PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-8956718-B2
Application Number: US-48843209-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Transparent conductor thin film formation

Abstract:
Substantially transparent conductor layers in touch sensing systems may be formed by forming a barrier layer between an organic layer and a substantially transparent conductive layer. For example, a barrier layer can be formed over the organic layer, and the transparent conductor layer can be formed over the barrier layer. The barrier layer can reduce or prevent outgassing of the organic layer, to help increase the quality of the transparent conductor layer. In another example, a combination layer of two different types of a transparent conductor may be formed over the organic layer by forming a barrier layer of the transparent conductor, and forming a second layer of the transparent conductor on the barrier layer. Outgassing that can occur when forming the barrier layer can cause the transparent conductor of the barrier layer to be of lower-quality, but can result in a higher-quality transparent conductor of the second layer.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A touch sensor panel stackup comprising:
 a first conductive layer; 
 an organic layer over a first part of the first conductive layer; and 
 a combination layer over the organic layer, the combination layer including a conductive first sublayer and a conductive second sublayer, wherein the first sublayer is disposed closer to the organic layer than the second sublayer and a property of the first sublayer is different than a property of the second sublayer, the property including at least one of an optical property and an electrical property. 
 
     
     
       2. The touch sensor panel stackup of  claim 1 , wherein the first sublayer contacts a second part of the first conductive layer. 
     
     
       3. The touch sensor panel stackup of  claim 1 , wherein the organic layer contacts the first part of the first conductive layer. 
     
     
       4. The touch sensor panel stackup of  claim 1 , wherein the first sublayer contacts the organic layer. 
     
     
       5. The touch sensor panel stackup of  claim 1 , wherein the touch sensor panel stackup is a component of a touch screen having a viewing area and a viewing area border, and wherein
 the organic layer is positioned substantially behind the viewing area border, and 
 the second sublayer extends into the viewing area. 
 
     
     
       6. The touch sensor panel stackup of  claim 5 , wherein the first and second sublayers are formed from a single type of conductive material, with the material in each layer having different properties. 
     
     
       7. The touch sensor panel stackup of  claim 1 , wherein a sheet resistance of the first sublayer is higher than a sheet resistance of the second sublayer. 
     
     
       8. The touch sensor panel stackup of  claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the first sublayer is higher than a thickness of the second sublayer. 
     
     
       9. The touch sensor panel stackup of  claim 5 , the touch sensor panel stackup incorporated within a computing system. 
     
     
       10. A mobile telephone including a touch sensor panel stackup comprising:
 a first conductive layer; 
 an organic layer over a first part of the first conductive layer; and 
 a combination layer over the organic layer, the combination layer including a conductive first sublayer and a conductive second sublayer, 
 wherein the first sublayer is disposed closer to the organic layer than the second sublayer, and is formed of a lower quality crystalline material than the second sublayer. 
 
     
     
       11. A digital media player including a touch sensor panel stackup comprising:
 a first conductive layer; 
 an organic layer over a first part of the first conductive layer; and 
 a combination layer over the organic layer, the combination layer including a conductive first sublayer and a conductive second sublayer, wherein the first sublayer is disposed closer to the organic layer than the second sublayer, and is formed of a lower quality crystalline material than the second sublayer.

Description:
FIELD 
     This relates generally to substantially transparent conductor layers in touch sensing systems, and in particular, to forming a barrier layer between an organic layer prior to forming a substantially transparent conductive layer. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Substantially transparent conductors (also referred to herein simply as “transparent conductors” or “transparent conductive materials”) are electrically conductive materials that can be substantially transparent to light when formed, for example, as a thin film. Because of their combination of optical and electrical properties, thin films of substantially transparent conductors have found uses in a variety of products, such as liquid crystal displays, touch screens, anti-static coatings, solar cells, etc. In some applications, a thin film of transparent conductor can be formed as a layer in a stack up of multiple layers of materials including, for example, semiconductor layers, insulating layers, metal layers, etc. Organic layers, i.e., layers formed of organic material, can also be used in some stack ups. Organic layers are typically insulating layers that can be formed by a mechanical application of the organic material to the surface of a stack up, e.g., coating. In some applications, an organic insulating layer may be a lower cost alternative to an inorganic insulating layer, which may require slower and more expensive methods to form the layer, such as epitaxial growth. 
     In some conventional applications, such as some conventional LCD displays, transparent conductor thin films may be deposited on stack ups that include organic layers. In these applications, the high temperatures that can be required to form some transparent conductor thin films, such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), can cause outgassing from the organic material, i.e., the releasing of gas that was trapped inside the organic material into the surrounding environment. In conventional applications that use both ITO and organic layers, outgassing during ITO thin film formation does not pose problems. However, newer technologies may require higher-quality ITO thin films that can be more difficult to form if outgassing of organic layers is occurring. 
     SUMMARY 
     This relates to substantially transparent conductor layers in touch sensing systems, and in particular, to forming a barrier layer between an organic layer and a substantially transparent conductive layer. In one example embodiment, a transparent conductor layer on a touch sensor panel stackup including an organic layer can be formed by forming a barrier layer over the organic layer, and forming the transparent conductor layer over the barrier layer. The barrier layer can reduce or prevent outgassing of the organic layer during the formation of the transparent conductor layer, for example, by preventing gases from the organic layer from entering the environment. 
     In another example embodiment, a transparent conductor layer may be formed by forming a barrier layer of the transparent conductor over the organic layer, and forming a second layer of the transparent conductor on the barrier layer. In this way, for example, a combination layer of two different types of transparent conductor may be formed, because outgassing of the organic layer that can occur during the formation of the barrier layer can cause the transparent conductor of the barrier layer to be of lower-quality than the transparent conductor of the second layer. In other words, the barrier layer can reduce or prevent outgassing during the formation of the second layer, which can result in a higher-quality transparent conductor of the second layer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure, in accordance with one or more various embodiments, is described in detail with reference to the following figures. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict example embodiments of the disclosure. These drawings are provided to facilitate the reader&#39;s understanding of the disclosure and should not be considered limiting of the breadth, scope, or applicability of the disclosure. It should be noted that for clarity and ease of illustration these drawings are not necessarily made to scale. 
         FIGS. 1A-1C  illustrate an example mobile telephone, an example digital media player, and an example personal computer that each include an example touch screen. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example computing system that illustrates one implementation of an example touch screen. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross section view showing a detail of the example computing system of  FIG. 2 , including a barrier layer between an organic layer and a transparent conductor layer according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIGS. 4-8  illustrate an example process of forming a barrier layer according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIGS. 9-13  illustrate another example process of forming a barrier layer according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIGS. 14-18  illustrate another example process of forming a barrier layer according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIGS. 19-23  illustrate another example process of forming a barrier layer according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description of embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which it is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments that can be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments can be used and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosed embodiments. 
     In some touch sensor panels it may be desirable to provide electrical connectivity using two types of conductive material for different purposes, such as ITO in areas of desired transparency and metal in areas where transparency is not required. In some instances the two types of conductive material may be insulated from each other, except for intended interconnection points, using an electrically insulating layer. An organic layer can serve as the insulating layer between an underlying conductive material (e.g., metal) and an overlaid conductive material (e.g., ITO), although the order of the two materials can also be reversed. 
     Embodiments of the disclosure relate generally to substantially transparent conductor layers in touch sensing systems, and in particular, to forming a barrier layer between an organic layer and a substantially transparent conductive layer. The barrier layer can reduce or prevent outgassing of the organic layer during the subsequent formation of the transparent conductor layer, for example, by preventing gases from the organic layer from entering the environment. A transparent conductor layer formed in such an environment can be of higher-quality, e.g., have better optical and/or electrical properties, than a transparent conductor layer formed in an environment in which outgassing occurs unchecked. A higher-quality transparent conductor layer may be of particular benefit in some applications, such as newer touch screen designs. For example, it may be desirable for ITO layers in the viewing area, i.e., the area of the touch screen that displays images visible to a user, to be formed of high-quality crystalline ITO. 
     Touch screen technology is one example of a technology that may benefit from higher-quality transparent conductor layers deposited on stack ups that include organic materials. Touch screens can include a transparent touch sensor panel positioned in front of a display device such as an LCD, or can include an integrated touch screen in which touch sensing circuitry is partially or fully integrated into a display, etc. Touch screens can allow a user to perform various functions by touching the touch screen using a finger, stylus or other object at a location that may be dictated by a user interface (UI) being displayed by the display device. In general, touch screens can recognize a touch event and the position of the touch event on the touch sensor panel, and the computing system can then interpret the touch event in accordance with the display appearing at the time of the touch event, and thereafter can perform one or more actions based on the touch event. 
     Mutual capacitance touch sensor screens, for example, can be formed from a matrix of drive and sense lines of a transparent conductive material such as ITO, often arranged in rows and columns in horizontal and vertical directions on the viewing area of a substantially transparent stack up. Although ITO is used below as one example transparent conductive material, other transparent conductive materials could be used. Drive signals can be transmitted through the drive lines, which can result in the formation of static mutual capacitance at the crossover points or adjacent areas (sensing pixels) of the drive lines and the sense lines. The static mutual capacitance, and any changes to the static mutual capacitance due to a touch event, can be determined from sense signals that can be generated in the sense lines due to the drive signals. 
     The drive and sense lines formed in the viewing area of a touch screen may be visible in some touch screen designs. Therefore, in some touch screen designs, the optical quality of the ITO can be important. In addition, in some touch screen designs, the layout of the drive and sense lines and touch sensing scheme used to detect touch may be more sensitive to the electrical qualities of the ITO. In these and other applications, a barrier layer that reduces outgassing of organic layers during the formation of ITO layers may be of particular benefit due to the potentially increased optical and/or electrical qualities of the resulting ITO layers. A barrier layer between an organic layer and a transparent conductor layer may also provide other advantages, such as providing a more rigid under layer for the ITO layer, and improving optical quality, step coverage, thermal endurability, and electrical conductivity. The barrier layer may also help to mitigate mismatches in thermal conductivity of the organic material and the ITO, and may help to reduce a scratch risk of the stackup. 
     Some of the potential advantages of various embodiments of the invention, such as thinness, brightness, and power efficiency, may be particularly useful for portable devices, though use of embodiments of the invention is not limited to portable devices.  FIGS. 1A-1C  show example systems in which an integrated touch screen according to embodiments of the invention may be implemented.  FIG. 1A  illustrates an example mobile telephone  136  that includes an integrated touch screen  124 .  FIG. 1B  illustrates an example digital media player  140  that includes an integrated touch screen  126 .  FIG. 1C  illustrates an example personal computer  144  that includes an integrated touch screen  128 . 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example computing system  200  that illustrates one implementation of an example touch screen  220  with a barrier layer. Computing system  200  could be included in, for example, mobile telephone  136 , digital media player  140 , personal computer  144 , or any mobile or non-mobile computing device that includes a touch screen. Computing system  200  can include a touch sensing system including one or more touch processors  202 , peripherals  204 , a touch controller  206 , and touch sensing circuitry (described in more detail below). Peripherals  204  can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) or other types of memory or storage, watchdog timers and the like. Touch controller  206  can include, but is not limited to, one or more sense channels  208 , channel scan logic  210  and driver logic  214 . Channel scan logic  210  can access RAM  212 , autonomously read data from the sense channels and provide control for the sense channels. In addition, channel scan logic  210  can control driver logic  214  to generate stimulation signals  216  at various frequencies and phases that can be selectively applied to drive regions of the touch sensing circuitry of touch screen  220 , as described in more detail below. In some embodiments, touch controller  206 , touch processor  202  and peripherals  204  can be integrated into a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). 
     Computing system  200  can also include a host processor  228  for receiving outputs from touch processor  202  and performing actions based on the outputs. For example, host processor  228  can be connected to program storage  232  and a display controller, such as an LCD driver  234 . Host processor  228  can use LCD driver  234  to generate an image on touch screen  220 , such as an image of a user interface (UI), and can use touch processor  202  and touch controller  206  to detect a touch on or near touch screen  220 , such a touch input to the displayed UI. The touch input can be used by computer programs stored in program storage  232  to perform actions that can include, but are not limited to, moving an object such as a cursor or pointer, scrolling or panning, adjusting control settings, opening a file or document, viewing a menu, making a selection, executing instructions, operating a peripheral device connected to the host device, answering a telephone call, placing a telephone call, terminating a telephone call, changing the volume or audio settings, storing information related to telephone communications such as addresses, frequently dialed numbers, received calls, missed calls, logging onto a computer or a computer network, permitting authorized individuals access to restricted areas of the computer or computer network, loading a user profile associated with a user&#39;s preferred arrangement of the computer desktop, permitting access to web content, launching a particular program, encrypting or decoding a message, and/or the like. Host processor  228  can also perform additional functions that may not be related to touch processing. 
     Touch screen  220  can include touch sensing circuitry that includes a capacitive sensing medium having a plurality of drive lines  222  and a plurality of sense lines  223 . It should be noted that the term “lines” is a sometimes used herein to mean simply conductive pathways, as one skilled in the art will readily understand, and is not limited to structures that are strictly linear, but includes pathways that change direction, and includes pathways of different size, shape, materials, etc. One or both of the plurality of drive lines  222  and the plurality of sense lines  223  can be formed of ITO layers. Drive lines  222  can be driven by stimulation signals  216  from driver logic  214  through a drive interface  224 , and resulting sense signals  217  generated in sense lines  223  are transmitted through a sense interface  225  to sense channels  208  (also referred to as an event detection and demodulation circuit) in touch controller  206 . In this way, drive lines and sense lines are part of the touch sensing circuitry that can interact to form capacitive sensing nodes, which can be thought of as touch picture elements (touch pixels), such as touch pixel  226 . Drive interface  224 , sense interface  225 , and other circuitry (not shown) are positioned behind a viewing area border  240 , which hides these elements from view while leaving touch pixels  226  and corresponding portions of drive lines  222  and sense lines  223  exposed to view in a viewing area  242 . 
       FIG. 3  shows a more detailed view of a border region  246  region of touch screen  220 .  FIG. 3  is a cross section view of border region  246  taken along the line A-A′ in  FIG. 2 , which shows a portion of a stack up  301  of touch screen  220  in the border region. Stack up  301  includes a glass substrate  303 , a metal layer  305 , an organic layer  307 , a barrier layer  309 , and an ITO layer  311 . Touch screen also includes an anisotropic conductive film (ACF)  313  that can bond stackup  301  to a flexible copper connector  315  that can connect to drive interface  224  (not shown in  FIG. 3 ). Stack up  301  can include contact areas  317  at which electrical contacts may be formed between ITO layer  311  and metal layer  305 . Contact areas  317  can be positioned behind viewing area border  240  in a routing/contact area  319 . Part of ITO layer  311  extends from contact areas  317  in routing/contact area  319  to viewing area  242  to form drive lines  222 , for example. 
     Barrier layer  309  can reduce or prevent the affect of organic layer outgassing on ITO layer  311 . In contrast, without barrier layer  309 , a single ITO layer may be formed that contacts metal layer though the organic layer, but in this case, the ITO quality can be strongly dependent on the organic layer&#39;s physical, chemical, and/or thermal properties. In some applications utilizing ITO, in order to achieve desired electrical conductivity and optical requirements, i.e. low sheet resistance, such as 100-200 ohm/sq, and thin film thickness, such as 200 A or thinner, the ITO layer may have to be deposited at an elevated temperature, which could be higher than the temperature that the organic layer can endure. In such cases, organic outgassing or decomposing/chemical reaction due to high temperature and coupled with ion bombardment during sputtering may induce poor ITO quality, and the organic layer itself may be damaged as well. 
     In the present example, barrier layer  309  can be formed over most of routing/contact area  319 , including covering organic layer  307 , but not extending into viewing area  242 . In the present example embodiment, barrier layer  309  is formed directly on organic layer  307 , and ITO layer  311  is formed directly on barrier layer  309 . However, in some embodiments the barrier layer may not be formed directly on the organic layer, but may be formed in another location that can reduce or prevent outgassing of the organic layer. Likewise, in the present example embodiment, ITO layer  311  is formed directly on barrier layer  309 , but in some embodiments the barrier layer may be formed at another location. 
       FIGS. 4-8  describe an example embodiment in which barrier layer  309  is formed of a conductive material that does not extend into viewing area  242 .  FIGS. 9-13  show an example embodiment in which barrier layer  309  is formed of an inorganic dielectric material that does not extend into viewing area  242 .  FIGS. 14-18  show an example embodiment in which barrier layer  309  is formed of an organic material that does not extend into viewing area  242 .  FIGS. 19-23  show an example embodiment in which barrier layer  309  is formed of an transparent conductor that extends into viewing area  242 . 
       FIG. 4  shows the patterning of metal layer  305  on glass substrate  303 .  FIG. 5  shows organic layer  307  covering metal layer  305 .  FIG. 6  shows barrier layer  309 , which in this example is formed of ITO. Barrier layer  309  is deposited to substantially cover routing/contact area  319 , and consequently covers substantially all of organic layer  307 . Barrier layer  309  does not extend into viewing area  242 . The patterning of barrier layer  309  formed of ITO in this example can be accomplished by techniques such as masking with a photoresist, using a shadow mask, etc. Referring to the first example embodiment  FIGS. 4-7  can illustrate steps of an example process of forming a barrier layer  309  using a conductive material. In this example, a variety of different conductive materials may be used. Although in the present example, ITO is the conductor that is used for barrier layer  309 , non-transparent conductors may be used. In particular, in this example, the barrier layer is formed in the border region  246  and, therefore, would be hidden from view by viewing area border  240 . An example of conductive materials that may be included molybdenum (Mo) materials, conductive transparent oxides (CTO), zinc oxides, titanium oxides, indium zinc oxides, carbon nanotubes, conductive organic polymers, etc. 
     While it may be desirable to form high-quality ITO in ITO layer  311  in the viewing area  242 , the ITO formed in barrier layer  309  may not need to be high-quality ITO. For example, the ITO of barrier layer  309  is hidden from view by viewing area border  240 . Because ITO barrier layer  309  will not be seen, the optical qualities need not be high. However, the electrical qualities of the ITO of barrier layer  309  may need to be high in order to provide a good electrical connection between high-quality ITO layer  311  and metal layer  305 . In addition, ITO barrier layer  309  may need to have good mechanical properties to provide a firm foundation for the portion of high-quality crystalline ITO layer  311  to be formed on the barrier layer. A firm foundation can allow a thinner high-quality ITO layer  311  to be formed, thereby improving optical qualities of the high-quality ITO layer in viewing area  242 . For example, in some embodiments including an ITO barrier layer, the ITO of the barrier layer may be deposited thicker on the organic layer in order to reduce the amount of mechanical strain that can reach ITO layer  311  due to thermal expansions and contractions of the organic layer. This can also help to allow ITO layer  311  to be thinner. In contrast, the ITO of barrier layer  309  can be hidden from view, as in the present example embodiment. In this case, making ITO barrier layer  309  thicker, and hence reducing the layer&#39;s optical quality, should not affect the performance of touch screen  220 . 
     In some embodiments, forming barrier layer  309  on routing/contact area  319  but not on viewing area  242  may be accomplished with by masking the viewing area with a photoresist, for example. In other embodiments, a shadow mask positioned over the viewing area may be used to block sputtered, vaporized, etc., ITO from being deposited in the viewing area. A shadow mask can be a physical barrier that blocks sputter from depositing on the viewing area but allows the sputter to deposit on the routing/contact area. The shadow mask can be removed when the barrier layer is thick enough to sufficiently reduce outgassing. 
       FIG. 7  shows ITO layer  311  deposited over substantially the entire surface of the stack up  301 . As described above, ITO layer  311  may be deposited by processes such as physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc. It should be noted that if barrier layer  309  was absent, the ITO deposited in viewing area  242  can be affected by the outgassing of organic layer  307  even though the ITO in the viewing area is not formed directly on the organic layer, and in fact is distant from the organic layer. This is because outgassing from the organic layer results in gases being released into the environment around the organic layer, which can include areas of stackup  301  that are distant from the organic layer. Because a layer of ITO has already been deposited over organic layer  307  to form barrier layer  309 , outgassing of the organic layer is reduced. Therefore, higher temperature methods may be used for depositing ITO layer  311 , which can result in a high-quality crystalline ITO. This high-quality crystalline ITO layer  311  can be deposited in viewing area  242 . 
     After the high-quality ITO layer  311  is deposited as shown in  FIG. 7 , the portion of ITO layer  311  in routing/contact area  319  and lower-quality ITO layer (barrier layer  309 ) might be fabricated as two separate layers, or may be fabricated as a single layer of ITO in which the quality of the ITO can be different at different distances through the thickness of the layer. In other words, barrier layer  309  and ITO layer  311  may be fabricated as a combination layer including different types of ITO. In contrast, the portion of high-quality ITO layer  311  formed in viewing area  242  can be a single type of ITO, such as high-quality crystalline ITO. Although in this example embodiment, barrier layer  309  is formed of lower quality ITO (e.g., at low temperature), barrier layer  309  can be formed of the same high-quality ITO as ITO layer  311 , for example. In other words, a first deposition of ITO can be made to deposit a particular quality ITO as barrier layer  309 . The deposition would proceed until enough ITO had been deposited to form an effective barrier to outgassing by organic layer  307 . The environment surrounding stackup  301  can be cleaned, for example, by flooding the deposition chamber with an inert gas to remove gases from the outgassing of organic layer  307 . For some embodiments, in which ITO is deposited under vacuum, the deposition process may simply pause after a desired thickness of barrier layer  309  is achieved. During the pause, the vacuum in the deposition chamber can be maintained to draw away gases from the outgassing of organic layer  307 . When enough of gases have been removed, the deposition of high-quality ITO can resume in a second stage. In the second stage, the environment surrounding stackup  301  may be sufficiently cleaned of outgassed gases that a high-quality crystalline ITO may be formed in the second stage. 
       FIG. 8  shows patterned ITO  801  resulting from masking and etching steps to form drive lines  222  as rows of ITO layer  311 . Masking and etching steps need only be applied once because both ITO layer  311  and barrier layer  309  are layers of ITO, even though the quality of the two layers may differ. In other words, barrier layer  309  and ITO layer  311  can be patterned simultaneously. 
       FIGS. 9-13  illustrate another example embodiment in which barrier layer  309  can be formed from a dielectric material.  FIG. 9  shows the patterning of metal layer  305  on glass substrate  303 . In this example, metal layer  305  may be the same as the metal layer in the previous example.  FIG. 10  shows the formation of organic layer  307 .  FIG. 11  shows the formation of barrier layer  309  formed of the dielectric material. As in the previous example, barrier layer  309  covers organic layer  307  as it is deposited over most of routing/contact area  319 . Likewise, barrier layer  309  does not extend into viewing area  242 . Dielectric barrier layer  309  may be formed by, for example, masking viewing area  242 , and performing a physical vapor deposition to deposit the dielectric material onto routing/contact area  319  to form their barrier layer  309 . Because dielectric barrier  309  is not conductive, contact holes must be patterned and opened in barrier layer  309 , to provide a pathway through the dielectric for ITO layer  311  to contact metal layer  305 . 
       FIG. 12  shows ITO layer  311  deposited over substantially over the entire surface of the stackup  301 . As in the previous example, the ITO layer  311  can be formed using higher temperature processes because dielectric barrier layer  309  can reduce or prevent outgassing of organic layer  307  caused by higher temperatures.  FIG. 13  shows the results of masking and etching steps that result in a patterned ITO layer  1301 . Similar to the patterning of ITO layer  311  in the previous example shown in  FIG. 8 , patterned rows of ITO layer form drive lines  222 . However, unlike the previous example, the masking and etching steps do not remove barrier layer  309  formed of a dielectric material. Instead, barrier layer  309  remains as a cover for organic layer  307 . 
       FIGS. 14-18  illustrate another example embodiment in which barrier layer  309  can be formed of low-outgassing organic material.  FIGS. 14-15  show patterning of metal layer  305  on glass substrate  303 , and the formation of organic layer  307  covering metal layer  305  similar to  FIGS. 9-10  of the previous example.  FIG. 16  shows barrier layer  309  formed of a low-outgassing organic material. As in the previous examples, barrier layer  309  covers routing/contact area  319  and consequently organic layer  307 , while not extending into viewing area  242 .  FIG. 17  shows formation of ITO layer  311  covering substantially the entire surface of stack up  301 .  FIG. 18  shows patterned ITO  1801  that may be formed by masking and etching procedures similar to the example embodiments described above. As in the previous embodiments, patterned ITO  1801  can form drive lines  222 . Likewise, the processes that may be used to form patterned ITO  1801  do not remove barrier layer  309 . Therefore, barrier layer  309  continues to substantially cover organic layer  307 . 
       FIGS. 19-23  illustrate another example embodiment in which barrier layer  309  can be formed of a transparent conductor. However, unlike the previous example embodiment shown in  FIGS. 4-8 , barrier layer  309  of the present embodiment is formed over substantially the entire surface of stack up  301 , including viewing area  242 .  FIGS. 19-20  show patterning of metal layer  305  on glass substrate  303 , and the formation of organic layer  307  covering metal layer  305  similar to the previous example embodiments.  FIG. 21  shows barrier layer  309  formed of a transparent conductor, such as ITO. Unlike the previous example embodiments, barrier layer  309  can be formed over substantially the entire surface of stackup  301 . In other words, the process of forming barrier layer  309  may not include steps to prevent the formation of the barrier layer in certain regions, such as by masking with photoresist, shadow masking, etc., or to remove the barrier layer from certain regions after formation, such as patterning processes that may include masking, etching, etc. Therefore, the present example process of forming a barrier layer may result in fewer steps, which can be more cost effective than some other processes. 
       FIG. 22  shows formation of ITO layer  311  covering substantially the entire surface of stack up  301 . Similar to previous example embodiments, barrier layer  309  can reduce or prevent outgassing by organic layer  307  from affecting the formation of ITO layer  311 , which can allow higher temperatures to be used and can result in high-quality ITO layer  311 . However, unlike previous example embodiments, high-quality ITO layer  311  in viewing area  242  is formed over the low-quality ITO of barrier  309 . 
       FIG. 23  shows patterned ITO  2401  that may be formed by masking and etching procedures, for example; similar to the example embodiment described above in reference to  FIG. 8 , the barrier layer  309  and ITO layer  311  can be patterned simultaneously. As in the previous embodiments, patterned ITO  2301  can form drive lines  222 . As in the example of  FIG. 8 , the processes that may be used to form patterned ITO  2301  may also pattern barrier layer  309 ; however, the processes may need to be adjusted to account for the combination layer of ITO, i.e., the combination of low-quality ITO barrier layer  309  and high-quality ITO layer  311 . As described above, some embodiments may include barrier layers of other transparent conductors, e.g., high-quality ITO (within the constraints imposed by outgassing, etc.), conductive transparent oxides (CTO), zinc oxides, titanium oxides, indium zinc oxides, carbon nanotubes, conductive organic polymers, etc. 
     While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not by way of limitation. Likewise, the various diagrams may depict an example architectural or other configuration for the disclosure, which is done to aid in understanding the features and functionality that can be included in the disclosure. The disclosure is not restricted to the illustrated example architectures or configurations, but can be implemented using a variety of alternative architectures and configurations. Additionally, although the disclosure is described above in terms of various example embodiments and implementations, it should be understood that the various features and functionality described in one or more of the individual embodiments are not limited in their applicability to the particular embodiment with which they are described. They instead can be applied alone or in some combination, to one or more of the other embodiments of the disclosure, whether or not such embodiments are described, and whether or not such features are presented as being a part of a described embodiment. Thus the breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described example embodiments. 
     For example, although the embodiments disclosed above illustrate the formation of drive lines, it should be understood that sense lines can be formed in a similar manner. Moreover, embodiments of the disclosure include drive and sense lines formed on different substrates, on opposite sides of the same substrate, or on the same side of a substrate. Furthermore, the drive and sense lines may not be oriented as illustrated in the figures, but may be non-orthogonal and can be shaped as pyramids, diamonds, truncated diamonds, bricks, patches, etc. 
     Example embodiments are described with reference to a Cartesian coordinate system. However, one skilled in the art will understand that reference to a particular coordinate system is simply for the purpose of clarity, and does not limit the direction of the structures to a particular direction or a particular coordinate system. Furthermore, although specific materials and types of materials may be included in the descriptions of example embodiments, one skilled in the art will understand that other materials that achieve the same function can be used.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20090619
Publication Date: 20150217
Grant Date: 20150217
Priority Date: 20090619
Inventors: CHANG SHIH CHANG
HUANG LILI
HONG SUENG JAE
ZHONG JOHN Z.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04103", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01B1/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04103", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10T428/24917", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10T428/24868", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10T428/24612", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01B1/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10T428/24942", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10T428/24612", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10T428/24868", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04103", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10T428/24917", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10T428/24942", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01B1/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04103", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01B1/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 43354629