to rows and/or columns of display-noise sensor  2210 A that are aligned, and overlapping with rows and/or columns of touch sensor  2216 . Reading out display-noise signals from B 1 /B 2  in parallel with touch detection signals from A 1 /A 2  allows a readout circuit to subtract display-noise signals from the touch detection signals, thereby generating noise-corrected touch detected signals with a mitigated contribution of display-noise signals to the touch detection signals. In some examples, such an arrangement can result in improved accuracy and repeatability in measuring touch input from a user based on the noise-corrected touch detection signals. 
     In some examples, particular rows and columns of display-noise sensor  2210 A can be combined into larger regions that partition the area over display components  2204  (or the area under touch sensor  2216 ). In such examples, particular rows and columns can be combined by “ganging,” or electrically connecting, outputs of the particular rows and columns so the larger region formed by the particular rows and columns in combination can be read out at a single time (or, at a single terminal). Alternatively, the particular rows and columns can be read out sequentially (or, at their respective terminals), and then combined, to produce an output corresponding to a noise signal at the larger region formed by the particular rows and columns in combination. When particular row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes of display-noise sensor  2210 A are combined into larger regions in this way, each region of display-noise sensor  2210 A can be sensitive to electrical noise generated by changes to output values of corresponding regions of display components  2204  below. In turn, the regions formed by combined row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes can be formed below corresponding regions of touch sensor  2216 . In such examples, signals read out from a particular region of display-noise sensor  2210 A can be read out in parallel with corresponding touch detection signals from rows/columns of touch sensor  2216  corresponding to signals within a corresponding region (e.g., a row touch electrode or column touch electrode above the particular region of display-noise sensor  2210 A). In some examples, these signals (e.g., from a region of display-noise sensor  2210 A, and a corresponding region of touch sensor  2216 ) can be read out by a common readout circuit (described below, in connection with  FIG.  29   ). Similar to the approach when a single row/column noise-sensor electrode and a single row/column touch electrode are read out by a common readout circuit, when first signals from a region of noise-sensor electrodes of display-noise sensor  2210 A and second signals from a corresponding region of touch sensor  2216  are read out, the first signals can be subtracted from the second signals to generate a readout value corresponding to the touch signals without the noise contribution/influence of display components  2204  (e.g., without display-noise). 
     This approach, of partitioning display-noise sensor  2210 A into larger regions that extend beyond a single row or a single column, can be extended to combine all the row noise-sensor electrodes and column noise-sensor electrodes of display-noise sensor  2210 A to generate a global readout, corresponding to a noise signal at the entire display-noise sensor  2210 A. Similar to the approach when a region of multiple row/column noise-sensor electrodes and a corresponding region of row/column touch electrode are read out by a common readout circuit, when first signals corresponding to the entire display-noise sensor  2210 A and second signals from any region of touch sensor  2216  are read out, the first signals can be subtracted from the second signals to generate a readout value corresponding to the touch signals without the noise contribution/influence of display components  2204  (e.g., without display-noise). 
       FIG.  28    illustrates exemplary readout terminals of a touch sensor and a display-noise shield of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  28    illustrates a simplified stack-up relative to  2200  of  FIG.  22   , only illustrating display components  2204  (represented here as pixels in an array, each with multiple sub-pixels), a metal layer of display-noise shield  2210 B (e.g., metal layer  2402  of  FIG.  24   ), and a metal layer of touch sensor  2216  (e.g., second metal layer  2506  of  FIG.  25   , or  2606  of  FIG.  26   ). Similar to the description above in connection with  FIG.  27   , when output values of pixels in display components  2204  change during normal operation of an electronic device, the changing pixel output values can generate associated noise signals that are usually localized to a vicinity of the display components  2204  that changed. 
     Display-noise shield  2210 B is illustrated above display components  2204 , and can be formed over first encapsulation layer  2208 , as described above in connection with  FIGS.  22  and  23   .  FIG.  28    illustrates display-noise shield  2210 B as a single metal layer, corresponding to embodiments in which a global mesh is formed across metal layer  2402  (of  FIG.  24   ), thereby covering an entirety of the display components  2204 . In some examples, the global mesh associated with display-noise shield  2210 B can be partitioned into non-contiguous shield segments. In such examples, multiple connection points corresponding to the multiple shield segments can be provided. However, in the example illustrated by  FIG.  28   , a connection point of the entire display-noise shield  2210 B can be labeled by the terminal C, and as illustrated by  FIG.  30   , the terminal C can be coupled to a ground voltage, thereby biasing the entire shield  2210 B at a fixed voltage level. Metal used to form display-noise shield electrode(s) of display-noise shield  2210 B can be patterned to be substantially aligned with sub-pixel components of display components  2204 , such that metal in display-noise shield  2210 B does not optically interfere with light transmitted from display components  2204  (e.g., pattern features of a display-noise shield may overlay corresponding sub-pixel display components within a 5% deviation from a target centered/aligned position within stack-up  2200 ). 
     Touch sensor  2216  is illustrated above display-noise shield  2210 B, and can be formed over dielectric layer  2214  and/or second encapsulation layer  2212 , as described above in connection with  FIGS.  22  and  25   . Due to the high capacitance between the global mesh of metal layer  2402  and touch sensor  2216 , sometimes an optional dielectric layer  2214  is provided between display-noise shield  2210 B and touch sensor  2216  in some examples. As mentioned above in connection with  FIG.  22   , including dielectric layer  2214  between display-noise shield  2210 B and touch sensor  2216  can improve isolation between those layers of stack-up  2200 , thereby improving touch sensing performance, accuracy, and repeatability. Touch sensor  2216  is illustrated as a single metal layer, corresponding to embodiments in which both row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes are formed in a single metal layer (e.g., second metal layer  2506  of  FIG.  25   ). Similar to  FIG.  27   , touch sensor  2216  is illustrated having row and column touch electrodes. A connection point of a row touch electrode of touch sensor  2216  can be labeled by the terminal A 1 , and read out at a readout circuit. A connection point of a column touch electrode of touch sensor  2216  can be labeled by the terminal A 2 , and read out at a readout circuit. Metal used to form row/column touch electrodes in touch sensor  2216  can be patterned to be substantially aligned with sub-pixel components of display components  2204 , such that metal in touch sensor  2216  does not optically interfere with light transmitted from display components  2204  (e.g., pattern features of row and column touch electrodes may overlay corresponding sub-pixel display components within a 5% deviation from a target centered/aligned position within stack-up  2200 ). 
     Each row touch electrode of touch sensor  2216  can overlay display-noise shield  2210 B, in some examples. As signals are read out from rows/columns of touch sensor  2216 , display-noise shield  2210 B can be actively biased to a particular voltage level during touch sensing operations of touch sensor  2216 , in some examples. In such examples, terminal C of display-noise shield  2210 B can receive one or more stimulation signals (e.g., a voltage that varies in time) during the touch sensing operations of touch sensor  2216 , or can be biased to a ground voltage (or, any other suitable fixed voltage level). In some examples, such an arrangement can result in improved accuracy and repeatability in measuring touch input from a user based on the noise-corrected touch detection signals, by applying one or more bias voltages to display-noise shield  2210 B at least during touch sensing operations of touch sensor  2216 , thereby shielding row/column touch electrodes of the touch sensor from electrical interference generated by display components  2204  (e.g., display-noise). 
       FIG.  29    illustrates exemplary readout circuitry for a touch sensor and a display-noise sensor of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. Readout circuit  2900  (also referred to herein as sensing circuitry) can represent an exemplary circuit schematic that models parasitic/undesired capacitances between components of stack-up  2200  of  FIG.  22    as well as terminal inputs corresponding to connection points for rows/columns of touch sensor  2216  (e.g., A 1 /A 2 ), and rows/columns of display-noise sensor  2210 A (e.g., B 1 /B 2 ). An overall function of readout circuit  2900  can be to output a voltage V OUT  proportional to a difference between a voltage at positive input  2904  and negative input  2902 . V OUT  is therefore proportional to a difference between a signal from connection points B 1 /B 2  corresponding to rows/columns of display-noise sensor  2210 A, and a signal from connection points A 1 /A 2  corresponding to rows/columns of touch sensor  2216 . V OUT  therefore represents a signal based on the positive input  2904  and negative input  2902 , that can be used to determine a value of the touch signal detected by touch sensor  2216  at connection points A 1 /A 2 , minus a noise signal detected by display-noise sensor  2210 A at connection points B 1 /B 2 . 
     As described above in connection with  FIGS.  27   , display-noise sensor  2210 A can sometimes be partitioned into regions by combining output values from particular row noise-sensor electrodes and/or column noise-sensor electrodes, in some examples. In other examples, display-noise sensor  2210 A can be used to generate a global readout that combines output values from all the row noise-sensor electrodes and all the column noise-sensor electrodes. Though not illustrated by  FIG.  29   , these signals can also be provided at positive input  2904 . 
     In some examples, readout circuit  2900  can perform similar functions to touch sensor circuits  300  and  350  of  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B . As described above, touch sensor circuits  300 / 350  can produce an output Vo corresponding to a single-ended readout of a row/column of touch sensor  2216  (e.g., a touch electrode signal readout), in some examples. Similarly, touch sensor circuits  300 / 350  can be coupled to rows/columns of display-noise sensor  2210 A to produce single-ended readouts of rows/columns of display-noise sensor  2210 A, in some examples. In such examples, an output from a touch sensor circuit  300 / 350  coupled to a row/column of display-noise sensor  2210 A can be subtracted from an output from a touch sensor circuit  300 / 350  coupled to a row/column of touch sensor  2216  to obtain a difference value comparable or proportional to the output voltage V OUT  of readout circuit  2900 . 
     A voltage source labeled V NOISE  (CATHODE) represents a noise contribution from display components  2204  to other components of stack-up  2200  of  FIG.  22   , in some examples. Capacitor C M2_C  represents a parasitic or unwanted capacitance between the cathode (e.g., display components  2204 ) and a metal layer called M2 (e.g., a metal layer corresponding to display-noise shield/sensor  2210 ). In examples where display-noise shield/sensor  2210  is display-noise sensor  2210 A, metal layer M2 can correspond to second metal layer  2306  of  FIG.  23   . In examples where display-noise shield/sensor  2210  is display-noise shield  2210 B, metal layer M2 can correspond to metal layer  2402  of  FIG.  24   . Positive input  2904  is connected to display-noise shield/sensor  2210 , and can therefore be subject to the C M2_C  capacitance (as illustrated by their connection in  FIG.  29   ). Capacitor C M4_C  represents a parasitic or unwanted capacitance between the cathode (e.g., display components  2204 ) and a metal layer called M4 (e.g., a metal layer corresponding to row/column electrodes of touch sensor  2216 ). In examples where row and column electrodes are formed in a single layer, closest to the user (e.g., closest to cover layer  2222  of  FIG.  22   ), metal layer M4 can correspond to second metal layer  2506 . Negative input  2902  is connected to touch sensor  2216 , and can therefore be subject to the C M4_C  capacitance (as illustrated by their connection in  FIG.  29   ). Capacitance C M4_M2  represents a parasitic or unwanted capacitance between metal layers M2 and M4, and is shown connected between positive input  2904  and negative input  2902  because it can subject the two layers those input can be connected to, in some examples. 
     Positive input  2904  is shown connected to differential amplifier  2906  via resistor R M2 , which can represent an inherent resistance associated with the metal layer called M2 described above. Alternatively, R M2  can represent an input resistor to a positive terminal of differential amplifier  2906 , and can have a particular, pre-defined value. Negative input  2902  is shown connected to differential amplifier  2906  via resistor R M4 , which can represent an inherent resistance associated with the metal layer called M4 described above. Alternatively, R M4  can represent an input resistor to a negative terminal of differential amplifier  2906 , and can have a particular, pre-defined value. R BIAS  can represent a resistor connecting a bias voltage V BIAS  to a positive terminal of differential amplifier  2906 , and R FB  can represent a feedback resistor connecting output voltage V OUT  to a negative terminal of differential amplifier  2906 , in some examples. 
       FIG.  30    illustrates an exemplary voltage bias for a display-noise shield of a touch screen stack-up according to examples of the disclosure. In some examples, connection point C, representing a connection to the global mesh of display-noise shield  2210 B, is grounded. Grounding display-noise shield  2210 B can mitigate noise, in some examples. Alternatively, display-noise shield  2210 B can be biased to any fixed, non-zero voltage, in some examples (e.g., also to mitigate noise). In some examples, display-noise shield  2210 B is only biased to a ground, or other fixed voltage during touch sensing operations of touch sensor  2216 . In some examples (not illustrated by  FIG.  30   ), display-noise shield  2210 B can be provided stimulation signals during touch sensing operations that correspond to, or are based on stimulation signals  216  of  FIG.  2   , provided to drive lines  222  through drive interface  224 . 
       FIG.  31    illustrates an example process  3100  for operating a touch screen stack-up with a touch sensor and a display-noise sensor between the touch sensor and display pixels according to examples of the disclosure. In some examples, process  3100  describes operations for operating a touch screen stack-up with a touch sensor and a display-noise shield between the touch sensor and the display pixels, as well. In some examples, process  3100  can describe operations for operating readout circuit  2900  of  FIG.  29   , whether the positive input  2904  is connected to a display-noise sensor electrode (e.g., inputs B 1 /B 2 ) or connected to a display-noise shield electrode (e.g., input C). 
     Process  3100  begins with readout circuitry (e.g.,  2900  of  FIG.  29   ) sampling signals from a touch sensor  2216  at a particular location (e.g., row and/or column), at  3102 . As an example,  3102  can describe sampling signals from touch sensor  2216 , particularly sampling a particular location of the touch sensor where a touch event can be detected (e.g., by touch controller  206 ). In such an example, a touch event can be detected at a particular row (e.g., row two) and a particular column (e.g., column three) of a display, and can correspond to a user interacting or selecting a user interface element displayed by display components  2204  at the particular row and the particular column. Signals read out via terminals A 1 /A 2  of  FIG.  27    can be sampled and/or read out at negative input  2902  of readout circuit  2900  of  FIG.  29   , at  3102  of process  3100 . 
     Process  3100  continues by the readout circuitry sampling signals from display-noise sensor at location corresponding to the particular location, at  3104 . As an example,  3104  can describe sampling signals from display-noise sensor  2210 A at the same particular location that the touch event was detected on the touch sensor. In such an example, display-noise sensor  2210 A can be sampled at the particular row (e.g., row two) and the particular column (e.g., column three) corresponding to the location within display-noise sensor  2210 A underneath the location of the detected touch event on touch sensor  2216 . Signals read out via terminal B 1 /B 2  of  FIG.  27    can be sampled and/or read out at positive input  2904  of readout circuit  2900  of  FIG.  29   , at  3104  of process  3100 . In some examples, signals read out via terminal C of  FIG.  28    can be sampled and/or read out at positive input  2904  of readout circuit  2900  of  FIG.  29   , at  3104  of process  3100 . In some examples, signals read out at positive input  2904  of readout circuit correspond to electrical noise signals based on display components  2204 , or changes in output values of display components  2204 . 
     Process  3100  concludes by the readout circuitry generating noise-adjusted touch readout signals, by subtracting display-noise sensor signals from touch sensor panel signals, at  3106 . As an example,  3106  can describe differential amplifier  2906  generating an output voltage V OUT  corresponding to a difference of a signal at the positive input  2904  and a signal at the negative input  2902 . As an example, \Tom′ can be proportional to the signal at the positive input  2904  minus (or, subtracted by) the signal at the negative input  2902 , which is in turn proportional to the signal at the negative input  2902  minus (or, subtracted by) the signal at the positive input  2904 . By determining the signal at the negative input  2902  minus the signal at the positive input  2904 , a noise-corrected touch readout signal can be generated, at least because the signal at positive input  2904  read out from display-noise sensor  2210 A can correspond to an electrical noise contribution at the particular location (e.g., where a touch event was detected). 
       FIG.  32    illustrates an example process  3200  for forming a touch screen stack-up with a display-noise shield/sensor formed on a first printed layer and a touch sensor formed on a second printed layer according to examples of the disclosure. In some examples, process  3200  describes operations for manufacturing first encapsulation layer  2208 , display-noise shield/sensor  2210 , second encapsulation layer  2212 , and touch sensor  2216  of stack-up  2200  of  FIG.  22   , using an on-cell manufacturing process. In some examples, on-cell manufacturing described in the process  3200  can be alternatively descried as manufacturing first encapsulation layer  2208 , display-noise shield/sensor  2210 , second encapsulation layer  2212 , and touch sensor  2216  in situ (e.g., in the same place), as display components  2204 . As described above in connection with  FIG.  22   , on-cell manufacturing processes can provide advantages over alternative techniques of using discrete, and semi-discrete components to form display-noise shield/sensor  2210  and/or touch sensor  2216 . In some examples, these advantages include the elimination of alignment and lamination steps associated with aligning the (semi-)discrete component associated with a display-noise shield/sensor to the already-manufactured layers  2202 - 2208  and using a laminate or adhesive to affix the component associated with the display-noise shield/sensor to the already-manufactured layers  2202 - 2208 . These advantages of manufacturing display-noise shield/sensor using an on-cell process contribute to lower yield losses of the overall stack-up  2200 , relative to alternative processes. 
     Process  3200  begins by printing a first encapsulation layer (e.g., layer  2208 ) over display components (e.g., display components  2204 ), at  3202 . As mentioned above in connection with stack-up  2200  of  FIG.  22   , first encapsulation layer  2208  can be formed on top of passivation layer  2206 , which covers an entirety of the light-emitting display pixels/elements of display components  2204 , and which sometimes covers portions of the layer for display components  2204  where no light-emitting display pixels/elements are formed. In some examples, printing first encapsulation layer  2208  involves selective deposition (e.g., by ink-jet printing methods) of the encapsulation layer material only over portions of passivation layer  2206  formed over light-emitting display pixels/elements of display components  2204 . In such examples, first encapsulation layer  2208  can be an optically transparent material that can be suitably deposited using selective deposition techniques (e.g., an ink-jet printing process). 
     Process  3200  continues by forming display-noise shield/sensor over printed first encapsulation layer, at  3204 . As described above in connection with  FIG.  22   , display-noise shield/sensor  2210  can either be a shield, or a sensor, in some examples. Forming a display-noise shield can require forming a metal layer over the first encapsulation printed at  3202 , in some examples (e.g., metal layer  2402  of  FIG.  24   ). Forming a display-noise sensor can require forming multiple metal layers separated by an interlayer dielectric layer between them, in some examples (e.g., metal layers  2302  and  2306  separated by interlayer dielectric layer  2304  of  FIG.  23   ). 
     Process  3200  continues by printing a second encapsulation layer over the display-noise shield/sensor, at  3206 . As described above in connection with  FIG.  22   , second encapsulation layer  2212  can be selectively or blanket deposited over display-noise shield/sensor  2210 . In some examples, second encapsulation layer  2212  can be deposited over an entirety of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  (e.g., blanket deposition), or over only a portion of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  (e.g., selective deposition). As an example, using blanket deposition, second encapsulation layer  2212  can be deposited over an entirety of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  (e.g., blanket deposition), such that the surface of the second encapsulation layer is substantially flat (e.g., points on the surface of second encapsulation layer  2212  are all within a 5% range of a target level height for the second encapsulation layer within stack-up  2200 ). As another example, using selective deposition, second encapsulation layer  2212  can be deposited over only a portion of display-noise shield/sensor  2210  such that the surface of the second encapsulation is uneven (e.g., at a height in deposition regions, and at a different height in non-deposition regions). 
     Process  3200  can conclude by forming a touch sensor over the printed second encapsulation layer, at  3208 . As detailed in the description of touch sensor  2216  in connection with  FIG.  22   , a thick dielectric layer  2214  can be formed over the second encapsulation layer  2212 , to improve isolation of touch sensor  2216  from display-noise shield/sensor  2210  (e.g., by reducing stray/parasitic capacitances between the two). In some examples, touch sensor  2216  can be formed over the thick dielectric layer  2214 . In other examples, touch sensor  2216  can be formed directly over second encapsulation layer  2212 . Touch sensor  2216  of  FIG.  22   , when formed over the printed second encapsulation layer  2212  in this way (and/or over dielectric layer  2214  for additional isolation), has layers illustrated by  FIG.  25   . 
     At  3208 , a first metal layer (e.g., layer  2502  of  FIG.  25   ) can be formed over the second encapsulation layer, followed by an interlayer dielectric layer (e.g., layer  2504  of  FIG.  25   ), and a second metal layer (e.g., layer  2506  of  FIG.  25   ). In some examples, the first and second metal layers can be used to form row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes of a touch sensor. In such examples, the interlayer dielectric layer between the two metal layers can be patterned with vias, to allow interconnection between at least one portion of one metal layer with at least one portion of the other metal layer. As an example, row touch electrodes can be formed in the first metal layer, and column touch electrodes can be formed in the second metal layer. As another example, both row touch electrodes and column touch electrodes can be formed in the first metal layer, and the second metal layer can be used to form conductive bridges to connect any discontinuous touch electrodes in the first metal layer. 
       FIG.  33    illustrates a portion of an example touch sensor panel according to examples of the disclosure. The portion of the touch sensor panel  3300  (e.g., corresponding to touch sensor panel  700 ,  1100 ,  1300 , etc.) includes a two-by-two array of touch nodes including four column electrodes  3304 A- 3304 D (H-shaped electrodes) and four row electrodes labeled  3302 A- 3302 D. Some row routing traces  3306 A- 3306 D and column routing traces  3308 A- 3308 D are also shown. The row electrodes  3302 A- 3302 D can be routed to the sensing circuitry (e.g., single-ended amplifiers used for single-ended or differential measurements or differential amplifiers) using routing traces  3306 A- 3306 D. The column electrodes  3304 A- 3304 D can be routed to drive circuitry using routing traces  3308 A- 3308 D. The row and column routing traces can additionally or alternatively connect to other portions of the row and column electrodes for other portions of the touch sensor panel outside the two-by-two array. The four row electrodes can be coupled to four inputs of the sensing circuitry, referenced with labels Rx 0 +, Rx 0 −, Rx 1 +, and Rx 1 −(e.g., which may be used for two differential measurements). The four column electrodes can be coupled to four outputs of the drive circuitry, referenced with labels Tx 0 +, Tx 0 −, Tx 1 +, and Tx 1 −. 
     As described herein, common mode noise from the display can be rejected using differential sensing (e.g., display-to-touch noise is common mode) and differential driving can reduce local imbalance on display electrodes from touch electrodes (e.g., the net touch drive signal is approximately zero, thereby reducing touch-to-display noise). However, the noise reduction benefits of differential drive and sense techniques apply to the two-by-two array of touch nodes (e.g., across the pitch of two touch nodes), whereas each touch node primarily corresponds to a single-ended measurement touch signal of a respective row and column. For example, a first touch node (touch node A, upper left corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3304 A and row electrode  3302 A, a second touch node (touch node B, upper right corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3304 B and row electrode  3302 B, a third touch node (touch node C, lower left corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3304 C and row electrode  3302 C, and a fourth touch node (touch node D, lower right corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3304 D and row electrode  3302 D. The non-dominant (minor) mutual capacitances, however, can degrade the differential touch signal for each of the touch nodes. 
     In some examples, a touch electrode architecture for differential drive without differential sense can be implemented. Differential drive can still reduce the touch-to-display noise (without differential sensing to reduce display-to-touch noise). The touch electrode architecture for differential drive can simplify the touch electrode architecture design because fewer routing traces and fewer bridges are required compared with some of the differential drive and differential sense touch electrode architectures described herein (e.g., touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   ). 
       FIG.  34    illustrates a portion of an example touch sensor panel configured for differential drive according to examples of the disclosure. The portion of the touch sensor panel  3400  includes a two-by-two array of touch nodes including four column electrodes  3404 A- 3404 D and two row electrodes labeled  3402 A- 3402 B. The row touch electrodes can be formed from a two-dimensional array of touch electrode segments, which are horizontally interconnected using bridges  3410 , and which can be vertically interconnected in a border region (e.g., outside of the touch sensor panel area) and/or by additional bridges (not shown). As shown, each of the touch electrode segments for a row electrode is rectangular, but other shapes are possible. Six touch electrode segments and four bridges are shown for each row electrode (e.g., two groups of three touch electrode segments and two bridges) for the two-by-two array of touch nodes, but it is understood that different numbers of touch electrode segments and bridges can be used. Although not shown, the row electrodes can be routed to sensing circuitry at the left or right edges of the touch sensor panel (or optionally vertically as described with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 14 C ). Additionally, as shown in  FIG.  34   , the row electrodes are nearly entirely continuous across the touch sensor panel (but for the bridges over column routing traces and relatively small portions of column electrodes), which improves the consistency of touch signal sensing when an object moves horizontally across the touch sensor panel (e.g., relative to the interleaved row electrodes of  FIG.  33   ). 
     Each column electrode includes a plurality of touch electrode segments that are connected by bridges  3412  and/or column routing traces  3408 A- 3408 D. As shown, each of the touch electrode segments for a column electrode are E-shaped (e.g., union of five rectangles, three of which are parallel and the other two of which are orthogonal to and interconnect the three), but other shapes are possible. A pair of the E-shaped touch electrode segments of a first column electrode for a first touch node in a column are connected to a first column routing segment and by a first three-way bridge  3412  (or by a three-way routing trace in the same layer as the touch electrode segments). A pair of the E-shaped touch electrode segments of a second column electrode for a second touch node in a column are connected to a first column routing segment and by a second three-way bridge  3412  (or by a three-way routing trace in the same layer as the touch electrodes segments). The first column routing trace  3408 A for the first column electrode can bisect the pair of E-shaped column electrode segments of a second column electrode interleaved with the first column electrode. Similarly, the second column routing trace for the second column electrode can bisect a pair of E-shaped column electrode segments of the first column electrode interleaved with the second column electrode. It is understood that at the transition from column routing trace  3408 A to column routing trace  3408 B that one of the column routing traces can couple to corresponding column touch electrode segments in the same layer as the column touch electrode segments (e.g., using a three-way routing trace) and the other of the column routing traces can couple to corresponding column touch electrode segments using a three-way bridge  3412 . In some examples, however, as illustrated, connections between each column routing trace and corresponding touch electrode segments can each be made using bridges (but that this increases the number of bridges and require some adjustment to avoid the bridges intersecting one another). This pattern described for two touch nodes in one column can be repeated for the second column shown in  FIG.  34    (and extended to a larger portion of the touch sensor panel beyond the two-by-two array). 
     As shown, the pairs of E-shaped touch electrode segments are connected by three-way bridge  3412  from each E-shaped touch electrode segment to a column routing trace. Although three-way bridges  3412  are illustrated to provide a three-way connection between a column routing trace and a pair of E-shaped touch electrode segments, it is understood that different bridge connections are possible. For example, a pair of bridges can be used instead of a three-way bridge or the pair of E-shaped touch electrode segments can be connected by one or more horizontal bridges and one or more additional bridges can connect from one or more of the pair of E-shaped touch electrode segments to the corresponding column routing trace. 
     As shown, the E-shaped electrodes can include a center bar that is thicker than the upper and lower bars. The dimensions of the E-shaped electrodes can be optimized to improve total touch signal measured at the touch nodes. 
     Each touch node includes a differential pair of column electrodes and single-ended row electrodes. For example, a first touch node (touch node A, upper left corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3402 A (e.g., corresponding to a single-ended input for touch sensing), a portion of column electrode  3404 A, and a portion of column routing trace  3408 C (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving). Similarly, a second touch node (touch node B, upper right corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3402 A (e.g., corresponding to a single-ended input for touch sensing), a portion of column electrode  3404 B, and a portion of column routing trace  3408 F (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving); a third touch node (touch node C, lower left corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3402 B (e.g., corresponding to a single-ended input for touch sensing), a portion of column electrode  3404 C, and a portion of column routing trace  3408 A (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving); and a fourth touch node (touch node D, lower right corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3402 B (e.g., corresponding to a single-ended input for touch sensing), a portion of column electrode  3404 D, and a portion of column routing trace  3408 B (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving). The differential cancelation of the drive signals occurs across the two touch nodes in each column. 
     The touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  34    can provide a simplified design in the form of fewer traces and bridges. For example, the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  34    includes four column electrodes, but only two row electrodes, thereby reducing the number of routing traces from eight to six compared with the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   . The simplified architecture can also reduce the number of bridges required. 
     Although  FIG.  34    provides some simplifications to the touch electrode architecture (e.g., fewer routing traces and bridges), it may be desirable to have an improved cancelation resolution (e.g., cancelation that occurs in a smaller area for better cancelation performance). In some examples, a touch electrode architecture for differential drive and differential sense can be implemented in which the row electrodes are interleaved and the column electrodes are not, or in which the column electrodes are interleaved and the row electrodes are not. Although one set of touch electrodes are not interleaved, the touch signal processing algorithm can be adjusted to achieve a pseudodifferential result (e.g., mimicking the result from physically interleaving). 
       FIGS.  35 A- 35 B  illustrate example touch electrode architectures according to examples of the disclosure. The touch electrode architectures of  FIGS.  35 A- 35 B  include the same number of electrodes (and corresponding routing traces to drive and sensing circuitry) as the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   . However, unlike the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   , the touch electrode architectures of  FIGS.  35 A- 35 B  reduce the distance over which the differential effects are achieved. For example, assuming the same dimensions for the two-by-two array of touch nodes in  FIGS.  33  and  35 A or  35 B , the differential cancelation occurs over half the distance (e.g., over half the touch electrode pitch) for the touch electrode architectures of  FIGS.  35 A- 35 B  compared with the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   . 
     The portion of the touch sensor panel  3500  illustrated in  FIG.  35 A  includes a two-by-two array of touch nodes including four column electrodes  3504 A- 3504 D and four row electrodes labeled  3502 A- 3502 D. Each row electrode includes a plurality of touch electrode segments that are connected by bridges  3510  over column routing traces. As shown, each of the touch electrode segments for a row electrode is rectangular, but other shapes are possible. Three touch electrode segments and two bridges are shown for each row electrode in the two-by-two touch node array, but it is understood that different numbers of touch electrode segments and bridges can be used. Although not shown, the row electrodes can be routed to sensing circuitry at the left or right edges of the touch sensor panel (or optionally vertically as described with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 14 C ). Additionally, as shown in  FIG.  35 A , the row electrodes are nearly entirely continuous across the touch sensor panel (but for the bridges over column routing traces and relatively small portions of column electrodes), which improves the consistency of touch signal sensing when an object moves horizontally across the touch sensor panel (e.g., relative to the interleaved row electrodes of  FIG.  33   ). 
     Each column electrode includes a plurality of touch electrode segments that are connected by three-way bridges  3512  and column routing traces  3508 A- 3508 D. As shown, each of the touch electrode segments for a column electrode are U-shaped (e.g., union of three rectangles, two of which are parallel, and the third of which is orthogonal to and interconnects the two), but other shapes are possible. A pair of the U-shaped touch electrode segments of a first column electrode for a first touch node in a column and a pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments of the first column electrode for a second touch node in the column are connected by a first column routing segment and by a first three-way bridge  3512  (or a three-way routing connection in the same layer as the touch electrode segments). The first column routing trace for the first column electrode can bisect a pair of U-shaped column electrode segments of a second column electrode interleaved with the first column electrode. Similarly, a pair of the U-shaped touch electrode segments of a second column electrode for the first touch node in the column and a pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments of the second column electrode for a second touch node in the column are connected by second column routing segment and by a second three-way bridge  3512  (or a three-way routing connection in the same layer as the touch electrode segments). The second column routing trace for the second column electrode can bisect a pair of U-shaped column electrode segments of the first column electrode interleaved with the second column electrode. This pattern can be repeated for the second column shown in  FIG.  35 A  (and extended to a larger portion of the touch sensor panel beyond the two-by-two array). Each pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments can be view as forming a split H-shape (e.g., the U-shaped touch electrode segments are mirrored over the bisecting column routing trace for the interleaved column electrode). 
     As shown, the pairs of U-shaped touch electrode segments are connected by three-way bridges  3512  (or three-way routing connections in the same layer as the touch electrode segments) from each U-shaped touch electrode segment to a column routing trace. Although a pair of three-way bridges  3512  are illustrated to provide a three-way connection between a column routing trace and a pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments, it is understood that different bridge connections are possible. For example, a pair of bridges can be used instead of a three-way bridge or the pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments can be connected by one or more horizontal bridges and one or more bridges can connect from one or more of the pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments to the corresponding column routing trace. Four touch electrode segments and four bridges are shown for each column electrode in  FIG.  35 A , but it is understood that different numbers of touch electrode segments and bridges can be used. 
     Each touch node includes a differential pair of row electrodes and a differential pair of column electrodes. For example, a first touch node (touch node A, upper left corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3502 A and a portion of a second row electrode  3502 B (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of column electrode  3504 A and a portion of column electrode  3504 B (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving). Thus, the differential cancelation occurs on a per touch node basis rather than across two touch nodes. Similarly, a second touch node (touch node B, upper right corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3502 A and a portion of a second row electrode  3502 B (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of column electrode  3504 C and a portion of column electrode  3504 D (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving); a third touch node (touch node C, lower left corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3502 C and a portion of a second row electrode  3502 D (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of column electrode  3504 A and a portion of column electrode  3504 B (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving); and a fourth touch node (touch node D, lower right corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3502 C and a portion of a second row electrode  3502 D (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of column electrode  3504 C and a portion of column electrode  3504 D (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving). Thus, the differential cancelation occurs on a per touch node basis for each touch node in the two-by-two array of touch nodes. 
     The touch signal level can be improved and parasitic losses reduced for touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  35 A  relative to the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   . For example, unlike the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   , two dominant and complimentary mutual capacitance are represented at each touch node in  FIG.  35 A . For example, a first touch node (touch node A, upper left corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3504 A (Tx 0 +) and row electrode  3502 A (Rx 0 +) and the complimentary dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3504 B (Tx 0 −) and row electrode  3502 B (Rx 0 −); a second touch node (touch node B, upper right corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3504 C (Tx 1 +) and row electrode  3502 A (Rx 0 +) and the complimentary dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3504 D (Tx 1 −) and row electrode  3502 B (Rx 0 −); a third touch node (touch node C, lower left corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3504 A (Tx 0 +) and row electrode  3502 C (Rx 1 +) and the complimentary dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3504 B (Tx 0 −) and row electrode  3502 D (Rx 1 −); and a fourth touch node (touch node D, lower right corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3504 C (Tx 1 +) and row electrode  3502 C (Rx 1 +) and the complimentary dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3504 D (Tx 1 −) and row electrode  3502 D (Rx 1 −). The two dominant mutual capacitances in each node sum due to the fact that they are in-phase with one another. 
     Additionally, the non-dominant (minor) parasitic capacitance can be reduced in touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  35 A  compared with the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   . For example, for the first touch node (touch node A), there is still some parasitic capacitance due to the mutual capacitance between column routing trace  3508 B (Tx 0 −) and row electrode  3502 A (Rx 0 +) (and there is still some parasitic capacitance due to the mutual capacitance between column routing trace  3508 A (Tx 0 +) and row electrode  3502 B (Rx 0 −)), but separation is increased between column electrode  3504 B (Tx 0 −) and row electrode  3502 A (Rx 0 +), and between column electrode  3504 A (Tx 0 +) and row electrode  3502 B (Rx 0 −), and the row routing is reduced compared with the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33    (e.g., the length and proximity of column routing trace  3308 C to row electrode  3302 A is eliminated), thereby reducing the parasitic signal loss due to the mutual capacitance therebetween. 
     In some examples, the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  35 A  can be used for single-ended sensing. For example, switching circuitry (not shown) can be implemented to enable either a pair of row electrodes to be differentially sensed (e.g., row electrode  3502 A is coupled to one differential input and row electrode  3502 B is coupled to a second differential input of the sensing circuitry), or to be sensed in a single-ended fashion (e.g., row electrodes  3502 A and  3502 B are coupled together and to one single-ended input of the sensing circuitry). In some examples, switching circuitry can enable single-ended sensing at a smaller pitch (e.g., row electrode  3502 A is coupled to one single-ended input and row electrode  3502 B is coupled to another single-ended input of the sensing circuitry). As described herein, the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33    can also be used for single-ended sensing, but due to the interleaving of the row electrodes, the measurements may be offset between adjacent rows. 
       FIG.  35 B  illustrates a variation on  FIG.  35 A , but with the row electrodes interleaved and the column electrodes not interleaved (e.g., pseudo-interleaved due to modifications of the touch sensing algorithm). For example, the portion of the touch sensor panel  3520  illustrated in  FIG.  35 B  includes a two-by-two array of touch nodes including four column electrodes  3524 A- 3524 D and four row electrodes labeled  3522 A- 3522 D. Each column electrode includes a plurality of touch electrode segments that are connected by bridges  3530  over row routing traces. As shown, each of the touch electrode segments for a column electrode is rectangular, but other shapes are possible. Three touch electrode segments and two bridges are shown for each column electrode in the two-by-two array of touch nodes, but it is understood that different numbers of touch electrode segments and bridges can be used. Although not shown, the column electrodes can be routed to drive circuitry at the top or bottom edges of the touch sensor panel (or optionally horizontally in a similar manner as described herein for row electrodes used for sensing). 
     Each row electrode includes a plurality of touch electrode segments that are connected by three-way bridges  3532  and row routing traces  3526 A- 3526 D. As shown, each of the touch electrode segments for a row electrode are U-shaped (e.g., union of three rectangles, two of which are parallel and the third of which is orthogonal to and interconnects the two), but other shapes are possible. A pair of the U-shaped touch electrode segments of a row electrode for a first touch node in a row and a pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments of the first row electrode for a second touch node in the row are connected by a first row routing segment and by a first three-way bridge  3532  (or a three-way routing connection in the same layer as the touch electrode segments). The first row routing trace for the first row electrode can bisect a pair of U-shaped row electrode segments of a second row electrode interleaved with the first row electrode. Similarly, a pair of the U-shaped touch electrode segments of a second row electrode for the first touch node in the row and a pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments of the second row electrode for a second touch node in the row are connected by second row routing segment and by a second three-way bridge  3532  (or a three-way routing connection in the same layer as the touch electrode segments). The second row routing trace for the second row electrode can bisect a pair of U-shaped row electrode segments of the first row electrode interleaved with the second row electrode. This pattern can be repeated for the second row of touch nodes shown in  FIG.  35 B  (and extended to a larger portion of the touch sensor panel beyond the two-by-two array). Each pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments can be view as forming a split H-shape (e.g., the U-shaped touch electrode segments are mirrored over the bisecting row routing trace for the interleaved row electrode). 
     As shown, the pairs of U-shaped touch electrode segments are connected by three-way bridges  3532  (or a three-way routing connection in the same layer as the touch electrode segments) from each touch electrode segment to a row routing trace. Although a pair of three-way bridges  3532  are illustrated to provide a three-way connection between a row routing trace and a pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments, it is understood that different bridge connections are possible. For example, a pair of bridges can be used instead of a three-way bridge or the pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments can be connected by vertical bridges and one or more bridges can connect from one or more of the pair of U-shaped touch electrode segments to the corresponding row routing trace. Four touch electrode segments and four bridges are shown for each row electrode in  FIG.  35 B , but it is understood that different numbers of touch electrode segments and bridges can be used. 
     Each touch node includes a differential pair of row electrodes and a differential pair of column electrodes. For example, a first touch node (touch node A, upper left corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3522 A and a portion of a second row electrode  3522 B (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of column electrode  3524 A and a portion of column electrode  3524 B (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving). Thus, the differential cancelation occurs on a per touch node basis rather than across two touch nodes. Similarly, a second touch node (touch node B, upper right corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3522 A and a portion of a second row electrode  3522 B (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of column electrode  3524 C and a portion of column electrode  3524 D (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving); a third touch node (touch node C, lower left corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3522 C and a portion of a second row electrode  3522 D (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of column electrode  3524 A and a portion of column electrode  3524 B (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving); and a fourth touch node (touch node D, lower right corner) includes a portion of row electrode  3522 C and a portion of a second row electrode  3522 D (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of column electrode  3524 C and a portion of column electrode  3524 D (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving). Thus, the differential cancelation occurs on a per touch node basis for each touch node in the two-by-two array of touch nodes. 
     The touch signal level can be improved and parasitic losses reduced for touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  35 B  relative to the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   . For example, unlike the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   , two dominant and complimentary mutual capacitance are represented at each touch node in  FIG.  35 B . For example, a first touch node (touch node A, upper left corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3524 A (Tx 0 +) and row electrode  3522 A (Rx 0 +), and the complimentary dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3524 B (Tx 0 −) and row electrode  3522 B (Rx 0 −); a second touch node (touch node B, upper right corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3524 C (Tx 1 +) and row electrode  3522 A (Rx 0 +), and the complimentary dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3524 D (Tx 1 −) and row electrode  3522 B (Rx 0 −); a third touch node (touch node C, lower left corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3524 A (Tx 0 +) and row electrode  3522 C (Rx 1 +), and the complimentary dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3524 B (Tx 0 −) and row electrode  3522 D (Rx 1 −); and a fourth touch node (touch node D, lower right corner) measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3524 C (Tx 1 +) and row electrode  3522 C (Rx 1 +), and the complimentary dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3524 D (Tx 1 −) and row electrode  3522 D (Rx 1 −). The two dominant mutual capacitances in each node sum due to the fact that they are in-phase with one another. 
     Additionally, the non-dominant (minor) parasitic capacitance can be reduced due to increased separation column electrode  3524 B (Tx 0 −) and row electrode  3522 A (Rx 0 +), and between column electrode  3524 A (Tx 0 +) and row electrode  3522 B (Rx 0 −), and due to the reduced column routing. 
       FIG.  36    illustrates an example touch electrode architecture that is fully differential within a touch node according to examples of the disclosure. In the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  36   , both the row and the column electrodes can be differentially interleaved within a touch node. The portion of the touch sensor panel  3600  illustrated in  FIG.  36    corresponds to a single touch node and could be applied as a modification of each of the touch nodes in the touch electrode architectures of  FIG.  35 A  or  FIG.  35 B  (or across a larger touch sensor panel). The touch electrodes illustrated includes two column electrodes  3604 A- 3604 B and two row electrodes  3602 A- 3602 B (extended to four column electrodes and four row electrodes for a two-by-two array of touch nodes). Each row electrode includes a plurality of touch electrode segments that are connected by bridges  3606 A- 3606 B. As shown, each of the touch electrode segments for a row electrode is rectangular (with a rectangular routing extension to reduce the bridge length), but other shapes are possible. Two touch electrode segments and one bridge are shown for each row electrode, but it is understood that different numbers of touch electrode segments and bridges can be used. 
     Each column electrode includes a plurality of touch electrode segments that are connected by a bridge (e.g., bridges  3608 A- 3608 B) or a routing traces. As shown, each of the touch electrode segments for a column electrode are complimentary to the shape of the touch electrode segments for a row electrode. The shape of the touch electrode segments for a column electrode is approximately U-shaped (apart from the modification to allow for the routing extension for the row touch electrode segment), but other shapes are possible. Two touch electrode segments and one bridge (or a routing trace) are shown for each column electrode, but it is understood that different numbers of touch electrode segments and bridges can be used. 
     As shown, the touch node includes a differential pair of row electrodes and a differential pair of column electrodes. For example, the touch node of  FIG.  36    includes a portion of a first row electrode  3602 A and a portion of a second row electrode  3602 B (e.g., corresponding to differential inputs for touch sensing), and a portion of column electrode  3604 A and a portion of column electrode  3604 B (e.g., corresponding to differential, complimentary outputs of touch driving). Thus, the differential cancelation occurs on a per touch node basis. The improved touch signal from two (or four if each quadrant of the touch node is viewed separately) dominant capacitances can be applied in a similar fashion to other touch nodes. 
     The touch signal level can be improved and parasitic losses reduced for touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  36    relative to the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   . For example, unlike the touch electrode architecture of  FIG.  33   , two (or four if each quadrant of the touch node is viewed separately) dominant and complimentary mutual capacitance are represented at the touch node in  FIG.  36   . For example, the touch node measures the dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3604 A (Tx 0 +) and row electrode  3602 A (Rx 0 +), and the complimentary dominant mutual capacitance between column electrode  3604 B (Tx 0 −) and row electrode  3602 B (Rx 0 −). The two (or four) dominant mutual capacitances in each node sum due to the fact that they are in phase with one another. 
     Additionally, the non-dominant (minor) parasitic capacitance can be reduced. For example, there is still some parasitic capacitance due to the mutual capacitance between column electrode  3604 B (Tx 0 −) and row electrode  3602 A (Rx 0 +), and between column electrode  3604 A (Tx 0 +) and row electrode  3602 B (Rx 0 −), but separation is mainly increased (outside of the small row extension) and limited by the short routing, thereby reducing the parasitic signal loss due to the mutual capacitance therebetween. The reduced parasitic loss from two non-dominant capacitances can be applied in a similar fashion to other touch nodes. 
     Referring back to the discussion of  FIG.  34   , in some examples, a touch electrode architecture for differential drive without differential sense can be implemented. Differential drive can still reduce the touch-to-display noise (without differential sensing to reduce display-to-touch noise). Additionally, common mode noise can be reduced using spatial separation and spatial filtering. The spatial separation between touch signal and common mode noise signal can be achieved using a touch electrode architecture with reduced pitch for the transmitter and receiver electrodes. 
       FIG.  37    illustrates a portion of an example touch sensor panel configured for differential drive according to examples of the disclosure. The portion of the touch sensor panel  3700  includes a four-by-four array of touch nodes including eight transmitter electrodes interleaved in four rows of touch nodes and eight receiver electrodes in four columns of touch nodes. To simplify illustration, bridges are not shown in  FIG.  37   , but it is understood that most of the touch electrodes in  FIG.  37    are implemented in a first metal mesh layer with bridges in a second metal mesh layer. 
     As shown in touch sensor panel  3700 , the first row includes a first pair of interleaved transmitter electrodes labeled D 0 + and D 0 − representing the complimentary drive signal applied to this row during touch sensing operation; the second row includes a second pair of interleaved transmitter electrodes labeled D 1 + and D 1 − representing the complimentary drive signal applied to this row during touch sensing operation; the third row includes a third pair of interleaved transmitter electrodes labeled D 2 + and D 2 − representing the complimentary drive signal applied to this row during touch sensing operation; and the fourth row includes a fourth pair of interleaved transmitter electrodes labeled D 3 + and D 3 − representing the complimentary drive signal applied to this row during touch sensing operation. Additionally touch sensor panel  3700  shows the first column includes a first pair of non-interleaved receiver electrodes labeled S 0   A  and S 0   B  representing two singled-ended sense lines for this column during touch sensing operation; the second column includes a second pair of non-interleaved receiver electrodes labeled S 1   A  and S 1   B  representing two singled-ended sense lines for this column during touch sensing operation; the third column includes a third pair of non-interleaved receiver electrodes labeled S 2   A  and S 2   B  representing two singled-ended sense lines for this column during touch sensing operation; and the fourth column includes a fourth pair of non-interleaved receiver electrodes labeled S 3   A  and S 3   B  representing two singled-ended sense lines for this column during touch sensing operation. 
       FIG.  37    illustrates a touch node  3710  corresponding to a unit cell of the touch electrode architecture, which can be repeated for the four-by-four array of touch nodes (or beyond for a larger touch sensor panel). During touch sensing operation, the first pair of interleaved transmitter electrodes labeled D 0 + and D 0 − can be stimulated, and resultant mutual capacitance(s) can be measured by the corresponding first pair of receiver electrodes labeled S 0   A  and S 0   B . The touch signal for touch node  3710  can be represented as a sum of the touch signal measured from the pair of receiver electrodes. 
       FIG.  37    also indicates a data line orientation for touch sensor panel  3700 . As shown in  FIG.  37   , the data line is oriented orthogonal to the receiver electrodes (e.g., such that the receiver electrodes receive an average of the display data line noise) and parallel to the transmitter electrodes. As described herein, the data lines of the display represent a source of noise for the touch sensing system, also referred to herein as “cathode noise.”  FIG.  37    illustrates representative spatial shapes  3720  of cathode noise along the direction of the touch transmitter electrodes and representative spatial shapes  3740  of the cathode noise along the direction (e.g., orthogonal) of the touch receiver electrodes. The spatial shapes of cathode noise can be similar in along the direction of the touch transmitter electrodes (e.g., similar RC characteristics), with the amplitude of the shape generally scaling with gray levels of different display images (e.g., a nearly constant noise spatial spectrum). In contrast, the spatial shapes of cathode noise can be varied and image dependent along the direction of the touch receiver electrodes. Additionally, the spatial shapes of cathode noise along the direction of the touch transmitter electrodes can be measured in a correlated manner with the analog front ends (sensing circuitry) for the receiver electrodes, whereas the spatial shapes of cathode noise along the direction of the touch receiver electrodes can be measured in a temporarily uncorrelated manner. 
     Accordingly, the touch electrode architecture can achieve spatial noise removal by encoding the stimulation of the transmitter electrodes along the direction of the correlated and shape consistent cathode noise along the direction of the interleaved transmitter electrodes. Additionally, as described herein with respect to  FIGS.  38 - 39   , the spatial separation and spatial noise removal can be improved by reducing the pitch of the touch electrodes. 
       FIG.  39    illustrates three plots of spatial touch signal and noise according to examples of the disclosure. Plot  3900  show a spatial data corresponding to different touches and to noise along an axis of a touch sensor panel (e.g., corresponding to touch sensor panel  3700  or  3800 ). The axis of the touch sensor panel is represented by an array  3902  of receiver electrodes with a receiver electrode pitch P RX . The bars above the array  3902  of receiver electrodes represent the touch signal and/or noise signal at the corresponding receiver electrodes. As shown, a first profile  3904  corresponds to a first touching object (e.g., a small finger) and a second profile  3906  corresponds to a second touching object (e.g., a larger finger or multiple small fingers). Profile  3908  represents the cathode noise. The data represented in plot  3900  is spatial data, and as shown the profile of the cathode noise has a spatial shape corresponding to the spatial shapes  3720  of cathode noise along the direction of the touch transmitter electrodes. As shown, the shape of the cathode noise is spatially wide relative to the spatial width of the first or second touching objects (e.g., extends across the panel), and has a low frequency (e.g., relative to the noise along the orthogonal axis). 
     Plot  3920  shows a spatial spectrum corresponding to the spatial data in plot  3900 . Profile  3922  represents the spatial spectral domain corresponding to the cathode noise of profile  3908  in the spatial data. The relatively wide noise signal has a low-frequency and therefore appears near the center of the spatial spectrum in the spatial spectral domain (e.g., at low spatial frequencies, centered around zero). In contrast, profile  3924  represents the spatial spectral domain corresponding to profiles  3904  and/or  3906  of the touch signal(s) in the spatial data. The relatively narrow touch signals in the spatial data appear wider in the spatial spectral domain compared with the noise. However, plot  3920  corresponds to a non-differential transmit electrode configuration (e.g., without the interleaving and stimulation with complementary drive signals). 
     Plot  3940  shows a spatial spectrum corresponding to the spatial data in plot  3900 , but when using a differential transmit electrode configuration. In plot  3940 , the cathode noise from the display is not coded, and therefore the profile  3942  of the spectrum of the cathode noise remains the same as profile  3922  in plot  3920 . However, using the differential transmitter configuration to encode the spectrum for touch signal causes an up-conversion of the touch signal in the spatial spectral domain that results in two half-lobes  3944 A and  3944 B. The two half-lobes  3944 A and  3944 B resulting from the up-conversion can, in some examples, at least partially overlap. For example, plot  3940  illustrates some overlap between profiles  3942  and half-lobes  3944 A or  3944 B. In some examples, with enough up-conversion through decreasing the transmitter and/or receiver pitch the separation between the profiles in the spatial spectral domain can be improved or eliminated. The spatially separated signals can be filtered using a spatial high pass filter to remove the noise (and possibly some of the touch signal when some overlap remains). 
     In some examples, a no-overlap condition between the cathode noise and the touch signal spatial spectra can be expressed as Ts+Ns&lt;1/P RX , where Ts represents the touch signal spatial spectrum width, Ns represents the noise signal spatial spectrum width, and P RX  represents the receiver electrode pitch. 
     In some examples, the coding can be viewed as causing the touch signal to have a sawtooth shape or other relatively-high frequency shape (e.g., due to the coded differential stimulation) that is easier to resolve from the flatter, common mode shape of the cathode noise. In particular, as described herein, the flatter, common mode shape of the cathode noise (having relatively low-frequency, and correlated shape) for transmitter electrodes parallel to the data lines. 
       FIG.  38    illustrates a portion of an example touch sensor panel configured for differential drive according to examples of the disclosure. The portion of the touch sensor panel  3800  includes a one-by-four array of touch nodes including eight transmitter electrodes (labeled D 0 +, D 0 −, D 1 +, D 1 , D 2 +, D 2 −, D 3 +, and D 3 −) interleaved in four rows of touch nodes and two receiver electrodes (labeled S 0   A  and S 0   B ) in one columns of touch nodes. To simplify illustration, bridges are not shown in  FIG.  38   , but touch node  3810  (corresponding to the overall dimensions of touch node  3710 ) is included for reference. Additionally, for ease of illustration, the dimensions of the portion of touch sensor panel  3800  are exaggerated (e.g., width is exaggerated relative to length to show the details of the features), but it is understood that touch nodes  3810  and  3710  can have the same overall dimensions. 
     Unlike  FIG.  37   , which includes two interleaved transmitter electrodes each with one primary rectangular segment (e.g., primary rectangular segment  3712 A and  3712 B for transmitter electrodes D 0 + and D 0 − in touch node  3710 ) and one interleaving transition between the transmitter electrodes within a touch node, in  FIG.  38   , the two interleaved transmitter electrodes each with include multiple primary rectangular segments (e.g., four primary rectangular segments  3812 A and four primary rectangular segments  3812 B for transmitter electrodes D 0 + and D 0 − in touch node  3810 ) and seven interleaving transition between the transmitter electrodes within a touch node. 
     As described herein, encoding the touch signals to higher spatial frequencies compared with cathode noise enables separation of the touch and noise spatial spectra for noise removal. The separation can be improved by reducing the receiver electrode pitch. Comparing  FIGS.  37  and  38   , the receiver electrode pitch, P RX , can be reduced by approximately a factor of four (e.g., with touch nodes  3710  and  3810  having the same dimensions). It is understood that although  FIG.  37    illustrates one primary rectangular segment per transmitter electrode and  FIG.  38    illustrates four primary rectangular segments per transmitter electrode, that different numbers of primary rectangular segment per transmitter electrode are possible (e.g., two, three, five, etc.). 
     Although reducing the receiver electrode pitch can provide better separation, it is understood that there are tradeoffs. For example, comparing  FIGS.  37  and  38   , two receiver electrodes of  FIG.  37    are replaced with eight narrower receiver electrodes of  FIG.  38   . As a result, the touch sensing circuitry potentially requires a four-fold multiplication in number of receiver channels which increases the size, cost, and power consumption of the touch sensing circuitry (or requires a reduced integration time if the channels are multiplexed between receiver electrodes). In some examples, the above sensing circuitry (or integration time) penalties can be mitigated by interconnecting (e.g., grouping/ganging) the increased number of narrower receiver electrodes. For example, as shown in  FIG.  38   , four receiver electrodes are interconnected and can be connected to one single-ended sensing channel of the touch sensing circuitry and another four receiver electrodes are interconnected and can be connected to another single-ended sensing channel of the touch sensing circuitry. The interconnections avoid the need for additional sensing circuitry and the touch node resolution of the touch sensor panel is unchanged between touch sensor panels  3700  and  3800 . In some examples, the interconnection between multiple receiver electrodes occurs at the touch sensor panel boundary (e.g., in a border region) to reduce the number of in-panel jumper and/or vias. However, it is understood that in some examples, the interconnection can additionally or alternatively be performed within the touch sensor panel area. 
     The grouping of receiver electrodes may avoid the touch sensing circuitry penalty, but reducing the receiver electrode can entail other tradeoffs. For example, narrower receiver electrodes can result in increased resistance, which thereby reduces touch sensor panel bandwidth (although the impact on bandwidth may be somewhat mitigated by the reduced load of the narrower receiver electrodes). Additionally or alternatively, the narrower receiver electrodes and the corresponding reduction in the transmitter electrode pitch can reduce the reach of mutual capacitance fringing fields. If the fringing fields are reduced too much, they may not be able to extend far enough beyond the touch sensor panel surface (e.g., a cover glass or other material) to be able to interact with objects (e.g., fingers). 
     It is understood the spatial noise removal techniques described herein with respect to  FIGS.  37 - 39    can be applied to other touch electrode architectures. For example, the pitch of the receiver electrodes and the corresponding pitch of the interleaved transmitter electrodes can be applied to the interleaved transmitter electrodes (e.g., column electrodes) and non-interleaved receiver electrodes (e.g., row electrodes) in the touch electrode architecture of  FIGS.  34  and  35 A . 
     Therefore, according to the above, some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch sensor panel. The touch sensor panel can comprise: a plurality of touch electrodes including a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes in a first layer, the plurality of touch electrodes forming a two-axis array of touch nodes; a plurality of first routing traces in a second layer, different from the first layer, the plurality of first routing traces coupled to the first electrodes using a plurality of first electrical interconnections between the first layer and the second layer; and a plurality of second routing traces in the second layer, the plurality of the second routing traces coupled to the second electrodes using a plurality of second electrical interconnections between the first layer and the second layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of first routing traces can be routed along a first axis of the two-axis array and can at least partially overlap the two-axis array of touch nodes. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of second traces can be routed along the first axis of the two-axis array and can at least partially overlap the two-axis array of touch nodes. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first electrodes can include column electrodes, the second electrodes can include row electrodes, and the two-axis array of touch nodes can include a row-column arrangement of touch nodes. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the second layer can comprises, for a first column of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes, a plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments, the plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments including a first set of one or more routing trace segments, a second set of one or more routing trace segments, a third set of one or more routing trace segments, and a fourth set of one or more routing trace segments. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the second layer can comprise, for a first column of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes, a plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments, the plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments including a first set of one or more routing trace segments, a second set of one or more routing trace segments, a third set of one or more routing trace segments, a fourth set of one or more routing trace segments, a fifth set of one or more routing trace segments, and a sixth set of one or more routing trace segments. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first column can include a first column electrode and a second column electrode, the first set of one or more routing trace segments can comprise a first routing trace of the plurality of first routing traces, the second set of one or more routing trace segments can comprise a second routing trace of the plurality of first routing traces are disposed in the first column, the first routing trace of the plurality of first routing traces can be coupled to the first column electrode, and the second routing trace of the plurality of first routing traces can be coupled to the second column electrode. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a first routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, a second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, and a third routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be disposed in the first column. The first routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a first portion of the first set of one or more routing trace segments, a first portion of the second set of one or more routing trace segments, a first portion of the third set of one or more routing trace segments, and a first portion of the fourth set of one or more routing trace segments. The second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a second portion of the first set of one or more routing trace segments and a second portion of the second set of one or more routing trace segments. The third routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a third portion of the first set of one or more routing trace segments. The first routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a first row electrode, the second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a second row electrode, and the third routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a third row electrode in the first column. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first set of one or more routing trace segments can include a first electrical discontinuity along the first axis and a second electrical discontinuity along the first axis. The second set of one or more routing trace segments can include a third electrical discontinuity along the first axis. The first electrical discontinuity can be within a threshold distance along the first axis from an electrical interconnection between the third routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces and the third row electrode; the second electrical discontinuity can be within the threshold distance along the first axis from an electrical interconnection between the second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces and the second row electrode; and the third discontinuity can be within the threshold distance along the first axis from the electrical interconnection between the second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces and the second row electrode. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first set of one or more routing trace segments can include a fourth electrical discontinuity along the first axis, the second set of one or more routing trace segments can include a fifth electrical discontinuity along the first axis, the third set of one or more routing trace segments can include a sixth electrical discontinuity along the first axis, and the fourth set of one or more routing trace segments can include a seventh electrical discontinuity along the first axis. The fourth electrical discontinuity, the fifth electrical discontinuity, the sixth electrode discontinuity, and the seventh electrode discontinuity can be within the threshold distance along the first axis from an electrical interconnection between the first routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces and the first row electrode. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the threshold distance can be a length of one row of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes along the first axis. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a fourth portion of the first set of one or more routing trace segments can comprise a first floating segment, the fourth portion of the first set of one or more routing trace segments separated from the third portion of the first set of one or more routing trace segments by the fourth electrical discontinuity; a third portion of the second set of one or more routing trace segments can comprise a second floating segment, the third portion of the second set of one or more routing trace segments separated from the second portion of the second set of one or more routing trace segments by the fifth electrical discontinuity; a second portion of the third set of one or more routing trace segments can comprise a third floating segment, the second portion of the third set of one or more routing trace segments separated from the first portion of the third set of one or more routing trace segments by the sixth electrical discontinuity; and a second portion of the fourth set of one or more routing trace segments can comprise a fourth floating segment, the second portion of the fourth set of one or more routing trace segments separated from the first portion of the fourth set of one or more routing trace segments by the seventh electrical discontinuity. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first set of one or more routing trace segments and the second set of one or more routing trace segments can overlap one or more column electrodes within the first column. The third set of one or more routing trace segments and the fourth set of one or more routing trace segments can not overlap the one or more column electrodes within the first column. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first set of one or more routing trace segments, the second set of one or more routing trace segments, the third set of one or more routing trace segments, and the fourth set of one or more routing trace segment can be coupled to row electrodes; the fifth set of one or more routing trace segments and the sixth set of one or more routing trace segments can be coupled to column electrodes overlap one or more column electrodes within the first column; the fifth set of one or more routing trace segments can be disposed adjacent to and between the first set of one or more routing trace segments and the second set of one or more routing trace segments; the sixth set of one or more routing trace segments can be disposed adjacent to and between the third set of one or more routing trace segments and the fourth set of one or more routing trace segments; the second set of one or more routing trace segments can be deposed adjacent to and between the fifth set of one or more routing trace segments and the third set of one or more routing trace segments; and the third set of one or more routing trace segments can be disposed adjacent to and between the second set of one or more routing trace segments and the sixth set of one or more routing trace segments. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the row-column arrangement of touch nodes can be divided into a plurality of banks of rows; the first row electrode can be disposed in a first bank of the plurality of banks of rows; the second row electrode can be disposed in a second bank of the plurality of banks of rows; and the third row electrode can be disposed in a third bank of the plurality of banks of rows. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first row electrode and the second row electrode can be separated by a first number of rows in the row-column arrangement of touch nodes along the first axis and the second row electrode and the third row electrode can be separated by the first number of rows in the row-column arrangement of touch nodes along the first axis. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, each row of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes can include a pair of row electrodes. The second layer can comprise, for a second column of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes adjacent to the first column, a second plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments forming a fourth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, a fifth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, and a sixth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces; the fourth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a fourth row electrode, the fifth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a fifth row electrode, and the sixth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a sixth row electrode in the second column; and the first row electrode and the fourth row electrode can be a first respective pair of row electrode disposed in a first respective row, the second row electrode and the fifth row electrode can be a second respective pair of row electrode disposed in a second respective row, and the third row electrode and the sixth row electrode can be a third respective pair of row electrode disposed in a third respective row. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the row-column arrangement of touch nodes can be divided into a plurality of banks of rows. The plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to the second electrodes using the plurality of second electrical connections in a chevron pattern. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, for each bank of the plurality of banks of rows in the chevron pattern: even rows of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes can be interconnected within a first set of consecutive columns of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes; odd rows of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes can be interconnected within a second set of consecutive columns of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes; and a respective distance along a second axis, different from the first axis, between a respective interconnection for a respective row and a line along the first axis separating the first set of consecutive columns from the second set of consecutive columns, can decrease for ascending rows within the bank. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the row-column arrangement of touch nodes can be divided into a plurality of banks of rows; the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to the second electrodes using the plurality of second electrical connections in an S-shaped pattern. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, for each bank of the plurality of banks of rows in the S-shaped pattern, adjacent rows of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes can be interconnected within adjacent pairs of columns of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes; and adjacent rows between adjacent banks can be interconnected within common pairs of columns. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the row-column arrangement of touch nodes can be divided into a plurality of banks of rows including a first bank, a second bank, and a third bank, the third bank between the first bank and the second bank. Adjacent rows of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes of the first bank can be interconnected within adjacent pairs of columns of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes; adjacent rows of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes of the second bank can be interconnected within adjacent pairs of columns of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes; and a plurality of third routing traces in a border area outside the two-axis array can be coupled to row electrodes in the rows of the third bank. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the second layer can comprises, for a second column of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes, a second plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments, the plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments including a fifth set of one or more routing trace segments, a sixth set of one or more routing trace segments, a seventh set of one or more routing trace segments, and an eighth set of one or more routing trace segments. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a first routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces and a second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be disposed in the first column and in the second column; a third routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, a fourth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, a fifth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, and a sixth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be disposed in the second column. The first routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a first portion of the first set of one or more routing trace segments, a first portion of the third set of one or more routing trace segments, a first portion of the fifth set of one or more routing trace segments, and a first portion of the seventh set of one or more routing trace segments; the second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a first portion of the second set of one or more routing trace segments, a first portion of the fourth set of one or more routing trace segments, a first portion of the sixth set of one or more routing trace segments, and a first portion of the eighth set of one or more routing trace segments; the third routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a second portion of the fifth set of one or more routing trace segments and a second portion of the seventh set of one or more routing trace segments; the fourth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a second portion of the sixth set of one or more routing trace segments and a second portion of the eighth set of one or more routing trace segments; the fifth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a third portion of the sixth set of one or more routing trace segments; and the sixth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a third portion of the eighth set of one or more routing trace segments. The first routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a first row electrode in a first row in the first column and/or in the second column; the second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a second row electrode in the first row in the first column and/or in the second column; the third routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a third row electrode of a second row in the second column; the fourth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a fourth row electrode of the second row in the second column; the fifth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a fifth row electrode of a third row in the second column; and the sixth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a sixth row electrode of the third row in the second column. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the second layer can comprise, for a second column of the row-column arrangement of touch nodes, a second plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments, the plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments including a fifth set of one or more routing trace segments, a sixth set of one or more routing trace segments, a seventh set of one or more routing trace segments, and an eighth set of one or more routing trace segments. A first routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, a second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, and a third routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be disposed in the first column; a fourth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, a fifth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces, and a sixth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be disposed in the second column. The first routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a first portion of the first set of one or more routing trace segments, a first portion of the second set of one or more routing trace segments, a first portion of the third set of one or more routing trace segments, and a first portion of the fourth set of one or more routing trace segments; the second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a second portion of the first set of one or more routing trace segments and a second portion of the second set of one or more routing trace segments; the third routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a third portion of the first set of one or more routing trace segments. The first routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a first row electrode of a first row, the second routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a second row electrode of a second row, and the third routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a third row electrode of a third row in the first column. The fourth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a first portion of the fifth set of one or more routing trace segments, a first portion of the sixth set of one or more routing trace segments, a first portion of the seventh set of one or more routing trace segments, and a first portion of the eight set of one or more routing trace segments; the fifth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a second portion of the fifth set of one or more routing trace segments and a second portion of the sixth set of one or more routing trace segments; the sixth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can comprise a third portion of the fifth set of one or more routing trace segments. The fourth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a fourth row electrode of the first row, the fifth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a fifth row electrode of the second row, and the sixth routing trace of the plurality of second routing traces can be coupled to a sixth row electrode of the third row in the second column. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first electrodes can be configured as transmitter electrodes and the second electrodes can be configured as receiver electrodes in a differential drive and differential sense mutual capacitance sensing operation. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, drive circuitry can be coupled to the first electrodes and can be configured to drive the plurality of transmitter electrodes with a plurality of drive signals. For a first column in the two-axis array of touch nodes, the plurality of drive signals can include a first drive signal applied to one or more first touch nodes of the first column and a second drive signal applied to one or more second touch nodes of the first column of touch nodes. For a second column in the two-axis array of touch nodes, the plurality of drive signals can include a third drive signal applied to one or more first touch nodes of the second column and a fourth drive signal applied to one or more second touch nodes of the second column. The first drive signal, the second drive signal, the third drive signal, and the fourth drive signal can be applied at least partially concurrently. The first drive signal and the third drive signal can be complimentary drive signals, and the second drive signal and the fourth drive signal can be complimentary drive signals. The one or more first touch nodes of the first column and the one or more first touch nodes of the second column can be diagonally adjacent touch nodes; and the one or more second touch nodes of the first column and the one or more second touch nodes of the second column can be diagonally adjacent touch nodes. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments can extend from a first touch node at one end of the first column to a second touch node at a second end, opposite the first end, of the first column. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a length of each of the plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments along the first axis can be within a threshold percentage of a length of the first column along the first axis. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the threshold percentage of the length of the first column along the first axis is 1%. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the threshold percentage of the length of the first column along the first axis is 5%. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the threshold percentage of the length of the first column along the first axis is 10%. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of sets of one or more routing trace segments can be spaced equally along a second axis of the two-axis array, different from the first axis of the two-axis array. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of touch electrodes can be formed from metal mesh and the plurality of first routing traces and the plurality of second routing traces are formed from metal mesh. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to an electronic device. The electronic device can include an energy storage device; communication circuitry; and a touch screen. The touch screen can comprise: a display having an active area; and a touch screen as described herein. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch sensor panel. The touch sensor panel can comprise: a plurality of touch electrodes including a plurality of column electrodes and a plurality of row electrodes in a first layer, the plurality of touch electrodes forming a row-column arrangement of touch nodes; a plurality of first routing traces in a second layer, different from the first layer, the plurality of first routing traces coupled to the column electrodes using a plurality of first electrical interconnections between the first layer and the second layer; and a plurality of second routing traces in the second layer, the plurality of the second routing traces coupled to the row electrodes using a plurality of second electrical interconnections between the first layer and the second layer. The plurality of first routing traces can be routed along columns of the row-column arrangement and can at least partially overlap the row-column arrangement of touch nodes; and the plurality of second traces can be routed along the columns of the row-column arrangement and can at least partially overlap the row-column arrangement of touch nodes. A pair of columns can include six routing traces of the plurality of second routing traces including: a first routing trace and a second routing trace disposed in a first column and in a second column of the pair of columns; and a third routing trace, a fourth routing trace, a fifth routing trace, and a sixth routing trace disposed in the second column of the pair of columns. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch sensor panel. The touch sensor panel can comprise: a plurality of touch electrodes including a plurality of column electrodes and a plurality of row electrodes in a first layer, the plurality of touch electrodes forming a row-column arrangement of touch nodes; a plurality of first routing traces in a second layer, different from the first layer, the plurality of first routing traces coupled to the column electrodes using a plurality of first electrical interconnections between the first layer and the second layer; and a plurality of second routing traces in the second layer, the plurality of the second routing traces coupled to the row electrodes using a plurality of second electrical interconnections between the first layer and the second layer. The plurality of first routing traces can be routed along columns of the row-column arrangement and can at least partially overlap the row-column arrangement of touch nodes; and the plurality of second traces can be routed along the columns of the row-column arrangement and can at least partially overlap the row-column arrangement of touch nodes. A pair of columns can include six routing traces of the plurality of second routing traces including: a first routing trace, a second routing trace, and a third routing trace disposed in a first column of the pair of columns; and a fourth routing trace, a fifth routing trace, and a sixth routing trace disposed in a second column of the pair of columns. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch screen. The touch screen can comprise: a display having an active area; a first metal layer and a second metal layer disposed over the display; and an intermediate dielectric layer, disposed between the first metal layer and the second metal layer. The plurality of touch electrodes of the touch screen can be formed in the active area of the display, the plurality of touch electrodes can include a touch electrode formed from first metal mesh in the first metal layer and first metal mesh in the second metal layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first metal mesh of the first metal layer can align with the first metal mesh of the second metal layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a width of the first metal mesh of the second metal layer is less than a width of the first metal mesh of the first metal layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen can comprise a plurality of routing traces formed in the active area of the display and coupled to the plurality of touch electrodes. The plurality of routing traces can include a routing trace formed from second metal mesh in the second metal layer and second metal mesh in the first metal layer. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the second metal mesh of the first metal layer can align with the second metal mesh of the second metal layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a width of the second metal mesh of the second metal layer is less than a width of the second metal mesh of the first metal layer. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of touch electrodes can be formed using bridges in the active area of the display formed of the first mesh metal in the second layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen can further comprise a plurality of routing traces formed in the active area of the display and coupled to the plurality of touch electrodes. The plurality of routing traces can include a routing trace formed from second metal mesh in the second metal layer. The routing trace can be disposed beneath the touch electrode formed from the first metal mesh in the first metal layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of routing of the touch screen can be formed from the second metal mesh in the second metal layer without metal mesh in the first metal layer. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, each of the plurality of touch electrodes of the touch screen can be formed from the first metal mesh in the first metal layer and the first metal mesh in the second metal layer. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch electrode formed from the first metal mesh in the first metal layer and the first metal mesh in the second metal layer can comprise non-overlapping regions and overlapping regions. The first metal mesh in the first metal layer and the first metal mesh in the second metal layer can be non-parallel in the overlapping regions. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first metal mesh in the first metal layer and the first metal mesh in the second metal layer can be orthogonal in the overlapping regions of the touch electrode. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the area of each of the overlapping regions of the touch electrode can be uniform. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen can further comprise transparent conductive material filling gaps in the first metal mesh in the first metal layer and/or can filling gaps in the second metal mesh in the first metal layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen can further comprise transparent conductive material filling gaps in the first metal mesh in the first metal layer without filling gaps in the second metal mesh in the first metal layer. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen can further comprise a second intermediate dielectric layer disposed between the first transparent conductive material and the first metal layer and/or between the second transparent conductive material and the first metal layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the intermediate dielectric layer can have a thickness greater than 0.5 micron. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the intermediate dielectric layer can have a thickness between 1-2.5 micron. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the intermediate dielectric layer can comprise an organic material. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the intermediate dielectric layer can have a dielectric constant less than 5. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the intermediate dielectric layer can have a dielectric constant between 2.5-4. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch screen. The touch screen can comprise: a display having an active area; a first metal layer and a second metal layer disposed over the display; and an intermediate dielectric layer, disposed between the first metal layer and the second metal layer. A plurality of touch electrodes of the touch screen can be formed in the active area of the display from first metal mesh in the first metal layer. The plurality of touch electrodes can include a touch electrode comprising a first segment formed from the first metal mesh in the first layer and a second segment formed from the first metal mesh in the first layer. The first segment and the second segment can be interconnected by a bridge electrode formed by first metal mesh in the second metal layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen can further comprise a plurality of routing traces of the touch screen coupled to the plurality of touch electrodes are formed in the active area of the display from second metal mesh in the first metal layer and second metal mesh the second metal layer. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to an electronic device. The touch screen can comprise: an energy storage device; communication circuitry; and a touch screen. The touch screen can comprise: a display having an active area; a first metal layer and a second metal layer disposed over the display; and an intermediate dielectric layer, disposed between the first metal layer and the second metal layer. A plurality of touch electrodes of the touch screen can be formed in the active area of the display, the plurality of touch electrodes including a touch electrode formed from first metal mesh in the first metal layer and first metal mesh in the second metal layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen can further comprise a plurality of routing traces of the touch screen coupled to the plurality of touch electrodes are formed in the active area of the display from second metal mesh in the first metal layer or second metal mesh in the second metal layer. 
     Some examples are directed to a touch screen. The touch screen can comprise a first substrate, a plurality of display pixels disposed on the first substrate, a first encapsulation layer formed over the plurality of display pixels, the plurality of display pixels between the first encapsulation layer and the first substrate, one or more first electrodes formed in one or more metal layers disposed on the first encapsulation layer, a touch sensor panel including one or more second electrodes formed in one or more layers, and a dielectric layer disposed between the one or more first electrodes and the touch sensor panel. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, one or more first electrodes of the touch screen can comprise a display-noise shield between the plurality of display pixels and the touch sensor panel. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, one or more metal layers on the first encapsulation layer can comprise a metal mesh layer including metal mesh, and the display-noise shield can extend over the plurality of display pixels. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the display-noise shield can comprise indium tin oxide (ITO) deposited in openings of the metal mesh in the metal mesh layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the display-noise shield can comprise a conductive material deposited in openings of the metal mesh in the metal mesh layer. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the one or more first electrodes of the touch screen can comprise a display-noise sensor between the plurality of display pixels and the touch sensor panel, where the one or more metal layers on the first encapsulation layer can comprise a first metal layer, a second metal layer, and an inter-layer dielectric layer between the first metal layer and the second metal layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, each of the one or more first electrodes of the display-noise sensor can corresponds to a respective one of the one or more second electrodes of the touch sensor panel. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen can further comprise a plurality of vias between the first metal layer and the second metal layer through the inter-layer dielectric layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen further comprises sensing circuitry coupled to the display-noise sensor and coupled to the touch sensor panel, where the sensing circuitry can remove noise from touch signal measurements of the one or more second electrodes based on measurements of the one or more first electrodes. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first encapsulation layer of the touch screen can comprise an ink-jet printed layer of transparent material. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the ink-jet printed layer can comprise a first ink-jet printed layer, and the dielectric layer can comprise a second ink-jet printed layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first ink-jet printed layer can have a thickness less than 25 microns, where the second ink-jet printed layer has a thickness less than 25 microns, and where the one or more first electrodes have a thickness less than 1 micron. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the one or more metal layers on the first encapsulation layer can each have a thickness less than 1 micron, and the dielectric layer can have a thickness less than 10 microns. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the one or more layers of the touch sensor panel can comprise a first metal layer, a second metal layer, and an inter-layer dielectric layer between the first metal layer and the second metal layer, where the first metal layer and the second metal layer are both indium tin oxide (ITO) layers. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen can further comprise a polarization layer formed over the touch sensor panel, a cover layer, and an adhesive layer between the cover layer and the touch sensor panel. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch screen can further comprise one or more sensing circuits, each sensing circuit comprising a first input coupled to the one or more first electrodes, a second input coupled to the one or more second electrodes, and a differential amplifier that produces an output proportional to the first input subtracted from the second input. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch sensor panel. The touch sensor panel can comprise a plurality of touch nodes including a first touch node. The first touch node can correspond to a first differential sensing pair of touch electrodes comprising a first touch electrode formed of a first plurality of segments in a first layer and a second touch electrode formed of a second plurality of segments in the first layer; and a first differential driving pair of touch electrodes comprising a third touch electrode formed of a third plurality of segments with a first routing trace in the first layer and a fourth touch electrode formed of a fourth plurality of segments with a second routing trace in the first layer. The first routing trace can be disposed between a pair of the fourth plurality of segments and between a first pair of the second plurality of segments; and the second routing trace can be disposed between a pair of the third plurality of segments and between a first pair of the first plurality of segments. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the touch sensor panel can further comprise a plurality of bridges including a first bridge and a second bridge. The first bridge over the second routing trace can connect the first pair of the first plurality of segments and the second bridge over the first routing trace can connect the first pair of the second plurality of segments. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first routing trace and the second routing trace can be parallel and can be interleaved (e.g., aligned horizontally and alternative vertically). Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, an area of the first plurality of segments for the first touch node is equal to an area of the second plurality of segments for the first touch node. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, an area of the third plurality of segments for the first touch node is equal to an area of the fourth plurality of segments for the first touch node. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, one of the pair of the third plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of one of the first pair of the first plurality of segments, and another one of the pair of the third plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of another one of the first pair of the first plurality of segments. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, one of the pair of the fourth plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of one of the first pair of the second plurality of segments, and another one of the pair of the fourth plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of another one of the first pair of the second plurality of segments. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first plurality of segments and the second plurality of segments are rectangular. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the third plurality of segments and the fourth plurality of segments are rectangular. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of touch nodes includes a second touch node (e.g., horizontally adjacent to the first touch node) corresponding to the first differential sensing pair of touch electrodes comprising the first touch electrode and the second touch electrode; and a second differential driving pair of touch electrodes comprising a fifth touch electrode formed of a fifth plurality of segments with a third routing trace in the first layer and a sixth touch electrode formed of a sixth plurality of segments with a fourth routing trace in the first layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the third routing trace can be disposed between a pair of the sixth plurality of segments and between a second pair of the second plurality of segments; and the fourth routing trace can be disposed between a pair of the fifth plurality of segments and between a second pair of the first plurality of segments. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of bridges includes a third bridge and a fourth bridge. The third bridge over the fourth routing trace can connect the second pair of the first plurality of segments; and the fourth bridge over the third routing trace can connect the second pair of the second plurality of segments. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of touch nodes includes a second touch node (e.g., vertically adjacent to the first touch node) corresponding to a second differential sensing pair of touch electrodes comprising a fifth touch electrode formed of a fifth plurality of segments and a sixth touch electrode formed of a sixth plurality of segments in the first layer; and the first differential driving pair of touch electrodes comprising the third touch electrode formed of the third plurality of segments with a third routing trace in the first layer and a fourth touch electrode formed of the fourth plurality of segments with a fourth routing trace in the first layer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the third routing trace can be disposed between a pair of the sixth plurality of segments and between a second pair of the fourth plurality of segments; and the fourth routing trace can be disposed between a pair of the fifth plurality of segments and between a second pair of the third plurality of segments. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of bridges includes a third bridge and a fourth bridge. The third bridge over the fourth routing trace can connects the pair of the fifth plurality of segments; and the fourth bridge over the third routing trace can connect the pair of the sixth plurality of segments. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch sensor panel. The touch sensor panel can comprise a plurality of touch nodes including a first touch node. The first touch node can correspond to: a differential sensing pair of touch electrodes comprising a first touch electrode formed of a first plurality of segments in a first layer and a second touch electrode formed of a second plurality of segments in the first layer; and a differential driving pair of touch electrodes comprising a third touch electrode formed of a third plurality of segments with a first routing trace in the first layer and a fourth touch electrode formed of a fourth plurality of segments with a second routing trace in the first layer. A pair of the first plurality of segments can be connected by a first bridge in a second layer, a pair of the second plurality of segments can be connected by a second bridge in the second layer, a pair of the third plurality of segments can be connected by a third bridge in a second layer, and a pair of the fourth plurality of segments can be connected by a fourth bridge in a second layer or by a routing trace in the first layer. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first touch electrode and the second touch electrode are interleaved in the first touch node, and the third touch electrode and the fourth touch electrode are interleaved in the first touch node. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, an area of the first plurality of segments for the first touch node is equal to an area of the second plurality of segments for the first touch node. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, an area of the third plurality of segments for the first touch node is equal to an area of the fourth plurality of segments for the first touch node. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, one of the pair of the third plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of one of the pair of the first plurality of segments, and another one of the pair of the third plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of another one of the pair of the first plurality of segments. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, one of the pair of the fourth plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of one of the pair of the second plurality of segments, and another one of the pair of the fourth plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of another one of the pair of the second plurality of segments. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first plurality of segments and the second plurality of segments are rectangular. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the third plurality of segments and the fourth plurality of segments are rectangular. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first plurality of segments includes a first extension and a second extension, and the second plurality of segments includes a third extension and a fourth extension. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first bridge connects the first extension to the second extension and the second bridge connects the third extension to the fourth extension. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the third touch electrode is disposed between the first touch electrode and the fourth touch electrode and the fourth touch electrode is disposed between the second touch electrode and the third touch electrode. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first touch node is sensed to measure a sum of a mutual capacitance between the first touch electrode and the third touch electrode and a mutual capacitance between the second touch electrode and the fourth touch electrode. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch sensor panel. The touch sensor panel can comprise a plurality of touch nodes including a first touch node and a second touch node. The first touch node can correspond to a first touch electrode comprising a first plurality of segments in a first layer and a second touch electrode comprising a second plurality of segments and a first routing trace in the first layer. The second touch node can correspond to a third touch electrode comprising a third plurality of segments in the first layer and a fourth touch electrode comprising a fourth plurality of segments and a second routing trace in the first layer. The first routing trace can be disposed between a pair of the fourth plurality of segments and can separate a pair of the third plurality of segments. The second routing trace can be disposed between a pair of the second plurality of segments and can separate between a pair of the first plurality of segments. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a first bridge over the second routing trace connects the pair of the first plurality of segments, and a second bridge over the first routing trace connects the pair of the third plurality of segments. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the second touch electrode and the fourth touch electrodes are a differential driving pair of touch electrodes, and the first touch electrode and the third touch electrode are non-differential (e.g., single-ended sensing). Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the second touch electrode and the fourth touch electrodes are interleaved, and the first touch electrode and the third touch electrode are non-interleaved. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, an area of the first plurality of segments for the first touch node is equal to an area of the third plurality of segments for the second touch node. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, an area of the second plurality of segments for the first touch node is equal to an area of the fourth plurality of segments for the second touch node. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, one of the pair of the fourth plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of one of the pair of the first plurality of segments, and another one of the pair of the fourth plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of another one of the pair of the first plurality of segments. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, one of the pair of the second plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of one of the pair of the third plurality of segments, and another one of the pair of the second plurality of segments is disposed on three sides of another one of the pair of the third plurality of segments. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first plurality of segments and the third plurality of segments are rectangular. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the second plurality of segments and the fourth plurality of segments are rectangular. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch screen. The touch screen can comprise a plurality of display data lines along a first axis, a plurality of differential driving pairs of touch electrodes along the first axis, and a plurality of sensing touch electrodes along a second axis, different from the first axis. A respective differential driving pair (or, in some examples, each of the differential driving pair) comprises a first touch electrode formed of a first plurality of segments in a first layer and a second touch electrode formed of a second plurality of segments in the first layer. The first plurality of segments and the second plurality of segments are interleaved along the first axis. The plurality of sensing touch electrodes comprising a third touch electrode formed of a third plurality of segments in the first layer and a fourth touch electrode formed of a fourth plurality of segments in the first layer. A first touch node can comprise: multiple of the first plurality of segments interleaved with multiple of the second plurality of segments; and multiple of the third plurality of segments interleaved along the first axis with multiple of the fourth plurality of segments. 
     Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a portion of each of the multiple of the first plurality of segments for the first touch node are disposed around a portion of each of the multiple of the third plurality of segments for the first touch node; and a portion of each of the multiple of the second plurality of segments for the first touch node are disposed around a portion of each of the multiple of the fourth plurality of segments for the first touch node. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first axis and the second axis are orthogonal. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a pitch a first segment of the third plurality of segments and a first segment of the fourth plurality of segments closest to the first segment of the third plurality of segments is less than a quarter of the pitch of the first touch node. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the third plurality of are interconnected at a border region at an edge or outside an active area of the touch screen. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the plurality of sense electrodes is coupled to sensing circuitry in a sensed single-end configuration. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first plurality of segments is interconnected in an active area of the touch screen and the second plurality of segments are interconnected in the active area of the touch screen. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first touch node includes at least a pair of the first plurality of segments interleaved with a pair of the second plurality of segments, and at least a pair of the third plurality of segments interleaved with a pair of the fourth plurality of segments. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to an electronic device comprising an energy storage device, communication circuitry, and a touch screen as described by some of the examples presented above. Although examples of this disclosure have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of examples of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20220920
Publication Date: 20231017
Grant Date: 20231017
Priority Date: 20210924
Inventors: VAZE, SAGAR R.
YOUSEFPOR, MARDUKE
NAYYAR, AMIT
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0448", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04107", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04112", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04112", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04107", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0448", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04112", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0448", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04107", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 85705840