PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-12085736-B2
Application Number: US-202318484302-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Privacy films for curved displays

Abstract:
A privacy film may have a light-blocking layer that is interposed between first and second transparent substrates. The light-blocking layer may have a plurality of opaque portions and a plurality of transparent portions. The opaque portions may be shaped to ensure light from the display is directed only to the primary viewer of the display. Each opaque portion of the light-blocking layer may extend along a respective longitudinal axis between the first and second transparent substrates. Privacy films used to cover curved displays may have opaque portions that extend along longitudinal axes that have different angles relative to the transparent substrates. Opaque portions in the edge of the privacy film may have longitudinal axes that are at non-perpendicular angles with respect to the transparent substrates. A privacy film for a curved display may also include a light-redirecting layer such as a prism layer or a liquid crystal layer.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A display comprising:
 an array of pixels that emit light; 
 a color filter layer formed over the array of pixels; and 
 a light-redirecting layer, wherein the color filter layer is interposed between the array of pixels and the light-redirecting layer, and wherein the light-redirecting layer has a first portion that redirects light at a first angle and a second portion that redirects light at a second angle that is different than the first angle. 
 
     
     
       2. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the light-redirecting layer comprises a prism layer. 
     
     
       3. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the light-redirecting layer has a uniform thickness and a varying index of refraction. 
     
     
       4. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the light-redirecting layer comprises a liquid crystal layer. 
     
     
       5. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the color filter layer has at least one curved portion. 
     
     
       6. The display defined in  claim 5 , wherein the color filter layer has convex curvature. 
     
     
       7. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the array of pixels comprises organic light-emitting diode pixels. 
     
     
       8. The display defined in  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a light-blocking layer formed over the color filter layer and configured to reduce the viewing angle of the display. 
 
     
     
       9. The display defined in  claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the light-redirecting layer is positioned over a center of the array of pixels and wherein the second portion of the light-redirecting layer is positioned over an edge of the array of pixels. 
     
     
       10. A display comprising:
 an array of pixels that emit light; 
 a light-blocking layer configured to reduce the viewing angle of the display; and 
 a light-redirecting layer, wherein the light-blocking layer is interposed between the array of pixels and the light-redirecting layer and wherein the light-redirecting layer is configured to reduce the viewing angle of the display. 
 
     
     
       11. The display defined in  claim 10 , further comprising:
 a color filter layer interposed between the array of pixels and the light-blocking layer. 
 
     
     
       12. The display defined in  claim 10 , wherein the light-redirecting layer comprises a prism layer. 
     
     
       13. The display defined in  claim 10 , wherein the light-blocking layer has at least one curved portion. 
     
     
       14. The display defined in  claim 13 , wherein the light-blocking layer has convex curvature. 
     
     
       15. The display defined in  claim 10 , wherein the light-blocking layer comprises a substrate, wherein the light-blocking layer comprises a plurality of opaque portions and a plurality of transparent portions, wherein a first opaque portion extends along a respective first longitudinal axis at a respective first angle relative to the substrate, wherein a second opaque portion extends along a respective second longitudinal axis at a respective second angle relative to the substrate, and wherein the first and second angles are different. 
     
     
       16. The display defined in  claim 10 , wherein the light-redirecting layer has a first portion that refracts light at a first angle and a second portion that refracts light at a second angle that is different than the first angle and wherein an angle of refraction of the light-redirecting layer gradually changes from the first angle to the second angle between the first portion of the light-redirecting layer and the second portion of the light-redirecting layer. 
     
     
       17. An electronic device comprising:
 display structures configured to emit light, wherein the display structures have at least one curved portion; and 
 a light-redirecting layer that overlaps the display structures, wherein the light-redirecting layer has different portions that redirect light at different angles. 
 
     
     
       18. The electronic device defined in  claim 17 , further comprising:
 a color filter layer interposed between the display structures and the light-redirecting layer. 
 
     
     
       19. The electronic device defined in  claim 17 , wherein the light-redirecting layer comprises a prism layer. 
     
     
       20. The electronic device defined in  claim 17 , wherein the display structures have convex curvature.

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/211,354, filed Mar. 24, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/421,838, filed May 24, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,983,256, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/717,509, filed Aug. 10, 2018, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with displays. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electronic devices often include displays. For example, laptop computers have displays. Displays are typically designed to display images over a relatively wide angle of view to accommodate movements in the position of a viewer relative to the display. In some situations, such as when a user of a laptop or other device with a display is using the device in public, the wide viewing angle is undesirable as it compromises privacy. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some situations, privacy may be a concern for a user of an electronic device with a display. The user may, for example, wish to limit the viewing angle of the display to prevent neighboring people from viewing the display. In certain user scenarios, reducing the viewing angle may also offer a better user experience. A privacy film may be used to reduce the viewing angle of a display. A privacy film may be a removable privacy film that is selectively placed over a display in an electronic device or a privacy film may be integrated within a display in an electronic device. 
     The privacy film may have a light-blocking layer that is interposed between first and second transparent substrates. The light-blocking layer may have a plurality of opaque portions and a plurality of transparent portions. The opaque portions may be shaped to ensure light from the display is directed only to the primary viewer of the display. 
     Each opaque portion of the light-blocking layer may extend along a respective longitudinal axis between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate. Privacy films used to cover planar displays may have opaque portions that all extend along parallel longitudinal axes. Privacy films used to cover curved displays, however, may have opaque portions that extend along longitudinal axes that have different angles relative to the transparent substrates. Opaque portions in the center of the privacy film may have longitudinal axes that are substantially perpendicular to the transparent substrates. Opaque portions in the edge of the privacy film, however, may have longitudinal axes that are at non-perpendicular angles with respect to the transparent substrates. This arrangement may allow for a viewer of a curved display covered by the privacy film to view both the center and edges of the curved display. 
     A privacy film for a curved display may also include a light-redirecting layer. The light-redirecting layer may redirect light towards the primary viewer of the display. In the edge of the display, light may be redirected by a larger angle than in the center of the display. The light-redirecting layer may be a prism layer or a liquid crystal layer. A coherent fiber bundle may also be used in a privacy film to redirect light to a primary viewer of a curved display. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device having a display in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  2    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative liquid crystal display that may be covered by a privacy film in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  3    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative organic light-emitting diode display that may be covered by a privacy film in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  4    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative display being used in a wide viewing angle mode in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  5    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative display of the type shown in  FIG.  4    being used in a reduced-viewing-angle mode in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  6    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative removable privacy film that is selectively applied to an electronic device display in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  7    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film that is integrated with the display of an electronic device in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  8    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film having opaque portions that are perpendicular to an underlying planar display in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  9    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film having opaque portions that are perpendicular to an underlying curved display in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  10    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film having opaque portions with longitudinal axes of varying angles in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  11    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film having opaque portions with longitudinal axes of varying angles over a curved display in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  12    is a graph showing how the angle of the longitudinal axes for opaque portions relative to the substrate in an illustrative privacy film may vary based on the position of the opaque portion within the privacy film in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  13    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film having a prism layer formed over a light-blocking layer in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  14    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film having a light-redirecting layer with a varying refractive index formed over a light-blocking layer in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  15    is a graph showing how the angle of refraction of light exiting an illustrative light-redirecting layer may vary as a function of position within the privacy film in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG.  16    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film that includes a coherent fiber bundle in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A schematic diagram or an illustrative electronic device of the type that may be provided with a display is shown in  FIG.  1   . Electronic device  10  may be a computing device such as a laptop computer, a computer monitor containing an embedded computer, a tablet computer, a cellular telephone, a media player, or other handheld or portable electronic device, a smaller device such as a wrist-watch device, a pendant device, a headphone or earpiece device, a device embedded in eyeglasses or other equipment worn on a user&#39;s head, or other wearable or miniature device, a computer display that does not contain an embedded computer, a computer display that includes an embedded computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, an embedded system such as a system in which electronic equipment with a display is mounted in a kiosk or automobile, equipment that implements the functionality of two or more of these devices, or other electronic equipment. 
     As shown in  FIG.  1   , device  10  includes a display such as display  14 . Display  14  may be mounted in housing  12 . The housing may sometimes be referred to as an enclosure or case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of any two or more of these materials. The housing may be formed using a unibody configuration in which some or all of the housing is machined or molded as a single structure or may be formed using multiple structures (e.g., an internal frame structure, one or more structures that form exterior housing surfaces, etc.). In one illustrative embodiment, the housing may include an upper housing and a lower housing that are connected to each other using hinge structures located along the upper edge of the lower housing and the lower edge of the upper housing. Hinges may allow the upper housing to rotate about a longitudinal axis relative to the lower housing. The display may be mounted in the upper housing if desired. 
     Display  14  may be a touch screen display that incorporates a layer of conductive capacitive touch sensor electrodes or other touch sensor components (e.g., resistive touch sensor components, acoustic touch sensor components, force-based touch sensor components, light-based touch sensor components, etc.) or may be a display that is not touch-sensitive. Capacitive touch screen electrodes may be formed from an array of indium tin oxide pads or other transparent conductive structures. A touch sensor may be formed using electrodes or other structures on a display layer that contains a pixel array or on a separate touch panel layer that is attached to the pixel array (e.g., using adhesive). 
     Display  14  may include an array of pixels formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic pixels, an array of electrowetting pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode pixels, or pixels based on other display technologies. Configurations in which display  14  is a liquid crystal display with a backlight are sometimes described herein as an example. This use of liquid crystal display technology for forming display  14  is merely illustrative. Display  14  may, in general, be formed using any suitable type of pixels (e.g., display  14  may be an organic light-emitting diode display). 
     As shown in  FIG.  1   , device  10  may have input-output devices  28 . Input-output devices may include a track pad or a keyboard, for example. Device  10  may also have components such as cameras, microphones, speakers, buttons, status indicator lights, buzzers, sensors, and other input-output devices. These devices may be used to gather input for device  10  and may be used to supply a user of device  10  with output. Connector ports in device  10  may receive mating connectors (e.g., an audio plug, a connector associated with a data cable such as a Universal Serial Bus cable, a data cable that handles video and audio data such as a cable that connects device  10  to a computer display, television, or other monitor, etc.). 
     As shown in  FIG.  1   , electronic device  10  may have control circuitry  26 . Control circuitry  26  may include storage and processing circuitry for supporting the operation of device  10 . The storage and processing circuitry may include storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in control circuitry  26  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . The processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, baseband processors, power management units, audio chips, application specific integrated circuits, etc. 
     Input-output circuitry in device  10  such as input-output devices  28  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  28  may include buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, speakers, tone generators, vibrators, cameras, sensors (e.g., ambient light sensors, proximity sensors, orientation sensors, magnetic sensors, force sensors, touch sensors, etc.), light-emitting diodes and other status indicators, data ports, etc. A user can control the operation of device  10  by supplying commands through input-output devices  28  and may receive status information and other output from device  10  using the output resources of input-output devices  28 . Input-output devices  18  may include one or more displays such as display  14 . 
     Control circuitry  26  may be used to run software on device  10  such as operating system code and applications. During operation of device  10 , the software running on control circuitry  26  may display images on display  14  using an array of pixels in display  14 . While displaying images, control circuitry  26  may control the transmission of each of the pixels in the array and can make adjustments to the amount of backlight illumination for the array that is being produced by backlight structures in display  14 . 
     Control circuitry  26  may direct display  14  to operate in different operating modes. For example, control circuitry  26  can direct display  14  to operate in a normal operating mode when privacy is not a concern. In the normal operating mode, the images on display  14  may be visible to people seated next to the user of device  10  due to the relatively wide angle of view of display  14  in normal operation. In situations in which privacy is a concern, a user may supply input to control circuitry  26  to place display  14  in a privacy mode in which the angle of view of display  14  is restricted. In response, control circuitry  26  may make adjustments to display  14  (e.g., backlight adjustments and/or adjustments to angle-of-view restriction structures elsewhere in display  14 ) that reduce the angle of view of display  14 . When the angle of view of display  14  is lowered, it will become difficult or impossible for viewers that are located at off-axis positions relative to display  14  to view images on display  14  (e.g., a viewer seated next to the user on an airplane will not be able to view images on display  14 ). At the same time, the user of device  10  who is seated in an on-axis position will be able to use display  14  to view images. 
     Changes in the operating mode of display  14  to implement angle-of-view restrictions (i.e., adjustments to display  14  to place display  14  in normal viewing mode or a reduced-angle-of-view privacy mode) may be made based on user input or may be made automatically by control circuitry  26 . Control circuitry  26  may, for example, use information such as content sensitivity information to determine whether or not content that is being display on display  14  should be displayed in normal mode or privacy mode. If, for example, a user is viewing a movie, the movie may be displayed in normal mode. In the event that a private message such as an incoming text message is detected, display  14  may be placed in privacy mode, thereby ensuring that the content of the text message will not be inadvertently revealed to unauthorized parties. If desired, only a part of display  14  may be placed in privacy mode (e.g., to ensure the privacy of a text message) while the remainder of display  14  is operated normally (e.g. to display a movie). 
     A cross-sectional side view of an illustrative configuration for display  14  of device  10  (e.g., for display  14  of the device of  FIG.  1    or other suitable electronic device) is shown in  FIG.  2   . As shown in  FIG.  2   , display  14  may include backlight structures such as backlight unit  42  for producing backlight  44 . During operation, backlight  44  travels outwards (vertically upwards in dimension Z in the orientation of  FIG.  2   ) and passes through display pixel structures in display layers  46 . This illuminates any images that are being produced by the display pixels for viewing by a user. For example, backlight  44  may illuminate images on display layers  46  that are being viewed by viewer  48  in direction  50 . 
     Display layers  46  may be mounted in chassis structures such as a plastic chassis structure and/or a metal chassis structure to form a display module for mounting in housing  12  or display layers  46  may be mounted directly in housing  12  (e.g., by stacking display layers  46  into a recessed portion in housing  12 ). Display layers  46  may form a liquid crystal display or may be used in forming displays of other types. 
     In a configuration in which display layers  46  are used in forming a liquid crystal display, display layers  46  may include a liquid crystal layer such as liquid crystal layer  52 . Liquid crystal layer  52  may be sandwiched between display layers such as display layers  58  and  56 . Layers  56  and  58  may be interposed between lower polarizer layer  60  and upper polarizer layer  54 . 
     Layers  58  and  56  may be formed from transparent substrate layers such as clear layers of glass or plastic. Layers  56  and  58  may be layers such as a thin-film transistor layer and/or a color filter layer. Conductive traces, color filter elements, transistors, and other circuits and structures may be formed on the substrates of layers  58  and  56  (e.g., to form a thin-film transistor layer and/or a color filter layer). Touch sensor electrodes may also be incorporated into layers such as layers  58  and  56  and/or touch sensor electrodes may be formed on other substrates. 
     With one illustrative configuration, layer  58  may be a thin-film transistor layer that includes an array of thin-film transistors and associated electrodes (display pixel electrodes) for applying electric fields to liquid crystal layer  52  and thereby displaying images on display  14 . Layer  56  may be a color filter layer that includes an array of color filter elements for providing display  14  with the ability to display color images. If desired, layer  58  may be a color filter layer and layer  56  may be a thin-film transistor layer. 
     During operation of display  14  in device  10 , control circuitry (e.g., one or more integrated circuits on a printed circuit) may be used to generate information to be displayed on display  14  (e.g., display data). The information to be displayed may be conveyed to a display driver integrated circuit such as circuit  62 A or  62 B using a signal path such as a signal path formed from conductive metal traces in a rigid or flexible printed circuit such as printed circuit  64  (as an example). 
     Backlight structures  42  may include a light guide plate such as light guide plate  78  (sometimes referred to herein as a light guide layer). Light guide layer  78  may be formed from a transparent material such as clear glass or plastic. During operation of backlight structures  42 , a light source such as light source  72  may generate light  74 . Light source  72  may be, for example, an array of light-emitting diodes. 
     Light  74  from light source  72  may be coupled into edge surface  76  of light guide layer  78  and may be distributed in dimensions X and Y throughout light guide layer  78  due to the principal of total internal reflection. Light guide layer  78  may include light-scattering features such as pits or bumps. The light-scattering features may be located on an upper surface and/or on an opposing lower surface of light guide plate  78 . 
     Light  74  that scatters upwards in direction Z from light guide layer  78  may serve as backlight  44  for display  14 . Light  74  that scatters downwards may be reflected back in the upwards direction by reflector  80 . Reflector  80  may be formed from a reflective material such as a layer of white plastic or other shiny materials. 
     To enhance backlight performance for backlight structures  42 , backlight structures  42  may include optical films  70 . Optical films  70  may include diffuser layers for helping to homogenize backlight  44  and thereby reduce hotspots, compensation films for enhancing off-axis viewing, and brightness enhancement films (also sometimes referred to as turning films) for collimating backlight  44 . Optical films  70  may overlap the other structures in backlight unit  42  such as light guide layer  78  and reflector  80 . For example, if light guide plate  78  has a rectangular footprint in the X-Y plane of  FIG.  2   , optical films  70  and reflector  80  may have a matching rectangular footprint. 
     Lower polarizer layer  60  and upper polarizer layer  54  may be linear polarizers with optical axes that are offset by 90°. The linear polarizers may (in combination with liquid crystal layer  52 ) allow per-pixel control of the magnitude of emitted light. After the light passes through upper polarizer  54 , the light may be linearly polarized. If desired, display  14  may have a protective outer display layer such as cover layer  170 . The outer display layer may be formed from a material such as sapphire, glass, plastic, clear ceramic, or other transparent material. 
     The example in  FIG.  2    of display  14  being a liquid crystal display with backlight structures is merely illustrative. If desired, display  14  may instead be another type of display such as an organic light-emitting diode display. A cross-sectional side view of a portion of an illustrative organic light-emitting diode display is shown in  FIG.  3   . As shown in  FIG.  3   , display  14  may include a substrate layer such as substrate layer  128 . Substrate  128  may be formed from a polymer or other suitable materials. 
     Thin-film transistor circuitry  144  (sometimes referred to as display layers  144 ) may be formed on substrate  128 . Thin film transistor circuitry  144  may include layers  132 . Layers  132  may include inorganic layers such as inorganic buffer layers, barrier layers (e.g., barrier layers to block moisture and impurities), gate insulator, passivation, interlayer dielectric, and other inorganic dielectric layers. Layers  132  may also include organic dielectric layers such as a polymer planarization layer. Metal layers and semiconductor layers may also be included within layers  132 . For example, semiconductors such as silicon, semiconducting-oxide semiconductors, or other semiconductor materials may be used in forming semiconductor channel regions for thin-film transistors. Metal in layers  132  such as metal traces  174  may be used in forming transistor gate terminals, transistor source-drain terminals, capacitor electrodes, and metal interconnects. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , display layers  144  may include diode anode structures such as anode  136 . Anode  136  may be formed from a layer of conductive material such as metal on the surface of layers  132  (e.g., on the surface of a planarization layer that covers underlying thin-film transistor structures). Light-emitting diode  126  may be formed within an opening in pixel definition layer  160 . Pixel definition layer  160  may be formed from a patterned photoimageable polymer such as polyimide and/or may be formed from one or more inorganic layers such as silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, or other suitable materials. 
     In each light-emitting diode, layers of organic material  138  may be interposed between a respective anode  136  and cathode  142 . Anodes  136  may be patterned from a layer of metal (e.g., silver) and/or one or more other conductive layers such as a layer of indium tin oxide or other transparent conductive material. Cathode  142  may be formed from a common conductive layer that is deposited on top of pixel definition layer  160 . Cathode  142  may be formed from a thin metal layer (e.g., a layer of metal such as a magnesium silver layer) and/or indium tin oxide or other transparent conductive material. Cathode  142  is preferably sufficiently transparent to allow light to exit light emitting diode  126 . 
     If desired, the anode of diode  126  may be formed from a blanket conductive layer and the cathode of diode  126  may be formed from a patterned conductive layer. The illustrative configuration of display  14  in which a transparent blanket cathode layer  142  covers diodes that have individually patterned anodes  136  allows light to be emitted from the top of display  14  (i.e., display  14  in the example of  FIG.  3    is a “top emission” organic light-emitting diode display). Display  14  may be implemented using a bottom emission configuration if desired. Layers such as layers  136 ,  138 , and  142  are used in forming organic light-emitting diodes such as diode  126  of  FIG.  3   , so this portion of display  14  is sometimes referred to as an organic light-emitting diode layer (see, e.g., layer  130  of  FIG.  3   ). 
     If desired, display  14  may have a protective outer display layer such as cover layer  170 . As discussed in connection with  FIG.  2   , the outer display layer may be formed from a material such as sapphire, glass, plastic, clear ceramic, or other transparent material. Protective layer  146  may cover cathode  142 . Layer  146 , which may sometimes be referred to as an encapsulation layer may include moisture barrier structures, encapsulant materials such as polymers, adhesive, and/or other materials to help protect thin-film transistor circuitry. 
     Functional layers  168  may be interposed between layer  146  and cover layer  170 . Functional layers  168  may include a touch sensor layer, a circular polarizer layer, a sunglass-friendly optical film, a privacy film, and other layers. A circular polarizer layer may help reduce light reflections from reflective structures such as anodes  136 . A touch sensor layer may be formed from an array of capacitive touch sensor electrodes on a flexible polymer substrate. The touch sensor layer may be used to gather touch input from the fingers of a user, from a stylus, or from other external objects. Layers of optically clear adhesive may be used to attach cover glass layer  170  and functional layers  168  to underlying display layers such as layer  146 , thin-film transistor circuitry  144 , and substrate  128 . 
     Organic layer  138  may include an organic emissive layer (e.g., a red emissive layer in red diodes that emits red light, a green emissive layer in green diodes that emits green light, and a blue emissive layer in blue diodes that emits blue light, etc.). The emissive material may be a material such as a phosphorescent material or fluorescent material that emits light during diode operation. The emissive material in layer  138  may be sandwiched between additional diode layers such as hole injection layers, hole transport layers, electron injection layers, and electron transport layers. 
     It may be desirable to allow display  14  to be operated in multiple viewing modes such as a normal angle-of-view mode and a reduced angle-of-view mode (e.g., a privacy mode). When operated in the normal angle-of-view mode, viewer  48  can view images on display  14  over a relatively wide range of angles (see, e.g., display  14  of  FIG.  4   , which is displaying images over wide angle of view A). The normal angle-of-view mode may be used when privacy is not a concern. When privacy is desired, display  14  can be operated in the reduced angle-of-view mode. In this mode, viewer  48  can view images on display  14  over a more restricted range of angles (see, e.g., display  14  of  FIG.  5   , which is displaying images over reduced angle of view B, where B&lt;A). By restricting the angle-of-view, the images of display  14  may not be visible to people seated next to the user of device  10 , offering increased privacy. 
     To restrict the angle-of-view of the display, angle-of-view restriction structures may be used. The angle-of-view restriction structures may include, for example, an angle-of-view restriction layer (sometimes referred to as an angle-of-view restriction film, privacy film, privacy layer, privacy guard, privacy screen, etc.). A privacy film may be formed as a removable film or may be integrated within a display. 
       FIG.  6    shows an illustrative example where privacy film  82  is formed as a removable film. As shown in  FIG.  6   , display structures  172  (e.g., any of the structures in the liquid crystal display of  FIG.  2    or the organic light-emitting diode display of  FIG.  3   ) are formed underneath cover layer  170 . If the user of device  10  would like to have increased privacy, privacy film  82  may be placed on top of cover layer  170 . Privacy film  82  is formed separately from device  10  (e.g., as a stand-alone product) and can be physically removed from the cover layer if increased privacy is no longer required. 
     Alternatively, privacy film  82  may be integrated within the electronic device. As shown in  FIG.  7   , privacy film  82  may be formed underneath cover layer  170 . The privacy film may be formed over or interposed between layers of display structures  172  at any desired location. Because privacy film  82  is integrated within the electronic device, the privacy film cannot be removed during the course of normal use of the electronic device. Therefore, to allow the user to switch between a normal angle-of-view mode and a reduced angle-of-view mode, privacy film may be switchable so that a desired angle-of-view may be selected. Control circuitry  26 , for example, may adjust adjustable components within the privacy film to set a desired angle-of-view. 
       FIG.  8    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film  82 . As previously discussed, privacy film  82  may be a removable privacy film that is selectively placed over a display in an electronic device or privacy film  82  may be integrated within a display in an electronic device. As shown in  FIG.  8   , privacy film  82  includes a selective light-blocking layer  206  interposed between transparent substrates  202  and  204 . Transparent substrates  202  and  204  may be formed from any desired material. For example, transparent substrates  202  and  204  may be formed from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), another desired transparent polymer layer, or another desired material. Transparent substrates  202  and  204  may be formed from the same material or may be formed from different materials. One or both of transparent substrates  202  and  204  may optionally be omitted from the privacy film if desired. 
     Selective light-blocking layer  206  may have a plurality of opaque portions  208  and a plurality of transparent portions  210 . Each opaque portion may be interposed between respective transparent portions. The transparent portions  210  may be substantially transparent (e.g., transmitting 90% or more of incident light, transmitting 95% or more of incident light, transmitting 99% or more of incident light, etc.), whereas opaque portions  208  may be substantially opaque (e.g., transmitting 10% or less of incident light, transmitting 5% or less of incident light, transmitting 1% or less of incident light, etc.). The opaque portions may absorb or reflect incident light. 
     Opaque portions  208  may be shaped to allow light to reach a primary viewer  48 - 1  that is looking in direction  50 - 1  at a display underneath the privacy film while blocking light from reaching a secondary viewer  48 - 2  that is looking in direction  50 - 2  at the display underneath the privacy film. For example, display light  44 - 1  may be emitted from the center of the underlying display and display light  44 - 2  may be emitted from the edge of the underlying display. Both light  44 - 1  and  44 - 2  may pass through light-blocking layer  206  and reach primary viewer  48 - 1 . In contrast, display light  44 - 3  may be emitted from the center of the underlying display towards secondary viewer  48 - 2  and display light  44 - 4  may be emitted from the edge of the underlying display towards secondary viewer  48 - 2 . Both light  44 - 3  and  44 - 4  are blocked by respective opaque portions  208  in light-blocking layer  206 . In this way, privacy film  82  prevents secondary viewer  48 - 2  from receiving light from the display underneath privacy film  82 , thereby ensuring privacy for primary viewer  48 - 1 . 
     Opaque portions  208  may have any desired shape that allows light to reach the primary viewer while blocking light from reaching the secondary viewer. In the example of  FIG.  8   , each opaque portion  208  has a trapezoidal cross-sectional shape. This example is merely illustrative, and each opaque portion may have any desired cross-sectional shape (e.g., rectangular, triangular, etc.). Each opaque portion may extend along a respective longitudinal axis  212 . Longitudinal axis  212  may pass through the middle of opaque portion  208  (e.g., both the middle of the upper surface of opaque portion  208  and the middle of the lower surface of opaque portion  208 ). In  FIG.  8   , each opaque portion may extend along a respective axis  212  that is parallel to the Z-axis. Axis  212  may be at an angle  214  relative to substrate  202 . For example, axis  212  may be perpendicular to substrate  202  (and angle  214  is 90°). Substrate  202  is parallel to the underlying display, so axis  212  is also perpendicular to the underlying display. This arrangement helps block light from reaching secondary viewer  48 - 2  while ensuring light reaches primary viewer  48 - 1 . The axes for all of the opaque portions in light-blocking layer  206  are all parallel to one another in  FIG.  8   . 
     Opaque portions  208  and transparent portions  210  of light-blocking layer  206  may be formed from any desired material. For example, opaque portions  208  may be formed from metal, an opaque dielectric material, or any other desired material. Opaque portions  208  may optionally be formed from a material that can be switched between opaque and transparent states (e.g., electrophoretic ink or liquid crystal material). Transparent portions  210  may be formed from a transparent polymer layer or any other desired material. In one illustrative embodiment, transparent portions  210  may be formed from an ultraviolet-light curable resin material. To form the light-blocking layer, the ultraviolet-light curable resin is deposited on substrate  202 . A mold may be used to stamp the ultraviolet-light curable resin, forming grooves (recesses) in the ultraviolet-light curable resin. While the stamp is applied to the ultraviolet-light curable resin, the resin may be cured such that grooves are formed. The grooves may then be filled with opaque material to form opaque portions  208 . This example is merely illustrative, and light-blocking layer  206  may be formed using any desired methods. 
     The privacy film of  FIG.  8    may increase privacy for a primary user when provided over a planar display. However, if the underlying display has curved portions, the efficacy of the privacy film may be reduced. Consider the example of  FIG.  9   , in which the same privacy film from  FIG.  8    is curved (e.g., and receives light from an underlying curved display). The privacy film may conform to the shape of the underlying display. Display light  44 - 1  may be emitted from the center of the underlying display and display light  44 - 2  may be emitted from the edge of the underlying display. Light  44 - 1  may pass through light-blocking layer  206  and reach primary viewer  48 - 1 , as desired. However, light  44 - 2  may be blocked by light-blocking layer  206  and may not reach primary viewer  48 - 1 . Display light  44 - 3  may be emitted from the center of the underlying display towards secondary viewer  48 - 2  and display light  44 - 4  may be emitted from the edge of the underlying display towards secondary viewer  48 - 2 . Display light  44 - 3  may be blocked from reaching secondary viewer  48 - 2  by an opaque portion in light-blocking layer  206 , as desired. However, display light  44 - 4  passes through the light-blocking layer  206  and reaches secondary viewer  48 - 2 . Therefore, the privacy film  82  of  FIGS.  8  and  9    is not as effective when formed over a curved display. The primary viewer  48 - 1  (who should be able to see the entire display) is undesirably blocked from viewing the edges of the curved display and the secondary viewer  48 - 2  (who should not be able to see the entire display) can undesirably see the edges of the curved display. 
       FIGS.  10  and  11    show an illustrative privacy film that may be used in curved displays. As previously discussed, privacy film  82  may be a removable privacy film that is selectively placed over a curved display in an electronic device or privacy film  82  may be integrated within a curved display in an electronic device. As shown in  FIG.  10    (in a planar state before the privacy film is applied to the curved display), privacy film  82  includes a selective light-blocking layer  206  interposed between transparent substrates  202  and  204  (similar to as in  FIGS.  8  and  9   ). Transparent substrates  202  and  204  may be formed from any desired material. For example, transparent substrates  202  and  204  may be formed from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), another desired transparent polymer layer, or another desired material. Transparent substrates  202  and  204  may be formed from the same material or may be formed from different materials. One or both of transparent substrates  202  and  204  may optionally be omitted from the privacy film if desired. 
     Selective light-blocking layer  206  may have a plurality of opaque portions  208  and a plurality of transparent portions  210 . Each opaque portion may be interposed between respective transparent portions. The transparent portions  210  may be substantially transparent (e.g., transmitting 90% or more of incident light, transmitting 95% or more of incident light, transmitting 99% or more of incident light, etc.), whereas opaque portions  208  may be substantially opaque (e.g., transmitting 10% or less of incident light, transmitting 5% or less of incident light, transmitting 1% or less of incident light, etc.). The opaque portions may absorb or reflect incident light. 
     Opaque portions  208  and transparent portions  210  of light-blocking layer  206  may be formed from any desired material. For example, opaque portions  208  may be formed from metal, an opaque dielectric material, or any other desired material. Opaque portions  208  may optionally be formed from a material that can be switched between opaque and transparent states (e.g., electrophoretic ink or liquid crystal material). Transparent portions  210  may be formed from a transparent polymer layer or any other desired material. In one illustrative embodiment, transparent portions  210  may be formed from an ultraviolet-light curable resin material. 
     To improve performance of the privacy film for curved displays, the shape of the opaque portions  208  may be selected to direct light to the primary viewer while covering the curved display. In particular, as discussed in connection with  FIG.  8   , each opaque portion may extend along a respective longitudinal axis  212 . Each longitudinal axis may be at an angle  214  relative to the underlying substrate  202 . For example, longitudinal axis  212 - 1  may pass through the middle of opaque portion  208 - 1  (e.g., both the middle of the upper surface of opaque portion  208 - 1  and the middle of the lower surface of opaque portion  208 - 1 ). Longitudinal axis  212 - 2  may pass through the middle of opaque portion  208 - 2  (e.g., both the middle of the upper surface of opaque portion  208 - 2  and the middle of the lower surface of opaque portion  208 - 2 ). Opaque portions in the center of the display such as opaque portion  208 - 1  may extend along a longitudinal axis (e.g.,  212 - 1 ) that is substantially (e.g., within 3% of) perpendicular to substrate  202 . For example, angle  214 - 1  may be 90°, between 85° and 95°, between 87° and 93°, etc. Opaque portions in the edge of the display such as opaque portion  208 - 2  may extend along a longitudinal axis (e.g.,  212 - 2 ) that is at a non-perpendicular angle with respect to substrate  202 . For example, angle  214 - 2  may be less than 85°, less than 75°, less than 45°, between 25° and between 45° and 88°, between 5° and 70°, etc. The longitudinal axes  212  in  FIG.  10    are not all parallel to one another. The longitudinal axes towards the edge of the film may be angled towards the center of the film. 
     Forming opaque portions  208  at non-perpendicular angles with respect to substrate  202  may improve performance of the privacy film when used to cover a curved display.  FIG.  11    shows the privacy film of  FIG.  10    in a curved position (e.g., when formed over an underlying curved display). The shape of opaque portions  208  (e.g., extending at non-perpendicular angles relative to the substrate) may allow light to reach a primary viewer  48 - 1  that is looking in direction  50 - 1  at a curved display underneath the privacy film while blocking light from reaching a secondary viewer  48 - 2  that is looking in direction  50 - 2  at a display underneath the privacy film. For example, display light  44 - 1  may be emitted from the center of the underlying display and display light  44 - 2  may be emitted from the edge of the underlying display. Both light  44 - 1  and  44 - 2  may pass through light-blocking layer  206  and reach primary viewer  48 - 1 . In contrast, display light  44 - 3  may be emitted from the center of the underlying display towards secondary viewer  48 - 2  and display light  44 - 4  may be emitted from the edge of the underlying display towards secondary viewer  48 - 2 . Both light  44 - 3  and  44 - 4  are blocked by respective opaque portions  208  in light-blocking layer  206 . In this way, privacy film  82  prevents secondary viewer  48 - 2  from viewing the display underneath privacy film  82 , thereby ensuring privacy for primary viewer  48 - 1 . 
     As shown in  FIGS.  10  and  11   , the angle  214  of the longitudinal axis associated with each opaque portion may gradually change from the edge of the privacy film towards the center of the privacy film. The angle may be smallest (e.g., closest to 0°) at the edges of the privacy film and may be closest to 90° at the center of the privacy film. In the edges of the privacy film, each longitudinal axis may be angled towards the center of the privacy film. The angle gradually increases towards 90° as the opaque portions move closer to the center of the privacy film. 
       FIG.  12    is an illustrative graph showing how the angle relative to the substrate of the longitudinal axes for opaque portions in the privacy film may vary based on the position of the opaque portion within the privacy film. First, profile  302  shows the longitudinal axes as a function of position for the privacy film shown in  FIGS.  8  and  9   . As shown, in this embodiment the opaque portions may be uniform and all extend along a longitudinal axis that is at an angle A 1  (e.g., 90°) relative to substrate  202 . In contrast, profile  304  shows the longitudinal axes angles as a function of position for the privacy film shown in  FIGS.  10  and  11   . As shown, in this embodiment, the angle of the longitudinal axes increases from angle A 2  (e.g., 75° or some other non-90°-angle) at the edges of the privacy film to angle A 1  (e.g., 90°) at the center of the privacy film. Profile  304  may have any desired shape (e.g., linear, curved, stepped, etc.). Profile  304  may be suited for a privacy film that covers a display that is entirely curved (as in  FIGS.  10  and  11   ). However, this example is merely illustrative. In some cases, the privacy film may cover a display that has a planar central portion interposed between curved edges. For example, the curved edges may run along first and second edges of the display or the entire periphery of the display (e.g., four edges of the display). In these types of embodiments, profile  306  may be used for the privacy film. In profile  306 , the angle starts at angle A 2  at the edges of the privacy film and increases to reach angle A 1  (e.g., 90°) at the position where the display becomes planar (before the center of the privacy film). 
     The embodiment of  FIGS.  10  and  11    (where the angles of the opaque portions of the light-blocking layer are adjusted based on position within the privacy film) is merely illustrative. If desired, instead or in addition, other layers may be incorporated into the privacy film to provide a reduced viewing angle. Additionally, the shape of the privacy film shown in  FIG.  11    (and in any figures herein) is merely illustrative. In general, a privacy film where the angles of the opaque portions of the light-blocking layer are adjusted based on position within the privacy film may be applied to a display of any desired shape (with any desired combination of curved and planar portions). 
       FIG.  13    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film having a prism layer that may be used in curved displays. As previously discussed, privacy film  82  may be a removable privacy film that is selectively placed over a display in an electronic device or privacy film  82  may be integrated within a display in an electronic device. As shown in  FIG.  13   , privacy film  82  includes a selective light-blocking layer  206  interposed between transparent substrates  202  and  204  (similar to as in  FIGS.  8  and  9   ). Transparent substrates  202  and  204  may be formed from any desired material. For example, transparent substrates  202  and  204  may be formed from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), another desired transparent polymer layer, or another desired material. Transparent substrates  202  and  204  may be formed from the same material or may be formed from different materials. One or both of transparent substrates  202  and  204  may optionally be omitted from the privacy film if desired. 
     Selective light-blocking layer  206  may have a plurality of opaque portions  208  and a plurality of transparent portions  210 . Each opaque portion may be interposed between respective transparent portions. The transparent portions  210  may be substantially transparent (e.g., transmitting 90% or more of incident light, transmitting 95% or more of incident light, transmitting 99% or more of incident light, etc.), whereas opaque portions  208  may be substantially opaque (e.g., transmitting 10% or less of incident light, transmitting 5% or less of incident light, transmitting 1% or less of incident light, etc.). The opaque portions may absorb or reflect incident light. 
     Opaque portions  208  and transparent portions  210  of light-blocking layer  206  may be formed from any desired material. For example, opaque portions  208  may be formed from metal, an opaque dielectric material, or any other desired material. Opaque portions  208  may optionally be formed from a material that can be switched between opaque and transparent states (e.g., electrophoretic ink or liquid crystal material). Transparent portions  210  may be formed from a transparent polymer layer or any other desired material. In one illustrative embodiment, transparent portions  210  may be formed from an ultraviolet-light curable resin material. 
     In  FIG.  13   , each opaque portion  208  extends along a respective axis  212  that is substantially perpendicular to transparent substrate  202  (similar to as in  FIGS.  8  and  9   ). A light-redirecting layer such as prism layer  216  is included to allow light to reach a primary viewer  48 - 1  that is looking in direction  50 - 1  at a display underneath the privacy film while preventing light from reaching a secondary viewer  48 - 2  that is looking in direction  50 - 2 . Prism layer  216  may redirect light (e.g., due to refraction when light exits the prism layer) that passes through the prism layer. To direct light at primary viewer  48 - 1 , light such as display light  44 - 1  that is emitted from the center of display structures  172  may have a low angle of refraction when passing through prism layer  216 . This way, light  44 - 1  passes through the center of the prism layer and reaches primary viewer  48 - 1 . Closer to the edges of the prism layer, however, light may be refracted by a larger angle. For example, display light  44 - 2  emitted from the edge of display structures  172  may initially be emitted in the direction of secondary viewer  48 - 2 . However, prism layer  216  may refract the light by an angle  218  that causes the light to be redirected towards primary viewer  48 - 1 . Prism layer  216  may be shaped such that for any given point in the privacy film, light from the underlying curved display will be redirected to primary viewer  48 - 1  (and not reach secondary viewer  48 - 2 ). Prism layer  216  therefore reduces the viewing angle of the display (and may sometimes be referred to as an angle-of-view reduction structure). 
     Prism layer  216  (sometimes referred to as light-redirecting structure  216 ) may be formed using any desired material. The prism layer may be formed from a material with a high refractive index to ensure sufficient refraction of the light. In  FIG.  13   , prism layer  216  has a material with a uniform refractive index and varying thickness (shape) that controls redirection of received light. In an alternate embodiment, however, a light-redirecting layer may be included that is formed from a material with a varying refractive index that controls redirection of received light. 
       FIG.  14    shows an illustrative privacy film with a light-redirecting layer having a uniform thickness and varying refractive index. The privacy film of  FIG.  14    is similar to the privacy film of  FIG.  13    (with selective light-blocking layer  206  formed from opaque portions  208  and transparent portions  210 , transparent substrates  202  and  204 , etc.). However, in  FIG.  14    a light-redirecting layer  220  is included instead of a prism layer as in  FIG.  13   . Light-redirecting layer  220  may be a layer of liquid crystal material with a refractive index that varies across the privacy film. The refractive index of each portion of the liquid crystal layer may be changed using the alignment of the liquid crystal material. An electrical signal may also be applied to the liquid crystal layer to control the refractive index of each portion of the liquid crystal layer. 
     To direct light to primary viewer  48 - 1 , light such as display light  44 - 1  that is emitted from the center of display structures  172  may have a low angle of refraction when passing through light-redirecting layer  220  (sometimes referred to as liquid crystal layer  220 ). This way, light  44 - 1  passes through the center of the light-redirecting layer and reaches primary viewer  48 - 1 . Closer to the edges of the light-redirecting layer, however, light may be refracted by a larger angle. For example, display light  44 - 2  emitted from the edge of display structures  172  may initially be emitted in the direction of secondary viewer  48 - 2 . However, light-redirecting layer  220  may refract the light by an angle  218  that causes the light to be redirected towards primary viewer  48 - 1 . Light-redirecting layer  220  may have a refractive index profile such that for any given point in the privacy film, light from the underlying curved display will be redirected to primary viewer  48 - 1  (and not reach secondary viewer  48 - 2 ). Light-redirecting layer  220  therefore reduces the viewing angle of the display (and may sometimes be referred to as an angle-of-view reduction structure). Light-redirecting layer  220  may, for example, have a higher index of refraction at the edges of the light-redirecting layer than in the center of the light-redirecting layer. 
       FIG.  15    is an illustrative graph showing how the angle of refraction of light exiting the light-redirecting layer (e.g., prism layer  216  in  FIG.  13    or liquid crystal layer  220  in  FIG.  14   ) may vary as a function of position within the privacy film. Profile  402  shows angle of refraction as a function of position for the privacy films in  FIGS.  13  and  14   , for example. As shown, in this embodiment the angle of refraction starts at angle A 1  at the edge of the privacy film and gradually decreases to angle A 2  at the center of the privacy film. Angle A 1  may be any desired angle that redirects light towards the primary viewer of the display (e.g., 15°, 25°, 45°, between 10° and 60°, greater than 5°, greater than 20°, greater than 40°, less than 75°, less than 55°, less than 35°, etc.). Angle A 2  may be 0° or approximately 0° (e.g., less than 5°) such that the light emitted from the center of the display is not redirected and continues towards the primary viewer. 
     Profile  402  may be applicable to a display that is entirely curved (as in  FIGS.  13  and  14   ). However, this example is merely illustrative. In some cases, the privacy film may cover a display that has a planar central portion interposed between curved edges. For example, the curved edges may run along first and second edges of the display or the entire periphery of the display (e.g., four edges of the display). In these types of embodiments, profile  404  may be used for the privacy film. In profile  404 , the angle of refraction starts at A 1  at the edges of the privacy film and decreases to reach A 2  (e.g., 0°) at the position where the display becomes planar (before the center of the privacy film). These profile shapes are merely illustrative. In general, the angle of refraction may vary in any desired manner across the privacy film (e.g., according to a step function). A privacy film with varying angles of refraction may be applied to a display of any desired shape (with any desired combination of curved and planar portions). 
       FIG.  16    is cross-sectional side view of an illustrative privacy film formed from a coherent fiber bundle. As shown, privacy film  82  may include a fiber bundle  222  (sometimes referred to as light-redirecting layer  222 ) that is formed from a plurality of fibers  224 . Each fiber  224  may include fiber cores of a first refractive index surrounded by cladding (e.g., polymer binder) of a second, lower refractive index. The fiber cores may be formed from fibers of glass, polymer, or other transparent material. Core diameters may be, for example, at least 5 microns, at least 7 microns, at least 8 microns, at least 9 microns, less than 40 microns, less than 17 microns, less than 14 microns, less than 11 microns, or other suitable diameter. The fibers may guide light received from display structures  172  from input face  226  to output face  228 . The fibers may be shaped to direct light towards primary viewer  48 - 1  looking in direction  50 - 1 . For example, both light  44 - 1  emitted from the center of the display and light  44 - 2  emitted from the edge of the display are directed towards viewer  48 - 1  by the shape of fiber bundle  222  (and all of the light is directed away from secondary viewer  48 - 2 ). If desired, opaque filler material  230  may be incorporated between each fiber in fiber bundle  222 . The opaque filler may absorb or reflect light and may be formed from any desired material. This example is merely illustrative, and in some embodiments a transparent filler may be included between fibers of a coherent fiber bundle. 
     Fiber bundle  222  may sometimes be referred to as an image transport layer. The example of the image transport layer being formed from fibers is merely illustrative. In another possible embodiment, an image transport layer for reducing viewing angle of a display may be formed from Anderson localization material. Anderson localization material is characterized by transversely random refractive index features (higher index regions and lower index regions) of about two wavelengths in lateral size that are configured to exhibit two-dimensional transverse Anderson localization of light. These refractive index variations are longitudinally invariant (e.g., along the direction of light propagation, perpendicular to the surface normal of a layer of Anderson localization material). 
     Two or more of the features shown in  FIGS.  11 ,  13 ,  14 , and  16    may be included in a single embodiment if desired. For example, the privacy film shown in  FIG.  11    may include a light-redirecting layer (as shown in  FIG.  13   ,  FIG.  14   , or  FIG.  16   ) in addition to having opaque portions with angles that vary based on position within the privacy film. The fiber bundle shown in  FIG.  16    may be used as a light-redirecting layer and included over a privacy film having a light-blocking layer if desired. Any of the aforementioned films may be applied to a display of any desired shape (with any desired combination of curved and planar portions). 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20231010
Publication Date: 20240910
Grant Date: 20240910
Priority Date: 20180810
Inventors: HUANG, YI
SCARDATO, STEVEN M.
KIM, BYOUNGSUK
QI, JUN
YIN, VICTOR H.
ZHU, WENYONG
Assignee: APPLE INC
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Family ID: 69405828