PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-12126085-B2
Application Number: US-202217730039-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Electronic devices having compact ultra-wideband antenna modules

Abstract:
An electronic device may have an antenna module with a triplet of antennas on a substrate. The triplet may include a first antenna with a radiating element formed from a patch on the substrate and second and third antennas having radiating elements formed from patches on that extend across a smaller lateral area than the patch in the first antenna. The patches in the second and third antennas may have extended electrical lengths formed from parasitic patches embedded within the substrate that are coupled to opposing edges of the patches by fences of conductive vias. The antenna module may include phased antenna arrays for conveying centimeter/millimeter wave signals. Signal conductors for the antennas may be distributed across multiple metallization layers of the substrate.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device comprising:
 a dielectric substrate having first, second, and third layers, the second layer being interposed between the first layer and the third layer; 
 ground traces on the first layer; 
 a first patch element on the third layer; 
 a positive antenna feed terminal on the first patch element; 
 second and third patch elements on the second layer; 
 a first set of conductive vias that couples the first patch element to the second patch element through the third layer; and 
 a second set of conductive vias that couples the first patch element to the third patch element through the third layer, wherein the first, second, and third patch elements form a first antenna with a length, the length configuring the first antenna to radiate in an ultra-wideband communications band. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the first patch element has a first edge and a second edge opposite the first edge, the first set of conductive vias is coupled to the first patch element at the first edge, and the second set of conductive vias is coupled to the first patch element at the second edge. 
     
     
       3. The electronic device of  claim 2 , wherein the dielectric substrate has a fourth layer, the fourth layer being interposed between the first and second layers, and the electronic device further comprising:
 fourth and fifth patch elements on the fourth layer, wherein the first set of conductive vias couples the second patch element to the fourth patch element and the second set of conductive vias couples the third patch element to the fifth patch element. 
 
     
     
       4. The electronic device of  claim 2 , wherein the first patch element has a first length extending from the first edge to the second edge and a width perpendicular to the first length, the second and third patch elements extending across the width of the first patch element. 
     
     
       5. The electronic device of  claim 4 , further comprising:
 a fourth patch element on the third layer, wherein the fourth patch element has an additional length that is longer than the first length of the first patch element; and 
 a first additional positive antenna feed terminal on the fourth patch element, wherein the fourth patch element is configured to radiate in the ultra-wideband communications band. 
 
     
     
       6. The electronic device of  claim 5 , further comprising:
 a fifth patch element on the third layer, wherein the fifth patch element has a third edge and a fourth edge opposite the third edge; 
 a second additional positive antenna feed terminal on the fifth patch element; 
 sixth and seventh patch elements on the second layer; 
 a third set of conductive vias that couples the sixth patch element to the third edge of the fifth patch element through the third layer; and 
 a fourth set of conductive vias that couples the seventh patch element to the fourth edge of the fifth patch element through the third layer, wherein the fifth, sixth, and seventh patch elements are configured to radiate in the ultra-wideband communications band. 
 
     
     
       7. The electronic device of  claim 6 , further comprising:
 an eighth patch element on the third layer; and 
 a third additional positive antenna feed terminal on the eighth patch element, wherein the eighth patch element is configured to radiate in an additional ultra-wideband communications band that is lower than the ultra-wideband communications band. 
 
     
     
       8. The electronic device of  claim 7 , wherein the ultra-wideband communications band comprises 8.0 GHZ and the additional ultra-wideband communications band comprises 6.5 GHZ. 
     
     
       9. The electronic device of  claim 7 , wherein the eighth patch element is laterally interposed between the fourth patch element and the first and fifth patch elements. 
     
     
       10. The electronic device of  claim 7 , further comprising:
 peripheral conductive housing structures; 
 a display mounted to the peripheral conductive housing structures; and 
 a rear housing wall mounted to the peripheral conductive housing structures opposite the display, wherein the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth patch elements are configured to receive radio-frequency signals through the rear housing wall. 
 
     
     
       11. The electronic device of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a fence of conductive vias that couples the first patch element on the third layer to the ground traces on the first layer. 
 
     
     
       12. The electronic device of  claim 1 , further comprising a second antenna and a third antenna, wherein the first, second, and third antennas form a triplet of antennas on the dielectric substrate, the triplet of antennas being configured to receive first radio-frequency signals in the ultra-wideband communications band. 
     
     
       13. The electronic device of  claim 12 , further comprising:
 a first phased antenna array on the dielectric substrate and configured to convey second radio-frequency signals at a first frequency greater than 10 GHZ, wherein the first phased antenna array is laterally interposed between the first antenna in the triplet of antennas and the second and third antennas in the triplet of antennas; and 
 a second phased antenna array on the dielectric substrate and configured to convey third radio-frequency signals at a second frequency greater than the first frequency. 
 
     
     
       14. The electronic device of  claim 12 , further comprising:
 a fourth antenna on the dielectric substrate, wherein the fourth antenna is configured to receive second radio-frequency signals in an additional ultra-wideband communications band that is lower than the ultra-wideband communications band, the fourth antenna being laterally interposed between the first antenna in the triplet of antennas and the second and third antennas in the triplet of antennas. 
 
     
     
       15. The electronic device of  claim 14 , further comprising:
 control circuitry configured to identify an angle-of-arrival of the first radio-frequency signals received by the first, second, and third antennas in the ultra-wideband communications band and configured to identify a time-of-flight of the second radio-frequency signals received by the fourth antenna in the additional ultra-wideband communications band. 
 
     
     
       16. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the dielectric substrate has a fourth layer, the fourth layer being interposed between the first and second layers, and the electronic device further comprising:
 a radio-frequency connector on the dielectric substrate; and 
 a signal conductor that couples the radio-frequency connector to the positive antenna feed terminal on the first patch element, wherein the signal conductor includes conductive traces on the fourth layer. 
 
     
     
       17. The electronic device of  claim 16 , further comprising:
 an additional conductive via that couples the conductive traces on the fourth layer to the positive antenna feed terminal. 
 
     
     
       18. The electronic device of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a fourth patch element on the third layer, wherein the fourth patch element has a first arm that radiates in the ultra-wideband communications band and a second arm that radiates in an additional ultra-wideband communications band that is lower than the ultra-wideband communications band. 
 
     
     
       19. The electronic device of  claim 18 , further comprising:
 a fence of conductive vias that separates the first arm from the second arm and that couples the fourth patch element to the ground traces. 
 
     
     
       20. The electronic device of  claim 18 , wherein the dielectric substrate further comprises a fourth layer and a fifth layer, the fourth and fifth layers being interposed between the first and second layers, and the electronic device further comprising:
 a radio-frequency connector on the dielectric substrate; 
 a first additional positive antenna feed terminal on the first arm; 
 a first signal conductor that couples the radio-frequency connector to the first additional positive antenna feed terminal; 
 a second additional positive antenna feed terminal on the second arm; and 
 a second signal conductor that couples the radio-frequency connector to the second additional positive antenna feed terminal, wherein the second signal conductor includes conductive traces on the fourth and fifth layers.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/243,548, filed Sep. 13, 2021, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This disclosure relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with wireless communications capabilities. 
     Electronic devices such as portable computers and cellular telephones are often provided with wireless communications capabilities. To satisfy consumer demand for small form factor wireless devices, manufacturers are continually striving to implement wireless communications circuitry such as antenna components using compact structures. At the same time, there is a desire for wireless devices to cover a growing number of communications bands. 
     Because antennas have the potential to interfere with each other and with components in a wireless device, care must be taken when incorporating antennas into an electronic device. Moreover, care must be taken to ensure that the antennas and wireless circuitry in a device are able to exhibit satisfactory performance over a range of operating frequencies and with satisfactory efficiency bandwidth. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device may be provided with wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include an antenna module. The antenna module may have a dielectric substrate with stacked layers. 
     A triplet of antennas may be disposed on the substrate. The triplet of antennas may include first, second, and third antennas that convey radio-frequency signals in a first ultra-wideband communications band. The first antenna may have an antenna radiating element formed from a patch on the substrate. The second and third antennas may have antenna radiating elements formed from patches on the substrate that extend across a smaller lateral area than the patch in the first antenna. The patches in the second and third antennas may have extended electrical lengths formed from parasitic patches embedded within the substrate that are coupled to opposing edges of the patches by fences of conductive vias. This may serve to minimize the size of the antenna module. A standalone antenna may be laterally interposed between the antennas in the triplet and may convey radio-frequency signals in a second ultra-wideband communications band that is lower than the first ultra-wideband communications band. 
     If desired, the antenna module may include first and second phased antenna arrays for conveying radio-frequency signals in first and second centimeter/millimeter wave frequency bands. The first and/or second arrays may be laterally interposed between the antennas in the triplet. One of the antennas in the triplet may have a patch element with a first arm that covers the first ultra-wideband communications band and a second arm that covers the second ultra-wideband communications band. The first and second arms may be fed by separate signal conductors. The signal conductors may be distributed across multiple metallization layers of the substrate to accommodate the complex signal routing for the antenna module. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram of illustrative circuitry in an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram of illustrative wireless circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram of an illustrative electronic device in wireless communication with an external node in a network in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram showing how the location (e.g., range and angle of arrival) of an external node in a network may be determined relative to an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram showing how illustrative ultra-wideband antennas in an electronic device may be used for detecting angle of arrival in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is a diagram of an illustrative phased antenna array that may be adjusted using control circuitry to direct a beam of signals in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    is a perspective view of an illustrative patch antenna in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    is a bottom view of an illustrative antenna module having ultra-wideband antennas for covering different ultra-wideband frequencies in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  10    is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative ultra-wideband antenna having a multi-layer radiating element in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  11    is a bottom view of an illustrative antenna module having ultra-wideband antennas and phased antenna arrays in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  12    is a cross-sectional schematic showing how an illustrative antenna module may include multiple metallization layers for supporting ultra-wideband antennas and phased antenna arrays on the antenna module in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An electronic device such as electronic device  10  of  FIG.  1    may be provided with wireless circuitry that includes antennas. The antennas may be used to transmit and/or receive wireless radio-frequency signals. 
     Device  10  may be a portable electronic device or other suitable electronic device. For example, device  10  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, headphone device, earpiece device, headset device, or other wearable or miniature device, a handheld device such as a cellular telephone, a media player, or other small portable device. Device  10  may also be a set-top box, a desktop computer, a display into which a computer or other processing circuitry has been integrated, a display without an integrated computer, a wireless access point, a wireless base station, an electronic device incorporated into a kiosk, building, or vehicle, or other suitable electronic equipment. 
     Device  10  may include a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as a case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of these materials. In some situations, parts of housing  12  may be formed from dielectric or other low-conductivity material (e.g., glass, ceramic, plastic, sapphire, etc.). In other situations, housing  12  or at least some of the structures that make up housing  12  may be formed from metal elements. 
     Device  10  may, if desired, have a display such as display  14 . Display  14  may be mounted on the front face of device  10 . Display  14  may be a touch screen that incorporates capacitive touch electrodes or may be insensitive to touch. The rear face of housing  12  (i.e., the face of device  10  opposing the front face of device  10 ) may have a substantially planar housing wall such as rear housing wall  12 R (e.g., a planar housing wall). Rear housing wall  12 R may have slots that pass entirely through the rear housing wall and that therefore separate portions of housing  12  from each other. Rear housing wall  12 R may include conductive portions and/or dielectric portions. If desired, rear housing wall  12 R may include a planar metal layer covered by a thin layer or coating of dielectric such as glass, plastic, sapphire, or ceramic (e.g., a dielectric cover layer). Housing  12  may also have shallow grooves that do not pass entirely through housing  12 . The slots and grooves may be filled with plastic or other dielectric materials. If desired, portions of housing  12  that have been separated from each other (e.g., by a through slot) may be joined by internal conductive structures (e.g., sheet metal or other metal members that bridge the slot). 
     Housing  12  may include peripheral housing structures such as peripheral structures  12 W. Conductive portions of peripheral structures  12 W and conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R may sometimes be referred to herein collectively as conductive structures of housing  12 . Peripheral structures  12 W may run around the periphery of device  10  and display  14 . In configurations in which device  10  and display  14  have a rectangular shape with four edges, peripheral structures  12 W may be implemented using peripheral housing structures that have a rectangular ring shape with four corresponding edges and that extend from rear housing wall  12 R to the front face of device  10  (as an example). In other words, device  10  may have a length (e.g., measured parallel to the Y-axis), a width that is less than the length (e.g., measured parallel to the X-axis), and a height (e.g., measured parallel to the Z-axis) that is less than the width. Peripheral structures  12 W or part of peripheral structures  12 W may serve as a bezel for display  14  (e.g., a cosmetic trim that surrounds all four sides of display  14  and/or that helps hold display  14  to device  10 ) if desired. Peripheral structures  12 W may, if desired, form sidewall structures for device  10  (e.g., by forming a metal band with vertical sidewalls, curved sidewalls, etc.). 
     Peripheral structures  12 W may be formed of a conductive material such as metal and may therefore sometimes be referred to as peripheral conductive housing structures, conductive housing structures, peripheral metal structures, peripheral conductive sidewalls, peripheral conductive sidewall structures, conductive housing sidewalls, peripheral conductive housing sidewalls, sidewalls, sidewall structures, or a peripheral conductive housing member (as examples). Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be formed from a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, alloys, or other suitable materials. One, two, or more than two separate structures may be used in forming peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. 
     It is not necessary for peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W to have a uniform cross-section. For example, the top portion of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may, if desired, have an inwardly protruding ledge that helps hold display  14  in place. The bottom portion of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may also have an enlarged lip (e.g., in the plane of the rear surface of device  10 ). Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may have substantially straight vertical sidewalls, may have sidewalls that are curved, or may have other suitable shapes. In some configurations (e.g., when peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W serve as a bezel for display  14 ), peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may run around the lip of housing  12  (i.e., peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may cover only the edge of housing  12  that surrounds display  14  and not the rest of the sidewalls of housing  12 ). 
     Rear housing wall  12 R may lie in a plane that is parallel to display  14 . In configurations for device  10  in which some or all of rear housing wall  12 R is formed from metal, it may be desirable to form parts of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W as integral portions of the housing structures forming rear housing wall  12 R. For example, rear housing wall  12 R of device  10  may include a planar metal structure and portions of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W on the sides of housing  12  may be formed as flat or curved vertically extending integral metal portions of the planar metal structure (e.g., housing structures  12 R and  12 W may be formed from a continuous piece of metal in a unibody configuration). Housing structures such as these may, if desired, be machined from a block of metal and/or may include multiple metal pieces that are assembled together to form housing  12 . Rear housing wall  12 R may have one or more, two or more, or three or more portions. Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and/or conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R may form one or more exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., surfaces that are visible to a user of device  10 ) and/or may be implemented using internal structures that do not form exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., conductive housing structures that are not visible to a user of device  10  such as conductive structures that are covered with layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coating/cover layers that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and/or conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R from view of the user). 
     Display  14  may have an array of pixels that form an active area AA that displays images for a user of device  10 . For example, active area AA may include an array of display pixels. The array of pixels may be formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic pixels, an array of plasma display pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode display pixels or other light-emitting diode pixels, an array of electrowetting display pixels, or display pixels based on other display technologies. If desired, active area AA may include touch sensors such as touch sensor capacitive electrodes, force sensors, or other sensors for gathering a user input. 
     Display  14  may have an inactive border region that runs along one or more of the edges of active area AA. Inactive area IA of display  14  may be free of pixels for displaying images and may overlap circuitry and other internal device structures in housing  12 . To block these structures from view by a user of device  10 , the underside of the display cover layer or other layers in display  14  that overlap inactive area IA may be coated with an opaque masking layer in inactive area IA. The opaque masking layer may have any suitable color. Inactive area IA may include a recessed region such as notch  24  that extends into active area AA. Active area AA may, for example, be defined by the lateral area of a display module for display  14  (e.g., a display module that includes pixel circuitry, touch sensor circuitry, etc.). The display module may have a recess or notch in upper region  20  of device  10  that is free from active display circuitry (i.e., that forms notch  24  of inactive area IA). Notch  24  may be a substantially rectangular region that is surrounded (defined) on three sides by active area AA and on a fourth side by peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. 
     Display  14  may be protected using a display cover layer such as a layer of transparent glass, clear plastic, transparent ceramic, sapphire, or other transparent crystalline material, or other transparent layer(s). The display cover layer may have a planar shape, a convex curved profile, a shape with planar and curved portions, a layout that includes a planar main area surrounded on one or more edges with a portion that is bent out of the plane of the planar main area, or other suitable shapes. The display cover layer may cover the entire front face of device  10 . In another suitable arrangement, the display cover layer may cover substantially all of the front face of device  10  or only a portion of the front face of device  10 . Openings may be formed in the display cover layer. For example, an opening may be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate a button. An opening may also be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate ports such as speaker port  16  in notch  24  or a microphone port. Openings may be formed in housing  12  to form communications ports (e.g., an audio jack port, a digital data port, etc.) and/or audio ports for audio components such as a speaker and/or a microphone if desired. 
     Display  14  may include conductive structures such as an array of capacitive electrodes for a touch sensor, conductive lines for addressing pixels, driver circuits, etc. Housing  12  may include internal conductive structures such as metal frame members and a planar conductive housing member (sometimes referred to as a conductive support plate or backplate) that spans the walls of housing  12  (e.g., a substantially rectangular sheet formed from one or more metal parts that is welded or otherwise connected between opposing sides of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W). The conductive support plate may form an exterior rear surface of device  10  or may be covered by a dielectric cover layer such as a thin cosmetic layer, protective coating, and/or other coatings that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide the conductive support plate from view of the user (e.g., the conductive support plate may form part of rear housing wall  12 R). Device  10  may also include conductive structures such as printed circuit boards, components mounted on printed circuit boards, and other internal conductive structures. These conductive structures, which may be used in forming a ground plane in device  10 , may extend under active area AA of display  14 , for example. 
     In regions  22  and  20 , openings may be formed within the conductive structures of device  10  (e.g., between peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and opposing conductive ground structures such as conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R, conductive traces on a printed circuit board, conductive electrical components in display  14 , etc.). These openings, which may sometimes be referred to as gaps, may be filled with air, plastic, and/or other dielectrics and may be used in forming slot antenna resonating elements for one or more antennas in device  10 , if desired. 
     Conductive housing structures and other conductive structures in device  10  may serve as a ground plane for the antennas in device  10 . The openings in regions  22  and  20  may serve as slots in open or closed slot antennas, may serve as a central dielectric region that is surrounded by a conductive path of materials in a loop antenna, may serve as a space that separates an antenna resonating element such as a strip antenna resonating element or an inverted-F antenna resonating element from the ground plane, may contribute to the performance of a parasitic antenna resonating element, or may otherwise serve as part of antenna structures formed in regions  22  and  20 . If desired, the ground plane that is under active area AA of display  14  and/or other metal structures in device  10  may have portions that extend into parts of the ends of device  10  (e.g., the ground may extend towards the dielectric-filled openings in regions  22  and  20 ), thereby narrowing the slots in regions  22  and  20 . Region  22  may sometimes be referred to herein as lower region  22  or lower end  22  of device  10 . Region  20  may sometimes be referred to herein as upper region  20  or upper end  20  of device  10 . 
     In general, device  10  may include any suitable number of antennas (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, etc.). The antennas in device  10  may be located at opposing first and second ends of an elongated device housing (e.g., at lower region  22  and/or upper region  20  of device  10  of  FIG.  1   ), along one or more edges of a device housing, in the center of a device housing, in other suitable locations, or in one or more of these locations. The arrangement of  FIG.  1    is merely illustrative. 
     Portions of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be provided with peripheral gap structures. For example, peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be provided with one or more dielectric-filled gaps such as gaps  18 , as shown in  FIG.  1   . The gaps in peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be filled with dielectric such as polymer, ceramic, glass, air, other dielectric materials, or combinations of these materials. Gaps  18  may divide peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W into one or more peripheral conductive segments. The conductive segments that are formed in this way may form parts of antennas in device  10  if desired. Other dielectric openings may be formed in peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W (e.g., dielectric openings other than gaps  18 ) and may serve as dielectric antenna windows for antennas mounted within the interior of device  10 . Antennas within device  10  may be aligned with the dielectric antenna windows for conveying radio-frequency signals through peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. Antennas within device  10  may also be aligned with inactive area IA of display  14  for conveying radio-frequency signals through display  14 . 
     In order to provide an end user of device  10  with as large of a display as possible (e.g., to maximize an area of the device used for displaying media, running applications, etc.), it may be desirable to increase the amount of area at the front face of device  10  that is covered by active area AA of display  14 . Increasing the size of active area AA may reduce the size of inactive area IA within device  10 . This may reduce the area behind display  14  that is available for antennas within device  10 . For example, active area AA of display  14  may include conductive structures that serve to block radio-frequency signals handled by antennas mounted behind active area AA from radiating through the front face of device  10 . It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide antennas that occupy a small amount of space within device  10  (e.g., to allow for as large of a display active area AA as possible) while still allowing the antennas to communicate with wireless equipment external to device  10  with satisfactory efficiency bandwidth. 
     In a typical scenario, device  10  may have one or more upper antennas and one or more lower antennas. An upper antenna may, for example, be formed in upper region  20  of device  10 . A lower antenna may, for example, be formed in lower region  22  of device  10 . Additional antennas may be formed along the edges of housing  12  extending between regions  20  and  22  if desired. An example in which device  10  includes three or four upper antennas and five lower antennas is described herein as an example. The antennas may be used separately to cover identical communications bands, overlapping communications bands, or separate communications bands. The antennas may be used to implement an antenna diversity scheme or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna scheme. Other antennas for covering any other desired frequencies may also be mounted at any desired locations within the interior of device  10 . The example of  FIG.  1    is merely illustrative. If desired, housing  12  may have other shapes (e.g., a square shape, cylindrical shape, spherical shape, combinations of these and/or different shapes, etc.). 
     A schematic diagram of illustrative components that may be used in device  10  is shown in  FIG.  2   . As shown in  FIG.  2   , device  10  may include control circuitry  38 . Control circuitry  38  may include storage such as storage circuitry  30 . Storage circuitry  30  may include hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid-state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. 
     Control circuitry  38  may include processing circuitry such as processing circuitry  32 . Processing circuitry  32  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . Processing circuitry  32  may include on one or more processors (e.g., microprocessors), microcontrollers, digital signal processors, host processors, baseband processor integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits, central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units, etc. Control circuitry  38  may be configured to perform operations in device  10  using hardware (e.g., dedicated hardware or circuitry), firmware, and/or software. Software code for performing operations in device  10  may be stored on storage circuitry  30  (e.g., storage circuitry  30  may include non-transitory (tangible) computer readable storage media that stores the software code). The software code may sometimes be referred to as program instructions, software, data, instructions, or code. Software code stored on storage circuitry  30  may be executed by processing circuitry  32 . 
     Control circuitry  38  may be used to run software on device  10  such as internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, control circuitry  38  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using control circuitry  38  include internet protocols, wireless local area network (WLAN) protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols-sometimes referred to as Wi-Fi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol or other wireless personal area network (WPAN) protocols, IEEE 802.11ad protocols (e.g., ultra-wideband protocols), cellular telephone protocols (e.g., 3G protocols, 4G (LTE) protocols, 3GPP Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) protocols, etc.), antenna diversity protocols, satellite navigation system protocols (e.g., global positioning system (GPS) protocols, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) protocols, etc.), antenna-based spatial ranging protocols, or any other desired communications protocols. 
     Each communication protocol may be associated with a corresponding radio access technology (RAT) that specifies the physical connection methodology used in implementing the protocol. 
     Device  10  may include input-output circuitry  26 . Input-output circuitry  26  may include input-output devices  28 . Input-output devices  28  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  28  may include user interface devices, data port devices, sensors, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices may include touch screens, displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, speakers, status indicators, light sources, audio jacks and other audio port components, digital data port devices, light sensors, gyroscopes, accelerometers or other components that can detect motion and device orientation relative to the Earth, capacitance sensors, proximity sensors (e.g., a capacitive proximity sensor and/or an infrared proximity sensor), magnetic sensors, and other sensors and input-output components. 
     Input-output circuitry  26  may include wireless circuitry such as wireless circuitry  34  for wirelessly conveying radio-frequency signals. While control circuitry  38  is shown separately from wireless circuitry  34  in the example of  FIG.  2    for the sake of clarity, wireless circuitry  34  may include processing circuitry that forms a part of processing circuitry  32  and/or storage circuitry that forms a part of storage circuitry  30  of control circuitry  38  (e.g., portions of control circuitry  38  may be implemented on wireless circuitry  34 ). As an example, control circuitry  38  may include baseband processor circuitry (e.g., one or more baseband processors) or other control components that form a part of wireless circuitry  34 . 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas, transmission lines, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals (e.g., one or more RF front end modules, etc.). Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  for handling transmission and/or reception of radio-frequency signals within corresponding frequency bands at radio frequencies (sometimes referred to herein as communications bands or simply as “bands”). The frequency bands handled by radio  44  may include wireless local area network (WLAN) frequency bands (e.g., Wi-Fi® (IEEE 802.11) or other WLAN communications bands) such as a 2.4 GHz WLAN band (e.g., from 2400 to 2480 MHz), a 5 GHz WLAN band (e.g., from 5180 to 5825 MHz), a Wi-Fi® 6E band (e.g., from 5925-7125 MHz), and/or other Wi-Fi® bands (e.g., from 1875-5160 MHz), wireless personal area network (WPAN) frequency bands such as the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® band or other WPAN communications bands, cellular telephone frequency bands (e.g., bands from about 600 MHz to about 5 GHz, 3G bands, 4G LTE bands, 5G New Radio Frequency Range  1  (FR1) bands below 10 GHz, 5G New Radio Frequency Range  2  (FR2) bands between 20 and 60 GHz, etc.), other centimeter or millimeter wave frequency bands between 10-300 GHz, near-field communications frequency bands (e.g., at 13.56 MHz), satellite navigation frequency bands (e.g., a GPS band from 1565 to 1610 MHz, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) band, a BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) band, etc.), ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency bands that operate under the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and/or other ultra-wideband communications protocols (e.g., a first UWB communications band at 6.5 GHz and/or a second UWB communications band at 8.0 GHz), communications bands under the family of 3GPP wireless communications standards, communications bands under the IEEE 802.XX family of standards, industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands such as an ISM band between around 900 MHz and 950 MHz or other ISM bands below or above 1 GHz, one or more unlicensed bands, one or more bands reserved for emergency and/or public services, and/or any other desired frequency bands of interest. Wireless circuitry  34  may also be used to perform spatial ranging operations if desired. 
     The UWB communications handled by radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may be based on an impulse radio signaling scheme that uses band-limited data pulses. Radio-frequency signals in the UWB frequency band may have any desired bandwidths such as bandwidths between 499 MHz and 1331 MHz, bandwidths greater than 500 MHz, etc. The presence of lower frequencies in the baseband may sometimes allow ultra-wideband signals to penetrate through objects such as walls. In an IEEE 802.15.4 system, for example, a pair of electronic devices may exchange wireless time stamped messages. Time stamps in the messages may be analyzed to determine the time-of-flight of the messages and thereby determine the distance (range) between the devices and/or an angle between the devices (e.g., an angle of arrival of incoming radio-frequency signals). 
     Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include respective transceivers (e.g., transceiver integrated circuits or chips) that handle each of these frequency bands or any desired number of transceivers that handle two or more of these frequency bands. In scenarios where different transceivers are coupled to the same antenna, filter circuitry (e.g., duplexer circuitry, diplexer circuitry, low pass filter circuitry, high pass filter circuitry, band pass filter circuitry, band stop filter circuitry, etc.), switching circuitry, multiplexing circuitry, or any other desired circuitry may be used to isolate radio-frequency signals conveyed by each transceiver over the same antenna (e.g., filtering circuitry or multiplexing circuitry may be interposed on a radio-frequency transmission line shared by the transceivers). Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include one or more integrated circuits (chips), integrated circuit packages (e.g., multiple integrated circuits mounted on a common printed circuit in a system-in-package device, one or more integrated circuits mounted on different substrates, etc.), power amplifier circuitry, up-conversion circuitry, down-conversion circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive radio-frequency components, switching circuitry, transmission line structures, and other circuitry for handling radio-frequency signals and/or for converting signals between radio-frequencies, intermediate frequencies, and/or baseband frequencies. 
     In general, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may cover (handle) any desired frequency bands of interest. As shown in  FIG.  2   , wireless circuitry  34  may include antennas  40 . Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may convey radio-frequency signals using one or more antennas  40  (e.g., antennas  40  may convey the radio-frequency signals for the transceiver circuitry). The term “convey radio-frequency signals” as used herein means the transmission and/or reception of the radio-frequency signals (e.g., for performing unidirectional and/or bidirectional wireless communications with external wireless communications equipment). Antennas  40  may transmit the radio-frequency signals by radiating the radio-frequency signals into free space (or to freespace through intervening device structures such as a dielectric cover layer). Antennas  40  may additionally or alternatively receive the radio-frequency signals from free space (e.g., through intervening devices structures such as a dielectric cover layer). The transmission and reception of radio-frequency signals by antennas  40  each involve the excitation or resonance of antenna currents on an antenna resonating element in the antenna by the radio-frequency signals within the frequency band(s) of operation of the antenna. 
     Antennas  40  in wireless circuitry  34  may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas  40  may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from stacked patch antenna structures, loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, waveguide structures, monopole antenna structures, dipole antenna structures, helical antenna structures, Yagi (Yagi-Uda) antenna structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. In another suitable arrangement, antennas  40  may include antennas with dielectric resonating elements such as dielectric resonator antennas. If desired, one or more of antennas  40  may be cavity-backed antennas. Two or more antennas  40  may be arranged in a phased antenna array if desired (e.g., for conveying centimeter and/or millimeter wave signals). Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. 
     In one suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, antennas  40  include a first set of antennas for conveying radio-frequency signals in UWB frequency band(s) and a second set of antennas that form one or more phased antenna arrays. The first set of antennas may include a triplet or doublet of antennas for conveying radio-frequency signals in UWB frequency bands (sometimes referred to herein as UWB antennas). The phased antenna arrays may convey radio-frequency signals using millimeter and/or centimeter wave signals. Millimeter wave signals, which are sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) signals, propagate at frequencies above about 30 GHz (e.g., at 60 GHz or other frequencies between about 30 GHz and 300 GHz). Centimeter wave signals propagate at frequencies between about 10 GHz and 30 GHz. In one suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, each phased antenna array may convey radio-frequency signals in a first 5G NR FR2 frequency band around 24-30 GHz and a second 5G NR FR2 frequency band around 37-43 GHz. Each phased antenna array may include a first set of antennas that convey radio-frequency signals in the first 5G NR FR2 frequency band and a second set of antennas that convey radio-frequency signals in the second 5G NR FR2 frequency band, for example. 
     A schematic diagram of wireless circuitry  34  is shown in  FIG.  3   . As shown in  FIG.  3   , wireless circuitry  34  may include transceiver circuitry  36  that is coupled to a given antenna  40  using a radio-frequency transmission line path such as radio-frequency transmission line path  50 . 
     To provide antenna structures such as antenna  40  with the ability to cover different frequencies of interest, antenna  40  may be provided with circuitry such as filter circuitry (e.g., one or more passive filters and/or one or more tunable filter circuits). Discrete components such as capacitors, inductors, and resistors may be incorporated into the filter circuitry. Capacitive structures, inductive structures, and resistive structures may also be formed from patterned metal structures (e.g., part of an antenna). If desired, antenna  40  may be provided with adjustable circuits such as tunable components that tune the antenna over communications (frequency) bands of interest. The tunable components may be part of a tunable filter or tunable impedance matching network, may be part of an antenna resonating element, may span a gap between an antenna resonating element and antenna ground, etc. 
     Radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may include one or more radio-frequency transmission lines (sometimes referred to herein simply as transmission lines). Radio-frequency transmission line path  50  (e.g., the transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path  50 ) may include a positive signal conductor such as positive signal conductor  52  and a ground signal conductor such as ground conductor  54 . 
     The transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may, for example, include coaxial cable transmission lines (e.g., ground conductor  54  may be implemented as a grounded conductive braid surrounding signal conductor  52  along its length), stripline transmission lines (e.g., where ground conductor  54  extends along two sides of signal conductor  52 ), a microstrip transmission line (e.g., where ground conductor  54  extends along one side of signal conductor  52 ), coaxial probes realized by a metalized via, edge-coupled microstrip transmission lines, edge-coupled stripline transmission lines, waveguide structures (e.g., coplanar waveguides or grounded coplanar waveguides), combinations of these types of transmission lines and/or other transmission line structures, etc. In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may include a stripline transmission line coupled to transceiver circuitry  36  and a microstrip transmission line coupled between the stripline transmission line and antenna  40 . 
     Transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may be integrated into rigid and/or flexible printed circuit boards. In one suitable arrangement, radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may include transmission line conductors (e.g., signal conductors  52  and ground conductors  54 ) integrated within multilayer laminated structures (e.g., layers of a conductive material such as copper and a dielectric material such as a resin that are laminated together without intervening adhesive). The multilayer laminated structures may, if desired, be folded or bent in multiple dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and may maintain a bent or folded shape after bending (e.g., the multilayer laminated structures may be folded into a particular three-dimensional shape to route around other device components and may be rigid enough to hold its shape after folding without being held in place by stiffeners or other structures). All of the multiple layers of the laminated structures may be batch laminated together (e.g., in a single pressing process) without adhesive (e.g., as opposed to performing multiple pressing processes to laminate multiple layers together with adhesive). 
     A matching network may include components such as inductors, resistors, and capacitors used in matching the impedance of antenna  40  to the impedance of radio-frequency transmission line path  50 . Matching network components may be provided as discrete components (e.g., surface mount technology components) or may be formed from housing structures, printed circuit board structures, traces on plastic supports, etc. Components such as these may also be used in forming filter circuitry in antenna(s)  40  and may be tunable and/or fixed components. 
     Radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may be coupled to antenna feed structures associated with antenna  40 . As an example, antenna  40  may form an inverted-F antenna, a planar inverted-F antenna, a patch antenna, or other antenna having an antenna feed  44  with a positive antenna feed terminal such as positive antenna feed terminal  46  and a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal  48 . Positive antenna feed terminal  46  may be coupled to an antenna resonating element for antenna  40 . Ground antenna feed terminal  48  may be coupled to an antenna ground for antenna  40 . 
     Signal conductor  52  may be coupled to positive antenna feed terminal  46  and ground conductor  54  may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal  48 . Other types of antenna feed arrangements may be used if desired. For example, antenna  40  may be fed using multiple feeds each coupled to a respective port of transceiver circuitry  36  over a corresponding transmission line. If desired, signal conductor  52  may be coupled to multiple locations on antenna  40  (e.g., antenna  40  may include multiple positive antenna feed terminals coupled to signal conductor  52  of the same radio-frequency transmission line path  50 ). Switches may be interposed on the signal conductor between transceiver circuitry  36  and the positive antenna feed terminals if desired (e.g., to selectively activate one or more positive antenna feed terminals at any given time). The illustrative feeding configuration of  FIG.  3    is merely illustrative. 
     During operation, device  10  may communicate with external wireless equipment. If desired, device  10  may use radio-frequency signals conveyed between device  10  and the external wireless equipment to identify a location of the external wireless equipment relative to device  10 . Device  10  may identify the relative location of the external wireless equipment by identifying a range to the external wireless equipment (e.g., the distance between the external wireless equipment and device  10 ) and the angle of arrival (AoA) of radio-frequency signals from the external wireless equipment (e.g., the angle at which radio-frequency signals are received by device  10  from the external wireless equipment). 
       FIG.  4    is a diagram showing how device  10  may determine a distance D between device  10  and external wireless equipment such as wireless network node  60  (sometimes referred to herein as wireless equipment  60 , wireless device  60 , external device  60 , or external equipment  60 ). Node  60  may include devices that are capable of receiving and/or transmitting radio-frequency signals such as radio-frequency signals  56 . Node  60  may include tagged devices (e.g., any suitable object that has been provided with a wireless receiver and/or a wireless transmitter), electronic equipment (e.g., an infrastructure-related device), and/or other electronic devices (e.g., devices of the type described in connection with  FIG.  1   , including some or all of the same wireless communications capabilities as device  10 ). 
     For example, node  60  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, headphone device, earpiece device, headset device (e.g., virtual or augmented reality headset devices), or other wearable or miniature device, a handheld device such as a cellular telephone, a media player, or other small portable device. Node  60  may also be a set-top box, a camera device with wireless communications capabilities, a desktop computer, a display into which a computer or other processing circuitry has been integrated, a display without an integrated computer, or other suitable electronic equipment. Node  60  may also be a key fob, a wallet, a book, a pen, or other object that has been provided with a low-power transmitter (e.g., an RFID transmitter or other transmitter). Node  60  may be electronic equipment such as a thermostat, a smoke detector, a Bluetooth® Low Energy (Bluetooth LE) beacon, a Wi-Fi® wireless access point, a wireless base station, a server, a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system (sometimes referred to as a temperature-control system), a light source such as a light-emitting diode (LED) bulb, a light switch, a power outlet, an occupancy detector (e.g., an active or passive infrared light detector, a microwave detector, etc.), a door sensor, a moisture sensor, an electronic door lock, a security camera, or other device. Device  10  may also be one of these types of devices if desired. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , device  10  may communicate with node  60  using wireless radio-frequency signals  56 . Radio-frequency signals  56  may include Bluetooth® signals, near-field communications signals, wireless local area network signals such as IEEE 802.11 signals, millimeter wave communication signals such as signals at 60 GHz, UWB signals, other radio-frequency wireless signals, infrared signals, etc. In one suitable arrangement that is described herein by example, radio-frequency signals  56  are UWB signals conveyed in multiple UWB communications bands such as the 6.5 GHz and 8 GHz UWB communications bands. Radio-frequency signals  56  may be used to determine and/or convey information such as location and orientation information. For example, control circuitry  38  in device  10  ( FIG.  2   ) may determine the location  58  of node  60  relative to device  10  using radio-frequency signals  56 . 
     In arrangements where node  60  is capable of sending or receiving communications signals, control circuitry  38  ( FIG.  2   ) on device  10  may determine distance D using radio-frequency signals  56  of  FIG.  4   . The control circuitry may determine distance D using signal strength measurement schemes (e.g., measuring the signal strength of radio-frequency signals  56  from node  60 ) or using time-based measurement schemes such as time of flight measurement techniques, time difference of arrival measurement techniques, angle of arrival measurement techniques, triangulation methods, time-of-flight methods, using a crowdsourced location database, and other suitable measurement techniques. This is merely illustrative, however. If desired, the control circuitry may use information from Global Positioning System receiver circuitry, proximity sensors (e.g., infrared proximity sensors or other proximity sensors), image data from a camera, motion sensor data from motion sensors, and/or using other circuitry on device  10  to help determine distance D. In addition to determining the distance D between device  10  and node  60 , the control circuitry may determine the orientation of device  10  relative to node  60 . 
       FIG.  5    illustrates how the position and orientation of device  10  relative to nearby nodes such as node  60  may be determined. In the example of  FIG.  5   , the control circuitry on device  10  (e.g., control circuitry  38  of  FIG.  2   ) uses a horizontal polar coordinate system to determine the location and orientation of device  10  relative to node  60 . In this type of coordinate system, the control circuitry may determine an azimuth angle θ and/or an elevation angle φ to describe the position of nearby nodes  60  relative to device  10 . The control circuitry may define a reference plane such as local horizon  64  and a reference vector such as reference vector  68 . Local horizon  64  may be a plane that intersects device  10  and that is defined relative to a surface of device  10  (e.g., the front or rear face of device  10 ). For example, local horizon  64  may be a plane that is parallel to or coplanar with display  14  of device  10  ( FIG.  1   ). Reference vector  68  (sometimes referred to as the “north” direction) may be a vector in local horizon  64 . If desired, reference vector  68  may be aligned with longitudinal axis  62  of device  10  (e.g., an axis running lengthwise down the center of device  10  and parallel to the longest rectangular dimension of device  10 , parallel to the Y-axis of  FIG.  1   ). When reference vector  68  is aligned with longitudinal axis  62  of device  10 , reference vector  68  may correspond to the direction in which device  10  is being pointed. 
     Azimuth angle θ and elevation angle φ may be measured relative to local horizon  64  and reference vector  68 . As shown in  FIG.  5   , the elevation angle φ (sometimes referred to as altitude) of node  60  is the angle between node  60  and local horizon  64  of device  10  (e.g., the angle between vector  67  extending between device  10  and node  60  and a coplanar vector  66  extending between device  10  and local horizon  64 ). The azimuth angle θ of node  60  is the angle of node  60  around local horizon  64  (e.g., the angle between reference vector  68  and vector  66 ). In the example of  FIG.  5   , the azimuth angle θ and elevation angle q of node  60  are greater than 0°. 
     If desired, other axes besides longitudinal axis  62  may be used to define reference vector  68 . For example, the control circuitry may use a horizontal axis that is perpendicular to longitudinal axis  62  as reference vector  68 . This may be useful in determining when nodes  60  are located next to a side portion of device  10  (e.g., when device  10  is oriented side-to-side with one of nodes  60 ). 
     After determining the orientation of device  10  relative to node  60 , the control circuitry on device  10  may take suitable action. For example, the control circuitry may send information to node  60 , may request and/or receive information from  60 , may use display  14  ( FIG.  1   ) to display a visual indication of wireless pairing with node  60 , may use speakers to generate an audio indication of wireless pairing with node  60 , may use a vibrator, a haptic actuator, or other mechanical element to generate haptic output indicating wireless pairing with node  60 , may use display  14  to display a visual indication of the location of node  60  relative to device  10 , may use speakers to generate an audio indication of the location of node  60 , may use a vibrator, a haptic actuator, or other mechanical element to generate haptic output indicating the location of node  60 , and/or may take other suitable action. 
     In one suitable arrangement, device  10  may determine the distance between the device  10  and node  60  and the orientation of device  10  relative to node  60  using two or more ultra-wideband antennas. The ultra-wide band antennas may receive radio-frequency signals from node  60  (e.g., radio-frequency signals  56  of  FIG.  4   ). Time stamps in the wireless communication signals may be analyzed to determine the time of flight of the wireless communication signals and thereby determine the distance (range) between device  10  and node  60 . Additionally, angle of arrival (AoA) measurement techniques may be used to determine the orientation of electronic device  10  relative to node  60  (e.g., azimuth angle θ and elevation angle  9 ). 
     In angle of arrival measurement, node  60  transmits a radio-frequency signal to device  10  (e.g., radio-frequency signals  56  of  FIG.  4   ). Device  10  may measure a delay in arrival time of the radio-frequency signals between the two or more ultra-wideband antennas. The delay in arrival time (e.g., the difference in received phase at each ultra-wideband antenna) can be used to determine the angle of arrival of the radio-frequency signal (and therefore the angle of node  60  relative to device  10 ). Once distance D and the angle of arrival have been determined, device  10  may have knowledge of the precise location of node  60  relative to device  10 . 
       FIG.  6    is a schematic diagram showing how angle of arrival measurement techniques may be used to determine the orientation of device  10  relative to node  60 . Device  10  may include multiple antennas  40  for conveying radio-frequency signals in one or more UWB frequency bands (sometimes referred to herein as ultra-wideband antennas  40 U). As shown in  FIG.  6   , the ultra-wideband antennas  40 U in device  10  may include at least a first ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and a second ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 . Ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  may be coupled to transceiver circuitry  36  over respective radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  (e.g., a first radio-frequency transmission line path  50 A and a second radio-frequency transmission line path  50 B). Transceiver circuitry  36  and ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  may operate at UWB frequencies (e.g., transceiver circuitry  36  may convey UWB signals using ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2 ). 
     Ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  may each receive radio-frequency signals  56  from node  60  ( FIG.  5   ). Ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  may be laterally separated by a distance d 1 , where ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  is farther away from node  60  than ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2  (in the example of  FIG.  6   ). Therefore, radio-frequency signals  56  travel a greater distance to reach ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  than ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 . The additional distance between node  60  and ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  is shown in  FIG.  6    as distance d 2 .  FIG.  6    also shows angles a and b (where a+b=90°). 
     Distance d 2  may be determined as a function of angle a or angle b (e.g., d 2 =d 1 *sin(a) or d 2 =d 1 *cos(b)). Distance d 2  may also be determined as a function of the phase difference between the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2  (e.g., d 2 =(PD)*λ/(2*π)), where PD is the phase difference (sometimes written “Δϕ”) between the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 , and λ is the wavelength of radio-frequency signals  56 . Device  10  may include phase measurement circuitry coupled to each antenna to measure the phase of the received signals and to identify phase difference PD (e.g., by subtracting the phase measured for one antenna from the phase measured for the other antenna). The two equations for d 2  may be set equal to each other (e.g., d 1 *sin(a)=(PD)*λ/(2*π)) and rearranged to solve for the angle a (e.g., a=sin −1 ((PD)*λ/(2*πd 1 )) or the angle b. Therefore, the angle of arrival may be determined (e.g., by control circuitry  38  of  FIG.  2   ) based on the known (predetermined) distance d 1  between ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2 , the detected (measured) phase difference PD between the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 , and the known wavelength (frequency) of the received radio-frequency signals  56 . Angles a and/or b of  FIG.  6    may be converted to spherical coordinates to obtain azimuth angle θ and elevation angle φ of  FIG.  5   , for example. Control circuitry  38  ( FIG.  2   ) may determine the angle of arrival of radio-frequency signals  56  by calculating one or both of azimuth angle θ and elevation angle cp. 
     Distance d 1  may be selected to ease the calculation for phase difference PD between the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 . For example, d 1  may be less than or equal to one half of the wavelength (e.g., effective wavelength) of the received radio-frequency signals  56  (e.g., to avoid multiple phase difference solutions). 
     With two antennas for determining angle of arrival (as in  FIG.  6   ), the angle of arrival within a single plane may be determined. For example, ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  in  FIG.  6    may be used to determine azimuth angle θ of  FIG.  5   . A third ultra-wideband antenna may be included to enable angle of arrival determination in multiple planes (e.g., azimuth angle θ and elevation angle φ of  FIG.  5    may both be determined). The three ultra-wideband antennas in this scenario may form a so-called triplet of ultra-wideband antennas, where each antenna in the triplet is arranged to approximately lie on a respective corner of a right triangle (e.g., the triplet may include ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  of  FIG.  6    and a third antenna located at distance d 1  from ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  in a direction perpendicular to the vector between ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2 ) or using some other predetermined relative positioning. Triplets of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U may be used to determine angle of arrival in two planes (e.g., to determine both azimuth angle θ and elevation angle φ of  FIG.  5   ). Triplets of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U and/or doublets of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U (e.g., a pair of antennas such as ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  of FIG.  6 ) may be used in device  10  to determine angle of arrival. If desired, different doublets of antennas may be oriented orthogonally with respect to each other in device  10  to recover angle of arrival in two dimensions (e.g., using two or more orthogonal doublets of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U that each measure angle of arrival in a single respective plane). 
     The antennas  40  in device  10  may also include two or more antennas  40  that convey radio-frequency signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz. Due to the substantial signal attenuation at frequencies greater than 10 GHz, these antennas may be arranged into one or more corresponding phased antenna arrays.  FIG.  7    shows how antennas  40  for handling radio-frequency signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies may be formed in a corresponding phased antenna array  76 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  7   , phased antenna array  76  (sometimes referred to herein as array  76 , antenna array  76 , or array  76  of antennas  40 ) may be coupled to radio-frequency transmission line paths  50 . For example, a first antenna  40 - 1  in phased antenna array  76  may be coupled to a first radio-frequency transmission line path  50 - 1 , a second antenna  40 - 2  in phased antenna array  76  may be coupled to a second radio-frequency transmission line path  50 - 2 , an Nth antenna  40 -N in phased antenna array  76  may be coupled to an Nth radio-frequency transmission line path  50 -N, etc. While antennas  40  are described herein as forming a phased antenna array, the antennas  40  in phased antenna array  76  may sometimes also be referred to as collectively forming a single phased array antenna. 
     Antennas  40  in phased antenna array  76  may be arranged in any desired number of rows and columns or in any other desired pattern (e.g., the antennas need not be arranged in a grid pattern having rows and columns). During signal transmission operations, radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  may be used to supply signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals such as millimeter wave and/or centimeter wave signals) from transceiver circuitry  36  ( FIG.  2   ) to phased antenna array  76  for wireless transmission. During signal reception operations, radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  may be used to supply signals received at phased antenna array  76  (e.g., from external wireless equipment or transmitted signals that have been reflected off of external objects) to transceiver circuitry  36  ( FIG.  3   ). 
     The use of multiple antennas  40  in phased antenna array  76  allows beam steering arrangements to be implemented by controlling the relative phases and magnitudes (amplitudes) of the radio-frequency signals conveyed by the antennas. In the example of  FIG.  7   , antennas  40  each have a corresponding radio-frequency phase and magnitude controller  70  (e.g., a first phase and magnitude controller  70 - 1  interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  50 - 1  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 - 1 , a second phase and magnitude controller  70 - 2  interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  50 - 2  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 - 2 , an Nth phase and magnitude controller  70 -N interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  50 -N may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 -N, etc.). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  70  may each include circuitry for adjusting the phase of the radio-frequency signals on radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  (e.g., phase shifter circuits) and/or circuitry for adjusting the magnitude of the radio-frequency signals on radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  (e.g., power amplifier and/or low noise amplifier circuits). Phase and magnitude controllers  70  may sometimes be referred to collectively herein as beam steering circuitry (e.g., beam steering circuitry that steers the beam of radio-frequency signals transmitted and/or received by phased antenna array  76 ). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  70  may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the transmitted signals that are provided to each of the antennas in phased antenna array  76  and may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  76 . Phase and magnitude controllers  70  may, if desired, include phase detection circuitry for detecting the phases of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  76 . The term “beam” or “signal beam” may be used herein to collectively refer to wireless signals that are transmitted and received by phased antenna array  76  in a particular direction. The signal beam may exhibit a peak gain that is oriented in a particular pointing direction at a corresponding pointing angle (e.g., based on constructive and destructive interference from the combination of signals from each antenna in the phased antenna array). The term “transmit beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to radio-frequency signals that are transmitted in a particular direction whereas the term “receive beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to radio-frequency signals that are received from a particular direction. 
     If, for example, phase and magnitude controllers  70  are adjusted to produce a first set of phases and/or magnitudes for transmitted radio-frequency signals, the transmitted signals will form a transmit beam as shown by beam B 1  of  FIG.  7    that is oriented in the direction of point A. If, however, phase and magnitude controllers  70  are adjusted to produce a second set of phases and/or magnitudes for the transmitted signals, the transmitted signals will form a transmit beam as shown by beam B 2  that is oriented in the direction of point B. Similarly, if phase and magnitude controllers  70  are adjusted to produce the first set of phases and/or magnitudes, radio-frequency signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals in a receive beam) may be received from the direction of point A, as shown by beam B 1 . If phase and magnitude controllers  70  are adjusted to produce the second set of phases and/or magnitudes, radio-frequency signals may be received from the direction of point B, as shown by beam B 2 . 
     Each phase and magnitude controller  70  may be controlled to produce a desired phase and/or magnitude based on a corresponding control signal S received from control circuitry  38  (e.g., the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  70 - 1  may be controlled using control signal S 1 , the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  70 - 2  may be controlled using control signal S 2 , etc.). If desired, the control circuitry may actively adjust control signals S in real time to steer the transmit or receive beam in different desired directions over time. Phase and magnitude controllers  70  may provide information identifying the phase of received signals to control circuitry  38  if desired. 
     When performing wireless communications using radio-frequency signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies, the radio-frequency signals are conveyed over a line of sight path between phased antenna array  76  and external communications equipment. If the external object is located at point A of  FIG.  7   , phase and magnitude controllers  70  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards point A (e.g., to steer the pointing direction of the signal beam towards point A). Phased antenna array  76  may transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in the direction of point A. Similarly, if the external communications equipment is located at point B, phase and magnitude controllers  70  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards point B (e.g., to steer the pointing direction of the signal beam towards point B). Phased antenna array  76  may transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in the direction of point B. In the example of  FIG.  7   , beam steering is shown as being performed over a single degree of freedom for the sake of simplicity (e.g., towards the left and right on the page of  FIG.  7   ). However, in practice, the beam may be steered over two or more degrees of freedom (e.g., in three dimensions, into and out of the page and to the left and right on the page of  FIG.  7   ). Phased antenna array  76  may have a corresponding field of view over which beam steering can be performed (e.g., in a hemisphere or a segment of a hemisphere over the phased antenna array). If desired, device  10  may include multiple phased antenna arrays that each face a different direction to provide coverage from multiple sides of the device. 
     In general, the antennas  40  in device  10  used to convey millimeter and centimeter wave signals and the antennas  40  in device  10  used to convey UWB signals may be formed using any desired antenna architecture. If desired, the antennas  40  in device  10  used to convey millimeter and centimeter wave signals and the antennas  40  in device  10  used to convey UWB signals may both each be patch antennas. 
       FIG.  8    is a perspective view of an illustrative patch antenna. As shown in  FIG.  8   , antenna  40  may have a patch antenna resonating element  80  that is separated from and parallel to an antenna ground plane such as ground plane  78  (sometimes referred to herein as antenna ground  78 ). Patch antenna resonating element  80  may lie within a plane such as the A-B plane of  FIG.  8    (e.g., the lateral surface area of element  80  may lie in the A-B plane). Patch antenna resonating element  80  may sometimes be referred to herein as patch  80 , patch element  80 , patch resonating element  80 , antenna resonating element  80 , or resonating element  80 . Ground plane  78  may lie within a plane that is parallel to the plane of patch element  80 . Patch element  80  and ground plane  78  may therefore lie in separate parallel planes that are separated by a distance  84 . Patch element  80  and ground plane  78  may be formed from conductive traces patterned on a dielectric substrate. 
     The length of the sides of patch element  80  may be selected so that antenna  40  resonates at desired operating frequencies. For example, one or more sides of patch element  80  may have a length  86  that is approximately equal to half the wavelength of the signals conveyed by antenna  40  (e.g., the effective wavelength given the dielectric properties of the materials surrounding patch element  80 ). In one suitable arrangement, length  86  may be between 0.8 mm and 1.2 mm (e.g., approximately 1.1 mm) for covering a millimeter wave frequency band between 57 GHz and 70 GHz or between 1.6 mm and 2.2 mm (e.g., approximately 1.85 mm) for covering a millimeter wave frequency band between 37 GHz and 41 GHz, as just two examples. 
     The example of  FIG.  8    is merely illustrative. Patch element  80  may have a square shape in which all the sides of patch element  80  are the same length or may have a different (non-square) rectangular shape. Patch element  80  may be formed in other shapes having any desired number of straight and/or curved edges. If desired, patch element  80  and ground plane  78  may have different shapes and relative orientations. 
     To enhance the polarizations handled by antenna  40 , antenna  40  may be provided with multiple antenna feeds. As shown in  FIG.  8   , antenna  40  may have a first antenna feed at antenna port P 1  that is coupled to a first radio-frequency transmission line path  50  ( FIG.  3   ) such as transmission line path  50 V. Antenna  40  may also have a second feed at antenna port P 2  that is coupled to a second radio-frequency transmission line path  50  such as transmission line path  50 H. The first antenna feed may have a first ground feed terminal coupled to ground plane  78  (not shown in  FIG.  8    for the sake of clarity) and a first positive antenna feed terminal  46 V coupled to patch element  80 . The second antenna feed may have a second ground feed terminal coupled to ground plane  78  (not shown in  FIG.  8    for the sake of clarity) and a second positive antenna feed terminal  4611  on patch element  80 . 
     Holes or openings such as openings  82  may be formed in ground plane  78 . Transmission line path  50 V may include a vertical conductor (e.g., a conductive through-via, conductive pin, metal pillar, solder bump, combinations of these, or other vertical conductive interconnect structures) that extends through opening  82  to positive antenna feed terminal  46 V on patch element  80 . Transmission line path  50 H may include a vertical conductor that extends through opening  82  to positive antenna feed terminal  46 H on patch element  80 . This example is merely illustrative and, if desired, other transmission line structures may be used (e.g., coaxial cable structures, stripline transmission line structures, etc.). 
     When using the first antenna feed associated with port P 1 , antenna  40  may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals having a first polarization (e.g., the electric field E 1  of antenna signals  79  associated with port P 1  may be oriented parallel to the B-axis in  FIG.  8   ). When using the antenna feed associated with port P 2 , antenna  40  may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals having a second polarization (e.g., the electric field E 2  of antenna signals  79  associated with port P 2  may be oriented parallel to the A-axis of  FIG.  8    so that the polarizations associated with ports P 1  and P 2  are orthogonal to each other). 
     One of ports P 1  and P 2  may be used at a given time so antenna  40  operates as a single-polarization antenna or both ports may be operated at the same time so antenna  40  operates with other polarizations (e.g., as a dual-polarization antenna, a circularly-polarized antenna, an elliptically-polarized antenna, etc.). If desired, the active port may be changed over time so antenna  40  can switch between covering vertical or horizontal polarizations at a given time. Ports P 1  and P 2  may be coupled to different phase and magnitude controllers  70  ( FIG.  7   ) or may both be coupled to the same phase and magnitude controller  70 . If desired, ports P 1  and P 2  may both be operated with the same phase and magnitude at a given time (e.g., when antenna  40  acts as a dual-polarization antenna). If desired, the phases and magnitudes of radio-frequency signals conveyed over ports P 1  and P 2  may be controlled separately and varied over time so antenna  40  exhibits other polarizations (e.g., circular or elliptical polarizations). 
     If care is not taken, antennas  40  such as dual-polarization patch antennas of the type shown in  FIG.  8    may have insufficient bandwidth for covering an entirety of a frequency band of interest (e.g., a frequency band at frequencies greater than 10 GHz). For example, in scenarios where antenna  40  is configured to cover a millimeter wave communications band between 37 GHz and 40 GHz, patch element  80  as shown in  FIG.  8    may have insufficient bandwidth to cover the entirety of the frequency range between 37 GHz and 40 GHz or 43.5 GHz. If desired, antenna  40  may include one or more parasitic antenna resonating elements that serve to broaden the bandwidth of antenna  40 . 
     The parasitic antenna resonating element(s) may overlap patch element  80  and/or be coplanar with patch element  80 . The parasitic antenna resonating element(s) may sometimes be referred to herein as parasitic resonating elements, parasitic antenna elements, parasitic elements, parasitic patches, parasitic patch elements, parasitic conductors, parasitic structures, parasitics, or patches. The parasitic elements are not directly connected to an antenna feed, whereas patch element  80  is directly fed via transmission line paths  50 V and  50 H and is directly connected to positive antenna feed terminals  46 V and  46 H (e.g., positive antenna feed terminals  46 V and  46 H are located on patch element  80 ). The parasitic element(s) may create constructive perturbations of the electromagnetic field generated by patch element  80 , creating new resonance(s) for antenna  40 . This may serve to broaden the overall bandwidth of antenna  40 . Additionally or alternatively, the parasitic element(s) may capacitively load patch element  80  to effectively (electrically) extend the electrical length of patch element  80  (e.g., length  86 ) for covering lower frequencies than in the absence of the parasitic element(s). 
     If desired, antenna  40  of  FIG.  8    may be formed on a dielectric substrate (not shown in  FIG.  8    for the sake of clarity). The dielectric substrate may be, for example, a rigid or printed circuit board or other dielectric substrate. The dielectric substrate may include multiple stacked dielectric layers (e.g., multiple layers of printed circuit board substrate such as multiple layers of fiberglass-filled epoxy, multiple layers of ceramic substrate, etc.). Ground plane  78 , patch element  80 , and the parasitic element(s) may be formed from conductive traces on different layers of the dielectric substrate. 
     The example of  FIG.  8    is merely illustrative. Antenna  40  may have any desired number of feeds. Other feeding arrangements may be used. Antenna  40  may include any desired type of antenna resonating element structures. If desired, antenna  40  may include multiple vertically-stacked patch elements  80 . Each of the vertically-stacked patch elements  80  may radiate in a respective frequency band. By forming each patch element  80  with a respective length  86 , antenna  40  may be configured to cover multiple frequency bands. If desired, one or more conductive vias may couple (short) patch element  80  to ground plane  78 . This may configure antenna  40  to form an inverted-F antenna (e.g., a planar inverted-F antenna), where patch element  80  forms an inverted-F antenna radiating element (e.g., a planar inverted-F antenna radiating element arm). In these configurations, the radiating element may have a length approximately equal to one-quarter the effective wavelength of operation of the antenna, for example. 
     In some implementations, the antennas in a triplet of ultra-wideband antennas are formed on separate substrates (e.g., separate printed circuits). However, space is often at a premium in devices such as device  10 . Disposing the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas on multiple substrates or modules may occupy an excessive amount of space on device  10 , can undesirably increase manufacturing cost and complexity for device  10 , and can introduce mechanical non-uniformities in device  10  over time. 
     To mitigate these issues, three or more UWB antennas may all be formed as part of the same integrated antenna module.  FIG.  9    is a bottom view showing how three or more UWB antennas may be disposed on the same antenna module. As shown in  FIG.  9   , device  10  may include an integrated antenna module such as antenna module  90 . Antenna module  90  may include a dielectric substrate such as substrate  88 . Substrate  88  may, for example, be a stacked dielectric substrate having two or more vertically-stacked dielectric layers (e.g., a rigid or flexible printed circuit board). 
     Antenna module  90  may include a triplet of ultra-wideband antennas  4011  such as ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 1 ,  40 H- 2 , and  40 H- 3 . Ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 1 ,  40 H- 2 , and  40 H- 3  may each convey radio-frequency signals in a relatively high ultra-wideband communications band (e.g., an 8.0 GHz ultra-wideband communications band). Antenna module  90  may also include a standalone ultra-wideband antenna such as ultra-wideband antenna  40 L (e.g., an ultra-wideband antenna that is not a part of a triplet or doublet of ultra-wideband antennas in device  10 ). Ultra-wideband antenna  40 L may convey radio-frequency signals in a relatively low ultrawideband communications band (e.g., a 6.5 GHz ultra-wideband communications band). 
     Control circuitry  38  ( FIG.  2   ) may use radio-frequency signals received by ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 1 ,  4011 - 2 , and  40 H- 3  in the high ultra-wideband communications band to estimate the range between device  10  and node  60  ( FIG.  4   ) as well as the two or three-dimensional angle-of-arrival of the signals transmitted by node  60  (e.g., for identifying the location of node  60  relative to device  10 ). However, since ultra-wideband antenna  40 L is a standalone antenna, control circuitry  38  may be unable to resolve angle-of-arrival using the radio-frequency signals in the low ultra-wideband communications band received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 L. Instead, control circuitry  38  may use ultra-wideband antenna  40 L to estimate the range between device  10  and node  60  (e.g., either on its own or in conjunction with the signals received by the triplet of UWB antennas). This is merely illustrative and, if desired, ultra-wideband antenna  40 L may form part of a doublet or triplet of UWB antennas (e.g., where the remaining antennas in the doublet or triplet are located external to antenna module  90 ). 
     Ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 1 ,  40 H- 2 ,  40 H- 3 , and  40 L may each have a respective antenna resonating element. The antenna resonating elements may overlap an antenna ground formed from ground traces in dielectric substrate  88 . For example, as shown in  FIG.  9   , ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 1 ,  40 U- 2 ,  40 U- 3 , and  40 L may each have a respective patch element  80  formed from patches of conductive traces on dielectric substrate  88 . Corresponding positive antenna feed terminals  46  may be coupled to each patch element  80 . Each positive antenna feed terminal  46  may be coupled to radio-frequency connector  92  on antenna module  90  via a respective signal path  52  (e.g., signal paths in respective radio-frequency transmission lines on substrate  88 ). Additionally or alternatively, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) may be mounted to antenna module  90  for transmitting and/or receiving radio-frequency signals using the antennas on the antenna module. 
     The patch element  80  in ultra-wideband antenna  40 H- 1  may have a length L 1  (e.g., length  86  of  FIG.  8   ) that is selected to configure ultra-wideband antenna  40 H- 1  to radiate in the high ultra-wideband communications band. Similarly, the patch element  80  in ultra-wideband antenna  40 L may have a length L 2  (e.g., length  86  of  FIG.  8   ) that is selected to configure ultra-wideband antenna  40 L to radiate in the low ultra-wideband communications band. Length L 2  may therefore be longer than length L 1 . 
     However, space is at a premium in devices such as device  10 . To conserve space within antenna module  90  and thus device  10 , the antenna radiating element (e.g., patch element  80 ) in one or more of the ultra-wideband antennas on substrate  88  may be distributed (vertically stacked) across multiple dielectric layers in substrate  88 . This may cause the effective electrical length of the antenna radiating element (e.g., patch element  80 ) to extend vertically in the Z dimension in addition to extending laterally in the X-Y plane. Extending the effective electrical length of the patch element into the Z dimension may allow the patch element to occupy less lateral area on antenna module  90  while still radiating at the corresponding frequencies of interest. 
     For example, the patch elements  80  in ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 2  and  40 H- 3  may be distributed (stacked) across multiple dielectric layers in substrate  88 . As shown in  FIG.  9   , the patch element  80  in ultra-wideband antenna  4011 - 2  and the patch element  80  in ultra-wideband antenna  40 H- 3  may each have a first edge  96  and an opposing second edge  98 . Conductive vias  94  may couple edges  96  and  98  of the patch elements to overlapping parasitic elements (e.g., conductive patches) on one or more of the stacked dielectric layers of substrate  88  (e.g., layers other than the layers used to pattern patch elements  80 ). This may extend the effective electrical length of the patch elements  80  in ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 2  and  40 H- 3  to length L 1  of ultra-wideband antenna  40 H- 1 , thereby configuring ultra-wideband antennas  4011 - 2  and  40 H- 3  to radiate in the high ultra-wideband communications band, while reducing the length of the patch elements  80  on antenna module  90  (in the X-Y plane) to a length L 3  that is less than length L 1 . This may serve to minimize the lateral footprint of ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 2  and  4011 - 3  and thus the overall area required for antenna module  90  without changing the frequency band covered by the antennas. Ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 2  and  40 H- 3  may each extend across less lateral surface area (e.g., may have a smaller foot print) than ultra-wideband antenna  40 H- 1 , for example. 
     In general, ultra-wideband antenna  4011 - 1  may be laterally separated from ultra-wideband antennas  4011 - 2  and  4011 - 3  by gap G. Selecting a relatively large gap G may allow control circuitry  38  ( FIG.  2   ) to resolve the angle of arrival of incoming radio-frequency signals with relatively high accuracy and/or precision, for example. To minimize space consumption within device  10 , ultra-wideband antenna  40 L may be laterally interposed between ultra-wideband antenna  40 H- 1  and ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 2  and  4011 - 3  (e.g., within gap G). 
     Antenna module  90  may be mounted at any desired location within device  10 . If desired, antenna module  90  may be pressed against or layered adjacent to rear housing wall  12 R of device  10  ( FIG.  1   ). This may configure the antennas on antenna module  90  to convey radio-frequency signals through rear housing wall  12 R. In examples where rear housing wall  12 R includes a conductive support plate, apertures in the conductive support plate may be aligned with the antennas in antenna module  90  to allow the antennas to radiate through rear housing wall  12 R. In other arrangements, the antennas in antenna module  90  may radiate through display  14  and/or peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W ( FIG.  1   ). 
     The example of  FIG.  9    is merely illustrative. The antennas in antenna module  90  may be implemented using any desired antenna structures having any desired shapes. Antenna module  90  may include any desired number of antennas for radiating in any desired frequency bands. Substrate  88  may have any desired shape. Any combination of one or more (e.g., all) of ultra-wideband antennas  40 H- 1 ,  40 H- 2 ,  4011 - 3 , and  40 L may be distributed across multiple layers of substrate  88  using conductive vias  94  for minimizing the lateral area of antenna module  90 . 
       FIG.  10    is a cross-sectional side view of a given ultra-wideband antenna  40 H that has an antenna radiating element that is vertically distributed in substrate  88  to minimize the lateral area of patch element  80  (e.g., ultra-wideband antenna  4011 - 2  or  4011 - 3  of  FIG.  9   ). As shown in  FIG.  10   , substrate  88  of antenna module  90  may include multiple stacked dielectric layers  106  (e.g., layers of printed circuit board substrate, layers of fiberglass-filled epoxy, layers of polyimide, layers of ceramic substrate, or layers of other dielectric materials). 
     Ground traces  100  (e.g., ground plane  78  of  FIG.  8   ) may be layered onto a first dielectric layer  106 . Patch element  80  may be layered onto a second dielectric layer  106 . Zero, one, or more than one dielectric layer  106  may be layered over patch element  80 . Two or more dielectric layers may be stacked between patch element  80  and ground traces  100 . A conductive via  102  (sometimes referred to herein as feed via  102 ) may couple signal conductor  52  to positive antenna feed terminal  46  on patch element  80  through hole  82  in ground traces  100 . 
     The antenna radiating element in ultra-wideband antenna  40 H may also include one or more parasitic elements  104  formed from patches of conductive traces on one or more dielectric layers  106  that are interposed between ground traces  100  and patch element  80 . Parasitic elements  104  may sometimes be referred to herein as patch elements  104 , parasitic patch elements  104 , parasitic patches  104 , parasitics  104 , or loading patches  104 . Conductive vias  94  may couple edge  96  of patch element  80  and may couple edge  98  of patch element  80  to respective parasitic elements  104  in at least one layer of parasitic elements  104 . Each parasitic element  104  may, for example, extend across the width of patch element  80  (measured parallel to the Y-axis) and may be coupled to patch element  80  by a set of conductive vias  94  (e.g., a fence of conductive vias  94 ). 
     Conductive vias  94 , patch element  80 , and parasitic elements  104  may sometimes be referred to collectively herein as the antenna radiating element  103  for ultra-wideband antenna  40 H. Because antenna radiating element  103  is distributed across multiple dielectric layers  106 , antenna radiating element  103  may sometimes also be referred to herein as multi-layer antenna radiating element  103 . Antenna radiating element  103  may include only a single layer of parasitic elements  104  (e.g., a first parasitic element  104  on a given dielectric layer  106  and coupled to edge  96  of patch element  80  and a second parasitic element  104  on the given dielectric layer  106  and coupled to edge  98  of patch element  80 ) or may include two or more layers of parasitic elements  104  (e.g., third and fourth parasitic elements  104  on an additional dielectric layer  106  under the given dielectric layer  106 , etc.). 
     Parasitic elements  104  and conductive vias  94  may serve to extend the effective electrical length of antenna radiating element  103  to equal length L 1  (e.g., for radiating in the high ultra-wideband communications band), thereby allowing patch element  80  to exhibit only length L 3  in the X-Y plane without affecting the frequencies covered by the antenna. In general, increasing the number of parasitic elements  104  (e.g., the number of layers of parasitic elements  104  stacked under patch element  80 ) may serve to coarsely tune the radiating frequencies of antenna radiating element  103  (e.g., to lower frequencies as more layers are added). Parasitic elements  104  may also have width W. Width W may be adjusted to fine-tune the radiating frequencies of antenna radiating element  103 . Parasitic elements  104  may, for example, capacitively load patch element  80  and antenna radiating element  103  to shift the overall frequency response of the antenna (e.g., where larger widths W produce more capacitive loading than smaller widths W). 
     To further minimize space consumption within device  10 , a triplet of ultra-wideband antennas and first and second phased antenna arrays may each be formed as part of antenna module  90 .  FIG.  11    is a bottom view showing how the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas and the first and second phased antenna arrays may each be disposed on antenna module  90 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  11   , antenna module  90  may include a triplet of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U such as ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 , and  40 U- 3 . Ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 , and  40 U- 3  may convey radio-frequency signals in one or more ultra-wideband frequency bands. For example, ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 2  and  40 U- 3  may convey radio-frequency signals in the high ultra-wideband communications band whereas ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  conveys radio-frequency signals in both the high ultra-wideband communications band and the low ultra-wideband communications band. 
     Each ultra-wideband antenna  40 U may have a corresponding antenna resonating element such as a corresponding patch element  80 . The patch elements  80  in ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 2  and  40 U- 3  may, for example, each have length L 1 . This is merely illustrative and, if desired, one or both the ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 2  and  40 U- 3  may include patch elements with length L 3  and parasitic elements  104  coupled to the patch elements by conductive vias  94  (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  10   ). 
     As shown in  FIG.  11   , ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  may have a patch element  80  that includes a first antenna radiating (resonating) element arm  110  and a second antenna radiating element arm  112 . Antenna radiating element arms  110  and  112  may be formed from conductive traces on substrate  88 . Antenna radiating element arm  110  may be fed by positive antenna feed terminal  46 H whereas antenna radiating element arm  112  is fed by positive antenna feed terminal  46 L. Positive antenna feed terminals  46 L and  4611  may each be coupled to radio-frequency connector  92  over a respective signal conductor  52  in substrate  88  (e.g., over respective radio-frequency transmission line paths). 
     Antenna radiating element arms  110  and  112  may be separated by a fence of conductive vias  108  that couple the conductive traces forming antenna radiating element arms  110  and  112  to the ground traces in dielectric substrate  88 . The fence of conductive vias  108  may form a return path for ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1 . The antenna radiating element for ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  may therefore by a dual-band planar-inverted-F antenna resonating element (e.g., antenna radiating element arms  110  and  112  may be planar inverted-F antenna resonating element arms extending from opposing sides of conductive vias  108 ). 
     Antenna radiating element arm  110  may have a length  114  (e.g., parallel to the X-axis) that is selected to configure ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  to radiate in the high ultra-wideband communications band (e.g., the 8.0 GHz UWB frequency band). This may configure ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  to form a triplet in the high ultra-wideband communications band with ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 2  and  40 U- 3 . At the same time, antenna radiating element arm  112  may have a length  116  that is selected to configure ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  to also radiate in the low ultra-wideband frequency band (e.g., the 6.5 GHz UWB frequency band). This is merely illustrative. If desired, ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  may be a single band antenna. If desired, one or both of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 2  and  40 U- 3  may be dual-band antennas like the ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  shown in  FIG.  11    for conveying radio-frequency signals in both the 6.5 GHz and 8.0 GHz UWB frequency bands. 
     As shown in  FIG.  11   , antenna module  90  may also include multiple phased antenna arrays  76  ( FIG.  7   ) such as first phased antenna array  76 A and second phased antenna array  76 B. First phased antenna array  76 A may include a first set of antennas  40  that radiate in a relatively high 5G NR FR2 frequency band (e.g., at frequencies between about 37-43 GHz). First phased antenna array  76 A may include any desired number of antennas  40 MH. In the example of  FIG.  11   , first phased antenna array  76 A includes four antennas  40 MH such as antennas  40 MH- 1  and  40 MH- 2 . Each antenna  40 MH in first phased antenna array  76 A may be separated from one or two adjacent antennas  40 MH in first phased antenna array  76 A by a distance selected to allow the antennas  40 MH in first phased antenna array  76 A to perform satisfactory beam forming operations (e.g., the distance may be approximately equal to one-half the effective wavelength of operation of antennas  40 MH). 
     Second phased antenna array  76 B may include a set of antennas  40 ML that radiate in a relatively low 5G NR FR2 frequency band (e.g., at frequencies between about 24-30 GHz). Second phased antenna array  76 B may include any desired number of antennas  40 ML such as a first antenna  40 ML- 1  and a second antenna  40 ML- 2 . Each antenna  40 ML in second phased antenna array  76 B may be separated from one or two adjacent antennas  40 ML in second phased antenna array  76 B by a distance selected to allow the antennas  40 ML in second phased antenna array  76 B to perform satisfactory beam forming operations (e.g., the distance may be approximately equal to one-half the effective wavelength of operation of antennas  40 ML). If desired, second phased antenna array  76 B may be steered independently of first phased antenna array  76 A. For example, first phased antenna array  76 A may convey radio-frequency signals within a first signal beam whereas second phased antenna array  76 B conveys radio-frequency signals within a second signal beam. 
     The antennas in second phased antenna array  76 B may be located on portions (regions) of dielectric substrate  88  that are not occupied by first phased antenna array  76 A and ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 , and  40 U- 3 . For example, as shown in  FIG.  11   , antennas  40 ML- 1  and  40 ML- 2  may be arranged in a row and may be laterally interposed between ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 2  and  40 U- 3  (e.g., within gap G). At the same time, antennas  40 MH- 1  and  40 MH- 2  may be arranged in a column at an edge of substrate  88  (e.g., laterally interposed between first phased antenna array  76 A and the right edge of dielectric substrate  88 ). This is merely illustrative and, in general, the antennas in phased antenna arrays  76 A and  76 B may be arranged in any desired patterns. 
     The antennas  40 ML and  40 MH on antenna module  90  may be formed using any desired antenna structures. For example, antennas  40 ML and  40 MH may be stacked patch antennas. Each stacked patch antenna may include a respective patch element  80  formed from a patch of conductive traces on dielectric substrate  88  and one or more parasitic elements (patches) stacked over, under, and/or coplanar with the patch element  80 . The patch elements  80  in antennas  40 ML and  40 MH may each be directly feed by respective positive antenna feed terminals  46 H and  46 V for covering different polarizations or may each be fed by only a single positive antenna feed terminal. 
     If desired, fences of conductive vias  118  may extend through substrate  88  to the ground traces in substrate  88  and may laterally surround each patch element  80  in antenna module  90  (e.g., by forming cavities in which the patch elements are disposed). Laterally interposing fences of conductive vias  118  between each pair of antennas on antenna module  90  may help to minimize interference between the antennas. 
     As shown in  FIG.  11   , respective signal conductors (radio-frequency transmission lines) may couple radio-frequency connector  92  to each of the positive antenna feed terminals  46  on antenna module  90 . Each of the signal conductors  52  may, if desired, be formed from signal traces on a corresponding dielectric layer of substrate  88  (e.g., from the same metallization layer on substrate  88 ). However, due to the high routing complexity of antenna module  90 , one or more of the signal conductors may include signal traces on an additional dielectric layer of substrate  88  (e.g., signal conductors formed from an additional metallization layer). Conductive vias may couple the signal conductors on one dielectric layer to the signal conductors on the other dielectric layers. Vertically distributing one or more of the signal conductors may allow more room on substrate  88  to feed each of the many antennas on antenna module  90 . As an example, the signal conductors  52  coupled to positive antenna feed terminals  46 L and  46 H of ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  may each be distributed across two metallization layers of substrate  88  (e.g., may each include signal traces on two metallization layers that are coupled together by conductive via(s)). 
       FIG.  12    is a cross-sectional schematic side view showing how the metallization layers of substrate  88  may be leveraged to form and feed each of the antennas on antenna module  90  of  FIG.  11   . As shown in  FIG.  12   , substrate  88  may include at least eight metallization layers LYR (e.g., metallization layers LYR 1 , LYR 2 , LYR 3 , LYR 4 , LYR 5 , LYR 6 , LYR 7 , and LYR 8 ). Each metallization layer LYR is layered onto a respective dielectric layer  106  ( FIG.  10   ) of substrate  88 , which have been omitted from  FIG.  12    for the sake of clarity (e.g., there may be a respective dielectric layer  106  over each metallization layer LYR). Each metallization layer LYR may include conductive traces (e.g., copper traces, contact pads, etc.). 
     Metallization layer LYR 8  may be an antenna (ANT) layer. The conductive traces of metallization layer LYR 8  may be used to form the patch element  80  for antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 ,  40 U- 3 ,  40 ML- 1 ,  40 ML- 2 ,  40 MH- 1 , and  40 MH- 2  of  FIG.  11   . Metallization layers LYR 7  and LYR 6  may be parasitic (PAR) layers. The conductive traces of metallization layers LYR 7  and LYR 6  may be used to form one or more parasitic elements for antennas  40 ML- 1 ,  40 ML- 2 ,  40 MH- 1 , and/or  40 MH- 2  of  FIG.  11    (e.g., for broadening the bandwidth of the antennas). If desired, metallization layers LYR 7  and/or LYR 6  may be used to form parasitic elements for one or more of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 , and  40 U- 3  (e.g., parasitic elements  104  of  FIG.  10   ). In these examples, conductive vias  94  may couple the patch element  80  in ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 , and  40 U- 3  (metallization layer LYR 8 ) to the parasitic elements in metallization layers LYR 7  and/or LYR 6 . 
     Metallization layer LYR 5  may be a spacer layer that helps to provide substrate  88  with a desired thickness. Metallization layer LYR 5  may be omitted if desired. Metallization layers  12  and  14  LYR 2  and LYR 4  may be signal (SIG) layers. Metallization layers LYR 1  and LYR 3  may be ground (GND) layers. The conductive traces in ground layers LYR 1  and LYR 3  may be used to form the ground plane (e.g., an electrical ground reference potential) for the conductive traces in one or more of the metallization layers of substrate  88 . 
     The conductive traces of metallization layer LYR 2  may be used to form signal conductors  52  for antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 ,  40 U- 3 ,  40 ML- 1 ,  40 ML- 2 ,  40 MH- 1 , and  40 MH- 2  of  FIG.  11    (sometimes referred to herein as signal traces). Ground layers LYR 1  and/or LYR 3  may form the ground reference for metallization layer LYR 2 , as shown by arrows  126  and  128  (e.g., metallization layers LYR 1 -LYR 3  may form the radio-frequency transmission line paths for the antennas). To allow for flexible routing, signal traces in metallization layer LYR 4  may be used to form at least part of the signal conductor for one or more of the antennas on antenna module  90 . For example, signal traces in metallization layer LYR 4  may be used to form part of the signal conductors  52  coupled to positive antenna feed terminals  46 L and  46 H on ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  of  FIG.  11   . In these examples, conductive vias such as conductive via  124  may couple the signal traces in metallization layer LYR 4  to the signal traces in metallization layer LYR 2  to form signal conductors  52  for ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1 . There may also be conductive traces held at a ground potential (ground traces) in metallization layers YR 2 , LYR 4 , LYR 5 , LYR 6 , LYR 7 , and/or LYR 8  (e.g., ground fill to help electromagnetically isolate the transmission lines and antennas from each other). 
     Conductive vias  118  may be used to couple metallization layer LYR 8  (e.g., landing pads in metallization layer LYR 8 ) to ground traces in metallization layers LYR 1  and/or LYR 3  (e.g., to form fences of conductive vias that help to electromagnetically isolate the antennas). Conductive vias  108  may couple one or more patch elements  80  in metallization layer LYR 8  (e.g., the patch element  80  of ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  of  FIG.  11   ) to ground traces in metallization layers LYR 1  and/or LYR 3 . Ground traces in metallization layer LYR 3  may form the ground reference (ground plane  78  of  FIG.  8   ) for antennas  40 ML- 1 ,  40 ML- 2 ,  40 MH- 1 , and  40 MH- 2  of  FIG.  11   , as shown by arrow  124 . Ground traces in metallization layer LYR 1  may form the ground reference (ground plane  78  of  FIG.  8   ) for ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 , and  40 U- 3  of  FIG.  11   , as shown by arrow  122 . 
     In this way, the antennas on antenna module  90  may be fed in a space-efficient manner that minimizes the size of antenna module  90  without sacrificing the wireless performance of the antennas, despite antenna module  90  including both ultra-wideband antennas and phased antenna arrays that operate at centimeter and/or millimeter wave frequencies. The example of  FIG.  12    is merely illustrative. There may be fewer than eight or more than eight metallization layers in substrate  88 . Other metallization schemes may be used. 
     Device  10  may gather and/or use personally identifiable information. It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20220426
Publication Date: 20241022
Grant Date: 20241022
Priority Date: 20210913
Inventors: COOPER, AARON J
TAYEBI, AMIN
PAPIO TODA, ANA
DI NALLO, CARLO
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H01Q1/241", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/38", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/065", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/25", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q19/005", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0414", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/241", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q19/005", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 85480295