PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-8670634-B2
Application Number: US-201213653756-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Method and apparatus for managing image-processing operations

Abstract:
Embodiments of the present invention provide a system for performing image conversion operations. The system starts by receiving a request from a client for one or more pixel buffers containing a pixel-formatted, cropped, geometrically transformed, and/or color matched version of an image representation. The system then determines if a provider can provide the one or more pixel buffers. If so, the system calls the provider to generate the one or more pixel buffers containing the pixel-formatted, cropped, geometrically transformed, and/or color matched version of the image representation. Otherwise, the system calls the provider to generate one or more intermediate pixel buffers, generates a sequence of converters for converting the one or more intermediate pixel buffers, and calls the sequence of converters to generate the one or more pixel buffers containing the pixel-formatted, cropped, geometrically transformed, and/or color matched version of the image representation.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium containing instructions that when executed cause a computer to perform a method for image conversion, the method comprising:
 receiving a request from a client for one or more pixel buffers containing a converted version of an image representation; 
 determining if the one or more pixel buffers can be obtained from a component that generates pixel buffers based, at least in part, on a predetermined source image representation type; 
 obtaining the one or more pixel buffers from the component if it is determined that the component can provide the one or more pixel buffers; and 
 if it is determined that the component cannot provide the one or more pixel buffers, then causing the component to:
 generate one or more intermediate pixel buffers; 
 generate, by a second component, a sequence of converters to convert the one or more intermediate pixel buffers, wherein the generation of the sequence of converters comprises modeling a number of transfers between a CPU and a GPU and modeling a number of pixel touches in the sequence of converters; and 
 call the sequence of converters to generate the one or more pixel buffers. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 1 , wherein the image representation is a procedural image, a non-procedural image, a static image, an animated image, or another form of image representation, and the pixel buffer is a CPU buffer or a GPU buffer. 
     
     
       3. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 1 , wherein receiving a request from a client involves receiving a request from an application or from an operating system. 
     
     
       4. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 1 , wherein the generation of the sequence of converters that the second component is caused to perform further comprises modeling the performance of possible converter sequences and determining the computational cost of using the modeled sequences. 
     
     
       5. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 4 , wherein the generation of the sequence of converters that the second component is caused to perform further comprises generating the sequence of converters having the lowest computational cost of the modeled sequences. 
     
     
       6. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of  claim 4 , wherein the act of modeling further comprises modeling the speed of the performance of the possible converter sequences. 
     
     
       7. An apparatus for performing image conversions, comprising:
 a processor; 
 an execution mechanism in the processor; 
 wherein the execution mechanism is configured to:
 receive a request from a client for one or more pixel buffers containing a converted version of an image representation; 
 determine if the one or more pixel buffers can be obtained from a component that generates pixel buffers based, at least in part, on a predetermined source image representation type; 
 obtain the one or more pixel buffers from the component if it is determined that the component can provide the one or more pixel buffers; and 
 if it is determined that the component cannot provide the one or more pixel buffers, then cause the component to:
 generate one or more intermediate pixel buffers; 
 generate, by a second component, a sequence of converters to convert the one or more intermediate pixel buffers, wherein the generation of the sequence of converters comprises modeling a number of transfers between a CPU and a GPU and modeling a number of pixel touches in the sequence of converters; and 
 call the sequence of converters to generate the one or more pixel buffers. 
 
 
 
     
     
       8. The apparatus of  claim 7 , wherein the execution mechanism is configured so that the image representation is a procedural image, a non-procedural image, a static image, an animated image, or another form of image representation, and the pixel buffer is a CPU buffer or a GPU buffer. 
     
     
       9. The apparatus of  claim 7 , wherein when receiving a request from the client, the execution mechanism is configured to receive a request from an application or from an operating system. 
     
     
       10. The apparatus of  claim 7 , wherein the execution mechanism is further configured to model the performance of possible converter sequences and determine the computational cost of using the modeled sequences. 
     
     
       11. The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein the execution mechanism is further configured to generate the sequence of converters having the lowest computational cost of the modeled sequences. 
     
     
       12. The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein the act of modeling that the execution mechanism is configured to perform further comprises modeling the speed of the performance of the possible converter sequences. 
     
     
       13. A method for image conversion, comprising:
 receiving a request from a client for one or more pixel buffers containing a converted version of an image representation; 
 determining if the one or more pixel buffers can be obtained from a component that generates pixel buffers based, at least in part, on a predetermined source image representation type; 
 obtaining the one or more pixel buffers from the component if it is determined that the component can provide the one or more pixel buffers; and 
 if it is determined that the component cannot provide the one or more pixel buffers, then causing the component to:
 generate one or more intermediate pixel buffers; 
 generate, by a second component, a sequence of converters to convert the one or more intermediate pixel buffers, wherein the generation of the sequence of converters comprises modeling a number of transfers between a CPU and a GPU and modeling a number of pixel touches in the sequence of converters; and 
 call the sequence of converters to generate the one or more pixel buffers. 
 
 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 13 , wherein the image representation is a procedural image, a non-procedural image, a static image, an animated image, or another form of image representation, and the pixel buffer is a CPU buffer or a GPU buffer. 
     
     
       15. The method of  claim 13 , wherein receiving a request from the client involves receiving a request from an application or from an operating system. 
     
     
       16. The method of  claim 13 , wherein the act of generating a sequence of converters further comprises modeling the performance of possible converter sequences and determining the computational cost of using the modeled sequences. 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 16 , wherein the act of generating a sequence of converters further comprises generating the sequence of converters having the lowest computational cost of the modeled sequences. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 16 , wherein the act of modeling further comprises modeling the speed of the performance of the possible converter sequences.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/811,117, filed Jun. 8, 2007 (“the &#39;117 application”). Priority is claimed to the &#39;117 application, and the &#39;117 application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     Embodiments of the present invention relate to techniques for image-processing. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention relate to a method and apparatus for managing image-processing operations. 
     2. Related Art 
     Dramatic advances in computing technology have made it possible for computer systems to efficiently perform image-processing operations on large digital images. Such image processing operations can involve: converting images from one file format to another, transforming images, or otherwise modifying the images. For example, an image can be converted from a frame of video encoded in an initial color space into a cropped and reduced-size still image encoded in a different color space. 
     Unfortunately, developers who want to process images often have to use a number of different graphics technologies (i.e., low-level image processing software) to perform the specific operations which are required to complete a given image-processing task. In the example described above, the developer may have to use one graphics technology to extract a frame from a video to produce a still image, while another graphics technology is used to convert the image between color spaces, and yet another graphics technology is used to transform the image. 
     Some developers have developed graphics technologies that provide large numbers of image-processing features so that developers are not forced to use multiple graphics technologies to perform a given image-processing task. These graphics technologies often perform certain types of image-processing operations well, but cannot perform other types of image-processing tasks because they do not support all the necessary operations. Furthermore, graphics technologies from different developers typically do not share a common interface. Hence, it can be difficult to automate image-processing tasks which require more than one graphics technology. 
     Another difficulty with using these graphics technologies relates to the promulgation of new image representation types and/or image-processing steps. If a developer wants to perform an operation that was not available when a graphics technology was released or if the developer wants to perform an existing operation on anew image representation type, the developer can be forced to rely on multiple graphics technologies. 
     Hence, what is needed is a system that provides mechanisms for processing images without the above-described problems. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide a system for performing image conversion operations. The system starts by receiving a request from a client for one or more pixel buffers containing a pixel-formatted, cropped, geometrically transformed, and/or color matched version of an image representation. The system then determines if a provider can provide the one or more pixel buffers with the pixel formatting, cropping, geometric transformation, and/or color matching from the image representation. If so, the system calls the provider to generate the one or more pixel buffers containing the pixel-formatted, cropped, geometrically transformed, and/or color matched version of the image representation. Otherwise, the system calls the provider to generate one or more intermediate pixel buffers, generates a sequence of converters for converting the one or more intermediate pixel buffers, and calls the sequence of converters to generate the one or more pixel buffers containing the pixel-formatted, cropped, geometrically transformed, and/or color matched version of the image representation. 
     In some embodiments, the image representation is a procedural image, a non-procedural image, a static image, an animated image, or another form of image representation, and the pixel buffer is a CPU buffer or a CPU buffer. 
     In some embodiments, the system receives a new image-provider or image-converter and a registration command for the new image-provider or image-converter. Next, the system registers the image-provider or image-converter. The system then uses the registered image-provider or image-converter for subsequent image conversions. 
     In some embodiments, before registering the image-provider or image-converter, the system compares the new image-provider or image-converter to a corresponding image-provider protocol or image-converter protocol. If the image-provider or image-converter does not correspond to the corresponding image-provider protocol or image-converter protocol, the system rejects the image-provider or image-converter. 
     In some embodiments, when receiving a request from a client, the system receives a request from an application or from an operating system. 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide a system for performing image conversion operations. The system starts by receiving a request from a client to generate an image in second representation from an image in a first representation. The system then determines if an exporter can generate the second image representation from the first image representation. If so, the system calls the exporter to generate the second image representation from the first image representation. Otherwise, the system determines if a provider can use the first image representation to generate one or more pixel buffers, from which an exporter can generate the second image representation. If so, the system calls the provider to generate the one or more pixel butters and calls the exporter to generate the second image representation from the one or more pixel buffers. Otherwise, the system calls the provider to generate one or more intermediate pixel buffers, generates a sequence of converters for converting the one or more intermediate pixel buffers, calls the sequence of converters convert the one or more intermediate pixel buffers, and calls the exporter to generate the second image representation from the one or more pixel buffers. 
     In some embodiments, the first image representation is a procedural image, a non-procedural image, a static image, an animated image, or another form of image representation, and wherein the second image representation is a procedural image, a non-procedural image, a static image, an animated image, or another form of image representation. 
     In some embodiments, generating an image in a second representation from the image in the first representation involves performing pixel formatting, cropping, geometric transformation, and/or color matching on the image representation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  presents a block diagram of a computer system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  presents a high-level block diagram of the QC Image System in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  presents a block diagram of the components of the QC image System in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  presents a flowchart illustrating the process of creating a QC Image in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  presents a flowchart illustrating the process of creating a pixel buffer from an image representation in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6A through 6B  present a flowchart illustrating the process of generating a second image representation from a first image representation in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     Table 1 presents a listing of support classes within the QC image System in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
     Table 2 presents a listing of default image providers within the QC Image System in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
     Table 3 presents a listing of default image converters within the QC Image System in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
     Table 4 presents a listing of default image exporters within the QC Image System in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the claims. 
     The data structures and code described in this detailed description are typically stored on a computer-readable storage medium, which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computer system. This includes, but is not limited to, magnetic and optical storage devices, such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact discs) and DVDs (digital versatile discs or digital video discs), or solid-state devices, such as flash memory, or other volatile and non-volatile storage media. 
     Quartz Technologies Environment 
     Embodiments of the present invention leverage the Quartz Technologies graphics and windowing environment (“Quartz”) distributed by Apple, Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Hence, in the following sections, we refer to data types and applications that are part of Quartz. 
     Within Quartz, “Quartz 2D” is a two-dimensional drawing API that allows developers to achieve many visual effects (e.g., translucency and drop shadows), white “Quartz Composer” (QC) is a technology and development tool for processing and rendering graphical data. In addition, Core Image and Core Video support image-processing and video image manipulation, respectively. Quartz also provides low-level system services such as window buffering and composition, event handling and dispatch, display management, and text rendering. 
     Although we describe embodiments of the present invention that leverage Quartz, an alternative embodiment can function as a standalone system for managing image-processing operations using the same principles. 
     Computer System 
       FIG. 1  presents a block diagram of a computer system  100  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Computer system  100  includes processor  102 , memory  104 , and mass storage device  106 . In some embodiments of the present invention, computer system  100  is a general-purpose computer that is used to manage the processing of images, image-based content, and image representations. 
     Processor  102  can be a central processing unit (CPU) that processes instructions for computer system  100 . For example, processor  102  can be a microprocessor, a controller, an ASIC, or another type of computational engine. Memory  104  is volatile memory that stores instructions and data for processor  102 . For example, memory  104  can be DRAM, SDRAM, or another form of volatile memory. Mass storage device  106  is a non-volatile storage device that stores instructions and data for processor  102 . For example, mass storage device  106  can be a hard disk drive, a flash memory, an optical drive, or another non-volatile storage device. 
     Note that although we describe embodiments of the present invention using computer system  100 , alternative embodiments can use other types of computing devices. 
     QC Image System 
       FIG. 2  presents a high-level block diagram of the QC Image System  200  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, QC Image System  200  converts images for clients (e.g., the operating system and/or other applications) on computer system  100  (see  FIG. 1 ). As shown in  FIG. 2 , QC Image System  200  accepts input images from image sources, performs conversions on the images, and then exports GPU buffers (e.g., OpenGL textures), or CPU buffers, and/or image representations of the converted images. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, QC Image System  200  is incorporated with the operating system on computer system  100 . In alternative embodiments, some or all of QC Image System  200  is incorporated with a standalone application that executes on computer system  100 . 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, QCImageManager  202  handles buffer management, data conversion, uploads/downloads, and caching for QC Image System  200 . 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the image sources include graphics technologies or APIs such as Core Image (CI), Core Graphics (CG), Core Video (CV), Core Text (CT), NS image, and/or any other graphics technologies or APIs that provide image representations to QC image System  200 . 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the conversions can involve pixel format changes, cropping (including non-rectangular cropping), geometric transformations, and/or color matching. For example, an output image may be a cropped and rotated version of an original image in a different color space, a different pixel format (floating point or integer pixel components), or a different color model (RGB, CMYK, or intensity). 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the output image representation types can include the image representation types used by: Core image, Core Graphics, Core Video, and/or another graphics technology that accepts a predetermined image representation type. 
     If QC Image System  200  does not support a given input or export image representation type, QC image System  200  can be configured to recognize the image representation type by adding providers and/or exporters (as described in more detail below). When adding providers and/or exporters, the provider or exporter must be registered with QC Image System  200 . In order to register the new provider or exporter, the provider or exporter must conform to a corresponding protocol. In addition, if QC Image System  200  does not support a given image conversion, QC Image System  200  can be configured to support the conversion by adding a converter (as described in more detail below). When adding a converter, the converter must be registered with QC Image System  200 . In order to register the new converter, the converter must conform to a corresponding protocol. 
       FIG. 3  presents a block diagram of the components of QC Image System  200  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, QC Image System  200  includes extensible components QCPixelFormat  302 , QC ImageProvider  304 , QCImageExporter  306 , and QCImageBufferConverter  308 . In addition, QC Image System  200  includes support classes  310 . 
     QCPixelFormat  302  is a class that is used to describe pixel formats for images, For example, QCPixelFormat  302  can report the bit layout and/or the compatibility with various graphics APIs for a given image, QCImageProvider  304  and QCImageExporter  306  include a set of providers and exporters used to import and export images to and from QC Image System  200 , respectively. QCImageBufferConverter  308  includes a set of converters used for image conversions. 
     Support Classes 
     Support classes  110  include the classes described in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Support Classes within QC Image System 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 QCImagePixelBuffer 
                 Provides a buffer of pixels in RAM (i.e., 
               
               
                   
                 for the CPU) 
               
               
                 QCImageTextureBuffer 
                 Provides a buffer of pixels in VRAM (i.e., 
               
               
                   
                 for the GPU) 
               
               
                 QCCGLContext 
                 Wraps objects in the OpenGL context and 
               
               
                   
                 provides added functionalities (e.g., 
               
               
                   
                 retrieving information and creating shared 
               
               
                   
                 contexts) 
               
               
                 QCRegion 
                 Describes the 2D domain of definitions of 
               
               
                   
                 images 
               
               
                 QCResource/ 
                 Implements the resource pools mechanism 
               
               
                 QCResourcePool 
                   
               
               
                 QCCache 
                 Handles all caching operations 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     QCImageProvider 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, QC Image System  200  includes a number of image providers (interchangeably called “providers”). Providers can be created from various source image representation types and can output buffers CPU buffers or GPU buffers or both. For example, given an image representation, a provider can output a GPU buffer which contains pixels generated from the image representation. When generating butlers, providers can perform cropping, geometric transform, and color matching operations. 
     In some embodiments, QC Image System  200  includes the default image providers listed in the following table, 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Default Image Providers 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CoreGraphics 
                 Handles all image formats supported by 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ImageIO through URL, file path, or raw 
               
               
                   
                   
                 data, as well as CGImage, CGPath, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGLayer, and CGPDFDocument 
               
               
                   
                 CoreImage 
                 Handles CIImage support 
               
               
                   
                 CoreText 
                 Handles text rendering with simple 
               
               
                   
                   
                 attributes 
               
               
                   
                 CoreVideo 
                 Handles CVImageBuffers support 
               
               
                   
                 NSImage 
                 Handles NSImage and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NSBitmapImageRep support 
               
               
                   
                 QCImageBuffer 
                 Handles plain CPU or GPU buffers 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition to the default image providers, QC Image System  200  can be extended by registering new image providers. These new image providers are required to conform to the QCImageProvider  304  protocol for image providers within QC Image System  200 . The following code section represents an embodiment of a QCImageProvider  304  protocol. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 @protocol QCImageProvider 
               
               
                 + (BOOL) isCompatibleWithSource: (id)source sourceMD5: (QCMD5*)  
               
               
                 md5; //If returning YES and md5 is not NULL, you can set it to a MD5  
               
               
                 representing the source for caching purposes 
               
               
                 + (id&lt;QCImageProvider&gt;) createProviderWithSource: (id)source 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 − (QCMD5) providerMD5; 
               
               
                 − (NSString*) sourceRepresentationType; //May be nil 
               
               
                 − (id) sourceRepresentation; //Ignored if above is nil 
               
               
                 − (QCRegion*) domainOfDefinition; 
               
               
                 − (CGColor spaceRef) color space; 
               
               
                 − (BOOL) hasAlpha; 
               
               
                 − (QCPixelFormat*) nativePixelFormat; //May be nil, but if not must be 
               
               
                 compatible with −color space 
               
               
                 − (GLuint) nativeTextureTarget; //May be 0 
               
               
                 − (BOOL) supportsCropping; 
               
               
                 − (BOOL) supportsTransformation; //This requires cropping to be 
               
               
                 supported 
               
               
                 − (BOOL) supportsColorMatching; //This requires transformation to be 
               
               
                 supported 
               
               
                 − (NSArray*) 
               
               
                 supportedPixelBufferFormatsForManager: (QCImageManager*)manager; 
               
               
                 //NSArray of QCPixelFormats (nil = unsupported) 
               
               
                 − (QCImagePixelBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createPixelBufferForManager: (QCImageManager*)manager 
               
               
                 withFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format 
               
               
                 transformation: (NSAffineTransform*) transformation bounds: (NSRect)  
               
               
                 bounds color space: (CGColor spaceRef)color space 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 − (NSArray*) 
               
               
                 supportedTextureBufferTargetsForManager: (QCImageManager*)  
               
               
                 manager; 
               
               
                 //NSArray of NSNumbers (nil = unsupported) 
               
               
                 − (NSArray*) 
               
               
                 supportedTextureBufferFormatsForManager: (QCImageManager*)  
               
               
                 manager; 
               
               
                 //NSArray of QCPixelFormats (nil = unsupported) 
               
               
                 − (QCImageTextureBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createTextureBufferForManager: (QCImageManager*)manager 
               
               
                 withFormat:(QCPixelFormat*)format target: (GLenum)target 
               
               
                 transformation:(NSAffineTransform*)transformation bounds: (NSRect)  
               
               
                 bounds color space: (CGColor spaceRef)color space 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options 
               
               
                 @end 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A provider implementation can be registered with QC Image System  200  using the following command: 
     +(void) registerImageProviderClass:(Class)class. 
     In some embodiments attic present invention, a provider can be called by a client as well as by QC Image System  200 . In these embodiments, the client can call the provider to get CPU or CPU buffers and pass them to QCImageManager  202 . 
     QCImage 
     A QCImage is a wrapper around a QC Image Provider (“provider”) that includes optional geometric transform and cropping operations. The QCImage is created by the provider to provide clients with a high level token that the can be moved between the clients and the components of QC Image System  200  (instead of moving the provider itself). In some embodiments, the QCImage includes metadata, which can be attached and retrieved by clients and components within the QC Image System. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 @interface QCImage : QCObject 
               
               
                 − (id) initWithProvider: (id&lt;QCImageProvider&gt;)provider options: 
               
               
                 (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 − (id&lt;QCImageProvider&gt;) provider; 
               
               
                 − (BOOL) isInfinite; 
               
               
                 − (NSRect) bounds; 
               
               
                 − (QCRegion*) domainOfDefinition; 
               
               
                 − (NSAffineTransform*) transformation; //nil means identity 
               
               
                 − (QCImagePixelBuffer*) createPixelBufferForManager:  
               
               
                 (QCImageManager*)manager withFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)  
               
               
                 format bounds: (NSRect)bounds colorSpace: (CGColorSpaceRef)  
               
               
                 colorSpace options:(NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 − (QCImageTextureBuffer*) createTextureBufferForManager: 
               
               
                 (QCImageManager*)manager withFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)  
               
               
                 format target: (GLenum)target bounds:(NSRect)bounds 
               
               
                 colorSpace: (CGColorSpaceRef)colorSpace options: 
               
               
                 (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 − (id) createRepresentationOfType: (NSString*)type forManager: 
               
               
                 (QCImageManager*)manager withOptions: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 − (id) initWithImage: (QCImage*)image; //Creates a virtual copy and 
               
               
                 forwards metadata 
               
               
                 − (QCImage*) createCroppedImageWithRect: (NSRect)rect; 
               
               
                 − (QCImage*) createTranslatedImageByX: (CGFloat)dX Y:  
               
               
                 (CGFloat)dY; 
               
               
                 − (QCImage*) createScaledImageByX: (CGFloat)sX Y: (CGFloat)sY; 
               
               
                 − (QCImage*) createScaledImageByX: (CGFloat)sX Y: (CGFloat)sY  
               
               
                 fromX: (CGFloat)oX Y: (CGFloat)oY; 
               
               
                 − (QCImage*) createRotatedImageByDegrees: (CGFloat)r; 
               
               
                 − (QCImage*) createRotatedImageByDegrees: (CGFloat)r aroundX:  
               
               
                 (CGFloat)oX Y: (CGFloat)oY; 
               
               
                 - (QCImage*) createTransformedImage: (NSAffineTranstorm*) 
               
               
                 transformation; 
               
               
                 − (void) setMetadata: (id)metadata forKey: (NSString*)key  
               
               
                 shouldForward: (BOOL)forward; 
               
               
                 − (void) remove MetadataForKey: (NSString*)key; 
               
               
                 − (void) removeAllMetadata; 
               
               
                 − (id) metadataForKey: (NSString*)key; 
               
               
                 − (void) forwardMetadataToObject: (QCObject*)object; 
               
               
                 − (NSDictionary*) allMetadata; 
               
               
                 − (NSDictionary*) allStaticMetadata; 
               
               
                 − (NSDictionary*) allForwardedMetadata; 
               
               
                 @end 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following call illustrates creating a QC Image from an unknown image representation type: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 // from an unknown source (will scan all providers) 
               
               
                 qcImage = [QCImage createImageWithSource:source options:nil] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition, some embodiments of the present invention allow the creation of a QCImage from image representations of a known type. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 // from a file 
               
               
                 qcImage = [[QCImage alloc] initWithFile: @“foo.jpg” option:nil]; 
               
               
                 // or from CIImage 
               
               
                 qcImage = [[QCImage alloc] initWithCIImage: ciImage options: nil]; 
               
               
                 // from QCImageBuffer 
               
               
                 qcImage = [[QCImage alloc] initWithQCImageBuffer:buffer options:nil]; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     QCImageBufferConverter 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, QC Image System  200  includes a number of default image converters. These converters perform a number of different conversions on CPU and/or GPU buffers, such as pixel format conversion, cropping, geometric transforms, and color matching. For example, QC Image System  200  can include the converters listed in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Default Image Converters 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Basic 
                 Handles conversions from RAM (CPU) to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VRAM (GPU) (with optional cropping) 
               
               
                   
                 CoreGraphics 
                 Handles geometry transformations and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 color matching on the CPU 
               
               
                   
                 CoreImage 
                 Handles geometry transformations and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 color matching on the CPU and GPU 
               
               
                   
                 GLImage 
                 Handles any pixel format conversion 
               
               
                   
                   
                 supported by the GLImageLib on the CPU 
               
               
                   
                 OpenGL 
                 Handles geometry transformations on the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GPU 
               
               
                   
                 XRGB 
                 Handles optimized conversions from 
               
               
                   
                   
                 XRGB to ARGB 
               
               
                   
                 YUV422 
                 Handles optimized conversions from 
               
               
                   
                   
                 YUV422 to RGB (with optional cropping) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition to the default image converters, QC Image System  200  can be extended by registering new converters. These new converters are required to conform to the QCImageBufferConverter  308  protocol for converters within QC Image System  200 . The following code section represents an embodiment of the QCImageBufferConverter  308  protocol. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 @protocol QCImageBufferConverter 
               
               
                 + (id) converterForImageManager:(QCImageManager*)manager;  
               
               
                 //WARNING: 
               
               
                 Don&#39;t retain “manager” 
               
               
                 − (BOOL) supportsCropping; 
               
               
                 − (BOOL) supportsTransformation; //This requires cropping to be 
               
               
                 supported 
               
               
                 − (BOOL) supportsColorMatching; //This requires transformation to be 
               
               
                 supported 
               
               
                 − (NSArray*) 
               
               
                 supportedPixelBufferFormatsForFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format;  
               
               
                 //NSArray of QCPixelFormats 
               
               
                 − (QCImagePixelBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createPixelBufferFromImageBuffer: (QCImageBuffer*)buffer 
               
               
                 withFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format 
               
               
                 transformation: (NSAffineTransform*)transformation bounds: (NSRect)  
               
               
                 bounds color space:(CGColor spaceRef)color space 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 − (NSArray*) 
               
               
                 supportedTextureBufferFormatsForFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format; 
               
               
                 //NSArray of QCPixelFormats 
               
               
                 − (QCImageTextureBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createTextureBufferFromImageBuffer: (QCImageBuffer*)buffer 
               
               
                 withFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format target: (GLenum)target 
               
               
                 transformation: (NSAffineTransform*)transformation bounds: (NSRect)  
               
               
                 bounds color space: (CGColor spaceRef)color space 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 @end 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A converter implementation can be registered with QC Image System  200  using a command, such as the following command: 
     +(void) registerImageConverterClass:(Class)class priority:(double)p. 
     In some embodiments, QCImageManager  202  generates sequences of converters in order to make complex conversions. For example, assume a client requests an output image in color space B and with transformations C and D. Assuming that there are no converters that perform more than one of these conversions (e.g., a converter that can provide the image in color space B and with transformation D), QCImageManager  202  uses three separate converters to perform the image conversion. In cases such as this one, QCImageManager  202  determines which converters to use in which order to provide the output image taking into account performance and quality. 
     In some embodiments, when selecting a converter sequence to use to make a complex conversion, QCImageManager  202  models the performance of the possible converter sequences and the quality of the conversion from these converter sequences to determine the “cost” of using the path. QCImageManager  202  then uses the converter sequence with the lowest cost (i.e., the best performance and quality). During these determinations, performance can be determined by modeling the computational cost, speed, and number of transfers between CPU and GPU, while quality can be determined by modeling the number of pixel “touches” in the converter sequence. 
     QCImageExporter 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, QC Image System  200  includes a number of default image exporters. The image exporters generate an output image representation from a QCImage. For example, in some embodiments, QC Image System  200  includes the image exporters listed in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Default Image Exporters 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CoreGraphics 
                 Handles exporting CGImages and image 
               
               
                   
                   
                 formats as raw data, a file, or a URL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 through ImageIO 
               
               
                   
                 CoreImage 
                 Handles exporting CIImages 
               
               
                   
                 CoreVideo 
                 Handles exporting CVPixelBuffers and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CVOpenGLBuffers 
               
               
                   
                 NSImage 
                 Handles exporting NSImages and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NSBitmapImageReps 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition to the default exporters, QC Image System  200  can be extended by registering new exporters. These new exporters are required to conform to the QCImageExporter  306  protocol for converters within QC Image System  200 . The following code section represents an embodiment of the QCImageExporter  306  protocol 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 @protocol QCImageExporter 
               
               
                 + (id) exporterForImageManager: (QCImageManager*)manager; 
               
               
                 − (NSArray*) supportedRepresentationTypes; 
               
               
                 − (id) createRepresentationOfType: (NSString*)type 
               
               
                 withProvider: (id&lt;QCImageProvider&gt;)provider 
               
               
                 transformation: (NSAffineTransform*)transformation bounds:  
               
               
                 (NSRect)bounds 
               
               
                 color space: (CGColor spaceRef)color space 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 @end 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A exporter implementation can be registered QC mage System  200  using a command, such as the following command: 
     +(void) registerImageExporterClass:(Class)class. 
     The following call illustrates an exemplary call to export from a QC image to another image representation type. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 // Exporting a QCImage to a CGImage: 
               
               
                 ciImage = [qcImage createRepresentationOfType:@“CGImage” 
               
               
                 forManager:manager withOption:nil]; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition, some embodiments of the present invention allow the exportation of a QCImage to an image representation of a known type. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 // Exporting a QCImage to a CGImage: 
               
               
                 myImage = [qcImage createCGImageForManager:manager withOption:nil]; 
               
               
                 // Saving to disk: 
               
               
                 myImage = [qcImage writeToFile:@“foo.jpg”]. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the xporter can use an underlying image-processing library (or an image-processing application) to export the image for the client, For example, if a .JPG file is to be exported to a client, the exporter may call a method from a .JPG processing library. 
     QCImageManager 
     QCImageManager  202  handles buffer management, data conversion, uploads/downloads, and caching for QC Image System  200 . The following code section represents an embodiment of QCImageManager  202 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 @interface QCImageManager : NSObject 
               
               
                 − (void) reclaimResources; 
               
               
                 − (void) purgeResources 
               
               
                 //Creating a QCImage from an arbitrary source 
               
               
                 − (QCImage*) createImageWithSource: (id)source 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 //Retrieving image buffers and representations from providers 
               
               
                 − (QCImagePixelBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createPixelBufferFromProvider: (id&lt;OCImageProvider&gt;)provider 
               
               
                 withFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format 
               
               
                 transformation: (NSAffineTransform*)transformation bounds:  
               
               
                 (NSRect)bounds color space: (CGColor spaceRef)color space 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 − (QCImageTextureBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createTextureBufferFromProvider: (id&lt;QCImageProvider&gt;)provider 
               
               
                 withFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format target:(GLenum)target 
               
               
                 transformation: (NSAffineTransform*)transformation bounds:  
               
               
                 (NSRect)bounds color space: (CGColor spaceRef)color space 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 − (id) createRepresentationFromProvider: (id&lt;QCImageProvider&gt;)provider 
               
               
                 ofType: (NSString*)type withOptions: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 //Returns an image buffer ready to be written into 
               
               
                 − (QCImagePixelBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createPixelBufferWithFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format 
               
               
                 pixelsWide:(NSUInteger)width pixelsHigh: (NSUInteger)height 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 − (QCImageTextureBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createTextureBufferWithFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format 
               
               
                 target: (GLenum)target pixelsWide: (NSUInteger)width 
               
               
                 pixelsHigh: (NSUInteger)height options: (NSDictionary*)options; 
               
               
                 //Basic image buffer conversions 
               
               
                 − (QCImagePixelBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createPixelBufferFromImageBuffer: (QCImageBuffer*)buffer 
               
               
                 sourceBounds: (NSRect)bounds options: (NSDictionary*)options; //Pass 
               
               
                 NSZeroRect for entire buffer 
               
               
                 − (QCImageTextureBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createTextureBufferFromImageBuffer: (QCImageBuffer*)buffer 
               
               
                 target: (GLenum) target sourceBounds: (NSRect) bounds 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; //Pass NSZeroRect for entire buffer and 
               
               
                 0 for default target 
               
               
                 //Complex image buffer conversions (through QCImageBufferConverters) 
               
               
                 − (QCImagePixelBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createPixelBufferFromImageBuffer: (QCImageBuffer*)buffer 
               
               
                 withFormat:(QCPixelFormat*)format 
               
               
                 transformation:(NSAffineTransform*)transformation bounds:  
               
               
                 (NSRect)bounds color space: (CGColor spaceRef)color space 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; //Pass nil for default format, nil for 
               
               
                 no transformation, NULL to preserve color space and NSZeroRect to 
               
               
                 preserve bounds 
               
               
                 − (QCImageTextureBuffer*) 
               
               
                 createTextureBufferFromImageBuffer: (QCImageBuffer*)buffer 
               
               
                 withFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format target: (GLenum)target 
               
               
                 transformation: (NSAffineTransform*)transformation bounds:  
               
               
                 (NSRect)bounds 
               
               
                 color space: (CGColor spaceRef)color space 
               
               
                 options: (NSDictionary*)options; //Pass nil for default format, 0 for 
               
               
                 default target, nil for no transformation, NULL to preserve color space 
               
               
                 and NSZeroRect to preserve bounds 
               
               
                 //Creating a flattened version of a QCImage 
               
               
                 − (QCImage*) createFlattenedImage: (QCImage*)image 
               
               
                 withFormat: (QCPixelFormat*)format color space: (CGColor  
               
               
                 spaceRef)color 
               
               
                 space options: (NSDictionary*)options; //Pass nil for default pixel 
               
               
                 format 
               
               
                 @end 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Interfaces 
     The following code sections represent embodiments of various interfaces for QC Image System  200 . These interfaces facilitate registering provider classes, converter classes, and exporter classes with QC Image System  200 . Note that each registered class must conform to the corresponding protocol. For example, a registered provider must correspond to the QCImageProvider  304  protocol (as described above) 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 @interface QCImage (ProviderRegistry) 
               
               
                 + (void) registerImageProviderClass: (Class)aClass; //Class must conform 
               
               
                 to &lt;QCImageProvider&gt; protocol 
               
               
                 + (NSArray*) imageProviderClasses; 
               
               
                 @end 
               
               
                 @interface QCImage (ExporterRegistry) 
               
               
                 + (void) registerimageExporterClass: (Class)aClass; //Class must conform 
               
               
                 to &lt;QCImageExporter&gt; protocol 
               
               
                 + (NSArray*) imageExporterClasses; 
               
               
                 @end 
               
               
                 @interface QCImageManager (ConverterRegistry) 
               
               
                 + (void) registerImageBufferConverterClass: (Class)aClass 
               
               
                 priority: (float)priority; //Class must conform to 
               
               
                 &lt;QCImageBufferConverter&gt; protocol - The higher the priority the better 
               
               
                 the chance to be used 
               
               
                 + (NSArray*) imageBufferConverterClasses; 
               
               
                 @end 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Processing Images 
     The following section presents processes for converting an image using QC Image System  200  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Note that although we present the steps in the following process in a particular order for the purposes of illustration, in alternative embodiments, the steps may occur in another order or one or more of the steps may be skipped. 
       FIG. 4  presents a flowchart illustrating the process of creating a QCImage from an image representation in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The QCImage is a high-level token that can subsequently be passed between the client and the components in QC Image System  200  during an image conversion process. 
     The process starts when a client calls QCImageManager  202  to create a QCImage from an image representation (step  400 ), For example, the client can call QCImageManager  202  to create a QCImage from a file on disk. 
     QCImageManager  202  then finds a provider to create a QCImage from the image representation (step  402 ). If there is no provider available that is capable of creating the QCImage from the image representation or if the request is erroneous, QCImageManager  202  signals the client that the operation failed. 
     Otherwise, QCImageManager  202  creates an instance of the provider from the image representation and wraps the provider into a QCImage (step  404 ). QCImageManager  202  then returns the QCImage to the client (step  406 ). 
     Note although we present the creation of the QCImage as a separate process from the following processes e the processes in  FIGS. 5-7 ), in alternative embodiments, the process of generating a QCImage from the image representation is part of the processes. In other words, the client can call QCImageManager  202  once with an image representation and QCImageManager  202  can complete the process without passing the QCImage back to the client and requiring the client to make another call to QCImageManager  202 . 
       FIG. 5  presents a flowchart illustrating the process of, creating a pixel buffer front a QCImage in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. A pixel buffer can be any buffer in memory that contains a concrete representation of an image, however, for the purposes of illustration, we refer to a “CPU or GPU buffer” 
     The process starts when a client calls QCImageManager  202  with a QCImage and a set of parameters requesting a CPU or GPU buffer (step  500 ). For example, when requesting the CPU or GPU butler, the client can request a buffer containing the pixels of the image representing the entire image or a sub-region of the image in a given pixel format and color space, and with an optional transformation applied (e.g., a rotation of 90 degrees). 
     QCImageManager  202  then determines if the provider wrapped within the QCImage includes the capability to provide the CPU or GPU buffer with the indicated parameters (step  502 ). If the provider includes the capability, then QCImageManager  202  calls the provider to generate the CPU or GPU buffer and passes the CPU or GPU buffer back to the client (step  504 ). Otherwise, if the provider does not include the capability, QCImageManager  202  calls the provider to generate a CPU or CPU buffer that can be operated on by converters within QC Image System  200  (step  506 ). 
     QCImageManager  202  then builds a converter sequence for converting the CPU or GPU buffer generated by the provider (step  508 ). QCImageManager  202  builds the converter sequence from the registered converters within QC Image System  200 , Building the converter sequence can fait where the converter sequence is impossible to build (i.e., where the requested outcome is impossible to create, etc) or where there is no registered converter that performs the operation. If QCImageManager  202  is unable to build the converter sequence, the image conversion process fails and an error message is sent to the client. 
     QCImageManager  202  then calls the sequence of converters to convert the CPU or GPU buffer according to the indicated parameters (step  510 ), Next, QCImageManager  202  passes the converted CPU or CPU buffer back to the client (step  512 ). 
       FIG. 6A through 6B  present a flowchart illustrating the process of generating a second image representation from a first image representation in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. For the purposes of illustration, we call the first image representation the “source.” 
     The process starts when a client calls QCImageManager  202  and requests the conversion of a source image representation into another type of image representation (step  600 ). For example, the client could request the conversion of an image representation type such as a frame of video into a still image. When calling QCImageManager  202 , the client passes the QCImage and an (optional) set of parameters. Note that although the set of parameters is optional, we assume for the purposes of illustration that a set of parameters is passed to QCImageManager  202  by the client along with the QCImage. 
     QCImageManager  202  calls an exporter with the QCImage and the set of parameters to generate the output image representation (step  602 ). If there is no registered exporter that can generate the output image representation, the image conversion process fails and an error message is sent to the client. 
     QCImageManager  202  determines if the exporter can export from the image representation wrapped by the provider (step  604 ). For example, some exporters can generate the export image representation from the underlying source of the provider. If the exporter can export from the image representation, the exporter converts the image representation directly into the output image representation (step  606 ). Next, QCImageManager  202  passes the converted image representation back to the client (step  624 ). 
     Otherwise, if the exporter can not export from the image representation wrapped by the provider, the exporter calls back to QCImageManager  202  with the image representation and a set of parameters requesting a CPU or GPU buffers (step  608 ). For example, the exporter can request a CPU or GPU buffers containing the pixels of the image representing the entire image or a sub-region of the image in a given pixel format and color space and with an optional geometric transformation applied (for instance a rotation of 90 degrees). Note that the exporter could also request more than one CPU or GPU buffer, depending on the output file format. 
     QCImageManager  202  then determines if the provider wrapped within the QCImage includes the capability to provide the CPU or GPU buffers with the indicated parameters (step  610 ). If the provider includes the capability, then QCImageManager  202  calls the provider to generate the CPU or CPU buffer and passes the CPU or CPU buffer back to the exporter (step  612 ). Otherwise, if the provider does not include the capability, QCImageManager  202  calls the provider to generate a CPU or CPU buffer that cat be operated on by converters within QC Image System  200  (step  614 ). 
     QCImageManager  202  then builds a converter sequence for converting the CPU or CPU buffer generated by the provider (step  616 ). QCImageManager  202  builds the converter sequence from the registered converters within QC Image System  200 . Building the converter sequence can fait where the converter sequence is impossible to build (i.e., where the requested outcome is impossible to create, etc.) or where there is no registered converter that performs the operation. If QCImageManager  202  is unable to build the converter sequence, the image conversion process fails and an error message is sent to the client. 
     QCImageManager  202  then calls the sequence of converters to convert the CPU or CPU buffer according to the indicated parameters (step  618 ), Next, QCImageManager  202  passes the converted CPU or CPU buffer back to the exporter (step  620 ). 
     The exporter then converts the CPU or CPU buffer(s) into the output image representation (step  622 ). Next, QCImageManager  202  passes the converted image representation back to the client (step  624 ). 
     The foregoing descriptions of embodiments of the present invention have been presented only for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the forms disclosed. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. Additionally, the above disclosure is not intended to limit the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20121017
Publication Date: 20140311
Grant Date: 20140311
Priority Date: 20070608
Inventors: LATOUR PIERRE-OLIVIER
QUENNESSON KEVIN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04N19/40", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N21/2343", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N21/2343", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N19/46", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06T3/4092", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06T3/4092", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N19/40", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N19/46", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 40095956