PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9335870-B2
Application Number: US-87707010-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Touch-display crosstalk

Abstract:
Clamping of a circuit element of a touch screen, such as a gate line of the display system of the touch screen, to a fixed voltage is provided. The circuit element can be clamped during a touch phase and unclamped during a display phase of the touch screen. A gate line system of a touch screen can include a first transistor with a source or drain connected to a first gate line, a second transistor with a source or drain connected to a second gate line, and a common conductive pathway connecting gates of the first and second transistors. A synchronization system can switch the first and second transistors to connect the first and second gate lines to a fixed voltage during a touch phase, and can switch the first and second transistors to disconnect the first and second gate lines from the fixed voltage during a display phase.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method of operating a touch screen having drive regions and sense regions, each drive and sense region having a plurality of pixels with common electrodes connected together along first and second directions, the drive and sense regions arranged for permitting touch sensing by capacitive coupling between the drive and sense regions, the method comprising:
 during a touch sensing phase in which a touch is sensed, connecting circuit elements of the pixels in at least the drive regions to a predetermined voltage through at least a first conductive pathway and, at substantially the same time, connecting the same circuit elements of the pixels in at least the drive regions to the same predetermined voltage by a second conductive pathway, the second conductive pathway having at least a portion thereof different from the first conductive pathway; 
 during a display phase in which an image is displayed on the touch screen, disconnecting the circuit elements from the predetermined voltage; and 
 wherein connecting the circuit elements to the predetermined voltage includes switching a first switching element to connect the circuit elements to the predetermined voltage through the first conductive pathway, and switching a second switching element to connect the circuit elements to the predetermined voltage through the second conductive pathway. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the first switching element comprises a first transistor and the second switching element comprises a second transistor, and the drive and sense regions are arranged for permitting touch sensing by capacitive coupling between the common electrodes of the drive and sense regions. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 2 , wherein the circuit elements comprise gates of the pixels. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 3 , further comprising:
 a first gate line connecting the gates of pixel elements along a first row of the touch screen; 
 the first transistor has a source or drain connected to the first gate line, the method including controlling display elements of the touch screen along the first row of the touch screen by utilizing the first gate line; 
 the second transistor has a source or drain connected to the first gate line, 
 the first transistor having a gate input and the second transistor having a gate input; and wherein the method includes connecting the first gate line to the predetermined voltage by turning on the first transistor and the second transistor at substantially the same time utilizing their respective gate inputs. 
 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 4 , further comprising:
 during the display phase, connecting the circuit elements to a second predetermined voltage; and 
 during the touch sensing phase connecting the circuit elements of the pixels in the sense regions to the predetermined voltage. 
 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 5 , wherein connecting the first gate line to the predetermined voltage includes switching a third transistor to connect the first gate line to the predetermined voltage through a third conductive pathway, the third conductive pathway having at least portions thereof different from the first and second pathways, the third transistor having a gate input for turning on the third transistor at substantially the same time as turning on the first and second transistors. 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 6 , the gate inputs of the second transistor and the third transistor are connected together by a common conductive pathway. 
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 6 , wherein connecting the first gate line to the predetermined voltage includes switching a fourth transistor to connect the first gate lines to the predetermined voltage through a fourth conductive pathway, the fourth conductive pathway have at least portions thereof different from the first, second and third conductive pathways. 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 during the display phase, connecting the circuit elements to a second predetermined voltage; and 
 during the touch sensing phase connecting the circuit elements of the pixels in the sense regions to the predetermined voltage. 
 
     
     
       10. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the circuit elements comprise gates of the pixels. 
     
     
       11. A touch screen having a display phase and a touch phase, the touch screen comprising:
 a plurality of drive regions and a plurality of sense regions, each drive and sense region having a plurality of pixels with common electrodes connected together along first and second directions forming rows and columns, the drive and sense regions arranged for permitting touch sensing by capacitive coupling between the common electrodes of the drive and sense regions; 
 a first transistor with a source or drain connected to a first gate line, the first gate line controlling display elements of the touch screen along a first row of a first drive region of the touch screen, and the first transistor connecting the first gate line to a predetermined voltage during the touch phase; 
 a second transistor with a source or drain connected to a second gate line, the second gate line controlling display elements of the touch screen along a second row of the first drive region of the touch screen, and the second transistor connecting the second gate line to the predetermined voltage during the touch phase; and 
 a synchronization line connecting together gates of the first and second transistors during the touch phase such that the first and second transistors shunt the first and second gate lines to the predetermined voltage at the same time. 
 
     
     
       12. The touch screen of  claim 11 , further comprising a third transistor connected to the first gate line and a fourth transistor connected to the second gate line, wherein the gates of the third and fourth transistors are disconnected. 
     
     
       13. The touch screen of  claim 12  wherein the other of the drain or source of the first and second transistors are connected to the drain or source of the third and fourth transistors respectively. 
     
     
       14. The touch screen of  claim 11 , wherein the other of the drain or source of the first and second transistors are connected to the predetermined voltage during the touch phase. 
     
     
       15. The touch screen of  claim 14 , further comprising:
 a synchronization system that switches the first and second transistors to connect the first and second gate lines to the predetermined voltage during the touch phase of the touch screen, and that switches the first and second transistors to disconnect the first and second gate lines from the predetermined voltage during a display phase of the touch screen. 
 
     
     
       16. A touch screen comprising:
 a first drive region segment having a plurality of display elements of the touch screen arranged in rows and columns, display elements in the first drive region segment each having a common electrode, and the common electrodes within the first drive region segment connected to one another ; 
 a second drive region segment having a plurality of display elements of the touch screen arranged in rows and columns, display elements in the second drive region segment each having a common electrode, and the common electrodes within the second drive region segment connected to one another; 
 a sense region disposed between the first and second drive region segments, the sense region having a plurality of display elements of the touch screen arranged in rows and columns, display elements in the sense region each having a common electrode, and the common electrodes within the sense region connected to one another; 
 the touch screen operable in a touch phase for sensing touch from capacitive coupling between the common electrodes of the sense region and at least one of the first and second drive region segments when stimulation signals are transmitted through the common electrodes of the display pixels in the first and second drive region segments; 
 the touch screen operable in a display phase for displaying data using the display elements of the first drive region segment, the second drive region segment and the sense region; the display elements of the first drive region segment, the second drive region segment and the sense region having gate lines controlling switching transistors associated with the display elements within each of the first drive region segment, the second drive region segment and the sense region; and 
 a clamping circuit for clamping the gate lines of the display elements within the first drive region segment, the second drive region segment and the sense region to a predetermined voltage during the touch phase through at least a first conductive pathway and a second conductive pathway, the second conductive pathway having at least a portion thereof different from the first conductive pathway. 
 
     
     
       17. The touch screen of  claim 16  wherein the clamping circuit comprises:
 a first transistor with a source or drain connected to a first gate line, the first transistor coupling the first gate line to the predetermined voltage through the first conductive path during the touch phase; 
 a second transistor having a source or drain connected to the first gate line, the second transistor coupling the first gate line to the predetermined voltage through the second conductive pathway during the touch phase. 
 
     
     
       18. The touch screen of  claim 17 , further comprising:
 a first gate driver for driving the first gate line for display of the data during the display phase; 
 the first gate driver having third transistor having a source or drain connected to the first gate line, the third transistor coupling the first gate line to the predetermined voltage through a third conductive pathway during the touch phase, the third conductive pathway having at least a portion thereof different from the first and second conductive pathways. 
 
     
     
       19. The touch screen of  claim 18 , further comprising a fourth transistor having a source or drain connected to the first gate line, the fourth transistor coupling the first gate line to the predetermined voltage through a fourth conductive pathway during the touch phase. the fourth conductive pathway having at least a portion thereof different from the first, second and third conductive pathways. 
     
     
       20. The touch screen of  claim 19  wherein the first and second transistors have gate inputs connected to at least one synchronization line for turn on the first and second transistors during the touch phase. 
     
     
       21. The touch screen of  claim 16 , further comprising at least one tunnel line connecting the common electrodes of the first drive region segment to the common electrodes of the second drive region segment; and
 wherein the fourth transistor has a gate input connected to the one or more synchoronizaton lines. 
 
     
     
       22. A touch screen comprising:
 a plurality of drive regions and a plurality of sense regions, each drive and sense region having a plurality of pixels with common electrodes connected together along first and second directions forming rows and columns, the drive and sense regions arranged for permitting touch sensing by capacitive coupling between the drive and sense regions; 
 a first circuit for connecting circuit elements of at least the drive regions of the touch screen to a predetermined voltage through at least a first and second conductive pathway during a touch sensing phase in which a touch is sensed, the second conductive pathway having at least a portion thereof different from the first conductive pathway, the first and second conductive pathways connecting the circuit elements of at least the drive region to the predetermined voltage at substantially the same time; 
 a second circuit for disconnecting the circuit elements from the predetermined voltage during a display phase in which an image is displayed on the touch screen; and 
 wherein the first circuit includes a first switching element o connect the circuit elements to the predetermined voltage through the first conductive pathway. and a second switching element to connect the circuit element to the predetermined voltage through the second conductive pathway. 
 
     
     
       23. The touch screen of  claim 22 , wherein the first switching element comprises a first transistor and the second switching element comprises a second transistor. 
     
     
       24. The touch screen of  claim 22  wherein the circuit elements comprise gates of the pixels in at least the drive regions of the touch screen. 
     
     
       25. The touch screen of  claim 24 , wherein:
 wherein the first circuit includes a first transistor to connect the circuit elements to the predetermined voltage through the first conductive pathway, and a second transistor to connect the circuit element to the predetermined voltage through the second conductive pathway; 
 the first transistor has a source or drain connected to a first gate line, the first gate line controlling display elements of the touch screen along a first row of the touch screen; and 
 the second transistor has a source or drain connected to the first gate line; 
 the first transistor having a gate input and the second transistor having a gate input; and 
 wherein the gate inputs of the first transistor and the second transistor turn on the first and second transistors at the same time to connect the first gate line to the predetermined voltage. 
 
     
     
       26. The touch screen of  claim 25 , wherein a third transistor is switched to connect the first gate line to the predetermined voltage through a third conductive pathway, the third conductive pathway having at least portions thereof different from the first and second pathways, the third transistor having a gate input for turning on the third transistor. 
     
     
       27. The touch screen of  claim 26 , wherein the gate inputs of the second transistor and the third transistor are connected together by a common conductive pathway. 
     
     
       28. The touch screen of  claim 27 , wherein a fourth transistor is switched to connect the circuit elements to the predetermined voltage through a fourth conductive pathway, the fourth conductive pathway have at least portions thereof different from the first, second and third conductive pathways.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/352,315, filed Jun. 7, 2010, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This relates generally to touch sensing, and more particularly, to crosstalk that can occur between touch circuitry and display circuitry in touch screens. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Many types of input devices are presently available for performing operations in a computing system, such as buttons or keys, mice, trackballs, joysticks, touch sensor panels, touch screens and the like. Touch screens, in particular, are becoming increasingly popular because of their ease and versatility of operation as well as their declining price. Touch screens can include a touch sensor panel, which can be a clear panel with a touch-sensitive surface, and a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) that can be positioned partially or fully behind the panel so that the touch-sensitive surface can cover at least a portion of the viewable area of the display device. Touch screens can allow a user to perform various functions by touching the touch sensor panel using a finger, stylus or other object at a location often dictated by a user interface (UI) being displayed by the display device. In general, touch screens can recognize a touch and the position of the touch on the touch sensor panel, and the computing system can then interpret the touch in accordance with the display appearing at the time of the touch, and thereafter can perform one or more actions based on the touch. In the case of some touch sensing systems, a physical touch on the display is not needed to detect a touch. For example, in some capacitive-type touch sensing systems, fringing fields used to detect touch can extend beyond the surface of the display, and objects approaching near the surface may be detected near the surface without actually touching the surface. 
     Capacitive touch sensor panels can be formed from a matrix of drive and sense lines of a substantially transparent conductive material, such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), often arranged in rows and columns in horizontal and vertical directions on a substantially transparent substrate. It is due in part to their substantial transparency that capacitive touch sensor panels can be overlaid on a display to form a touch screen, as described above. Some touch screens can be formed by integrating touch sensing circuitry into a display pixel stackup (i.e., the stacked material layers forming the display pixels). 
     SUMMARY 
     The following description includes examples of reducing crosstalk between touch circuitry and display circuitry of touch screens. In some embodiments, a circuit element of a touch screen, such as a gate line of the display system of the touch screen, can be clamped to a fixed voltage, which can help reduce crosstalk and help reduce errors in, for example, touch sensing signals of the touch sensing system. The gate line can be clamped during a touch phase and unclamped during a display phase of the touch screen, during which the gate line can operate as part of the display system. In some embodiments, a gate line system of a touch screen can include a first transistor with a source or drain connected to a first gate line, a second transistor with a source or drain connected to a second gate line, and a common conductive pathway connecting gates of the first and second transistors. In some embodiments, a synchronization system can switch the first and second transistors to connect the first and second gate lines to a fixed voltage during the touch phase, and can switch the first and second transistors to disconnect the first and second gate lines from the fixed voltage during the display phase. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A-1C  illustrate an example mobile telephone, an example media player, and an example personal computer that each include an example touch screen according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example computing system that illustrates one implementation of an example touch screen according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is a more detailed view of the touch screen of  FIG. 2  showing an example configuration of drive lines and sense lines according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example configuration in which touch sensing circuitry includes common electrodes (Vcom) according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an exploded view of example display pixel stackups according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an example touch sensing operation according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a portion of an example touch screen during a touch sensing phase according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a model of an example error mechanism in an example touch screen according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a circuit diagram of a drive-sense operation of an example touch screen according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an example gate line system in which gate lines can be shunted to a fixed voltage during a touch phase. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example gate line system including shunting transistors according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description of example embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which it is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which embodiments of the disclosure can be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments can be used and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the embodiments of this disclosure. 
     The following description includes examples in which a circuit element of a touch screen, such as a gate line of the display system of the touch screen, can be clamped to a fixed voltage, which can help reduce crosstalk between, for example, the display system and the touch sensing system. Reducing crosstalk can be beneficial because crosstalk can introduce errors in, for example, touch sensing signals of the touch sensing system. Touch sensing circuitry in devices such as touch panels, touch screens, etc., can be exposed to various sources of error that can enter the touch sensing system through various error mechanisms. For example, touch sensing circuitry can operate alongside other types of circuitry, such as in a touch screen formed by a touch panel overlay on a display screen. Close proximity of touch and display circuitry may cause undesirable interference, such as crosstalk, with touch sensing. Sources of error can enter the touch sensing system through mechanisms. For example, a display system of a touch screen may change a voltage across a liquid crystal cell to display an image, but the voltage change can cause the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal to change in a way that introduces error in the touch sensing system through an error mechanism, or error path, that can include, for example, a gate line of the display system. 
     Errors in touch sensing can include any portion of a touch sensing measurement that does not carry information about touch. A touch sensing signal output from a touch sensor can be a composite signal, for example, that includes one or more signals caused by a touch, and carrying touch information about the touch, and one or more signals caused by other sources, such as electrical interference, crosstalk, etc., that do not provide information about the touch. Some error sources can cause a change in the operation of touch sensing that causes the portion of the touch sensing signal that carries touch information to inaccurately reflect the amount of touch. For example, an error source could cause a drive signal to be generated with an abnormally high voltage, which could result in the sense signal sensing a touch to be abnormally high as well. Thus, a portion of the touch information itself could include an error. 
     As touch sensing circuitry becomes more closely integrated with circuitry of other systems, undesirable interaction between circuit elements of different systems can be more likely to occur. For example, touch sensing circuitry can be integrated into the display pixel stackups of integrated touch screens. Display pixel stackups are typically manufactured by processes including depositing, masking, etching, doping, etc., of materials such as conductive materials (e.g., metal, substantially transparent conductors), semiconductive materials (e.g., polycrystalline silicon (Poly-Si)), and dielectric materials (e.g., SiO2, organic materials, SiNx). Various elements formed within a display pixel stackup can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, while other elements can operate as circuitry of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. 
     The following description includes examples in which the errors in touch sensing introduced through various error mechanisms can be compensated. In one example, a gate line can form part of an electrical path that can potentially couple undesirable signals into the touch sensing signal, i.e., crosstalk. However, in accordance with example embodiments, the gate line can be clamped to a fixed voltage, which can help to reduce or to eliminate an amount of crosstalk. In other words, the clamping can help to remove, partially or fully, the gate line from the particular error mechanism, which can help to reduce or eliminate the amount of error that can be introduced into a touch sensing signal through the error mechanism. 
     Although example embodiments are described below in relation to integrated touch screens, other types of touch sensing arrangements can be used, for example, non-integrated touch screens, touchpads, etc. 
       FIGS. 1A-1C  show example systems in which a touch screen according to embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented.  FIG. 1A  illustrates an example mobile telephone  136  that includes a touch screen  124 .  FIG. 1B  illustrates an example digital media player  140  that includes a touch screen  126 .  FIG. 1C  illustrates an example personal computer  144  that includes a touch screen  128 . Touch screens  124 ,  126 , and  128  may be based on, for example, self capacitance or mutual capacitance, or another touch sensing technology. For example, in a self capacitance based touch system, an individual electrode with a self-capacitance to ground can be used to form a touch pixel for detecting touch. As an object approaches the touch pixel, an additional capacitance to ground can be formed between the object and the touch pixel. The additional capacitance to ground can result in a net increase in the self-capacitance seen by the touch pixel. This increase in self-capacitance can be detected and measured by a touch sensing system to determine the positions of multiple objects when they touch the touch screen. A mutual capacitance based touch system can include, for example, drive regions and sense regions, such as drive lines and sense lines. For example, drive lines can be formed in rows while sense lines can be formed in columns (e.g., orthogonal). Touch pixels can be formed at the intersections of the rows and columns. During operation, the rows can be stimulated with an AC waveform and a mutual capacitance can be formed between the row and the column of the touch pixel. As an object approaches the touch pixel, some of the charge being coupled between the row and column of the touch pixel can instead be coupled onto the object. This reduction in charge coupling across the touch pixel can result in a net decrease in the mutual capacitance between the row and the column and a reduction in the AC waveform being coupled across the touch pixel. This reduction in the charge-coupled AC waveform can be detected and measured by the touch sensing system to determine the positions of multiple objects when they touch the touch screen. In some embodiments, a touch screen can be multi-touch, single touch, projection scan, full-imaging multi-touch, or any capacitive touch. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example computing system  200  that illustrates one implementation of an example touch screen  220  according to embodiments of the disclosure. Computing system  200  could be included in, for example, mobile telephone  136 , digital media player  140 , personal computer  144 , or any mobile or non-mobile computing device that includes a touch screen. Computing system  200  can include a touch sensing system including one or more touch processors  202 , peripherals  204 , a touch controller  206 , and touch sensing circuitry (described in more detail below). Peripherals  204  can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) or other types of memory or storage, watchdog timers and the like. Touch controller  206  can include, but is not limited to, one or more sense channels  208 , channel scan logic  210  and driver logic  214 . Channel scan logic  210  can access RAM  212 , autonomously read data from the sense channels and provide control for the sense channels. In addition, channel scan logic  210  can control driver logic  214  to generate stimulation signals  216  at various frequencies and phases that can be selectively applied to drive regions of the touch sensing circuitry of touch screen  220 , as described in more detail below. In some embodiments, touch controller  206 , touch processor  202  and peripherals  204  can be integrated into a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Touch controller  206  can also include an error compensator  250 , which is described in more detail below. 
     Computing system  200  can also include a host processor  228  for receiving outputs from touch processor  202  and performing actions based on the outputs. For example, host processor  228  can be connected to program storage  232  and a display controller, such as an LCD driver  234 . Host processor  228  can use LCD driver  234  to generate an image on touch screen  220 , such as an image of a user interface (UI), and can use touch processor  202  and touch controller  206  to detect a touch on or near touch screen  220 , such a touch input to the displayed UI. The touch input can be used by computer programs stored in program storage  232  to perform actions that can include, but are not limited to, moving an object such as a cursor or pointer, scrolling or panning, adjusting control settings, opening a file or document, viewing a menu, making a selection, executing instructions, operating a peripheral device connected to the host device, answering a telephone call, placing a telephone call, terminating a telephone call, changing the volume or audio settings, storing information related to telephone communications such as addresses, frequently dialed numbers, received calls, missed calls, logging onto a computer or a computer network, permitting authorized individuals access to restricted areas of the computer or computer network, loading a user profile associated with a user&#39;s preferred arrangement of the computer desktop, permitting access to web content, launching a particular program, encrypting or decoding a message, and/or the like. Host processor  228  can also perform additional functions that may not be related to touch processing. 
     Touch screen  220  can include touch sensing circuitry that can include a capacitive sensing medium having a plurality of drive lines  222  and a plurality of sense lines  223 . It should be noted that the term “lines” is a sometimes used herein to mean simply conductive pathways, as one skilled in the art will readily understand, and is not limited to elements that are strictly linear, but includes pathways that change direction, and includes pathways of different size, shape, materials, etc. Drive lines  222  can be driven by stimulation signals  216  from driver logic  214  through a drive interface  224 , and resulting sense signals  217  generated in sense lines  223  can be transmitted through a sense interface  225  to sense channels  208  (also referred to as an event detection and demodulation circuit) in touch controller  206 . In this way, drive lines and sense lines can be part of the touch sensing circuitry that can interact to form capacitive sensing nodes, which can be thought of as touch picture elements (touch pixels), such as touch pixels  226  and  227 . This way of understanding can be particularly useful when touch screen  220  is viewed as capturing an “image” of touch. In other words, after touch controller  206  has determined whether a touch has been detected at each touch pixel in the touch screen, the pattern of touch pixels in the touch screen at which a touch occurred can be thought of as an “image” of touch (e.g. a pattern of fingers touching the touch screen). 
     In some example embodiments, touch screen  220  can be an integrated touch screen in which touch sensing circuit elements of the touch sensing system can be integrated into the display pixels stackups of a display. An example integrated touch screen in which embodiments of the disclosure can be implemented with now be described with reference to  FIGS. 3-6 .  FIG. 3  is a more detailed view of touch screen  220  showing an example configuration of drive lines  222  and sense lines  223  according to embodiments of the disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 3 , each drive line  222  can be formed of one or more drive line segments  301  that can be electrically connected by drive line links  303  at connections  305 . Drive line links  303  are not electrically connected to sense lines  223 , rather, the drive line links can bypass the sense lines through bypasses  307 . Drive lines  222  and sense lines  223  can interact capacitively to form touch pixels such as touch pixels  226  and  227 . Drive lines  222  (i.e., drive line segments  301  and corresponding drive line links  303 ) and sense lines  223  can be formed of electrical circuit elements in touch screen  220 . In the example configuration of  FIG. 3 , each of touch pixels  226  and  227  can include a portion of one drive line segment  301 , a portion of a sense line  223 , and a portion of another drive line segment  301 . For example, touch pixel  226  can include a right-half portion  309  of a drive line segment on one side of a portion  311  of a sense line, and a left-half portion  313  of a drive line segment on the opposite side of portion  311  of the sense line. 
     The circuit elements can include, for example, elements that can exist in conventional LCD displays, as described above. It is noted that circuit elements are not limited to whole circuit components, such a whole capacitor, a whole transistor, etc., but can include portions of circuitry, such as only one of the two plates of a parallel plate capacitor.  FIG. 4  illustrates an example configuration in which common electrodes (Vcom) can form portions of the touch sensing circuitry of a touch sensing system. Each display pixel includes a common electrode  401 , which is a circuit element of the display system circuitry in the pixel stackup (i.e., the stacked material layers forming the display pixels) of the display pixels of some types of conventional LCD displays, e.g., fringe field switching (FFS) displays, that can operate as part of the display system to display an image. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 4 , each common electrode (Vcom)  401  can serve as a multi-function circuit element that can operate as display circuitry of the display system of touch screen  220  and can also operate as touch sensing circuitry of the touch sensing system. In this example, each common electrode  401  can operate as a common electrode of the display circuitry of the touch screen, and can also operate together when grouped with other common electrodes as touch sensing circuitry of the touch screen. For example, a group of common electrodes  401  can operate together as a capacitive part of a drive line or a sense line of the touch sensing circuitry during the touch sensing phase. Other circuit elements of touch screen  220  can form part of the touch sensing circuitry by, for example, electrically connecting together common electrodes  401  of a region, switching electrical connections, etc. In general, each of the touch sensing circuit elements may be either a multi-function circuit element that can form part of the touch sensing circuitry and can perform one or more other functions, such as forming part of the display circuitry, or may be a single-function circuit element that can operate as touch sensing circuitry only. Similarly, each of the display circuit elements may be either a multi-function circuit element that can operate as display circuitry and perform one or more other functions, such as operating as touch sensing circuitry, or may be a single-function circuit element that can operate as display circuitry only. Therefore, in some embodiments, some of the circuit elements in the display pixel stackups can be multi-function circuit elements and other circuit elements may be single-function circuit elements. In other embodiments, all of the circuit elements of the display pixel stackups may be single-function circuit elements. 
     In addition, although example embodiments herein may describe the display circuitry as operating during a display phase, and describe the touch sensing circuitry as operating during a touch sensing phase, it should be understood that a display phase and a touch sensing phase may be operated at the same time, e.g., partially or completely overlap, or the display phase and touch phase may operate at different times. Also, although example embodiments herein describe certain circuit elements as being multi-function and other circuit elements as being single-function, it should be understood that the circuit elements are not limited to the particular functionality in other embodiments. In other words, a circuit element that is described in one example embodiment herein as a single-function circuit element may be configured as a multi-function circuit element in other embodiments, and vice versa. 
     For example,  FIG. 4  shows common electrodes  401  grouped together to form drive region segments  403  and sense regions  405  that generally correspond to drive line segments  301  and sense lines  223 , respectively. Grouping multi-function circuit elements of display pixels into a region can mean operating the multi-function circuit elements of the display pixels together to perform a common function of the region. Grouping into functional regions may be accomplished through one or a combination of approaches, for example, the structural configuration of the system (e.g., physical breaks and bypasses, voltage line configurations), the operational configuration of the system (e.g., switching circuit elements on/off, changing voltage levels and/or signals on voltage lines), etc. 
     Multi-function circuit elements of display pixels of the touch screen can operate in both the display phase and the touch phase. For example, during a touch phase, common electrodes  401  can be grouped together to form touch signal lines, such as drive regions and sense regions. In some embodiments circuit elements can be grouped to form a continuous touch signal line of one type and a segmented touch signal line of another type. For example,  FIG. 4  shows one example embodiment in which drive region segments  403  and sense regions  405  correspond to drive line segments  301  and sense lines  223  of touch screen  220 . Other configurations are possible in other embodiments, for example, common electrodes  401  could be grouped together such that drive lines are each formed of a continuous drive region and sense lines are each formed of a plurality of sense region segments linked together through connections that bypass a drive region. 
     The drive regions in the example of  FIG. 3  are shown in  FIG. 4  as rectangular regions including a plurality of common electrodes of display pixels, and the sense regions of  FIG. 3  are shown in  FIG. 4  as rectangular regions including a plurality of common electrodes of display pixels extending the vertical length of the LCD. In some embodiments, a touch pixel of the configuration of  FIG. 4  can include, for example, a 64×64 area of display pixels. However, the drive and sense regions are not limited to the shapes, orientations, and positions shown, but can include any suitable configurations according to embodiments of the disclosure. It is to be understood that the display pixels used to form the touch pixels are not limited to those described above, but can be any suitable size or shape to permit touch capabilities according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
       FIG. 5  is a three-dimensional illustration of an exploded view (expanded in the z-direction) of example display pixel stackups  500  showing some of the elements within the pixel stackups of an example integrated touch screen  550 . Stackups  500  can include a configuration of conductive lines that can be used to group common electrodes, such as common electrodes  401 , into drive region segments and sense regions, such as shown in  FIG. 4 , and to link drive region segments to form drive lines. 
     Stackups  500  can include elements in a first metal (M 1 ) layer  501 , a second metal (M 2 ) layer  503 , a common electrode (Vcom) layer  505 , and a third metal ( 3 ) layer  507 . Each display pixel can include a common electrode  509 , such as common electrodes  401  in  FIG. 4 , that is formed in Vcom layer  505 . M 3  layer  507  can include connection element  511  that can electrically connect together common electrodes  509 . In some display pixels, breaks  513  can be included in connection element  511  to separate different groups of common electrodes  509  to form drive region segments  515  and a sense region  517 , such as drive region segments  403  and sense region  405 , respectively. Breaks  513  can include breaks in the x-direction that can separate drive region segments  515  from sense region  517 , and breaks in the y-direction that can separate one drive region segment  515  from another drive region segment. M 1  layer  501  can include tunnel lines  519  that can electrically connect together drive region segments  515  through connections, such as conductive vias  521 , which can electrically connect tunnel line  519  to the grouped common electrodes in drive region segment display pixels. Tunnel line  519  can run through the display pixels in sense region  517  with no connections to the grouped common electrodes in the sense region, e.g., no vias  521  in the sense region. The M 1  layer can also include gate lines  520 . M 2  layer  503  can include data lines  523 . Only one gate line  520  and one data line  523  are shown for the sake of clarity; however, a touch screen can include a gate line running through each horizontal row of display pixels and multiple data lines running through each vertical row of display pixels, for example, one data line for each red, green, blue (RGB) color sub-pixel in each pixel in a vertical row of an RGB display integrated touch screen. 
     Structures such as connection elements  511 , tunnel lines  519 , and conductive vias  521  can operate as a touch sensing circuitry of a touch sensing system to detect touch during a touch sensing phase of the touch screen. Structures such as data lines  523 , along with other pixel stackup elements such as transistors, pixel electrodes, common voltage lines, data lines, etc. (not shown), can operate as display circuitry of a display system to display an image on the touch screen during a display phase. Structures such as common electrodes  509  can operate as multifunction circuit elements that can operate as part of both the touch sensing system and the display system. 
     For example, in operation during a touch sensing phase, gate lines  520  can be clamped to a fixed voltage while stimulation signals can be transmitted through a row of drive region segments  515  connected by tunnel lines  519  and conductive vias  521  to form electric fields between the stimulated drive region segments and sense region  517  to create touch pixels, such as touch pixel  226  in  FIG. 2 . In this way, the row of connected together drive region segments  515  can operate as a drive line, such as drive line  222 , and sense region  517  can operate as a sense line, such as sense line  223 . When an object such as a finger approaches or touches a touch pixel, the object can affect the electric fields extending between the drive region segments  515  and the sense region  517 , thereby reducing the amount of charge capacitively coupled to the sense region. This reduction in charge can be sensed by a sense channel of a touch sensing controller connected to the touch screen, such as touch controller  206  shown in  FIG. 2 , and stored in a memory along with similar information of other touch pixels to create an “image” of touch. 
     A touch sensing operation according to embodiments of the disclosure will be described with reference to  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 6  shows partial circuit diagrams of some of the touch sensing circuitry within display pixels in a drive region segment  601  and a sense region  603  of an example touch screen according to embodiments of the disclosure. For the sake of clarity, only one drive region segment is shown. Also for the sake of clarity,  FIG. 6  includes circuit elements illustrated with dashed lines to signify some circuit elements operate primarily as part of the display circuitry and not the touch sensing circuitry. In addition, a touch sensing operation is described primarily in terms of a single display pixel  601   a  of drive region segment  601  and a single display pixel  603   a  of sense region  603 . However, it is understood that other display pixels in drive region segment  601  can include the same touch sensing circuitry as described below for display pixel  601   a , and the other display pixels in sense region  603  can include the same touch sensing circuitry as described below for display pixel  603   a . Thus, the description of the operation of display pixel  601   a  and display pixel  603   a  can be considered as a description of the operation of drive region segment  601  and sense region  603 , respectively. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , drive region segment  601  includes a plurality of display pixels including display pixel  601   a . Display pixel  601   a  can include a TFT  607 , a gate line  611 , a data line  613 , a pixel electrode  615 , and a common electrode  617 .  FIG. 6  shows common electrode  617  connected to the common electrodes in other display pixels in drive region segment  601  through a connection element  619  within the display pixels of drive region segment  601  that is used for touch sensing as described in more detail below. Sense region  603  includes a plurality of display pixels including display pixel  603   a . Display pixel  603   a  includes a TFT  609 , a data line  614 , a pixel electrode  616 , and a common electrode  618 . TFT  609  can be connected to the same gate line  611  as TFT  607 .  FIG. 6  shows common electrode  618  connected to the common electrodes in other display pixels in sense region  603  through a connection element  620  that can be connected, for example, in a border region of the touch screen to form an element within the display pixels of sense region  603  that is used for touch sensing as described in more detail below. 
     During a touch sensing phase, gate line  611  can be connected to a fixed voltage source, such as a virtual ground in order to help reduce crosstalk, as described in more detail below. Drive signals can be applied to common electrodes  617  through a tunnel line  621  that is electrically connected to a portion of connection element  619  within a display pixel  601   b  of drive region segment  601 . The drive signals, which are transmitted to all common electrodes  617  of the display pixels in drive region segment  601  through connection element  619 , can generate an electrical field  623  between the common electrodes of the drive region segment and common electrodes  618  of sense region  603 , which can be connected to a sense amplifier, such as a charge amplifier  626 . Electrical charge can be injected into the structure of connected common electrodes of sense region  603 , and charge amplifier  626  converts the injected charge into a voltage that can be measured. The amount of charge injected, and consequently the measured voltage, can depend on the proximity of a touch object, such as a finger  627 , to the drive and sense regions. In this way, the measured voltage can provide an indication of touch on or near the touch screen. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , it can be seen from  FIG. 5  that some display pixels of touch screen  550  include different elements than other display pixels. For example, a display pixel  551  can include a portion of connection element  511  that has breaks  513  in the x-direction and the y-direction, and display pixel  551  does not include tunnel line  519 . A display pixel  553  can include a portion of connection element  511  that has a break  513  in the x-direction, but not in the y-direction, and can include a portion of tunnel line  519  and a via  521 . Other display pixels can include other differences in the configuration of stackup elements including, for example, no breaks  513  in connection element  511 , a portion of tunnel line  519  without a via  521 , etc. Differences in the configurations of the elements in display pixel stackups can result in different error mechanisms, as described in some examples below in more detail. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates one example structure of a display pixel according to one embodiment of the disclosure.  FIG. 7  shows a touch screen  700  that can include a drive Vcom  701 , a sense Vcom  703 , and a pixel electrode  705 . The pixel electrode  705  can be connected to a display pixel TFT  707  through a drain  709 . Display pixel TFT  707  can include a gate line  711 , which can be a common gate line to the sense Vcom  703  (although not shown in the figure). During a touch sensing phase, gate line  711  can be clamped to a fixed voltage VGL. Drive Vcom can be driven by a drive signal, which can generate field lines  713 . Some of field lines  713  can exit a cover glass  715  and reach finger  717 . The field lines  713  that are affected by finger  717  can allow sense Vcom  703  to measure touch information. As shown in the figure, some of field lines  713  that reach sense Vcom  703  do not penetrate cover glass  715 . These field lines may detect little if any touch information about finger  717 . 
     Some of field lines  713  emitted from drive Vcom  701  can reach pixel electrode  705 . Consequently, part of the drive signal that can be driving drive Vcom  701  can be picked up pixel electrode  705 , and this signal can be passed to gate line  711  through drain  709 . In particular, even though gate line  711  may be clamped to a fixed voltage, there can be a capacitance between drain  709  and gate line  711  that can allow a capacitive coupling of the portion of the drive signal captured by pixel electrode  705  into gate line  711 . The field lines  713  that are captured by pixel electrode  705  can travel through a liquid crystal  719  of the touch screen  700 . Similarly, a portion of the field lines  713  between drive Vcom  701  and sense Vcom  703  can also travel through a portion of liquid crystal  719 . 
     In some displays, for example, in-plane switching (IPS), the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal  719  can vary depending on the pixel electrode-to-drive Vcom voltage applied to the display pixel. In some embodiments, the dielectric constant of liquid crystal  719  can change dramatically (e.g., ranging from 3 to 10) in a direction parallel to cover glass  715  along the y-direction as indicated by the arrow in  FIG. 7 . The pixel electrode-to-drive Vcom voltage can be applied at different voltage values by the display system in order to set the luminance of each display pixel in proportion to the voltage value. In other words, the dielectric constants of the liquid crystal in the display pixels through which the field lines  713  travel can vary, particularly at the location where the field lines are approximately collinear with the y-direction as shown in the figure. 
     Although  FIG. 7  illustrates a single drive Vcom  701  and a single sense Vcom  703 , these Vcoms can in fact be connected together Vcoms of a particular drive region and sense region such as the regions shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . Therefore, although not shown in the figures, the field lines may pass through many display pixel with different luminances associated with each. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an error mechanism  800  of the example portion of touch screen  700  in  FIG. 7 . A drive amplifier  801  can drive the drive region Vcom  701  with a drive signal as described above. A portion of the drive signal can be captured by pixel electrode  705  through field lines passing through liquid crystal  719 . Liquid crystal  719  of display pixels in the drive region can have a capacitance, CLC drive  803 . Once captured by pixel electrode  705 , the signal can be passed to gate line  711  through a capacitance between drain  709  and gate line  711 , CGD drive  805 . Gate line  711  can be shared with the display pixels of the sense region, therefore the signal may be leaked into the display pixels of the sense region through a similar mechanism shown in the figure. In particular, the signal can pass into sense pixel electrode  807  through a gate-to-drain capacitance CGD sense  809  of the TFTs in the display pixels of the sense region. The signal can then be passed from pixel electrode  807  to sense region Vcom  703  through the liquid crystal  719  of the sense region display pixels, the liquid crystal having an associated capacitance CLC sense  811 . The leaked signal can show up in the touch measurements detected by sense amplifier  813 . 
     Parasitic capacitances Cpar  827 , between drive Vcom  701  and gate line  711 , and Cpar  829 , between gate line  711  and sense Vcom  703 , can form another pathway for crosstalk, e.g., another error mechanism. 
     During the touch phase, in order to help reduce the above-described leakage, gate line  711  can be clamped to a VGL voltage  817  through a gate line TFT  815 . Ideally, if gate line  711  could be perfectly clamped to a fixed voltage such as VGL  817 , then no leakage could occur between drive region Vcom  701  and sense region Vcom  703 . However, various resistances associated with gate line  711  can prevent the gate line from being perfectly clamped, that is, can allow leakage of the drive signal from the drive region to the sense region. For example, gate line  711  can have a gate line resistance  819  that may be spread throughout the gate line, although in  FIG. 8 , it is shown in one location. Gate line TFT  815  can have an associated TFT resistance  821 . Also, a routing resistance  823  can be associated with the conductive lines used to route the gate line TFT  815  to VGL  817 . 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an example circuit diagram of the example touch screen configuration  700  shown in  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 9  includes the example error mechanism  800  of  FIG. 8 . In the previous examples of  FIGS. 7 and 8 , for the sake of clarity, only one drive Vcom/sense Vcom pair were described. However, as shown in the example embodiments described in  FIGS. 4 through 6 , the drive lines and sense lines of an integrated touch screen can include the Vcoms of multiple display pixels grouped together in a region of the touch screen. In the example circuit diagram of  FIG. 9 , a drive line  901  can include drive region segments such as drive region segment  403  linked together with bypasses as described in  FIGS. 3 and 5 , and a sense line  903  can include a sense region such as sense region  405  including a sense region such as sense region  405 , including electrically connected together Vcoms of display pixels in the sense region as described in the figures. Gate lines  905  can include multiple gate lines such as gate lines  711  running through multiple rows of display pixels in the drive line  901  and portion of the sense line  903 . For example, there may be 60 gate lines  905  in each drive line  901 . An effective gate line resistance  907  can include a combination of resistances associated with the multiple gate lines  905 , such as gate line resistance  819 , TFT resistance  821 , and routing resistance  823  of each of the  60  gate lines, for example. Likewise, a gate-drive capacitance  909  can include a combination of various capacitances between the multiple drive Vcom  701  and each corresponding gate line  905 . For example, gate-drive capacitance  909  can include a combination of the CLC drive  803  and CGD drive  805  of each display pixel in the drive region. Likewise, a gate-sense capacitance  911  can include a combination of the CLC sense  811  and CGD sense  809  of all of the display pixels in the sense region. Effective drive-sense capacitance  913  can, therefore, represent the total effective capacitance between the drive and sense regions due to the various capacitances associated with each of the display pixels in the regions. 
     Drive amplifier  801  can generate a drive signal  917  on drive line  901  that can emanate from the multiple drive Vcoms in the drive region through the various error mechanisms of error mechanism  800 , represented by effective drive-sense capacitance  913 , as well as through touch-sensing mechanism to generate a signal capacitance, CSIG  919 , which can represent touch information which is received by sense line  903  and amplified by sense amplifier  813 , which can include a feedback capacitance  921  to result in a sense signal  923 . Therefore, sense signal  923  can be a superposition of multiple CSIG signals  919 , carrying touch information, together with multiple signals due to error mechanism  800 . 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an example touch screen gate line system  1000  including gate lines  1001  and gate drivers  1003 . In this example, adjacent gate lines  1001  can be driven by gate drivers on opposite sides of the touch screen, and the end of a gate line opposite the gate driver can be electrically disconnected, i.e., is electrically floating. An alternating-side arrangement of gate drivers can provide some benefits, for example, in the configuration of the border regions. During a touch sensing phase of the touch screen, gate line TFTs  1005 , such as gate line TFTs  815  of  FIG. 8 , can shunt gate lines  1001  to a low gate voltage source, VGL  1007 . As described above with reference to  FIG. 8 , various resistances in the gate line system can reduce the effectiveness of the shunting to clamp the gate lines to VGL  1007 , which can help to prevent crosstalk through the error mechanism described above. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an example touch screen gate line system  1100  according to embodiments of the disclosure. Gate line system  1100  can include gate lines, such as gate lines  1101  and  1103 , and gate drivers  1105  in an alternating-side arrangement. Gate drivers  1105  can include gate line TFTs  1107  that can shunt gate lines  1101  and  1103  to a VGL  1109  during a touch sensing phase. Example gate line system  1100  also can include one or more additional transistors connected to each gate line. For example, one of the source or drain of a TFT  1111  can be connected to gate line  1101 , and the other of the source or drain can be connected to VGL  1109 . The gate of TFT  1111  can be connected to a synchronization line  1113  that can switch TFT  1111  on during the touch phase to connect gate line  1101  to VGL  1109  through TFT  1111  during the touch phase. This can provide an additional shunt of gate line  1101  in parallel to the shunt provided by gate line TFT  1107 , thus reducing the effective TFT resistance from the gate line to VGL. Synchronization line  1113  can provide a way to switch TFT  1111  independently of gate line TFT  1107 . In particular, this can allow gate line TFT  1107  to operate normally during the display phase, while TFT  1111  can be switched off and can remain off during the display phase. 
     Other transistors, such as TFTs  1115 , can be connected to gate line  1101 . For example, two TFTs  1115  can be connected in parallel to gate line  1101 , and the gates of TFTs  1115  can be connected to synchronization line  1113  and switched on during the touch phase to provide two additional electrical pathways to shunt the gate line to VGL  1109 . In contrast to the floating ends of gate lines  1001  in  FIG. 10 , TFTs  1115  electrically connect the end of gate line  1101 . In addition to reducing the TFT resistance from the gate line to VGL, providing an electrical connection to the end of the gate line can help to reduce the effective gate line resistance through the length of the gate line. TFTs  1111  and  1115  can similarly be connected to other gate lines in gate line system  1100 . The gates of all of the TFTs  1111  and  1115  on one side of the touch screen can be connected to the same synchronization line  1113 , so that TFTs  1111  and  1115  can be more easily switched to shunt all of the gate lines to VGL  1109  at the same time. The reduction of the effective resistance of each gate line can help to clamp the gate lines more effectively to the fixed VGL  1109  voltage, which can help to reduce crosstalk due to the error mechanisms described above. While this example embodiment includes three synchronized shunting TFTs per gate line, other embodiments may include any number of one or more TFTs. 
     Although embodiments of this disclosure have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications including, but not limited to, combining features of different embodiments, omitting a feature or features, etc., as will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the present description and figures. 
     For example, one or more of the functions of computing system  200  described above can be performed by firmware stored in memory (e.g. one of the peripherals  204  in  FIG. 2 ) and executed by touch processor  202 , or stored in program storage  232  and executed by host processor  228 . The firmware can also be stored and/or transported within any computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “computer-readable medium” can be any medium that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The computer readable medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), a random access memory (RAM) (magnetic), a read-only memory (ROM) (magnetic), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) (magnetic), a portable optical disc such a CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW, or flash memory such as compact flash cards, secured digital cards, USB memory devices, memory sticks, and the like. 
     The firmware can also be propagated within any transport medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “transport medium” can be any medium that can communicate, propagate or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The transport readable medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic or infrared wired or wireless propagation medium. 
     Example embodiments may be described herein with reference to a Cartesian coordinate system in which the x-direction and the y-direction can be equated to the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, respectively. However, one skilled in the art will understand that reference to a particular coordinate system is simply for the purpose of clarity, and does not limit the direction of the elements to a particular direction or a particular coordinate system. Furthermore, although specific materials and types of materials may be included in the descriptions of example embodiments, one skilled in the art will understand that other materials that achieve the same function can be used. For example, it should be understood that a “metal layer” as described in the examples below can be a layer of any electrically conductive material. 
     In some embodiments, the drive lines and/or sense lines can be formed of other elements including, for example other elements already existing in typical LCD displays (e.g., other electrodes, conductive and/or semiconductive layers, metal lines that would also function as circuit elements in a typical LCD display, for example, carry signals, store voltages, etc.), other elements formed in an LCD stackup that are not typical LCD stackup elements (e.g., other metal lines, plates, whose function would be substantially for the touch sensing system of the touch screen), and elements formed outside of the LCD stackup (e.g., such as external substantially transparent conductive plates, wires, and other elements). For example, part of the touch sensing system can include elements similar to known touch panel overlays. 
     In this example embodiment, each sub-pixels can be a red (R), green (G) or blue (B) sub-pixel, with the combination of all three R, G and B sub-pixels forming one color display pixel. Although this example embodiment includes red, green, and blue sub-pixels, a sub-pixel may be based on other colors of light or other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., infrared) or may be based on a monochromatic configuration.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20100907
Publication Date: 20160510
Grant Date: 20160510
Priority Date: 20100607
Inventors: YOUSEFPOR MARDUKE
HOTELLING STEVEN PORTER
WHITE KEVIN J.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G02F1/13338", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01L2224/48091", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0418", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02F1/1362", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01L2924/00014", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02F1/1362", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0418", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01L2224/48091", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02F1/13338", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0418", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04166", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04166", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02F1/1362", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0418", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02F1/1362", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02F1/13338", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01L2224/48091", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01L2224/48091", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02F1/13338", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 45064083