PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-12041568-B2
Application Number: US-202318454588-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Extending a time gap range for non-terrestrial networks

Abstract:
A user equipment (UE) comprising a processor configured to perform the operations that determines an uplink (UL) slot is described. In exemplary embodiments, the UE receives, from a base station, a scaling factor through a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal. The UE may further determines an offset through a second RRC signal. In addition, the UE may receive from the base station, downlink control information (DCI) that includes an indication of an initial time gap. Furthermore, the UE may calculate a new time gap by at least applying the scaling factor to the initial time gap and determine a slot of uplink transmission based on at least the new time gap and the offset.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A base station comprising a processor configured to perform operations comprising:
 determining a scaling factor and an offset; 
 sending, to a user equipment (UE), the scaling factor and offset through a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal; 
 sending, to the UE, downlink control information (DCI) with an indication of a time gap; and 
 determining a slot for reception of an uplink transmission from the UE based on the scaling factor, the time gap, and the offset. 
 
     
     
       2. The base station of  claim 1 , wherein the scaling factor is dependent on at least one of a cell size, a beam size, and user equipment capability. 
     
     
       3. The base station of  claim 2 , wherein when the user equipment has high capabilities, the scaling factor is 1. 
     
     
       4. The base station of  claim 2 , wherein when the user equipment has low capabilities, the scaling factor greater than 1. 
     
     
       5. The base station of  claim 1 , wherein scaling factor ranges from 1 to 16. 
     
     
       6. The base station of  claim 1 , wherein the time gap is computed using at least the scaling factor and an initial time gap. 
     
     
       7. The base station of  claim 6 , wherein the initial time gap includes K 1 , wherein K 1  represents a time gap between a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) reception and a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmission. 
     
     
       8. The base station of  claim 6 , wherein the initial time gap includes K 2 , wherein K 2  represents a time gap between a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) reception and Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) transmission. 
     
     
       9. The base station of  claim 1 , wherein there are different scaling factors for different time gaps. 
     
     
       10. The base station of  claim 1 , wherein there is a same scaling factor for different time gaps. 
     
     
       11. The base station of  claim 1 , wherein an initial time gap includes K 4  that represents a time gap between a Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) reception and a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmission. 
     
     
       12. The base station of  claim 1 , wherein there is a different scaling factor for different user equipment. 
     
     
       13. The base station of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 sending an offset using a second RRC signal. 
 
     
     
       14. The base station of  claim 13 , wherein the first and second RRC signals are the same signal. 
     
     
       15. The base station of  claim 13 , wherein the first and second RRC signals are different signals. 
     
     
       16. A method comprising:
 determining a scaling factor and an offset; 
 sending, to a user equipment (UE), the scaling factor and offset through a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal; 
 sending, to the UE, downlink control information (DCI) with an indication of a time gap; and 
 determining a slot for reception of an uplink transmission from the UE based on the scaling factor, the time gap, and the offset. 
 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 16 , wherein the scaling factor is dependent on at least one of a cell size, a beam size, and user equipment capability. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 17 , wherein when the user equipment has high capabilities, the scaling factor is 1. 
     
     
       19. The method of  claim 17 , wherein when the user equipment has low capabilities, the scaling factor greater than 1. 
     
     
       20. The method of  claim 16 , wherein the time gap is computed using at least the scaling factor and an initial time gap.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a divisional of and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/598,238, filed on Oct. 14, 2021, which is a national phase of International Application No. PCT/CN2020/107967, filed on Aug. 7, 2020 and the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to wireless technology and more particularly to applying timing enhancements for a link in a non-terrestrial network 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In 5G New Radio (NR), there are several different timing relationships that are defined for a Terrestrial Network (TN). For example, K 0  is the time gap between the Downlink Control Information (DCI) and the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). In addition, K 1  is the time gap between PDSCH reception and Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmission and K 2  is the time gap between the DCI and the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH). In NR Rel 16, for a Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN), these timing relationships may change because of the larger communications distances involved in NTN by having a wireless link traverse from a ground-based user equipment (UE) to a satellite and back down to a ground-based network (and vice versa). A challenge is to determine how these timing relationships can be changed for an NTN. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DESCRIPTION 
     A user equipment (UE) comprising a processor configured to perform the operations that determines an uplink (UL) slot is described. In exemplary embodiments, the UE receives, from a base station, a scaling factor through a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal. The UE may further determines an offset through a second RRC signal. In addition, the UE may receive from the base station, downlink control information (DCI) that includes an indication of an initial time gap. Furthermore, the UE may calculate a new time gap by at least applying the scaling factor to the initial time gap and determine a slot of uplink transmission based on at least the new time gap and the offset. The scaling factor is dependent on at least one of a cell size, a beam size, and user equipment capability. For a UE has high capabilities, the scaling factor is 1 and for a UE that has low capabilities, the scaling factor greater than 1. In addition, the scaling factor ranges from 1 to 16. 
     In addition, the initial time gap is a plurality of time gaps that includes K 1  and K 2 , wherein K 1  represents a time gap between a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) reception and a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmission, and K 2  represents a time gap between a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) reception and Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) transmission. Furthermore, there can be different scaling factors for different K values or different UE. In addition, there can be the same scaling factor for different K values. The initial time gap includes K 4  that represents a time gap between a Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) reception and a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmission. 
     In another embodiment, a UE comprising a processor configured to perform the operations that determines an uplink (UL) slot using a scaling factor set is described. In one embodiment, the UE receives, from a base station, a set of scaling factors through a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal. The UE may further determine an offset through a second RRC signal. Additionally, the UE may receive, from the base station, downlink control information (DCI) that includes an indication of an initial time gap and an indication of a selected scaling factor that is one of the set of scaling factors. The UE may further calculate a new time gap by at least applying the selected scaling factor to the initial time gap and determine a slot of uplink transmission based on at least the new time gap and the offset. The scaling factor can be dependent on at least one of a cell size, a beam size, and user equipment capability. 
     In addition, the initial time gap is a plurality of time gaps that includes K 1  and K 2 , wherein K 1  represents a time gap between a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) reception and a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmission, and K 2  represents a time gap between a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) reception and Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) transmission. Furthermore, there can be different scaling factors for different K values or different UE. In addition, there can be the same scaling factor for different K values. The initial time gap includes K 4  that represents a time gap between a Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) reception and a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmission. 
     In another embodiment, a baseband processor configured to perform the operations that determines an uplink (UL) slot is described. In exemplary embodiments, the baseband processor receives, from a base station, a scaling factor through a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal. The baseband processor may further determine an offset through a second RRC signal. In addition, the baseband processor may receive from the base station, downlink control information (DCI) that includes an indication of an initial time gap. Furthermore, the baseband processor may calculate a new time gap by at least applying the scaling factor to the initial time gap and determine a slot of uplink transmission based on at least the new time gap and the offset. 
     In another embodiment, a baseband processor configured to perform the operations that determines an uplink (UL) slot using a scaling factor set is described. In one embodiment, the baseband processor receives, from a base station, a set of scaling factors through a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal. The baseband processor may further determine an offset through a second RRC signal. Additionally, the baseband processor may receive, from the base station, downlink control information (DCI) that includes an indication of an initial time gap and an indication of a selected scaling factor that is one of the set of scaling factors. The baseband processor may further calculate a new time gap by at least applying the selected scaling factor to the initial time gap and determine a slot of uplink transmission based on at least the new time gap and the offset. 
     A method and apparatus of a base station comprising a processor configured to perform the operations that determine a slot for uplink reception for a non-terrestrial network link between a base station and a user equipment is described. In exemplary embodiments, the base station determines a timing advance based on at least a random access preamble reception and determines an uplink offset based on the timing advance. The base station may further determine a candidate slot for an uplink reception based on at least the offset. In addition, the base station may determine if the candidate slot is available for the uplink reception. The base station may use the candidate slot for the uplink reception when the candidate uplink slot is available and may use the next available slot for the uplink reception when the candidate uplink slot is not available. 
     In addition, the uplink reception comprises a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), Random Access Response (RAR) scheduled by PUSCH, Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), or aperiodic SRS. The base station may further determine if the candidate slot is an uplink slot, a downlink slot, a hybrid slot or a flexible slot based on at least the Time Division Duplex (TDD) configuration of the candidate slot format, wherein the candidate slot is available when the candidate slot is one of an uplink slot or a hybrid slot with the uplink reception corresponding to uplink symbols in the hybrid slot and the candidate slot is unavailable when the candidate slot is one of a downlink slot, a hybrid slot with the uplink reception not corresponding to uplink symbols in the hybrid slot, or a flexible slot. 
     Furthermore, the uplink offset is a measure of a delay of the non-terrestrial network link. The base station may further compute the uplink offset based on at least a timing advance of one or more satellite links in the non-terrestrial network. In addition, the uplink offset is set equal to a sum of a service link timing advance and a feeder link timing advance, divided by a slot duration. The base station may further compute a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) action timing using at least the uplink offset. The base station may additionally compute a time gap between a last Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) reception and Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmission using a sidelink offset, where the sidelink offset may have a different value than the uplink offset. The base station may further compute a time domain offset for a type 1 configured grant configuration using at least the uplink offset. 
     In a further embodiment, a user equipment (UE) comprising a processor configured to perform the operations that determine a slot for a Channel State Information (CSI) reference resource is described. In one embodiment, the UE receives, from a base station, timing advance information. The UE may additionally determine an offset based on the timing advance information. The UE further determines a candidate slot for a Channel State Information (CSI) reference resource based on at least the offset. In addition, the UE may determine if the candidate slot is available for the CSI reference resource. Furthermore, the UE may use the candidate slot for the CSI reference resource when the candidate slot is available and may use another slot for the CSI reference resource when the candidate slot is not available. In addition, the another available CSI reference resource can be a previous slot or a next slot of the candidate slot. 
     The UE may additionally determine if the candidate slot is an uplink slot, a downlink slot, a hybrid slot or a flexible slot based on at least the Time Division Duplex (TDD) configuration of the candidate slot format, wherein the candidate slot is available if the candidate slot is an uplink slot, a downlink slot, a hybrid slot or a flexible slot based on at least the Time Division Duplex (TDD) configuration of the candidate slot format, wherein the candidate slot is available if the candidate slot is one of a downlink slot or a hybrid slot with the downlink reception corresponding to downlink symbols in the hybrid slot and the candidate slot is unavailable if the candidate slot is one of an uplink slot, a hybrid slot with the downlink reception not corresponding to downlink symbols in the hybrid slot, or a flexible slot. 
     In another embodiment, a baseband processor that determines a slot for a Channel State Information (CSI) reference resource is described. In one embodiment, the baseband processor receives, from a base station, timing advance information. The baseband processor may additionally determine an offset based on the timing advance information. The baseband processor further determines a candidate slot for a CSI reference resource based on at least the offset. In addition, the baseband processor may determine if the candidate slot is available for the CSI reference resource. Furthermore, the baseband processor may use the candidate slot for the CSI reference resource when the candidate slot is available and may use another slot for the CSI reference resource when the candidate slot is not available. In addition, the another available CSI reference resource can be a previous slot or a next slot of the candidate slot. In addition, the offset is a measure of a delay of the non-terrestrial network link. 
     In another embodiment, a non-transitory machine-readable medium having executable instructions, when executed by one or more processing units to perform a method that determines a slot for uplink reception for a non-terrestrial network link between a base station and a user equipment is described. In one embodiment, this method determines a timing advance based on at least a random access preamble reception and determines an uplink offset based on the timing advance. The method may further determine a candidate slot for an uplink reception based on at least the offset. In addition, this method may determine if the candidate slot is available for the uplink reception. The method may use the candidate slot for the uplink reception when the candidate uplink slot is available and may use the next available slot for the uplink reception when the candidate uplink slot is not available. 
     In a further embodiment, a non-transitory machine-readable medium having executable instructions, when executed by one or more processing units to perform a method that determines a slot for a Channel State Information (CSI) reference resource is described. In one embodiment, this method receives, from a base station, timing advance information. The method may additionally determine an offset based on the timing advance information. The method further determines a candidate slot for a CSI reference resource based on at least the offset. In addition, the method may determine if the candidate slot is available for the CSI reference resource. Furthermore, the method may use the candidate slot for the CSI reference resource when the candidate slot is available and may use another slot for the CSI reference resource when the candidate slot is not available. 
     Other methods and apparatuses are also described. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example wireless communication system according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2 A  and  FIG.  2 B  illustrate a base station (BS) in communication with a user equipment (UE) device over a Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example block diagram of a UE according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example block diagram of a BS according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an example block diagram of cellular communication circuitry, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    is an illustration of some embodiments of reception and transmission timings. 
         FIG.  7    is an illustration of some embodiments of NTN timing relationships. 
         FIG.  8 A  and  FIG.  8 B  are flow diagrams of some embodiments of a process to determine K offset  and use K offset  for determining different timings. 
         FIG.  9 A-D  are flow diagrams of some embodiments of a process to extend one or more time gaps between a downlink (DL) and an uplink (UL). 
         FIG.  10    illustrates an example block diagram of a timing relationship for a sidelink in NTN according to some embodiments. 
         FIG.  11 A  and  FIG.  11 B  illustrate an example block diagram of a timing relationship for a Type 1 Configured Grant Configuration in NTN. 
         FIG.  12    is a flow diagram of some embodiments of a process to determine and apply a scaling to K 4 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A method and apparatus of a device that extends a time between downlink and up transmissions for a non-terrestrial network link between a base station and a user equipment is described. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide thorough explanation of embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known components, structures, and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description. 
     Reference in the specification to “some embodiments” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in some embodiments” in various places in the specification do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment. 
     In the following description and claims, the terms “coupled” and “connected,” along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. “Coupled” is used to indicate that two or more elements, which may or may not be in direct physical or electrical contact with each other, co-operate or interact with each other. “Connected” is used to indicate the establishment of communication between two or more elements that are coupled with each other. 
     The processes depicted in the figures that follow, are performed by processing logic that comprises hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, etc.), software (such as is run on a general-purpose computer system or a dedicated machine), or a combination of both. Although the processes are described below in terms of some sequential operations, it should be appreciated that some of the operations described may be performed in different order. Moreover, some operations may be performed in parallel rather than sequentially. 
     The terms “server,” “client,” and “device” are intended to refer generally to data processing systems rather than specifically to a particular form factor for the server, client, and/or device. 
     A method and apparatus of a device that extends a time between downlink and up transmissions for a non-terrestrial network link between a base station and a user equipment is described. In some embodiments, a Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) is a type of wireless communication system that utilizes a satellite system as part of the wireless communication system between a user equipment (UE) and a base station (BS). For timing in NTN systems, the timing relationships are different because of the longer delays involved in communicating data across a satellite based system. In some embodiments, and in the NR Rel 16 NTN study, a timing relationship is achieved by introducing an offset K offset , where the PUSCH timing is 
               ⌊     n   ·       2     μ   PUSCH         2     μ   PDCCH           ⌋     +     K   2     +       K   offset     .           
Here, K 2  is indicated by the DCI, and μ PUSCH  and μ PDCCH  are the sub-carrier spacing for PUSCH and PDCCH, respectively. In some embodiments, K offset  is used to count the large propagation delay from satellite, where K offset  is in unit of slots. However, a challenge can be determining the time relationship based on the timing advance (TA). For example and in some embodiments, there will be a need to calculate K offset  and also a need to ensure the proper UL slot after an additional slot offset. In addition, the NTN system that includes a UE with low capability of deriving the accurate differential TA, there is a challenge in ensuring that the PUCCH/PUSCH scheduled via K 1  and K 2 , can be received at Next Generation NodeB (gNB) with proper timing. In this embodiment, the existing K 1  and K 2  value ranges can be small and small K 1  and K 2  values may not be suitable for UEs with low capability of accurate differential TA acquisition. With the introduction of UE-specific time offset, the slot for uplink transmissions of PUSCH or PUCCH are not guaranteed to be uplink slot, with the existing range of K 1  and K 2 . Hence, it is preferred to extend the range of K 1  and K 2  for NTN.
 
     In some embodiments, the time offset K offset  is introduced for NTN and is added on top of the existing timing of UE transmission types (e.g. DCI scheduled PUSCH, RAR scheduled PUSCH, PUCCH, MAC CE action timing, aperiodic SRS, as well as the CRI-RS reference resource). For example and in some embodiments, the time offset K offset  is calculated based on the summation of service link full TA and feeder link TA for transparent satellite. As another example, and in some embodiments, 
               K   offset     =       ⌈         T   ⁢     A     s   ⁢   e   ⁢   rvice   ⁢         link         +     T   ⁢     A     feeder   ⁢         link             slot   ⁢         duration       ⌉     .           
In another embodiment, for different satellite systems, K offset  may be calculated differently, e.g., is calculated based on the service link full TA for regenerate satellite.
 
     In some embodiments, existing K 1  values can range from 0-15 slots and existing K 2  values can range from 0-32 slots. For example and in some embodiments, NTN can have large cell size and/or a large differential TA values. In this example, inaccurate differential TA values can be due to a UE&#39;s capability. In some embodiments, a scaling factor can be applied to K 1 , K 2  values, where a single scaling factor value for each UE, where there can be different scaling factors for K 1  and K 2 . In addition, the selected scaling factor can depend on UE capability. For example and in some embodiments, for a high capable UE, the scaling configuration is not needed, or configured scaling factor can be 1. Alternatively, for a low capable UE, the configuration can include a single scaling factor that is larger than 1. In another embodiment, a scaling factor can be applied to K 4 . 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a simplified example wireless communication system, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the system of  FIG.  1    is merely one example of a possible system, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various systems, as desired. 
     As shown, the example wireless communication system includes a base station  102 A which communicates over a transmission medium with one or more user devices  106 A,  106 B, etc., through  106 N. Each of the user devices may be referred to herein as a “user equipment” (UE). Thus, the user devices  106  are referred to as UEs or UE devices. 
     The base station (BS)  102 A may be a base transceiver station (BTS) or cell site (a “cellular base station”) and may include hardware that enables wireless communication with the UEs  106 A through  106 N. 
     The communication area (or coverage area) of the base station may be referred to as a “cell.” The base station  102 A and the UEs  106  may be configured to communicate over the transmission medium using any of various radio access technologies (RATs), also referred to as wireless communication technologies, or telecommunication standards, such as GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces), LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), 5G new radio (5G NR), HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1×RTT, 1×EV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD), etc. Note that if the base station  102 A is implemented in the context of LTE, it may alternately be referred to as an ‘eNodeB’ or ‘eNB’. Note that if the base station  102 A is implemented in the context of 5G NR, it may alternately be referred to as ‘gNodeB’ or ‘gNB’. 
     As shown, the base station  102 A may also be equipped to communicate with a network  100  (e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider, a telecommunication network such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN), and/or the Internet, among various possibilities). Thus, the base station  102 A may facilitate communication between the user devices and/or between the user devices and the network  100 . In particular, the cellular base station  102 A may provide UEs  106  with various telecommunication capabilities, such as voice, SMS and/or data services. 
     Base station  102 A and other similar base stations (such as base stations  102 B . . .  102 N) operating according to the same or a different cellular communication standard may thus be provided as a network of cells, which may provide continuous or nearly continuous overlapping service to UEs  106 A-N and similar devices over a geographic area via one or more cellular communication standards. 
     Thus, while base station  102 A may act as a “serving cell” for UEs  106 A-N as illustrated in  FIG.  1   , each UE  106  may also be capable of receiving signals from (and possibly within communication range of) one or more other cells (which might be provided by base stations  102 B-N and/or any other base stations), which may be referred to as “neighboring cells”. Such cells may also be capable of facilitating communication between user devices and/or between user devices and the network  100 . Such cells may include “macro” cells, “micro” cells, “pico” cells, and/or cells which provide any of various other granularities of service area size. For example, base stations  102 A-B illustrated in  FIG.  1    might be macro cells, while base station  102 N might be a micro cell. Other configurations are also possible. 
     In some embodiments, base station  102 A may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “gNB”. In some embodiments, a gNB may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and/or to a NR core (NRC) network. In addition, a gNB cell may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs). In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more gNBs. 
     Note that a UE  106  may be capable of communicating using multiple wireless communication standards. For example, the UE  106  may be configured to communicate using a wireless networking (e.g., Wi-Fi) and/or peer-to-peer wireless communication protocol (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi peer-to-peer, etc.) in addition to at least one cellular communication protocol (e.g., GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces), LTE, LTE-A, 5G NR, HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1×RTT, 1×EV-DO, HRPD, eHIRPD), etc.). The UE  106  may also or alternatively be configured to communicate using one or more global navigational satellite systems (GNSS, e.g., GPS or GLONASS), one or more mobile television broadcasting standards (e.g., ATSC-M/H or DVB-H), and/or any other wireless communication protocol, if desired. Other combinations of wireless communication standards (including more than two wireless communication standards) are also possible. 
       FIG.  2 A  and  FIG.  2 B  illustrate a base station (BS) in communication with a user equipment (UE) device over a Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) according to some embodiments.  FIG.  2 A  illustrates user equipment  206 A that can be in communication with a 5G core network  210 A or another user equipment  206 B in direct communication (also known as device to device or sidelink). In some embodiments, the UE  206 A can be in communication with the satellite  202  via service link  204 A, where the satellite  202  is in communication with the 5G core network  210 A via a feeder link  208 A and Next Generation NodeB (gnB)  212 A. 
     In some embodiments, sidelink communication can utilize dedicated sidelink channels and sidelink protocols to facilitate communication directly between devices. For example, sidelink control channel (PSCCH) can be used for actual data transmission between the devices, physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) can be used for conveying sidelink control information (SCI), physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) can be used for HARQ feedback information, and physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) can be used for synchronization. 
     In another embodiment,  FIG.  2 B  illustrates UE  206 C that can be in communication with a 5G core network  210 B or another UE  206 D in direct communication. In some embodiments, the UE  206 C can be in communication with the satellite that is a gnB  212 B via service link  204 B, where the gnB  212 B is in communication with the 5G core network  210 B via a feeder link  208 B. 
     In addition, sidelink communications can be used for communications between vehicles to vehicles (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), vehicle to people (V2P), vehicle to network (V2N), and other types of direct communications. 
     Returning to  FIG.  1   , any of UE  106 A-N can also be in communication with a base station  102 A in through uplink and downlink communications, according to some embodiments. The UEs may each be a device with cellular communication capability such as a mobile phone, a hand-held device, a computer or a tablet, or virtually any type of wireless device. The UEs  106 A-N may include a processor that is configured to execute program instructions stored in memory. The UEs  106 A-N may perform any of the method embodiments described herein by executing such stored instructions. Alternatively, or in addition, the UEs  106 A-N may include a programmable hardware element such as an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) that is configured to perform any of the method embodiments described herein, or any portion of any of the method embodiments described herein. 
     The UEs  106 A-N may include one or more antennas for communicating using one or more wireless communication protocols or technologies. In some embodiments, the UEs  106 A-N may be configured to communicate using, for example, CDMA2000 (1×RTT/1×EV-DO/HRPD/eHRPD) or LTE using a single shared radio and/or GSM or LTE using the single shared radio. The shared radio may couple to a single antenna, or may couple to multiple antennas (e.g., for MIMO) for performing wireless communications. In general, a radio may include any combination of a baseband processor, analog RF signal processing circuitry (e.g., including filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, etc.), or digital processing circuitry (e.g., for digital modulation as well as other digital processing). Similarly, the radio may implement one or more receive and transmit chains using the aforementioned hardware. For example, the UEs  106 A-B may share one or more parts of a receive and/or transmit chain between multiple wireless communication technologies, such as those discussed above. 
     In some embodiments, the UEs  106 A-N may include separate transmit and/or receive chains (e.g., including separate antennas and other radio components) for each wireless communication protocol with which it is configured to communicate. As a further possibility, the UEs  106 A-N may include one or more radios which are shared between multiple wireless communication protocols, and one or more radios which are used exclusively by a single wireless communication protocol. For example, the UE  106 A-N might include a shared radio for communicating using either of LTE or 5G NR (or LTE or 1×RTT or LTE or GSM), and separate radios for communicating using each of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Other configurations are also possible. 
       FIG.  3   —Block Diagram of a UE 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example simplified block diagram of a communication device  106 , according to some embodiments. It is noted that the block diagram of the communication device of  FIG.  3    is only one example of a possible communication device. According to embodiments, communication device  106  may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device), a tablet and/or a combination of devices, among other devices. As shown, the communication device  106  may include a set of components  300  configured to perform core functions. For example, this set of components may be implemented as a system on chip (SOC), which may include portions for various purposes. Alternatively, this set of components  300  may be implemented as separate components or groups of components for the various purposes. The set of components  300  may be coupled (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to various other circuits of the communication device  106 . 
     For example, the communication device  106  may include various types of memory (e.g., including NAND flash memory  310 ), an input/output interface such as connector I/F  320  (e.g., for connecting to a computer system; dock; charging station; input devices, such as a microphone, camera, keyboard; output devices, such as speakers; etc.), the display  360 , which may be integrated with or external to the communication device  106 , and cellular communication circuitry  330  such as for 5G NR, LTE, GSM, etc., and short to medium range wireless communication circuitry  329  (e.g., Bluetooth™ and WLAN circuitry). In some embodiments, communication device  106  may include wired communication circuitry (not shown), such as a network interface card, e.g., for Ethernet. 
     The cellular communication circuitry  330  may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas  335  and  336  as shown. The short to medium range wireless communication circuitry  329  may also couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas  337  and  338  as shown. Alternatively, the short to medium range wireless communication circuitry  329  may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to the antennas  335  and  336  in addition to, or instead of, coupling (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to the antennas  337  and  338 . The short to medium range wireless communication circuitry  329  and/or cellular communication circuitry  330  may include multiple receive chains and/or multiple transmit chains for receiving and/or transmitting multiple spatial streams, such as in a multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) configuration. 
     In some embodiments, as further described below, cellular communication circuitry  330  may include dedicated receive chains (including and/or coupled to, e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly. dedicated processors and/or radios) for multiple radio access technologies (RATs) (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR). In addition, in some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry  330  may include a single transmit chain that may be switched between radios dedicated to specific RATs. For example, a first radio may be dedicated to a first RAT, e.g., LTE, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and a transmit chain shared with an additional radio, e.g., a second radio that may be dedicated to a second RAT, e.g., 5G NR, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and the shared transmit chain. 
     The communication device  106  may also include and/or be configured for use with one or more user interface elements. The user interface elements may include any of various elements, such as display  360  (which may be a touchscreen display), a keyboard (which may be a discrete keyboard or may be implemented as part of a touchscreen display), a mouse, a microphone and/or speakers, one or more cameras, one or more buttons, and/or any of various other elements capable of providing information to a user and/or receiving or interpreting user input. 
     The communication device  106  may further include one or more smart cards  345  that include SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) functionality, such as one or more UICC(s) (Universal Integrated Circuit Card(s)) cards  345 . 
     As shown, the SOC  300  may include processor(s)  302 , which may execute program instructions for the communication device  106  and display circuitry  304 , which may perform graphics processing and provide display signals to the display  360 . The processor(s)  302  may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU)  340 , which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor(s)  302  and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory  306 , read only memory (ROM)  350 , NAND flash memory  310 ) and/or to other circuits or devices, such as the display circuitry  304 , short range wireless communication circuitry  229 , cellular communication circuitry  330 , connector I/F  320 , and/or display  360 . The MMU  340  may be configured to perform memory protection and page table translation or set up. In some embodiments, the MMU  340  may be included as a portion of the processor(s)  302 . 
     As noted above, the communication device  106  may be configured to communicate using wireless and/or wired communication circuitry. The communication device  106  may also be configured to determine a physical downlink shared channel scheduling resource for a user equipment device and a base station. Further, the communication device  106  may be configured to group and select CCs from the wireless link and determine a virtual CC from the group of selected CCs. The wireless device may also be configured to perform a physical downlink resource mapping based on an aggregate resource matching patterns of groups of CCs. 
     As described herein, the communication device  106  may include hardware and software components for implementing the above features for determining a physical downlink shared channel scheduling resource for a communications device  106  and a base station. The processor  302  of the communication device  106  may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively (or in addition), processor  302  may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Alternatively (or in addition) the processor  302  of the communication device  106 , in conjunction with one or more of the other components  300 ,  304 ,  306 ,  310 ,  320 ,  329 ,  330 ,  340 ,  345 ,  350 ,  360  may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein. 
     In addition, as described herein, processor  302  may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processor  302  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor  302 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processor(s)  302 . 
     Further, as described herein, cellular communication circuitry  330  and short range wireless communication circuitry  329  may each include one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in cellular communication circuitry  330  and, similarly, one or more processing elements may be included in short range wireless communication circuitry  329 . Thus, cellular communication circuitry  330  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of cellular communication circuitry  330 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of cellular communication circuitry  230 . Similarly, the short range wireless communication circuitry  329  may include one or more ICs that are configured to perform the functions of short range wireless communication circuitry  32 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of short range wireless communication circuitry  329 . 
       FIG.  4   —Block Diagram of a Base Station 
       FIG.  4    illustrates an example block diagram of a base station  102 , according to some embodiments. It is noted that the base station of  FIG.  4    is merely one example of a possible base station. As shown, the base station  102  may include processor(s)  404  which may execute program instructions for the base station  102 . The processor(s)  404  may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU)  440 , which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor(s)  404  and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory  460  and read only memory (ROM)  450 ) or to other circuits or devices. 
     The base station  102  may include at least one network port  470 . The network port  470  may be configured to couple to a telephone network and provide a plurality of devices, such as UE devices  106 , access to the telephone network as described above in  FIGS.  1  and  2   . 
     The network port  470  (or an additional network port) may also or alternatively be configured to couple to a cellular network, e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider. The core network may provide mobility related services and/or other services to a plurality of devices, such as UE devices  106 . In some cases, the network port  470  may couple to a telephone network via the core network, and/or the core network may provide a telephone network (e.g., among other UE devices serviced by the cellular service provider). 
     In some embodiments, base station  102  may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “gNB”. In such embodiments, base station  102  may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and/or to a NR core (NRC) network. In addition, base station  102  may be considered a 5G NR cell and may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs). In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more gNB s. 
     The base station  102  may include at least one antenna  434 , and possibly multiple antennas. The at least one antenna  434  may be configured to operate as a wireless transceiver and may be further configured to communicate with UE devices  106  via radio  430 . The antenna  434  communicates with the radio  430  via communication chain  432 . Communication chain  432  may be a receive chain, a transmit chain or both. The radio  430  may be configured to communicate via various wireless communication standards, including, but not limited to, 5G NR, LTE, LTE-A, GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, Wi-Fi, etc. 
     The base station  102  may be configured to communicate wirelessly using multiple wireless communication standards. In some instances, the base station  102  may include multiple radios, which may enable the base station  102  to communicate according to multiple wireless communication technologies. For example, as one possibility, the base station  102  may include an LTE radio for performing communication according to LTE as well as a 5G NR radio for performing communication according to 5G NR. In such a case, the base station  102  may be capable of operating as both an LTE base station and a 5G NR base station. As another possibility, the base station  102  may include a multi-mode radio which is capable of performing communications according to any of multiple wireless communication technologies (e.g., 5G NR and Wi-Fi, LTE and Wi-Fi, LTE and UMTS, LTE and CDMA2000, UMTS and GSM, etc.). 
     As described further subsequently herein, the BS  102  may include hardware and software components for implementing or supporting implementation of features described herein. The processor  404  of the base station  102  may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively, the processor  404  may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), or a combination thereof. Alternatively (or in addition) the processor  404  of the BS  102 , in conjunction with one or more of the other components  430 ,  432 ,  434 ,  440 ,  450 ,  460 ,  470  may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the features described herein. 
     In addition, as described herein, processor(s)  404  may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in processor(s)  404 . Thus, processor(s)  404  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor(s)  404 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processor(s)  404 . 
     Further, as described herein, radio  430  may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in radio  430 . Thus, radio  430  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of radio  430 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of radio  430 . 
       FIG.  5   : Block Diagram of Cellular Communication Circuitry 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an example simplified block diagram of cellular communication circuitry, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the block diagram of the cellular communication circuitry of  FIG.  5    is only one example of a possible cellular communication circuit. According to embodiments, cellular communication circuitry  330  may be included in a communication device, such as communication device  106  described above. As noted above, communication device  106  may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device), a tablet and/or a combination of devices, among other devices. 
     The cellular communication circuitry  330  may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas  335   a - b  and  336  as shown (in  FIG.  3   ). In some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry  330  may include dedicated receive chains (including and/or coupled to, e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly. dedicated processors and/or radios) for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR). For example, as shown in  FIG.  5   , cellular communication circuitry  330  may include a modem  510  and a modem  520 . Modem  510  may be configured for communications according to a first RAT, e.g., such as LTE or LTE-A, and modem  520  may be configured for communications according to a second RAT, e.g., such as 5G NR. 
     As shown, modem  510  may include one or more processors  512  and a memory  516  in communication with processors  512 . Modem  510  may be in communication with a radio frequency (RF) front end  530 . RF front end  530  may include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, RF front end  530  may include receive circuitry (RX)  532  and transmit circuitry (TX)  534 . In some embodiments, receive circuitry  532  may be in communication with downlink (DL) front end  550 , which may include circuitry for receiving radio signals via antenna  335   a.    
     Similarly, modem  520  may include one or more processors  522  and a memory  526  in communication with processors  522 . Modem  520  may be in communication with an RF front end  540 . RF front end  540  may include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, RF front end  540  may include receive circuitry  542  and transmit circuitry  544 . In some embodiments, receive circuitry  542  may be in communication with DL front end  560 , which may include circuitry for receiving radio signals via antenna  335   b.    
     In some embodiments, a switch  570  may couple transmit circuitry  534  to uplink (UL) front end  572 . In addition, switch  570  may couple transmit circuitry  544  to UL front end  572 . UL front end  572  may include circuitry for transmitting radio signals via antenna  336 . Thus, when cellular communication circuitry  330  receives instructions to transmit according to the first RAT (e.g., as supported via modem  510 ), switch  570  may be switched to a first state that allows modem  510  to transmit signals according to the first RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry  534  and UL front end  572 ). Similarly, when cellular communication circuitry  330  receives instructions to transmit according to the second RAT (e.g., as supported via modem  520 ), switch  570  may be switched to a second state that allows modem  520  to transmit signals according to the second RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry  544  and UL front end  572 ). 
     As described herein, the modem  510  may include hardware and software components for implementing the above features or for selecting a periodic resource part for a user equipment device and a base station, as well as the various other techniques described herein. The processors  512  may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively (or in addition), processor  512  may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Alternatively (or in addition) the processor  512 , in conjunction with one or more of the other components  530 ,  532 ,  534 ,  550 ,  570 ,  572 ,  335  and  336  may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein. 
     In addition, as described herein, processors  512  may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processors  512  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processors  512 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processors  512 . 
     As described herein, the modem  520  may include hardware and software components for implementing the above features for selecting a periodic resource on a wireless link between a UE and a base station, as well as the various other techniques described herein. The processors  522  may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively (or in addition), processor  522  may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Alternatively (or in addition) the processor  522 , in conjunction with one or more of the other components  540 ,  542 ,  544 ,  550 ,  570 ,  572 ,  335  and  336  may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein. 
     In addition, as described herein, processors  522  may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processors  522  may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processors  522 . In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc.) configured to perform the functions of processors  522 . 
     Timing Relationships in NTN 
     In a Terrestrial Network (TN), the timing can be different as compared with an NTN. For example, for TN, in a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) reception timing, the Downlink Control Information (DCI) indicates a slot offset K 0 , where the slot allocated for the PDSCH is [n·2 μ   PDSCH /2 μ   PDCCH ]+K 0 . In addition, for the DCI scheduled Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) transmission timing, the DCI indicates the slot offset K 2 , the slot allocated for PUSCH is [n·2 μ   PUSCH /2 μ   PUCCH ]+K 2 . In some embodiments, neither K 0  nor K 2  need a further offset in an NTN. 
     Furthermore, a Random Access Response (RAR) grant scheduled PUSCH transmission timing (e.g., Msg3), the RAR message ends in slot n, which is the slot allocated for PUSCH is n+K 2 +Δ, where the value for Δ can depend on μ PUSCH  (see Table 1 below). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mapping Δ to μ PUSCH . 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 μ PUSCH   
                 Δ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Moreover, in a DCI scheduled PUCCH transmission timing, the DCI indicates the slot offset K 1 . Thus, for a PDSCH reception at slot n, the slot allocated for PUCCH is n+K 1 .  FIG.  6    is an illustration of some embodiments of reception and transmission timings. In  FIG.  6   , the PDSCH reception timing  600  illustrates that K 0    608  is the time gap between DCI  602  and PDSCH  604  and K 1    610  is the time gap between PDSCH  604  reception and PUCCH  606  transmission. Furthermore, PUSCH transmission timing  614  illustrates that K 2  is the time gape between DCI  602  and PUSCH  616 . 
     In addition, and in a TN system, for a Media access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) action timing, the HARQ-ACK corresponding to a PDSCH carrying a MAC-CE command is sent in slot n. The corresponding action time is n+3N slot   subframe,μ , where N slot   subframe,μ  is the number of slots per subframe. Similar timing for aperiodic Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) transmission timing and CSI reference resource timing. 
     In a further embodiment, K 0  and K 1  are retrieved in the DCI Formats 1_0, 1_1, or 1_2, where K 0  is the time gap between DCI and PDSCH and K 1  is the time gap between PDSCH reception and PUCCH transmission. In some embodiments, in the DCI Format 1_0, K 1  is between 1 and 8 slots, in the DCI Format 1_1, K 1  is one of the values between 0 and 15 slots in PUCCH SCS (“dl-DataToUL-ACK” IE), and in DCI Format 1_2, K 1  is one of the values between 0 and 15 slots in PUCCH SCS (“dl-DataToUL-ACK-ForDCIFormat1_2” IE). Furthermore, the maximum gap between PDSCH reception and PUCCH transmission is 15 slots. In another embodiment, K 2  is retrieved in the DCI Format 0_0, 0_1, or 0_2, K 2  is the time gap between DCI and PUSCH. In some embodiments, in DCI Formats 0_0, 0_1, and 0_2, K 2  is one of the values between 0 and 32 slots in PUCCH SCS (“PUSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation” or “PUSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocationNew” IE). 
     For timing in NTN systems, the timing relationships are different because of the longer delays involved in communicating data across a satellite based system. In some embodiments, In the NR Rel 16 NTN study, a timing relationship is achieved by introducing an offset K offset , where the PUSCH timing is 
               ⌊     n   ·       2     μ   PUSCH         2     μ   PDCCH           ⌋     +     K   2     +       K   offset     .           
Here, K 2  is indicated by the DCI, and μ PUSCH  and μ PDCCH  are the sub-carrier spacing for PUSCH and PDCCH, respectively. In some embodiments, K offset  is used to count the large propagation delay from satellite and K offset  is in unit of slots. In this embodiment, the K offset  is a round trip measurement of the propagation delay. In another embodiment, a similar offset applies to RAR grant scheduled PUSCH, PUCCH, SRS transmission. For example and in some embodiments, for the CSI reference resource timing, the Channel-State Information (CSI) reference resource for a CSI repot in uplink slot n′ is given by a single downlink slot n-n CSI     ref   -K offset  where
 
               n   =     ⌊       n   ′     ⁢       2     μ   DL         2     μ     U   ⁢   L             ⌋       ,         
μ DL  and μ UL  are the sub-carrier spacing configurations for DL and UL, respectively and n CSI     ref    depends on the type of CSI report. In addition, the MAC CE action timing is n+3N slot   subframe,μ , where n is HARQ-ACK time for PDSCH carrying a MAC CE command and N slot   subframe,μ  is the number of slots Slot per subframe for sub-carrier spacing p. In some embodiments, while the MAC CE action timing is 3 microseconds for TN, this time can be larger in an NTN.
 
     In some embodiments, in an NTN system, a challenge can be determining the time relationship based on a timing advance (TA). In some embodiments, timing advance means that, in an uplink transmission, a UE sends data earlier to compensate the propagation delay so that gNB receives the uplink data on time. For example and in some embodiments, the will be a need to calculate K offset  and also a need to ensure a proper UL resource after the additional slot offset. In addition, for an NTN system that includes a UE with low capability of deriving the accurate differential TA, there is a challenge in ensuring that the PUCCH/PUSCH scheduled via K 1  and K 2 , can be received at Next Generation NodeB (gNB) with proper timing. In some embodiments, a UE with high capability can derive an accurate differential TA, whereas a UE with low capability is unable to derive an accurate differential TA. In this embodiment, the existing K 1  and K 2  value ranges can be small and small K 1  and K 2  values may not be suitable for UEs with low capability of accurate differential TA acquisition. With the introduction of UE-specific time offset, the slot for uplink transmissions of PUSCH or PUCCH are not guaranteed to be uplink slot, with the existing range of K 1  and K 2 . Thus, in some embodiments, a UE can extend the range of K 1  and K 2  for NTN. Furthermore, increasing K 1  and K 2  value ranges without increasing DCI signaling overhead can be useful. In addition, in NTN, the system may apply K offset  to sidelink transmissions and configure the parameters in configured grant type 1 for NTN. 
     In a further embodiment, a scaling factor (S) for K 4  can be applied. In some embodiments, a possible scaling factor can be one of {1, 2, 4, 8, 16} or a different value. As with the scaling factor for K 1  or K 2  or K 4 , the value of the scaling factor can depend on cell/beam size and/or depend on UE capability. In some embodiments, the network would configure and/or select a single scaling factor value for each UE. In a further embodiment, the network (e.g., a base station) would signal the scaling factor to the UE. For example and in some embodiments, the signaling can be a dedicated RRC signaling, e.g., “SL-ConfigDedicatedNR-r16”. In another embodiment, the actual time gap between PDSCH reception and PUCCH transmission can be S·K 1  slots. 
       FIG.  7    is an illustration of some embodiments of NTN timing relationships  700 . In  FIG.  7   , the timing relationships includes slot timings  702 A-D. In some embodiments, the gnB DL  702 A includes a scheduled PUSCH  704  for a TN, which is shifted for NTN with K offset    708  to an NTN scheduled PUSCH  706 . In addition, the UL DL  702 B starts after a TA  710 . At slot 0 of the UE DL  702 B, the DCI is received and the scheduled PUSCH starts after a delay of 2 slots from K 2 . The UE UL  702 C has a propagation delay of four slots from slot 10 to slot 13. Furthermore, the gnB UL  702 D as the received PUSCH at slot 10 due to a large propagation delay  716 . 
     In some embodiments, an additional time offset K offset  is introduced for NTN, where this time offset is in unit of slots. In addition, this time offset is on top of the existing timing of UE transmission types (e.g. DCI scheduled PUSCH, RAR scheduled PUSCH, PUCCH, MAC CE action timing, aperiodic SRS, as well as the CRI-RS reference resource).  FIG.  8 A  and  FIG.  8 B  are flow diagrams of some embodiments of a process to determine K offset  and use K offset  for determining different timings for UL and DL. 
     In some embodiments, a base station performs process  800  as illustrated in  FIG.  8 A . In  FIG.  8 A , process  800  determines the timing advance based on a random access preamble reception at block  802 . In one embodiment, process  800  collects the information that is used for calculating K offset . In this embodiment, K offset  is derived from timing advance (TA). The base station can calculate TA from the received PRACH. At block  804 , process  800  determines K offset  based on the determined TA. In some embodiments, the determination of K offset  is based on the type of NTN architecture. In some embodiments, the time offset K offset  is calculated based on the summation of service link full TA and feeder link TA for transparent satellite, where the gnB is on the ground. For example and in some embodiments, when the gNB is on the ground, 
                 K   offset     =     ⌈         T   ⁢     A     s   ⁢   e   ⁢   rvice   ⁢         link         +     T   ⁢     A     feeder   ⁢         link             slot   ⁢         duration       ⌉       ,         
where TA servicelink  is the full TA that is the summation of the common TA and the differential TA. In another example, when the gNB is on the satellite, the time offset is
 
                 K   offset     =     ⌈       T   ⁢     A   servicelink         slot   ⁢         duration       ⌉       ,         
where TA servicelink  is the full service link TA. In another embodiment, for different satellite systems, K offset  may be calculated differently.
 
     Process  800  determines a candidate slot for a UL reception based on the K offset  at block  806 . In some embodiments, the candidate slot for a UL reception is based on a PUSCH timing that is calculated using the equation 
               ⌊     n   ·       2     μ   PUSCH         2     μ   PDCCH           ⌋     +     K   2     +       K   offset     .           
In addition, or instead at block  806 , and in some embodiments, process  800  can determine PUCCH or SRS timing using K offset . In this embodiment, process  800  applies K offset  for PUCCH and/or SRS timing (e.g., adding K offset  to a TN computation for PUCCH and/or SRS timing values). At block  808 , process  800  determines if there is a candidate slot available. In some embodiments, process  800  determines the candidate slot is available based on a Time Division Duplex (TDD) configuration of the candidate slot format. For example and in one embodiment, process  800  determines if the candidate slot is an uplink slot, a downlink slot, a hybrid slot or a flexible slot based on at least the TDD configuration of the candidate slot format. If the candidate slot is one of an uplink slot or a hybrid slot with the uplink reception corresponding to uplink symbols in the hybrid slot, the candidate slot is available. Alternatively, the candidate slot is unavailable when the candidate slot is one of a downlink slot, a hybrid slot with the uplink reception not corresponding to uplink symbols in the hybrid slot, or a flexible slot. If the candidate slot is available, execution proceeds to block  812  below, where process  800  selects the initially determined candidate slot as the UL slot and execution proceeds to block  814 . If there is not a candidate slot that is available, execution proceeds to block  810 , where process selects the next available candidate slot for the UL slot. In some embodiments, it is possible with the additional time offset, the corresponding candidate slot is not available. In this embodiment, process  800  selects the first available slot for UL transmissions after the indicated UL slot (including time offset). In some embodiments, the UL transmissions can be performed for a DCI scheduled PUSCH, RAR scheduled PUSCH, PUCCH, or aperiodic SRS, where the MAC CE action timing is not affected. Execution proceeds to block  814  below.
 
     Process  800  further adjusts a MAC CE action timing using the K offset  at block  814 . In some embodiments, process  800  computes the MAC CE action timing using the equation n+XN slot   subframe,μ +K offset . In this embodiment, X may be smaller than 3, depending on gNB capability. Alternatively, X may depend on K offset , where the larger the K offset , the smaller the X value. In addition, the sum XN slot   subframe,μ +K offset  may be a constant or may be upper bounded by a constant. Furthermore, the X value may be broadcast by gNB (e.g., in SIB). 
     In  FIG.  8 B , process  850  is performed by a UE.  FIG.  8 B  begins by process  850  receiving the timing advance information from the base station at block  852 . In some embodiments, the determination of K offset  is based on the type of NTN architecture. In some embodiments, process  850  collects information for calculating K offset . In this embodiment, K offset  is derived from the TA from a TA command in RAR (Random Access Response) messages from NW. At block  854 , process  850  determines K offset  based on the determined TA. In some embodiments, the time offset K offset  is calculated based on the summation of service link full TA and feeder link TA for transparent satellite, where the gnB is on the ground. For example and in some embodiments, when the gNB is on the ground, 
                 K   offset     =     ⌈         T   ⁢     A     s   ⁢   e   ⁢   rvice   ⁢         link         +     T   ⁢     A     feeder   ⁢         link             slot   ⁢         duration       ⌉       ,         
where TA servicelink  is the full TA that is the summation of the common TA and the differential TA. In another example, when the gNB is on the satellite, the time offset is
 
                 K   offset     =     ⌈       T   ⁢     A   servicelink         slot   ⁢         duration       ⌉       ,         
where TA servicelink  is the full service link TA. In another embodiment, for different satellite systems, K offset  may be calculated differently.
 
     Process  850  determines a candidate slot based on the CSI-RS reference resource timing and K offset  at block  856 . In some embodiments, the CSI reference resource timing, the CSI reference resource is given in the downlink slot as n-n CSI     ref   -K offset , where n is time slot of CSI reporting and n CSI     ref    depends on the type of CSI report. At block  858 , process  850  determines if there is a candidate slot available. In some embodiments, process  850  determines the candidate slot is available based on a TDD configuration of the candidate slot format. For example and in one embodiment, process  850  determines if the candidate slot is an uplink slot, a downlink slot, a hybrid slot or a flexible slot based on at least the TDD configuration of the candidate slot format. If the candidate slot is one of a downlink slot or a hybrid slot with the downlink reception corresponding to downlink symbols in the hybrid slot, the candidate slot is available. Alternatively, the candidate slot is unavailable when the candidate slot is one of an uplink slot, a hybrid slot with the downlink reception not corresponding to downlink symbols in the hybrid slot, or a flexible slot. If there is a candidate slot available, execution proceeds to block  862  below, where process  850  uses the candidate slot. If there is not a candidate slot that is available, execution proceeds to block  860 , where process  850  selects the another slot for the DL. In some embodiments, it is possible with the additional time offset, the corresponding DL slot is not available. In this embodiment, process  860  selects the previously available slot for DL transmissions before the indicated DL slot (including time offset). Alternatively, process  850  can select the next available slot as the DL slot. 
       FIG.  9 A-D  are flow diagram of some embodiments of a process to extend one or more time gaps between a downlink (DL) and an uplink (UL).  FIG.  9 A  is a flow diagram of some embodiments to determine a slot for UL transmission using a scaling factor and K offset . In some embodiments, a UE performs process  900 . In  FIG.  9   , process  900  begins by receiving a scaling factor for a K value through a Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal at block  902 . In some embodiments, the scaling factor can be for one or more of K 1 , K 2 , or K 4 . In some embodiments, existing K 1 , K 2  values can independently range from 0-15 slots (K 1 ) or 0-32 slots (K 2 ). In some embodiments, the scaling factor is one of {1, 2, 4, 8, 16}, although the scaling factors may include different values. For example and in some embodiments, NTN can have large cell size and/or a large differential TA values. In this example, inaccurate differential TA values can be due to a UE&#39;s capability deriving accurate or inaccurate differential TA. In some embodiments, the values of the scaling factor(s) can depend on cell and/or beam size. For example and in some embodiments, the larger the cell size, the larger the scaling factor values. In addition, there can be a single scaling factor value for each UE, or there can be different scaling factors for different K values. In addition, the selected scaling factor can depend on UE capability. For example and in some embodiments, for a high capable UE, the scaling configuration is not needed, or configured scaling factor can be 1. Alternatively, for a low capable UE, the configuration can include a single scaling factor that is larger than 1. 
     At block  904 , process  900  determines K offset  through an RRC signal. In some embodiments, process  900  receives K offset  by signaling from the network via a dedicated RRC signal, which can be the same or different RRC signal as the RRC signal used to communicate the scaling factor. At block  906 , process  900  receives DCI with an indication of a K value. In this embodiment, the DCI includes an indication of which of the K values (e.g., K 1 , K 2 , or K 4 ) is to be scaled with the scaling factor. Process  900  calculates a new K value using the scaling factor and the indicated K value at block  908 . In some embodiments, process  900  calculates the new K value by multiplying the existing K value by the scaling factor, S. For example and in one embodiment, if the K value is K 1 , process  900  calculates a K 1 ′=S*K 1 . New K values can be computed similarly for K 2  and/or K 4 . At block  910 , process determines a slot for UL transmission using the new K value and K offset . 
     In  FIG.  9 A , process  900  applies a scaling factor that is sent using an RRC message. In alternate embodiments, the scaling factor applied can be more dynamic where the scaling factor is communicated to the UE through DCI and not just through a RRC signal.  FIG.  9 B  is a flow diagram of some embodiments to determine a slot for UL transmission using a scaling factor and K offset , where the indicated scaling factor is communicated through DCI. In some embodiments, a UE performs process  920 . In  FIG.  9 B , process  920  begins by receiving a scaling factor set for a K value through a Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal at block  922 . In some embodiments, the scaling factor set can be used for one or more of K 1 , K 2 , or K 4 . In some embodiments, existing K 1 , K 2  values can independently range from 0-15 slots (K 1 ) or 0-32 slots (K 2 ). In some embodiments, the scaling factor set can be the set of scaling factors, such as {1, 2, 4, 8, 16}, although the scaling factor set may include different values. At block  924 , process  920  determines K offset  through an RRC signal. In some embodiments, process  920  receives K offset  by signaling from the network via a dedicated RRC signal, which can be the same or different RRC signal as the RRC signal used to communicate the scaling factor. 
     At block  926 , process  920  receives DCI with an indication of a K value and scaling factor. In some embodiments, the DCI includes an indication of which of the K values (e.g., K 1 , K 2 , or K 4 ) is to be scaled with the scaling factor. In addition, the DCI can include an indication of which scaling factor to use with this K value, where the scaling factor is selected from the scaling factor set sent to the UE as described in block  922  above. There can be different scaling factors for different K values and/or different UEs. For example and in some embodiments, NTN can have large cell size and/or a large differential TA values. In this example, inaccurate differential TA values can be due to a UE&#39;s capability deriving accurate or inaccurate differential TA. In some embodiments, the values of the scaling factor(s) for the scaling factor set can depend on cell and/or beam size. For example and in some embodiments, the larger the cell size, the larger the scaling factor values. In addition, the selected scaling factor can depend on UE capability. For example and in some embodiments, for a high capable UE, the scaling configuration is not needed, or configured scaling factor can be 1. Alternatively, for a low capable UE, the configuration can include a single scaling factor that is larger than 1. 
     Process  920  calculates a new K value using the indicated scaling factor and the indicated K value at block  928 . In some embodiments, process  920  calculates the new K value by multiplying the existing K value by the scaling factor, S. For example and in one embodiment, if the K value is K 1 , process  920  calculates a K 1 ′=S*K 1 . New K values can be computed similarly for K 2  and/or K 4 . At block  930 , process determines a slot for UL transmission using the new K value and K offset . 
     In  FIG.  9 AB , processes  900  and  920  represented UE processes that determine a UL slot based on information sent to the UE from a base station. On a base station, corresponding processes determine the UL sot information for a reception of the UL communication.  FIG.  9 C  is a flow diagram of some embodiments to determine a slot for UL transmission for a base station using a scaling factor and K offset . In some embodiments, a base station performs process  940 . In  FIG.  9 C , process  940  begins by determining a scaling factor and K offset  for a UE at block  942 . In some embodiment, process  940  determines the scaling factor based on the NTN characteristics and the UE characteristics as described in  FIG.  9 A  above. At block  944 , process  940  sends the scaling factor and K offset  to the UE through one or more RRC signals. In some embodiments, process  940  can send the scaling factor and K offset  in the same or different RRC signals. 
     Process  940  sends DCI with an indication of the K value at block  946 . In some embodiments, process  940  selects which K value to choose for scaling. In some embodiments, which K values is included depends on the DCI format. For example and in one embodiment, when the base station sends a DCI with a DCI Format for DL scheduling, the DCI will include K1. For UL scheduling, the DCI Format may include K2. In these embodiments, process  940  selects one or more of K 1 , K 2 , or K 4  to indicate in the DCI. At block  948 , process  940  determines the slots for reception of the UL transmission from the UE based on at least the scaling factor, K value, and/or K offset . In one embodiment, the determination of the UL slot depends on the type of UL transmission (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, and/or another type of UL transmission. For example and in one embodiment, for a PUCCH, the UL slot is determined using the formula n+K 1 ′, where K 1 ′ is the scaled value of K 1 . Alternatively for PUSCH, the UL slot is determined using the formula, 
                 ⌊     n   ·       2     μ   PUSCH         2     μ   PDCCH           ⌋     +     K   2   ′     +     K   offset       ,         
where K 2 ′ is the scaled value of K 2  is the value as indicated above. Similarly, the time gap between PSFCH and PUCCH is K 4 ′+K offset , where K 4 ′ is the scaled value of K 4 .
 
     In  FIG.  9 B  above, the UE receives a set of scaling factors and which factor to use by the UE is indicated in DCI sent from the base station.  FIG.  9 D  is a flow diagram of some embodiments to determine a slot for UL transmission for a base station using a scaling factor and K offset , where the indicated scaling factor is communicated through DCI. In some embodiments, the base station perform process  960 . In  FIG.  9 D , process  960  begins by determining and sending a set of scaling factors to the UE from the base station through an RRC signal at block  962 . In some embodiments, the scaling factor set can be used for one or more of K 1 , K 2 , or K 4 . In some embodiments, existing K 1 , K 2  values can independently range from 0-15 slots (K 1 ) or 0-32 slots (K 2 ). In some embodiments, the scaling factor set can be the set of scaling factors, such as {1, 2, 4, 8, 16}, although the scaling factor set may include different values. 
     At block  964 , process  960  determines and sends K offset  to the UE through an RRC signal. In some embodiments, process  960  determines the value of K offset  based on the type of NTN architecture as described above in  FIG.  8 A . In some embodiments, process  960  sends K offset  by signaling from the network via a dedicated RRC signal, which can be the same or different RRC signal as the RRC signal used to communicate the scaling factor. Process  960  determines a scaling factor and K value for the UL transmission of the UE at block  966 . In some embodiments, process  960  selects which K value to choose for scaling. Which K value is included in the DCI depends on the DCI formatting as described in  FIG.  9 A  above. n these embodiments, process  960  selects one or more of K 1 , K 2 , or K 4  to indicate in the DCI. In addition, the scaling factor is selected from the scaling factor set and can be tailored for the determined K value and/or receiving UE. Process  960  sends an indication of the K value and determined scaling factor at block  968 . At block  970 , process  960  determines the slots for reception of the UL transmission from the UE based on at least the scaling factor, K value, and/or K offset . In one embodiment, the determination of the UL slot depends on the type of UL transmission (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, and/or another type of UL transmission. For example and in one embodiment, for a PUCCH, the UL slot is determined using the formula n+K 1 ′, where K 1 ′ is the scaled value of K 1 . Alternatively for PUSCH, the UL slot is determined using the formula, 
                 ⌊     n   ·       2     μ   PUSCH         2     μ   PDCCH           ⌋     +     K   2   ′     +     K   offset       ,         
where K 2 ′ is the scaled value of K 2  is the value as indicated above. Similarly, the time gap between PSFCH and PUCCH is K 4 ′+K offset , where K 4 ′ is the scaled value of K 4 .
 
     In some embodiments, the DCI Format 3_0 includes time gaps K 3  and K 4 , where the time gap K 3  is between DCI 3_0 reception to first PSCCH/PSSCH transmission and the time gap K 4  between last PSFCH reception and PUCCH transmission. In NTN, there may be no additional K offset  on top of K 3 , but K offset  can be applied to K 4 .  FIG.  10    illustrates an example block diagram of a timing relationship  1000  for a sidelink in NTN according to some embodiments. In  FIG.  10   , the timing relationship indicates the time gaps between DCI 3_0  1002  and PSCCH/PSSCH  1004  and PSFCH  1006  and PUCCH  1008 . In some embodiments, the time gap K 3    1010  is not adjusted for NTN, as this time gap is sufficient for the gap between DCI 3_0  1002  and PSCCH/PSSCH  1004 . Alternatively, the time gap K 4    1012  between PSFCH  1006  and PUCCH  1008  is increased by K offset  in NTN. In addition, K offset  may be the same or different from that for PUSCH transmission in NTN. 
     In a further embodiment, the UE can use K offset  in a timing relationship for Type 1 Configured Grant Configuration.  FIG.  11 A  and  FIG.  11 B  illustrate an example block diagram of a timing relationship for a Type 1 Configured Grant Configuration in NTN. In  FIG.  11 A , the time domain offset  1104  can include K offset , where the time domain offset is an offset from a reference time  1102  (e.g., SFN=0) to configured grants  1108 . In some embodiments, the configured grants  1108  are separated by a periodicity value  1106 . In some embodiments, K offset  is included in the configured grant configuration. In another embodiment, A separate K offset  parameter is in configured grant configuration. For example and in some embodiments, the following equation is used to determine the slot number for the configured grant, which includes K offset :
 
[(SFN×numberOfSlotsPerFrame×numberOfSymbolsPerSlot)+(slot number in the frame×numberOfSymbolsPerSlot)+symbol number in the slot]=(timeReferenceSFN×numberOfSlotsPerFrame×numberOfSymbolsPerSlot+timeDomainOffset×numberOfSymbolsPerSlot+ K   offset ×numberOfSymbolsPerSlot+ S+N ×periodicity) modulo (1024×numberOfSlotsPerFrame×numberOfSymbolsPerSlot).
 
     In a further embodiment, the network combines K offset  into “TimeDomainOffset” in configured grant configuration. For example and in some embodiments, for the “timeDomainOffset” range, the lower bound depends on satellite type (e.g., LEO, GEO, HAPS). For example and in some embodiments, in type 1 configured grant configuration, there is a field of “timeDomainOffset” to indicate the time gap between the configured grant time and the reference time (e.g., SFN=0). The time gap may be larger for NTN so as to include the K offset . 
     In another embodiment, the network can include K offset  in each transmission. In  FIG.  11 B , the time domain offset  1112  can include K offset  as a separate value in each transmission, where the time domain offset is an offset from a reference time  1114  (e.g., SFN=0), when added to K offset    1120 , to configured grants  1118 . In some embodiments, the configured grants  1118  are separated by a periodicity value  1116 . 
       FIG.  12    is a flow diagram of some embodiments of a process  1300  to determine and apply a scaling to K offset  for a Type 1 configure grant configuration. In some embodiments, a UE performs process  1200 . In  FIG.  13   , process  1200  receives the timing information, where the timing information does not include K offset  at block  1202 . In some embodiments, process  1200  receives K offset  by signaling from the network via a dedicated RRC message. Process  1200  applies K offset  to the Type 1 Configured Grant Configuration as described in  FIG.  11 B  at block  1204 . 
     Portions of what was described above may be implemented with logic circuitry such as a dedicated logic circuit or with a microcontroller or other form of processing core that executes program code instructions. Thus, processes taught by the discussion above may be performed with program code such as machine-executable instructions that cause a machine that executes these instructions to perform certain functions. In this context, a “machine” may be a machine that converts intermediate form (or “abstract”) instructions into processor specific instructions (e.g., an abstract execution environment such as a “virtual machine” (e.g., a Java Virtual Machine), an interpreter, a Common Language Runtime, a high-level language virtual machine, etc.), and/or, electronic circuitry disposed on a semiconductor chip (e.g., “logic circuitry” implemented with transistors) designed to execute instructions such as a general-purpose processor and/or a special-purpose processor. Processes taught by the discussion above may also be performed by (in the alternative to a machine or in combination with a machine) electronic circuitry designed to perform the processes (or a portion thereof) without the execution of program code. 
     The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations described herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purpose, or it may comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. 
     A machine readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a machine readable medium includes read only memory (“ROM”); random access memory (“RAM”); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory devices; etc. 
     An article of manufacture may be used to store program code. An article of manufacture that stores program code may be embodied as, but is not limited to, one or more memories (e.g., one or more flash memories, random access memories (static, dynamic or other)), optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD ROMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards or other type of machine-readable media suitable for storing electronic instructions. Program code may also be downloaded from a remote computer (e.g., a server) to a requesting computer (e.g., a client) by way of data signals embodied in a propagation medium (e.g., via a communication link (e.g., a network connection)). 
     The preceding detailed descriptions are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the tools used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. 
     It should be kept in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the above discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “sending,” “receiving,” “detecting,” “determining,” “communicating,” “transmitting,” “assigning,” “ranking,” “decrementing,” “selecting,” “applying,” “signaling,” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     The processes and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the operations described. The required structure for a variety of these systems will be evident from the description below. In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the invention as described herein. 
     It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users. 
     The foregoing discussion merely describes some exemplary embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion, the accompanying drawings and the claims that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20230823
Publication Date: 20240716
Grant Date: 20240716
Priority Date: 20200807
Inventors: YAO, CHUNHAI
YE, CHUNXUAN
ZHANG, DAWEI
HU, HAIJING
SUN, HAITONG
HE, HONG
OTERI, OGHENEKOME
VANGALA, SARMA V.
YE, SIGEN
ZENG, WEI
YANG, WEIDONG
ZHANG, YUSHU
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W72/232", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/231", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W84/06", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W56/001", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/231", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/232", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L1/1854", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W56/0045", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W56/0045", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0446", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/1851", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/232", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/231", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W56/0045", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 80120077