PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-7769785-B2
Application Number: US-17207705-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: System and method for interfacing index based and iterator based application programming interfaces

Abstract:
A system and method for interfacing index based and iterator based file management routines. In general, the disclosed system maintains an iterator cache having multiple iterators. Each active iterator is associated with a most recently used directory entry. Upon receiving an index based request, the iterator closest to the index based request is identified. If the index based request is closer to the top of the directory than it is to the closest active iterator, the directory entries are sequentially examined beginning at the top of the directory with the first entry. Otherwise, the system deternines whether the index based request is located above or below the closest iterator. If the index based request is above the closest iterator, the system steps backward beginning with the directory entry associated with the closest iterator until the directory entry associated with the index based request is located. If the closest iterator is located below the closest iterator, the system steps forward through the directory entries beginning with the directory entry associated with the closest iterator until the requested directory entry is located.

Claims:
1. A method of locating a directory entry, comprising:
 performing the following on a data processing system: 
 determining a proximity between at least one iterator and a directory entry associated with an index based request, in order to respond to the index based request for the directory entry, wherein determining the proximity includes identifying an iterator from the at least one iterator that is closest to the directory entry associated with the index based request, each iterator being associated with a directory entry and each iterator including information for accessing at least one of a previous directory entry and a next directory entry of the associated directory entry; and 
 stepping through a set of directory entries based upon the proximity to locate the directory entry requested by the index based request, including performing one of stepping backwardly and stepping forwardly from a directory entry associated with the identified iterator, using the information for accessing at least one of a previous directory entry and a next directory entry of the directory entry associated with the identified iterator. 
 
   
   
     2. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising maintaining the at least one iterator in a memory. 
   
   
     3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein each of the at least one iterator is associated with a specific directory entry. 
   
   
     4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein stepping through the proximity is performed starting at a directory entry associated with the identified iterator until the directory entry associated with the index based request is located. 
   
   
     5. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the identifying comprises:
 calculating an absolute value difference between positions of the at least one iterator and a position of the directory entry associated with the index based request; and 
 selecting from the at least one iterator, an iterator having the smallest absolute value difference between the position of the iterator having the smallest absolute value difference and the position of the directory entry associated with the index based request. 
 
   
   
     6. A computer-readable storage medium storing executable code, which when executed by a computer, causes the computer to perform a method for locating a directory entry, the method comprising:
 determining a proximity between at least one iterator and a directory entry associated with an index based request, in order to respond to the index based request for the directory entry, wherein determining the proximity comprises identifying an iterator from the at least one iterator that is closest to the directory entry associated with the index based request, each iterator being associated with a directory entry and each iterator including information for accessing at least one of a previous directory entry and a next directory entry of the associated MRU directory entry; and 
 stepping through a set of directory entries based upon the proximity to locate the directory entry requested by the index based request, including performing one of stepping backwardly and stepping forwardly from a directory entry associated with the identified iterator, using the information for accessing at least one of a previous directory entry and a next directory entry of the directory entry associated with the identified iterator. 
 
   
   
     7. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 6 , wherein the method further comprises maintaining the at least one iterator in a memory. 
   
   
     8. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 6 , wherein each of the at least one iterator is associated with a specific directory entry. 
   
   
     9. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 6 , wherein stepping through the proximity is performed starting at a directory entry associated with the identified iterator until the directory entry associated with the index based request is located. 
   
   
     10. The computer-readable storage medium of  claim 6 , wherein the identifying comprises:
 calculating an absolute value difference between positions of the at least one iterator and a position of the directory entry associated with the index based request; and 
 selecting from the at least one iterator, an iterator having the smallest absolute value difference between the position of the iterator having the smallest absolute value difference and the position of the directory entry associated with the index based request. 
 
   
   
     11. A system for locating a directory entry, comprising:
 means for determining a proximity between at least one iterator and a directory entry associated with an index based request, in order to respond to the index based request for the directory entry, wherein means for determining the proximity includes means for identifying an iterator from the at least one iterator that is closest to the directory entry associated with the index based request, wherein means for determining includes a processor and a memory, each iterator being associated with a directory entry and each iterator including information for accessing at least one of a previous directory entry and a next directory entry of the associated MRU directory entry; and 
 means for stepping through a set of directory entries based upon the proximity to locate the directory entry requested by the index based request, including means for performing one of stepping backwardly and stepping forwardly from a directory entry associated with the identified iterator, using the information for accessing at least one of a previous directory entry and a next directory entry of the directory entry associated with the identified iterator. 
 
   
   
     12. The system of  claim 11 , further comprising means for maintaining the at least one iterator in a memory. 
   
   
     13. The system of  claim 11 , wherein each of the at least one iterator is associated with a specific directory entry. 
   
   
     14. The system of  claim 11 , wherein stepping through the proximity is performed starting at a directory entry associated with the identified iterator until the directory entry associated with the index based request is located. 
   
   
     15. The system of  claim 11 , wherein means for identifying comprises:
 means for calculating an absolute value difference between positions of the at least one iterator and a position of the directory entry associated with the index based request; and 
 means for selecting from the at least one iterator, an iterator having the smallest absolute value difference between the position of the iterator having the smallest absolute value difference and the position of the directory entry associated with the index based request. 
 
   
   
     16. A data processing system, comprising
 a processor; 
 a memory coupled to the processor; and 
 a process executed by the processor from the memory to cause the processor to
 determine a proximity between at least one iterator and a directory entry associated with an index based request, in order to respond to the index based request for the directory entry, wherein determining the proximity comprises identifying an iterator from the at least one iterator that is closest to the directory entry associated with the index based request, each iterator being associated with a directory entry and each iterator including information for accessing at least one of a previous directory entry and a next directory entry of the associated MRU directory entry, and 
 step through a set of directory entries based upon the proximity to locate the directory entry requested by the index based request, including performing one of stepping backwardly and stepping forwardly from a directory entry associated with the identified iterator, using the information for accessing at least one of a previous directory entry and a next directory entry of the directory entry associated with the identified iterator. 
 
 
   
   
     17. The data processing system of  claim 16 , the process further causes the processor to maintain the at least one iterator in the memory.

Description:
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/464,293, filed Jun. 17, 2003 now U.S. Pat No. 6,922,698, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/082,426, filed Feb. 22, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,591,268); which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/866,116, filed May 25, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,405,196), which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/216,602, filed Dec. 17, 1998 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,282,536). 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates generally to accessing files stored on a storage volume via application programming interfaces, and more particularly to interfacing index based and iterator based application programming interfaces. 
   2. Description of the Background Art 
   Computer file management routines for accessing directory entries in file systems are typically either index based or iterator based. Index based file management routines access directory entries according to an index number, normally an integer, associated with a particular entry. Iterator based routines, in contrast, access directory entries using an iterator, which contains state information. 
   Index based routines, in some implementations, begin searching at the beginning (or at the “top”) of the directory each time an index based search request is received. Because this implementation is typically highly inefficient, improved index based routines have been developed that record a single most recently used (MRU) index. The MRU index is usually maintained internally, which tends to limit the number of clients that can effectively use the index based routine during the same time period. Indeed, conventional index based routines maintain a single MRU per directory. Such, index based routines that merely record the MRU index can be problematic where more than one application is accessing the same directory at substantially the same time or where an application is accessing multiple directories at substantially the same time. 
   In the circumstance where multiple applications are accessing entries of a single directory at substantially the same time, the MRU index of one application maybe replaced by the MRU index of another application. Thus, because only a single MRU index is recorded, one application may be relying on the index most recently used by another application instead of on its own MRU index and vice versa, thus frustrating any advantage obtained by recording the MRU index. 
   A similar problem arises where a single application is accessing multiple directories during the same time period. In this circumstance, where the MRU index is within one directory, and the application then needs to access an entry located in another directory, the index based routine will begin searching from the first entry in the other directory without the benefit of a MRU index within that directory. This, again, frustrates any advantage obtained by maintaining a single MRU index. 
   As mentioned above, iterator based routines access a requested directory entry using state information based on an iterator associated with the MRU directory entry. An iterator has three primary operations, namely (1) initialize, or point to the first item in the directory; (2) go to the next item in the directory, and (3) go to the previous item in the directory. Since the client maintains the state information, multiple clients can simultaneously access a directory using their own iterator. The iterator based routine, then, locates the requested entry by beginning at the entry associated with the iterator and stepping forward or backward as necessary to reach the requested directory, thus obviating the need to begin searching at the beginning of the directory each time a directory entry is requested. 
   For example, instead of submitting an index based request in the form of an integer, an iterator based routine typically receives a request for a directory entry with reference to an iterator associated with the most recently used entry. With the iterator as a reference, the requested entry may then be located by merely stepping up or down the directory from the iterator. 
   A problem arises, however, where an index based Applications Programming Interface (API), which does not use state information, is associated with an iterator based file management routine or an iterator based API, which does use state information. In this circumstance, the index based API requests a directory entry from an iterator based API or file manager by submitting an index based request in the form of an integer. Upon receipt of an index based request, conventional iterator based routines typically resort to the considerably less efficient index based approach and begin with the first directory entry and step through each entry until the requested entry is found. This approach has been largely unsatisfactory in that it is highly inefficient and, therefore, may cause significant performance problems. 
   Consequently, a need exists to provide a system and method for effectively and efficiently interfacing index based and iterator based file management routines. Moreover, a need exists for a system and method by which a directory entry may be accessed effectively and efficiently by an iterator based file management routine from an index based request. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention overcomes or substantially alleviates prior problems associated with interfacing index based and iterator based routines. In general, the present invention maintains an iterator cache memory having multiple iterators. Each active iterator is associated with a specific directory entry. Upon receiving an index based request, the iterator closest to the index based request is identified. Once the closest iterator is identified, directory entries are examined sequentially beginning with the directory entry associated with the closest iterator and continuing until the directory entry associated with the index based request is located. In this manner, iterator based routines may efficiently locate directory entries from index based requests with a higher efficiency than by sequencing through all the directory entries beginning from the first directory entry each time an index based request is received. 
   The iterator closest to the index based request is determined by calculating the absolute value of the difference between the index based request and an index number associated with each active iterator in the iterator cache. The active iterator having the smallest absolute value difference is deemed to be the iterator closest to the index based request. 
   Preferably, where the index based request is closer to the first directory entry than to the closest active iterator, the invention initializes an iterator and sequences through the directory entries beginning with the first directory entry rather than with the closest directory entry. In other words, in this embodiment, where the directory entry associated with the index based request is farther away (in absolute distance) from the closest active iterator than from the first directory entry, the invention begins to search sequentially beginning from the first directory entry instead of from the closest iterator. 
   In practice, it has been found that many applications tend to request directory entries in a substantially sequential fashion. That is, for example, after having just requested the twenty-fifth directory entry, an application will typically next request the twenty-sixth, or perhaps the twenty-seventh, directory entry. It is much less likely, in practice, for an application to request the sixteenth entry immediately following a request for the twenty-fifth entry. 
   Thus, by maintaining an iterator at the most recently used entry, the next entry may be quickly and efficiently accessed by sequencing through the directory entries beginning at that most recently used entry. Similarly, by stepping sequentially through the directory entries beginning with the first entry only when the closest iterator farther from the requested entry than the first entry, the invention permits entries near the top of the directory, or elsewhere within the directory, to be located efficiently. Further, by maintaining multiple iterators within an iterator cache, many problems associated with interfacing index based and iterator based routines are overcome or substantially alleviated. 
   Other advantages and features of the present invention will be apparent from the drawings and detailed description as set forth below. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a computer system for interfacing index based and iterator based routines and for accessing a directory entry from an index based request using an iterator based routine according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the memory of the computer system of  FIG. 1 ; and 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart illustrating a method of interfacing index based and iterator based routines and for retrieving a directory entry from an index based request using an iterator based routine in accordance with the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1  shows a computer system  100  for interfacing index based and iterator based routines according to the present invention. Using the system  100 , a directory entry may be accessed from an index based request using an iterator based routine. As illustrated, the system  100  includes a central processing unit (CPU)  102 , a display  104 , a keyboard  106 , a memory  108 , a storage volume  110 , and input/output devices  112  coupled via a bus  116 . 
     FIG. 2  illustrates, in more detail, the memory  108  of  FIG. 1 . As shown, the memory  108  generally includes a computer software application  202 , an index based API  204 , an iterator based file manager  212 , and a device driver  210 . The iterator based file manager  212  further includes an iterator based API  208  and an iterator cache memory  206 . The iterator cache memory  206  contains iterators, or objects, for a subset of the directories on the storage volume  110 . The device driver  210  reads data from and writes data to the storage volume  110  ( FIG. 1 ). 
   In general, the application  202  requests via the index based API  204  a directory entry stored on the storage volume  110  ( FIG. 1 ) from the iterator based file manager  212 . In response, the index based API  204  sends an index based request, in the form of an integer, to the iterator based file manager  212 , within which the iterator based API  208  receives the index based request. 
   Each active iterator within the iterator cache memory  206  is associated with a specific directory entry. Advantageously, an iterator is maintained in association with the most recently used directory entry so that the next directory entry, or another directory entry near the most recently used directory entry, may be accessed quickly as discussed below. Because several applications may be simultaneously accessing a given directory, it is preferable that the iterator cache include multiple iterators so that an active iterator may be maintained in association with the most recently used directory entry for each application accessing the directory. When all available iterators are in active use and an additional iterator is needed, the least recently used iterator is invalidated or deactivated and, then, revalidated or reactivated and associated with a new requested entry. 
   Additionally, when an entry is added to or deleted from a given directory, all active iterators within that directory are inactivated, or invalidated, in response to the addition or deletion. The inactivated iterators are then reactivated or revalidated, one at a time, by associating a previously deactivated iterator with new requested entries. 
   Alternatively, to maintain each active iterator associated with the same entry regardless of whether entries have been added or deleted in the directory, the active iterators may be shifted up or down, as necessary, in response to the addition or deletion of entries. In other words, the index associated with an iterator may need to be incremented or decremented to maintain the iterator associated with the same directory entry. Further, if the entry associated with an active iterator is deleted, the active iterator can be changed so that it is associated with either the directory immediately preceding or following the deleted entry. 
   Each active iterator advantageously contains the information necessary to directly locate the particular associated directory entry within its directory. Typically, this information may comprise the name of the directory entry or a block number and offset into the block depending on the volume format. As such, upon receiving an index based request, the iterator based API  208  may use the cache memory  206  to determine which iterator is the closest to the entry referred to by the index based request and send information regarding the closest iterator to the iterator based API  208 . 
   Upon receipt of the index based request, the iterator based API  208  identifies the active iterator within the iterator cache memory  206  that is closest to the index based request. In a presently preferred embodiment, the iterator based API  208  determines which active iterator within the iterator cache memory  206  is closest to the index based request by calculating the absolute value difference between each active iterator within the cache and the index based request. The active iterator having the smallest absolute value difference is deemed to be the closest active iterator. 
   Then, if the closest active iterator position is less than, i.e. above, or equal to the index based request, the iterator based API  208  sequentially steps the iterator through the directory entries, beginning with the directory entry associated with the active iterator closest to the index based request. The iterator based API  208  continues to step the iterator sequentially through the directory entries stored in the storage volume  210  until it arrives at the requested directory entry associated with the index based request. Upon the iterator arriving at the requested directory entry, the directory entry may be accessed by the iterator based API  212 . 
   For example, if an index based request is for the twenty-fifth directory entry and the closest active iterator is positioned at, or associated with, the twenty-third directory entry, the iterator based API  208  begins to step sequentially through the directory entries commencing with the twenty-third directory entry. The iterator based API  208  starts at the twenty-third directory entry and steps forward, or down the directory, twice to arrive at the requested twenty-fifth entry. 
   In practice, it has been found that many applications frequently request directory entries in a substantially sequential manner. That is, after requesting a particular directory entry, many applications will frequently request the succeeding directory entry or a directory entry a short distance below the last requested, or most recently used, directory entry. In contrast, it is less often that an application requests an entry above, or prior to, the most recently used entry as discussed below: Consequently, by starting the search for a particular directory entry that is below the most recently used directory entry at the most recently used entry, the likelihood that the requested directory entry is either the next directory entry or just a few directory entries below is quite high. 
   If, however, the requested index is closer to the index associated with the first entry in the directory than to the closest active iterator, then an inactive iterator (or the least recently used active iterator, if there are no inactive iterators) is initialized to point to the first item in the directory. Iteration then proceeds down the directory (to higher indices) until the desired entry is located. Hence, in the preferred embodiment, if the closest active iterator is located farther from the index based request than the first directory entry, the iterator based API  208  will sequentially step through directory entries from the top of the directory, beginning with the first directory entry. 
   For example, if an index based request is for the third directory entry while the closest active iterator is positioned at the twenty-ninth directory entry, the iterator based API  208  begins with the first directory entry and steps sequentially through the directory entries. The iterator based API  208  starts at the top of the directory with the first directory entry and steps forward, or down the directory, three times until arriving at the requested third directory entry. Indeed, in practice, it has been observed that, if the requested index is not very near the index most recently used by a given piece of code, then it is quite likely that the requested index is for the first directory entry. 
   Lastly, when the iterator arrives at the directory entry associated with the index based request, the iterator based file manager  212  accesses the requested directory entry in accordance with normal file manager protocol. The accessed requested directory entry is now the most recently used directory entry. Similarly, the former most recently used directory entry is no longer the most recently used directory entry. 
     FIG. 3  is a flowchart that illustrates the method  300  of the present invention First, as represented by block  302 , the iterator based file manager receives an index based request. As discussed above, the index based request is received by the iterator based file manager  212  ( FIG. 2 ) from the index based API  204 . 
   Upon receiving the index based request, the next task for the file manager  212 , as indicated by block  304 , is to identify the active iterator closest to the index based request which, as discussed above is the active iterator with the smallest absolute value difference in position from the entry identified by index based request. 
   Next, as represented by decision block  306 , the file manager  212  determines whether the index based request is closer to the first directory entry (minimum index) than it is to the closest active iterator. If the index based request is associated with an index number closer to the first directory entry or the top of the directory, the iterator based API  208  ( FIG. 2 ) continues as indicated in block  308 . In particular, block  308  begins to step an initialized iterator sequentially through the directory entries beginning with the first directory entry until the requested directory entry is located. 
   It should be noted that where the index based request is larger than the index associated with the last entry in the directory (the entry associated with the largest index), the iterator should be immediately deactivated. That is, if the iterator based API  208  ( FIG. 2 ) arrives at the last directory entry before arriving at the entry associated with the index based request, the iterator (now at the bottom of the directory) is deactivated so as to be available to be reactivated and reassigned. In this manner, the next time the file manager  212  arrives at block  308 , the deactivated iterator may be reactivated or initialized and associated with the first directory entry. 
   If, pursuant to the decision of block  306 , the file manager  212  ( FIG. 2 ) determines that the index based request is not closer to the first directory entry than it is to the closest active iterator, then the closest iterator proceeds to step  310 . In step  310 , the file manager  212  determines whether the closest active iterator is above or equal to the index based request. That is, the file manager  212  determines whether the index number associated with the closest active iterator is less than or equal to that of the index based request. 
   The outcome of decision step  310  dictates whether the iterator based API  208  ( FIG. 2 ) will step from the closest active iterator sequentially backwards (up the directory) as indicated by block  312 , or will step from the closest active iterator sequentially forward (down the directory) as indicated by block  314 . In particular, if the outcome of test  310  is “yes” (the closest active iterator is associated with an index number less than or equal to that of the index based request), then the iterator based API  108  proceeds in accordance with block  312 . As represented by block  312 , the iterator based API  208  begins at the directory entry associated with the closest active iterator and, then, steps backward (up the directory) through the directory entries until locating the requested entry. 
   As represented by block  314 , if the outcome of the decision block  310  is “no,” then the iterator based API  208  ( FIG. 2 ) proceeds in accordance with the block  314 . Pursuant to block  314 , the iterator based API  208  begins at the entry associated with the closest active iterator and steps sequentially forward (down the directory) through the directory entries until locating the requested entry. 
   After the iterator based API  208  ( FIG. 2 ) has located the requested directory entry pursuant to any one of blocks  308 ,  312 , or  314 , the iterator based API  208  accesses the requested directory entry as indicated in block  316 . Lastly, as represented by block  318 , the closest iterator, as determined above, is shifted into association with the requested directory entry to maintain an iterator associated with the most recently used directory entry. In this manner, an iterator is maintained at the most recently used directory entry. 
   As discussed above, because several applications can be accessing the same directory during the same time period, there are advantageously multiple iterators within the iterator cache memory  206 . The iterators are preferably stored in the iterator cache memory  106  in a list. The ordering of the list is based on how recently each iterator was used. The most recently used iterator is positioned at the top of the list; the least recently used iterator is positioned on the bottom of the list. When an iterator is used, it is moved to the top of the list, since it is now the most recently used iterator. Maintaining the iterators in a list according to how recently each has been used facilitates, among other things, identification of the least recently used or inactive iterators since they are positioned at the bottom of the list. 
   The invention has been described above with reference to a specific embodiment. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The foregoing description and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20050629
Publication Date: 20100803
Grant Date: 20100803
Priority Date: 19981217
Inventors: DAY MARK S.
BRADY DONALD J.
HORN DERIC S.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "Y10S707/99935", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10S707/99943", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10S707/99933", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10S707/99934", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/13", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F16/13", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 22807733