PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10496212-B2
Application Number: US-201916379642-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Force sensing of inputs through strain analysis

Abstract:
Although embodiments have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the various embodiments as defined by the appended claims. The foregoing description has broad application. Accordingly, the discussion of any embodiment is meant only to be an example and is not intended to suggest that the scope of the disclosure, including the claims, is limited to these examples.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A smart phone, comprising:
 a frame at least partially enclosing an interior of the smart phone; 
 a display mounted within the interior of the smart phone and at least partially surrounded by the frame; 
 an input surface movably connected to the frame; 
 a force-sensing device comprising a set of strain sensors, the set of strain sensors coupled to the input surface and configured to output a set of strain signals; and 
 a processor configured to determine an amount of force applied to the input surface using the set of strain signals. 
 
     
     
       2. The smart phone of  claim 1 , wherein the force-sensing device comprises a bending beam on which one or more strain sensors in the set of strain sensors is mounted. 
     
     
       3. The smart phone of  claim 2 , wherein the bending beam is attached to the frame by at least one clip. 
     
     
       4. The smart phone of  claim 1 , wherein the force-sensing device is coupled to the input surface by a compressible member. 
     
     
       5. The smart phone of  claim 1 , wherein the input surface comprises a cover over the display. 
     
     
       6. The smart phone of  claim 1 , wherein the input surface comprises a track pad surface. 
     
     
       7. The smart phone of  claim 1 , wherein the set of strain sensors comprises a row of multiple strain sensors. 
     
     
       8. A smart phone, comprising:
 a frame at least partially enclosing an interior of the smart phone and having an open end; 
 a cover glass covering the open end of the frame; 
 a plurality of strain probes configured to output a plurality of strain signals in response to a force input applied to the smart phone; and 
 a processor configured to determine an amount of force applied to the smart phone by the force input, the amount of force determined using the plurality of strain signals. 
 
     
     
       9. The smart phone of  claim 8 , further comprising:
 an input surface; wherein: 
 the input surface is movably coupled to the frame; and 
 the plurality of strain probes is configured to output the plurality of strain signals in response to a force input applied to the input surface. 
 
     
     
       10. The smart phone of  claim 9 , wherein the plurality of strain probes is coupled to the input surface by a compressible member. 
     
     
       11. The smart phone of  claim 8 , further comprising:
 a bending beam; wherein: 
 the bending beam is configured to bend in response to the force input; and 
 the plurality of strain probes is coupled to the bending beam and generates at least one strain signal in response to bending of the bending beam. 
 
     
     
       12. The smart phone of  claim 11 , wherein the bending beam is attached to the frame by at least one clip. 
     
     
       13. The smart phone of  claim 8 , wherein the plurality of strain probes comprises a row of multiple strain sensors. 
     
     
       14. A smart phone, comprising:
 an input surface; 
 a first member coupled to the input surface and having a pedestal extending inward from the first member toward an interior of the smart phone; 
 a beam having a surface contacted by the pedestal; 
 a second member that supports the beam and defines a space on a side of the beam opposite the pedestal; and 
 a strain sensor disposed on the beam; wherein: 
 an input force applied to the input surface pushes the pedestal toward the space and causes the beam to bend; and 
 the strain sensor is configured to generate a strain signal in response to bending of the beam. 
 
     
     
       15. The smart phone of  claim 14 , further comprising:
 a frame at least partially enclosing the interior of the smart phone; wherein: 
 the second member is attached to the frame. 
 
     
     
       16. The smart phone of  claim 14 , wherein:
 the pedestal is a first pedestal; 
 the surface of the beam contacted by the first pedestal is a first surface of the beam; 
 the second member comprises a second pedestal and a third pedestal in contact with a second surface of the beam, opposite the first surface of the beam; and 
 the second pedestal and the third pedestal define opposite sides of the space. 
 
     
     
       17. The smart phone of  claim 16 , wherein the first pedestal, the second pedestal, and the third pedestal have equal width contact points along the beam. 
     
     
       18. The smart phone of  claim 16 , wherein the second pedestal and the third pedestal have greater width contact points along the beam than the first pedestal. 
     
     
       19. The smart phone of  claim 14 , wherein:
 the strain sensor is a first strain sensor; 
 the smart phone further comprises a second strain sensor; and 
 the first strain sensor and second strain sensor are positioned on opposite sides of the pedestal. 
 
     
     
       20. The smart phone of  claim 14 , wherein the pedestal is a first pedestal and the space is a first space, the smart phone further comprising:
 a set of multiple pedestals arranged in a row and including the first pedestal; wherein: 
 each pedestal in the set of multiple pedestals extends inward from the first member, toward the interior of the smart phone, and contacts the surface of the beam; 
 the second member defines a set of multiple spaces on the side of the beam opposite the first pedestal; and 
 an input force applied to the input surface pushes one or more pedestals in the set of multiple pedestals toward one or more corresponding spaces in the set of multiple spaces.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/933,113, filed Mar. 22, 2018, entitled “Force Sensing of Inputs Through Strain Analysis,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/776,592, filed Sep. 14, 2015, entitled “Force Sensing of Inputs Through Strain Analysis,” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,952,703, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 application of PCT/US2013/032399, filed Mar. 15, 2013, entitled “Force Sensing of Inputs Through Strain Analysis,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully disclosed herein. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application generally relates to the use of force as an input to a computing device, and more particularly to sensing force in a computing device and correlating the force to an input command to execute a property or command of the device. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Touch devices generally provide for identification of positions where the user touches the device, including movement, gestures, and other effects of position detection. For a first example, touch devices can provide information to a computing system regarding user interaction with a graphical user interface (GUI), such as pointing to elements, reorienting or repositioning those elements, editing or typing, and other GUI features. For a second example, touch devices can provide information to a computing system suitable for a user to interact with an application program, such as relating to input or manipulation of animation, photographs, pictures, slide presentations, sound, text, other audiovisual elements, and otherwise. 
     It sometimes occurs that, when interfacing with a GUI, or with an application program, it would be advantageous for the user to be able to indicate an amount of force applied when manipulating, moving, pointing to, touching, or otherwise interacting with, a touch device. For example, it might be advantageous for the user to be able to manipulate a screen element or other object in a first way with a relatively lighter touch, or in a second way with a relatively more forceful or sharper touch. In one such case, it might be advantageous if the user could move a screen element or other object with a relatively lighter touch, while the user could alternatively invoke or select that same screen element or other object with a relatively more forceful or sharper touch. 
     Each of these examples, as well as other possible considerations, can cause one or more difficulties for the touch device, at least in that inability to determine an amount of force applied by the user when contacting the touch device might cause a GUI or an application program to be unable to provide functions that would be advantageous. When such functions are called for, inability to provide those functions may subject the touch device to lesser capabilities, to the possible detriment of the effectiveness and value of the touch device. On the other hand, having the ability to provide those functions might provide the touch device with greater capabilities, to the possible advantage of the effectiveness and value of the touch device. 
     SUMMARY 
     Examples of embodiments described herein may take the form of an electronic device, comprising a frame at least partially enclosing an interior of the electronic device, the frame having an open end; a cover glass covering the open end of the frame, the cover glass movably connected to the frame to allow movement of the cover glass in response to one or more forces applied to an external surface of the cover glass; a plurality of strain probes arranged to output a plurality of strain signals responsive to the force applied to the cover glass; and a force processing module configured to at least calculate an amount of force applied to the cover glass based on the plurality of stain signals. 
     Some embodiments further comprise an array of sensing elements arranged to output a plurality of sense signals that indicate a location on the cover glass of one or more touches; wherein the force processing module is further configured to calculate a force applied to the cover glass at each touch location based on the strain signals and the sense signals. 
     In some embodiments, the force processing module calculates the force applied at two or more touch locations by first calculating a centroid of a total force applied and then calculating the force applied at each touch location based on the centroid of the total force and the location of each touch as indicated by the sense signals. 
     Some embodiments further comprise a cover glass support member fixedly connected to the frame and in supportive contact with the cover, the plurality of strain probes being associated with the support member. 
     In some embodiments, the cover glass support member comprises an upper support comprising an upper surface in supportive contact with the cover glass; a lower support fixedly connected to the frame; and a bending beam disposed between the upper and lower support, the plurality of strain probes disposed on the bending beam; wherein the movement of the cover glass causes the upper support to move towards the lower support thereby deforming the bending beam, the deformation of the bending beam causing a corresponding change in the output from the strain probes. 
     In some embodiments, the upper support includes a plurality of pedestals disposed on a lower surface of the upper support, the plurality of pedestals concentrating the force imparted from the cover glass onto discrete areas along the bending beam. 
     In some embodiments, the cover glass support member further comprises a plurality of flexures, each flexure comprising an upper strain probe disposed on the upper surface of the bending beam; and a lower strain probe disposed on the lower surface the bending beam. 
     In some embodiments, each pedestal has a first flexure adjacent to a first side of the pedestal and a second flexure adjacent to a second side of the pedestal. 
     In some embodiments, each pedestal is associated with a wheatstone bridge that interconnects the upper and lower strain probes of the first flexure and the upper and lower strain probes of the second flexure. 
     In some embodiments, the lower support includes a stop surface that prevents further movement of the cover glass when the lower surface of the bending beam contacts the stop surface. 
     In some embodiments, the cover glass support member comprises at least one bending beam that is in supportive contact with the cover glass; a plurality of clips, wherein each clip attaches a bending beam end to an interior of the frame, each clip having one of the plurality of strain probes disposed thereon; wherein the movement of the cover glass causes each of the clips to rotate, thereby causing a corresponding change in the output from the strain probes. 
     In some embodiments, the cover glass further comprises an opaque region located along a perimeter of the cover glass; wherein the plurality of strain probes are located on an interior surface of the cover glass within the opaque region. 
     Some embodiments further comprise a compressible layer connected on a first side to the interior surface of the cover glass within the opaque region and connected on a second side fixed datum within the interior of the electronic device. 
     Some embodiments further comprise an elastomeric border connected to the frame and disposed between the cover glass and the frame; and a compressible layer connected on a first side to the interior surface of the cover glass within the opaque region and connected on a second side to the elastomeric border. 
     Examples of embodiments described herein may take the form of a support member for a cover glass component of an electronic device, comprising an upper support comprising an upper surface adapted to be in supportive contact with the cover glass; a lower support adapted to be fixedly connected to a frame of the electronic device; and a bending beam disposed between the upper and lower support; and a plurality of strain probes disposed on the bending beam; wherein a movement of the cover glass causes the upper support to move towards the lower support thereby deforming the bending beam, the deformation of the bending beam causing a corresponding change in the output from the strain probes. 
     In some embodiments, the upper support includes a plurality of pedestals disposed on a lower surface of the upper support, the plurality of pedestals concentrating a force imparted from the cover glass onto discrete areas along the bending beam. 
     Some embodiments further comprise a plurality of flexures, each flexure comprising an upper strain probe disposed on the upper surface of the bending beam; and a lower strain probe disposed on the lower surface the bending beam. 
     In some embodiments, each pedestal has a first flexure adjacent to a first side of the pedestal and a second flexure adjacent to a second side of the pedestal. 
     In some embodiments, each pedestal is associated with a wheatstone bridge that interconnects the upper and lower strain probes of the first flexure and the upper and lower strain probes of the second flexure. 
     In some embodiments, the lower support includes a stop surface that prevents further movement of the cover glass when the lower surface of the bending beam contacts the stop surface. 
     Examples of embodiments described herein may take the form of a support member for a cover glass component of an electronic device, comprising at least one bending beam adapted to be in supportive contact with the cover glass; a plurality of clips, wherein each clip is adapted to attach a bending beam end to an interior of the frame, each clip having one of the plurality of strain probes disposed thereon; wherein a movement of the cover glass causes each of the clips to rotate, thereby causing a corresponding change in the output from the strain probes. 
     Examples of embodiments described herein may take the form of a cover glass component of an electronic device, comprising an opaque region located along a perimeter of the cover glass; a plurality of strain probes located on an interior surface of the cover glass within the opaque region. 
     Some embodiments further comprise a compressible layer connected on a first side to the interior surface of the cover glass within the opaque region and connected on a second side fixed datum within the interior of the electronic device. 
     Some embodiments further comprise an elastomeric border connected to the frame and disposed between the cover glass and the frame; and a compressible layer connected on a first side to the interior surface of the cover glass within the opaque region and connected on a second side to the elastomeric border. 
     While multiple embodiments are disclosed, including variations thereof, still other embodiments of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. As will be realized, the disclosure is capable of modifications in various aspects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter that is regarded as forming the present disclosure, it is believed that the disclosure will be better understood from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying Figures, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective illustration of an electronic device embodiment that includes a force sensor; 
         FIG. 2A  is a top plan view of another electronic device embodiment that includes a force sensor; 
         FIG. 2B  is a top plan view of still another electronic device embodiment that includes a force sensor; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of a cover glass in accordance with embodiments discussed herein; 
         FIG. 4  is a cut-away illustration of the cover glass embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is perspective illustration of an embodiment of the beam and cover glass construct shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 6  is perspective illustration of an alternative embodiment of the beam and cover glass construct shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 7  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a flexure shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 8  is schematic illustration of a beam having a number of strain probes incorporated into the bending beam portion of the beam; 
         FIG. 9  is circuit diagram showing the interconnections among the strain probes shown in  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 10  is a perspective illustration of frame for the cover glass shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 11A  is a schematic illustration of cover glass embodiment having a moveable attachment to a device datum or other fixed position within a touch I/O device; 
         FIG. 11B  is a schematic illustration of cover glass embodiment having a moveable attachment to an elastomeric member that provides a seat or other border between the frame and the cover glass of a touch I/O device; 
         FIGS. 12A-12D  illustrate an alternative embodiment of a cover glass and cover glass support in accordance with embodiments discussed herein; 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic illustration of a user applying a single force to a cover glass by pressing downward with one finger; and 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic illustration of a user applying multiple forces to a cover glass by pressing downward with more than one finger; 
         FIG. 15  is a flow chart that illustrates a method embodiment directed to determining an amount of force applied to an electronic device through a input surface; 
         FIG. 16  is a flow chart that illustrates a method embodiment directed performing the processing operation of  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 17  is a top plan view of the electronic device of  FIG. 2A  that shows a number of forceful touches to the input surface; 
         FIG. 18  is chart showing force amounts measured at the individual flexures shown in  FIG. 10  for a number of the forceful touches of  FIG. 17 ; 
         FIG. 19  is a flow chart showing a method embodiment directed to determining a location of single force applied to an input surface; 
         FIG. 20  is a flow chart showing a method embodiment directed to determining the locations of multiple forces applied to an input surface; 
         FIG. 21  shows a conceptual drawing of communication between a touch I/O device and a computing system; and 
         FIG. 22  shows a conceptual drawing of a system including a touch sensing and force sensing I/O device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure is related to a force sensing device that may be incorporated into a variety of electronic or computing devices, such as, but not limited to, computers, smart phones, tablet computers, track pads, and so on. The force sensing device may be used to detect one or more user force inputs on an input surface and then a processor (or processing element) may correlate the sensed inputs into a force measurement and provide those inputs to the computing device. In some embodiments, the force sensing device may be used to determine force inputs to a track pad, a display screen, or other input surface. 
     The force sensing device may include an input surface that provides an engagement surface for a user, such as the external surface of a track pad or the cover glass for a display. In other words, the input surface may receive one or more user inputs directly or indirectly. The force sensing device includes a force sensor that may be implemented as a strain gauge or other circuit element that is response to forces applied to the input surface. The force sensor is operatively coupled to the input surface such that the force sensor responds when a user presses against the input surface with a finger, thumb, stylus, or other object. The input surface is moveably connected a body or frame of the electronic device such that the input surface displaces a certain amount when pressed. Movement of the input surface stresses the force sensor or structures associated with the force sensor such that the force sensor outputs a strain signal that is responsive to the applied stress. 
     The force sensor sensing device may include a plurality of force sensors that are located at various points along the perimeter of the input surface. In one embodiment, the force sensing device includes a number of bending beams that extend along the perimeter of input surface. Force sensors located on the bending beam respond as the bending beam bends in response to forces applied to the input surface. In another embodiment, the force sensing device is movably connected to the input surface through an elastomeric or otherwise compressible member located between the input surface and a device datum or other fixed point within the device Force sensors connected to an interior of the input surface proximate to the edges of the input surface respond as the input surface moves. In still another embodiment, the force sensing device includes a number of bending beams that attach to the body or frame of the electronic device through a number of rotatable clips. Force sensors located on the rotatable clips respond as the bending beam moves the clips in response to forces applied to the input surface. 
     In some embodiments, the force sensing device may be incorporated into or used in conjunction with a touch sensitive device. In these embodiments, touch inputs detected by the touch device may be used to further refine the force input location, confirm the force input location, and/or correlate the force input to an input location. In the last example, the force sensitive device may not use the capacitive sensing of the force sensing device to estimate a location, which may reduce the processing required for the force sensing device. Additionally, in some embodiments, a touch sensitive device may be used to determine force inputs for a number of different touches. For example, the touch positions and force inputs may be used to estimate the input force at each touch location. 
     The strain signals output from the sensors are received by the processor, which processes the strain signal to determine an amount of force applied to the input surface. Here, the processor may calculate the forces applied locally at a particular force sensor or group of force sensors, and then sum the locally applied forces to determine a total amount of applied force. The processor may also estimate or otherwise determine a centroid for the applied force on the input surface based on the proportion of the total force applied at each force sensor or group of force sensors. In the event that the user applied the force using one finger or other object, the force centroid may be taken to be the location on the input surface where the force was applied. If the electronic device is a touch sensitive device or otherwise includes a mechanism for separately determining the location of touch inputs, this mechanism may be used in combination with the force sensing device to determine the force applied at each touch location when the user applies the force using more than one finger or other object. Here, force applied at a particular touch location is determined based on the proximity of the touch location to the force centroid. 
     Electronic Device Embodiments 
     Turning now to the figures, illustrative electronic devices that may incorporate the force sensing device will be discussed in more detail.  FIGS. 1, 2A, and 2B  illustrate various computing or electronic devices that may incorporate the force sensing device. With reference to  FIG. 1 , the force sensing device may be incorporated into a computer  1000 , such as a laptop or desktop computer. The computer  1000  may include a track pad  1200  or other input surface, a display  1400 , and an enclosure  1600  or frame. The enclosure  1600  may extend around a portion of the track pad  1200  and/or display  1400 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the force sensing device may be incorporated into the track pad  1200 , the display  1400 , or both the track pad  1200  and the display  1400 . In these embodiments, the force sensing device may be configured to detect force inputs to the track pad  1200  and/or the display  1400 . 
     In some embodiments, the force sensing device may be incorporated into a tablet computer.  FIG. 2A  is a top perspective view of a tablet computer including the force sensing device. With reference to  FIG. 2A , the table computer  1000  may include the display  1400  where the force sensing device is configured to detect force inputs to the display  1400 . In addition to the force sensing device, the display  1400  may also include one or more touch sensors, such as a multi-touch capacitive grid, or the like. In these embodiments, the display  1400  may detect both force inputs, as well as position or touch inputs. 
     In yet other embodiments, the force sensing device may be incorporated into a mobile computing device, such as a smart phone.  FIG. 2B  is a perspective view of a smart phone including the force sensing device. With reference to  FIG. 2B , the smart phone  1000  may include a display  1400  and a frame or enclosure  1600  substantially surrounding a perimeter of the display  1400 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2B , the force sensing device may be incorporated into the display  1400 . Similarly to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2A , in instances where the force sensing device may be incorporated into the display  1400 , the display  1400  may also include one or more position or touch sensing devices in addition to the force sensing device. 
     Force Sensor Embodiments 
     Turning now to example force sensors, reference is made to  FIG. 3  which is a schematic illustration of a cover glass  3000  for the electronic device shown in  FIG. 2A . The following force sensor discussion references the electronic device shown in  FIG. 2A  by way of example and not limitation. The various force sensors discussed herein may be incorporated in other electronic devices depending upon the application. The cover glass  3000  has an interior facing surface  3004  and an exterior facing surface  3008 . The cover glass  3000  shown in  FIG. 3  is oriented such that the interior facing surface  3004  is shown in the figure. When incorporated in an electronic device  1000 , the cover glass  3000  is connected to a frame or other enclosure such that the frame and cover glass  3000  enclose an interior space of the electronic device  1000 . A user may enter inputs into the electronic device through forceful touches on the exterior surface  3008  of the cover glass  3000 . Circuits adapted to be responsive to the forceful touch input are disposed proximate to the underside or interior facing surface  3004  of the cover glass  3000 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the cover glass  3000  may include a number of beams  3012  disposed along a perimeter  3016  of the cover glass  3000 . The beams  3012  are attached to the interior facing surface  3004  of the cover glass  3000 . In accordance with embodiments discussed herein, the beams  3012  function to both support the weight of the cover glass  3000  and to provide a mounting or other location for a number of strain probes that are configured to measure a force applied to the exterior surface  3008  of the cover glass  3000 . 
     The construction of a beam  3012  in accordance with embodiments discussed herein may be seen in more detail in  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 4  is a cut-away illustration of the cover glass  3000  embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 . In  FIG. 4 , the exterior facing surface  3008  of the cover glass  3000  is facing upward, and the interior facing surface  3004  of a cover glass  3000  is facing downward. As can be seen in  FIG. 4 , the beam  3012  includes an upper support  4004  that is attached to the interior facing surface  3004  of the cover glass  3000 . The beam  3012  additionally includes a lower support  4016  that is attached to the frame of the electronic device  1000 . The beam  3012  additionally includes a bending beam  4008  disposed between the upper support  4004  and the lower support  4016 . The beam  3012  includes a number of interior spaces which allow the upper support  4004  to move towards the interior of the electronic device  1000  when a force is applied to the exterior surface  3008  of the cover glass  3000 . Said another way, when a user applies a force by, for example, pressing with a finger on the exterior surface  3008  of the cover glass  3000 , the beam  3012  compresses such that the upper support  4004  moves towards the lower support  4016 . Because the lower support  4016  is rigidly or fixedly attached to the frame of the electronic device  1000 , the cover glass  3000  moves with respect to the frame when the force is applied. 
       FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  are cross sectional illustrations of the beam and cover glass construct shown in  FIG. 4 . The location of the cross section of  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  is indicated in  FIG. 3  as cross section  5 . Turning first to  FIG. 5 , the cross sectional view of this figure shows the cover glass  3000  attached to the beam  3012  at the interior surface  3004  of the cover glass  3000 . As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , a layer of adhesive  5004  may be used to attach the cover glass  3000  to the beam  3012 . As can be further seen in  FIG. 5 , the beam  3012  includes an upper support  4004 , a bending beam  4008 , and a lower support  4016 . As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , the upper support  4004  may include a number of pedestals  5008 , or such pedestals may be separately formed and adjacent or attached to the upper support. Each pedestal  5008  is typically disposed on the interior facing surface  5012  of the upper support  4004 . The pedestal  5008  extends downwardly from the interior facing surface  5012  to contact an upward facing surface of the bending beam  4008 . The pedestal  5008  functions to concentrate the force or forces applied to the exterior surface  3008  of the cover glass  3000  onto specific areas of the bending beam  4008 . The pedestal  5008  additionally forms interior spaces  5016  between the upper support  4004  and the bending beam  4008 . As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , the interior spaces  5016  are located between the lower surface  5012  of the upper support  4004  and the upper surface  5020  of the bending beam  4008 . 
     Due to the presence of the pedestals  5008 , the bending beam  4008  will flex downward in response to an applied force at the locations of the pedestals  5008 . In this regard, the lower support  4016  may include a number of interior spaces  5024  which allow the bending beam  4008  to flex in response to an applied force. As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , the lower support  4016  contains a number of interior spaces  5024  disposed between a lower or interior surface  5028  of the bending beam  4008  and an upper surface  5032  of the lower support  4016 . Because the lower support  4016  is rigidly connected to the frame, the surface  5032  provides a stopping surface for the bending beam  4008 . It should be appreciated that the orientation of the stopping surface  5032  shown in  FIG. 5  is by a way of example and not limitation. In accordance with alternative embodiments the stopping surface  5032  may be a raised or otherwise removed from the exterior or upwardly facing surface to provide an upwardly facing pedestal which engages the bending beam  4008  when a force is applied to the cover glass  3000 . 
     The width of the pedestals  5008  shown in  FIG. 5  is by way of example and not limitation. The pedestals  5008  shown in  FIG. 5  are relatively wide. In accordance with alternative embodiments, the upper support  4004  may include relatively narrow pedestals  6008 , such as in the alternative construction illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The narrow pedestal  6008  shown in  FIG. 6  may function similarly to the wide pedestal shown in  FIG. 5 . Specifically, the pedestal  6008  may function to concentrate force applied to the exterior surface of the cover glass  3000  to specific points along the bending beam  4008 . 
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the bending beam  3012  includes a number of flexures  5036 . Each flexure is adjacent to at least one pedestal  5008  and may be disposed between two pedestals  5008 . Each pedestal  5008  is thus typically disposed between two flexures  5036 , one on each side of the pedestal  5008 . The flexure  5036  includes at least one strain probe  5040 , which is adapted to measure a strain as the bending beam  4008  flexes with an applied force. As can be seen in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the flexure  5036  includes portions of the interior spaces  5016  and  5024 . In this regard, the flexure  5036  is provided with room through which the flexure  5036  may move to register an amount of bending in the bending beam  4008  that occurs in response to an applied force. 
       FIG. 7  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of an individual flexure  5036 , which may be suitable for use in the structure shown in  FIG. 5  or  FIG. 6 . As can be seen in  FIG. 7 , the flexure portion is adjacent to the pedestal  5008 . The flexure portion includes interior spaces  5016  and  5024  which allow for bending of the bending beam  4008  at the flexure  5036 . In accordance with the embodiments discussed herein, the flexure  5036  provides a mounting area for one or more strain probes. As can be seen in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the strain probes may be disposed on the upward facing surface of the bending beam  4008 . However, this configuration is by way of example and not limitation. In accordance with other embodiments the strain probes are incorporated into the interior of the bending beam  4008 . Such an embodiment is illustrated schematically in  FIG. 8 . 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic illustration of an individual flexure  5036 , which may be suitable for use in the structure shown in  FIG. 5  or  FIG. 6 . As can be seen in  FIG. 8 , the bending beam  4008  may include four strain probes  8004   a - d . In this arrangement two strain probes  8004   a, b  are located approximate to the upper surface of the bending beam  4008 . Similarly, the bending beam  4008  includes two strain probes  8004   c, d  disposed proximate to the lower surface of the bending beam  4008 . In accordance with embodiments discussed herein, the strain probes  8004   a - d  may be arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration shown in  FIG. 9 . It should be appreciated that the arrangement of strain gauges and circuit shown in the figures is by way of example and not limitation. Certain embodiment within the scope of this disclosure may have greater or fewer strain gauges and differing circuits for receiving strain gauge output, depending on the application. 
     As discussed above, the beam  3012  may be attached to a frame which encloses an interior of the electronic device  1000 . Such a frame is illustrated in  FIG. 10  and generally is identified with reference numeral  10004 .  FIG. 10  additionally includes the location for a number of pedestals  5008  and flexures  5036   a   1 -h 2  in accordance with an embodiment discussed herein. As shown in  FIG. 10 , this arrangement organizes the exterior surface of the electronic device  1000  into eight regions, each region containing one pedestal and two flexures. The left side of the electronic device  1000  includes four regions L 1 -L 4 . Regions L 1  and L 4  are smaller and located proximate to the corners of the electronic device  1000 . Similarly the right side of the electronic device  1000  includes four sections R 1 -R 4 , with sections R 1  and R 4  being smaller and located near the corners of the device. 
     The orientation of pedestals  5008 , flexures  5036   a   1 -h 2  and the associated sections shown in  FIG. 10  is by way of example and not limitation. In other embodiments, the strain gauges and/or pedestals  5008  may be located at the corners of the device. In still other embodiments, the strain gauges and/or pedestals  5008  are located beneath the display stack instead of or in addition to being located around the perimeter of the device. The arrangement of strain gauges and/or pedestals  5008  need not be symmetrical or have the same number of gauges on opposing sides. In addition, the corners of the cover glass  3000  or the beam  3012  supporting the cover glass  3000  may be attached to the frame  10004  at the corners of the device. This attachment may be through bolting the beam to frame  10004 , making the beam  3012  part of the frame  10004  or attaching the beam  100004  or the cover glass  3000  itself to the frame  100004  with VHB or similar adhesive. The cover glass  3000  near and directly above these attachment points may be relatively insensitive to applied force; however, the use of bending flexures  5036  as described in  FIG. 10  will allow force to be detected and measured at all other parts of the cover glass  3000 . 
       FIGS. 11A and 11B  illustrate another force sensor in accordance with embodiments discussed herein.  FIG. 11A  shows the cover glass  3000  having a moveable attachment to a device datum or other fixed position  1308 . The cover glass  3000  is attached to a compressible or elastomeric member  13004  between the cover glass  3000  and the datum  13008 . The cover glass  3000  additionally includes a black mask area  13012 . Generally, the black mask area  13012  covers circuitry or other components contained within the interior of the electronic device and located near a border region of the cover glass  3000 . The black mask area  13012  provides a border for a transparent area  13024 , which is adapted to receive touch input and to display a graphical user interface or other visible icons on the surface of the cover glass  3000 . As can be seen in  FIG. 11A , the embodiment additionally includes a strain gauge  13016  disposed on the underside of the cover glass  3000  in the black mask area  13016 . 
     The embodiment shown in  FIG. 11A  has a cover glass  3000  with an edge that substantially corresponds to the edge of the electronic device  1000 . In accordance with alternative embodiments, the electronic device  1000  may include a rubber or other elastomeric member  13020  which provides a seat or other border between the frame and the cover glass  3000 . This configuration is illustrated in  FIG. 11B  and the elastomeric border is generally identified with reference numeral  13020 . As can be seen in  FIG. 11B , the embodiment additionally includes a compressible or other elastomeric member  13004  between the cover glass  3000  and the border member  13020 . As can be seen in  FIG. 11B , the embodiment additionally includes a strain probe or strain gauge  13016  disposed on the underside of the cover glass  3000  in the black mask area  13012 . As the user applies a force to the exterior surface of the cover glass  3000 , the strain gauge  13016  located in the black mask area  13012  is thereby actuated. In some instances, it may be beneficial to sense the strain difference between two points in the black mask  13012  so two strain sensors  13016  may be placed so they detect the strain difference. Moreover, it may be beneficial to detect the strain both perpendicular and parallel to the boundary so it may be useful to use two strain gages  13016 , one oriented perpendicular to the boundary and one oriented parallel to the boundary. 
       FIG. 12A  illustrates another strain based force sensing approach in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. The following force sensor discussion references the electronic device shown in  FIG. 2B  by way of example and not limitation. The force sensors shown in  FIGS. 12A-12D  may be incorporated in other electronic devices depending upon the application. As can be seen in  FIG. 12A , the embodiment may include a clip or a number of clips  14004  which are rigidly attached to the frame  10004 . As an example, a clip ( 14004 ) is shown in greater detail in  FIG. 12B . As seen in  FIG. 12B , the clip  14004  includes a strain gauge  14012  oriented in a vertical direction. The top surface of the clip  14004  is rigidly attached to the cover glass  3000 , and the bottom surface of the clip is rigidly attached to the frame. When the user applies a force to the cover glass  3000 , the force exerts a downward pressure deforming the clip by causing a rotation around the pivot  14016  and generating strain on  14012 , which would then be measured using the strain gage  14012 . Another example of strain sensing following the approach in  FIG. 12A  is shown in  FIG. 12D . In this example, a bending beam, which can be seen in greater detail in  FIG. 12D , is used to detect deflection. The beam is rigidly connected to the frame at two mounting holes on both ends as shown in  FIG. 12D . The cover glass  3000  is pushing on the beam on the post in the center of the beam. When the user applies a force to the cover glass  3000 , this force exerts a downward pressure on the bending beam which, in turn, causes the clip  14004  to rotate about a fixed point  14016 . This rotation of the clip  14004  actuates the strain gauge  14012  causing the strain gauge to measure a strain that occurs due to the movement of the cover glass  3000 . 
     Force Sensing Methods 
       FIGS. 13 and 14  illustrate force inputs that may be measured in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. In some instances, force sensor embodiments may be used to measure the force applied by a single touch. Specifically, as can be seen in  FIG. 13 , a user may apply a single force to the cover glass  3000  by pressing downward with one finger. Here, the strain probes arranged around the perimeter of the cover glass  3000  measure the force applied. In other instances, the user may press downward with more than one finger. For example, as shown in  FIG. 14 , a first force  15008  and second force  15012  are applied to the cover glass  3000 . In response to this multi-force touch input, the system may first determine a centroid  15016  for the combined force. Specifically, the strain probes arranged around the perimeter of the cover glass may calculate the centroid or the location and amount of the centroid through measurements along the perimeter. Following this, the touch I/O system may establish the points on the cover glass for the individual touch inputs. Following this, the system may calculate the force of each touch input based on the location of the touch input and based on the location and amounts of the force input centroid  15016 . Methods for measuring applied forces and the locations of applied forces are discussed in greater detail below. Certain portions of the following discussion reference the force sensor shown in  FIG. 3  by way of example and not limitation. It should be appreciated that the methods discussed below can be generally applied to the various sensor mechanisms discussed herein. 
       FIG. 15  is a flow chart that illustrates a method embodiment directed to determining an amount of force applied to an electronic device  1000  through an input surface. Initially, in operation  15006 , the electronic device  1000  senses strain through the operation of strain sensors that are responsive to force applied to an input surface of the electronic device  1000 . Operation  15010  occurs flowing operation  15006 . In operation  15010 , the strain sensors output strain signals, which are received as input to a processor, controller, or other computational element. Operation  15016  occurs flowing operation  15010 . In operation  15016 , the processor processes the strain signals to determine an amount of force applied to the input surface of the electronic device  1000 . 
       FIG. 16  is a flow chart that illustrates a method embodiment directed to performing the processing operation of  FIG. 15 . Initially, in operation  16004 , the processor determines an equivalent strain for each flexure. For the flexure arraignment shown in  FIG. 8  and having the Wheatstone bridge connection shown in  FIG. 9 , the equivalent strain may be calculated according to the following equation:
 
Equivalent Strain=0.5*( S 1− S 2− S 3+ S 4)  (1)
 
     Operation  16008  occurs flowing operation  16004 . In operation  16008 , the processor determines an amount of applied force at each flexure using the equivalent strains for each flexure. Here, the processor may apply a scaling factor that translates equivalent strain into applied force. The scaling factor may be an empirically derived quantity that is found to most closely convert the equivalent strain to the correct applied force for a number of locations on the input surface. For example, a scaling factor of 2.4 μstrain/gm was derived using the data points illustrated in  FIG. 17 , which is a top plan view of the electronic device of  FIG. 2A .  FIG. 17  shows a number of forceful touches, labeled as DP 1 , DP 2 , DP 3 , DP 4 , DP 5  and DP 6 , to the input surface. Each touch occurred over the area of the force circle near each label. The centroid derived from the raw strain gage data is shown as the small square inside each force circle. Each touch illustrated represents a 10 gf load. Applying the 2.4 μstrain/gm scaling factor to strain data produced by the loads gave the applied for data shown in  FIG. 18 , which is chart showing force amounts measured at the individual flexures shown in  FIG. 10  for a number of the forceful touches of  FIG. 17 . The specific data points described above are merely examples and the particular scaling factor used in particular case will vary depending on the application according to such conditions are electronic device type, anticipated load amounts, cover glass or touch pad construction, and so. 
     Operation  16012  occurs flowing operation  16008 . In operation  16012 , the processor determines the total force applied to the input surface using the forces applied at each flexure. More specifically, the processor sums the individual applied forces to arrive at total force amount that is applied to the input surface. 
       FIG. 19  is a flow chart showing a method embodiment directed to determining a location of single force applied to an input surface. In operation  19004 , the processor calculates the proportion of the total force that was applied at each individual flexure. Operation  19008  occurs flowing operation  19004 . In operation  19008 , the processor determines the distances between each individual flexure and the point of force application on the input surface using the proportion of the total force that was applied at each individual flexure. Operation  19012  occurs flowing operation  19008 . In operation  19012 , the processor determines the location of the point of force application on the input surface using that point&#39;s distance from each individual flexure. 
       FIG. 20  is a flow chart showing a method embodiment directed to determining the locations of multiple forces applied to an input surface. In operation  20004 , the processor calculates the proportion of the total force that was applied at each individual flexure. Operation  20008  occurs flowing operation  20004 . In operation  20008 , the processor determines the distances between each individual flexure and the centroid of the applied force on the input surface using the proportion of the total force that was applied at each individual flexure. Operation  20012  occurs flowing operation  20008 . In operation  20012 , the processor determines the location of the applied force centroid on the input surface using the centroid&#39;s distance from each individual flexure. Operation  200016  occurs flowing operation  20012 . In operation  20016 , the processor determines the location of each individual touch using sense data acquired when force was applied to the input surface. Operation  20020  occurs flowing operation  20016 . In operation  20020 , the processor determines the force applied at each individual touch location using the total applied force and the location of the force centroid. 
     Example System Architecture 
       FIG. 21  shows a conceptual drawing of communication between a touch I/O device and a computing system. 
       FIG. 22  shows a conceptual drawing of a system including a force sensitive touch device. 
     Described embodiments may include touch I/O device  21001  that can receive touch input and force input (such as possibly including touch locations and force of touch at those locations) for interacting with computing system  21003  (such as shown in the  FIG. 1 ) via wired or wireless communication channel  21002 . Touch I/O device  21001  may be used to provide user input to computing system  21003  in lieu of or in combination with other input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, or possibly other devices. In alternative embodiments, touch I/O device  21001  may be used in conjunction with other input devices, such as in addition to or in lieu of a mouse, trackpad, or possibly another pointing device. One or more touch I/O devices  21001  may be used for providing user input to computing system  21003 . Touch I/O device  21001  may be an integral part of computing system  21003  (e.g., touch screen on a laptop) or may be separate from computing system  21003 . 
     Touch I/O device  21001  may include a touch sensitive and force sensitive panel which is wholly or partially transparent, semitransparent, non-transparent, opaque or any combination thereof. Touch I/O device  21001  may be embodied as a touch screen, touch pad, a touch screen functioning as a touch pad (e.g., a touch screen replacing the touchpad of a laptop), a touch screen or touchpad combined or incorporated with any other input device (e.g., a touch screen or touchpad disposed on a keyboard, disposed on a trackpad or other pointing device), any multi-dimensional object having a touch sensitive surface for receiving touch input, or another type of input device or input/output device. 
     In one example, touch I/O device  21001  embodied as a touch screen may include a transparent and/or semitransparent touch sensitive and force sensitive panel at least partially or wholly positioned over at least a portion of a display. (Although the touch sensitive and force sensitive panel is described as at least partially or wholly positioned over at least a portion of a display, in alternative embodiments, at least a portion of circuitry or other elements used in embodiments of the touch sensitive and force sensitive panel may be at least positioned partially or wholly positioned under at least a portion of a display, interleaved with circuits used with at least a portion of a display, or otherwise.) According to this embodiment, touch I/O device  21001  functions to display graphical data transmitted from computing system  21003  (and/or another source) and also functions to receive user input. In other embodiments, touch I/O device  21001  may be embodied as an integrated touch screen where touch sensitive and force sensitive components/devices are integral with display components/devices. In still other embodiments a touch screen may be used as a supplemental or additional display screen for displaying supplemental or the same graphical data as a primary display and to receive touch input, including possibly touch locations and force of touch at those locations. 
     Touch I/O device  21001  may be configured to detect the location of one or more touches or near touches on device  21001 , and where applicable, force of those touches, based on capacitive, resistive, optical, acoustic, inductive, mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic measurements, in lieu of or in combination or conjunction with any phenomena that can be measured with respect to the occurrences of the one or more touches or near touches, and where applicable, force of those touches, in proximity to deice  21001 . Software, hardware, firmware or any combination thereof may be used to process the measurements of the detected touches, and where applicable, force of those touches, to identify and track one or more gestures. A gesture may correspond to stationary or non-stationary, single or multiple, touches or near touches, and where applicable, force of those touches, on touch I/O device  21001 . A gesture may be performed by moving one or more fingers or other objects in a particular manner on touch I/O device  21001  such as tapping, pressing, rocking, scrubbing, twisting, changing orientation, pressing with varying pressure and the like at essentially the same time, contiguously, consecutively, or otherwise. A gesture may be characterized by, but is not limited to a pinching, sliding, swiping, rotating, flexing, dragging, tapping, pushing and/or releasing, or other motion between or with any other finger or fingers, or any other portion of the body or other object. A single gesture may be performed with one or more hands, or any other portion of the body or other object by one or more users, or any combination thereof. 
     Computing system  21003  may drive a display with graphical data to display a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI may be configured to receive touch input, and where applicable, force of that touch input, via touch I/O device  21001 . Embodied as a touch screen, touch I/O device  21001  may display the GUI. Alternatively, the GUI may be displayed on a display separate from touch I/O device  21001 . The GUI may include graphical elements displayed at particular locations within the interface. Graphical elements may include but are not limited to a variety of displayed virtual input devices including virtual scroll wheels, a virtual keyboard, virtual knobs or dials, virtual buttons, virtual levers, any virtual UI, and the like. A user may perform gestures at one or more particular locations on touch I/O device  21001  which may be associated with the graphical elements of the GUI. In other embodiments, the user may perform gestures at one or more locations that are independent of the locations of graphical elements of the GUI. Gestures performed on touch I/O device  21001  may directly or indirectly manipulate, control, modify, move, actuate, initiate or generally affect graphical elements such as cursors, icons, media files, lists, text, all or portions of images, or the like within the GUI. For instance, in the case of a touch screen, a user may directly interact with a graphical element by performing a gesture over the graphical element on the touch screen. Alternatively, a touch pad generally provides indirect interaction. Gestures may also affect non-displayed GUI elements (e.g., causing user interfaces to appear) or may affect other actions within computing system  21003  (e.g., affect a state or mode of a GUI, application, or operating system). Gestures may or may not be performed on touch I/O device  21001  in conjunction with a displayed cursor. For instance, in the case in which gestures are performed on a touchpad, a cursor (or pointer) may be displayed on a display screen or touch screen and the cursor may be controlled via touch input, and where applicable, force of that touch input, on the touchpad to interact with graphical objects on the display screen. In other embodiments in which gestures are performed directly on a touch screen, a user may interact directly with objects on the touch screen, with or without a cursor or pointer being displayed on the touch screen. 
     Feedback may be provided to the user via communication channel  21002  in response to or based on the touch or near touches, and where applicable, force of those touches, on touch I/O device  21001 . Feedback may be transmitted optically, mechanically, electrically, olfactory, acoustically, haptically, or the like or any combination thereof and in a variable or non-variable manner. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of a system architecture that may be embodied within any portable or non-portable device including but not limited to a communication device (e.g. mobile phone, smart phone), a multi-media device (e.g., MP3 player, TV, radio), a portable or handheld computer (e.g., tablet, netbook, laptop), a desktop computer, an All-In-One desktop, a peripheral device, or any other (portable or non-portable) system or device adaptable to the inclusion of system architecture  22000 , including combinations of two or more of these types of devices.  FIG. 2  is a block diagram of one embodiment of system  22000  that generally includes one or more computer-readable mediums  22001 , processing system  22004 , Input/Output (I/O) subsystem  22006 , electromagnetic frequency (EMF) circuitry (such as possibly radio frequency or other frequency circuitry)  22008  and audio circuitry  22010 . These components may be coupled by one or more communication buses or signal lines  22003 . Each such bus or signal line may be denoted in the form  22003 -X, where X can be a unique number. The bus or signal line may carry data of the appropriate type between components; each bus or signal line may differ from other buses/lines, but may perform generally similar operations. 
     It should be apparent that the architecture shown in  FIG. 1-2  is only one example architecture of system  22000 , and that system  22000  could have more or fewer components than shown, or a different configuration of components. The various components shown in  FIG. 1-2  can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     EMF circuitry  22008  is used to send and receive information over a wireless link or network to one or more other devices and includes well-known circuitry for performing this function. EMF circuitry  22008  and audio circuitry  22010  are coupled to processing system  22004  via peripherals interface  22016 . Interface  22016  includes various known components for establishing and maintaining communication between peripherals and processing system  22004 . Audio circuitry  22010  is coupled to audio speaker  22050  and microphone  22052  and includes known circuitry for processing voice signals received from interface  22016  to enable a user to communicate in real-time with other users. In some embodiments, audio circuitry  22010  includes a headphone jack (not shown). 
     Peripherals interface  22016  couples the input and output peripherals of the system to processor  22018  and computer-readable medium  22001 . One or more processors  22018  communicate with one or more computer-readable mediums  22001  via controller  22020 . Computer-readable medium  22001  can be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by one or more processors  22018 . Medium  22001  can include a memory hierarchy, including but not limited to cache, main memory and secondary memory. The memory hierarchy can be implemented using any combination of RAM (e.g., SRAM, DRAM, DDRAM), ROM, FLASH, magnetic and/or optical storage devices, such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact disks) and DVDs (digital video discs). Medium  22001  may also include a transmission medium for carrying information-bearing signals indicative of computer instructions or data (with or without a carrier wave upon which the signals are modulated). For example, the transmission medium may include a communications network, including but not limited to the Internet (also referred to as the World Wide Web), intranet(s), Local Area Networks (LANs), Wide Local Area Networks (WLANs), Storage Area Networks (SANs), Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) and the like. 
     One or more processors  22018  run various software components stored in medium  22001  to perform various functions for system  22000 . In some embodiments, the software components include operating system  22022 , communication module (or set of instructions)  22024 , touch and force-of-force processing module (or set of instructions)  22026 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  22028 , and one or more applications (or set of instructions)  22030 . Each of these modules and above noted applications correspond to a set of instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, medium  22001  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, medium  22001  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     Operating system  22022  includes various procedures, sets of instructions, software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  22024  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  22036  or via EMF circuitry  22008  and includes various software components for handling data received from EMF circuitry  22008  and/or external port  22036 . 
     Graphics module  22028  includes various known software components for rendering, animating and displaying graphical objects on a display surface. In embodiments in which touch I/O device is a touch sensitive and force sensitive display (e.g., touch screen), graphics module  22028  includes components for rendering, displaying, and animating objects on the touch sensitive and force sensitive display. 
     One or more applications  22030  can include any applications installed on system  22000 , including without limitation, a browser, address book, contact list, email, instant messaging, word processing, keyboard emulation, widgets, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, voice replication, location determination capability (such as that provided by the global positioning system, also sometimes referred to herein as “GPS”), a music player, and otherwise. 
     Touch and force-of-force processing module  22026  includes various software components for performing various tasks associated with touch I/O device including but not limited to receiving and processing touch input and force-of-touch input received from I/O device  22012  via touch I/O device controller  22032 . 
     I/O subsystem  22006  is coupled to touch I/O device. The I/O subsystem may be additionally coupled to one or more other I/O devices for controlling or performing various functions. Touch I/O device communicates with processing system  22004  via touch I/O device controller  22032 , which includes various components for processing user touch input and force-of-touch input (e.g., scanning hardware). One or more other input controllers receives/sends electrical signals from/to other I/O devices. Other I/O devices may include physical buttons, dials, slider switches, sticks, keyboards, touch pads, additional display screens, or any combination thereof. 
     If embodied as a touch screen, touch I/O device displays visual output to the user in a GUI. The visual output may include text, graphics, video, and any combination thereof. Some or all of the visual output may correspond to user-interface objects. Touch I/O device forms a touch-sensitive and force-sensitive surface that accepts touch input and force-of-touch input from the user. Touch I/O device and touch screen controller  22032  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in medium  22001 ) detects and tracks touches or near touches, and where applicable, force of those touches (and any movement or release of the touch, and any change in the force of the touch) on touch I/O device and converts the detected touch input and force-of-touch input into interaction with graphical objects, such as one or more user-interface objects. In the case in which device  22012  is embodied as a touch screen, the user can directly interact with graphical objects that are displayed on the touch screen. Alternatively, in the case in which device  22012  is embodied as a touch device other than a touch screen (e.g., a touch pad or trackpad), the user may indirectly interact with graphical objects that are displayed on a separate display screen embodied as a separate I/O device. 
     Touch I/O device may be analogous to the multi-touch sensitive surface described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Embodiments in which touch I/O device is a touch screen, the touch screen may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, OLED (organic LED), or OEL (organic electro luminescence), although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. 
     Feedback may be provided by touch I/O device based on the user&#39;s touch, and force-of-touch, input as well as a state or states of what is being displayed and/or of the computing system. Feedback may be transmitted optically (e.g., light signal or displayed image), mechanically (e.g., haptic feedback, touch feedback, force feedback, or the like), electrically (e.g., electrical stimulation), olfactory, acoustically (e.g., beep or the like), or the like or any combination thereof and in a variable or non-variable manner. 
     System  22000  also includes power system  22044  for powering the various hardware components and may include a power management system, one or more power sources, a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator and any other components typically associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     In some embodiments, peripherals interface  22016 , one or more processors  22018 , and memory controller  22020  may be implemented on a single chip, such as processing system  22004 . In some other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips. 
     In one embodiment, an example system includes a force sensor  22014  coupled to the electronic device  21000 , such as coupled to a force sensor controller  22034 . For example, the force sensor controller  22034  can be included in the I/O subsystem  22006 . The force sensor controller  22034  can be coupled to a processor or other computing device, such as the processor  22018  or the secure processor  22040 , with the effect that information from the force sensor controller  22034  can be measured, calculated, computed, or otherwise manipulated. In one embodiment, the force sensor  22014  can make use of one or more processors or other computing devices, coupled to or accessible to the electronic device  21000 , such as the processor  22018 , the secure processor  22040 , or otherwise. In alternative embodiments, the force sensor controller  22034  can make use of one or more analog circuits or other specialized circuits, coupled to or accessible to the electronic device  21000 , such as might be coupled to the I/O subsystem  22006 . 
     In one embodiment, as described above, the force sensor  22014  determines a measure of applied force from a user contacting the electronic device  21000 . When the user applied force to the force sensor  22014 , the cover glass displaces, bends, twists or otherwise moves in response to the applied force, pressing an upper support towards a lower support, and compressing a bending beam located between the two. This has the effect that a strain probe can determine an amount of stain applied to the bending beam, thus the amount of applied force which caused that movement. Although reference is made herein to “cover glass,” it should be appreciated that the covering element may be any suitable optically-transparent (or near-transparent) material. In some embodiments, sapphire and/or polycarbonate may be used as a covering element. Accordingly, references to a “cover glass” herein are meant to encompass other covering elements, including both sapphire and polycarbonate. 
     Certain aspects of the embodiments described in the present disclosure may be provided as a computer program product, or software, that may include, for example, a computer-readable storage medium or a non-transitory machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the present disclosure. A non-transitory machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form (e.g., software, processing application) readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). The non-transitory machine-readable medium may take the form of, but is not limited to, a magnetic storage medium (e.g., floppy diskette, video cassette, and so on); optical storage medium (e.g., CD-ROM); magneto-optical storage medium; read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); erasable programmable memory (e.g., EPROM and EEPROM); flash memory; and so on. 
     While the present disclosure has been described with reference to various embodiments, it will be understood that these embodiments are illustrative and that the scope of the disclosure is not limited to them. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible. More generally, embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure have been described in the context of particular embodiments. Functionality may be separated or combined in procedures differently in various embodiments of the disclosure or described with different terminology. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements may fall within the scope of the disclosure as defined in the claims that follow. 
     Alternative Embodiments 
     After reading this application, those skilled in the art would recognize that techniques for obtaining information with respect to applied force and contact on a touch I/O device, and using that associated information to determine amounts and locations of applied force and contact on a touch I/O device, is responsive to, and transformative of, real-world data such as relative capacitance and compressibility received from applied force or contact by a user&#39;s finger, and provides a useful and tangible result in the service of detecting and using applied force and contact with a touch I/O device. Moreover, after reading this application, those skilled in the art would recognize that processing of applied force and contact sensor information by a computing device includes substantial computer control and programming, involves substantial records of applied force and contact sensor information, and involves interaction with applied force and contact sensor hardware and optionally a user interface for use of applied force and contact sensor information. 
     While the present disclosure has been described with reference to various embodiments, it will be understood that these embodiments are illustrative and that the scope of the disclosure is not limited to them. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible. More generally, embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure have been described in the context of particular embodiments. Functionality may be separated or combined in procedures differently in various embodiments of the disclosure or described with different terminology. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements may fall within the scope of the disclosure as defined in the claims that follow.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190409
Publication Date: 20191203
Grant Date: 20191203
Priority Date: 20130315
Inventors: HOEN, STORRS T.
BABIARZ, Kristina A.
CHRISTOPHY, MIGUEL C.
TEIL, ROMAIN A.
FILIZ, SINAN
KATIYAR, VIVEK
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/0416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04103", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0488", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/041", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0414", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04103", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0488", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04105", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04144", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/041", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04144", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 48083606