PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9805630-B2
Application Number: US-201213417155-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Light guide structures for display backlights

Abstract:
An electronic device may have a display with backlight structures. The backlight structures may produce backlight that passes through the display layers in the display. The backlight structures may include a light guide plate that distributes light across the display layers. A light source such as a light-emitting diode light source may be used to provide light to the light guide plate. The light source may overlap an edge portion of the light guide plate. A light guide structure having a bend may be coupled between the light source and the light guide plate. The light guide structure may be used to guide the light from the light source to the light guide plate via total internal reflection. A light guide structure may be provided with light leakage promotion structures to evenly distribute light from a centralized light source along the edge of a light guide plate.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device, comprising:
 a housing having a rear surface; 
 a display mounted in the housing; 
 a button adjacent to the display, wherein the display includes an active area surrounded by an inactive area and wherein the button is located in the inactive area; and 
 a backlight assembly configured to provide backlight illumination for the display, wherein the backlight assembly includes:
 a light guide plate having a surface from which the backlight illumination is provided to the display, 
 a light guide structure coupled to the light guide plate, and 
 a plurality of light sources coupled to the light guide structure, wherein the light guide structure is configured to guide light from the light sources to the light guide plate via total internal reflection, wherein the light guide structure comprises opposing upper and lower curved surfaces that curve away from the button to accommodate the button, and wherein at least one of the light sources is interposed between the button and the rear surface of the housing. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device defined in  claim 1  wherein the light guide plate is integral with the light guide structure. 
     
     
       3. The electronic device defined in  claim 2  wherein the plurality of light sources comprises a plurality of light-emitting diodes. 
     
     
       4. The electronic device defined in  claim 1  wherein the light guide structure comprises a transparent polymer. 
     
     
       5. The electronic device defined in  claim 1  wherein the button and the light guide structure are separated by a gap. 
     
     
       6. The electronic device defined in  claim 1  further comprising:
 a chassis in which the plurality of light sources are mounted. 
 
     
     
       7. The electronic device defined in  claim 6  wherein the chassis comprises a metal chassis. 
     
     
       8. The electronic device defined in  claim 6  wherein the chassis comprises thermally conductive material that conducts heat away from the plurality of light sources. 
     
     
       9. The electronic device defined in  claim 6  wherein the light guide plate lies in a plane and wherein the at least one light source is located outside of the plane. 
     
     
       10. An electronic device, comprising:
 a housing having a rear surface; 
 a display mounted in the housing, wherein the display includes an active area surrounded by an inactive area; 
 a button located in the inactive area of the display; and 
 a backlight assembly configured to provide backlight illumination for the display, wherein the backlight assembly includes:
 a light guide plate having a surface from which the backlight illumination is provided to the display; 
 a light guide structure coupled to the light guide plate; and 
 a plurality of light sources coupled to the light guide structure, wherein the light guide structure is configured to guide light from the light sources to the light guide plate via total internal reflection, wherein the light guide structure comprises opposing upper and lower curved surfaces that curve away from the button to accommodate the button, wherein at least one of the light sources is interposed between the button and the rear surface of the housing, and wherein the at least one light source is located directly below the button in the inactive area. 
 
 
     
     
       11. The electronic device defined in  claim 10  wherein the light guide plate is integral with the light guide structure. 
     
     
       12. The electronic device defined in  claim 11  wherein the plurality of light sources comprises a plurality of light-emitting diodes. 
     
     
       13. The electronic device defined in  claim 10  wherein the light guide structure comprises a transparent polymer. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device defined in  claim 10  wherein the button and the light guide structure are separated by a gap. 
     
     
       15. The electronic device defined in  claim 10  further comprising:
 a chassis in which the plurality of light sources are mounted. 
 
     
     
       16. The electronic device defined in  claim 15  wherein the chassis comprises a metal chassis. 
     
     
       17. The electronic device defined in  claim 15  wherein the chassis comprises thermally conductive material that conducts heat away from the plurality of light sources. 
     
     
       18. The electronic device defined in  claim 15  wherein the light guide plate lies in a plane and wherein the at least one light source is located outside of the plane.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with displays and associated backlight structures. 
     Electronic devices such as computers and cellular telephones have displays. Some displays such as plasma displays and organic light-emitting diode displays have arrays of display pixels that generate light. In displays of this type, backlighting is not necessary because the display pixels themselves produce light. Other displays contain passive display pixels that can alter the amount of light that is transmitted through the display to display information for a user but do not produce light themselves. As a result, it is often desirable to provide backlight for a display with passive display pixels. 
     In a typical backlight assembly for a display, a strip of light-emitting diodes is located along an edge of a light guide plate. Light is launched from the strip of light-emitting diodes into the light guide plate, and the light guide plate is used to distribute the light across the display. The strip of light-emitting diodes is often mounted under an inactive portion of a display. 
     Ensuring that there is sufficient space to accommodate light-emitting diodes at the edge of a light guide plate may require a significant amount of inactive display area at the border of a display. This type of wide inactive border may be aesthetically unappealing and may reduce the amount of active display area that is available to display images for a user. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide electronic devices with improved arrangements for backlighting displays. 
     SUMMARY 
     A backlight assembly may be provided for producing backlight illumination for a display. The backlight assembly may include a light guide plate. The light guide plate may have an upper surface through which backlight is provided to the underside of the display. 
     A light source may be configured to provide light to the light guide plate. The light source may include one or more light-emitting diodes. The light-emitting diodes may be mounted on a flexible substrate. Conductive traces may be formed on the flexible substrate and may be used to supply power to the light-emitting diodes. 
     A light guide structure may be coupled between the light source and the light guide plate. The light guide structure may be configured to receive the light from the light source and to guide the light to the light guide plate via total internal reflection. 
     The light source may overlap an edge portion of the light guide plate. The light guide structure may have a U-shaped bend to redirect light from the light source to the light guide plate. 
     The light source may be oriented perpendicular to the light guide plate. The light guide structure may have an L-shaped bend to redirect light from the light source to the light guide plate. 
     An elongated light guide structure may be coupled to an edge of a light guide plate. The light guide structure may have a length that runs parallel to the edge of the light guide plate. A light source may be coupled to an end of the light guide structure. Light may be emitted from the light source into the end of the light guide structure and may be guided within the light guide structure via total internal reflection. 
     The light guide structure may be provided with light leakage promotion structures. The light leakage promotion structures may be configured to promote light leakage from the light guide structure into the light guide plate. 
     The light leakage promotion structures may be non-uniform along the length of the light guide structure. The light leakage promotion structures may vary in density, shape, and/or size along the length of the light guide structure. A transparent adhesive may be interposed between the edge of the light guide plate and the light guide structure. 
     A plurality of light guides may be used to guide light from a plurality of light sources to a light guide plate. Each light source may emit a portion of the light into a respective one of the light guides. The plurality of light guides may have respective ends coupled to the edge of the light guide plate and may guide the light to the edge of the light guide plate via total internal reflection. The plurality of light guides may be formed from optical waveguides that run next to each other along a substrate or may be formed from optical fibers. 
     A display may be mounted in an electronic device housing. One or more electronic components may be mounted in the housing. A backlight assembly may be used to provide backlight to the display. The backlight assembly may include a light guide plate and a plurality of light sources. A light guide structure may have first and second opposing edges. The first edge may be coupled to an edge of the light guide plate and the second edge may be coupled to the plurality of light sources. The light guide structure may be used to guide the light from the light sources to the light guide plate via total internal reflection. 
     The light guide structure may have a bend. The bend in the light guide structure may allow an electronic component such as a button to overlap the light sources. 
     Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of an illustrative electronic device such as a portable computer having a backlit display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of an illustrative electronic device such as a cellular telephone or other handheld device having a backlit display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an illustrative electronic device such as a tablet computer having a backlit display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram of an illustrative electronic device such as a computer monitor with a built-in computer having a backlit display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative backlit display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is an exploded perspective view of a portion of an illustrative electronic device having display structures, backlight structures, and an associated printed circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light source is stacked above a light guide plate so that the light source overlaps an edge portion of the light guide plate in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light source is stacked below a light guide plate so that the light source overlaps an edge portion of the light guide plate in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light guide structure with an L-shaped bend is used to couple a light source to a light guide plate in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light guide structure with an L-shaped bend is used to couple a light source to a light guide plate in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative display that has been mounted in a housing of an electronic device in a configuration in which an electronic component overlaps a light source in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a top view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light guide structure is used to guide light from a light source to a light guide plate in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 13  is a top view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light guide structure has an L-shaped bend to wrap around a corner of a light guide plate and is used to guide light from a light source to the light guide plate in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14  is a top view of an illustrative backlight arrangement of the type shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12  in which a light guide structure is formed from a plurality of optical waveguides (light guides) in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15  is a top view of an illustrative backlight arrangement of the type shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12  in which a light guide structure is provided with light leakage promotion structures in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16  is a top view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light guide structure is provided with light leakage promotion structures that vary in density in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  is a top view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light guide structure is provided with light leakage promotion structures that a vary in size in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 18  is a top view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light guide structure is provided with light leakage promotion structures having one or more properties that vary gradually along the length of the light guide structure in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 19  is a top view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light guide structure is provided with light leakage promotion structures formed from embedded scattering structures in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 20  is a top view of an illustrative backlight arrangement in which a light guide structure is provided with light leakage promotion structures formed from protrusions in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A display may be provided with backlight structures. The backlight structures may produce backlight for the display that helps a user of a device view images on the display in a variety of ambient lighting conditions. Displays with backlights may be provided in any suitable type of electronic equipment. 
     An illustrative electronic device of the type that may be provided with a backlit display is shown in  FIG. 1 . Electronic device  10  may be a computer such as a computer that is integrated into a display such as a computer monitor, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller portable device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, or other wearable or miniature device, a cellular telephone, a media player, a tablet computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, a computer monitor, a television, or other electronic equipment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , device  10  may include a backlit display such as display  14 . Display  14  may be a touch screen that incorporates capacitive touch electrodes or other touch sensor components or may be a display that is not touch-sensitive. Display  14  may include image pixels formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components or other suitable display pixel structures. Arrangements in which display  14  is formed using liquid crystal display pixels are sometimes described herein as an example. This is, however, merely illustrative. Any suitable type of display technology may be used to form display  14  if desired (e.g., electrowetting display technology, electrophoretic display technology, etc.). 
     Device  10  may have a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as a case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of any two or more of these materials. 
     Housing  12  may be formed using a unibody configuration in which some or all of housing  12  is machined or molded as a single structure or may be formed using multiple structures (e.g., an internal frame structure, one or more structures that form exterior housing surfaces, etc.). 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , housing  12  may have multiple parts. For example, housing  12  may have upper portion  12 A and lower portion  12 B. Upper portion  12 A may be coupled to lower portion  12 B using a hinge that allows portion  12 A to rotate about rotational axis  16  relative to portion  12 B. A keyboard such as keyboard  18  and a touch pad such as touch pad  20  may be mounted in housing portion  12 B. 
     Display  14  may have an active area such as active area AA and an inactive area such as area IA. Active area AA may be, for example, a rectangular region in the center of display  14  in which display pixels are actively used to display images for a user of device  10 . Inactive area IA may be devoid of active display pixels. In the example of  FIG. 1 , inactive area IA has the shape of a rectangular ring that surrounds active area AA of display  14 . 
     Circuitry and components may sometimes be formed under the inactive area IA of display  14 . To hide the circuitry and other components from view of a user of device  10 , inactive area IA may be provided with an opaque mask. The opaque mask can be formed from an opaque material such as a black pigmented polymer material or may be formed from opaque masking materials of other colors. Configurations in which the opaque masking material in display  14  has a black appearance are sometimes described herein as an example. This is, however, merely illustrative. Opaque masking material in device  10  may have any suitable color. 
     In the example of  FIG. 2 , device  10  has been implemented using a housing that is sufficiently small to fit within a user&#39;s hand (i.e., device  10  of  FIG. 2  may be a handheld electronic device such as a cellular telephone). As show in  FIG. 2 , device  10  may include a backlit display such as display  14  mounted on the front of housing  12 . Display  14  may be substantially filled with active display pixels or may have an inactive portion such as inactive portion IA that surrounds an active portion such as active portion AA. Display  14  may have openings (e.g., openings in inactive region IA or in active region AA of display  14 ) such as an opening to accommodate button  22  and an opening to accommodate speaker port  24 . 
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view of electronic device  10  in a configuration in which electronic device  10  has been implemented in the form of a tablet computer. As shown in  FIG. 3 , backlit display  14  may be mounted on the upper (front) surface of housing  12 . An opening may be formed in display  14  to accommodate button  22  (e.g., in inactive region IA surrounding active region AA). 
       FIG. 4  is a perspective view of electronic device  10  in a configuration in which electronic device  10  has been implemented in the form of a computer integrated into a computer monitor. As shown in  FIG. 4 , backlit display  14  may be mounted on the front surface of housing  12 . Stand  26  may be used to support housing  12 . Display  14  may include an inactive region such as inactive region IA that surrounds active region AA. 
     A cross-sectional side view of display  14  is shown in  FIG. 5 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , display  14  may include backlight structures  30  and display layers  58 . Backlight structures  30  may include a light guide plate such as light guide plate  32 , optical films such as optical films  34 , and a reflector such as reflector  36 . During operation, a light source such as a light-emitting diode light source may emit light into light guide plate  32 . Light guide plate  32  may be formed from a sheet of clear acrylic or other transparent polymer. Light may travel within light guide plate  32  by means of total internal reflection. Light that escapes through the upper surface of light guide plate  32  may pass through overlying display layers  58  in direction z and may serve as backlight for display  14 . Light that escapes through the lower surface of light guide plate  32  may be reflected by reflector  36  and redirected upwards in direction z. Reflector  36  may be formed from a reflective material such as white plastic (as an example). Optical films  34  may include brightness enhancing film layers, diffusing film layers, and compensating film layers (as examples). 
     Display  14  may have an upper polarizer layer such as polarizer layer  40  and a lower polarizer layer such as polarizer layer  42 . Polarizer layer  42  may polarize backlight  44 . Thin-film transistor (TFT) layer  46  may include a layer of thin-film transistor circuitry and an array of associated pixel electrodes. Pixel structures such as thin-film transistor structures and associated pixel electrodes in the array of pixel electrodes on thin-film transistor layer  46  may produce electric fields corresponding to image data to be displayed. The electric field produced by each electrode on thin-film transistor layer  46  adjusts the orientation of liquid crystals in an associated portion of liquid crystal layer  48  by a corresponding amount. As light travels through display  14 , the adjustment of the orientation of the liquid crystals adjusts the polarization of the light that passes through layer  48 . When this light reaches upper polarizer  40 , the polarization state of each pixel of light is attenuated by an amount that is proportional to its polarization, thereby creating visible images for a user. 
     Color filter layer  50  may contain an array of colored pixels (e.g., an array of red, blue, and green color filter elements) for providing display  14  with the ability to form color images. If desired, a sealant may be used to seal color filter layer  50  to thin-film transistor layer  46  and to retain liquid crystal material  48  within display  14 . 
     Display  14  may include a touch-sensitive layer such as touch-sensitive layer  54  for receiving touch input from a user of device  10 . Touch-sensitive layer  54  may include a pattern of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes or other suitable transparent electrodes that have been deposited to form a capacitive touch sensor array. Touch-sensitive layer  54  may, in general, be configured to detect the location of one or more touches or near touches on touch-sensitive layer  54  based on capacitive, resistive, optical, acoustic, inductive, or mechanical measurements, or any phenomena that can be measured with respect to the occurrence of the one or more touches or near touches in proximity to touch-sensitive layer  54 . If desired, touch-sensitive layer  54  may be incorporated into thin-film transistor layer  46  (e.g., display pixel electrodes and capacitive touch electrodes may be formed on a common substrate). The example of  FIG. 5  in which touch-sensitive layer  54  is separate from thin-film transistor layer  46  is merely illustrative. 
     If desired, additional layers may be included in display  14 . An optional layer of transparent glass or plastic may be used to provide a protective cover for display  14 , as illustrated by cover layer  56  of  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 6  is an exploded perspective view of an assembly that includes display layers  58 , backlight structures  30 , and light sources for providing backlight to backlight structures  30 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , a plurality of light sources such as light sources  38  may be mounted on a substrate such as substrate  60 . Light sources  38  may be formed from a plurality of light-emitting diodes that are arranged in a row along the length of substrate  60 . Substrate  60  may be a flexible printed circuit (“flex circuit”) formed from one or more flexible sheets of polymer such as a polyimide. Conductive traces may be formed on and/or within substrate  60  (e.g., using copper or other metals). If desired, each light-emitting diode  38  on substrate  60  may be soldered to an associated trace  66 . During operation, power may be provided to light-emitting diodes  38  via traces  66 . 
     Substrate  60  may be coupled to a printed circuit such as printed circuit  62 . Printed circuit  62  may be a rigid printed circuit board formed from material such as fiberglass-filled epoxy (e.g., FR4), may be a flexible printed circuit (“flex circuit”) formed from one or more flexible sheets of polymer such as polyimide, or may be formed from materials such as ceramic, plastic, glass, etc. If desired, printed circuit  62  may be formed from a combination of rigid and flexible layers (sometimes referred to as a “rigid-flex” printed circuit). Substrate  60  may be attached to printed circuit  62  using a connector, using solder, or using any other suitable type of attachment method. 
     Integrated circuits, discrete components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, and other electronic components such as components  64  may be mounted to printed circuit  62 . If desired, components such as components  64  may be used to supply control signals to light sources  38  via traces  66  (as an example). 
     During operation, light sources  38  may be used to emit light  68  into backlight structures  30  (e.g., into light guide plate  32  of  FIG. 5 ). Backlight structures  30  may be used to distribute light  68  uniformly across display layers  58  in direction z. 
     In a conventional backlight assembly, light-emitting diodes are positioned along the edge of a light guide plate and are typically located under an inactive portion of a display. Accommodating light-emitting diodes at the edge of a light guide plate may require a significant amount of inactive display area. For example, a width such as width W may be required to accommodate light-emitting diodes at the edge of a light guide plate. Additionally, a “mixing distance” is required for the light from discrete light sources to become uniform. Providing sufficient space for light mixing at the edge of a light guide plate requires additional inactive display area at the edge of a display. Positioning light-emitting diodes at the edge of a light guide plate may therefore result in an undesirable amount of inactive display area around the border of a display. 
     To minimize the amount of inactive display area around the border of a display, light sources may be positioned in a space-efficient location and an auxiliary light guide structure may be used to route light from the light sources to the light guide plate. For example, light sources may be located above the light guide plate, may be located below the light guide plate, or may be located in a centralized location that does not necessitate the use of additional inactive display area. 
     In discussing the structures that may be used in electronic device  10 , certain structures are sometimes said to be “above” or “below” other structures. A structure that is above another structure may be closer to the front surface of electronic device  10  than that structure. A structure that is below another structure may be closer to the rear or back surface of electronic device  10  than that structure. 
       FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional side view of a backlight assembly in which a light source such as light source  38  is located above a light guide plate such as light guide plate  32  (e.g., in which light source  38  is located on the same side of light guide plate  32  as display layers  58 ). As shown in  FIG. 7 , light source  38  overlaps an edge portion of light guide plate  32  and emits light  72  into an auxiliary light guide structure such as light guide structure  74 . Light guide structure  74  may be used to route light  72  from light source  38  to light guide plate  32 . 
     Light guide structure  74  may be formed as an integral part of light guide plate  32  or may be formed as a separate structure that is coupled to light guide plate  32 . Light guide structure  74  may be formed from a material such as plastic that has been molded, formed, or machined into a curved shape. In the example of  FIG. 7 , light guide structure  74  has a U-shaped bend (e.g., makes a 180° turn) and is configured to redirect light  72  (initially directed away from light guide plate  32 ) towards light guide plate  32 . Light  72  may be reflected at the walls of light guide structure  74  and may be guided towards light guide plate  32  by means of total internal reflection. Light  72  that is launched into light guide plate  32  from light guide structure  74  may then be distributed across display layers  58  in direction z to serve as backlight for display  14 . 
     A plurality of light sources  38  may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . For example, a plurality of light-emitting diodes  38  may be coupled to end  74 A of light guide structure  74  and may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . To ensure that backlight is evenly distributed across display  14 , a mixing distance may be provided to allow light from discrete light sources (e.g., light from individual light-emitting diodes) to become uniform. Light guide structure  74  may provide sufficient mixing distance for light  72  from individual light sources  38  to mix and become uniform as it propagates from end  74 A to opposing end  74 B of light guide structure  74 . 
     Light guide plate  32  may be mounted within an optional support structure such as support structure  76 . Support structure  76  (sometimes referred to as a chassis or mechanical chassis) may be formed from materials such as plastic, ceramic, fiber composites, metal, or other suitable materials. If desired, display  14  may be formed by mounting backlight structures  30  directly within housing  12  or by mounting backlight structures  30  in support structures of other shapes. In the illustrative configuration of  FIG. 7 , support structure  76  is used in forming a backlight assembly for display  14  that may be mounted within housing  12  under a display cover layer such as display cover layer  56  of  FIG. 5 . Other mounting configurations may be used, if desired. 
     Support structure  76  may be formed from a thermally conductive material and may be used as a heat sink for light-emitting diodes  38 . If desired, there may be additional heat sinks in the vicinity of backlight structures  30  that may be used to transfer heat away from display  14 . 
       FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional side view of another possible backlight assembly that may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . In the example of  FIG. 8 , light source  38  is be positioned below light guide plate  32  (e.g., on the opposite side of light guide plate  32  as display layers  58 ) and overlaps an edge portion of light guide plate  32 . Light source  38  may emit light  72  into light guide structure  74 . Light guide structure  74  may be used to route light  72  from light source  38  to light guide plate  32 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 8 , light guide structure  74  has a U-shaped bend (e.g., makes a 180° turn) to redirect light  72  (initially directed away from light guide plate  32 ) towards light guide plate  32 . Light  72  may be reflected at the walls of light guide structure  74  and may be guided towards light guide plate  32  by means of total internal reflection. Light  72  that is launched into light guide plate  32  from light guide structure  74  may then be distributed across display layers  58  in direction z to serve as backlight for display  14 . 
     A plurality of light sources  38  may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . Light guide structure  74  may provide sufficient mixing distance for light  72  from individual light sources  38  to mix and become uniform as it propagates from end  74 A to opposing end  74 B of light guide structure  74 . 
       FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional side view of another possible backlight assembly that may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . As shown in  FIG. 9 , light source  38  may be positioned below light guide plate  32  (e.g., on the opposite side of light guide plate  32  as display layers  58 ) and may be oriented perpendicular to light guide plate  32 . Light source  38  may emit light  72  into light guide structure  74 . In the example of  FIG. 9 , light guide structure  74  has an L-shaped bend (e.g., makes a 90° turn) to redirect light  72  (initially directed perpendicular to light guide plate  32 ) towards light guide plate  32 . Light  72  may be reflected at the walls of light guide structure  74  and may be guided towards light guide plate  32  by means of total internal reflection. Light  72  that is launched into light guide plate  32  from light guide structure  74  may then be distributed across display layer  58  in direction z to serve as backlight for display  14 . 
     A plurality of light sources  38  may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . Light guide structure  74  may provide sufficient mixing distance for light  72  from individual light sources  38  to mix and become uniform as it propagates from end  74 A to opposing end  74 B of light guide structure  74 . 
     If desired, an optional heat sink structure such as heat sink structure  80  may be formed adjacent to light sources  38  and may be used to transfer heat away from light sources  38 . Heat sink structure  80  may be formed from a thermally conductive material such as metal. If desired, heat sink structure  80  may be formed as an integral part of support structure  76 , may be formed as an integral part of housing  12 , or may be formed as a separate structure that transfers heat away from display  14 . 
       FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view of another possible backlight assembly that may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . As shown in  FIG. 10 , light source  38  may be positioned above light guide plate  32  (e.g., on the same side of light guide plate  32  as display layers  58 ) and may be oriented perpendicular to light guide plate  32 . Light source  38  may emit light  72  into light guide structure  74 . In the example of  FIG. 10 , light guide structure  74  has an L-shaped bend (e.g., makes a 90° turn) to redirect light (initially directed perpendicular to light guide plate  32 ) towards light guide plate  32 . Light  72  may be reflected at the walls of light guide structure  74  and may be guided towards light guide plate  32  by means of total internal reflection. Light  72  that is launched into light guide plate  32  from light guide structure  74  may then be distributed across display layer  58  in direction z to serve as backlight for display  14 . 
     A plurality of light sources  38  may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . Light guide structure  74  may provide sufficient mixing distance for light  72  from individual light sources  38  to mix and become uniform as it propagates from end  74 A to opposing end  74 B of light guide structure  74 . 
     If desired, an optional heat sink structure such as heat sink structure  80  may be formed adjacent to light sources  38  and may be used to transfer heat away from light sources  38 . Heat sink structure  80  may be formed from a thermally conductive material such as metal. If desired, heat sink structure  80  may be formed as an integral part of support structure  76 , may be formed as an integral part of housing  12 , or may be formed as a separate structure that transfers heat away from display  14 . 
       FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional side view of another possible backlight assembly that may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . As shown in  FIG. 11 , light guide structures  30  and display layers  58  may be mounted within housing  12  and may be covered by a cover layer such as cover layer  56 . 
     If desired, one or more printed circuits such as printed circuit  92  may be located below display  14 . Printed circuit  92  may be a rigid printed circuit board formed from material such as fiberglass-filled epoxy (e.g., FR4), may be a flexible printed circuit (“flex circuit”) formed from one or more flexible sheets of polymer such as polyimide, or may be formed from materials such as ceramic, plastic, glass, etc. If desired, printed circuit  92  may be formed from a combination of rigid and flexible layers (sometimes referred to as a “rigid-flex” printed circuit). Integrated circuits, discrete components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, and other electronic components such as components  94  may be mounted to printed circuit  92 . If desired, components  94  may be used to supply control signals to light sources  38  (e.g., similar to components  64  of  FIG. 6 ). 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , light source  38  may be laterally spaced from the edge of light guide plate  32  by a distance D. Light guide structure  74  may be used to guide light  72  from light source  38  towards light guide plate  32  by means of total internal reflection. Light  72  that is launched into light guide plate  32  from light guide structure  74  may then be distributed across display layers  58  in direction z to serve as backlight for display  14 . Light guide structure  74  may provide sufficient mixing distance for light  72  from individual light sources  38  to mix and become uniform as it propagates from end  74 A to opposing end  74 B of light guide structure  74 . 
     If desired, light source  38  may be offset with light guide plate  32 . For example, light guide plate  32  may lie in a plane, and light source  38  may be located outside of that plane (e.g., may be located above or below that plane). This may allow light source  38  to be positioned in a space-efficient location, such as directly above or directly below another component in device  10 . For example, light source  38  may be located below a button such as button  22  of device  10 . 
     Button  22  may have a button member such as button member  82 . When a user presses the exterior of button member  82  in direction  84 , button member  82  may press against a dome switch such as dome switch  86 , thereby activating the switch (e.g., shorting internal switch terminals together to close the switch). Dome switches such as dome switch  86  may, if desired, be mounted to printed circuits such as printed circuit  88 . Other types of switches may be used if desired, such as switches with spring-based biasing members or other biasing structures that bias button members such as button member  82 . The use of a dome switch with a dome-shaped biasing structure is merely illustrative. 
     Light sources  38  may be located above or below other electronic device components such as internal component  90 . This type of configuration in which light sources  38  are located directly above or directly below other device components (such as button  22  and/or component  90 ) may be space-efficient and may minimize the amount of inactive display area around the border of display  14 . For example, button member  22  may be located in an inactive portion (e.g., inactive area IA) of display  14 . By positioning light sources  38  directly below button member  22 , no additional inactive display area is required to accommodate light sources  38 . 
       FIG. 12  is a top view of another possible backlight assembly that may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , a light source such as centralized light source  38 ′ may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . Centralized light source  38 ′ may be formed from one, two, three, or more than three light-emitting diodes that are powerful enough to provide sufficient backlight for display  14 . An auxiliary light guide structure such as light guide structure  96  may be used to distribute light  72  from centralized light source  38 ′ across the edge of light guide plate  32 . 
     Light guide structure  96  may be formed as an integral part of light guide plate  32  or may be formed as a separate structure that is coupled to the edge of light guide plate  32 . Light guide structure  96  may be formed from material such as plastic or glass (as examples). Light guide structure  96  may be formed from a single material (e.g., a single glass or plastic material) or may have an inner portion (e.g., a higher index of refraction portion) that is coated with an outer portion (e.g., a lower index of refraction portion). Light guide structure  96  may be formed from a bundle of fiber-optic cables, may be formed from a single fiber-optic structure, may be formed from an acrylic bar structure, or may be formed from any suitable transparent material that will disperse light from centralized light source  38 ′ into the edge of light guide plate  32 . Light  72  may be reflected at the walls of light guide structure  96  and may be guided towards light guide plate  32  by means of total internal reflection. Light  72  that is launched into light guide plate  32  from light guide structure  96  may then be distributed across display layers ( FIG. 5 ) to serve as backlight for display  14 . 
     Any suitable fabrication technique may be used in forming light guide structure  96 . For example, light guide structure  96  and light guide plate  32  may form parts of a single integral structure (e.g., a single molded or machined piece of polymer or other suitable material). In this type of configuration, some or all of light guide structure  96  may be formed as an integral part of light guide plate  32 . A groove or other recess may be used to separate light guide structure  96  and light guide plate  32 . The recess may help confine light to light guide structure  96 . Light leakage promotion features may be formed along the edge of light guide structure  96  that is formed from the recess and may be used to release the confined light into light guide plate  32 . 
     With another suitable arrangement, light guide structure  96  and light guide plate  32  may be formed using double-shot molding. With this type of fabrication technique, a first shot of material is injected into a mold to form a first structure (e.g., to form light guide plate  32 ). A second shot of material is then injected into the mold form a second structure (e.g., to form an integrally molded light guide structure  96  along the edge of light guide plate  32 ). Light guide structure  96  and light guide plate  32  may be formed from the same type of material or may be formed from different types of materials. If desired, the materials that are used to form the first and second shots may be polymers with different respective indices of refraction. 
     If desired, light guide structure  96  may be pressed up against light guide plate  32  or may be bonded to light guide plate  32  using adhesive. For example, a transparent adhesive such as transparent adhesive  97  (e.g., epoxy) may be interposed between light guide structure  96  and light guide plate  32  and may be used to attach light guide structure  96  to the edge of light guide plate  32 . 
     If desired, an optional heat sink structure such as heat sink structure  98  may be formed adjacent to centralized light source  38 ′ and may be used to transfer heat away from centralized light source  38 ′. Heat sink structure  98  may be formed from a thermally conductive material such as metal. If desired, heat sink structure  98  may be formed as an integral part of surrounding housing structures or other structures or may be formed as a separate structure that transfers heat away from display  14 . 
       FIG. 13  is a top view of another possible backlight assembly that may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . As shown in  FIG. 13 , a centralized light source such as centralized light source  38 ′ may be used to provide backlight for display  14 . An auxiliary light guide structure such as light guide structure  96  may be used to distribute light  72  from centralized light source  38 ′ across the edge of light guide plate  32 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , centralized light source  38 ′ may be adjacent to a first edge such as edge  32 A of light guide plate  32 , and light guide structure  96  may be adjacent to a second edge such as edge  32 B of light guide plate  32 . Light guide structure  96  may have an L-shaped bend to wrap around a corner of light guide plate  32  (e.g., may form a 90° bend around a corner of light guide plate  32 ) to redirect light  72  (initially directed away from light guide plate  32 ) towards light guide plate  32 . Light  72  may be reflected at the walls of light guide structure  96  and may be guided towards light guide plate  32  by means of total internal reflection. Light  72  hat is launched into light guide plate  32  from light guide structure  96  may then be distributed across display layers  58  ( FIG. 5 ) to serve as backlight for display  14 . 
       FIG. 14  is a top view of illustrative backlight structures  30  showing how light guide structure  96  may be formed from a plurality of optical waveguides (light guides) such as optical waveguides  102 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , light  72  may propagate through optical waveguides  102  and may be launched into the edge of light guide plate  32 . Each optical waveguide  102  may be coupled to a respective portion of light guide plate  32  so that light  72  is distributed evenly along the edge of light guide plate  32 . 
     Optical waveguides  102  may be formed from polymers such as epoxy, may be formed from optical fibers, or may be formed from other suitable materials. Optical waveguides  102  may have a circular cross-sectional shape, a square cross-sectional shape, a rectangular cross-sectional shape, an oval cross-sectional shape, a shape with curved edges, a shape with straight edges, a shape with a combination of curved and straight edges, or other suitable cross-sectional shapes. If desired, optical waveguides  102  may be mounted to a support structure such as support structure  112  (e.g., a rigid or flexible glass or plastic substrate or a layer of resin) or may be mounted directly within housing structures  12  or other support structures. 
       FIG. 15  is a top view of illustrative backlight structures  30  showing how light guide structure  96  may be provided with light leakage promotion structures such as light leakage promotion structures  104  to help scatter light out of light guide structure  96  and into light guide plate  32 . For example, light leakage promotion structures  104  may be formed by roughening or forming notches in the surface of light guide structure  96  that is adjacent to light guide plate  32  (e.g., surface  114 ). As light propagates within light guide structure  96 , the roughened texture of surface  114  may promote light leakage from light guide structure  96  into light guide plate  32 . 
     If desired, an optional reflector such as reflector  106  may be formed adjacent to light guide structure  96  on the opposite side of roughened surface  114 . Any light that escapes from light guide structure  96  in direction  108  may be reflected back towards light guide plate  32  by reflector  106 . Reflector  106  may be formed from a sheet of white plastic, metal, or other reflective material. 
     As light  72  propagates within light guide structure  96  (e.g., in direction  116 ) and the distance from centralized light source  38 ′ increases, the intensity of light  72  may decrease. To ensure that light  72  is evenly distributed along the edge of light guide plate  32 , it may be desirable to have increased light leakage from portions of light guide structure  96  that receive light of lower intensity. 
     To increase light leakage in portions of light guide structure  96  that are farther from centralized light source  38 ′, light leakage promotion structures  104  may be non-uniform along the length of surface  114 . For example, the size, density, and/or shape of light leakage promotion structures  104  on surface  114  of light guide structure  96  may change as the distance from centralized light source  38 ′ increases (e.g., the degree of roughness on surface  114  may increase along direction  116 ). This type of configuration may ensure that light is uniformly distributed along the edge of light guide plate  32 . 
       FIGS. 16-20  are illustrative examples of ways in which light guide structure  96  may be provided with non-uniform light leakage promotion structures. 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , light leakage promotion features  104 A may include a series of notches or roughened portions formed on surface  114  of light guide structure  96 . Each notch or roughened portion  104 A may have a width such as width X. The width X of roughened portions  104 A may increase along direction  116 . If desired, the density of light leakage promotion structures  104 A may also increase along the length of light guide structure  96  (e.g., the amount of light leakage promotion structures  104 A in a given area of surface  114  may increase along direction  116 ). Wider roughened portions and/or greater densities of light leakage promotion structures may promote increased light leakage in portions of light guide structure  96  that are farther away from centralized light source  38 ′. 
       FIG. 17  is another example of how light leakage promotion structures  104  may be non-uniform along the length of light guide structure  96 . In the example of  FIG. 17 , light leakage promotion structures  104 B may vary in size along the length of light guide structure  96 . For example, each roughened portion or notch  104 B may have a depth such as depth D. The depth D of notches  104 B may increase along direction  116 . Deeper roughened portions (e.g., light leakage promotion structures of greater size) may promote increased light leakage in portions of light guide structure  96  that are farther away from centralized light source  38 ′. 
       FIG. 18  is another example of how light leakage promotion structures may be non-uniform along the length of light guide structure  96 . As shown in  FIG. 18 , light leakage promotion structures  104 C may be formed continuously along surface  114  of light guide structure  96 . Light leakage promotion structures  104 C may have one or more properties that change smoothly along the length of light guide structure  96  (e.g., light leakage promotion structures  104 C may be formed from structure types that vary following a linear or curved gradient). For example, depth D of notches  104 C may increase gradually along direction  116 . Other properties of light leakage promotion structures  104 C that may vary gradually along the length of light guide structure  96  include size, shape, density, and/or material properties. Light leakage promotion structures  104 C may be used to increase light leakage in portions of light guide structure  96  that are farther away from centralized light source  38 ′. 
     If desired, light leakage promotion structures  104  in light guide structure  96  may be formed from embedded scattering structures such as particles, bubbles, and/or voids. As shown in the illustrative arrangement of  FIG. 19 , light leakage promotion structures  104 D may be formed from bubbles filled with air, particles formed from materials with an index of refraction that is greater than or less than the index of refraction of light guide structure  96 , or particles or voids with other properties that scatter light  72  from light source  38 ′ into light guide plate  32  ( FIG. 15 ). Light leakage promotion structures  104 D may vary in size, shape, density, and/or material properties (e.g., index-of-refraction) along direction  116  to ensure that light is evenly distributed across surface  114  into light guide plate  32 . 
     If desired, light leakage promotion structures  104  in light guide structure  96  may be formed from other structures such as protrusions. As shown in  FIG. 20 , a series of protrusions such as protrusions  104 E may be formed on surface  114  of light guide structure  96  and may be used to scatter light  72  from light source  38 ′ into light guide plate  32 . Protrusions  104 E may be formed as integral portions of light guide structure  96  or may be separate structures that are formed on surface  114  of light guide structure  96 . Protrusions  104 E may vary in size, shape, density, and/or material properties along direction  116  to ensure that light is evenly distributed across surface  114  into light guide plate  32 . 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this invention and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20120309
Publication Date: 20171031
Grant Date: 20171031
Priority Date: 20120309
Inventors: FRANKLIN JEREMY C.
WRIGHT DEREK
QI JUN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G09F13/04", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B6/0085", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B6/0073", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B6/009", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B6/0028", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B6/0085", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B6/0073", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B6/0028", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09F13/04", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B6/009", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 49113990