PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9596420-B2
Application Number: US-201314098504-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Image sensor having pixels with different integration periods

Abstract:
An image sensor includes pixels that accumulate charge during a first integration period and pixels that accumulate charge during shorter second integration periods when an image is captured. The pixels having the shorter second integration period accumulate charge at two or more different times during the first integration period. Charge is read out of the pixels associated with the first integration period at the end of the first integration period, while charge is read out of the pixels having the second integration period at the end of each second integration period.

Claims:
We claim: 
     
       1. An imaging system, comprising:
 an image sensor having a plurality of pixels, wherein 
 a first portion of the pixels accumulate charge for a first integration period; and 
 a second portion of the pixels accumulate charge for a shorter second integration period, wherein the second portion of the pixels having the shorter second integration period accumulate charge two or more times during the first integration period; 
 readout circuitry operatively connected to the plurality of pixels; 
 a storage device operatively connected to the readout circuitry; and 
 a processor operatively connected to the readout circuitry and to the storage device, wherein the processor is configured to:
 at an end of at least one second integration time, enable the readout circuitry to read first pixel data from each pixel in the second portion of the pixels; 
 store the first pixel data in the storage device; 
 at an end of the first integration period, enable the readout circuitry to read second pixel data from each pixel in the second portion of the pixels and read out third pixel data from each pixel in the first portion of the pixels; and 
 combine the first, the second, and the third pixel data to produce an image. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The imaging system as in  claim 1 , wherein the processor is adapted to adjust which pixels are associated with the first and second integration periods. 
     
     
       3. The imaging system as in  claim 1 , wherein the processor is adapted to determine an amount of time for each second integration period. 
     
     
       4. A method for capturing an image, the method comprising:
 beginning a first integration period for a first portion of pixels in an image sensor; 
 beginning a second integration period for a second portion of pixels in the image sensor, wherein the second integration period is shorter than the first integration period; 
 reading out first pixel data from the pixels in the second portion of the pixels during the first integration period at the end of the second integration period; 
 storing the first pixel data; 
 beginning another second integration period for the second portion of the pixels; 
 reading out second pixel data from the pixels in the second portion of the pixels at the end of the first integration period; 
 reading out third pixel data from the pixels in the first portion of the pixels at the end of the first integration period; and 
 combining the first, the second, and the third pixel data to produce the image. 
 
     
     
       5. The method as in  claim 4 , wherein the second integration periods include substantially a same amount of time. 
     
     
       6. The method as in  claim 4 , wherein an amount of time in one second integration period differs from an amount of time in another second integration period. 
     
     
       7. The method as in  claim 4 , further comprising changing which pixels are associated with the first and second integration periods. 
     
     
       8. A method for capturing an image, the method comprising:
 beginning a first integration period for a first plurality of pixels in an image sensor; 
 during the first integration period, beginning a plurality of second integration periods for a second plurality of pixels in the image sensor, wherein each second integration period is shorter than the first integration period and each second integration period begins at a distinct time within the first integration period; 
 at the end of each second integration period, reading out first pixel data from each pixel in the second plurality of pixels; 
 at the end of the first integration period, reading out second pixel data from each pixel in the first plurality of pixels and from each pixel in the second plurality of pixels; and 
 combining the first and the second pixel data to produce the image. 
 
     
     
       9. The method as in  claim 8 , wherein the second integration periods include is substantially a same amount of time. 
     
     
       10. The method as in  claim 8 , wherein an amount of time in one second integration period differs from an amount of time in another second integration period. 
     
     
       11. The method as in  claim 8 , further comprising prior to beginning the plurality of second integration periods, determining timing for the plurality of second integration periods. 
     
     
       12. The method as in  claim 11 , wherein determining timing for the plurality of second integration periods comprises:
 capturing one or more test images; and 
 analyzing at least one test image to determining timing for the plurality of second integration periods. 
 
     
     
       13. The method as in  claim 12 , further comprising:
 capturing N images, where N is an integer equal to or greater than one; 
 determining whether the timing for the plurality of second integration periods is to change after the N images have been captured; and 
 when the timing changes, changing the timing for at least one second integration period in the plurality of second integration periods. 
 
     
     
       14. The method as in  claim 8 , further comprising changing which pixels are associated with the first and second integration periods. 
     
     
       15. The method as in  claim 8 , further comprising storing the first signals read from the pixels in the second plurality of pixels.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to image sensors, and more particularly to image sensors that capture images with pixels having different integration periods. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Cameras and other image recording devices often use an image sensor, such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor or a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to capture images. When an image of a scene is captured, the scene can include objects that can be positioned or illuminated in a way that can make it difficult to represent the objects with acceptable detail. For example, an object in the scene can be positioned in a shadow, or the object can be illuminated by a bright light source, such as the sun. 
     The dynamic range of an image sensor quantifies the ability of the image sensor to adequately image both high light areas in a scene and low dark areas or shadows in the scene. In general, the dynamic range of an image sensor is less than that of the human eye. The limited dynamic range of an image sensor can result in an image losing details in the brighter areas or in the darker areas of the scene. 
     A variety of algorithms have been produced to improve the dynamic range of image sensors. One such algorithm varies the integration periods (the time light is collected) of the pixels in the image sensor  100 , which produces multiple images of a scene. For example, some pixels  102  can have a longer integration period (T 1 ) while other pixels  104  have a shorter integration period (T 2 ) (see  FIG. 1 ). The pixels  104  with the shorter integration period can better capture the brighter areas in a scene and the pixels  102  with the longer integration period can better capture darker areas in the scene. The charge or signals output from the pixels having the shorter and longer integration periods can be combined to produce a final high dynamic range image that has more detail in the lighter and darker areas of the image. 
     However, when the integration periods of the pixels are varied, the final high dynamic range image can include undesirable motion artifacts. Since the final high dynamic range image is essentially a combination of two images, one image captured with the shorter integration period and another image captured with the longer integration period, objects in the scene can move in between the times the two images are captured. Thus, the scene represented in the image captured with the shorter integration period can differ from the scene represented in the image captured with the longer integration period. This difference can produce motion artifacts, such as blurring, in the combined final high dynamic range image. 
     Additionally, the signals obtained from the pixels with the shorter integration period can include a higher percentage of noise compared to the signals from the pixels having the longer integration period. The noise can produce undesirable results in the final image and reduce the image quality. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect, an imaging system includes an image sensor having a plurality of pixels, where a first portion of the pixels accumulate charge during a first integration period and a second portion of the pixels accumulate charge for a shorter second integration period. The second portion of the pixels having the shorter second integration period accumulate charge two or more times during the first integration period. Readout circuitry can be operatively connected to the pixels. A processor can be operatively connected to the readout circuitry. 
     In another aspect, a method for capturing an image can include beginning a first integration period for a first portion of pixels in an image sensor and beginning a shorter second integration period for a second portion of pixels in the image sensor. Charge is read out of the second portion of the pixels during the first integration period at the end of the second integration period. Another second integration period begins for the second portion of the pixels after the readout operation. Charge is then read out of the first and second portions of the pixels at the end of the first integration period. The charge read out at the end of the first integration period can be combined with the charge read out at the end of the earlier second integration period to produce a final image. 
     In yet another aspect, a method for capturing an image can include beginning a first integration period for a first plurality of pixels in an image sensor, and during the first integration period, beginning a plurality of second integration periods for a second plurality of pixels in the image sensor. The second integration periods are shorter than the first integration period and each second integration period begins at a distinct time within the first integration period. At the end of each second integration period, charge is read out of the second plurality of pixels. At the end of the first integration period, charge is read out of the first plurality of pixels. The charge read out at the end of the first integration period can be combined with the charge read out at the end of each second integration period to produce a final image. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is simplified illustration of pixels in an image sensor; 
         FIGS. 2A-2B  depict front and rear views of an example electronic device that can include one or more cameras; 
         FIG. 3  is an example block diagram of the electronic device shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of the camera  202  shown in  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a top view of one example of an image sensor suitable for use as image sensor  402  shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 6  depicts a simplified schematic view of a pixel that is suitable for use as pixels  506  shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart of one method for capturing an image with pixels having different integration periods; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates graphically the method shown in  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIGS. 9A-9B  is a flowchart of another method for capturing an image with pixels having different integration periods; 
         FIG. 10  depicts one example integration periods for the method shown in  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates other example integration periods for the method shown in  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 12  is a flowchart of a method for varying the integration time of the pixels; and 
         FIG. 13  is a flowchart of a method for determining the timing for the shorter second integration periods. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments described herein provide an image sensor that has a first portion of the pixels in the image sensor accumulate charge during a first integration period and a second portion of the pixels accumulate charge during multiple shorter second integration periods. The second integration periods occur during the first integration period. In some embodiments, the second integration periods all include substantially the same amount of time. In other embodiments, the amount of time in at least one second integration period differs from the amount of time in another second integration period. 
     The timing of the second integration periods can change after N images have been captured, where N is an integer equal to or greater than one. The timing of the multiple second integration periods can be determined as part of a calibration process and/or after N images have been captured. In one embodiment, the timing of the second integration periods can be determined by capturing one or more test images and analyzing at least one of the one or more test images. As one example, the motion, object signal and noise levels in both the bright and dark regions of the test image(s) can be analyzed to determine the timing of the second integration periods. 
     The distribution or arrangement of the pixels associated with the first and second integration periods can change periodically or at select times. In this manner, some or all of the pixels can be associated with a different integration period. For example, in one embodiment, the pixels associated with the first integration period can be associated with the second integration period and vice versa. 
     The signals obtained from the pixels associated with the shorter second integration periods can be used for a variety of purposes. The multiple second integration periods can capture additional images or frames at a higher frame rate. In one example, the signals can be combined with the signals read out from the pixels associated with the first integration period to produce a high dynamic range image. The amount of time in each second integration period and/or the start times for the second integration periods (i.e., the timing) can be determined to reduce motion artifacts and/or noise in the high dynamic range image. The multiple images captured by the pixels having the shorter integration periods can be lined up or positioned to cover substantially the entire time period in the first integration period. The multiple images captured by the pixels associated with the second integration periods can be used to control power consumption more intelligently. For example, the multiple images can be analyzed and if the image is steady, readout operations can be reduced for these pixels. As another example, the signals obtained from the pixels associated with the shorter second integration periods can be used with an auto-focus feature. 
     In one embodiment, a short integration period typically used for high dynamic range imaging (e.g., integration period T 2  in  FIG. 1 ) is divided into multiple sub-integration periods and multiple readout operations. The sub-integration periods can have the same or different integration times. When the sub-integration periods have substantially the same integration times, the charge read out of the pixels associated with the sub-integration periods can be averaged together to reduce noise and motion artifacts and/or to obtain a fast frame rate. Additionally or alternatively, when the sub-integration periods have different integration times, the charge or “image” associated with each sub-integration period can be analyzed and used to select the optimum or desired integration time for each pixel, which can improve the signal to noise ratio in high dynamic range images. In some embodiments, the number of sub-integration periods can be pre-set depending on the frame rate, readout speed, and amount of memory available for the image sensor. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 2A-2B , there are shown front and rear views of an electronic device that includes one or more cameras. The electronic device  200  includes a first camera  202 , a second camera  204 , an enclosure  206 , an input/output (I/O) member  208 , a display  210 , and an optional flash  212  or light source for the camera or cameras. The electronic device  200  can also include one or more internal components (not shown) typical of a computing or electronic device, such as, for example, one or more processors, memory components, network interfaces, and so on. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the electronic device  200  is implemented as a smart telephone. Other embodiments, however, are not limited to this construction. Other types of computing or electronic devices can include one or more cameras, including, but not limited to, a netbook or laptop computer, a tablet computing device, a wearable computing device or display such as a watch or glasses, a digital camera, a printer, a scanner, a video recorder, and a copier. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2A-2B , the enclosure  206  can form an outer surface or partial outer surface and protective case for the internal components of the electronic device  200 , and may at least partially surround the display  210 . The enclosure  206  can be formed of one or more components operably connected together, such as a front piece and a back piece. Alternatively, the enclosure  206  can be formed of a single piece operably connected to the display  210 . 
     The I/O member  208  can be implemented with any type of input or output member. By way of example only, the I/O member  208  can be a switch, a button, a capacitive sensor, or other input mechanism. The I/O member  208  allows a user to interact with the electronic device  200 . For example, the I/O member  208  may be a button or switch to alter the volume, return to a home screen, and the like. The electronic device can include one or more input members or output members, and each member can have a single I/O function or multiple I/O functions. 
     The display  210  can be operably or communicatively connected to the electronic device  200 . The display  210  can be implemented with any type of suitable display, such as a retina display or an active matrix color liquid crystal display. The display  210  provides a visual output for the electronic device  200 . In some embodiments, the display  210  can function to receive user inputs to the electronic device. For example, the display  210  can be a multi-touch capacitive sensing touchscreen that can detect one or more user inputs. 
     The electronic device  200  can also include a number of internal components.  FIG. 3  illustrates one example of a simplified block diagram of the electronic device  200 . The electronic device can include one or more processors  300 , storage or memory components  302 , input/output interfaces  304 , power sources  306 , and sensors  308 , each of which is discussed in turn below. 
     The one or more processors  300  can control some or all of the operations of the electronic device  200 . The processor(s)  300  can communicate, either directly or indirectly, with substantially all of the components of the electronic device  200 . For example, one or more system buses  310  or other communication mechanisms can provide communication between the processor(s)  300 , the cameras  202 ,  204 , the display  210 , the I/O member  208 , and/or the sensors  308 . The processor(s)  300  can be implemented as any electronic device capable of processing, receiving, or transmitting data or instructions. For example, the one or more processors  300  can be a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or combinations of multiple such devices. As described herein, the term “processor” is meant to encompass a single processor or processing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, or other suitably configured computing element or elements. 
     The one or more storage or memory devices  302  can store electronic data that can be used by the electronic device  200 . For example, the memory  302  can store electrical data or content such as, for example, audio files, document files, timing signals, and image data. The memory  302  can be configured as any type of memory. By way of example only, the memory  302  can be implemented as random access memory, read-only memory, Flash memory, removable memory, or other types of storage elements, in any combination. 
     The one or more input/output (I/O) interfaces  304  can receive data from a user or one or more other electronic devices. For example, an I/O interface  304  can receive input from the I/O member  208  shown in  FIG. 2A . Additionally, an I/O interface  304  can facilitate transmission of data to a user or to other electronic devices. For example, in embodiments where the electronic device  200  is a smart telephone, an I/O interface  304  can receive data from a network or send and transmit electronic signals via a wireless or wired connection. Examples of wireless and wired connections include, but are not limited to, cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Ethernet. In one or more embodiments, an I/O interface  304  supports multiple network or communication mechanisms. For example, an I/O interface  304  can pair with another device over a Bluetooth network to transfer signals to the other device while simultaneously receiving signals from a Wi-Fi or other wired or wireless connection. 
     The one or more power sources  306  can be implemented with any device capable of providing energy to the electronic device  200 . For example, the power source  306  can be a battery or a connection cable that connects the electronic device  200  to another power source such as a wall outlet. 
     The one or more sensors  308  can by implemented with any type of sensors. Examples sensors include, but are not limited to, audio sensors (e.g., microphones), light sensors (e.g., ambient light sensors), gyroscopes, and accelerometers. The sensors  308  can be used to provide data to the processor  300 , which may be used to enhance or vary functions of the electronic device. 
     As described with reference to  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the electronic device  200  includes one or more cameras  202 ,  204  and optionally a flash  212  or light source for the camera or cameras.  FIG. 4  is a simplified cross-section view of the camera  202  taken along line  4 - 4  in  FIG. 2A . Although  FIG. 4  illustrates the first camera  202 , those skilled in the art will recognize that the second camera  204  can be substantially similar to the first camera  202 . In some embodiments, one camera may include a global shutter configured image sensor and one camera can include a rolling shutter configured image sensor. In other examples, one camera can include an image sensor with a higher resolution than the image sensor in the other camera. 
     The camera  202  includes an imaging stage  400  that is in optical communication with an image sensor  402 . The imaging stage  400  is operably connected to the enclosure  206  and positioned in front of the image sensor  402 . The imaging stage  400  can include conventional elements such as a lens, a filter, an iris, and a shutter. The imaging stage  400  directs, focuses or transmits light  404  within its field of view onto the image sensor  402 . The image sensor  402  captures one or more images of a subject scene by converting the incident light into electrical signals. 
     The image sensor  402  is supported by a support structure  406 . The support structure  406  can be a semiconductor-based material including, but not limited to, silicon, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) technology, doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial layers formed on a semiconductor substrate, well regions or buried layers formed in a semiconductor substrate, and other semiconductor structures. 
     Various elements of imaging stage  400  or image sensor  402  can be controlled by timing signals or other signals supplied from a processor or memory, such as processor  300  in  FIG. 3 . Some or all of the elements in the imaging stage  400  can be integrated into a single component. Additionally, some or all of the elements in the imaging stage  400  can be integrated with the image sensor  402 , and possibly one or more additional elements of the electronic device  200 , to form a camera module. For example, a processor or a memory may be integrated with the image sensor  402  in some embodiments. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , there is shown a top view of one example of an image sensor suitable for use as image sensor  402  shown in  FIG. 4 . The image sensor  500  can include an image processor  502  and an imaging area  504 . The imaging area  504  can be implemented as a pixel array that includes pixels  506 . In the illustrated embodiment, the pixel array is configured in a row and column arrangement. However, other embodiments are not limited to this configuration. The pixels in a pixel array can be arranged in any suitable configuration, such as, for example, a hexagon configuration. 
     The imaging area  504  may be in communication with a column select  508  through one or more column select lines  510  and a row select  512  through one or more row select lines  514 . The row select  512  selectively selects a particular pixel  506  or group of pixels, such as all of the pixels  506  in a certain row. The column select  508  selectively receives the data output from the select pixels  506  or groups of pixels (e.g., all of the pixels with a particular column). 
     The row select  512  and/or the column select  508  may be in communication with the image processor  502 . In some embodiments, the image processor  502  is adapted to determine the integration periods for the pixels  506 , and to change the integration periods periodically or at select times. The image processor  502  can process data from the pixels  506  and provide that data to the processor  300  and/or other components of the electronic device  200 . It should be noted that in some embodiments, the image processor  502  can be incorporated into the processor  300  or separate therefrom. 
     In some embodiments, a portion of the pixels  506  have a first integration period T 1  while another portion of the pixels have shorter second integration periods. For example, half of the pixels can accumulate charge for the first integration period while the other half accumulate charge during multiple shorter second integration periods. The pixels with the first and second integration periods can be configured in any given arrangement. As one example, the pixels having the first and second integration periods can be arranged in alternating rows as shown in  FIG. 1 . In another example, the pixels having the first and second integration periods can be configured in a checkerboard pattern. 
     As will be described in more detail later, charge that accumulates in the pixels having the shorter second integration period is read from the pixels multiple times during the first integration period. By way of example only, the second integration period can occur at two different times during the first integration period, and the accumulated charge is read out twice from the pixels having the shorter second integration period. At the end of the first integration period, charge is read out of the pixels having the first integration period. As another example, three or more second integration periods can occur during the same first integration period. At the end of each second integration period, the accumulated charge is read out from the pixels associated with the second integration period. 
     In some embodiments, the charge read out of the pixels associated with the second integration periods can be buffered or stored in a storage device and processed later. The storage device can be included in the image sensor, such as, for example, in an image processor (e.g.,  502  in  FIG. 5 ) or in the readout circuitry or column select operatively connected to the column lines (e.g.,  508  in  FIG. 5 ). Additionally or alternatively, the storage device can be in the electronic device and operatively connected to the image sensor (e.g., processor  300  in  FIG. 3 ). 
       FIG. 6  depicts a simplified schematic view of a pixel that is suitable for use as a pixel  506  shown in  FIG. 5 . The pixel  600  includes a photodetector (PD)  602 , a transfer transistor (TX)  604 , a sense region  606 , a reset (RST) transistor  608 , a readout transistor  610 , and a row select (RS) transistor  612 . The sense region  606  is represented as a capacitor in the illustrated embodiment because the sense region  606  can temporarily store charge received from the photodetector  602 . As described below, after charge is transferred from the photodetector  602 , the charge can be stored in the sense region  606  until the gate of the row select transistor  612  is pulsed. 
     One terminal of the transfer transistor  604  is connected to the photodetector  602  while the other terminal is connected to the sense region  606 . One terminal of the reset transistor  608  and one terminal of the readout transistor  610  are connected to a supply voltage (Vdd)  614 . The other terminal of the reset transistor  608  is connected to the sense region  606 , while the other terminal of the readout transistor  610  is connected to a terminal of the row select transistor  612 . The other terminal of the row select transistor  612  is connected to an output line  510 . 
     By way of example only, in one embodiment the photodetector  602  is implemented as a photodiode (PD) or pinned photodiode, the sense region  606  as a floating diffusion (FD), and the readout transistor  610  as a source follower transistor (SF). The photodetector  602  can be an electron-based photodiode or a hole based photodiode. It should be noted that the term photodetector as used herein is meant to encompass substantially any type of photon or light detecting component, such as a photodiode, pinned photodiode, photogate, or other photon sensitive region. Additionally, the term sense region as used herein is meant to encompass substantially any type of charge storing or charge converting region. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that the pixel  600  can be implemented with additional or different components in other embodiments. For example, a row select transistor can be omitted and a pulsed power supply mode used to select the pixel, the sense region can be shared by multiple photodetectors and transfer transistors, or the reset and readout transistors can be shared by multiple photodetectors, transfer gates, and sense regions. 
     When an image is to be captured, an integration period for the pixel begins and the photodetector  602  accumulates photo-generated charge in response to incident light. When the integration period ends, the accumulated charge in the photodetector  602  is transferred to the sense region  606  by selectively pulsing the gate of the transfer transistor  604 . Typically, the reset transistor  608  is used to reset the voltage on the sense region  606  (node  616 ) to a predetermined level prior to the transfer of charge from the photodetector  602  to the sense region  606 . When charge is to be readout of the pixel, the gate of the row select transistor is pulsed through the row select  512  and row select line  514  to select the pixel (or row of pixels) for readout. The readout transistor  610  senses the voltage on the sense region  606  and the row select transistor  612  transmits the voltage to the output line  510 . The output line  510  is connected to readout circuitry (and optionally an image processor) through the output line  510  and the column select  508 . 
     In some embodiments, an image capture device, such as a camera, may not include a shutter over the lens, and so the image sensor may be constantly exposed to light. In these embodiments, the photodetectors may have to be reset or depleted before a desired image is to be captured. Once the charge from the photodetectors has been depleted, the transfer gate and the reset gate are turned off, isolating the photodetectors. The photodetectors can then begin integration and collecting photo-generated charge. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , there is shown a flowchart of one method for capturing an image with pixels having different integration periods. Initially, as shown in block  700 , the first and second integration periods begin and all of the pixels in the image sensor begin accumulating charge. A first portion of the pixels accumulate charge during a first integration period while a second portion of pixels accumulate charge during a shorter second integration period. The first and second portions can include substantially the same number of pixels, or the portions can include a different number of pixels. 
     A determination can then be made at block  702  as to whether or not it is the end of the second integration period. If not, the method waits until the second integration period ends. At the end of the second integration period, the process passes to block  704  where charge is read out of the pixels having the second integration period. The pixels associated with the second integration period begin accumulating charge again at block  706 . 
     Next, as shown in block  708 , a determination is made as to whether or not it is the end of the first integration period. If not, the method waits until the first integration period ends. At the end of the first integration period, charge is read out of all of the pixels (block  710 ), the pixels having the first integration period and the pixels having the second integration period. The charge read out at blocks  704  and  710  can then be combined at block  712  to produce a final image and the method ends. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates graphically the method shown in  FIG. 7 . A first portion of the pixels have a first integration period  800 , while a second portion of the pixels have two shorter second integration periods  802 ,  804 . The shorter integration periods  802 ,  804  both occur during the first integration period  800 . At the end of the second integration period  802 , the signals are read out of the pixels associated with the second integration period during a first readout period RO-1. The pixels having the second integration period then being accumulating charge again during the integration period  804 . At the end of the first integration period  800 , the signals in all of the pixels are read out during a second readout period RO-2. The second readout period RO-2 is the first time signals are read out of the pixels having the first integration period and the second time signals are read out of the pixels associated with the second integration period. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 9A-9B , there is shown a flowchart of another method for capturing an image with pixels having different integration periods. The method in  FIG. 9  can be more flexible in that the pixels having the shorter second integration period can be read out two or more times and the start of the second integration periods can begin at selected times. Initially, as shown in block  900 , the first integration period starts and the pixels associated with the first integration period in the image sensor begin accumulating charge. A determination can then be made at block  902  as to whether or not the second integration period is to begin. If not, the process waits until the second integration period is to begin. When the second integration period is to start, the method passes to block  904  where the second integration period begins and the pixels associated with the shorter second integration period being accumulating charge. 
     A determination is then made at block  906  as to whether or not a readout operation is to be performed on the pixels having the shorter second integration period. If not, the method waits until a readout operation is to be performed. When the signals in the pixels having the second integration period are to be read out, the process passes to block  908  where the accumulated charge is read out of the pixels having the second integration period. 
     A determination can then be made at block  910  as to whether or not another second integration period is to begin. If not, the process waits until the second integration period is to begin. When the second integration period is to start, the method passes to block  912  where the second integration period begins and the pixels associated with the shorter second integration period being accumulating charge. A determination can then be made at block  914  as to whether or not it is the end of the first integration period. If it is the end of the first integration period, the charge in the pixels having both long and short integration periods is read out at block  916 . The charge read out at blocks  908  and  916  is then combined at block  918  to produce a final image and the method ends. 
     If it is not the end of the first integration period at block  914 , the method passes to block  920  where a determination is made as to whether or not a readout operation is to be performed on the pixels having the shorter second integration period. If not, the method returns to block  914 . If the signals in the pixels having the second integration period are to be read out, the process passes to block  922  where the accumulated charge is read out of the pixels having the second integration period. 
     A determination can then be made at block  924  as to whether or not another second integration period is to begin. If so, the process returns to block  912 . If a second integration period will not begin, the method continues at block  926  where a determination can be made as to whether or not it is the end of the first integration period. If not, the process returns to block  924 . If it is the end of the first integration period, the accumulated charge is read out of the pixels having the first integration period. All of the charge read out of the pixels (both first and second integration periods) is then combined at block  928  to produce a final image and the method ends. 
       FIG. 10  depicts one example integration periods for the method shown in  FIG. 9 . A first integration period  800  is associated with a first portion of the pixels in an image sensor. The charge is read out (RO) of these pixels at the end of the first integration period. A second portion of the pixels in the image sensor accumulate charge for shorter second integration periods during the first integration period  800 . In the illustrated embodiment, the second integration period  1000  begins at the start of the first integration period  800 . The charge in the pixels having the second integration period is read out during a first readout operation (RO-1). The pixels associated with the second integration period begin accumulating charge during another second integration period  1002 , followed by a second readout operation (RO-2). The pixels having the second integration period begin accumulating charge during another second integration period  1004 , followed by a third readout operation (RO-3). In the illustrated embodiment, the third readout operation RO-3 occurs substantially simultaneously with the readout operation RO for the pixels having the first integration period. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates other example integration periods for the method shown in  FIG. 9 . A first integration period  800  is associated with a first portion of the pixels in an image sensor. The charge is read out (RO) of these pixels at the end of the first integration period. A second portion of the pixels in the image sensor accumulate charge for shorter second integration periods that occur during the first integration period  800 . In the illustrated embodiment, the second integration period  1100  begins after the start of the first integration period  800 . The pixels can accumulate charge during the time period  1102  between the start of the first integration period  800  and the start of the second integration period  1100 , but this charge is not read out. Instead, in some embodiments, the pixels having the second integration period are reset to a known signal or voltage level just before the second integration period  1100  begins. 
     The charge in the pixels having the second integration period is read out during a first readout operation (RO-1). The pixels associated with the second integration period begin accumulating charge during another second integration period  1104 , followed by a second readout operation (RO-2). The pixels having the second integration period can accumulate charge during another second integration period  1106 , followed by a third readout operation (RO-3). The pixels can accumulate charge during the time period  1108  between the end of the second readout operation RO-2 and the start of the second integration period  1106 , but this charge may not be read out. The pixels having the second integration period may be reset to a known signal or voltage level just before the start of the second integration period  1106 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , there is shown a flowchart of a method for varying the integration times of the pixels. Initially, a first integration period begins at block  1200 . The pixels associated with the first integration period begin accumulating charge at the start of the first integration period. The pixels having the shorter second integration periods accumulate charge multiple times during the first integration period (block  1202 ). Charge is read out of the pixels having the second shorter integration at the end of each second integration period (block  1204 ). The charge is read out of the pixels associated with the first integration period at the end of the first integration period (block  1206 ). A readout operation on the pixels having the second integration period can be performed substantially simultaneously with the readout operation on the pixels associated with the first integration period. Alternatively, the readout operations can occur at distinct or overlapping time periods. 
     A determination can then be made at block  1208  as to whether or not the pixels associated with the first and second integration periods are to change. If so, the method passes to block  1210  where the first and second integration periods are associated with different pixels. For example, the pixels that were associated with the first integration period can be assigned the shorter second integration periods and vice versa. Alternatively, the distribution or arrangement of the pixels having the first and second integration periods can be adjusted, such that some or all of the pixels have a new integration period. A processor, such as processor  502  in  FIG. 5 , can be adapted to adjust the pixels associated with the first and second integration periods. 
     If the pixels associated with the first and second integration periods change, or do not change, the process continues at block  1212  where a determination is made as to whether or not an amount of time of one or more second integration periods is to be changed. If not, the process returns to block  1200 . When an amount of time for at least one second integration period is to be adjusted, the method continues at block  1214  where the amount of time is changed. The process then returns to block  1200 . 
     The amount of time in the second integration periods can be the same in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the amount of time in at least one second integration period that occurs during a first integration period can be different from an amount of time in another second integration period occurring during the same first integration period. In other words, the amount of time for each second integration period can vary during a single first integration period. The amount of time for one or more second integration periods can be adjusted periodically or at select times. 
     In another embodiment, the number of second integration periods can be pre-set depending on the frame rate, readout speed, and the amount of memory available to the image sensor. In such embodiments, the determination as to whether or not it is the end of the first integration period can be omitted. For example, blocks  914 ,  916 , and  918  can be omitted. The method can pass from block  912  to block  920 , and the “No” path for block  920  can be similar to the “No” path in block  906 . Additionally, the determination in block  926  can be changed from a determination as to whether or not it is the end of the first integration period to a determination as to whether or not a readout operation is to be performed. 
       FIG. 13  is a flowchart of an example method for determining the timing for the shorter second integration periods. The timing of one or more second integration periods can change periodically or at select times. Initially, as shown in block  1300 , one or more test images can be captured. The one or more test images can be captured using pixels having the first integration period and a default shorter second integration period. At least one test image is then analyzed and an amount of time for one or more second integration periods, as well as the start times for the second integration periods can be determined based on the analysis of the test image (block  1302 ). Next, as shown in block  1304 , N images are captured using the first integration period for a portion of the pixels in the image sensor and the determined shorter second integration period for another portion of the pixels. N is an integer equal to or greater than one. After at least one image is captured, a determination can be made at block  1308  as to whether the timing of the second integration periods is to be changed. If not, the process returns to block  1304 . If the timing is to be changed, the method returns to block  1300 . 
     Various embodiments have been described in detail with particular reference to certain features thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. And even though specific embodiments have been described herein, it should be noted that the application is not limited to these embodiments. In particular, any features described with respect to one embodiment may also be used in other embodiments, where compatible. Likewise, the features of the different embodiments may be exchanged, where compatible.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20131205
Publication Date: 20170314
Grant Date: 20170314
Priority Date: 20131205
Inventors: FAN XIAOFENG
LEE CHIAJEN
MALONE MICHAEL R.
SHARMA ANUP K.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04N25/583", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N25/533", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N25/583", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/35554", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/3535", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N25/533", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 53272412