PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-8725965-B2
Application Number: US-76063207-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: System setup for electronic backup

Abstract:
Systems and methods are provided for storing and restoring digital data. In some implementations, a method is provided. The method includes detecting a remote storage device, prompting the user to use the detected remote storage device for backup operations, receiving a user input to use the detected remote storage device for backup operations, and automatically configuring backup operations using the remote storage device. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, computer program products, and computer readable media.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method comprising:
 identifying installations during install processes including identifying one or more files used to install an application on the computing device; 
 storing a backup of the identified installations including storing a backup of the identified one or more files used to install the application; 
 presenting one or more application installations stored by backup operations and available for reinstallation, each application installation including backup files associated with a particular application installation; 
 receiving a user selection of an installation to reinstall; 
 reinstalling the associated application using the backup files associated with the selected installation; and 
 wherein the identifying and storing are performed as a background task by the computing device during installation of an application on the computing device. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , where reinstalling the associated application includes performing an uninstall of a current version of the associated application prior to the reinstallation. 
     
     
       3. A non-transitory computer-readable medium including one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, causes:
 identifying installations during install processes including identifying one or more files used to install an application on the computing device; 
 storing a backup of the identified installations including storing a backup of the identified one or more files used to install the application; 
 presenting one or more application installations stored by backup operations and available for reinstallation, each application installation including backup files associated with a particular application installation; 
 receiving a user selection of an installation to reinstall; 
 reinstalling the associated application using the backup files associated with the selected installation; and 
 wherein the identifying and storing are performed as a background task by the computing device during installation of an application on the computing device. 
 
     
     
       4. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of  claim 3 , where the instructions that cause reinstalling the associated application include instructions that cause performing an uninstall of a current version of the associated application prior to the reinstallation. 
     
     
       5. A system comprising:
 one or more processors; and 
 a non-transitory computer-readable medium including one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, causes: 
 identifying installations during install processes including identifying one or more files used to install an application on the computing device; 
 storing a backup of the identified installations including storing a backup of the identified one or more files used to install the application; 
 presenting one or more application installations stored by backup operations and available for reinstallation, each application installation including backup files associated with a particular application installation; 
 receiving a user selection of an installation to reinstall; 
 reinstalling the associated application using the backup files associated with the selected installation; and 
 wherein the identifying and storing are performed as a background task by the computing device during installation of an application on the computing device. 
 
     
     
       6. The system of  claim 5 , where the instructions that cause reinstalling the associated application include instructions that cause performing an uninstall of a current version of the associated application prior to the reinstallation.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The disclosed implementations relate generally to storing and restoring digital data. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Modern graphical user interfaces allow a large number of graphical objects or items to be displayed on a display screen at the same time. Operating systems, e.g., Apple Mac OS®, provide user interfaces in which a number of graphical user interface windows can be displayed, overlapped, resized, moved, configured, and reformatted according to the needs of a user or a particular application. Taskbars, menus, virtual buttons, and other user interface elements provide mechanisms for accessing and activating windows even when they are hidden behind other windows. 
     With the sophisticated tools available, users are encouraged not only to create and save a multitude of items in their computers, but to revise or otherwise improve on them over time. For example, a user can work with a certain file and thereafter save the file&#39;s current version on a storage device. The next day, however, the user could have had second thoughts about the revisions, or could have come up with new ideas, and therefore opens the file again. 
     The revision process is usually straightforward if the user wants to add more material to the file or make changes to what is there. But it is typically more difficult for a user who has changed his/her mind about changes that were previously made and wants the file returned to a previous version. Application programs for word processing typically let the user “undo” previous edits of a text, at least up to a predefined number of past revisions. The undo feature also usually is configured so that the previously made revisions must be undone in .reverse chronological order; that is, the user must first undo the most recently made edit, then the second-most recent one, and so on. If the user saves and closes the document and thereafter opens the document again, it might not be possible to automatically undo any previous edits. 
     SUMMARY 
     Systems and methods are provided for storing and restoring digital data. In general, in one aspect, a method is provided. The method includes detecting a remote storage device, prompting the user to use the detected remote storage device for backup operations, receiving a user input to use the detected remote storage device for backup operations, and automatically configuring backup operations using the remote storage device. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, computer program products, and computer readable media. 
     Implementations of the aspect can include one or more of the following features. Detecting the remote storage device can include detecting for a first device a remote storage device directly connected to the first device. Detecting the remote storage device can include detecting for a first device a remote storage device coupled to the first device though a wireless connection. Automatically configuring backup operations can include creating one or more disk images on the remote storage device. Automatically configuring backup operations can include setting parameters associated with backup operations to default values. Automatically configuring backup operations can also include configuring communications for transmitting backup data to the remote storage device and receiving archive data stored on the remote storage device. 
     In general, in one aspect, a system is provided. The system includes a remote storage device and a plurality of client devices, the client devices configured to perform backup operations, the backup operations generating a backup having stored data corresponding to a file system structure, and where each of the client devices perform backup operations to one or more respective disk images on the remote storage device. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, computer program products, and computer readable media. 
     Implementations of the aspect can include one or more of the following features. The remote storage device can be coupled to one or more of the plurality of client devices using a wireless base station. The aspect can further include a server that includes the remote storage device and one or more second remote storage devices for storing backup data from the plurality of client devices. The remote storage device can include a plurality of disk images. Each disk image can correspond to a particular client device. A plurality of disk images can be created for individual users of a client device. 
     In general, in one aspect, a method is provided. The method includes receiving a request from a first client to store first backup data to a storage device, generating a first disk image on the storage device for storing the first backup data, and storing first backup data received from the first client to the first disk image. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, computer program products, and computer readable media. 
     Implementations of the aspect can include one or more of the following features. The aspect can further include receiving a request from a second client to store second backup data to the storage device, generating a second disk image on the storage device for storing the second backup data, and storing the second backup data received from the second client to the second disk image. The aspect can further include generating one or more additional first disk images corresponding to individual users from the first client and storing first backup data corresponding to particular users of the first client to the respective first disk image. Storing first backup data can include encrypting the backup data of one or more first disk images. 
     In general, in one aspect, a system is provided. The system includes a graphical user interface configured to present a preferences menu for a backup application including general preferences and the general preferences including information associated with backup scheduling, the backup scheduling including a user specified retention time for backup data. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, computer program products, and computer readable media. 
     In general, in one aspect, a method is provided. The method includes initiating a backup settings interface, selecting one or more preferences for backup operations including a retention time for backup data, and performing one or more backup operations according to the identified preferences, the backup operations generating a backup having stored data corresponding to a file system structure. The method can further include deleting backup data when the retention time has elapsed. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, computer program products, and computer readable media. 
     In general, in one aspect, a system is provided. The system includes a graphical user interface configured to present a preferences menu for a backup application including general preferences and the general preferences including information associated with backup operations including selectably excluding data from the backup operations. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, computer program products, and computer readable media. 
     Implementations of the aspect can include one or more of the following features. The excluded data can include system files, user selected files, and user selected folders. 
     In general, in one aspect, a method is provided. The method includes initiating a backup settings interface, receiving a selection of one or more preferences for backup operations including a selection of one or more items for exclusion from backup operations, and performing one or more backup operations according to the identified preferences, the backup operations generating a backup having stored data corresponding to a file system structure where the stored data excludes the selected items. The receiving a selection of items for exclusion can further include providing an interface for browsing a file system for items to exclude. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, computer program products, and computer readable media. 
     In general, in one aspect, a system is provided. The system includes a graphical user interface configured to present a preferences menu including general preferences and restore install preferences and the restore install preferences including installs stored by backup operations and available for restoration. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, computer program products, and computer readable media. 
     In general, in one aspect, a method is provided. The method includes initiating a backup settings interface, presenting one or more installations available for restoration, each installation associated with a particular application, receiving a user selection of an installation to restore, and restoring the associated application using the selected installation. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, computer program products, and computer readable media. 
     Implementations of the aspect can include one or more of the following features. Restoring the associated application can include performing an uninstall of a current version of the associated application prior to the restoration. The aspect can further include identifying installations during install processes and storing a backup of the identified installations. 
     Particular embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented to realize one or more of the following advantages. Backup devices can be identified and configured for backup operations automatically without the user providing settings information. Additionally, multiple users can store backup data to a remote storage location including across a wireless network. A user can quickly restore an install, e.g., for a particular application, using a backup component instead of using an install disk. 
     The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an example system. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example architecture for backing up and restoring application files. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example system for connecting electronic devices to a remote storage device. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of an example system for connecting wireless devices to a remote storage device. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of an example of creating multiple disk images within a storage device. 
         FIG. 6A  is a screen shot depicting an example of a desktop user interface with multiple open applications. 
         FIG. 6B  shows the desktop user interface of  FIG. 6A  overlaid with a backup request dialog. 
         FIG. 7  is a screen shot depicting an example of a backup settings dialog. 
         FIG. 8  is a screen shot depicting an example of a backup settings dialog for the restoration of application installations. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow diagram of an example method illustrating a remote storage device detection scenario. 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram of an example method for setting up and using a disk image on a storage device for storing backup data. 
         FIG. 11  is a flow diagram of an example method for excluding system files from a backup operation. 
         FIG. 12  is a flow diagram of an example method for setting and using a data retention period in a backup application. 
         FIG. 13  is a flow diagram of an example method illustrating a restoration of application installations using an archival application. 
     
    
    
     Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an example system  100 . The system  100  can be used for backup operations including capturing at least one earlier version of a user interface view and allowing a user to initiate a restoration based on the captured earlier version. As used herein, a view refers to an item, element or other content, capable of being presented in a user interface, that can be subjected to a backup operation by a backup component  117  included in system  100 . For example, a user interface view can contain any number of icons, files, folders, application state information and/or machine state information, etc. 
     The system  100  includes a personal computer  102 , communicatively coupled to a remote server  107  using a network interface  116 , and a network  108  (e.g., local area network, wireless network, Internet, intranet, etc.). The computer  102  generally includes a processor  103 , memory  105 , one or more input devices  114  (e.g., keyboard, mouse, etc.), and one or more output devices  115  (e.g., a display device). A user interacts with the system  100  using the input and output devices  114 ,  115 . The system  100  includes various hardware elements. The system  100  can include hardware, software, and combinations of the two. 
     The computer  102  also includes a local storage device  106  and a graphics module  113  (e.g., a graphics card) for storing information and generating graphical objects, respectively. The local storage device  106  can be a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more of them. 
     While modifications of a user interface view are described herein with respect to a personal computer  102 , it should be apparent that the disclosed implementations can be incorporated in, or integrated with, any electronic device that has a user interface, including without limitation, portable and desktop computers, servers, electronics, media players, game devices, mobile phones, email devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), embedded devices, televisions, other consumer electronic devices, etc. 
     Systems and methods are provided for modifying an interface view (e.g., a user interface view). The systems and methods can be stand alone, or otherwise integrated into a more comprehensive application. In the materials presented below, an integrated system and method for modifying a user interface view is disclosed. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the engines, methods, processes and the like that are described can themselves be an individual process or application, part of an operating system or application, a plug-in or the like. 
     In some implementations, the systems and methods can be implemented as one or more plug-ins that are installed and run on the personal computer  102 . The plug-ins are configured to interact with an operating system (e.g., MAC OS™ X, WINDOWS XP, LINUX, etc.) and to perform the various functions, as described with below. 
     A system and method for modifying a user interface view can also be implemented as one or more software applications running on the computer  102 . Such a system and method can be characterized as a framework or model that can be implemented on various platforms and/or networks (e.g., client/server networks, wireless networks, stand-alone computers, portable electronic devices, mobile phones, etc.), and/or embedded or bundled with one or more software applications (e.g., email, media player, browser, etc.). 
     The computer  102  includes the backup component  117  (e.g., a backup daemon) that allows for the storage of versions of the computer&#39;s files or other items (e.g., restoring a view including past state of a file, application, application data, parameters, settings, and the like), for example within the local storage device  106  or in an external storage repository or a networked storage device such as the remote storage device  109 . In some implementations, the backup component  117  also allows a user to select any of the stored versions and use it to initiate a restoration of that version in the computer. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example architecture  200  for providing the archival and restoration of data. The data (e.g., application files, application data, settings, parameters or the like), can be associated with a set of applications  228 . 
     In one implementation, the backup component  117  provides back up and restoration capability for the system  100 . Many different items or elements can be the subject of a backup operation in the system  100 . For example, folders, files, items, information portions, directories, images, system parameters, playlists, address books, e-mails, e-mail folders, application states, and the like all can be candidates for inclusion in an archive as backup data. Other types of data can be included as backup data. 
     In some implementations, the backup component  117  includes a storage device  204  (e.g., a local storage device), a storage device  232  (e.g., an external storage device), and a storage device  236  (e.g., a remote storage device). Versions can be stored on any or all storage devices  204 ,  242 ,  236 . Any number of local, external, and/or remote storage devices can be used by the backup component  117  for storing versions. In one implementation, the backup component  117  stores the backup data in a format corresponding to a file system structure. Backup data can be stored incrementally during a backup operation where backup data is periodically written to a particular storage device. 
     In one implementation, one copy of original data (e.g., folders, files, items, information portions, directories, images, system parameters, playlists, address books, e-mails, e-mail folders, application states, preferences, and the like) is stored in the system as backup data (e.g., an original version of the data). When one or more subsequent sets of backup data, or versions, of the data are generated through subsequent backup operations, the backup data can contain only the differences between a current data version and the prior backup data, thereby saving storage space. In some implementations, the storage devices  204  and  232  can be used to store the original backup data as well as links pointing to the original backup data. The links can be hard links which reference, or point to, physical data, or as another example can be symbolic links that reference another file on the storage device (e.g., by name or location). 
     In another implementation, the backup component  117  runs as a background task on an operating system  230 , where the task is generally not visible to the user. The backup component  117  can be can be configured to run across multiple user accounts. 
     The backup component  117  includes an activity monitoring engine  212 . In some implementations, the activity monitoring engine  212  monitors for changes within an application view (e.g. files) that are targeted for a backup operation. A change can also include the addition of new files or data or the deletion of the same. 
     In one implementation, the activity monitoring engine  212  is capable of discerning between a substantive change (e.g. the text within a document has been modified) and a non-substantive change (e.g. the play count within an iTunes™ playlist has been updated, or several changes cancel each other out) through the activity monitoring engine&#39;s interaction with the applications  228 . The activity monitoring engine  212  can, for example, create a list of modified elements (e.g., files) to be used when a backup operation is eventually triggered. In one implementation, the activity monitoring engine  212  can monitor the system for periods of inactivity. The activity monitoring engine  212  can then trigger a backup operation during a period of time in which the backup operation will not cause a system slowdown for an active user (e.g., idle time). 
     A preference management engine  214  specifies some operating parameters of the backup component  117 . In one implementation, the preference management engine  214  contains user-specified and/or system default application parameters for the backup component  117 . These can include settings for the details of capturing and storing the views. For example, the preference management engine  214  can determine the frequency of backup operations, the storage location for the backup data, the types of elements (e.g., files or other items) that are eligible for inclusion in backup operations, and the events which trigger a backup operation (periodic or event-driven, etc.). 
     In some implementations, the preference management engine  214  can detect that a new storage device is being added to the system  100  and prompt the user to specify whether it should be included as a backup repository. The new storage device, in some implementations, can be attached to a network device such as the remote storage  236  which is accessible to the backup component  117 , e.g., using network connection  234 . For example, a user can connect an external storage device to a wireless base station within a wireless network. The backup component  117  can detect the addition of the external storage device and prompt the user to include this device as an archive storage medium. 
     Files and other items can be scheduled for a backup operation due to location (e.g. everything on the C: drive and within D:/photos), a correlation with specific applications (e.g. all pictures, music, e-mail, address book and system settings), a user selection/identification of specific items, or a combination of strategies. In some implementations, specific items or types of items can be excluded from the backup operations (e.g., system files, temporary directory, or the deleted items folder within an e-mail application). In some implementations, different types of items can be scheduled to be stored on different devices or on different segments of a storage device during a backup operation. For example, the backup component  117  stores the versions with a format corresponding to a file system structure. In some implementations, the file system structure can allow the user to navigate data in the stored archives. 
     A backup management engine  216  coordinates the collection, storage, and retrieval of view versions performed by the backup component  117 . For example, the backup management engine  216  can trigger the activity monitoring engine  212  to watch for activities that satisfy a requirement specified in the preference management engine  214 . In some implementations, the backup management engine  216  coordinates the removal of expired snapshot data. For example, a user could set a preference for a retention time archived backup data. Once snapshot data has aged beyond the retention time period, the backup management engine  216  can remove the expired snapshot data. 
     As used herein, a snapshot refers to a backup data stored in an archive that corresponds to a particular view (e.g., of the file system, an application, or other view) taken at a particular point in time. The snapshot can include elements (e.g., items, files, state information) associated with the view as specified by the backup component  117 . 
     A change identifying engine  218  locates specific views or other items within to determine if they have changed. The change identifying engine  218  can be capable of discerning a substantive change from a non-substantive change, similar to the example described above for the activity monitoring engine  212 . In some implementations, the change identifying engine  218  traverses a target set of files, data, or other items, comparing a previous version to the current version to determine whether or not a modification has occurred. 
     A backup capture engine  220  locates files, data, or other items that are to be backed up. The backup capture engine  220  can invoke the activity monitoring engine  212  and/or the change identifying engine  218 , for example, to generate a capture list. The backup capture engine  220  can then store copies of these elements in one or more targeted storage repositories. The backup capture engine  220  can track multiple versions of each item included in the backup repository. 
     The backup component  117  includes a backup restoration engine  222  to restore previous views (e.g. versions of files, data, or other items). In some implementations, the backup restoration engine  222  provides a user interface (e.g., a graphical user interface) where a user can select the item(s) to be restored. In some implementations, the backup restoration engine  222  can be used to reinstall damaged or previously removed applications. 
     A disk imaging engine  224  can create one or more disk images within a selected storage device, e.g., to be used as an archival storage location for backup data from a particular source (e.g., local storage device or data for a particular user). In some implementations, a disk image is automatically sized and allocated when a user selects an archive storage location. For example, the size of the disk image can depend on the size of other disk images on the selected storage device as well as the overall size of the selected storage device. 
     A user can specify an archive storage location, for example, through the preference management engine  214 . In some implementations, the preference management engine  214  allows the user to assign parameters associated with the creation of disk images. For example, a user can specify the default image size, drive label (e.g., backup files to the B: drive), or the steps to take when the selected storage location is running out of space. In some implementations, the backup component  117  works with an external disk imaging application rather than using the disk imaging engine  224 . For example, a remote storage location can include a disk imaging engine  224  for creating disk images from multiple source devices in response to communication from respective backup components  117 . 
     The archived copies can be compressed and/or encrypted. An example of a compression technique is the ZIP file format for data compression and archiving. An example of an encryption technique is the RSA algorithm for public key encryption. Other compression techniques or encryption techniques can be used. 
     In some implementations, if multiple users make use of the backup component  117  on a single system, each user can select to keep separate archives. In alternative implementations, individual users of the same system can share a disk image on a remote storage device for backup operations. Access to an individual user&#39;s archives can be password protected or otherwise held in a secure manner (e.g., each user can have a secure disk image). In various implementations, the archive storage structure mimics a typical file system structure, such that the archived versions can be perused using a standard file system viewing utility. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example system  300  for connecting electronic devices to a remote storage device. As shown in  FIG. 3 , three devices  302  (e.g., computers, PDA&#39;s, mobile phones, etc) are connected to a network  304 . The network  304  can be any type of internetworking access setup (e.g., Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Campus Area Network (CAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), etc.). The devices  302  can be connected to the network  304  over one or more transmission media including, without limitation, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or modem internet access using a Public Switched Telephony Network (PSTN), wireless microwave broadband internet access (WiMAX), fiber optic cable internet access (FTTC/H Ethernet), wireless personal access networking (WiFi/Bluetooth), or digital mobile telephony access (GSM over IP, UMTS over IP). 
     The devices can communicate with a remote server  306  through the network  304 . The remote server  306  contains or can communicate with one or more storage devices  308 . The storage device(s)  308  can be any storage media (e.g., optical disks, CD ROMs, magnetic optical disks, read only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic data). The remote server  306  can be running any operating system (e.g., Mac OS, Windows, Linux, etc.) and any application-level network protocol which aids in the sharing of files and other data (e.g., Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), Server Message Block (SMB), Network File System (NFS), etc.). Additionally, the remote server  306  can support any disk file system (e.g., Hierarchical File System (HFS, HFS+), New Technology File System (NTFS), Third Extended File System (ext3), Universal Disk Format (UDF), etc.). 
     In some implementations, the devices  302  can share space within the storage devices  308  by creating disk images within the storage devices  308 . A disk image can be a file within a storage medium which acts as a virtual disk drive. For example, a storage device can be separated into portions, each accessible by a different disk drive label. In this way, each device  302  can receive a dedicated section of one or more storage devices  308 . The disk images can then be used, in some implementations, for storing backup archives of data belonging to the device  302 . 
     In some implementations, using respective backup components (e.g., backup component  117  of  FIG. 1 ), the devices  302  can create data archives within the storage device(s)  308  associated with the remote server  306 . For example, data can be stored by a computer  302   a  within a disk image on the storage device  308 . At a later time, if data is lost within the computer  302   a , the data can be restored by accessing the remote server  306  and retrieving the archived data from the storage device  308  across the network  304 . In various implementations, multiple data archives can be collected within the storage device(s)  308 , each archive containing changes since the previous data archival task was completed. In this example, multiple versions of data items can be stored within the remote server  306 . Any number of computers or other suitable devices  302  can access any number of remote servers  306  using the network  304 . 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram of an example system  400  for connecting wireless devices to a remote storage device. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the three personal computers  302  are connected to the network  304  through a base station  402 . The base station  402  can be any wireless networking device including shareable storage media or through which a shareable external storage device  404  can be attached. For example, an AirPort Extreme wireless base station by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., in combination with an AirPort Disk can allow an external USB hard drive to be shared by the devices  302  through a wireless network. In some implementations, multiple storage devices  404  can be included within and/or attached to the base station  402 . 
     The base station  402  and the storage device  404  can be treated, in combination, as a remote server, similar to the example shown in  FIG. 3 . Disk images can be created, in various implementations, within the storage device  404  so that each computer  302  can receive a dedicated segment of the storage device  404  to use for archival purposes. If one or more of the computers  302  are used by multiple users, in some implementations, all users can be backed up as a mirror copy of the disk on the computer  302  within a single disk image. In other implementations, each user is allocated a separate disk image. For example, if one or more users are storing backup data in an encrypted or otherwise secure manner, the disk image itself can be encrypted or otherwise secured. In this example, each user can be allocated an individual encrypted disk image. 
     In some implementations, each user and/or computer  302  gaining access to the storage device  404  through the base station  402  is allocated the same size disk image, such that the storage device  404  is equally distributed amongst users and/or computers  302 . In other implementations, different users and/or computers  302  can be allocated different sizes of disk image storage. For example, a user logging into the base station  402  under administrator status can be provided with a greater amount of disk storage within a disk image than a user with lesser privileges. In some implementations, if a user and/or computer  302  runs out of storage space within the presently allocated disk image, a new disk image can be allocated and/or the current disk image can be resized. Allocation of disk images can be done automatically or through setup options (e.g., by an administrative user). 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram  500  of an example of creating multiple disk images within a storage device  502 . The storage device  502  is illustrated as containing four disk images  504 . Each disk image  504 , as portrayed, is equivalent in size. However, in other implementations any number of disk images  504  can be provided and of varying sizes. In some implementations, the disk images are created using a disk imaging software engine such as the disk imaging engine  224  ( FIG. 2 ). Disk images, in various implementations, can allow multiple users and/or computers or other electronic devices  302  to create virtual storage locations within the single external or remote storage device  502 . When the disk image  504  is mounted, its contents are made available to the device  302  as though the disk image  504  were a storage device within or attached to device  302  (e.g., as a standard volume). 
     In some implementations, disk images  504  are allocated such that a file system structure is available to a remote backup component (e.g., backup component  117  running on devices  302 ) for purposes of data archival and restoration. For example, an AFP server supporting the HFS+ file system can create disk images within the attached storage device  502  which contain the HFS+ file system architecture. Using a disk image created as described, backup archives can be stored within a file system format. 
     For example, the backup component  117  running on personal computer  302   a  could create the disk image  504   a  using the disk imaging engine  224 . During a backup operation, the backup component  117  could then mount the disk image  504   a  and copy data archives into the file system architecture created within the disk image  504   a . Upon initiating a restoration process, the backup component  117  could again mount the disk image  504   a  to provide the user with access to the data archives stored within. For example, a backup interface can be provided (as described in greater detail below), which allows a user to navigate one or more captured views (e.g., file system, application state) from backup operations. 
     In some implementations, each disk image  504  is encoded and/or securely protected such that only the owner of each disk image  504  can access the corresponding contents. For example, the backup component  117  can establish security measures for accessing the contents of disk image  504   a  by a particular user of the computer  302   a  so that other users of the computer  302   a  and/or other users on the other electronic devices  302  cannot gain access to the contents of disk image  504   a.    
       FIG. 6A  is a screen shot depicting an example of a user interface  600  (e.g., a desktop user interface) with multiple open applications. The user interface  600  can be a user interface as can be provided, e.g., by an operating system. The user interface  600  has a background, a menu bar  602 , an application launch bar  604 , and may include windows, icons, and other elements. Other configurations are possible. The user interface  600  can have multiple applications running, any or all of which can be presented in a separate graphical window providing an interface for that application. While working with the applications, or at some other time, a user can initiate a backup interface. 
     The backup interface allows the user to navigate backup data, which as describe above, can be stored remotely as part of one or more disk images. The backup interface can provide visual representations of history views captured during backup operations. Using the backup interface, the user can view items that were previously included, but are now missing from the file navigation application&#39;s documents. For example, the user can have made at least one backup of the missing items at an earlier date, and the user can enter the backup interface to search for the items in a backup snapshot of the file navigation application  606  allowing for the restoration of a view corresponding to that prior time. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6A , a user has launched a file navigation application window  606  which is currently presented in the foreground, and a chat application  608  and a mail application  610  that are presented in the background. In particular, the file navigation application  606  is here displaying contents of the user&#39;s documents, e.g., a list of the user&#39;s files and folders. The file navigation application  606  can be used for accessing, opening, and organizing the files, folders and other digitally stored items within the computer  102 . 
     The backup component can be activated to back up or restore digital content within the file navigation application  606  or another application. In some implementations, the user can activate the backup interface from the user interface using a user-selectable backup interface icon  612  in the application launch bar  604 . In some implementations, selection of the backup interface icon  612  launches a backup interface associated with the active application. For example, selection of the backup interface icon  612  while the active window displayed is the file navigation application window  606  can activate the backup interface in which the archived elements associated with the file navigation application  606  are made available for archival and restoration purposes. 
     As another example, the backup interface can be activated from the menu bar  602 . The menu bar  602  can include a backup options menu in addition to the activation selection. The backup options menu can include selections allowing a user to specify data to include or exclude in backup operations. For example, in the file navigation application, the user can identify which content to back up (e.g., individual folders, storage devices, files, etc.). 
     In other implementations, the user can choose to enter the backup interface directly from an operating system menu. In some implementations, the backup component can provide several icons or menus available in other locations within the user interface  600  or running applications, thereby providing several options for activating or launching the backup interface. 
       FIG. 6B  shows the desktop user interface  600  of  FIG. 6A  overlaid with a backup request dialog  620 . The backup request dialog  620  provides the user with the option to use a newly detected storage device for backup operations. In some implementations, the device is a storage media attached to a remote server (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 4 ). The device can also be an external storage device, including without limitation a USB external hard drive, floppy drive, CD-ROM, or memory stick. In some implementations, the backup request dialog  620  offers information regarding the new device, such as the type of device, amount of storage space available, and the like. 
     Selection of a “yes” button  622  confirms that the backup component should store archive information from backup operations within the new storage device. In some implementations, the backup component can automatically be configured to store backup data to the new storage device, including, for example, default parameters for backup scheduling and data retention as well as configuring the new storage device (e.g., creating one or more disk images). Default preferences, in some implementations, can be used to enable a one-step setup of the new storage device. 
     In alternative implementations, selection of the “yes” button  622  opens a backup settings dialog to set preferences associated with backup to this device. Device preferences can include, for example, a size to allocate for archival purposes, a security code for accessing the archival location, or a drive label in the case of the creation of a disk image. In some implementations, selection of the storage device as a new archive storage location by activating the yes button  622  results in creating a framework for archive storage. For example, a new disk image containing a file system architecture could be allocated within the storage device to prepare it to accept backup data. 
     Selection of a “no” button  624  can close the dialog without choosing the new storage device as an archive storage location for backup operations. In some implementations, a postponement of decision, such as a button requesting to be prompted at a future time, can be available to provide the user with an opportunity to make the decision at a later time. There could also be available, in some implementations, an information button which, when selected, can provide the user with more details regarding the new storage device (e.g., name, type, location, storage capacity, etc.). 
       FIG. 7  is a screen shot  700  depicting an example of a backup settings interface  702 . In some implementations, the backup settings interface  702  is generated by a preference management engine (e.g., the preference management engine  214  of  FIG. 2 ). In some implementations the backup settings interface  702  includes one or more tabs for switching between different types of backup settings. As shown in  FIG. 7 , the backup settings interface  702  includes a general settings tab  704 , which is selected. Drop-down menus  705  provide the user with settings regarding the location, frequency, and retention length of the backup archives. In addition to options provided within the drop-down selection menus  705 , the user can, in some implementations, manually input settings. 
     A first drop-down menu  705   a  sets the frequency of the backup operations. For example, the menu  705   a  is presently set to daily automatic backups. Backup frequency settings can include, e.g., daily (automatic), daily (prompted), weekly, biweekly, monthly, manual only, etc. In some implementations, the backup scheduling can also specify a particular time of day to run the backup operation (e.g., in the middle of the night). Alternatively, the backup scheduling, in various implementations, can be set to run backup operations during system idle time. 
     A second drop-down menu  705   b  specifies the storage device to use for backup operations. The menu  705   b  is presently set to Steve&#39;s Backup. Other backup devices can include a remote disk image (e.g., “drive X:”), an external storage device (e.g., “CD-ROM drive D:”), or an internal storage location. In some implementations, the storage device setting can be made through a user prompt when a new device is added to the system. For example, when the backup component recognizes a new storage device has been added to the system, the user can be prompted to specify whether to use that device for backup operations. In some implementations, more than one backup location can be specified. For example, a primary and secondary backup location could be set such that, if the primary backup location is not available during the next scheduled backup, the archive files could be located within the secondary backup location instead. In various implementations, the user can specify different storage devices for different types of elements, locations of data, or other distributions of the backup element list. For example, the user could specify that all photos and music be backed up to one storage device, while the rest of the data be backed up to a different storage device. 
     A third drop-down menu  705   c  establishes the length of snapshot retention. As used herein, a snapshot refers to a backup element stored in an archive that includes a backup of selected items or content as specified by the backup component  117 . For example, each backup operation can generate snapshots of the data included in the backup. These snapshots can be presented to the user in the backup interface. 
     The menu  705   c , as illustrated, is set to a retention length of one year. In other examples, the snapshot retention period can be set to one week, one month, three months, six months, five years, etc. The snapshot retention period establishes the point at which snapshots are eligible for deletion. For example, a snapshot retention length of one year can mean that snapshots over 365 days old can be subject to deletion under particular circumstances (e.g., low storage space, according to a specified schedule). A pruning operation, in some implementations, can be run periodically to remove snapshots that have dates beyond the specified retention time. For example, a pruning operation could occur on the same schedule as the backup (e.g., the time schedule specified within the drop-down menu  705   a ). In various implementations, the backup management engine  216  can manage the removal of expired snapshots. 
     In some implementations, the retention schedule can vary depending upon the type of data (e.g., a file) being included in the backup operation. For example, certain files or types of data elements are modified daily or multiple times throughout the day. The frequently modified data elements could be scheduled for a shorter retention period than elements which are rarely modified. In some implementations, rather than a time limitation, a specified number of versions of each element could be retained. For example, a user could specify that only the five most recent versions of each element be retained. 
     Within the backup settings interface  702 , a user can also select particular data to exclude from backup operations. For example, a “do not backup” pane  706  can provide a user modifiable list of items to exclude from the backup operations. Specifically, the pane  706  contains a Final Cut Pro Documents folder  708  with a total size  710  of 21 gigabytes. The list of items within the pane  706  could contain specific applications and/or features (e.g., a “trash” application that manages deleted items), folders, individual files, and/or general categories (e.g. internet browser cookies, e-mail spam items). A scroll bar  712  allows the user to view additional items that do not fit within the pane  706 . 
     A pair of add/delete buttons  714  can allow the user to include or remove items from the “do not backup” pane  706 . For example, selecting the folder  708  and activating the delete button  714  removes the folder  708  from the “do not backup” pane  706 . Selecting the add button, in another example, can launch a file navigation application to locate further items to exclude from backup operations. 
     A system file exclusion checkbox  716  provides the user with another method of excluding items from the backup operation. The checkbox  716  eliminates all system files from being archived in the backup operations. System files are files which the electronic device (e.g., personal computer, laptop, PDA, etc.) uses for system initialization, device drivers, and other lower level tasks. Generally, a user rarely if ever directly modifies a system file. In some implementations, exclusion of system files can be the default setting. In some implementations, when the checkbox  716  is selected, any previous backup versions of system files are removed from the backup archives to avoid any inconsistencies which could occur upon restoration. 
     Upon completion of setting the backup preferences, the user can select a “backup now” button  718  to initiate a backup operation using the new settings. In some implementations, selection of the backup now button  718  closes the backup settings interface  702 . In various implementations, the new preference settings take effect during the next scheduled backup operation. 
       FIG. 8  is a screenshot  800  depicting an example of the backup settings interface  702  in which a “restore installs” tab  802  is selected. Within the backup settings interface  702 , a user can view and select particular application installation files available for restoration. For example, an installs pane  804  can include a list of applications  806  (e.g., iTunes™ and iPhoto™ by Apple, Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. and a word processing application). The list of applications  806  within the pane  804  could contain any application for which backup component has captured installation files. For example, within a previous backup operation, the backup component  117  created archived copies of the installation files for the applications listed within the pane  804 . In some implementations, the backup component  117  can identify and store installation files as a background task during an installation process. 
     In some implementations, the backup component recognizes these files as installation files because the user specifically selected application installations for backup within a similar setup dialog to the backup settings interface  702 . In other implementations, the component recognizes types and/or groupings of files as installation files and generates the list of installations for the pane  804 . A scroll bar  808  allows the user to view additional items which do not fit within the pane  804 . 
     The user can select a restore button  810  to restore the installation of one or more applications  806  listed within the pane  804 . For example, if the iTunes™ installation within the user&#39;s device has been deleted or becomes corrupted, rather than locating the installation disk for the application, the user can select the iTunes™ application from the list of applications  806  and activate the restore button  810  to re-install the iTunes™ application. In some implementations, selection of the restore button  810  copies the installation files to a known location where they can be activated for installation purposes. The installation routine can be activated itself through activating the restore button  810  in various implementations. In some implementations, the user will be prompted for verification before an application is installed using the restore button  810 . 
       FIG. 9  is a flow diagram of an example method  900  illustrating a remote storage device detection scenario. For convenience, the method  900  will be described with respect to a system that performs the method  900 . The system detects ( 902 ) a remote storage device. In one example, the backup component  117  detects that a new storage device is available within the network connected to the electronic device running the backup component  117 . In some implementations, the backup component  117  can verify that there is free space available within the new storage device. In some implementations, the backup component  117  can also verify that the detected storage device is compatible with a type of file system structure that can be used for archival storage. 
     The system prompts ( 904 ) the user to use the newly detected remote storage device for backup operations. For example, a pop-up dialog within a desktop user interface, as described with reference to  FIG. 6B  above, can prompt the user regarding use of the new storage device. In some implementations, the user prompt included details regarding the storage device, such as the device type, name, location, and/or size of space available. 
     If the user does not wish to use the new storage device for backups, the system does not configure ( 906 ) the new storage device for backup operations. In some implementations, the backup component will not prompt the user again regarding this particular storage device. In other implementations, the backup component can prompt the user regarding this storage device again whenever it becomes accessible or after a specified amount of time has elapsed from the previous prompt. For example, a USB disk drive could be plugged into a wireless base station intermittently. In this circumstance, each time the USB disk drive comes active on the network the backup component could prompt the user regarding its usage. In various implementations, a checkbox or other tool can be available to the user to instruct the backup component to stop prompting regarding a particular storage device. 
     If the user opts to use the new storage device for backups, the system configures ( 910 ) backup operations to save data archives to the storage device. For example, the preference management engine  214  can store the location of the newly detected storage device, along with default settings, for use during the next backup operation. In some implementations, the default settings within the preference management engine  214  are used without prompting the user for further details. This enables one-click setup of the storage location. In various implementations, the user can be prompted for further details regarding the storage device. For example, the user can be prompted to specify the amount of disk space or percentage of available disk space which can be allocated to backup operations. In some implementations, disk space within the remote storage device is allocated by creating a disk image dedicated to the backup operations of a particular user or a particular electronic device. 
       FIG. 10  is a flow diagram of an example method  1000  for setting up and using a disk image on a storage device for storing archived data. For convenience, the method  1000  will be described with respect to a system that performs the method  1000 . The system receives ( 1002 ) input from a particular input source (e.g., a computer  302 ) to store backup data on a storage device. For example, a user at the input source can specify a storage location using a preferences dialog such as the backup settings dialog illustrated in  FIG. 7 . In another example, the backup component can recognize the addition of a new storage device to the system and prompt the user of the input source regarding using the new storage device for storing backup data (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 6B ). In some implementations, the storage device is attached to a server on a network (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 3 ). The storage device can also be attached, in various implementations, to a wireless base station (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 4 ). 
     The system creates ( 1004 ) one or more disk images on the storage device. In some implementations, the disk imaging engine (e.g., the disk imaging engine  224  of  FIG. 2 ) creates the one or more disk images on the storage device. For example, a disk image of a default size and drive identification, containing a file system architecture, can be created within a remote storage device for use as a backup data receptacle e.g., by a particular input source. More than one user, in some implementations, can use the same disk image to store backup data from the same input source. In some implementations, if another user has already gained access to a disk image on this storage device for backup purposes, a new disk image may not be created. The existing disk image associated with the input source can, in some implementations, be allocated for mirror purposes to the second user. In some implementations, each user of a particular input source is allocated a separate disk image within the storage device. For example, if one or more users of an input source encrypt or otherwise secure data archives, access to the disk image can be restricted to the particular user. 
     In some alternative implementations, the disk imaging engine is part of a server or other remote device associated with the storage device. In response to the backup component identifying an intention to use the storage device for backup operations, the disk imaging engine can perform the disk image creation as well as manage other disk images that have already been created or to be created in the future on the storage device. 
     The system stores ( 1006 ) backup data from a particular input source to a corresponding disk image. In some implementations, when the backup operation is either manually activated or scheduled to begin, the backup component  117  mounts the disk image within the storage device to prepare it for storing backup data associated with the backup operation. The backup capture engine  220 , for example, can copy data items and elemental modifications of data items to the mounted disk image. In various implementations, the backup archives are stored in a file system structure. In some implementations, the backup component can mount more than one disk image, for example, when storing backup data associated with individual users having separate disk images. 
       FIG. 11  is a flow diagram of an example method  1100  for excluding system files from a backup operation. For convenience, the method  1100  will be described with respect to a system that performs the method  1100 . The system displays ( 1102 ) backup operation preferences. For example, backup operation preferences can be presented within a graphical user interface dialog, such as the backup settings interface  702  shown in  FIG. 7 . The backup operation preferences can include, for example, how frequently to perform backup operations, the option of where to store the archived data, how long to retain the archived data, and which data to include, and/or which data to exclude from backup operations. In some implementations, the preference management engine  214  generates the backup preferences display and/or stores the backup operation preferences. Backup operation preferences, in some examples, can be set on a per user basis or a per device basis. 
     The system receives input ( 1104 ) within the displayed preferences to exclude system files from the backup operation. For example, the displayed preferences can include a checkbox (e.g., checkbox  716 ) within the backup settings interface  702 . The checkbox can selectably allow the user to exclude system files from backup operations. In response to a selection to exclude system files, the backup operation does not create archived copies of system files (e.g., boot information for the input source, device drivers, etc.) during subsequent backup operations. In some implementations, selection of this option also involves the removal of any system file archives which have already been saved (e.g., in prior backup operations). 
     The system performs ( 1106 ) backup operations on the data, excluding the system files. In some implementations, the user can chose to immediately begin a backup operation from within the backup settings interface. For example, the user can activate the “backup now” button  718  within the backup settings interface  702 . Alternatively, the backup operations can begin during a default or user-specified time schedule. In addition to excluding the system files, in some implementations, the user has the option to exclude other data from backup operations. For example, the “do not backup” pane  706  within the backup settings interface  702  provides the user with the opportunity to list data (e.g., files, folders, applications, etc) which are to be excluded from backup operations. 
       FIG. 12  is a flow diagram of an example method  1200  for setting and using a data retention time in a backup application. For convenience, the method  1200  will be described with respect to a system that performs the method  1200 . The system displays ( 1202 ) backup operation preferences. For example, backup operation preferences can be presented within a graphical user interface, such as the backup settings interface  702 . 
     The backup operation preferences can include, for example, how frequently to perform backup operations, the option of where to store the archived data, how long to retain the archived data, and which data to include and/or which data to exclude from backup operations. In some implementations, the preference management engine  214  generates the backup preferences display and/or stores the backup operation preferences. Backup operation preferences, in some examples, can be set on a per user basis or a per device basis. 
     The system receives ( 1204 ) input within the displayed preferences to define a retention period for the backup archives. For example, menu selections such as the drop-down menu  705   c  within the backup settings interface  702  can allow the user to select a retention period for backup data. Options for retention period can include, for example, one day, one week, two weeks, one month, one year, etc. In addition to the options presented, in some implementations, any length of time can be manually provided by the user. 
     In some implementations, different retention periods can be set for different types of data. For example, frequently changing data such as a financial activity spreadsheet can be retained for a shorter period of time than other data elements. In some implementations, rather than a retention period, a maximum number of archive versions can be set. For example, the user could select that only four unique versions be retained for any given data element. 
     The system deletes ( 1206 ) data from the archives when the defined retention period has expired. In some implementations, the backup management engine  216  coordinates the removal of expired data according to expired snapshots. In some implementations, the storage location of the snapshot data is overwritten to remove any trace of the expired information. For example, as a security measure, a memory location can be overwritten with other data to hide what was once written there. In other implementations, the memory location is released. In some implementations, the user can be prompted for confirmation before any data elements are permanently deleted regardless of what retention period has been set. 
     In some implementations, data is only made available for deletion after the selected time has expired. For example, snapshots that have expired can be retained until some deletion event occurs. For example, deletion can be according to a specified schedule. Alternatively, deletion can be associated with the amount of space available on a particular storage device such that deletion occurs when a threshold minimum available storage space has been passed. 
     In some alternative implementations, rather than deleting a snapshot, the snapshot is combined with a more recent snapshot. For example, the backup management engine  216  can associate the expired snapshot with a more recent, and unchanged, snapshot rather than losing the archived version of the data element. In some implementations, association of a data element with a particular snapshot occurs within the element&#39;s metadata. 
       FIG. 13  is a flow diagram of an example method  1300  illustrating a restoration of application installations using a backup application. For convenience, the method  1300  will be described with respect to a system that performs the method  1300 . The system displays ( 1302 ) the application installation archives stored by the backup operations. For example, a graphical user interface dialog such as the backup settings interface  702  shown in  FIG. 8  can list the installation archives. 
     In some implementations, the backup operations archive the application installation files by user request (e.g., within the preference settings). In one implementation, the backup component  117  can identify and store installation files as a background task during an installation process. In other implementations, the backup operations recognize particular data elements as belonging to an application&#39;s installation files. The backup management engine  216 , for example, can track versions of application installation files. Archived application installation files can allow the user to reinstall damaged or missing software applications without requiring the installation disk, for example. 
     The system receives ( 1304 ) an input selecting one or more of the displayed application installations to restore. For example, a user could select iTunes™ and iPhoto™ from the list of applications  806  within the installation pane  804  of  FIG. 8 . While the iTunes™ and iPhoto™ installations are selected, the user can activate the restore button  810 . In some implementations, installations are portrayed by their graphical user interface icon rather than or in addition to the application name. In some implementations, more than one version of the installation files for a particular application can be archived. For example, version 2.0 and version 2.5 of the same word processing application can be listed within the pane  804  so that a user can select a particular version of the application install to restore. 
     The system restores ( 1306 ) the selected installation(s). For example, the backup restoration engine  222  can retrieve the installation files for the selected application(s). In some implementations, the installation files are provided to the user so that the user can run the installation operation. For example, the backup restoration engine  222  can copy the installation files to a default or user-specified location or otherwise present the restored files to the user. The installation operation automatically activates, in various implementations, upon selection for restoration. The backup restoration engine  222 , for example, begins the execution of the installation for the user. In some implementations, the user is prompted whether or not to automatically activate the installation operation. For example, a dialog can be presented to the user, asking the user whether or not the installations should be activated immediately. 
     In some circumstances, the application may already be installed. For example, the iPhoto™ application may be installed but damaged. In some implementations, the backup application checks for a backup installation before attempting to re-install the application. The system can prompt the user, in various implementations, to remove the current application installation if it exists before restoration. For example, the backup restoration engine  222  could first verify that the iPhoto™ application is not already installed within the system. If a current installation is detected, the user could be prompted to remove the active iPhoto™ installation. In some implementations, the backup component can automatically remove the present installation before installing the restored application files. 
     In the above description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that implementations can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the disclosure. 
     In particular, one skilled in the art will recognize that other architectures and graphics environments can be used, and that the examples can be implemented using graphics techniques and products other than those described above. In particular, the client/server approach is merely one example of an architecture for providing the functionality described herein; one skilled in the art will recognize that other, non-client/server approaches can also be used. Some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. 
     It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     An apparatus for performing the operations herein can be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it can comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program can be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. 
     The algorithms and modules presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems can be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it could prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatuses to perform the method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description. In addition, the present examples are not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages can be used to implement the teachings as described herein. Furthermore, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art, the modules, features, attributes, methodologies, and other aspects can be implemented as software, hardware, firmware or any combination of the three. Of course, wherever a component is implemented as software, the component can be implemented as a standalone program, as part of a larger program, as a plurality of separate programs, as a statically or dynamically linked library, as a kernel loadable module, as a device driver, and/or in every and any other way known now or in the future to those of skill in the art of computer programming. Additionally, the present description is in no way limited to implementation in any specific operating system or environment. 
     The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The instructions can be organized into modules (or engines) in different numbers and combinations from the exemplary modules described. The computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus. 
     While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular implementations of the subject matter. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. 
     Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. 
     The subject matter of this specification has been described in terms of particular embodiments, but other embodiments can be implemented and are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. As one example, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Other variations are within the scope of the following claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20070608
Publication Date: 20140513
Grant Date: 20140513
Priority Date: 20070608
Inventors: HART DAVID
WOLF CHRISTOPHER
CISLER PAVEL
ULRICH ROBERT
TIENE KEVIN
METAS MIKE
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F11/1458", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F11/1461", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2201/84", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L67/1097", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L67/1097", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2201/84", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F11/1461", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F11/1458", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 40096934