PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-12219500-B2
Application Number: US-202217716824-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Methods for conforming non-terrestrial network communication to terrestrial standards and regulations

Abstract:
User equipment may configure a transmitter or receiver to conform to regulations or standards of a geographical region to communicate with non-terrestrial networks (e.g., satellite networks). In one embodiment, the user equipment may receive an indication of a regulation or standard to which to conform to from a terrestrial communication node, and apply an emission mask to the transmitter based on the regulation or standard. The user equipment may additionally or alternatively configure the receiver to be compliant with a noise level tolerance of a received signal specified by the regulation or standard. In some embodiments, the user equipment may implement a frequency offset between the received signal and an interfering signal associated with the noise level tolerance that is scaled based at least on a channel bandwidth associated with the desired signal. Moreover, the user equipment may scale the noise level tolerance based on the frequency offset.

Claims:
The invention claimed is: 
     
       1. User equipment, comprising:
 one or more antennas; 
 a transmitter coupled to the one or more antennas; 
 a receiver coupled to the one or more antennas; and 
 at least one processor communicatively coupled to the transmitter and the receiver, the at least one processor configured to
 cause the transmitter and the receiver to detect a terrestrial communication node, synchronize to the terrestrial communication node, 
 cause the receiver to receive system information facilitating communication with a non-terrestrial communication node from the terrestrial communication node, 
 configure the receiver to have less than or equal a threshold power of performance degradation when
 receiving a signal on a first channel having a center frequency and a bandwidth, and 
 an interfering signal having a power level is present in a second channel and at a frequency offset from the center frequency, the second channel associated with a subcarrier spacing value, and the frequency offset from the center frequency based on the bandwidth, the subcarrier spacing value, and a fixed offset frequency, and 
 
 cause the receiver to receive data from the non-terrestrial communication node. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The user equipment of  claim 1 , wherein the frequency offset from the center frequency comprises a first sum of half the subcarrier spacing value and a product of the subcarrier spacing value and a ceiling of a quotient of a second sum of half the bandwidth and the fixed offset frequency divided by the subcarrier spacing value. 
     
     
       3. The user equipment of  claim 2 , wherein when the bandwidth comprises 5 megahertz, the subcarrier spacing value comprises 15 kilohertz, and the fixed offset frequency comprises 200 kilohertz, the center frequency comprises 2.7075 megahertz. 
     
     
       4. The user equipment of  claim 2 , wherein when the bandwidth comprises 10 megahertz, the subcarrier spacing value comprises 15 kilohertz, and the fixed offset frequency comprises 200 kilohertz, the center frequency comprises 5.2125 megahertz. 
     
     
       5. The user equipment of  claim 1 , wherein the threshold power comprises 16 decibel milliwatts and the bandwidth comprises 5 megahertz or 20 megahertz, the threshold power comprises 13 decibel milliwatts and the bandwidth comprises 10 megahertz, or the threshold power comprises 14 decibel milliwatts and the bandwidth comprises 15 megahertz. 
     
     
       6. The user equipment of  claim 1 , wherein the power level comprises-55 decibel milliwatts or greater. 
     
     
       7. The user equipment of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the receiver to receive the data from the non-terrestrial communication node on a frequency range of between 1518 to 1559 megahertz, between 1613.8 to 1626.5 megahertz, between 2170 to 2200 megahertz, or between 2483.5 to 2500 megahertz. 
     
     
       8. The user equipment of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to configure the receiver to have less than or equal an additional threshold power of performance degradation when
 receiving an additional signal on a third channel having an additional center frequency and an additional bandwidth, and 
 an additional interfering signal having an additional power level is present in a fourth channel and at an additional frequency offset from the additional center frequency, the fourth channel associated with an additional subcarrier spacing value, and the additional frequency offset from the additional center frequency based on the additional bandwidth, the additional subcarrier spacing value, and an additional fixed offset frequency. 
 
     
     
       9. User equipment, comprising:
 one or more antennas; 
 a transmitter coupled to the one or more antennas; 
 a receiver coupled to the one or more antennas; and 
 at least one processor communicatively coupled to the transmitter and the receiver, the at least one processor configured to
 cause the transmitter and the receiver to detect a terrestrial communication node, synchronize to the terrestrial communication node, 
 cause the receiver to receive system information facilitating communication with a non-terrestrial communication node from the terrestrial communication node, 
 configure the receiver to have less than or equal a threshold power of performance degradation when
 receiving a signal on a first channel having a center frequency and a bandwidth, and 
 an interfering signal having a power level is present in a second channel and at a frequency offset from the center frequency, the second channel associated with a subcarrier spacing value and a number of resource blocks, and the 
 
 frequency offset from the center frequency based on the bandwidth, the subcarrier spacing value, and the number of resource blocks, and 
 cause the receiver to receive data from the non-terrestrial communication node. 
 
 
     
     
       10. The user equipment of  claim 9 , wherein the frequency offset from the center frequency comprising a sum of half the subcarrier spacing value and a first product of the subcarrier spacing value and a floor of a quotient of a difference between the bandwidth and half of a second product of the number of resource blocks, the subcarrier spacing value, and a constant value, wherein the constant value is 12, divided by the subcarrier spacing value. 
     
     
       11. The user equipment of  claim 10 , wherein when the bandwidth comprises 10 megahertz, the subcarrier spacing value comprises 15 kilohertz, and the number of resource blocks comprises 52, the center frequency comprises 5.3175 megahertz. 
     
     
       12. The user equipment of  claim 9 , wherein the threshold power comprises 16 decibel milliwatts and the bandwidth comprises 5 megahertz or 20 megahertz, the threshold power comprises 13 decibel milliwatts and the bandwidth comprises 10 megahertz, or the threshold power comprises 14 decibel milliwatts and the bandwidth comprises 15 megahertz. 
     
     
       13. The user equipment of  claim 9 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to, in response to configuring the receiver, cause the receiver to receive the data from the non-terrestrial communication node on a frequency range of between 1518 to 1559 megahertz, between 1613.8 to 1626.5 megahertz, between 2170 to 2200 megahertz, or between 2483.5 to 2500 megahertz. 
     
     
       14. A method comprising:
 detecting, via processing circuitry of user equipment, a terrestrial communication node, 
 synchronizing, via the processing circuitry, to the terrestrial communication node, 
 receiving, via the processing circuitry, system information facilitating communication with a non-terrestrial communication node from the terrestrial communication node, 
 configuring, via the processing circuitry, a receiver of the user equipment to have less than or equal to a threshold power of performance degradation when
 receiving a signal on a first channel having a center frequency and a bandwidth, and 
 an interfering signal having a power level is present in a second channel and at a frequency offset from the center frequency, the second channel associated with a 
 
 subcarrier spacing value, and the frequency offset based on the bandwidth, the subcarrier spacing value, and a fixed offset frequency, and 
 receiving, via the processing circuitry, data from the non-terrestrial communication node. 
 
     
     
       15. The method of  claim 14 , wherein the threshold power comprises one decibel milliwatt. 
     
     
       16. The method of  claim 14 , wherein the power level comprises-40 decibel milliwatts or greater. 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 14 , wherein the bandwidth comprises five megahertz. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 14 , wherein receiving the data from the non-terrestrial communication node occurs on a frequency range of between 1518 to 1559 megahertz, between 1613.8 to 1626.5 megahertz, between 2170 to 220 megahertz, or between 2483.5 to 2500 megahertz. 
     
     
       19. The method of  claim 14 , wherein the frequency offset comprises a first sum of half the subcarrier spacing value and a product of the subcarrier spacing value and a ceiling of a quotient of a second sum of half the bandwidth and the fixed offset frequency divided by the subcarrier spacing value. 
     
     
       20. The method of  claim 19 , wherein the subcarrier spacing value comprises 15 kilohertz, the fixed offset frequency comprises 200 kilohertz, and the center frequency comprises 2.7075.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/178,838, filed Apr. 23, 2021, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The disclosure relates generally to wireless communication between user equipment (e.g., cell phones, tablets) and non-terrestrial networks (e.g., satellite networks). In particular, the user equipment may establish communication with and transfer data using the non-terrestrial networks using the ‘L’ frequency band (e.g., a 1.6 gigahertz (GHz) frequency band) and/or the ‘S’ frequency band (e.g., a 2 GHz frequency band). However, various regulatory and/or standards bodies in different geographical regions may define different respective regulations and/or standards governing communications (e.g., terrestrial communications) in these frequency bands. 
     SUMMARY 
     A summary of certain embodiments disclosed herein is set forth below. It should be understood that these aspects are presented merely to provide the reader with a brief summary of these certain embodiments and that these aspects are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, this disclosure may encompass a variety of aspects that may not be set forth below. 
     In an embodiment, a method is disclosed that may enable user equipment to detect a terrestrial communication node, synchronize to the terrestrial communication node, and receive system information facilitating communication with a non-terrestrial communication node from the terrestrial communication node. A processor of the user equipment may configure a receiver of the user equipment to have less than or equal a threshold power of performance degradation when receiving a signal on a channel having a bandwidth and a center frequency, a first interfering signal having a power level is present at a first frequency that is the bandwidth less than the center frequency, and a second interfering signal having the power level is present at a second frequency that is the bandwidth greater than the center frequency, receiving, via the at least one processor, data from the non-terrestrial communication node using the receiver. 
     In another embodiment, user equipment may have one or more antennas, a transmitter coupled to the one or more antennas, a receiver coupled to the one or more antennas, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the transmitter and the receiver. The at least one processor may cause the transmitter and the receiver to detect a terrestrial communication node, synchronize to the terrestrial communication node, and cause the receiver to receive system information facilitating communication with a non-terrestrial communication node from the terrestrial communication node. After receiving the system information, the user equipment may configure the receiver to have less than or equal a threshold power of performance degradation when receiving a signal on a first channel having a center frequency and a bandwidth, and an interfering signal having a power level is present in a second channel and at a frequency offset from the center frequency. The second channel may be associated with a subcarrier spacing value, and the frequency offset from the center frequency based on the bandwidth, the subcarrier spacing value, and a fixed offset frequency. The user equipment may cause the receiver to receive data from the non-terrestrial communication node. 
     In yet another embodiment, user equipment may have one or more antennas, a transmitter coupled to the one or more antennas, a receiver coupled to the one or more antennas, and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the transmitter and the receiver. The at least one processor may cause the transmitter and the receiver to detect a terrestrial communication node, may synchronize to the terrestrial communication node, and may cause the receiver to receive system information facilitating communication with a non-terrestrial communication node from the terrestrial communication node. The user equipment may configure the receiver to have less than or equal a threshold power of performance degradation when receiving a signal on a first channel having a center frequency and a bandwidth, and an interfering signal having a power level is present in a second channel and at a frequency offset from the center frequency. The second channel may be associated with a subcarrier spacing value and a number of resource blocks, and the frequency offset from the center frequency based on the bandwidth, the subcarrier spacing value, and the number of resource blocks. The user equipment may cause the receiver to receive data from the non-terrestrial communication node. 
     Various refinements of the features noted above may exist in relation to various aspects of the present disclosure. Further features may also be incorporated in these various aspects as well. These refinements and additional features may exist individually or in any combination. For instance, various features discussed below in relation to one or more of the illustrated embodiments may be incorporated into any of the above-described aspects of the present disclosure alone or in any combination. The brief summary presented above is intended only to familiarize the reader with certain aspects and contexts of embodiments of the present disclosure without limitation to the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various aspects of this disclosure may be better understood upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings described below in which like numerals refer to like parts. 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of an electronic device, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    is a functional block diagram of the electronic device of  FIG.  1   , according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram of a transmitter of the electronic device of  FIG.  1   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic diagram of a receiver of the electronic device of  FIG.  1   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram of a communicative relationship between user equipment, a terrestrial communication hub, and a non-terrestrial communication hub, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    is a graphical representation of an out-of-channel emission mask conforming to Federal Communication Commission (FCC) regulations that may be applied to or implemented on the transmitter of  FIG.  3   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    is a graphical representation illustrating an out-of-band emission mask conforming to European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards that may be applied to or implemented on the transmitter of  FIG.  3   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8    is a graphical representation of an out-of-channel emission mask for a channel with an upper bound at a target frequency conforming to ETSI standards that may be applied to or implemented on the transmitter of  FIG.  3   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  9    is a graphical representation of an out-of-channel emission mask for a channel with a lower bound at the target frequency of  FIG.  8    conforming to ETSI standards that may be applied to or implemented on the transmitter of  FIG.  3   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  10    is a flowchart of a method for configuring a transceiver of the electronic device of  FIG.  1    (e.g., user equipment) to conform to regional regulations or standards and communicate with a non-terrestrial network (e.g., including a satellite), according to embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  11    is a flowchart of a method for configuring the transmitter of  FIG.  3    (e.g., of user equipment) with an emission mask to conform to regional regulations or standards and communicate with a non-terrestrial network (e.g., including a satellite), according to embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  12    is a graphical representation of an ETSI standard for adjacent channel selectivity (ACS) that may be implemented by the receiver of  FIG.  4   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  13    is a graphical representation of an ETSI standard for in-band blocking that may be implemented by the receiver of  FIG.  4   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  14    is a flowchart of a method for configuring the receiver of  FIG.  4    (e.g., of user equipment) to conform to regional standards governing adjacent channel selectivity and/or in-band blocking, and communicate with a non-terrestrial network (e.g., including a satellite), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  15    is a graphical representation of a narrowband blocking scheme that may be implemented by the receiver of  FIG.  4   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  16    is a flowchart of a method for configuring the receiver of  FIG.  4    with a narrowband blocking scheme with channel-bandwidth-dependent scaling (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  15   ), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  17    is a graphical representation of a narrowband blocking scheme based on the 4th Generation (4G) or Long-Term Evolution (LTE) narrowband blocking specification that may be implemented by the receiver of  FIG.  4   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  18    is a table illustrating threshold power of performance degradation for different channel bandwidths that may be used in different narrowband blocking schemes (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  17    and  FIG.  20   ); 
         FIG.  19    is a flowchart of a method for configuring the receiver of  FIG.  4    with a narrowband blocking scheme based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  17   ), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  20    is a graphical representation of a narrowband blocking scheme based on the 5th Generation (5G) or New Radio (NR) narrowband blocking specification that may be implemented by the receiver of  FIG.  4   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  21    is a flowchart of a method for configuring the receiver of  FIG.  4    with a narrowband blocking scheme based on the 5G/NR narrowband blocking specification (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  20   ), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  22    is a graphical representation of an inverse relationship between a frequency at which an interfering signal is offset (e.g., an offset frequency) from a center frequency of a channel of a received signal, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS 
     One or more specific embodiments will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, not all features of an actual implementation are described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present disclosure, the articles “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Additionally, it should be understood that references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present disclosure are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Use of the term “approximately,” “near,” “about”, and/or “substantially” should be understood to mean including close to a target (e.g., design, value, amount), such as within a margin of any suitable or contemplatable error (e.g., within 0.1% of a target, within 1% of a target, within 5% of a target, within 10% of a target, within 25% of a target, and so on). 
     Various governmental regulatory or standards entities—such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the United States, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in Europe, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) of China, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)—provide regulations or standards (e.g., radio frequency emission regulations or standards) for radio frequency communication on certain frequency ranges or bands. For device manufacturers to market communication devices or “user equipment” (e.g., radio frequency communication devices such as mobile communication devices, smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, and so on) in a region, the manufacturers may conform the user equipment to the regulations/standards of that region. 
     However, there may be differences between the various regulatory and/or standards schemes around the world. For example, for the ‘L’ frequency band (e.g., a 1.6 gigahertz (GHz) frequency band) and the ‘S’ frequency band (e.g., a 2 GHz frequency band), the FCC has defined an out-of-channel emission mask (e.g., to maintain transmission power in neighboring frequency ranges outside of a channel of a transmitted signal below certain thresholds) for user equipment, but has defined no regulations for reception by the user equipment. ETSI, however, for the same frequency bands, has defined out-of-band (e.g., to maintain transmission power in neighboring frequency ranges outside of a band of a transmitted signal below certain thresholds) and out-of-channel emission masks more stringent than those defined by the FCC, as well as having defined standards for reception by the user equipment. Thus, user equipment sold and/or used in a region governed by the ETSI standards may conform to more stringent emission and reception standards. User equipment sold and/or used in a region governed by the FCC regulations may conform to less stringent emission regulations/standards, and may not conform to any reception regulations/standards. 
     Accordingly, user equipment conforming to FCC regulations may not operate in a region governed by ETSI, as it may not conform to the more stringent emission and reception standards imposed by ETSI. On the other hand, user equipment conforming to ETSI standards may operate less efficiently (e.g., with less transmission and reception capability) in a region governed by the FCC, as the user equipment may operate under the FCC regulations instead of the ETSI standards. While this problem may not be experienced by many terrestrial network users, communicating with non-terrestrial networks may often be associated with moving from geographical region to geographical region, each possibly governed by different regulatory and/or standards bodies. Accordingly, if the user equipment is conformed to one regulation or standard, and is moved to a geographical region governed by another regulation or standard to communicate with a non-terrestrial network, the user equipment may operate inefficiently, or even be incapable of operation. 
     Additionally, as defined by the ETSI standards, an in-band or narrowband blocking specification (e.g., for the L and S bands) results in a channel having a bandwidth of less than 10 megahertz. That is, ETSI regulates a noise level of a received signal on the channel to not exceed a threshold when there is an interfering signal 5 megahertz less than the center frequency and 5 megahertz greater than the center frequency. Expanding the channel bandwidth to greater than or equal to 10 megahertz may enable greater data throughput, but it may be desired to maintain the noise level tolerance below a threshold to ensure sufficient communication quality. 
     The present disclosure provides techniques to adjust user equipment transmitter and/or receiver configuration to conform to the regulations or standards of the region in which it is located to communicate with non-terrestrial networks (e.g., satellite networks). Communicating with non-terrestrial networks, in particular, may often include doing so from different geographical regions governed by different regulatory and/or standards bodies. Adjusting the user equipment transmitter and/or receiver configuration may increase communication efficiency, and even enable operation of the user equipment) in the different geographical regions as the user equipment may be dynamically set to a more efficient or permissible configuration with respect to non-terrestrial transmission and reception (e.g., when it is determined under which regulations or standards the user equipment is to operate). In some embodiments, the configuration of the user equipment may be set to operate under less stringent regulations or standards (e.g., FCC regulations) by default, and adjust to a less efficient configuration (e.g., ETSI standards) if it is determined that the user equipment should operate under more stringent regulations or standards. 
     As mentioned above, for transmission over certain frequency band (e.g., the L and S bands), the FCC has defined an out-of-channel emission mask (e.g., to maintain transmission power in neighboring frequency ranges outside of a channel of a transmitted signal below certain thresholds) for user equipment. ETSI, however, for the same frequency bands, has defined out-of-band (e.g., to maintain transmission power in neighboring frequency ranges outside of a band of a transmitted signal below certain thresholds) and out-of-channel emission masks more stringent than those defined by the FCC. In some embodiments, a terrestrial network communication node (e.g., a communication node, such as a base station, that enables communication with a non-terrestrial communication hub, such as a satellite, via a non-terrestrial network) may indicate a regulation or standard to which the user equipment is to conform. The user equipment may store multiple transmitter configurations corresponding to multiple emission masks that conform with multiple regional regulations/standards. Upon receiving the indication, the user equipment may apply an emission mask to a transmitter of the user equipment that conforms to the regulation or standard indicated by the non-terrestrial network communication node, and transmit data to the non-terrestrial network using the configured transmitter. That is, if the indication indicates the FCC regulation, then the user equipment may apply an out-of-channel emission mask compliant with the FCC regulation to the transmitter. If the indication indicates the ETSI standard, then the user equipment may apply an out-of-channel and out-of-band emission mask compliant with the ETSI standard to the transmitter. 
     Moreover, certain regulations may govern reception, e.g., over the L and S bands. For example, ETSI regulates a noise level tolerance of a received signal on a channel having a center frequency and a bandwidth by ensuring that a noise level of the received signal does not exceed a first threshold when there is an interfering signal at a frequency the bandwidth of the channel away from the center frequency, and that noise level of the received signal does not exceed a second threshold when there are interfering signals 5 megahertz away from the center frequency. However, FCC has no such regulation for reception over the L and S bands. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a terrestrial communication node may indicate a regulation or standard to which the user equipment is to conform. The user equipment may store multiple receiver configurations that conform to multiple regional regulations or standards. Upon receiving the indication, the user equipment may apply the receiver that conforms to the regulation or standard indicated by the terrestrial communication node, and receive data from the non-terrestrial network using the configured receiver. That is, if the indication indicates the ETSI standard, then the user equipment may configure the receiver to be compliant with the noise level tolerance specified by the ETSI standard. If the indication indicates the FCC regulation, then the user equipment may not configure the receiver to be compliant with the noise level tolerance specified by the ETSI standard. 
     These regulations or standards may define a fixed frequency offset between a desired signal and an interfering signal (e.g., an unwanted signal in an adjacent or nearby frequency channel with the potential to interfere with the desired signal). This fixed frequency offset may limit the range of channel bandwidths that may be used. For example, if the frequency offset is fixed by regulation or standard at 5 MHz from a center frequency (f c ) of a signal, a signal with a bandwidth of 5 MHz may be sufficiently separated from the interfering signal so as to receive little interference from the interfering signal. However, if the signal were to have a bandwidth of 10 MHz, there may be substantial interference caused by the proximity between the edges of the desired signal and the interfering signals. 
     As such, the present disclosure provides techniques for enabling a frequency offset between the desired signal and the interfering signals that may be scaled depending on the channel bandwidth associated with the desired signal. By enabling channel-bandwidth-dependent scaling, a larger range of channel bandwidths may be utilized by user equipment, which may result in higher throughput and a more flexible range of signal data rates. 
     As noted above, as defined by the ETSI standards, an in-band or narrowband blocking specification (e.g., for the L and S bands) results in a channel having a bandwidth of less than 10 megahertz (MHz) due to ETSI standards ensuring that a noise level of a received signal on the channel does not exceed a threshold when there is an interfering signal 5 MHz less than the center frequency and 5 MHz greater than the center frequency. To expand a channel bandwidth (e.g., in the L and S bands) to greater than or equal to 10 MHz while maintaining the noise level of the received signal below a threshold to ensure sufficient communication quality, in some embodiments, the interfering signal may be located at a frequency that is dependent on (e.g., scaled based on) the channel bandwidth (e.g., as opposed to the fixed 5 MHz frequency offset). In additional or alternative embodiments, other factors in addition to the channel bandwidth may be used to determine frequency of the interfering signal while maintaining the noise level of the received signal below a threshold to ensure sufficient communication quality. For example, the interfering signal may be located at a frequency that is dependent on the channel bandwidth, a subcarrier spacing of the channel, and/or a fixed frequency offset. As another example, the interfering signal may be located at a frequency in another channel that is dependent on the channel bandwidth, a subcarrier spacing of the channel, and/or a number of resource blocks of the other channel. By enabling channel bandwidth (among other possible factors) dependent scaling of the interfering signal, a larger range of channel bandwidths may be realized, which may result in higher throughput and a more flexible range of signal data rates for the user equipment. 
     Additionally, regulations or standards may define the threshold for which the noise level of a received signal is not to exceed. For example, as mentioned above, the ETSI standards ensuring that a noise level of a received signal on the channel (e.g., having a bandwidth of 5 MHz) does not exceed a threshold (e.g., of 1 decibel milliwatt) when there are interfering signals present at 5 MHz less than the center frequency and at 5 MHz greater than the center frequency. The threshold of 1 decibel milliwatt may be determined based on how far (e.g., in frequency) the interfering signal is offset from the channel, as the closer the interfering signal is to the channel (e.g., the smaller the offset), the greater the effect of interference from the interfering signal on the channel. That is, the threshold varies inversely with the frequency that the interfering signal is offset from the received signal. Moreover, because the offset frequency may vary directly with the channel bandwidth, the threshold may also vary directly with the channel bandwidth. Accordingly, in embodiments where the interfering signal is closer in frequency to the received signal/channel, the threshold may be relaxed (e.g., increased) due to the greater effect of interference by the interfering signal. In embodiments where the interfering signal is farther in frequency from the received signal/channel, the threshold may be decreased due to the lesser effect of interference by the interfering signal. For example, when compared to the ETSI standard of using a channel bandwidth of 5 MHz and a threshold of 1 decibel milliwatt, if the channel bandwidth is less than 5 MHz, then the presently disclosed embodiments may enable the threshold to be greater than 1 decibel milliwatt (due to the interfering signal being closer to the received signal). On the other hand, if the channel bandwidth is greater than 5 MHz, then the presently disclosed embodiments may enable the threshold to be less than 1 decibel milliwatt (due to the interfering signal being closer to the received signal). As such, the present disclosure provides techniques for scaling the noise tolerance of a received signal based on a frequency that an interfering signal is offset from the received signal. 
     While the present disclosure references conforming user equipment to different regulations or standards of certain regulatory or standards bodies (e.g., ETSI, FCC, 3GPP) for certain frequency bands (e.g., the L band, the S band) for non-terrestrial network communication, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments may also apply to regulations or standards of any suitable regulatory or standards body, for any suitable frequency band or range, and/or for any suitable type of communication (e.g., terrestrial communication—such as communications using a cellular network between two user equipment on the Earth). 
     With the foregoing in mind,  FIG.  1    is a block diagram of an electronic device  10 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The electronic device  10  may include, among other things, one or more processors  12  (collectively referred to herein as a single processor for convenience, which may be implemented in any suitable form of processing circuitry), memory  14 , nonvolatile storage  16 , a display  18 , input structures  22 , an input/output (I/O) interface  24 , a network interface  26 , and a power source  29 . The various functional blocks shown in  FIG.  1    may include hardware elements (including circuitry), software elements (including computer code stored on a computer-readable medium) or a combination of both hardware and software elements. The processor  12 , memory  14 , the nonvolatile storage  16 , the display  18 , the input structures  22 , the input/output (I/O) interface  24 , the network interface  26 , and/or the power source  29  may each be communicatively coupled directly or indirectly (e.g., through or via another component, a communication bus, a network) to one another to transmit and/or receive data between one another. It should be noted that  FIG.  1    is merely one example of a particular implementation and is intended to illustrate the types of components that may be present in electronic device  10 . 
     By way of example, the electronic device  10  may represent a block diagram of any suitable computing device, including a desktop computer, a notebook computer, a portable electronic or handheld electronic device (e.g., a wireless electronic device or smartphone), a tablet, a wearable electronic device, and other similar devices. In particular, the electronic device  10  may include user equipment or radio frequency communication devices, such as mobile communication devices, smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, and so on. In some embodiments, the electronic device  10  may include (or may be included in) any suitable communication hub or node, such as a terrestrial communication hub or node, a non-terrestrial communication hub or node, a base station, or a network operator. It should be noted that the processor  12  and other related items in  FIG.  1    may be generally referred to herein as “data processing circuitry.” Such data processing circuitry may be embodied wholly or in part as software, hardware, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, the processor  12  and other related items in  FIG.  1    may be a single contained processing module or may be incorporated wholly or partially within any of the other elements within the electronic device  10 . The processor  12  may be implemented with any combination of general-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate array (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), controllers, state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware components, dedicated hardware finite state machines, or any other suitable entities that may perform calculations or other manipulations of information. The processors  12  may perform the various functions described herein and below. 
     In the electronic device  10  of  FIG.  1   , the processor  12  may be operably coupled with a memory  14  and a nonvolatile storage  16  to perform various algorithms. Such programs or instructions executed by the processor  12  may be stored in any suitable article of manufacture that includes one or more tangible, computer-readable media. The tangible, computer-readable media may include the memory  14  and/or the nonvolatile storage  16 , individually or collectively, to store the instructions or routines. The memory  14  and the nonvolatile storage  16  may include any suitable articles of manufacture for storing data and executable instructions, such as random-access memory, read-only memory, rewritable flash memory, hard drives, and optical discs. In addition, programs (e.g., an operating system) encoded on such a computer program product may also include instructions that may be executed by the processor  12  to enable the electronic device  10  to provide various functionalities. 
     In certain embodiments, the display  18  may facilitate users to view images generated on the electronic device  10 . In some embodiments, the display  18  may include a touch screen, which may facilitate user interaction with a user interface of the electronic device  10 . Furthermore, it should be appreciated that, in some embodiments, the display  18  may include one or more liquid crystal displays (LCDs), light-emitting diode (LED) displays, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays, or some combination of these and/or other display technologies. 
     The input structures  22  of the electronic device  10  may enable a user to interact with the electronic device  10  (e.g., pressing a button to increase or decrease a volume level). The I/O interface  24  may enable electronic device  10  to interface with various other electronic devices, as may the network interface  26 . The network interface  26  may include, for example, one or more interfaces for a personal area network (PAN), such as a BLUETOOTH® network, for a local area network (LAN) or wireless local area network (WLAN), such as a network employing one of the IEEE 802.11x family of protocols (e.g., WI-FI®), and/or for a wide area network (WAN), such as any standards related to the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including, for example, a 3 rd  generation (3G) cellular network, universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), 4 th  generation (4G) cellular network, long term evolution (LTE®) cellular network, long term evolution license assisted access (LTE-LAA) cellular network, 5 th  generation (5G) cellular network, and/or New Radio (NR) cellular network, and/or for a non-terrestrial network, such as a satellite communication network. In particular, the network interface  26  may include, for example, one or more interfaces for using a Release-15 cellular communication standard of the 5G specifications that include the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range (e.g., 24.25-300 gigahertz (GHz)). The network interface  26  of the electronic device  10  may allow communication over the aforementioned networks (e.g., 5G, Wi-Fi, LTE-LAA, and so forth). 
     The network interface  26  may also include one or more interfaces for, for example, broadband fixed wireless access networks (e.g., WIMAX®), mobile broadband Wireless networks (mobile WIMAX®), asynchronous digital subscriber lines (e.g., ADSL, VDSL), digital video broadcasting-terrestrial (DVB-T®) network and its extension DVB Handheld (DVB-H®) network, ultra-wideband (UWB) network, alternating current (AC) power lines, and so forth. 
     As illustrated, the network interface  26  may include a transceiver  30 . In some embodiments, all or portions of the transceiver  30  may be disposed within the processor  12 . The transceiver  30  may support transmission and receipt of various wireless signals via one or more antennas (not shown in  FIG.  1   ). The power source  29  of the electronic device  10  may include any suitable source of power, such as a rechargeable lithium polymer (Li-poly) battery and/or an alternating current (AC) power converter. In certain embodiments, the electronic device  10  may take the form of a computer, a portable electronic device, a wearable electronic device, or other type of electronic device. 
       FIG.  2    is a functional block diagram of the electronic device  10  of  FIG.  1   , according to embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the processor  12 , the memory  14 , the transceiver  30 , the transmitter  52 , the receiver  54 , and/or the antennas  55  (illustrated as  55 A- 55 N) may be communicatively coupled directly or indirectly (e.g., through or via another component, a communication bus, a network) to one another to transmit and/or receive data between one another. 
     The electronic device  10  may include the transmitter  52  and/or the receiver  54  that respectively enable transmission and reception of data between the electronic device  10  and a remote location via, for example, a network or direct connection associated with the electronic device  10  and an external transceiver (e.g., in the form of a cell, eNB (E-UTRAN Node B or Evolved Node B), or gNB (Next Generation NodeB or gNodeB)), base stations, a non-terrestrial network, a satellite, and the like. As illustrated, the transmitter  52  and the receiver  54  may be combined into the transceiver  30 . The electronic device  10  may also have one or more antennas  55 A- 55 N electrically coupled to the transceiver  30 . The antennas  55 A- 55 N may be configured in an omnidirectional or directional configuration, in a single-beam, dual-beam, or multi-beam arrangement, and so on. Each antenna  55  may be associated with a one or more beams and various configurations. In some embodiments, multiple antennas of the antennas  55 A- 55 N of an antenna group or module may be communicatively coupled to a respective transceiver  30  and each emit radio frequency signals that may constructively and/or destructively combine to form a beam. The electronic device  10  may include (not shown) multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, multiple transceivers, and/or multiple antennas as needed for various communication standards. 
     The transmitter  52  may wirelessly transmit packets having different packet types or functions. For example, the transmitter  52  may transmit packets of different types generated by the processor  12 . The receiver  54  may wirelessly receive packets having different packet types. In some examples, the receiver  54  may detect a type of a packet used and to process the packet accordingly. In some embodiments, the transmitter  52  and the receiver  54  may transmit and receive information via other wired or wireline systems or devices. 
     As illustrated, the various components of the electronic device  10  may be coupled together by a bus system  56 . The bus system  56  may include a data bus, for example, as well as a power bus, a control signal bus, and a status signal bus, in addition to the data bus. The components of the electronic device  10  may be coupled together or accept or provide inputs to each other using some other mechanism. 
       FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram of the transmitter  52  (e.g., transmit circuitry), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the transmitter  52  may receive outgoing data  60  in the form of a digital signal to be transmitted via the one or more antennas  55 . A digital-to-analog converter (DAC)  62  of the transmitter  52  may convert the digital signal to an analog signal, and a modulator  64  may combine the converted analog signal with a carrier signal to generate a radio wave. A power amplifier (PA)  66  receives signal the modulated signal from the modulator  64 . The power amplifier  66  may amplify the modulated signal to a suitable level to drive transmission of the signal via the one or more antennas  55 . A filter  68  (e.g., filter circuitry and/or software) of the transmitter  52  may then remove undesirable noise from the amplified signal to generate transmitted data  70  to be transmitted via the one or more antennas  55 . The filter  68  may include any suitable filter or filters to remove the undesirable noise from the amplified signal, such as a bandpass filter, a bandstop filter, a low pass filter, a high pass filter, and/or a decimation filter. Additionally, the transmitter  52  may include any suitable additional components not shown, or may not include certain of the illustrated components, such that the transmitter  52  may transmit the outgoing data  60  via the one or more antennas  55 . For example, the transmitter  52  may include a mixer and/or a digital up converter. As another example, the transmitter  52  may not include the filter  68  if the power amplifier  66  outputs the amplified signal in or approximately in a desired frequency range (such that filtering of the amplified signal may be unnecessary). 
       FIG.  4    is a schematic diagram of the receiver  54  (e.g., receive circuitry), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the receiver  54  may receive received data  80  from the one or more antennas  55  in the form of an analog signal. A low noise amplifier (LNA)  82  may amplify the received analog signal to a suitable level for the receiver  54  to process. A filter  84  (e.g., filter circuitry and/or software) may remove undesired noise from the received signal, such as cross-channel interference. The filter  84  may also remove additional signals received by the one or more antennas  55  which are at frequencies other than the desired signal. The filter  84  may include any suitable filter or filters to remove the undesired noise or signals from the received signal, such as a bandpass filter, a bandstop filter, a low pass filter, a high pass filter, and/or a decimation filter. A demodulator  86  may remove a radio frequency envelope and/or extract a demodulated signal from the filtered signal for processing. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  88  may receive the demodulated analog signal and convert the signal to a digital signal of incoming data  90  to be further processed by the electronic device  10 . Additionally, the receiver  54  may include any suitable additional components not shown, or may not include certain of the illustrated components, such that the receiver  54  may receive the received data  80  via the one or more antennas  55 . For example, the receiver  54  may include a mixer and/or a digital down converter. 
       FIG.  5    is a diagram  95  illustrating the communicative relationship between user equipment  96 , a terrestrial communication node  97 , and a non-terrestrial communication node  98 . The terrestrial communication node  97  may include a base station, such as a base station that provides 5G/New Radio (NR) coverage (e.g., a Next Generation NodeB (gNodeB or gNB) base station) and enables communication to a non-terrestrial network. The user equipment  96  and the terrestrial communication node  97  may include at least some of the components of the electronic device  10  shown in  FIGS.  1  and  2   , including the transmitter  52 , the receiver  54 , and the associated circuitry shown in  FIGS.  3  and  4   . The user equipment  96  may communicate with the terrestrial communication node  97  to establish a communication link to the non-terrestrial communication node  98 . For example, the user equipment  96  may send a request (e.g., via the processor  12 ) to the terrestrial communication node  97  seeking an available uplink frequency channel and/or an available downlink frequency channel to establish communications with the non-terrestrial communication node  98 . These channels may be within the L frequency band (e.g., a 1.6 gigahertz (GHz) frequency band) and/or the S frequency band (e.g., a 2 GHz frequency band) that may be used for communication with satellites such as the non-terrestrial communication node  98 . For example, the 1610-1626.5 megahertz (MHz), the 1626.5-1660.5 MHz, and 1668-1675 MHz sub-bands of the L band and the 1980-2010 MHz sub-band of the S band may be used by the user equipment  96  for uplink or transmitting data to the non-terrestrial communication node  98 , and the 1518-1559 MHz and the 1613.8-1626.5 MHz sub-bands of the L band and the 2170-2200 MHz and 2483.5-2500 MHz sub-bands of the S band may be used by the user equipment  96  for downlink or receiving data from the non-terrestrial communication node  98 . 
     As used herein, a NTN may include a satellite network, a HAPS (high altitude platform system, high altitude platform station, and/or high altitude pseudo-satellite) network, an air-to-ground network, and so on. Additionally, a non-terrestrial communication hub may include any airborne or spaceborne object that has been intentionally placed into orbit, such as a conventional spaceborne orbital satellite having a geostationary or geosynchronous orbit (GEO) at approximately 36,000 kilometers, medium-Earth orbit (MEO) at approximately 7,000 kilometers to 20,000 kilometers, or low-Earth orbit (LEO) at approximately 300 meters to 1,500 kilometers. In additional or alternative embodiments, the non-terrestrial communication hub may include any airborne device or vehicle or atmospheric satellite, such as balloon satellites, manned aircraft (e.g., an airplane, an airship, or any other aircraft), unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), HAPS, and so on. Further, the non-terrestrial communication hub may include a network or constellation of any of the non-terrestrial vehicles, devices, and/or satellites above. 
       FIG.  6    is a graphical representation of an FCC regulation  100  for an out-of-channel emission mask that may be applied to or implemented on the transmitter  52  of  FIG.  3   , according to embodiments of the present disclosure. An emission mask or spectrum emission mask (SEM) is a relative measurement of emission power outside of a target frequency range to transmission power of a signal transmitted in the target frequency range. For example, a regulatory or standards entity (e.g., the FCC) may define one or more threshold powers and one or more corresponding frequency ranges for which emissions caused by the transmitter  52  may not exceed. The emission mask  104  may thus contain or limit leakage of the transmitted signal in the channel  102  into other frequency ranges, channels, and/or bands, as such leakage may interfere with signals in the other frequency ranges, channels, or bands. 
     The horizontal axis  106  in  FIG.  6    represents frequency (measured in MHz), and the vertical axis  108  represents power (measured in decibel milliwattss (dBm)/MHz). An emission mask may indicate one or more emission thresholds for one or more corresponding ranges of frequencies (e.g., outside of a target frequency range, such as a target band or channel). That is, the emission mask may provide upper limits of signal power (e.g., caused or leaking from the transmitted channel  102 ) that may be permitted to leak into the corresponding frequency ranges (e.g., nearby frequency channels or bands). As illustrated the emission mask  104  provides one or more emission thresholds for one or more corresponding range of frequencies outside of a target channel, such as the channel  102  centered at 1618.15 MHz. In particular, the out-of-channel emission mask  104  dictates that signal leakage resulting from the transmitted channel  102  in the frequency range between 1617.65 MHz to 1617.95 MHz cannot exceed a threshold of −18 dBm/MHz. Thus, any signal leakage in that frequency range may be tolerated below −18 dBm/MHz, but the transmitter  52  equipped with the emission mask  104  conforming to the FCC regulations may not emit a leakage signal in the frequency range above −18 dBm/MHz. Signal leakage may be caused by several factors, such as nonlinearities (e.g., a change in the performance due to a change in ambient temperature, real world manufacturing implications, manufacturing defects, non-ideal components) in the electronic device  10 . To address signal leakage, the user equipment  96  may include a configuration for the transmitter  52  to contain or limit out-of-band emissions (or, for out-of-channel emission masks, out-of-channel emissions) within one or more threshold powers for one or more frequency ranges. To implement or apply an emission mask (e.g., the emission mask  104 ), the processor  12  may utilize a number of techniques, such as power backoff (e.g., reducing transmission power) and/or frequency filtering (e.g., using the filter  68 ). 
     As previously discussed, the user equipment  96  may be configured so as to conform to regulations or standards defined by a regulatory or standards entity, and the regulations/standards may change as the user equipment  96  moves from one geographical region to another. For example, in the discussion of  FIG.  6    above, the regulations were defined by the FCC. However, if the user equipment  96  were to be moved outside of the United States to another region (e.g., to Europe), the user equipment  96  may be reconfigured to conform to the regulations or standards of the other region (e.g., standards defined by ETSI). 
       FIG.  7    is a graphical representation of an ETSI standard  120  for an out-of-band emission mask  124  that may govern the transmitter  52 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The emission mask  124  may indicate one or more emission thresholds for one or more corresponding range of frequencies outside of a target frequency band  122  between 1610 MHz and 1626.5 MHz. In some embodiments, the processor  12  may receive or determine the regional standard at which the user equipment  96  is located and configure the transmitter  52  with the out-of-band emission mask  124  illustrated in  FIG.  7    (e.g., using the methods  200  or  250  in  FIGS.  10  and  11    discussed below) to conform to the regional standard. 
       FIG.  8    is a graphical representation of an ETSI standard  130  for an out-of-channel emission mask  134  for a channel with an upper bound at a target frequency that may be applied to or implemented on the transmitter  52 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In particular, the emission mask  134  may indicate one or more emission thresholds for one or more corresponding range of frequencies outside of a target frequency channel  132  with an upper bound at 1618.25 MHz. In some embodiments, the processor  12  may receive or determine the regional standard at which the user equipment  96  is located and configure the transmitter  52  with the out-of-channel emission mask  134  (e.g., using the methods  200  or  250  in  FIGS.  10  and  11    discussed below) to conform to the regional standard. 
       FIG.  9    is a graphical representation of an ETSI standard  140  for an out-of-channel emission mask  144  for a channel with a lower bound at the target frequency that may be applied to or implemented on the transmitter  52 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In particular, the emission mask  144  may indicate one or more emission thresholds for one or more corresponding range of frequencies outside of a target frequency channel  142  with a lower bound at 1618.25 MHz. In some embodiments, the processor  12  may receive or determine the regional standard at which the user equipment  96  is located and configure the transmitter  52  with the out-of-channel emission mask  144  to conform to the regional standard. As illustrated, the emission masks  134  and  144  of  FIGS.  8  and  9    are channel-specific. Moreover, the ETSI-conforming emission masks  124 ,  134 , and  144  may be applied to channels in the same frequency band, while the user equipment  96  is in the same geographical region (e.g., a region in Europe governed by ETSI). Accordingly, the disclosed embodiments may provide techniques to enable the user equipment  96  to select between different emission masks, even in the same geographical region governed by the same regulatory entity/standard body. 
     Conforming to the standards of the geographical region in which the user equipment  96  is located may increase the efficiency of, or even prevent deactivation of, the user equipment  96  in the different geographical regions, as the user equipment may be dynamically set to a more efficient or permissible configuration with respect to non-terrestrial transmission and reception (e.g., when it is determined under which standards the user equipment is to operate). 
     The user equipment  96  may determine its location using information received from the terrestrial communication node  97 . The terrestrial communication node  97  may broadcast system information, via a system information block (SIB), to multiple devices (e.g., the user equipment  96 ) within range of (e.g., in a cell supported by) the terrestrial communication node  97 ). The SIB may include information that enables the user equipment  96  to establish communication with the terrestrial communication node  97 , such as one or more network signaling (NS) values that indicate, to the user equipment receiving the SIB, the regulation/standard (e.g., of the FCC, ETSI, MIIT) for which to conform. Using the NS values, the processor  12  of the user equipment  96  may configure the transceiver  30  to conform to the regulation/standard of the region at which the user equipment  96  is located. 
       FIG.  10    is a flowchart of a method  200  for configuring the transceiver  30  of the user equipment  96  to conform to regional regulations/standards and communicate with a non-terrestrial network (e.g., including the non-terrestrial communication node  98 ), according to embodiment of the present disclosure. Any suitable device (e.g., a controller) that may control components of the user equipment  96 , the terrestrial communication node  97 , the non-terrestrial network, and the non-terrestrial communication node  98 , such as the processor  12  of each of these devices or systems, may perform the method  200 . In some embodiments, the method  200  may be implemented by executing instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium, such as the memory  14  or storage  16 , using the processor  12 . For example, the method  200  may be performed at least in part by one or more software components, such as an operating systems, one or more software applications, and the like, of the user equipment  96 , the terrestrial communication node  97 , the non-terrestrial network, and the non-terrestrial communication node  98 . While the method  200  is described using steps in a specific sequence, it should be understood that the present disclosure contemplates that the described steps may be performed in different sequences than the sequence illustrated, and certain described steps may be skipped or not performed altogether. 
     In process block  202 , the user equipment  96  detects the terrestrial communication node  97 . In particular, the user equipment  96  may detect the terrestrial communication node  97  by broadcasting a radio frequency (RF) signal. Upon receiving the signal, the terrestrial communication node  97  may respond with timing alignment information, among other information. In process block  204  the user equipment  96  synchronizes to the terrestrial communication node  97  by aligning its timing with the timing alignment information of the terrestrial communication node  97 . 
     In process block  206 , the terrestrial communication node  97  broadcasts system information with an NS flag or NS value indicating a regional regulation or standard (e.g., an FCC regulation, an ETSI standard, and so on). In process block  208 , the user equipment  96  reads the system information, including the NS value, and thereby determine the regional regulation/standard under which to operate. In process block  210 , the user equipment  96  configures the transceiver  30  (e.g., the transmitter  52 , the receiver  54 , or both) based on the regulation/standard indicated by the NS value. The user equipment  96  (e.g., via the processor  12 ) may configure the transceiver  30  by adjusting power of the transmitter  52 , adjusting the power of the receiver  54 , removing one or more filters from a circuit path of the transceiver  30 , adding or removing one or more low noise amplifiers from a circuit path of the transceiver, and so on. In process block  212 , the user equipment  96  transmits data to or receives data from the non-terrestrial communication node  98  using the configured transceiver  30 . In process block  214 , the non-terrestrial communication node  98  receives data from or transmits data to the user equipment  96 . In this manner, the method  200  may enable the user equipment  96  to configure the transceiver  30  to conform to regional regulations/standards and communicate with the non-terrestrial network (e.g., including the non-terrestrial communication node  98 ). 
       FIG.  11    is a flowchart of a method  250  for configuring the transmitter  52  of  FIG.  3    (e.g., of the user equipment  96 ) with an emission mask to conform to regional regulations or standards and communicate with a non-terrestrial network (e.g., including the non-terrestrial communication node  98 ), according to embodiment of the present disclosure. Any suitable device (e.g., a controller) that may control components of the user equipment  96 , such as the processor  12 , may perform the method  250 . In some embodiments, the method  250  may be implemented by executing instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium, such as the memory  14  or storage  16 , using the processor  12 . For example, the method  250  may be performed at least in part by one or more software components, such as an operating systems, one or more software applications, and the like, of the user equipment  96 . While the method  250  is described using steps in a specific sequence, it should be understood that the present disclosure contemplates that the described steps may be performed in different sequences than the sequence illustrated, and certain described steps may be skipped or not performed altogether. 
     In process block  252 , the processor  12  detects the terrestrial communication node  97 . In particular, the processor  12  detects the terrestrial communication node  97  by broadcasting a radio frequency (RF) signal. Upon receiving the signal, the terrestrial communication node  97  may respond with timing alignment information, among other information. In process block  204 , the processor  12  synchronizes to the terrestrial communication node  97  by aligning its timing with the timing alignment information of the terrestrial communication node  97 . 
     In process block  256 , the processor  12  receives system information from the terrestrial communication node  97 . That is, the terrestrial communication node  97  may broadcast system information to the user equipment  96  with an NS flag or NS value indicating a regional regulation/standard. In query block  258 , the processor  12  determines whether the NS value indicates ETSI standards. That is, the terrestrial communication node  97  may indicate the regulation/standard that governs the region in which it is located in the NS value. 
     If the NS value indicates that ETSI standards do not govern, then in process block  260 , the processor  12  configures the transmitter  52  with an emission mask that conforms to default regulations or standards. The default regulations/standards may be any set of emission regulations or standards (e.g., defined by ETSI, the FCC, etc.). However, it may be beneficial to set default configuration to a less stringent set of regulations or standards, such as the FCC regulations (as the FCC regulations may be less stringent than the ETSI standards). Therefore, the default configuration may include the emission mask  104  in  FIG.  6   . 
     If the NS value indicates that ETSI standards govern the region at that the user equipment  96  is located, then in process block  262 , the processor  12  configures the transmitter  52  with an emission mask that conforms to ETSI standards (e.g., the emission masks  124 ,  134 , and  134  of  FIGS.  7 ,  8 , and  9    respectively). Once the processor  12  has configured the transmitter  52  so as to conform to the governing regulations or standards of the region, the processor  12  transmits data to the non-terrestrial communication node  98  using the transmitter  52 , as is seen in process block  264 . In this manner, the method  250  may enable the processor  12  to configure the transmitter  52  of  FIG.  3    (e.g., of the user equipment  96 ) with an emission mask to conform to regional regulations or standards and communicate with a non-terrestrial network (e.g., including the non-terrestrial communication node  98 ). The user equipment  96  may configure (e.g., via the processor  12 ) the transmitter  52 , as described in the process blocks  260  and  262 , by adjusting power of the transmitter  52 , removing one or more filters from a circuit path of the transmitter  52 , adding or removing one or more low noise amplifiers from a circuit path of the transmitter  52 , and so on. 
     As previously stated, the emission masks may be band-specific and/or channel-specific. Thus, even if the user equipment  96  remains in the same region (e.g., a region in Europe governed by ETSI), there may be several different regulations or standards schemes (e.g., the emission masks  124 ,  134 , and  144  in  FIGS.  7 ,  8 , and  9    respectively) to conform to depending on the frequency band and/or frequency channel allocated to the emission channel  102 . Accordingly, the disclosed embodiments may provide techniques to enable the user equipment  96  to select between different emission masks, even in the same geographical region governed by the same regulatory entity/standard body. 
     Similarly to the regulations/standards for transmitters  52 , regulations/standards for receivers  54  (e.g., receiving signals in the S band) may vary from region to region. For example, ETSI has defined out-of-band and out-of-channel standards for signal reception in the S-band for user equipment (e.g., the user equipment  96 ). These standards may relate to adjacent channel selectivity (ACS), in-band blocking, and/or other performance or noise characteristics. In contrast, other regulatory or standards entities, such as the FCC, may have no such regulations or standards defined for signal reception for the user equipment  96 . Because of this regulatory variance, it may be beneficial to enable receiver configuration based on applicable regulation or standard for signal reception (e.g., as related to the receiver  54 ) as well as signal emission (e.g., as related to the transmitter  52 ). 
       FIG.  12    is a graphical representation of an ETSI standard  300  for adjacent channel selectivity (ACS) that may be implemented by the receiver  54 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. ACS may include an ability of the receiver  54  to receive a desired reception signal on its assigned channel (e.g., the channel  302  having a center frequency (f c )  304 ) in the presence of an interfering or blocking signal in an adjacent channel  305  having a center frequency  308  at a given frequency offset from the center frequency desired reception signal. The center frequency  308  of the adjacent channel  305  may be defined as the sum of the center frequency  304  of channel  302  and the bandwidth (BW)  314  of the channel  302  (or f c +BW). 
     ETSI standards pertaining to the ACS may define a threshold power of performance degradation or a noise tolerance level (e.g., noise tolerance  310 ) that may not be exceeded when the interfering signal is at a specified power level (e.g., power level  312 ). For example, ACS-related ETSI standards may provide that desired reception signal on the channel  302  may be degraded no more than 0.5 dB) (e.g., may tolerate no more than 0.5 dB of noise) when the interfering signal is present in an adjacent channel  305  (e.g., having the center frequency  308  that is the sum of the center frequency  304  of channel  302  and the bandwidth  314  of the channel  302 ) and has a power level  312  that is 12 dB greater than the threshold power of performance degradation/noise tolerance level  310 . Therefore, if the threshold power of performance degradation is a reference sensitivity power level (“REFSENS”)+0.5 dB, then the power level  312  of the interfering signal  306  is REFSENS+12.5 dB. However, it should be understood that any suitable threshold power of performance degradation  310  and/or power level of the interfering signal  306  may be used. 
     REFSENS may include a minimum receiver input power measured at an antenna (e.g., the antennas  55 ) of a receiver (e.g., the receiver  54 ), or a noise level at the receiver when there is no interfering signal (e.g.,  306 ) present. It should be noted that REFSENS is not a requirement defined by ETSI, and the REFSENS value referred to in the disclosure refers to the reference sensitivity the receiver  54  exhibits without an interfering signal  306  present. However, in some embodiments, REFSENS may refer to definition provided under the New Radio standard, as shown below in Equation 1:
 
REFSENSE (dBm)=−174 dBm+NF+10*log(RXBW)−Diversity Gain+SNR+IM   (Equation 1)
 
     In Equation 1, NF is noise figure, RXBW is the received bandwidth  314  of the channel  302 , diversity gain, SNR is signal-to-noise ratio, and IM is impairment margin (e.g., a measure of a capability of the receiver  54  to receive a wanted signal on its assigned channel  302  in the presence of two or more interfering signals which have a specific frequency relationship to the wanted signal). For example, REFSENS at a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz for an IM of 2.5 dB is −96.7 dBm, for an IM of 2.0 dB is −97.2 dBm, for an IM of 1.5 dB is −97.7 dBm, and for an IM of 1.0 dB is −98.2 dBm. 
     The primary purpose of REFSENS is to facilitate determining the degradation a desired reception signal (e.g., the channel  302 ) when noise is introduced (e.g., when the interfering signal  306  is present). Accordingly, the ETSI standard  300  for ACS may ensure that a sufficient quality signal is received by the receiver  54 , even in the presence of noise in an adjacent channel  305 . 
       FIG.  13    is a graphical representation of an ETSI standard  320  for in-band blocking that may be implemented by the receiver  54 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In-band blocking may prevent noise (e.g., interfering signals) in the same frequency band as a desired received signal from excessively interfering with the desired received signal. ETSI standards specifies a threshold power of performance degradation or a noise tolerance level (e.g., threshold power of performance degradation  322 ) that may not be exceeded when the interfering signals are in the range of 10 MHz less than a lower edge of an operating band (e.g., BE L —10 MHz) of the received signal and 10 MHz greater than an upper edge of the operating band (e.g., BE U +10 MHz). ETSI defines the interfering signals at a fixed offset frequency  316  of 5 MHz offset (e.g., an offset frequency) from a center frequency  304  (e.g., f c ) of the channel  302  of the received signal (e.g., f c +5 MHz, f c −5 MHz). In particular, the interfering signals may have frequencies in a same frequency band as the received signal. Accordingly, the ETSI standard  320  for in-band blocking may ensure that a sufficient quality signal is received by the receiver  54 , even in the presence of noise in the same frequency band (e.g., from 2473.5 MHz to 2510 MHz) as the signal. Thus, under ETSI standards, the offset frequency  316  will remain 5 MHz from the center frequency  304 , regardless of the bandwidth  314  of the channel  302 . As a result, this may limit the ability of the user equipment  96  to receive on channels having bandwidths greater than 5 MHz, and by extension limit the throughput of the channel  302 . This will be addressed in greater depth in the discussion of narrowband blocking receiver configurations in  FIGS.  15 ,  17 , and  20   . 
     The processor  12  may configure the receiver  54  to meet blocking regulations or standards, such as the ACS and in-band blocking regulations or standards, by performing power backoff and/or filtering techniques. However, complying with the blocking regulations or standards may result in certain performance trade-offs, such as power or insertion loss, leading to receiver performance or REFSENS degradation (e.g., caused by noise of the interfering signals). When not operating in regions with blocking regulations or standards (e.g., not operating in regions governed by ETSI), the user equipment  96  may benefit from configuring the receiver  54  to operate with less stringent blocking regulations or standards. Therefore, it may be advantageous to enable the processor  12  to apply different receiver configurations to meet different regional regulations or standards, depending on where the user equipment  96  is located. Similarly to the transmitter  52 , the processor  12  may configure the receiver  54  with a default configuration adhering to regulations or standards (e.g., FCC regulations) that are less stringent than ETSI standards, and may reconfigure the receiver  54  to meet ETSI standards if the user equipment  96  is located in an area governed by ETSI. 
       FIG.  14    is a flowchart of a method  350  for configuring the receiver  54  of  FIG.  4    (e.g., of the user equipment  96 ) to conform to regional regulations/standards governing ACS and/or in-band blocking, and communicate with a non-terrestrial network (e.g., including the non-terrestrial communication node  98 ), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Any suitable device (e.g., a controller) that may control components of the user equipment  96 , such as the processor  12 , may perform the method  350 . In some embodiments, the method  350  may be implemented by executing instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium, such as the memory  14  or storage  16 , using the processor  12 . For example, the method  350  may be performed at least in part by one or more software components, such as an operating systems, one or more software applications, and the like, of the user equipment  96 . While the method  350  is described using steps in a specific sequence, it should be understood that the present disclosure contemplates that the described steps may be performed in different sequences than the sequence illustrated, and certain described steps may be skipped or not performed altogether. 
     The processor  12  may perform process blocks  352 ,  354 , and  356  similarly as process blocks  252 ,  254 , and  256  of method  250  in  FIG.  11   . In query block  358 , the processor  12  determines whether the NS value indicates ETSI standards. That is, the terrestrial communication node  97  may indicate the regulation/standard that governs the region in which it is located in the NS value. If the NS value indicates that ETSI standards do not govern, in process block  360 , the processor  12  configures the receiver  54  to conform to default regulations/standards (e.g., FCC regulations). The default regulations/standards may be less stringent than other regulations/standards for which the processor  12  may conform the receiver  54  (e.g., ETSI standards). In some embodiments, the processor  12  may not configure the receiver  54  at all, as the default, less stringent regulations/standards may not apply to ACS or in-band blocking. If the NS value indicates that ETSI standards govern the region at that the user equipment  96  is located, then, in process block  362 , the processor  12  configures the receiver  54  to conform to the ETSI blocking standards. That is, the processor  12  may configured the receiver  54  to conform to the ACS and in-band blocking standards discussed in  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13   . In process block  364 , after the receiver  54  is configured to conform to the appropriate regulation/standard, the processor  12  receives data from the non-terrestrial communication node  98  using the configured receiver  54 . In this manner, the method  350  may enable the processor  12  to configure the receiver  54  of  FIG.  4    (e.g., of the user equipment  96 ) to conform to regional regulations/standards governing ACS and/or in-band blocking, and communicate with a non-terrestrial network (e.g., including the non-terrestrial communication node  98 ). The processor  12  may configure the receiver  54 , as described in the process blocks  360  and  362 , by adjusting the power of the receiver  54 , removing one or more filters from a circuit path of the receiver  54 , adding or removing one or more low noise amplifiers from a circuit path of the receiver  54 , and so on. 
       FIG.  15    is a graphical representation of a narrowband blocking scheme  400  using channel-bandwidth-dependent scaling that may be implemented by the receiver  54 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Narrowband blocking may prevent noise (e.g., interfering signals) in a narrow frequency band from excessively interfering with a desired received signal. The narrowband blocking scheme  400  may be applied to reception in non-terrestrial frequency bands—particularly to signal reception in the S band, though it should be understood that the narrowband blocking scheme  400  may be applied to any suitable frequency range. 
     The receiver  54  of the user equipment  96  may be configured by the processor  12  to have less than or equal to a threshold power of performance degradation  322  when the receiver  54  is receiving a signal on a channel (e.g.,  302 ) having a bandwidth (e.g.,  314 ) and a center frequency (e.g.,  304 ), while an interfering signal (e.g.,  306 ) is present at a frequency (e.g.,  402 ) equal to the bandwidth  314  offset (e.g., an offset frequency) from the center frequency  304 . That is, the frequency at which the interfering signal  306  is present may scale or change in proportion with the bandwidth  314  of the channel  302 . As illustrated, the threshold power of performance degradation  322  may be REFSENS+1 dB (such that a desired reception signal on the channel  302  may be degraded no more than 1 dB or may tolerate no more than 0.5 dB of noise when the interfering signal is present), while the power level for the interfering signal  306  under the narrowband blocking scheme  400  may be −40 dBm. However, it should be understood that any suitable threshold power of performance degradation  322  and/or power level of the interfering signal  306  may be used. In some embodiments, the narrowband blocking scheme  400  may include two interfering signals  306 , such that the scalable offset frequency  316  (e.g., equal to the bandwidth  314 ) may be added to and subtracted from the center frequency  304  (e.g., resulting in two interfering signals  306  being present, one at the center frequency  304  plus the bandwidth  314 , and one at the center frequency  304  minus the bandwidth  314 ). 
     If narrowband blocking scheme does not have a scalable offset frequency  316  at which the interfering signal  306  (e.g., the offset frequency is fixed, such as in the in-band blocking ETSI standard  320  of  FIG.  13   ), the user equipment  96  may be limited in its ability to adjust the bandwidth  314  of the channel  302 . For example, if a narrowband blocking scheme is implemented with a fixed offset frequency of 5 MHz, and the channel  302  has a 5 MHz bandwidth, the distance between the edges of the channel  302  and the interfering signal  306  may be 2.5 MHz. However, if it is desired to increase the bandwidth  314  of the channel  302  (e.g., to increase data throughput), the offset frequency may not increase proportionately with the increased bandwidth of the channel  302  because it is fixed at 5 MHz. As such, if the bandwidth  314  of the channel  302  were to increase from 5 MHz to 7.5 MHz, the distance between the edges of the channel  302  and the interfering signal  306  would be 1.25 MHz. The decreased distance between the channel  302  and the interfering signal  306  may result in greater interference with the channel  302  from the interfering signal  306 . Moreover, this fixed offset frequency scheme may preclude the use of any channel  302  with a bandwidth  314  of 10 MHz or greater, as the channel  302  and the interfering signal  306  may be placed within the channel  302  itself. 
     The channel-bandwidth-dependent narrowband blocking scheme  400  may address this issue by setting the offset frequency  316  of the interfering signal  306  from the center frequency  304  equal to the channel bandwidth of the channel  302 . For example, if the bandwidth  314  of the channel  302  were to increase to 7.5 MHz, then the frequency  316  that the interfering signal  306  is offset from the center frequency  304  may increase to ±7.5 MHz. As can be seen in  FIG.  15   , the channel  302  has a bandwidth of 10 MHz, and thus the frequency  316  that the interfering signal  306  is offset from the center frequency  304  may be ±10 MHz. Thus, the channel-bandwidth-dependent scaling scheme  400  may enable the channel  302  to have a greater bandwidth (and, as a result, throughput), while preventing interference from the interfering signal  306 . Moreover, the channel-bandwidth-dependent scaling scheme  400  may be particularly useful for non-terrestrial communication networks, which may take advantage of channel bandwidths of 10 MHz or greater. 
       FIG.  16    is a flowchart of a method  450  for configuring the receiver  54  with a narrowband blocking scheme with channel-bandwidth-dependent scaling (e.g., the channel-bandwidth-dependent narrowband blocking scheme  400  of  FIG.  15   ), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Any suitable device (e.g., a controller) that may control components of the user equipment  96 , the terrestrial communication node  97 , the non-terrestrial network, and the non-terrestrial communication node  98 , such as the processor  12  of each of these devices or systems, may perform the method  450 . In some embodiments, the method  450  may be implemented by executing instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium, such as the memory  14  or storage  16 , using the processor  12 . For example, the method  450  may be performed at least in part by one or more software components, such as an operating systems, one or more software applications, and the like, of the user equipment  96 , the terrestrial communication node  97 , the non-terrestrial network, and the non-terrestrial communication node  98 . While the method  450  is described using steps in a specific sequence, it should be understood that the present disclosure contemplates that the described steps may be performed in different sequences than the sequence illustrated, and certain described steps may be skipped or not performed altogether. 
     The processor  12  may perform process blocks  452 ,  454 , and  456  similarly to process blocks  252 ,  254 , and  256  of method  250  in  FIG.  11   . In process block  458 , the processor  12  configures the receiver  54  based on the presence of an interfering signal (e.g., the interfering signal  306 ) at a frequency a channel bandwidth (e.g., the channel bandwidth  314 ) away from a channel center frequency (e.g., center frequency  304 ), as discussed in  FIG.  15   . In particular, the processor  12  may configure the receiver  54  to have less than or equal to a threshold power of performance degradation  322  (e.g., REFSENS+1 dB) when the receiver  54  is receiving a signal on a channel  302  having a bandwidth  314  and a center frequency  304 , while an interfering signal  306  having a power level (e.g., −40 dBm) is present at a frequency  316  offset equal to the bandwidth  314  from the center frequency  304 . The processor  12  may configure the receiver  54 , as described in the process block  458 , by adjusting the power of the receiver  54 , removing one or more filters from a circuit path of the receiver  54 , adding or removing one or more low noise amplifiers from a circuit path of the receiver  54 , and so on. 
     In process block  460 , the processor  12  receives data from a non-terrestrial communication node (e.g., the non-terrestrial communication node  98 ) using the configured receiver  54 . As such, the method  450  may enable the processor  12  to configure the receiver  54  of  FIG.  4    (e.g., of the user equipment  96 ) to implement the narrowband blocking scheme  400  with channel-bandwidth-dependent scaling, thus enabling greater channel bandwidths and/or greater throughput. 
       FIG.  17    is a graphical representation of a narrowband blocking scheme  500  based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification that may be implemented by the receiver  54 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Similar to narrowband blocking scheme  400  with channel-bandwidth-dependent scaling of  FIG.  15   , the narrowband blocking scheme  500  implements a scalable frequency  504  of an interfering signal  508  offset (e.g., an offset frequency) from a center frequency  304  of a channel  302  of a desired reception signal (e.g., a wanted signal). For a subcarrier spacing of 15 kilohertz (kHz) (as defined by 4G/LTE), the offset frequency  504  (or unwanted frequency (f uw )) may include half the channel bandwidth  512  and a fixed offset frequency  506  (e.g., 200 kilohertz (kHz)). The subcarrier spacing may be associated with a channel  510  of the interfering signal  508 , the channel  302  of the desired reception signal, and/or the 4G/LTE standard. The channel  302  may also include guard bands  502 , which may serve as a buffer or “guard” the received signal and/or its channel  302  from the interfering signal  508 . 
     In particular, the offset frequency  504  may be defined as a first sum of half the subcarrier spacing value and a product of the subcarrier spacing value and a ceiling (e.g., as provided by a ceiling function) of a quotient of a second sum of half the channel bandwidth  512  and the fixed offset frequency  506  (e.g., f offset_fix ) divided by the subcarrier spacing value, as illustrated by Equation 2 below: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     f 
                     
                       u 
                       ⁢ 
                       w 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ⌈ 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 B 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 W 
                               
                               2 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               f 
                               
                                 offset 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 _ 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 fix 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             S 
                             ⁢ 
                             C 
                             ⁢ 
                             S 
                           
                         
                         ⌉ 
                       
                       * 
                       SCS 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         S 
                         ⁢ 
                         C 
                         ⁢ 
                         S 
                       
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                          
                     2 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The threshold power of performance degradation  516  may depend on the channel bandwidth  512 , according to the 3GPP specification. In particular,  FIG.  18    is a table  530  illustrating the threshold power of performance degradation  516  for different channel bandwidths  534 . For example, the threshold power of performance degradation  516  is 16 dB for a channel bandwidth  512  of 5 MHz or 20 MHz, 13 dB for 10 MHz, 14 dB for 15 MHz, and so on. Turning back to  FIG.  17   , the power level  514  (e.g., P uw (CW)) for the interfering signal  508  under the narrowband blocking scheme  500  may be −55 dBm. However, it should be understood that any suitable threshold power of performance degradation  516  and/or power level of the interfering signal  508  may be used. Additionally, as illustrated, the narrowband blocking scheme  500  may include one interfering signal  508  disposed the channel bandwidth  512  away from the center frequency  304 . In additional or alternative embodiments, the narrowband blocking scheme  500  may include two interfering signals  508 , such that the offset frequency  504  may be added to and subtracted from the center frequency  304  (e.g., resulting in two interfering signals  508  being present, one at the center frequency  304  plus the channel bandwidth  512 , and one at the center frequency  304  minus the channel bandwidth  512 ). The ceiling function of Equation 2 is performed by rounding any resulting decimal inside the ceiling function up to the nearest integer. 
     As a particular example, for the channel bandwidth  512  of 5 MHz (which has a guard band  502  of 0.25 MHz), the subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and the fixed offset frequency  506  of 200 kHz, the offset frequency  504  is 2.7075 MHz. As another example, for a channel bandwidth of 10 MHz, the subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and the fixed offset frequency  506  of 200 kHz, the offset frequency  504  is 5.2125 MHz. As with the channel-bandwidth-dependent narrowband blocking scheme  400  of  FIG.  15   , the narrowband blocking scheme  500  based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification may enable the channel  302  to have a greater bandwidth (and, as a result, throughput), while preventing interference from the interfering signal  508 . Moreover, narrowband blocking scheme  500  may be particularly useful for non-terrestrial communication networks, which may take advantage of channel bandwidths of 10 MHz or greater. 
       FIG.  19    is a flowchart of a method  550  for configuring the receiver  54  with a narrowband blocking scheme based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification (e.g., the narrowband blocking scheme  500  of  FIG.  17   ), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Any suitable device (e.g., a controller) that may control components of the user equipment  96 , the terrestrial communication node  97 , the non-terrestrial network, and the non-terrestrial communication node  98 , such as the processor  12  of each of these devices or systems, may perform the method  550 . In some embodiments, the method  550  may be implemented by executing instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium, such as the memory  14  or storage  16 , using the processor  12 . For example, the method  550  may be performed at least in part by one or more software components, such as an operating systems, one or more software applications, and the like, of the user equipment  96 , the terrestrial communication node  97 , the non-terrestrial network, and the non-terrestrial communication node  98 . While the method  550  is described using steps in a specific sequence, it should be understood that the present disclosure contemplates that the described steps may be performed in different sequences than the sequence illustrated, and certain described steps may be skipped or not performed altogether. 
     The processor  12  may perform process blocks  552 ,  554 , and  556  similarly to process blocks  252 ,  254 , and  256  of method  250  in  FIG.  11   . In process block  558 , the user equipment  96  configures the receiver  54  based on the presence of an interfering signal (e.g., interfering signal  508 ) at a frequency  504  offset (e.g., the unwanted or offset frequency) from the center frequency  304 . As previously discussed in  FIG.  17   , the offset frequency  504  may be based on a channel bandwidth (e.g., the bandwidth  512  of channel  302 ), a subcarrier spacing associated with the interfering signal  508 , and a fixed offset frequency  506 . In particular, the offset frequency  504  may be defined as a first sum of half the subcarrier spacing value and a product of the subcarrier spacing value and a ceiling (e.g., as provided by a ceiling function) of a quotient of a second sum of half the channel bandwidth  512  and the fixed offset frequency  506  (e.g., f offset_fix ) divided by the subcarrier spacing value, as illustrated by Equation 2 above. The threshold power of performance degradation  516  may depend on the channel bandwidth  512 , according to the 3GPP specification and/or as illustrated in the table  530  of  FIG.  18   . The power level  514  for the interfering signal  508  under the narrowband blocking scheme  500  may be −55 dBm. The processor  12  may configure the receiver  54 , as described in the process block  558 , by adjusting the power of the receiver  54 , removing one or more filters from a circuit path of the receiver  54 , adding or removing one or more low noise amplifiers from a circuit path of the receiver  54 , and so on. 
     In process block  560 , the processor  12  receives data from a non-terrestrial communication node (e.g., non-terrestrial communication node  98 ) using the configured receiver  54 . As such, the method  550  may enable the processor  12  to configure the receiver  54  of  FIG.  4    (e.g., of the user equipment  96 ) to implement the narrowband blocking scheme  500  based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification, thus enabling greater channel bandwidths and/or greater throughput. 
       FIG.  20    is a graphical representation of a narrowband blocking scheme  600  based on the 5G/New Radio (NR) narrowband blocking specification that may be implemented by the receiver  54 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Similarly to  FIG.  17   , there may be a desired signal (e.g., a wanted signal) on a channel  302  with a center frequency  304 , guard bands  502 , and an interfering signal (e.g., interfering signal  604 ) in an adjacent or nearby channel (e.g., channel  510 ). Similarly to narrowband blocking scheme  500  based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification of  FIG.  17   , the interfering signal  604  may have a frequency  602  (e.g., an unwanted or offset frequency (f uw )) offset from the center frequency  304  of the channel  302 . For a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz (as defined by 5G/NR, the offset frequency  602  may be based on the channel bandwidth  512  of the channel  302 , a subcarrier spacing value, and a number of resource blocks (NRB). The subcarrier spacing and the number of resource blocks or subcarriers may be associated with the channel  510  of the interfering signal  604 , the channel  302  of the desired reception signal, and/or the 5G/NR standard. In particular, the offset frequency  602  may be defined as a sum of half the subcarrier spacing value and a first product of the subcarrier spacing value and a floor (e.g., as provided by a floor function) of a quotient of a difference between the channel bandwidth  512  and half of a second product of the number of resource blocks, the subcarrier spacing value, and a constant value (e.g., 12), divided by the subcarrier spacing value, as illustrated by Equation 3 below: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       ⌊ 
                       
                         
                           
                             B 
                             ⁢ 
                             W 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 N 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 B 
                                 * 
                                 S 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 C 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 S 
                                 * 
                                 1 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 2 
                               
                               2 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         
                           S 
                           ⁢ 
                           C 
                           ⁢ 
                           S 
                         
                       
                       ⌋ 
                     
                     * 
                        
                     SCS 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     SCS 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                          
                     3 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As with the narrowband blocking scheme  500  based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification of  FIG.  17    above, the threshold power of performance degradation  516  may depend on the channel bandwidth  512 , according to the 3GPP specification and/or the table  530  of  FIG.  18   . Similarly, the power level  514  for the interfering signal  604  under the narrowband blocking scheme  600  may be −55 dBm. However, it should be understood that any suitable threshold power of performance degradation  516  and/or power level of the interfering signal  604  may be used. Additionally, as illustrated, the narrowband blocking scheme  600  may include one interfering signal  604  disposed the channel bandwidth  512  away from the center frequency  304 . In additional or alternative embodiments, the narrowband blocking scheme  600  may include two interfering signals  604 , such that the offset frequency  602  may be added to and subtracted from the center frequency  304  (e.g., resulting in two interfering signals  604  being present, one at the center frequency  304  plus the channel bandwidth  512 , and one at the center frequency  304  minus the channel bandwidth  512 ). The floor function of Equation 3 is performed by rounding any resulting decimal inside the ceiling function down to the nearest integer. 
     As a particular example, for a channel bandwidth  512  of 10 MHz, the subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and a number of resource blocks of 52 the offset frequency  602  is 5.3175 MHz. When compared to the narrowband blocking scheme  500  based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification of  FIG.  17   , which yields the offset frequency  504  of 5.2125 MHz, the narrowband blocking scheme  600  based on the 5G/NR narrowband blocking specification is 105 kHz greater. As with the channel-bandwidth-dependent narrowband blocking scheme  400  of  FIG.  15    and the narrowband blocking scheme  500  based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification of  FIG.  17   , the narrowband blocking scheme  600  based on the 5G/NR narrowband blocking specification may enable the channel  302  to have a greater bandwidth (and, as a result, throughput), while preventing interference from the interfering signal  604 . Moreover, narrowband blocking scheme  600  may be particularly useful for non-terrestrial communication networks, which may take advantage of channel bandwidths of 10 MHz or greater. 
       FIG.  21    is a flowchart of a method  650  for configuring the receiver  54  with a narrowband blocking scheme using the 5G/New Radio (NR) narrowband blocking specification (e.g., the narrowband blocking scheme  600  of  FIG.  20   ), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Any suitable device (e.g., a controller) that may control components of the user equipment  96 , the terrestrial communication node  97 , the non-terrestrial network, and the non-terrestrial communication node  98 , such as the processor  12  of each of these devices or systems, may perform the method  650 . In some embodiments, the method  650  may be implemented by executing instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium, such as the memory  14  or storage  16 , using the processor  12 . For example, the method  650  may be performed at least in part by one or more software components, such as an operating systems, one or more software applications, and the like, of the user equipment  96 , the terrestrial communication node  97 , the non-terrestrial network, and the non-terrestrial communication node  98 . While the method  650  is described using steps in a specific sequence, it should be understood that the present disclosure contemplates that the described steps may be performed in different sequences than the sequence illustrated, and certain described steps may be skipped or not performed altogether. 
     The processor  12  may perform process blocks  652 ,  654 , and  656  similarly to process blocks  252 ,  254 , and  256  of method  250  in  FIG.  11   . In process block  658 , the processor  12  may configure the receiver  54  based on the presence of an interfering signal (e.g., the interfering signal  604 ) at a frequency  602  (e.g., the unwanted frequency) from a center channel frequency (e.g., center frequency  304  of channel  302 ). As previously discussed in  FIG.  17   , the offset frequency  602  may be based on a channel bandwidth (e.g., the bandwidth  512  of channel  302 ), a subcarrier spacing and a number of resource blocks associated with the interfering signal  604 . In particular, the offset frequency  602  may be defined as a sum of half the subcarrier spacing value and a first product of the subcarrier spacing value and a floor (e.g., as provided by a floor function) of a quotient of a difference between the channel bandwidth  512  and half of a second product of the number of resource blocks, the subcarrier spacing value, and a constant value (e.g., 12), divided by the subcarrier spacing value, as illustrated by Equation 3 above. The threshold power of performance degradation  516  may depend on the channel bandwidth  512 , according to the 3GPP specification and/or as illustrated in the table  530  of  FIG.  18   . The power level  514  for the interfering signal  604  under the narrowband blocking scheme  500  may be −55 dBm. The processor  12  may configure the receiver  54 , as described in the process block  658 , by adjusting the power of the receiver  54 , removing one or more filters from a circuit path of the receiver  54 , adding or removing one or more low noise amplifiers from a circuit path of the receiver  54 , and so on. 
     In process block  660 , the processor  12  receives data from a non-terrestrial communication node (e.g., non-terrestrial communication node  98 ) using the configured receiver  54 . As such, the method  650  may enable the processor  12  to configure the receiver  54  of  FIG.  4    (e.g., of the user equipment  96 ) to implement the narrowband blocking scheme  600  based on the 5G/NR narrowband blocking specification, thus enabling greater channel bandwidths and/or greater throughput. 
     As described above, the various standards (e.g.,  300 ,  320 ,  400 ) or schemes (e.g.,  500 ,  600 ) may define a threshold for which noise level of a received signal is not to exceed in the presence of an interfering signal. For example, as mentioned in  FIG.  13    above, the ETSI standard  320  ensures that a noise level of a received signal on the channel  302  (e.g., having a bandwidth  314  of 5 MHz) does not exceed a threshold  322  (e.g., of 1 decibel (dB)) when there are interfering signals present at 5 MHz less than the center frequency  304  and at 5 MHz greater than the center frequency  304 . The threshold  322  may be determined based on how far (e.g., in frequency) the interfering signal is offset (e.g., an offset frequency) from the channel  302 , as the closer the interfering signal is to the channel  302  (e.g., the smaller the offset frequency  316 ), the greater the effect of interference from the interfering signal on the channel  302 . That is, the threshold  322  varies inversely with the frequency  316  that the interfering signal is offset from the received signal. Moreover, because the offset frequency  316  may vary directly with the channel bandwidth  314 , the threshold  322  may also vary directly with the channel bandwidth  314 . 
     Accordingly, in embodiments where the interfering signal is closer in frequency to the received signal/channel  302 , the threshold  322  may be relaxed (e.g., increased) due to the greater effect of interference by the interfering signal. In embodiments where the interfering signal is farther in frequency from the received signal/channel  302 , the threshold  322  may be decreased due to the lesser effect of interference by the interfering signal. This is illustrated in  FIG.  22   , which is a graphical representation of an inverse relationship  700  between a frequency  706  at which an interfering signal  704  is offset (e.g., an offset frequency) from a center frequency  702  of a channel of a received signal, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, when compared to the ETSI standard  320  of  FIG.  13    that has an offset frequency of 5 MHz and a threshold  322  of 1 dB, if the offset frequency decreases (e.g., is less than 5 MHz), then the threshold may increase (e.g., be greater than 1 dB) due to the interfering signal being closer to the received signal. On the other hand, if the offset frequency increases (e.g., is greater than 5 MHz), then the threshold may decrease (e.g., be less than 1 dB) due to the interfering signal being closer to the received signal. 
     As such, the threshold in  FIG.  22    is denoted as REFSENS+Δs, where Δs may indicate a “signal relaxation” (e.g., in dB) that modifies (e.g., positively or negatively) the threshold noise level of a received signal, and where REFSENS serves as a base reference value. In particular, Δs may inversely vary with respect to how far (e.g., shown as ‘d’ or the offset frequency (“f_offset”)) the interfering signal is offset from the desired signal and/or a channel of the desired signal. Δs may be any suitable value (e.g., between 0 and 100 dB, 0 and 50 dB, 0 and 20 dB, and so on). For example, in a worst case scenario (e.g., where the interfering signal is near or at the received signal and/or the channel of the received signal, such that the offset frequency is near or approximately 0 MHz), the Δs may be approximately 10 dB to 15 dB (e.g., such that the threshold noise level of the received signal is approximately REFSENS+10 dB to REFSENS+15 dB). As another example, in a best case scenario (e.g., such that the offset frequency becomes large and/or approaches infinity), the Δs may be near or approximately 0 dB (e.g., such that the threshold noise level of the received signal is approximately or approaches REFSENS). 
     As a particular example, for a channel bandwidth (e.g., of a received signal) of 10 MHz, the channel-bandwidth-dependent narrowband blocking scheme  400  of  FIG.  15   , the offset frequency of an interfering signal from a center frequency of a channel having a received signal is 10 MHz. For the same channel bandwidth of 10 MHz, the narrowband blocking scheme  500  based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification of  FIG.  17   , the offset frequency is 5.2125 MHz. The narrowband blocking scheme using the 5G/NR narrowband blocking specification of  FIG.  20    provides an offset frequency of 5.3175 MHz for the same channel bandwidth. Accordingly, among the three schemes  400 ,  500 ,  600  the threshold noise level of the received signal may be the least for the channel-bandwidth-dependent narrowband blocking scheme  400  of  FIG.  15    (e.g., the Δs will be the least), and may be the largest for the 5G/NR narrowband blocking specification of  FIG.  20    (e.g., Δs will be the greatest), with the threshold noise level of the narrowband blocking scheme  500  based on the 4G/LTE narrowband blocking specification of  FIG.  17    being between the two (e.g., Δs will be between the two Δs&#39;s). In this manner, the present disclosure provides techniques for scaling the noise tolerance of a received signal based on a frequency that an interfering signal is offset from the received signal. 
     The specific embodiments described above have been shown by way of example, and it should be understood that these embodiments may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms. It should be further understood that the claims are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed, but rather to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. 
     The techniques presented and claimed herein are referenced and applied to material objects and concrete examples of a practical nature that demonstrably improve the present technical field and, as such, are not abstract, intangible or purely theoretical. Further, if any claims appended to the end of this specification contain one or more elements designated as “means for [perform]ing [a function] . . . ” or “step for [perform]ing [a function] . . . ,” it is intended that such elements are to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112(f). However, for any claims containing elements designated in any other manner, it is intended that such elements are not to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112(f). 
     It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20220408
Publication Date: 20250204
Grant Date: 20250204
Priority Date: 20210423
Inventors: IOFFE, Anatoliy S
WAGNER, ELMAR
POPP, DANIEL
WANG, FUCHENG
Olivares, Camila Priale
SAYENKO, ALEXANDER
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04L27/26025", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W56/001", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W84/06", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B17/345", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B17/29", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B17/354", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/18563", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W56/0035", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L27/2666", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0066", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W84/06", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L27/26025", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/367", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/367", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W84/06", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W56/001", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L27/26025", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/367", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 83693680