PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11765668-B2
Application Number: US-201916579544-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: LTE NR power control for EN-DC

Abstract:
Apparatuses, systems, and methods for providing maximum transmit power control when utilizing multiple radio access technologies. For example, a wireless communication device comprising two cellular radios may intend to transmit on the first radio, while concurrently transmitting on the second radio. To ensure compliance with a maximum transmit power limitation, the device may determine an allowed transmit power level of the first radio, representing a difference between the maximum transmit power limitation and the current transmit power level being transmitted by the second radio. The device may also determine a threshold power level for a communication by the first radio. If the allowed transmit power level meets the threshold power level, then the device may transmit the first communication having a power level between the threshold power level and the allowed transmit power level. Otherwise, the device may forego transmission of the first communication.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A wireless communication device, comprising:
 first wireless communication circuitry configured to perform wireless communications according to a first radio access technology (RAT); second wireless communication circuitry configured to perform wireless communications according to a second RAT; and at least one processor configured to cause the wireless communication device to: determine a first transmit power level for a first communication according to the first RAT; determine a first threshold reduction level for the first communication; determine an allowed transmit power level of the first wireless communication circuitry, representing a difference between a maximum transmit power limitation and a current transmit power level being transmitted by the second wireless communication circuitry; in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level meets the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level, transmit the first communication via the first wireless communication circuitry, the first communication having a power level not greater than the allowed transmit power level; and in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level, forego transmission of the first communication. 
 
     
     
       2. The wireless communication device of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the wireless communication device to: identify a preferred transmit power level of the first wireless communication circuitry, wherein determining the allowed transmit power level is in response to determining that a sum of the preferred transmit power level of the first wireless communication circuitry and the current transmit power level of the ongoing communication being transmitted by the second wireless communication circuitry exceeds the maximum transmit power limitation. 
     
     
       3. The wireless communication device of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the wireless communication device to: identify a preferred transmit power level of the first wireless communication circuitry, wherein the first threshold reduction level is determined as a function of the preferred transmit power level of the first wireless communication circuitry. 
     
     
       4. The wireless communication device of  claim 3 , wherein the function varies based on a type of a physical layer (PHY) channel included in the first communication. 
     
     
       5. The wireless communication device of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the wireless communication device to: in response to determining that a transmission by the second wireless communication circuitry has ended after the determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level: determine an updated allowed transmit power level; and transmit the first communication in response to determining that the updated allowed transmit power level meets the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level. 
     
     
       6. The wireless communication device of  claim 1 , wherein the first communication consists of a first physical layer (PHY) channel, and wherein transmitting the first communication comprises transmitting a signal comprising a plurality of PHY channels including the first PHY channel. 
     
     
       7. The wireless communication device of  claim 1 , wherein the first communication comprises a first physical layer (PHY) channel, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the wireless communication device to: determine a second threshold reduction level for a second communication according to the first RAT, the second communication comprising a second PHY channel, the second threshold reduction level being lower than the first threshold reduction level;
 in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level meets the first transmit power level reduced by the second threshold reduction level, transmit the second communication via the first wireless communication circuitry, the second communication having a power level not greater than the allowed transmit power level; and in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the first transmit power level reduced by the second threshold reduction level, forego transmission of the second communication. 
 
     
     
       8. The wireless communication device of  claim 1 , wherein the maximum transmit power limitation indicates a maximum power that may be transmitted without activating a currently inactive power amplifier (PA) stage of the wireless communication device. 
     
     
       9. An apparatus for generating a wireless communication signal, the apparatus comprising: a memory storing software instructions; and at least one processor configured to execute the software instructions to: determine a first transmit power level for a first communication for transmission by a wireless communication device according to a first radio access technology (RAT); determine a first threshold reduction level for the first communication; determine an allowed transmit power level, representing a difference between a maximum transmit power limitation of the wireless communication device and a current transmit power level of an ongoing communication being transmitted by the wireless communication device according to a second RAT; in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level meets the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level, cause the wireless communication device to transmit the first communication, the first communication having a power level not greater than the allowed transmit power level; and in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level, forego transmission of the first communication. 
     
     
       10. The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the software instructions to: identify a preferred transmit power level of the first communication, wherein determining the allowed transmit power level is in response to determining that a sum of the preferred transmit power level of the first communication and the current transmit power level of the ongoing communication being transmitted according to the second RAT exceeds the maximum transmit power limitation. 
     
     
       11. The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the software instructions to:
 identify a preferred transmit power level of the first communication, wherein the first threshold reduction level is determined as a function of the preferred transmit power level of the first communication. 
 
     
     
       12. The apparatus of  claim 11 , wherein the function varies based on a type of a physical layer (PHY) channel included in the first communication. 
     
     
       13. The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the software instructions to: in response to determining that a transmission according to the second RAT has ended after the determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level: determine an updated allowed transmit power level; and cause the first communication to be transmitted in response to determining that the updated allowed transmit power level meets the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level. 
     
     
       14. The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the first communication consists of a first physical layer (PHY) channel, and wherein causing the first communication to be transmitted comprises causing a signal to be transmitted, the signal comprising a plurality of PHY channels including the first PHY channel. 
     
     
       15. The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the first communication comprises a first physical layer (PHY) channel, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the software instructions to: determine a second threshold reduction level for a second communication for transmission according to the first RAT, the second communication comprising a second PHY channel, the second threshold reduction level being lower than the first threshold reduction level; in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level meets the first transmit power level reduced by the second threshold reduction level, cause the second communication to be transmitted according to the first RAT, the second communication having a power level not greater than the allowed transmit power level; and in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the first transmit power level reduced by the second threshold reduction level, forego transmission of the second communication. 
     
     
       16. The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the maximum transmit power limitation indicates a maximum power that may be transmitted without activating a currently inactive power amplifier (PA) stage of the wireless communication device. 
     
     
       17. A method of generating a wireless communication signal, the method comprising: determining a first transmit power level for a first communication for transmission by a wireless communication device according to a first radio access technology (RAT); determining a first threshold reduction level for the first communication; determining an allowed transmit power level, representing a difference between a maximum transmit power limitation of the wireless communication device and a current transmit power level of an ongoing communication being transmitted by the wireless communication device according to a second RAT; and in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level meets the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level, transmitting the first communication having a power level not greater than the allowed transmit power level; or in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level, forego transmission of the first communication. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 17 , further comprising:
 identifying a preferred transmit power level of the first communication, wherein the first threshold reduction level is determined as a function of the preferred transmit power level of the first communication. 
 
     
     
       19. The method of  claim 17 , further comprising:
 in response to determining that a transmission according to the second RAT has ended after the determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level: determining an updated allowed transmit power level; and transmitting the first communication in response to determining that the updated allowed transmit power level meets the first transmit power level reduced by the first threshold reduction level. 
 
     
     
       20. The method of  claim 17 , wherein the first communication comprises a first physical layer (PHY) channel, the method further comprising: determining a second threshold reduction level for a second communication for transmission according to the first RAT, the second communication comprising a second PHY channel, the second threshold reduction level being lower than the first threshold reduction level; and in response to determining that the allowed transmit power level meets the first transmit power level reduced by the second threshold reduction level, transmit the second communication according to the first RAT, the second communication having a power level not greater than the allowed transmit power level, and not less than the first transmit power level reduced by the second threshold reduction level.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application claims benefit of priority of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/738,616, titled “Downlink Control for Non Coherent Joint Transmission”, filed Sep. 28, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as though fully and completely set forth herein. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present application relates to wireless devices, and more particularly to apparatus, systems, and methods for providing maximum transmit power control when utilizing multiple radio access technologies. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
     Wireless communication systems are rapidly growing in usage. In recent years, wireless devices such as smart phones and tablet computers have become increasingly sophisticated. In addition to supporting telephone calls, many mobile devices now provide access to the internet, email, text messaging, and navigation using the global positioning system (GPS), and are capable of operating sophisticated applications that utilize these functionalities. Additionally, there exist numerous different wireless communication technologies and standards. Some examples of wireless communication standards include GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces), LTE, LTE Advanced (LTE-A), HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1×RTT, 1×EV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD), IEEE 802.11 (WLAN or Wi-Fi), BLUETOOTH™, etc. 
     The ever-increasing number of features and functionality introduced in wireless communication devices also creates a continuous need for improvement in both wireless communications and in wireless communication devices. To increase coverage and better serve the increasing demand and range of envisioned uses of wireless communication, in addition to the communication standards mentioned above, there are further wireless communication technologies under development, including fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) communication. Accordingly, improvements in the field in support of such development and design are desired. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments relate to apparatuses, systems, and methods to provide control of maximum transmit power when utilizing multiple radio access technologies. 
     An apparatus is disclosed for generating a wireless communication signal. The apparatus may include a memory storing software instructions, and at least one processor configured to execute the software instructions. By executing the software instructions, the at least one processor may determine a first threshold power level for a first communication for transmission by a first radio of a wireless communication device; and determine an allowed transmit power level, representing a difference between a maximum transmit power limitation of the wireless communication device and a current transmit power level of an ongoing communication being transmitted by a second radio of the wireless communication device. In response to determining that the allowed transmit power level meets the first threshold power level, the at least one processor may cause the first communication to be transmitted by the first radio, the first communication having a power level not greater than the allowed transmit power level. In response to determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the first threshold power level, the at least one processor may forego transmission of the first communication. 
     In some implementations, the at least one processor may identify a preferred transmit power level of the first radio, wherein determining the allowed transmit power level is in response to determining that a sum of the preferred transmit power level of the first radio and the current transmit power level of the ongoing communication being transmitted by a second radio exceeds the maximum transmit power limitation. 
     In some implementations, the at least one processor may identify a preferred transmit power level of the first radio, wherein the first threshold power level is determined as a function of the preferred transmit power level of the first radio. In some implementations, the function may vary based on a type of a physical layer (PHY) channel included in the first communication. 
     In some implementations, in response to determining that a transmission by the second radio has ended after the determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the first threshold power level, the at least one processor may determine an updated allowed transmit power level; and cause the first communication to be transmitted in response to determining that the updated allowed transmit power level meets the first threshold power level. 
     In some implementations, the first communication may consist of a first physical layer (PHY) channel, and causing the first communication to be transmitted may include causing a signal to be transmitted, the signal including a plurality of PHY channels including the first PHY channel. 
     In some implementations, the first communication may include a first physical layer (PHY) channel. The at least one processor may determine a second threshold power level for a second communication for transmission by the first radio, the second communication comprising a second PHY channel, the second threshold power level being lower than the first threshold power level. In response to determining that the allowed transmit power level meets the second threshold power level, the at least one processor may cause the second communication to be transmitted by the first radio, the second communication having a power level not greater than the allowed transmit power level. In response to determining that the allowed transmit power level does not meet the threshold power level, the at least one processor may forego transmission of the second communication. 
     In some scenarios, the maximum transmit power limitation may indicate a maximum power that may be transmitted without activating a currently inactive power amplifier (PA) stage of the wireless communication device. 
     The techniques described herein may be implemented in and/or used with a number of different types of devices, including but not limited to cellular phones, tablet computers, wearable computing devices, portable media players, and any of various other computing devices. 
     This Summary is intended to provide a brief overview of some of the subject matter described in this document. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the above-described features are merely examples and should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the subject matter described herein in any way. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter described herein will become apparent from the following Detailed Description, Figures, and Claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A better understanding of the present subject matter can be obtained when the following detailed description of various embodiments is considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example wireless communication system, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a base station (BS) in communication with a user equipment (UE) device, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example block diagram of a UE, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example block diagram of a BS, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an example block diagram of cellular communication circuitry, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates application of channel-specific threshold power levels for various NR PHY channels, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates examples of power reduction in NR UL signals having multiple PHY channels, in response to various allowed NR transmit power levels, according to some embodiments; and 
         FIG.  8    illustrates example transmit power diagrams of the UE  106  operating in EN-DC mode, with reference to the PA stage threshold, according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     While the features described herein may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to be limiting to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the appended claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Terms 
     The following is a glossary of terms used in this disclosure: 
     Memory Medium—Any of various types of non-transitory memory devices or storage devices. The term “memory medium” is intended to include an installation medium, e.g., a CD-ROM, floppy disks, or tape device; a computer system memory or random access memory such as DRAM, DDR RAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, Rambus RAM, etc.; a non-volatile memory such as a Flash, magnetic media, e.g., a hard drive, or optical storage; registers, or other similar types of memory elements, etc. The memory medium may include other types of non-transitory memory as well or combinations thereof. In addition, the memory medium may be located in a first computer system in which the programs are executed, or may be located in a second different computer system which connects to the first computer system over a network, such as the Internet. In the latter instance, the second computer system may provide program instructions to the first computer for execution. The term “memory medium” may include two or more memory mediums which may reside in different locations, e.g., in different computer systems that are connected over a network. The memory medium may store program instructions (e.g., embodied as computer programs) that may be executed by one or more processors. 
     Carrier Medium—a memory medium as described above, as well as a physical transmission medium, such as a bus, network, and/or other physical transmission medium that conveys signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals. 
     Programmable Hardware Element—includes various hardware devices comprising multiple programmable function blocks connected via a programmable interconnect. Examples include FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays), PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices), FPOAs (Field Programmable Object Arrays), and CPLDs (Complex PLDs). The programmable function blocks may range from fine grained (combinatorial logic or look up tables) to coarse grained (arithmetic logic units or processor cores). A programmable hardware element may also be referred to as “reconfigurable logic”. 
     Computer System—any of various types of computing or processing systems, including a personal computer system (PC), mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA), television system, grid computing system, or other device or combinations of devices. In general, the term “computer system” can be broadly defined to encompass any device (or combination of devices) having at least one processor that executes instructions from a memory medium. 
     User Equipment (UE) (or “UE Device”)—any of various types of computer systems or devices that are mobile or portable and that perform wireless communications. Examples of UE devices include mobile telephones or smart phones (e.g., iPhone™, Android™-based phones), portable gaming devices (e.g., Nintendo DS™ PlayStation Portable™, Gameboy Advance™, iPhone™), laptops, wearable devices (e.g. smart watch, smart glasses), PDAs, portable Internet devices, music players, data storage devices, or other handheld devices, etc. In general, the term “UE” or “UE device” can be broadly defined to encompass any electronic, computing, and/or telecommunications device (or combination of devices) which is easily transported by a user and capable of wireless communication. 
     Wireless Device—any of various types of computer systems or devices that perform wireless communications. A wireless device can be portable (or mobile) or may be stationary or fixed at a certain location. A UE is an example of a wireless device. 
     Communication Device—any of various types of computer systems or devices that perform communications, where the communications can be wired or wireless. A communication device can be portable (or mobile) or may be stationary or fixed at a certain location. A wireless device is an example of a communication device. A UE is another example of a communication device. 
     Base Station—The term “Base Station” has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a wireless communication station installed at a fixed location and used to communicate as part of a wireless telephone system or radio system. 
     Processing Element—refers to various elements or combinations of elements that are capable of performing a function in a device, such as a user equipment or a cellular network device. Processing elements may include, for example: processors and associated memory, portions or circuits of individual processor cores, entire processor cores, processor arrays, circuits such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), programmable hardware elements such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA), as well any of various combinations of the above. 
     Channel—a medium used to convey information from a sender (transmitter) to a receiver. It should be noted that since characteristics of the term “channel” may differ according to different wireless protocols, the term “channel” as used herein may be considered as being used in a manner that is consistent with the standard of the type of device with reference to which the term is used. In some standards, channel widths may be variable (e.g., depending on device capability, band conditions, etc.). For example, LTE may support scalable channel bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz. In contrast, WLAN channels may be 22 MHz wide while Bluetooth channels may be 1 Mhz wide. Other protocols and standards may include different definitions of channels. Furthermore, some standards may define and use multiple types of channels, e.g., different channels for uplink or downlink and/or different channels for different uses such as data, control information, etc. 
     Band—The term “band” has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a section of spectrum (e.g., radio frequency spectrum) in which channels are used or set aside for the same purpose. 
     Automatically—refers to an action or operation performed by a computer system (e.g., software executed by the computer system) or device (e.g., circuitry, programmable hardware elements, ASICs, etc.), without user input directly specifying or performing the action or operation. Thus the term “automatically” is in contrast to an operation being manually performed or specified by the user, where the user provides input to directly perform the operation. An automatic procedure may be initiated by input provided by the user, but the subsequent actions that are performed “automatically” are not specified by the user, i.e., are not performed “manually”, where the user specifies each action to perform. For example, a user filling out an electronic form by selecting each field and providing input specifying information (e.g., by typing information, selecting check boxes, radio selections, etc.) is filling out the form manually, even though the computer system must update the form in response to the user actions. The form may be automatically filled out by the computer system where the computer system (e.g., software executing on the computer system) analyzes the fields of the form and fills in the form without any user input specifying the answers to the fields. As indicated above, the user may invoke the automatic filling of the form, but is not involved in the actual filling of the form (e.g., the user is not manually specifying answers to fields but rather they are being automatically completed). The present specification provides various examples of operations being automatically performed in response to actions the user has taken. 
     Approximately—refers to a value that is almost correct or exact. For example, approximately may refer to a value that is within 1 to 10 percent of the exact (or desired) value. It should be noted, however, that the actual threshold value (or tolerance) may be application dependent. For example, in some embodiments, “approximately” may mean within 0.1% of some specified or desired value, while in various other embodiments, the threshold may be, for example, 2%, 3%, 5%, and so forth, as desired or as required by the particular application. 
     Concurrent—refers to parallel execution or performance, where tasks, processes, or programs are performed in an at least partially overlapping manner. For example, concurrency may be implemented using “strong” or strict parallelism, where tasks are performed (at least partially) in parallel on respective computational elements, or using “weak parallelism”, where the tasks are performed in an interleaved manner, e.g., by time multiplexing of execution threads. 
     Configured to—Various components may be described as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is a broad recitation generally meaning “having structure that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently performing that task (e.g., a set of electrical conductors may be configured to electrically connect a module to another module, even when the two modules are not connected). In some contexts, “configured to” may be a broad recitation of structure generally meaning “having circuitry that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently on. In general, the circuitry that forms the structure corresponding to “configured to” may include hardware circuits. 
     Various components may be described as performing a task or tasks, for convenience in the description. Such descriptions should be interpreted as including the phrase “configured to.” Reciting a component that is configured to perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) interpretation for that component. 
     It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users. 
       FIGS.  1  and  2   —Communication System 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a simplified example wireless communication system, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the system of  FIG.  1    is merely one example of a possible system, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various systems, as desired. 
     As shown, the example wireless communication system includes a base station  102 A which communicates over a transmission medium with one or more user devices  106 A,  106 B, etc., through  106 N. Each of the user devices may be referred to herein as a “user equipment” (UE). Thus, the user devices  106  are referred to as UEs or UE devices. 
     The base station (BS)  102 A may be a base transceiver station (BTS) or cell site (a “cellular base station”), and may include hardware that enables wireless communication with the UEs  106 A through  106 N. 
     The communication area (or coverage area) of the base station may be referred to as a “cell.” The base station  102 A and the UEs  106  may be configured to communicate over the transmission medium using any of various radio access technologies (RATs), also referred to as wireless communication technologies, or telecommunication standards, such as GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces), LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), 5G new radio (5G NR), HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1×RTT, 1×EV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD), etc. Note that if the base station  102 A is implemented in the context of LTE, it may alternately be referred to as an ‘eNodeB’ or ‘eNB’. Note that if the base station  102 A is implemented in the context of 5G NR, it may alternately be referred to as a ‘gNodeB’ or ‘gNB’. 
     As shown, the base station  102 A may also be equipped to communicate with a network  100  (e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider, a telecommunication network such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN), and/or the Internet, among various possibilities). Thus, the base station  102 A may facilitate communication between the user devices and/or between the user devices and the network  100 . In particular, the cellular base station  102 A may provide UEs  106  with various telecommunication capabilities, such as voice, SMS and/or data services. 
     Base station  102 A and other similar base stations (such as base stations  102 B . . .  102 N) operating according to the same or a different cellular communication standard may thus be provided as a network of cells, which may provide continuous or nearly continuous overlapping service to UEs  106 A-N and similar devices over a geographic area via one or more cellular communication standards. 
     Thus, while base station  102 A may act as a “serving cell” for UEs  106 A-N as illustrated in  FIG.  1   , each UE  106  may also be capable of receiving signals from (and possibly within communication range of) one or more other cells (which might be provided by base stations  102 B-N and/or any other base stations), which may be referred to as “neighboring cells”. Such cells may also be capable of facilitating communication between user devices and/or between user devices and the network  100 . Such cells may include “macro” cells, “micro” cells, “pico” cells, and/or cells which provide any of various other granularities of service area size. For example, base stations  102 A-B illustrated in  FIG.  1    might be macro cells, while base station  102 N might be a micro cell. Other configurations are also possible. 
     In some embodiments, base station  102 A may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “gNB”. In some embodiments, a gNB may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and/or to a NR core (NRC) network. In addition, a gNB cell may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs). In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more gNBs. For example, it may be possible that that the base station  102 A and one or more other base stations  102  support joint transmission, such that UE  106  may be able to receive transmissions from multiple base stations (and/or multiple TRPs provided by the same base station). 
     Note that a UE  106  may be capable of communicating using multiple wireless communication standards. For example, the UE  106  may be configured to communicate using a wireless networking (e.g., Wi-Fi) and/or peer-to-peer wireless communication protocol (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi peer-to-peer, etc.) in addition to at least one cellular communication protocol (e.g., GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces), LTE, LTE-A, 5G NR, HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1×RTT, 1×EV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD), etc.). The UE  106  may also or alternatively be configured to communicate using one or more global navigational satellite systems (GNSS, e.g., GPS or GLONASS), one or more mobile television broadcasting standards (e.g., ATSC-M/H), and/or any other wireless communication protocol, if desired. Other combinations of wireless communication standards (including more than two wireless communication standards) are also possible. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates user equipment  106  (e.g., one of the devices  106 A through  106 N) in communication with a base station  102 , according to some embodiments. The UE  106  may be a device with cellular communication capability such as a mobile phone, a hand-held device, a computer or a tablet, or virtually any type of wireless device. 
     The UE  106  may include a processor that is configured to execute program instructions stored in memory. The UE  106  may perform any of the method embodiments described herein by executing such stored instructions. Alternatively, or in addition, the UE  106  may include a programmable hardware element such as an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) that is configured to perform any of the method embodiments described herein, or any portion of any of the method embodiments described herein. 
     The UE  106  may include one or more antennas for communicating using one or more wireless communication protocols or technologies. In some embodiments, the UE  106  may be configured to communicate using, for example, NR or LTE using at least some shared radio components. As additional possibilities, the UE  106  could be configured to communicate using CDMA2000 (1×RTT/1×EV-DO/HRPD/eHRPD) or LTE using a single shared radio and/or GSM or LTE using the single shared radio. The shared radio may couple to a single antenna, or may couple to multiple antennas (e.g., for MIMO) for performing wireless communications. In general, a radio may include any combination of a baseband processor, analog RF signal processing circuitry (e.g., including filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, etc.), or digital processing circuitry (e.g., for digital modulation as well as other digital processing). Similarly, the radio may implement one or more receive and transmit chains using the aforementioned hardware. For example, the UE  106  may share one or more parts of a receive and/or transmit chain between multiple wireless communication technologies, such as those discussed above. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  106  may include separate transmit and/or receive chains (e.g., including separate antennas and other radio components) for each wireless communication protocol with which it is configured to communicate. As a further possibility, the UE  106  may include one or more radios which are shared between multiple wireless communication protocols, and one or more radios which are used exclusively by a single wireless communication protocol. For example, the UE  106  might include a shared radio for communicating using either of LTE or 5G NR (or either of LTE or 1×RTT, or either of LTE or GSM, among various possibilities), and separate radios for communicating using each of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Other configurations are also possible. 
       FIG.  3   —Block Diagram of a UE 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example simplified block diagram of a communication device  106 , according to some embodiments. It is noted that the block diagram of the communication device of  FIG.  3    is only one example of a possible communication device. According to embodiments, communication device  106  may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device), a tablet, and/or a combination of devices, among other devices. As shown, the communication device  106  may include a set of components  300  configured to perform core functions. For example, this set of components may be implemented as a system on chip (SOC), which may include portions for various purposes. Alternatively, this set of components  300  may be implemented as separate components or groups of components for the various purposes. The set of components  300  may be coupled (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to various other circuits of the communication device  106 . 
     For example, the communication device  106  may include various types of memory (e.g., including NAND flash  310 ), an input/output interface such as connector I/F  320  (e.g., for connecting to a computer system; dock; charging station; input devices, such as a microphone, camera, keyboard; output devices, such as speakers; etc.), the display  360 , which may be integrated with or external to the communication device  106 , and wireless communication circuitry  330  (e.g., for LTE, LTE-A, NR, UMTS, GSM, CDMA2000, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, GPS, etc.). In some embodiments, communication device  106  may include wired communication circuitry (not shown), such as a network interface card, e.g., for Ethernet. 
     The wireless communication circuitry  330  may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antenna(s)  335  as shown. The wireless communication circuitry  330  may include cellular communication circuitry and/or short to medium range wireless communication circuitry, and may include multiple receive chains and/or multiple transmit chains for receiving and/or transmitting multiple spatial streams, such as in a multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) configuration. 
     In some embodiments, as further described below, cellular communication circuitry  330  may include one or more receive chains (including and/or coupled to (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) dedicated processors and/or radios) for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR). In addition, in some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry  330  may include a single transmit chain that may be switched between radios dedicated to specific RATs. For example, a first radio may be dedicated to a first RAT, e.g., LTE, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and a transmit chain shared with a second radio. The second radio may be dedicated to a second RAT, e.g., 5G NR, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and the shared transmit chain. 
     The communication device  106  may also include and/or be configured for use with one or more user interface elements. The user interface elements may include any of various elements, such as display  360  (which may be a touchscreen display), a keyboard (which may be a discrete keyboard or may be implemented as part of a touchscreen display), a mouse, a microphone and/or speakers, one or more cameras, one or more buttons, and/or any of various other elements capable of providing information to a user and/or receiving or interpreting user input. 
     The communication device  106  may further include one or more smart cards  345  that include SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) functionality, such as one or more UICC(s) (Universal Integrated Circuit Card(s)) cards  345 . 
     As shown, the SOC  300  may include processor(s)  302 , which may execute program instructions for the communication device  106  and display circuitry  304 , which may perform graphics processing and provide display signals to the display  360 . The processor(s)  302  may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU)  340 , which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor(s)  302  and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory  306 , read only memory (ROM)  350 , NAND flash memory  310 ) and/or to other circuits or devices, such as the display circuitry  304 , wireless communication circuitry  330 , connector I/F  320 , and/or display  360 . The MMU  340  may be configured to perform memory protection and page table translation or set up. In some embodiments, the MMU  340  may be included as a portion of the processor(s)  302 . 
     As noted above, the communication device  106  may be configured to communicate using wireless and/or wired communication circuitry. As described herein, the communication device  106  may include hardware and software components for implementing any of the various features and techniques described herein. The processor  302  of the communication device  106  may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively (or in addition), processor  302  may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Alternatively (or in addition) the processor  302  of the communication device  106 , in conjunction with one or more of the other components  300 ,  304 ,  306 ,  310 ,  320 ,  330 ,  340 ,  345 ,  350 ,  360  may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein. 
     In addition, as described herein, processor  302  may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processor  302  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor  302 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processor(s)  302 . 
     Further, as described herein, wireless communication circuitry  330  may include one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in wireless communication circuitry  330 . Thus, wireless communication circuitry  330  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of wireless communication circuitry  330 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of wireless communication circuitry  330 . 
       FIG.  4   —Block Diagram of a Base Station 
       FIG.  4    illustrates an example block diagram of a base station  102 , according to some embodiments. It is noted that the base station of  FIG.  4    is merely one example of a possible base station. As shown, the base station  102  may include processor(s)  404  which may execute program instructions for the base station  102 . The processor(s)  404  may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU)  440 , which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor(s)  404  and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory  460  and read only memory (ROM)  450 ) or to other circuits or devices. 
     The base station  102  may include at least one network port  470 . The network port  470  may be configured to couple to a telephone network and provide a plurality of devices, such as UE devices  106 , access to the telephone network as described above in  FIGS.  1  and  2   . 
     The network port  470  (or an additional network port) may also or alternatively be configured to couple to a cellular network, e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider. The core network may provide mobility related services and/or other services to a plurality of devices, such as UE devices  106 . In some cases, the network port  470  may couple to a telephone network via the core network, and/or the core network may provide a telephone network (e.g., among other UE devices serviced by the cellular service provider). 
     In some embodiments, base station  102  may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “gNB”. In such embodiments, base station  102  may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and/or to a NR core (NRC) network. In addition, base station  102  may be considered a 5G NR cell and may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs). In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more gNB s. 
     The base station  102  may include at least one antenna  434 , and possibly multiple antennas. The at least one antenna  434  may be configured to operate as a wireless transceiver and may be further configured to communicate with UE devices  106  via radio  430 . The antenna  434  communicates with the radio  430  via communication chain  432 . Communication chain  432  may be a receive chain, a transmit chain or both. The radio  430  may be configured to communicate via various wireless communication standards, including, but not limited to, 5G NR, LTE, LTE-A, GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, Wi-Fi, etc. 
     The base station  102  may be configured to communicate wirelessly using multiple wireless communication standards. In some instances, the base station  102  may include multiple radios, which may enable the base station  102  to communicate according to multiple wireless communication technologies. For example, as one possibility, the base station  102  may include an LTE radio for performing communication according to LTE as well as a 5G NR radio for performing communication according to 5G NR. In such a case, the base station  102  may be capable of operating as both an LTE base station and a 5G NR base station. As another possibility, the base station  102  may include a multi-mode radio which is capable of performing communications according to any of multiple wireless communication technologies (e.g., 5G NR and LTE, 5G NR and Wi-Fi, LTE and Wi-Fi, LTE and UMTS, LTE and CDMA2000, UMTS and GSM, etc.). 
     As described further subsequently herein, the BS  102  may include hardware and software components for implementing or supporting implementation of features described herein. The processor  404  of the base station  102  may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively, the processor  404  may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), or a combination thereof. Alternatively (or in addition) the processor  404  of the BS  102 , in conjunction with one or more of the other components  430 ,  432 ,  434 ,  440 ,  450 ,  460 ,  470  may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the features described herein. 
     In addition, as described herein, processor(s)  404  may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processor(s)  404  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor(s)  404 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processor(s)  404 . 
     Further, as described herein, radio  430  may include one or more processing elements. Thus, radio  430  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of radio  430 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of radio  430 . 
       FIG.  5   —Block Diagram of Cellular Communication Circuitry 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an example simplified block diagram of cellular communication circuitry, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the block diagram of the cellular communication circuitry of  FIG.  5    is only one example of a possible cellular communication circuit; other circuits, such as circuits including or coupled to sufficient antennas for different RATs to perform uplink activities using separate antennas, or circuits including or coupled to fewer antennas, e.g., that may be shared among multiple RATs, are also possible. According to some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry  330  may be included in a communication device, such as communication device  106  described above. As noted above, communication device  106  may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device), a tablet and/or a combination of devices, among other devices. 
     The cellular communication circuitry  330  may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas  335   a - b  and  336  as shown. In some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry  330  may include dedicated receive chains (including and/or coupled to (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) dedicated processors and/or radios) for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR). For example, as shown in  FIG.  5   , cellular communication circuitry  330  may include a first modem  510  and a second modem  520 . The first modem  510  may be configured for communications according to a first RAT, e.g., such as LTE or LTE-A, and the second modem  520  may be configured for communications according to a second RAT, e.g., such as 5G NR. 
     As shown, the first modem  510  may include one or more processors  512  and a memory  516  in communication with processors  512 . Modem  510  may be in communication with a radio frequency (RF) front end  530 . RF front end  530  may include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, RF front end  530  may include receive circuitry (RX)  532  and transmit circuitry (TX)  534 . In some embodiments, receive circuitry  532  may be in communication with downlink (DL) front end  550 , which may include circuitry for receiving radio signals via antenna  335   a.    
     Similarly, the second modem  520  may include one or more processors  522  and a memory  526  in communication with processors  522 . Modem  520  may be in communication with an RF front end  540 . RF front end  540  may include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, RF front end  540  may include receive circuitry  542  and transmit circuitry  544 . In some embodiments, receive circuitry  542  may be in communication with DL front end  560 , which may include circuitry for receiving radio signals via antenna  335   b.    
     In some embodiments, a switch  570  may couple transmit circuitry  534  to uplink (UL) front end  572 . In addition, switch  570  may couple transmit circuitry  544  to UL front end  572 . UL front end  572  may include circuitry for transmitting radio signals via antenna  336 . Thus, when cellular communication circuitry  330  receives instructions to transmit according to the first RAT (e.g., as supported via the first modem  510 ), switch  570  may be switched to a first state that allows the first modem  510  to transmit signals according to the first RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry  534  and UL front end  572 ). Similarly, when cellular communication circuitry  330  receives instructions to transmit according to the second RAT (e.g., as supported via the second modem  520 ), switch  570  may be switched to a second state that allows the second modem  520  to transmit signals according to the second RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry  544  and UL front end  572 ). In some scenarios, cellular communication circuitry  330  may receive instructions to transmit according to both the first RAT (e.g., as supported via modem  510 ) and the second RAT (e.g., as supported via modem  520 ) simultaneously. In such scenarios, switch  570  may be switched to a third state that allows modem  510  to transmit signals according to the first RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry  534  and UL front end  572 ) and modem  520  to transmit signals according to the second RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry  544  and UL front end  572 ). 
     As described herein, the first modem  510  and/or the second modem  520  may include hardware and software components for implementing any of the various features and techniques described herein. The processors  512 ,  522  may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively (or in addition), processors  512 ,  522  may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Alternatively (or in addition) the processors  512 ,  522 , in conjunction with one or more of the other components  530 ,  532 ,  534 ,  540 ,  542 ,  544 ,  550 ,  570 ,  572 ,  335  and  336  may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein. 
     In addition, as described herein, processors  512 ,  522  may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processors  512 ,  522  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processors  512 ,  522 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processors  512 ,  522 . 
     In some embodiments, the cellular communication circuitry  330  may include only one transmit/receive chain. For example, the cellular communication circuitry  330  may not include the modem  520 , the RF front end  540 , the DL front end  560 , and/or the antenna  335   b . As another example, the cellular communication circuitry  330  may not include the modem  510 , the RF front end  530 , the DL front end  550 , and/or the antenna  335   a . In some embodiments, the cellular communication circuitry  330  may also not include the switch  570 , and the RF front end  530  or the RF front end  540  may be in communication, e.g., directly, with the UL front end  572 . 
     In some embodiments, the cellular communication circuitry  330  may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to a plurality of antennas  336 . For example, each of the RF front end  530  and the RF front end  540  may be connected to a respective antenna  336 , e.g., via a respective UL front end  572 . 
     EN-DC Transmit Power Regulation 
     In some modes, a mobile device, such as the UE  106 , may communicate with multiple communications protocols simultaneously. For example, in LTE NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) mode, the UE  106  may transmit on UL in both NR and LTE simultaneously. For example, according to the LTE protocol, the UE  106  may predictably transmit a PUSCH 4 ms after receiving a DCI. Similarly, the UE  106  may predictably retransmit 4 ms after transmitting the PUSCH. However, according to the NR protocol, the timing between DCI and PUSCH, and between PUSCH and retransmission, may be shorter, and/or may be dynamic. Thus, a UE may receive an LTE DCI at a first time, causing the UE  106  to transmit an LTE PUSCH at a second time (e.g., 4 ms after the first time), and the UE  106  may also receive a NR DCI at a third time, causing the UE  106  to transmit a NR PUSCH at or about the second time, such that transmission of the NR PUSCH overlaps in time with transmission of the LTE PUSCH. Other UL signals may similarly overlap in time. 
     This overlap of NR and LTE UL signals may pose difficulties for the LTE and NR joint power control. For example, the UE  106  may be configured (e.g., required) to meet certain transmit power limitations, such as the following: LTE maximum transmit power limit (P_lte,max), NR maximum transmit power limit (P_nr,max), and/or total maximum transmit power limit (P_total,max). Additionally, the UE  106  may be configured (e.g., required) to reduce transmit power to limit RF impairment, e.g., due to inter-modulation distortion (IMD), in order to meet emission regulations, avoid DL desense, etc. 
     The LTE protocol was not designed to accommodate these limitations. Specifically, when the UE  106  operates in EN-DC mode, its LTE modem (e.g., the modem  510 ) may not be aware of NR transmit power or grant (e.g., NR DCI). Thus, in EN-DC mode, the UE  106  may operate its LTE modem as if no NR transmissions were occurring, and may configure its NR modem (e.g., the modem  520 ) to accommodate any applicable transmit power limitations. 
     For example, the UE  106  may decrease NR UL transmit power in response to certain conditions. For example, NR UL transmit power may be decreased if the combined NR and LTE total transmit power exceeds P_total,max, or if NR UL transmit power violates an RF requirement in the form of MPR (maximum power reduction) or A-MPR (additional MPR) due to IMD, such as an emission requirement or DL desense limitation. In some scenarios, e.g., where the NR UL transmit power would be scaled beyond a certain threshold amount, the UE  106  may drop (e.g., not transmit) the NR transmission. 
     In some scenarios, the UE  106  may identify a preferred NR transmit power level. The preferred NR transmit power level may represent a preferred (e.g., optimized) transmit power level for the UE  106  to transmit NR UL transmissions. For example, the preferred NR transmit power level may be specified by a base station, or may be determined via open-loop power control (OLPC) or closed-loop power control (CLPC) procedures as known in the art, e.g., based on channel conditions, etc. In some scenarios, the preferred NR transmit power level may be determined without regard to LTE transmissions by the UE  106 . However, due to concurrent transmission of an LTE UL signal, transmission of an NR UL signal at the preferred NR transmit power level may cause the total transmission power of the UE  106  to exceed one or more transmit power limitations (e.g., P_total,max, emission requirement, DL desense power limitation, etc.). 
     Therefore, the UE  106  may also determine an allowed NR transmit power level, which may represent a maximum NR transmit power that, when added to the transmit power level of the concurrent LTE UL signal (and/or other transmitted signals), will allow the total transmit power of the UE  106  (or of cellular communications of the UE  106 , or of communications by the UE  106  within a particular frequency band, etc.) to remain below one or more (e.g., all) applicable (e.g., known or predetermined) transmit power limitations. E.g., the allowed NR transmit power may be the difference between a predetermined transmit power limitation and a current transmit power level of the concurrent LTE UL signal. In some scenarios, the allowed NR transmit power level may be determined in response to determining that transmitting the NR UL signal at the preferred NR transmit power level would cause the total transmission power of the UE  106  to exceed one or more power transmit power limitations. 
     The UE  106  may determine a threshold power level, which may represent a minimum NR transmit power level at which transmission of the NR UL signal is allowed. The threshold power level may be determined or expressed in any of various ways. For example, the threshold power level may be a fixed power value. As another example, the threshold power level may be determined or expressed as a function (e.g., a difference, percentage, ratio, decibel value) of a fixed or dynamic value, such as the preferred NR transmit power level or a maximum NR transmit power level. 
     The UE  106  may compare the allowed NR transmit power level to the threshold power level. In response to determining that the allowed NR transmit power level meets (or exceeds) the threshold power level, the UE  106  may transmit the NR UL signal, e.g., at (or below) the allowed NR transmit power level. Alternatively, in response to determining that the allowed NR transmit power level does not meet the threshold power level, the UE  106  may forego (e.g., cancel, delay, or temporarily forego) transmission of the NR UL signal, e.g., because risk of reception failure is deemed too great if the NR UL signal were to be transmitted at a power level lower than the threshold power level. 
     In some scenarios, e.g., in response to determining that the allowed NR transmit power level does not meet the threshold power level, the UE  106  may transmit the NR UL signal at a later time, e.g., after completion/termination of transmission of the LTE UL signal, which may allow for a greater allowed NR transmit power level. For example, at some later time, e.g., in response to determining that transmission of an LTE UL signal has ended or that the power level of the LTE UL signal has otherwise changed, the UE  106  may determine a new allowed NR transmit power level, and may compare the new allowed NR transmit power level to the threshold power level. Based on the comparison, the UE  106  may then determine whether to transmit the NR UL signal as described above. 
       FIG.  6   —Single-Channel Channel-Specific Power Regulation 
     In some scenarios, the NR UL signal may include only a single PHY channel, e.g. PUSCH, PUCCH, or SRS. Various PHY channels may have different resilience to error. Therefore, in such scenarios, the UE  106  may determine the threshold power level based at least partly on the PHY channel to be transmitted. For example, the threshold power level may be determined (e.g., adjusted, optimized) in light of such error tolerance level or other performance metric for the relevant PHY channel. For example, a value or function used to determine the threshold power level may vary based on the PHY channel to be transmitted, e.g., based on the error tolerance of the PHY. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates application of channel-specific threshold power levels for various PHY channels, according to some embodiments. Specifically,  FIG.  6    illustrates dotted lines representing a preferred NR transmit power level  620 , and three different threshold power levels  630 A-C, reflecting allowed NR transmit power levels for different PHY channels. Blocks  604 - 612  represent various example allowed NR transmit power levels. The allowed NR transmit power level  604  is equal to the preferred NR transmit power level  620 . The allowed NR transmit power levels  606 - 612  are each less than the preferred NR transmit power level  620 . 
     As a first example, NR PUSCH may utilize HARQ, which may result in relatively high error tolerance. Therefore, if the NR UL signal includes only PUSCH at a given time, such as during single PHY transmission, the UE  106  may determine the threshold power level at a level that is significantly below the preferred NR transmit power level. As one non-limiting example, the UE  106  may set the threshold power level at 50% of the preferred NR transmit power level in response to determining that the NR UL signal includes only PUSCH (meaning that the threshold power level is 3 dB lower than the preferred NR transmit power level). Thus, the NR PUSCH may be transmitted with relatively low transmit power, even though such low transmit power may increase the likelihood that the transmission will not be received clearly. 
     The threshold power level  630 A is an example of a threshold power level configured for an NR UL signal including only PUSCH at a given time, such as during single PHY transmission. As illustrated, the allowed NR transmit power levels  604 - 610  each exceed the PUSCH threshold power level  630 A. However, the allowed NR transmit power level  612  does not meet the PUSCH threshold power level  630 A. Therefore, if the NR UL signal contains only PUSCH, then the UE  106  may transmit the NR UL signal if constrained by any of the example allowed NR transmit power levels  604 - 610 , while the UE may forego transmission of the NR UL signal if constrained by the allowed NR transmit power level  612 . 
     As another example, NR SRS may not utilize HARQ, and may therefore be less tolerant of errors than NR PUSCH. However, NR SRS may be transmitted repeatedly (e.g., periodically), with the result that failure of an SRS transmission may be tolerated without significant impact. Thus, NR SRS may be considered to have a moderate error tolerance. Therefore, if the NR UL signal includes only SRS at a given time, such as during single PHY transmission, the UE  106  may determine the threshold power level at a level that is somewhat below the preferred NR transmit power level. As one non-limiting example, the UE  106  may set the threshold power level at 75-80% of the preferred NR transmit power level (meaning that the threshold power level is 20-25%, or approximately 1 dB, lower than the preferred NR transmit power level) in response to determining that the NR UL signal includes only SRS. 
     The threshold power level  630 B is an example of a threshold power level configured for an NR UL signal including only SRS at a given time, such as during single PHY transmission. As illustrated, the allowed NR transmit power levels  604 - 608  each exceed the SRS threshold power level  630 B. However, the allowed NR transmit power levels  610 - 612  do not meet the SRS threshold power level  630 B. Therefore, if the NR UL signal contains only SRS, then the UE  106  may transmit the NR UL signal if constrained by any of the example allowed NR transmit power levels  604 - 608 , while the UE may forego transmission of the NR UL signal if constrained by any of the allowed NR transmit power levels  610 - 612 . 
     As yet another example, NR PUCCH may be transmitted only once, with an expectation of high reliability, and may therefore be very intolerant of errors. Thus, NR PUCCH may be considered to have a low error tolerance. Therefore, if the NR UL signal includes only PUCCH at a given time, such as during single PHY transmission, the UE  106  may determine the threshold power level at a level that is close to the preferred NR transmit power level. As one non-limiting example, the UE  106  may set the threshold power level at a value that is within the range of 90-100% of the preferred NR transmit power level (meaning that the threshold power level is 0-10% lower than the preferred NR transmit power level) in response to determining that the NR UL signal includes only PUCCH. Thus, the NR PUCCH may be transmitted only if it may be transmitted with a transmit power level that is close to (or equal to) the preferred NR transmit power level. 
     The threshold power level  630 C is an example of a threshold power level configured for an NR UL signal including only PUCCH at a given time, such as during single PHY transmission. As illustrated, the allowed NR transmit power levels  604 - 606  each exceed the PUCCH threshold power level  630 C. However, the allowed NR transmit power levels  608 - 612  do not meet the PUCCH threshold power level  630 C. Therefore, if the NR UL signal contains only PUCCH, then the UE  106  may transmit the NR UL signal if constrained by any of the example allowed NR transmit power levels  604 - 606 , while the UE may forego transmission of the NR UL signal if constrained by any of the allowed NR transmit power levels  608 - 612 . 
       FIG.  7   —Multi-Channel Channel-Specific Power Regulation 
     In some scenarios, the NR UL signal may include a plurality of PHY channels. In such scenarios, the UE  106  may prioritize power to certain PHY channels, e.g., based on error tolerance level or other performance metric(s) for the relevant PHY channels. Specifically, if the UE  106  determines the allowed NR transmit power level for the NR UL signal to be below the preferred NR transmit power level, then the UE  106  may reduce the power of the NR UL signal to a level at or below the allowed NR transmit power level by reducing power transmitted on the lower-priority PHY channels. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates several examples of NR UL signals with transmit power reduced in response to various allowed NR transmit power levels, according to some embodiments. As illustrated, the NR UL signal may include PUSCH, SRS, and PUCCH. In other scenarios, additional/alternative PHY channels may be present. In some scenarios, the UE  106  may prioritize transmission of certain PHY channels over others. In the example of  FIG.  7   , the UE  106  has prioritized the PUCCH over SRS and PUSCH, and has further prioritized SRS over PUSCH, e.g., based on relative error tolerance of those channels, as described above. In other scenarios, the order of prioritization may be different. 
     The UE  106  may determine a preferred NR transmit power level, e.g., as described above. The UE  106  may allocate a portion of the preferred NR transmit power level for each PHY channel to be included in the NR UL signal. For example, each PHY channel may be allocated a fraction or percentage of the preferred NR transmit power. As another example, one or more channels may be allocated a fixed or minimum transmit power, while one or more remaining channels may be allocated the remaining power. Other power allocation schemes are also possible. The PHY channels may be allocated equal or different power levels. As illustrated in  FIG.  7   , NR UL signal  704  represents a signal utilizing preferred NR transmit power level  720 . The UE  106  has allocated power to each of PUCCH  704 A, SRS  704 B, and PUSCH  704 C. 
     In some scenarios, the UE  106  may reduce the transmit power level of the NR UL signal in response to determining a current allowed NR transmit power level is lower than the preferred NR transmit power level  720 . In reducing the transmit power level of the NR UL signal, the UE  106  may first reduce power allocated to PHY channels having a lower priority. 
     For example, NR UL signal  706  illustrates a signal that has been reduced in power to comply with allowed NR transmit power level  722 A. Specifically, PUSCH  706 C has been reduced in power, while PUCCH  706 A and SRS  706 B remain unchanged. As noted above, PUSCH  706 C may be the lowest-priority PHY channel because it is the most error-tolerant. Thus, decreasing the power allocated to PUSCH  706 C is less likely to result in decreased user experience than decreasing the power allocated to other PHY channels. 
     However, if the power allocated to PUSCH  706 C is decreased too far, then the likelihood of reception failure for the PUSCH may become unacceptably high. Thus, the UE  106  may determine PUSCH threshold  724 , which may represent a minimum transmit power at which transmission of the PUSCH is allowed. For example, in some scenarios, the UE  106  may determine a minimum power level to be allocated to the PUSCH, e.g., before the likelihood of reception failure may be come unacceptably high. E.g., this minimum power level of the PUSCH may be determined in a manner similar to the threshold power level discussed above. The PUSCH threshold  724  may be determined by adding this minimum power level of the PUSCH to the power allocated to higher-priority PHY channels (e.g., PUCCH  704 A and SRS  704 B). 
     If the allowed NR transmit power level is determined to be below the PUSCH threshold  724 , the UE  106  may omit the PUSCH from the signal entirely, rather than merely further reducing the PUSCH power. For example, NR UL signal  708  illustrates a signal that has been reduced in power to comply with allowed NR transmit power level  722 B. Specifically, because allowed NR transmit power level  722 B is determined to be below the PUSCH threshold  724 , the UE  106  has dropped the PUSCH from the signal. Thus, as illustrated, NR UL signal  708  does not include a PUSCH, and is left with only PUCCH  708 A and SRS  708 B. 
     As a further example, NR UL signal  710  illustrates a signal that has been further reduced in power to comply with allowed NR transmit power level  722 C. Specifically, any PUSCH has been entirely omitted and SRS  710 B has been reduced in power, while PUCCH  710 A remains unchanged. As noted above, SRS  710 B may have lower priority than the PUCCH  710 A because it is the more error-tolerant. Thus, decreasing the power allocated to SRS  710 B is less likely to result in decreased user experience than decreasing the power allocated to PUCCH  710 A. 
     However, if the power allocated to SRS  710 B is decreased too far, then the likelihood of reception failure for the SRS may become unacceptably high. Thus, the UE  106  may determine SRS threshold  726 , which may represent a minimum transmit power at which transmission of the SRS is allowed (e.g., in response to determining that the allowed NR transmit power level is below the PUSCH threshold  724 , that a PUSCH has been omitted, and/or that the SRS is the lowest-priority channel remaining in the NR UL signal). For example, in some scenarios, the UE  106  may determine a minimum power level to be allocated to the SRS, e.g., before the likelihood of reception failure may be come unacceptably high. The SRS threshold  726  may be determined by adding this minimum power level of the SRS to the power allocated to higher-priority PHY channels (e.g., PUCCH  710 A). If the allowed NR transmit power level is determined to be below the SRS threshold  726 , the UE  106  may omit the SRS from the signal entirely, rather than merely further reducing the SRS power. For example, NR UL signal  712  illustrates a signal that has been reduced in power to comply with allowed NR transmit power level  722 D. Specifically, because allowed NR transmit power level  722 D is determined to be below the SRS threshold  726 , the UE  106  has dropped the SRS from the signal. Thus, as illustrated, NR UL signal  712  does not include an SRS, and is left with only PUCCH  712 A. 
     As a further example, NR UL signal  714  illustrates a signal that has been further reduced in power to comply with allowed NR transmit power level  722 E. Specifically, any PUSCH and SRS have been entirely omitted and PUCCH  714 A has been reduced in power. 
     However, if the power allocated to PUCCH  714 A is decreased too far, then the likelihood of reception failure for the PUCCH may become unacceptably high. Thus, the UE  106  may determine PUCCH threshold  728 , which may represent a minimum transmit power at which transmission of the PUCCH is allowed (e.g., in response to determining that the allowed NR transmit power level is below the SRS threshold  726 , that a PUSCH and/or SRS has been omitted, and/or that the PUCCH is the lowest-priority channel remaining in the NR UL signal). E.g., if the allowed NR transmit power level is determined to be below the PUCCH threshold  728 , the UE  106  may omit the PUCCH from the signal entirely, rather than merely further reducing the PUCCH power. In such a scenario, the UE  106  may entirely forego transmitting the NR UL signal. 
     In some scenarios, the PUSCH threshold  724  may allow a greater reduction in power than the SRS threshold  726 . For example, the UE  106  may allow reduction of the power allocated to the PUSCH by a large amount (e.g., up to 3 dB) before omitting the PUSCH, and may allow reduction of the power allocated to the SRS by a lesser amount (e.g., up to 1 dB) before omitting the SRS. This is because the PUSCH may be more tolerant of errors than the SRS. Similarly, one or both of the PUSCH threshold  724  and the SRS threshold  726  may allow a greater reduction in power than the PUCCH threshold  726 . For example, the UE  106  may allow reduction of the power allocated to the PUCCH by only a very small amount (e.g., up to 0.5 dB) before omitting the PUCCH. 
       FIG.  8   —PA Stage Aware Power Regulation 
     In some implementations, the UE  106  may include multiple power amplifier (PA) stages for use in UL transmission (e.g., included within the UL front end  572 ). For example, for transmissions having power below a PA stage threshold, the UE  106  may use a first PA stage. However, if required transmit power increases beyond the PA stage threshold, then the UE  106  may alternatively (or additionally) use a second PA stage, e.g., utilizing additional or alternative power amplifiers, or modifying power amplifier configuration. This may allow the UE  106  to utilize power amplifiers that are configured for higher efficiency within the power range currently being used. 
     However, activating the second PA stage during an UL transmission may result in a sudden phase shift in the transmitted signal, as different/additional PAs, or different PA configurations, are activated within the transmit chain. Such a sudden phase shift may cause a receiving device to be unable to demodulate the signal. Thus, it is desirable to avoid increasing transmit power beyond a PA stage threshold during an ongoing transmission. In some implementations, the UE  106  may have more than two PA stages, resulting in more than one PA stage threshold. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates example transmit power diagrams of the UE  106  operating in EN-DC mode, with reference to the PA stage threshold, according to some embodiments. Specifically, the curve  804  illustrates transmit power allocated for an LTE UL signal to be transmitted by the UE  106 . The dotted line  802  represents a PA stage threshold. As illustrated, transmission of the LTE UL signal begins at time t 1  and ends at time t 4 . The transmit power level  804  allocated to the LTE UL signal remains below the PA stage threshold  802 . 
     The curve  806  illustrates transmit power allocated for a NR UL signal to be transmitted by the UE  106 . As illustrated, transmission of the NR UL signal begins at time t 2  and ends at time t 3 . The transmit power level  806  allocated to the LTE UL signal remains below the PA stage threshold  802 . 
     The curve  808  illustrates total transmit power allocated for UL transmission, including both the LTE UL signal and the NR UL signal to be transmitted by the UE  106 . As illustrated, at time t 1 , the UE  106  begins transmission of the LTE UL signal, with a transmit power level below the PA stage threshold  802 . Thus, the UE  106  may use a first PA stage in transmitting the signal. However, at time t 2 , the UE  106  also begins transmission of the NR UL signal, causing the total transmit power level  808  allocated for the combination of the LTE UL signal and the NR UL signal to exceed the PA stage threshold  802 . As a result, the UE  106  may activate a second PA stage (e.g., assisting or replacing the first PA stage). This may result in a sudden phase shift in the ongoing LTE UL signal. At time t 3 , the UE  106  may complete transmission of the NR UL signal, causing the total transmit power level  808  to drop below the PA stage threshold  802 . As a result, the UE  106  may deactivate the second PA stage and resume use of the first PA stage. This may result in a second sudden phase shift in the ongoing LTE UL signal. At time t 4 , the UE  106  may complete transmission of the LTE UL signal. 
     The curve  810  illustrates total transmit power allocated for UL transmission, including both the LTE UL signal and the NR UL signal to be transmitted by the UE  106 , in which the total transmit power level  810  is reduced (e.g., capped) so as to avoid these sudden phase shifts. Specifically, the power allocated to the NR UL signal may be capped at a level that will prevent the total transmit power level  810  from meeting (or exceeding) the PA stage threshold  802 . 
     However, if the power allocated to NR UL signal is decreased too far, then the likelihood of reception failure for the NR UL signal may become unacceptably high. Thus, the UE  106  may determine a NR UL signal threshold, which may represent a minimum transmit power at which transmission of the NR UL signal is allowed. E.g., if the PA stage threshold  802  is determined to be below the NR UL signal threshold, then the UE  106  may entirely forego transmitting the NR UL signal, rather than merely further reducing the NR UL signal power. In such a scenario, the UE  106  may transmit only the LTE UL signal, e.g., as illustrated by curve  804 . 
     It should be appreciated that the PA stage threshold  802  may be considered to be a transmit power limitation that may be considered when determining an allowed NR transmit power level, e.g., as discussed with regard to  FIG.  6    and/or  FIG.  7   . Thus, in some scenarios, the power allocated to the NR UL signal may be decreased, as illustrated by the capped total transmit power level  810 , in a manner consistent with any of the scenarios discussed above in connection with  FIG.  6    and/or  FIG.  7   . 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure may be realized in any of various forms. For example, some embodiments may be realized as a computer-implemented method, a computer-readable memory medium, or a computer system. Other embodiments may be realized using one or more custom-designed hardware devices such as ASICs. Still other embodiments may be realized using one or more programmable hardware elements such as FPGAs. 
     In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium may be configured so that it stores program instructions and/or data, where the program instructions, if executed by a computer system, cause the computer system to perform a method, e.g., any of a method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets. 
     In some embodiments, a device (e.g., a UE  106  or BS  102 , or some component thereof, such as the wireless communication circuitry  330  or the modem  520 ) may be configured to include a processor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium, where the memory medium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured to read and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, where the program instructions are executable to implement any of the various method embodiments described herein (or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets). The device may be realized in any of various forms. 
     Although the embodiments above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190923
Publication Date: 20230919
Grant Date: 20230919
Priority Date: 20180928
Inventors: SUN, HAITONG
SEBENI, JOHNSON O.
JI, Zhu
ZHANG, DAWEI
ZHANG, WEI
KIM, YUCHUL
PU, TIANYAN
ZHAO, Pengkai
ZENG, WEI
TANG, JIA
WANG, PING
ZHANG, Wanping
LI, YANG
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W52/346", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/367", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0473", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/367", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/38", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/146", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/146", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/52", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0473", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/21", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/23", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/367", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/146", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/52", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0473", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/21", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 68072225