PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9557627-B2
Application Number: US-201414291571-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Folded camera lens systems

Abstract:
A folded lens system may include multiple lenses with refractive power and a light path folding element. Light entering the camera through lens(es) on a first optical path or axis is refracted to the folding element, which changes direction of the light onto a second optical path or axis with lens(es) that refract the light to form an image plane at a photosensor. At least one of the object side and image side surfaces of at least one of the lens elements may be aspheric. Total track length (TTL) of the lens system may be 16.0 mm or less. The lens system may be configured so that the telephoto ration |TTL/f| is greater than 1.0. Materials, radii of curvature, shapes, sizes, spacing, and aspheric coefficients of the optical elements may be selected to achieve quality optical performance and high image resolution in a small form factor camera.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A camera, comprising:
 a photosensor configured to capture light projected onto a surface of the photosensor; and 
 a folded lens system comprising a plurality of optical elements arranged along a first optical axis and a second optical axis of the camera and configured to:
 refract light from an object field located in front of the camera along the first optical axis; 
 redirect the light on to the second optical axis; and 
 refract the light on the second optical axis to form an image of a scene at an image plane at or near the surface of the photosensor; 
 
 wherein the plurality of optical elements includes at least two and at most five refractive lens elements, wherein the refractive lens elements include:
 a first refractive lens element on the first optical axis; and 
 at least one and at most four refractive lens elements on the second optical axis; and 
 
 wherein the folded lens system has effective focal length f and total track length TTL, and wherein telephoto ratio |TTL/| of the folded lens system is within a range of 0.8 to 1.2. 
 
     
     
       2. The camera as recited in  claim 1 , wherein, to redirect the light on to the second optical axis, the folded lens system includes a light path folding element configured to reflect the light from the first optical axis on to the second optical axis. 
     
     
       3. The camera as recited in  claim 2 , wherein the light path folding element is a prism. 
     
     
       4. The camera as recited in  claim 2 , wherein the folded lens system further includes an aperture stop located at or in front of the first refractive lens element or between the first refractive lens element and a reflecting surface of the light path folding element. 
     
     
       5. The camera as recited in  claim 4 , wherein the aperture stop is adjustable to provide a focal ratio within a range of 2.4 to 10. 
     
     
       6. The camera as recited in  claim 1 , wherein at least one surface of at least one of the refractive lens elements is aspheric. 
     
     
       7. The camera as recited in  claim 1 , wherein at least one of the refractive lens elements is composed of a first plastic material, and wherein at least one other of the refractive lens elements is composed of a second plastic material with different optical characteristics than the first plastic material. 
     
     
       8. The camera as recited in  claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of optical elements is configured to translate or move along a respective optical axis to adjust focus of the image of the scene at the photosensor. 
     
     
       9. The camera as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the photosensor is configured to translate or move along a respective optical axis to adjust focus of the image of the scene at the photosensor. 
     
     
       10. The camera as recited in  claim 1 , wherein total track length (TTL) of the folded lens system is 16.0 millimeters or less. 
     
     
       11. The camera as recited in  claim 1 , wherein effective focal length f of the folded lens system is within a range of 8.0 millimeters to 14 millimeters, and wherein focal ratio of the folded lens system is within a range of 2.4 to 10. 
     
     
       12. The camera as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of optical elements includes, in order along the first and second optical axes from an object side of the camera to an image side of the camera:
 the first refractive lens element on the first optical axis with positive refractive power having a convex object side surface; 
 a second refractive lens element on the second optical axis; 
 a third refractive lens element on the second optical axis; 
 a fourth refractive lens element on the second optical axis; and 
 a fifth refractive lens element on the second optical axis. 
 
     
     
       13. The camera as recited in  claim 12 ,
 wherein focal length f 1  of the first refractive lens element satisfies the condition 0.5&lt;|f 1 /f|&lt;0.8, 
 wherein focal length f 2  of the second refractive lens element satisfies the condition 0.3&lt;|f 2 /f|&lt;2.0, 
 wherein focal length f 3  of the third refractive lens element satisfies the condition 0.2&lt;|f 3 /f|&lt;0.6, 
 wherein focal length f 4  of the fourth refractive lens element satisfies the condition 0.4&lt;|f 4 /f|&lt;1.5, and 
 wherein focal length f 5  of the fifth refractive lens element satisfies the condition 0.3&lt;|f 5 /f|&lt;3.0. 
 
     
     
       14. The camera as recited in  claim 12 , wherein the plurality of optical elements further includes a prism located between the first refractive lens element and the second refractive lens element and configured to redirect the light from the first optical axis on to the second optical axis. 
     
     
       15. The camera as recited in  claim 14 , wherein at least one of the first refractive lens element or the second refractive lens element is combined with the prism to form a single optical element. 
     
     
       16. A folded lens system, comprising:
 at least two and at most five refractive lens elements arranged along a folded optical axis of the folded lens system, wherein at least one surface of at least one of the refractive lens elements is aspheric; 
 wherein the folded lens system has effective focal length f and total track length (TTL), and wherein the folded lens system is adjustable to provide a telephoto ratio |TTL/f| within a range of 0.8 to 1.2; and 
 wherein at least one of the refractive lens elements is composed of a first material, and wherein at least one other of the refractive lens elements is composed of a second material with different optical characteristics than the first material. 
 
     
     
       17. The folded lens system as recited in  claim 16 , wherein total track length (TTL) of the folded lens system is 16 millimeters or less. 
     
     
       18. The folded lens system as recited in  claim 16 , wherein f is within a range of 8.0 millimeters to 14 millimeters. 
     
     
       19. The folded lens system as recited in  claim 16 , wherein the folded lens system includes, in order along the folded optical axis from an object side of the folded lens system to an image side of the folded lens system:
 a first refractive lens element on a first optical path of the folded optical axis with positive refractive power having a convex object side surface; 
 a light path folding element configured to redirect light from the first optical path of the folded optical axis on to a second optical path of the folded optical axis; 
 a second refractive lens element on the second optical path; 
 a third refractive lens element on the second optical path; 
 a fourth refractive lens element on the second optical path; and 
 a fifth refractive lens element on the second optical path. 
 
     
     
       20. The folded lens system as recited in  claim 19 , wherein the light path folding element is one of a mirror or a prism. 
     
     
       21. The folded lens system as recited in  claim 19 , wherein the light path folding element is a prism, and wherein at least one of the first lens element or the second lens element is combined with the prism to form a single optical element. 
     
     
       22. A device, comprising:
 one or more processors; 
 one or more cameras; and 
 a memory comprising program instructions executable by at least one of the one or more processors to control operations of the one or more cameras; 
 wherein at least one of the one or more cameras is a small form factor camera comprising:
 a photosensor configured to capture light projected onto a surface of the photosensor; and 
 a folded lens system configured to:
 refract light from an object field located in front of the camera along a first optical axis; 
 redirect the light onto a second optical axis; and 
 refract the light on the second optical axis to form an image of a scene at an image plane at or near the surface of the photosensor; 
 
 
 wherein the folded lens system includes at least two and at most five refractive lens elements, wherein the refractive lens elements include:
 a first refractive lens element on the first optical axis; and 
 at least one and at most four refractive lens elements on the second optical axis; and 
 
 wherein the folded lens system has effective focal length f, wherein total track length (TTL) of the folded lens system is 16.0 millimeters or less, and wherein telephoto ratio |TTL/f| of the folded lens system is within a range of 0.8 to 1.2.

Description:
PRIORITY INFORMATION 
     This application claims benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/949,898 entitled “FOLDED LENS SYSTEMS” filed Mar. 7, 2014, the content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
     This disclosure relates generally to camera systems, and more specifically to lens systems for small form factor cameras. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     The advent of small, mobile multipurpose devices such as smartphones and tablet or pad devices has resulted in a need for high-resolution, small form factor cameras for integration in the devices. However, due to limitations of conventional camera technology, conventional small cameras used in such devices tend to capture images at lower resolutions and/or with lower image quality than can be achieved with larger, higher quality cameras. Achieving higher resolution with small package size cameras generally requires use of a photosensor with small pixel size and a good, compact imaging lens system. Advances in technology have achieved reduction of the pixel size in photosensors. However, as photosensors become more compact and powerful, demand for compact imaging lens system with improved imaging quality performance has increased. 
     SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a high-resolution camera in a small package size. A camera is described that includes a photosensor and a compact folded lens system. In embodiments, folding the optical path of the camera lens system may facilitate achieving a small form factor for the camera lens assembly, and may also facilitate achieving a high resolution optical lens system using a relatively small number of lens elements in the small form factor. Embodiments of a camera including the folded lens system may be implemented in a small package size while still capturing sharp, high-resolution images, making embodiments of the camera suitable for use in small and/or mobile multipurpose devices such as cell phones, smartphones, pad or tablet computing devices, laptop, netbook, notebook, subnotebook, and ultrabook computers. In some embodiments, a camera as described herein may be included in a device along with one or more other cameras, for example a telephoto and/or a wide-field small format camera, which would for example allow the user to select between the different camera formats (normal, telephoto, or wide-field) when capturing images with the device. 
     Embodiments of the folded lens system are described that may reduce the width of the packaging volume of the lens system for potential application to a ⅓ inch (6.12 mm diagonal) sensor camera. Example embodiments of the folded lens system may have 14-mm EFL (effective focal length), F/2.8, and 26-degree diagonal field of view (DFOV) (6.46 mm image circle diameter, 3.232 mm image circle radius). In at least some embodiments, the image plane or sensor may be moved to focus an object scene from infinity to &lt;1000 mm object distance. At least some embodiments may use a prism as a light path folding mechanism for folding the light optical path. In some embodiments, a lens-prism combination, for example one or more lenses and a prism molded into a composite unit element, may be used as the light path folding mechanism for folding the light optical path. 
     Embodiments of a folded lens system are described that include five lens elements with refractive power. However, more or fewer lens elements may be used in some embodiments. In various embodiments, a plane mirror or a prism element may be used to fold the light optical path. In at least some embodiments, at least one of the object side and image side surfaces of at least one of the lens elements is aspheric. 
     In at least some embodiments, the folded lens system includes a folded optical axis (referred to herein as AX), a first group (referred to herein as GR 1 ) of optical elements, a light path folding element (e. g., a prism or plane mirror), a second group (referred to herein as GR 2 ) of optical elements, and a photosensor at the image plane. At least some embodiments may also include an infrared filter and/or a window element. At least some embodiments of a folded lens system may include zooming capabilities for focusing on an object scene at infinity (object distance from camera ≧20 meters) to near object distance (&lt;1 meter). For example, in various embodiments, the first group (GR 1 ), the second group GR 2 , and/or the photosensor at the image plane may be zoomed, moved or translated for focusing an object scene from far distance (≧20 meters) to near distance (&lt;1 meter). 
     In at least some embodiments, the lens system may be a fixed folded lens system configured such that the absolute value of the effective focal length f of the lens system is at or about 14 millimeters (mm) (e. g., within a range of 8 mm to about 14 mm), the F-number (focal ratio) is within a range from about 2.4 to about 10, the field of view (FOV) is at or about 26 degrees, and the total track length (TTL) of the unfolded lens system is within a range of ˜8 mm to ˜16 mm. However, note that values above or below the ranges given herein may be obtained in some embodiments. The total track length (TTL) of a lens system is the distance on the optical axis (AX) between the front vertex at the object side surface of the first (object side) optical element and the image plane. In embodiments of the folded lens system, the unfolded total track length (TTL) of the lens system may be defined as the distance on the folded optical axis (AX) between the front vertex at the object side surface of the first (object side) optical element and the image plane. In other words, the TTL for the folded lens system is the sum of the absolute values of the distances on the folded axis, AX, between the front vertex at the object side surface of the first (object side) lens element and the reflecting surface of light path folding element (mirror or prism) and the absolute value of the distance between the reflecting surface and the image plane. The sum of the absolute values of the distances may be used here since by optical design convention, the algebraic signs of the optical parameters (such as radii of curvatures, distances, focal length, etc.) change signs following a reflecting surface. 
     In at least some embodiments as described herein, the folded lens system may be configured such that the telephoto ratio |TTL/f| is greater than one:
 
|TTL/ f |&gt;1.0
 
where f is the absolute value of the effective focal length. To be classified as a telephoto lens system, |TTL/f| (the telephoto ratio) should be less than or equal to 1. Thus, embodiments of a folded lens system as described herein may generally provide non-telephoto lens systems. However, note that in some embodiments a folded lens system may be configured or may be adjustable so that the telephoto ratio is less than or equal to one:
 
|TTL/ f |≦1.0,
 
and thus embodiments may encompass folded telephoto lens systems and/or folded lens systems that are adjustable between the telephoto range and the non-telephoto range. For example, in some embodiments, the folded lens system may be adjustable to provide a telephoto ratio within a range of 0.8 to 1.2.
 
     In at least some embodiments, the folded lens system may be configured such that the effective focal length f of the lens system is 14 mm, and the F-number is 2.8. However, note that the focal length (and/or other parameters) may be scaled or adjusted to meet specifications of optical, imaging, and/or packaging constraints for other camera system applications, for example for larger package size cameras. In addition, in some embodiments, the folded lens system may be adjustable. For example, in some embodiments, the folded lens system may include an adjustable iris or aperture stop. Using an adjustable aperture stop, the F-number (focal ratio, or F/#) may be dynamically varied, for example within a range of 2.8 to 10 or higher. Moreover, in some embodiments, the folded lens system may also include a zooming mechanism for dynamically focusing an object scene from far distance at infinity (i.e., ≧20 meters) to near object distance (i.e., &lt;1 meter). 
     The refractive lens elements in the various embodiments may be composed of plastic materials. In at least some embodiments, the refractive lens elements may be composed of injection molded optical plastic materials. The fold mirror or prism elements in the various embodiments may be composed of glass or plastic materials. In embodiments with a window element and/or an infrared filter (IR) element, these elements may be composed of glass or plastic materials. However, other suitable transparent optical materials may be used. Also note that, in a given embodiment, different ones of the lens elements may be composed of materials with different optical characteristics, for example different Abbe numbers and/or different refractive indices. Also note that, while the lens elements in the various embodiments are generally illustrated as being circular lenses, in some embodiments one or more of the lenses may be of other shapes, for example oval, rectangular, square, or rectangular with rounded corners. 
     In at least some embodiments of the folded lens system, the lens element materials may be selected and the refractive power distribution of the lens elements may be calculated to satisfy a lens system effective focal length requirement and to correct the chromatic aberrations and the field curvature or Petzval sum. The monochromatic and chromatic variations of the optical aberrations may be reduced by adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficients or geometric shapes of the lens elements and axial separations to produce well-corrected and balanced minimal residual aberrations, as well as to reduce the total track length (TTL) and to achieve image quality optical performance and high resolution in a small form factor lens system camera. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  are cross-sectional illustrations of an example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold or change the direction of the optical path. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are plots of polychromatic curves of spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion over the visible band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate example lens orientation in a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  for a 4.9 mm×3.7 mm image format compact camera. 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are cross-sectional illustrations of another example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path. 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  are plots of polychromatic curves of spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion over the visible band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B . 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B . 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate example lens orientation in a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  for a 4.9 mm×3.7 mm image format compact camera. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are cross-sectional illustrations of another example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path. 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  are plots of polychromatic curves of spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion over the visible band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
         FIGS. 11A and 11B  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  illustrate example lens orientation in a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  for a 4.9 mm×3.7 mm image format compact camera. 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional illustration of another example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path, and is a variation of the folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
         FIGS. 14A and 14B  are cross-sectional illustrations of another example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path. 
         FIGS. 15A and 15B  are plots of polychromatic curves of spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion over the visible band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B . 
         FIGS. 16A and 16B  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B . 
         FIGS. 17A and 17B  illustrate example lens orientation in a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B  for a 4.9 mm×3.7 mm image format compact camera. 
         FIG. 18  is a cross-sectional illustration of another example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path, and is a variation of the folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B . 
         FIGS. 19A through 19E  are cross-sectional illustrations of another example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path, and that also includes an adjustable aperture stop. 
         FIGS. 20A through 20D  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 19B through 19E . 
         FIG. 21  is a high-level flowchart of a method for capturing images using a camera including a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A through 19 , according to at least some embodiments. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates an example computer system that may be used in embodiments. 
     
    
    
     This specification includes references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment.” The appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner consistent with this disclosure. 
     “Comprising.” This term is open-ended. As used in the appended claims, this term does not foreclose additional structure or steps. Consider a claim that recites: “An apparatus comprising one or more processor units . . . ”. Such a claim does not foreclose the apparatus from including additional components (e.g., a network interface unit, graphics circuitry, etc.). 
     “Configured To.” Various units, circuits, or other components may be described or claimed as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is used to connote structure by indicating that the units/circuits/components include structure (e.g., circuitry) that performs those task or tasks during operation. As such, the unit/circuit/component can be said to be configured to perform the task even when the specified unit/circuit/component is not currently operational (e.g., is not on). The units/circuits/components used with the “configured to” language include hardware—for example, circuits, memory storing program instructions executable to implement the operation, etc. Reciting that a unit/circuit/component is “configured to” perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, for that unit/circuit/component. Additionally, “configured to” can include generic structure (e.g., generic circuitry) that is manipulated by software and/or firmware (e.g., an FPGA or a general-purpose processor executing software) to operate in manner that is capable of performing the task(s) at issue. “Configure to” may also include adapting a manufacturing process (e.g., a semiconductor fabrication facility) to fabricate devices (e.g., integrated circuits) that are adapted to implement or perform one or more tasks. 
     “First,” “Second,” etc. As used herein, these terms are used as labels for nouns that they precede, and do not imply any type of ordering (e.g., spatial, temporal, logical, etc.). For example, a buffer circuit may be described herein as performing write operations for “first” and “second” values. The terms “first” and “second” do not necessarily imply that the first value must be written before the second value. 
     “Based On.” As used herein, this term is used to describe one or more factors that affect a determination. This term does not foreclose additional factors that may affect a determination. That is, a determination may be solely based on those factors or based, at least in part, on those factors. Consider the phrase “determine A based on B.” While in this case, B is a factor that affects the determination of A, such a phrase does not foreclose the determination of A from also being based on C. In other instances, A may be determined based solely on B. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of small form factor camera including a photosensor and a compact folded lens system are described. Various embodiments of a compact folded lens system including five lens elements are described. However, note that more or fewer optical elements may be used in embodiments. The camera may be implemented in a small package size while still capturing sharp, high resolution images, making embodiments of the camera suitable for use in small and/or mobile multipurpose devices such as cell phones, smartphones, pad or tablet computing devices, laptop, netbook, notebook, subnotebook, ultra book computers, surveillance devices, and so on. However, note that the aspects of the camera (e.g., the lens system and photosensor) may be scaled up or down to provide cameras with larger or smaller package sizes. In addition, embodiments of the camera system may be implemented as stand-alone digital cameras. In addition, to still (single frame capture) camera applications, embodiments of the camera system may be adapted for use in video camera applications. 
     Embodiments of the folded lens system are described that may reduce the width of the packaging volume of the lens system for potential application to a ⅓ inch (6.12 mm diagonal) sensor camera. Example embodiments of the folded lens system may have 14-mm EFL (effective focal length), F/2.8, and 26-degree diagonal field of view (DFOV) (6.46-mm image circle diameter). In at least some embodiments, the image plane or sensor may be moved to focus an object scene from infinity to &lt;1000 mm object distance. At least some embodiments may use a prism as a light path folding mechanism for folding the light optical path. In some embodiments, a lens-prism combination, for example one or more lenses and a prism molded into a composite unit element, may be used as the light path folding mechanism for folding the light optical path. 
     Several example embodiments of compact folded lens systems are described, including embodiments with a light path folding element and five refracting lens elements.  FIGS. 1A and 1B, 5A and 5B, 9A and 9B, 13, 14A and 14B, 18, and 19A-19E  show example embodiments that include a prism as a light path folding element for folding the light optical path and five refracting lens elements. In some embodiments, one or more of the lens elements may be fused, composited, molded, integrated, or otherwise combined with the prism, for example as illustrated in the embodiments of  FIGS. 13, 18, and 19A-19E . Note, however, that these examples are not intended to be limiting, and that variations on the arrangements and numbers of the optical components, as well as on other various parameters given for the lens systems, are possible while still achieving similar results. Further note that, while not shown in the Figures, other mechanisms than a prism may be uses as a light path folding element. For example, in some embodiments, a mirror may be used instead of a prism. 
     The refractive lens elements in the various embodiments may be composed of plastic materials. In at least some embodiments, the refractive lens elements may be composed of injection molded plastic material. The prism (or fold mirror) in the various embodiments may be composed of glass or plastic materials. At least some embodiments may also include an infrared filter and/or a window element. In embodiments with a window element and/or an infrared filter (IR) element, these elements may be composed of glass or plastic materials. However, other transparent optical materials may be used. Also note that, in a given embodiment, different ones of the lens elements may be composed of materials with different optical characteristics, for example different Abbe numbers and/or different refractive indices. Also note that, while the lens elements in the various embodiments are generally illustrated as being circular lenses, in some embodiments one or more of the lenses may be of other shapes, for example oval, rectangular, square, or rectangular with rounded corners. 
     In each of the example cameras illustrated in the Figures, the example camera includes at least a folded lens system and a photosensor. The photosensor may be an integrated circuit (IC) technology chip or chips implemented according to any of various types of photosensor technology. Examples of photosensor technology that may be used are charge-coupled device (CCD) technology and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In at least some embodiments, pixel size of the photosensor may be 1.2 microns or less, although larger pixel sizes may be used. In a non-limiting example embodiment, the photosensor may be manufactured according to a 1280×720 pixel image format to capture 1 megapixel images. However, other larger or smaller pixel formats may be used in embodiments, for example 5 megapixel, 10 megapixel, or larger or smaller formats. 
     The camera may also include a frontal aperture stop (AS) located at or in front of (i.e., on the object side of) a first lens element. Note that the aperture stop may be closer to or farther away from the lens element than shown in the Figures. Further, in some embodiments, the aperture stop may be located elsewhere in the folded lens system. For example, the aperture stop may be located between the first lens element and the light path folding element. 
     The camera may also, but does not necessarily, include an infrared (IR) filter located between a last lens element of the lens system and the photosensor. The IR filter may, for example, be composed of a glass material. However, other materials may be used. Note that the IR filter does not affect the effective focal length f of the lens system. The camera may also, but does not necessarily, include a window located between the object field and a first lens element of the lens system. The window may, for example, be composed of a glass material. However, other materials may be used. Note that the window may not affect the effective focal length f of the lens system. Further note that the camera may also include other components than those illustrated and described herein. 
     In a folded lens system, the light path folding element (e.g. a prism or mirror) with a reflecting surface changes a direction of the incoming light from a first optical axis (AX 1 ) to a second optical axis (AX 2 ). The incoming light from the object field passes through the refracting optical surfaces of the optical elements located on a first optical axis, AX 1 . A reflecting surface changes the direction of the incoming light from the first optical axis AX 1  to a second optical axis, AX 2 , and the incoming light on the second optical axis passes through the refracting elements to the image plane on the second optical axis. The second optical axis AX 2  may be oriented at an angle by the reflecting surface of the fold mirror or prism relative to the first optical axis AX 1  to accommodate a desired compact form factor camera system. The angle may generally be 90 degrees to thus provide a right angle fold of the optical axis, but other angles less than or greater than 90 degrees may be used in some embodiments. In the following discussion, the total track length of the folded lens system (TTL) may be defined to be equal to the sum of the distance on AX 1  between the front vertex at the object side surface of the first (object side) lens element and the reflecting surface of the fold mirror or prism (track length  1 , denoted by TL 1 ), and the distance on AX 2  between the reflecting surface of the fold mirror or prism to the image plane (track length  2 , denoted by TL 2 ); i.e., TTL=TL 1 +TL 2 . Due to the change in algebraic sign of the parameters following a reflecting surface, the absolute value of the distance TL 2  will be used to determine the TTL in the above-mentioned definition. 
     In the camera, the folded lens system forms an image at an image plane (IP) at or near the surface of the photosensor. The image size for a distant object is directly proportional to the effective focal length f of a lens system. The total track length (TTL) of the lens system is the distance on the optical axis (AX) between the front vertex at the object side surface of the first (object side) lens element and the image plane. For a telephoto lens system, the total track length (TTL) is less than the lens system effective focal length (f), and the ratio of the total track length to the focal length |TTL/f| is the telephoto ratio. To be classified as a telephoto lens system, TTL/f is less than or equal to 1. In at least some embodiments as described herein, the folded lens system may be configured such that the telephoto ratio (TTL/f) is greater than one:
 
|TTL/ f |&gt;1.0
 
where f is the absolute value of the effective focal length. To be classified as a telephoto lens system, |TTL/f| (the telephoto ratio) should be less than or equal to 1. Thus, embodiments may generally provide non-telephoto lens systems. However, note that in some embodiments a folded lens system may be configured or may be adjustable so that the telephoto ratio is less than or equal to one:
 
|TTL/ f |≦1.0,
 
and thus embodiments may encompass telephoto folded lens systems and/or folded lens systems that are adjustable between the telephoto range and the non-telephoto range. For example, in some embodiments, the folded lens system may be adjustable to provide a telephoto ratio within a range of 0.8 to 1.2. However, note that the focal length f, F-number, and/or other parameters may be scaled or adjusted to meet various specifications of optical, imaging, and/or packaging constraints for other camera system applications. Constraints for a camera system that may be specified as requirements for particular camera system applications and/or that may be varied for different camera system applications include but are not limited to the focal length f, effective aperture, F-number, field of view (FOV), imaging performance requirements, and packaging volume or size constraints.
 
     In some embodiments, the folded lens system may be adjustable. For example, in some embodiments, a folded lens system as described herein may include an adjustable iris (entrance) pupil or aperture stop. Using an adjustable aperture stop, the F-number (focal ratio, or f#) may be dynamically varied within a range. For example, if the lens is well-corrected at F/2.8, at a given focal length f and FOV, then the focal ratio may be varied within the range of 2.8 (or lower) to 10 (or higher) by adjusting the aperture stop, assuming that the aperture stop can be adjusted to the desired F-number setting. In some embodiments, the lens system may be used at faster focal ratios (f#&lt;2.8) by adjusting the aperture stop with degraded image quality performance at the same FOV (e. g. 26 degrees), or with reasonably good performance at a smaller FOV. 
     In some embodiments, the folded lens system may also include a manual and/or automatic focusing mechanism to provide zooming capabilities for focusing an object scene at infinity (object scene distance from camera ≧20 meters) to near object distance (≦1 meter). For example, in some embodiments, a folded lens system as described herein may include an adjustable focusing mechanism to translate or move a group of lens elements to focus objects at distances ranging from infinity (≧20 meters) to (≦1 meter). In some embodiments, the folded lens system may include an adjustable focus mechanism via which the photosensor may be zoomed or moved or actuated for focusing an object scene at distances ranging from greater than 20 meters to less than 1 meter. Note that some embodiments may be configured to move or translate the photosensor and one or more lens elements to achieve focus. 
     While ranges of values may be given herein as examples for adjustable cameras and folded lens systems in which one or more optical parameters may be dynamically varied (e.g., using an adjustable aperture stop and/or adjustable focus), embodiments of camera systems that include fixed (non-adjustable) folded lens systems in which values for optical and other parameters are within these ranges may be implemented. 
     Referring to embodiments as illustrated in the Figures, a compact folded lens system (e.g.,  110 ,  210 ,  310 ,  410 , or  510 ) of a camera (e.g.,  100 .  200 ,  300 ,  400 , or  500 ) may include five lens elements ( 101 - 105  in lens system  110  of  FIGS. 1A-1B, 201-205  in lens system  210  of  FIGS. 5A and 5B, 301-305  in lens system  300  of  FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 13, 401-405  in lens system  410  of  FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 18, and 501-505  in lens system  510  of  FIGS. 19A-19E ) with refractive power, and lens system effective focal length off arranged along a folded optical axis AX from an object side (AX 1 ) to an image side (AX 2 ):
         a first lens element L 1  ( 101 ,  201 ,  301 ,  401 , or  501 ) with focal length f 1 ;   a light path folding prism ( 140 ,  240 ,  340 ,  440 , or  540 ) that folds the optical axis from AX 1  to AX 2 ;   a second lens element L 2  ( 102 ,  202 ,  302 ,  402 , or  502 ) with focal length f 2 ;   a third lens element L 3  ( 103 ,  203 ,  303 ,  403 , or  503 ) with focal length f 3 ;   a fourth lens element L 4  ( 104 ,  204 ,  304 ,  404 , or  504 ) with focal length f 4 ; and   a fifth lens element L 5  ( 105 ,  205 ,  305 ,  405 , or  505 ) with focal length f 5 .       

     In addition, in at least some embodiments, at least one of the object side and image side surfaces of at least one of the lens elements is aspheric. In addition, at least some embodiments may include an IR filter, for example located between the fifth lens element and the photosensor. In addition, at least some embodiments may include a window element, for example located between the first lens element and the object plane. In addition, at least some embodiments may include an aperture stop (AS), for example located in front of the first lens element. In some embodiments, for example as illustrated in  FIGS. 13 and 19A , the first lens element and prism may be molded as a single combined unit or element. In some embodiments, for example as illustrated in  FIG. 18 , the first lens element, prism, and second lens element may be molded as a single combined unit or element. 
     Embodiments of a folded camera lens system as described herein may be configured such that the dioptric power distribution of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  having refractive powers or focal lengths f 1 -f 5  satisfy the following conditions:
 
0.5&lt;| f 1/ f|&lt; 0.8,
 
0.3&lt;| f 2/ f|&lt; 2.0,
 
0.2&lt;| f 3/ f|&lt; 0.6,
 
0.4&lt;| f 4/ f|&lt; 1.5,
 
0.3&lt;| f 5/ f|&lt; 3.0,
 
where f is the effective focal length of the folded lens system.
 
       FIGS. 1A and 1B  are cross-sectional illustrations of an example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold or change the direction of the optical path.  FIG. 1A  shows the camera  100  at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity), while  FIG. 1B  shows the camera  100  at focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm, image plane displacement from focus position  1  about 195.5 microns). Lens system  110  includes five lens elements ( 101 - 105 ) with refractive power. Arranged along an optical axis AX of the camera  100  from an object side (AX 1 ) to an image side (AX 2 ) are an aperture stop AS, a first lens element L 1  ( 101 ) having a convex object side surface and focal length f 1 , a prism  140  that is oriented to change the direction of the incoming light path and to thus fold the optical axis from AX 1  to AX 2 , a second lens element L 2  ( 102 ) with focal length f 2 , a third lens element L 3  ( 103 ) with focal length f 3 , a fourth lens element L 4  ( 104 ) with focal length f 4 , and a fifth lens element L 5  ( 105 ) with focal length f 5 . The lens system  110  forms an image at the surface of a photosensor  120 . In some embodiments, an infrared (IR) filter may be located between the fifth lens element L 5  and the photosensor  120 . In some embodiments, a window  150  may be located between the first lens element L 1  and the object field.  FIG. 1B  also shows the surface numbers (S#) of the surfaces of the elements in the camera  100  and lens system  110  as used in the corresponding Tables 1A-1E. 
     The effective focal length of the lens system  110  is given by f. The total track length (TTL) of the compact folded lens system  110  is the distance along the optical axes AX 1  and AX 2  between the object side surface of the first element L 1  and the image plane, or alternatively between the object side surface of the window  150  and the image plane. Referring to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the TTL is the sum of TL 1  and TL 2 , where TL 1  is the axial distance between the front vertex of the object side surface of L 1  and the reflecting surface of the prism  140 , and TL 2  is the axial distance between the reflecting surface of prism  140  and the image plane at photosensor  120 . An aperture stop AS, which may for example be located at the front surface of lens element L 1 , determines the entrance pupil of the lens system  110 . The lens system  110  focal ratio of f-number f# is defined as the lens system  110  effective focal length f divided by the entrance pupil diameter. The IR filter may act to block infrared radiation that could damage or adversely affect the photosensor, and may be configured so as to have no effect on the lens system  110  effective focal length f. Similarly, the window may act to protect the lens system, and may be configured so as to have little or no effect on the lens system  110  effective focal length f. 
     In at least some embodiments, camera  100  and folded lens system  110  are configured to provide 14-mm EFL (effective focal length), F/2.8, 26-degree diagonal field of view (DFOV), and a 3.232-mm image circle radius. In an example, non-limiting embodiment of lens system  110 , TL 1 =˜4.15 mm, TL 2 =˜12.0 mm, and TTL=˜16.15 mm. In at least some embodiments, folded lens system  110  includes refractive lens elements L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , and L 5  (lens elements  101 - 105 ), a prism  140 ; a window  150 , and an IR filter arranged along the optical axes AX 1  and AX 2 . In at least some embodiments, L 1  (lens element  101 ), prism  140 , window  150 , and the IR filter are composed of optical glass materials, and L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , and L 5  (lens elements  102 - 105 ) are composed of two types of optical plastic materials. In some embodiments, the L 1  ( 101 ) and prism  140  elements may be cemented or air-spaced. In at least some embodiments, window  150  is 0.4 mm thick and the IR filter is 0.3 mm thick. However, note that the values and parameters as given above are examples and are not intended to be limiting. 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate example lens orientation in a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  for a 4.9 mm×3.7 mm (6.14 mm diagonal) image format compact camera  100 A, and show the lens system  110 A of camera  100 A at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity) and focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm), respectively. The rectangle to the left of the photosensor in  FIG. 4A  represents orientation of the 4.9 mm×3.7 rectangular image field with respect to the camera as shown. 
     Tables 1A-1E provide example values of various optical and physical parameters of an example embodiment of a camera  100  and lens system  110  as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . Tables 1A-1E may be referred to as providing an optical prescription for the lens system  110 . Referring to Tables 1A-1E, embodiments of lens system  110  cover applications in the visible region of the spectrum from 470 nanometers (nm) to 650 nm with reference wavelength at 555 nm. The optical prescription in Tables 1A-1E provides high image quality at F/2.8 over 470 nm to 650 nm spectrum, for an effective focal length f of 14.0 millimeters (mm), covering 26 degrees field of view (FOV) (13 degrees half FOV). The folded lens system  110 , illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  and with optical prescription as shown in Tables 1A-1E, has total track length (TTL=TL 1 +TL 2 ) of 15.7 mm and a telephoto ratio |TTL/f| of 1.1214. Lens system  110  is a compact folded imaging system designed for visible spectrum covering 470 nm to 650 nm. 
     In at least some embodiments, the optical elements of lens system  110  may be composed of materials with refractive indices N d  and Abbe numbers V d  as listed in Table 1B. In this example embodiment of a folded lens system  110 , the lens element L 1  may be composed of a glass material having refractive index 1.603 and Abbe number of 65.4, the lens elements L 2  and L 4  may be composed of a plastic material having refractive index of 1.544 and Abbe number of V 1 =56.1, the lens elements L 3  and L 5  may be composed of a plastic material with refractive index of 1.632 and Abbe number V 2 =23.3. Materials, refractive indices, and Abbe numbers for the window  150 , prism  140 , and IR filter are also given in Table 1B. The choice and application of these materials for the elements in lens system  110  may enable lens system  110  to be optimized and corrected for chromatic aberrations over the visible region. The materials may be chosen and the refractive power distribution of the lens elements may be calculated to satisfy the effective focal length f and correction of the field curvature or Petzval sum. The monochromatic and chromatic variations of optical aberrations may be reduced by adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficients or geometrical shapes of the lens elements and axial separations, for example as illustrated in Table 1C, to produce well-corrected and balanced minimal residual aberrations. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  are plots of polychromatic curves of spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion over the visible band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , and show the values at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity) and focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm) of the camera  100 , respectively.  FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . 
     Referring to Table 1D, the decentering constants of the reflecting surface in the prism element of lens system  110  are listed. The reflecting surface of the prism may be oriented 45 degrees relative to the optical axis of L 1  (AX 1 ) and thus the folded optical axis of L 2 -L 5  (AX 2 ) is configured to be 90 degrees relative to the AX 1 . However, the angular orientation of the reflecting surface of the fold mirror or prism element may be configured to a desired value to suit a desired light path direction and lens system packaging requirements. 
     In at least some embodiments, camera  100  may include a zooming mechanism for dynamically focusing an object scene from infinity (object distance ≧20 meters) to near object distance, &lt;1000 mm. For example, in some embodiments, lens system  110  including the IR filter may be moved along AX 2  relative to the photosensor  120 , or alternatively the photosensor  120  may be moved relative to the lens system  110 /IR filter, for focusing an object scene from infinity to near distance (&lt;1 meter) at the photosensor  120 . The zoom parameters for lens system  110  are listed in Table 1E, with reference to Table 1B and  FIG. 1B . The zoom parameters shown in Table 1E for position  1  are the axial thickness or space separation along AX 2  between the IR filter (surface  18 , or S 18 ) and the image plane at the photosensor  120  (surface  19 , or S 19 ) when the object scene distance is at infinity (the optical prescription as listed in Table 1B). The corresponding optical prescription for an object scene at 1000 mm (position  2 ) is the same as the prescription listed in Table 1B, except that the object distance in surface #0 is replaced by 1000 mm, and the space separation between S 18  and S 19  given in Table 1B (−0.4677 mm) is replaced by −0.6632 mm. As can be seen in Table 1E, the distance between photosensor  120  and the lens system/IR filter changes by about 0.1955 mm (195.5 microns) for the lens system  110  to zoom and focus an object scene from infinity to &lt;1000 mm. 
     The optical prescription in Tables 1A-1E describes an example embodiment of a lens system  110  as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  with refractive powers of the lens elements distributed such that the ratios of the focal lengths f 1 -f 5  of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  relative to the effective focal length f are |f 1 /f|=0.591, |f 2 /f|=1.632, |f 3 /f|=0.506, |f 4 /f|=1.181, and |f 5 /f]=2.416. The aspheric coefficients for the surfaces of the lens elements in lens system  110  in the example embodiment are listed in Table 1C. Configuring lens system  110  according to the arrangement of the power distribution of the lens elements, and adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficient as shown in Tables 1A-1E, the total track length (TTL), of the lens system  110  may be reduced, and aberration of the system may effectively be corrected to obtain optical performance of high image quality resolution, for an object scene at infinity and for an object scene located &lt;1000 mm distance, in a small form factor camera  100 . 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  are cross-sectional illustrations of another example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path.  FIG. 5A  shows the camera  200  at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity), while  FIG. 5B  shows the camera  200  at focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm, image plane displacement from focus position  1  about 197.8 microns). Lens system  210  includes five lens elements ( 201 - 205 ) with refractive power. Arranged along an optical axis AX of the camera  200  from an object side (AX 1 ) to an image side (AX 2 ) are an aperture stop AS, a first lens element L 1  ( 201 ) having a convex object side surface and focal length f 1 , a prism  240  that is oriented to change the direction of the incoming light path and to thus fold the optical axis from AX 1  to AX 2 , a second lens element L 2  ( 202 ) with focal length f 2 , a third lens element L 3  ( 203 ) with focal length f 3 , a fourth lens element L 4  ( 204 ) with focal length f 4 , and a fifth lens element L 5  ( 205 ) with focal length f 5 . The lens system  210  forms an image at the surface of a photosensor  220 . In some embodiments, an infrared (IR) filter may be located between the fifth lens element L 5  and the photosensor  220 . In some embodiments, a window  250  may be located between the first lens element L 1  and the object field.  FIG. 5B  also shows the surface numbers (S#) of the surfaces of the elements in the camera  200  and lens system  210  as used in the corresponding Tables 2A-2E. 
     The effective focal length of the lens system  210  is given by f. The total track length (TTL) of the compact folded lens system  210  is the distance along the optical axes AX 1  and AX 2  between the object side surface of the first element L 1  and the image plane, or alternatively between the object side surface of the window  250  and the image plane. Referring to  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the TTL is the sum of TL 1  and TL 2 , where TL 1  is the axial distance between the front vertex of the object side surface of L 1  and the reflecting surface of the prism  240 , and TL 2  is the axial distance between the reflecting surface of prism  240  and the image plane at photosensor  220 . An aperture stop AS, which may for example be located at the front surface of lens element L 1 , determines the entrance pupil of the lens system  210 . The lens system  210  focal ratio of f-number f# is defined as the lens system  210  effective focal length f divided by the entrance pupil diameter. The IR filter may act to block infrared radiation that could damage or adversely affect the photosensor, and may be configured so as to have no effect on the lens system  210  effective focal length f. Similarly, the window may act to protect the lens system, and may be configured so as to have little or no effect on the lens system  210  effective focal length f. 
     In at least some embodiments, camera  200  and folded lens system  210  are configured to provide 14-mm EFL (effective focal length), F/2.8, 26-degree diagonal field of view (DFOV), and a 3.232-mm image circle radius. In an example, non-limiting embodiment of lens system  210 , TL 1 =˜4.054 mm, TL 2 =˜11.861 mm, and TTL=˜15.915 mm. In some embodiments, folded lens system  210  includes refractive lens elements L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , and L 5  (lens elements  201 - 205 ), a prism  240 ; a window  250 , and an IR filter arranged along the optical axes AX 1  and AX 2 . In at least some embodiments, window  250  and the IR filter are composed of optical glass materials, and L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , and L 5  (lens elements  201 - 205 ) and prism  240  are composed of two types of optical plastic materials. In some embodiments, the L 1  ( 201 ) and prism  240  elements may be composed of the same type of plastic material, and may be molded as a single combined unit or element. In at least some embodiments, window  250  is 0.4 mm thick and the IR filter is 0.3 mm thick. However, note that the values and parameters as given above are examples and are not intended to be limiting. 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate example lens orientation in a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  for a 4.9 mm×3.7 mm (6.14 mm diagonal) image format compact camera  200 A, and show the lens system  210 A of camera  200 A at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity) and focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm), respectively. The rectangle to the left of the photosensor in  FIG. 8A  represents orientation of the 4.9 mm×3.7 rectangular image field with respect to the camera as shown. 
     Tables 2A-2E provide example values of various optical and physical parameters of an example embodiment of a camera  200  and lens system  210  as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B . Tables 2A-2E may be referred to as providing an optical prescription for the lens system  210 . Referring to Tables 2A-2E, embodiments of lens system  210  cover applications in the visible region of the spectrum from 470 nanometers (nm) to 650 nm with reference wavelength at 555 nm. The optical prescription in Tables 2A-2E provides high image quality at F/2.8 over 470 nm to 650 nm spectrum, for an effective focal length f of 14.0 millimeters (mm), covering 26 degrees field of view (FOV) (13 degrees half FOV). The folded lens system  210 , illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  and with optical prescription as shown in Tables 2A-2E, has total track length (TTL=TL 1 +TL 2 ) of 15.465 mm and a telephoto ratio |TTL/f| of 1.105. Lens system  210  is a compact folded imaging system designed for visible spectrum covering 470 nm to 650 nm. 
     Materials, refractive indices, and Abbe numbers of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  ( 201 - 205 ), window  250 , prism  240 , and IR filter are given in Table 2B. The choice and application of the materials and optical characteristics for the elements of lens system  210  may enable lens system  210  to be optimized and corrected for chromatic aberrations over the visible region. The materials may be chosen and the refractive power distribution of the elements may be calculated to satisfy the effective focal length f and correction of the field curvature or Petzval sum. The monochromatic and chromatic variations of optical aberrations may be reduced by adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficients or geometrical shapes of the lens elements and axial separations, for example as illustrated in Table 2C, to produce well-corrected and balanced minimal residual aberrations. 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  are plots of polychromatic curves of spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion over the visible band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , and show the values at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity) and focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm) of the camera  200 , respectively.  FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B . 
     Referring to Table 2D, the decentering constants of the reflecting surface in the prism element of lens system  210  are listed. The reflecting surface of the prism may be oriented 45 degrees relative to the optical axis of L 1  (AX 1 ) and thus the folded optical axis of L 2 -L 5  (AX 2 ) is configured to be 90 degrees relative to the AX 1 . However, the angular orientation of the reflecting surface of the fold mirror or prism element may be configured to a desired value to suit a desired light path direction and lens system packaging requirements. 
     In at least some embodiments, camera  200  may include a zooming mechanism for dynamically focusing an object scene from infinity (object distance ≧20 meters) to near object distance, &lt;1000 mm. For example, in some embodiments, lens system  210  including the IR filter may be moved along AX 2  relative to the photosensor  220 , or alternatively the photosensor  220  may be moved relative to the lens system  210 /IR filter, for focusing an object scene from infinity to near distance (&lt;1 meter) at the photosensor  220 . The zoom parameters for lens system  210  are listed in Table 2E, with reference to Table 2B and  FIG. 5B . The zoom parameters shown in Table 2E for position  1  are the axial thickness or space separation along AX 2  between the IR filter (surface  18 , or S 18 ) and the image plane at the photosensor  220  (surface  19 , or S 19 ) when the object scene distance is at infinity (the optical prescription as listed in Table 2B). The corresponding optical prescription for an object scene at 1000 mm (position  2 ) is the same as the prescription listed in Table 2B, except that the object distance in surface #0 is replaced by 1000 mm, and the space separation between S 18  and S 19  given in Table 2B (−0.6343 mm) is replaced by −0.8321 mm. As can be seen in Table 2E, the distance between photosensor  220  and the lens system/IR filter changes by about 0.1978 mm (197.8 microns) for the lens system  210  to zoom and focus an object scene from infinity to &lt;1000 mm. 
     The optical prescription in Tables 2A-2E describes an example embodiment of a lens system  210  as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  t with refractive powers of the lens elements distributed such that the ratios of the focal lengths f 1 -f 5  of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  relative to the effective focal length f are |f 1 /f|=0.729, |f 2 /f|=0.402, |f 3 /f|=0.218, |f 4 /f|=0.451, and |f 5 /f|=0.381. The aspheric coefficients for the surfaces of the lens elements in lens system  210  in the example embodiment are listed in Table 2C. Configuring lens system  210  according to the arrangement of the power distribution of the lens elements, and adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficient as shown in Tables 2A-2E, the total track length (TTL), of the lens system  210  may be reduced, and aberration of the system may effectively be corrected to obtain optical performance of high image quality resolution, for an object scene at infinity and for an object scene located &lt;1000 mm distance, in a small form factor camera  200 . 
       FIGS. 9A and 9B  are cross-sectional illustrations of another example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path.  FIG. 9A  shows the camera  300  at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity), while  FIG. 9B  shows the camera  300  at focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm, image plane displacement from focus position  1  about 198.6 microns). Lens system  310  includes five lens elements ( 301 - 305 ) with refractive power. Arranged along an optical axis AX of the camera  300  from an object side (AX 1 ) to an image side (AX 2 ) are an aperture stop AS, a first lens element L 1  ( 301 ) having a convex object side surface and focal length f 1 , a prism  340  that is oriented to change the direction of the incoming light path and to thus fold the optical axis from AX 1  to AX 2 , a second lens element L 2  ( 302 ) with focal length f 2 , a third lens element L 3  ( 303 ) with focal length f 3 , a fourth lens element L 4  ( 304 ) with focal length f 4 , and a fifth lens element L 5  ( 305 ) with focal length f 5 . The lens system  310  forms an image at the surface of a photosensor  320 . In some embodiments, an infrared (IR) filter may be located between the fifth lens element L 5  and the photosensor  320 . In some embodiments, a window  350  may be located between the first lens element L 1  and the object field.  FIG. 9B  also shows the surface numbers (S#) of the surfaces of the elements in the camera  300  and lens system  310  as used in the corresponding Tables 3A-3E. 
     The effective focal length of the lens system  310  is given by f. The total track length (TTL) of the compact folded lens system  310  is the distance along the optical axes AX 1  and AX 2  between the object side surface of the first element L 1  and the image plane, or alternatively between the object side surface of the window  350  and the image plane. Referring to  FIGS. 9A and 9B , the TTL is the sum of TL 1  and TL 2 , where TL 1  is the axial distance between the front vertex of the object side surface of L 1  and the reflecting surface of the prism  340 , and TL 2  is the axial distance between the reflecting surface of prism  340  and the image plane at photosensor  320 . An aperture stop AS, which may for example be located at the front surface of lens element L 1 , determines the entrance pupil of the lens system  310 . The lens system  310  focal ratio of f-number f# is defined as the lens system  310  effective focal length f divided by the entrance pupil diameter. The IR filter may act to block infrared radiation that could damage or adversely affect the photosensor, and may be configured so as to have no effect on the lens system  310  effective focal length f. Similarly, the window may act to protect the lens system, and may be configured so as to have little or no effect on the lens system  310  effective focal length f. 
     In at least some embodiments, camera  300  and folded lens system  310  are configured to provide 14-mm EFL (effective focal length), F/2.8, 26-degree diagonal field of view (DFOV), and a 3.232-mm image circle radius. In an example, non-limiting embodiment of lens system  310 , TL 1 =˜3.75 mm, TL 2 =˜11.77 mm, and TTL=˜15.52 mm. In some embodiments, folded lens system  310  includes refractive lens elements L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , and L 5  (lens elements  301 - 305 ), a prism  340 ; a window  350 , and an IR filter arranged along the optical axes AX 1  and AX 2 . In at least some embodiments, window  350  and the IR filter are composed of optical glass materials, and L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , and L 5  (lens elements  301 - 305 ) and prism  340  are composed of two types of optical plastic materials. In some embodiments, the L 1  ( 301 ) and prism  340  elements may be composed of the same type of plastic material, and may be molded as a single combined unit or element (see, e.g.,  FIG. 13 ). In at least some embodiments, the window  350  and the IR filter are each 0.3 mm thick. However, note that the values and parameters as given above are examples and are not intended to be limiting. 
       FIGS. 12A and 12B  illustrate example lens orientation in a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  for a 4.9 mm×3.7 mm (6.14 mm diagonal) image format compact camera  300 A, and show the lens system  310 A of camera  300 A at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity) and focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm), respectively. The rectangle to the left of the photosensor in  FIG. 12A  represents orientation of the 4.9 mm×3.7 rectangular image field with respect to the camera as shown. 
     Tables 3A-3E provide example values of various optical and physical parameters of an example embodiment of a camera  300  and lens system  310  as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . Tables 3A-3E may be referred to as providing an optical prescription for the lens system  310 . Referring to Tables 3A-3E, embodiments of lens system  310  cover applications in the visible region of the spectrum from 470 nanometers (nm) to 650 nm with reference wavelength at 555 nm. The optical prescription in Tables 3A-3E provides high image quality at F/2.8 over 470 nm to 650 nm spectrum, for an effective focal length f of 14.0 millimeters (mm), covering 26 degrees field of view (FOV) (13 degrees half FOV). The folded lens system  310 , illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  and with optical prescription as shown in Tables 3A-3E, has total track length (TTL=TL 1 +TL 2 ) of 15.166 mm and a telephoto ratio |TTL/f| of 1.083. Lens system  310  is a compact folded imaging system designed for visible spectrum covering 470 nm to 650 nm. 
     Materials, refractive indices, and Abbe numbers of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  ( 301 - 305 ), window  350 , prism  340 , and IR filter are given in Table 3B. The choice and application of the materials and optical characteristics for the elements of lens system  310  may enable lens system  310  to be optimized and corrected for chromatic aberrations over the visible region. The materials may be chosen and the refractive power distribution of the elements may be calculated to satisfy the effective focal length f and correction of the field curvature or Petzval sum. The monochromatic and chromatic variations of optical aberrations may be reduced by adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficients or geometrical shapes of the lens elements and axial separations, for example as illustrated in Table 3C, to produce well-corrected and balanced minimal residual aberrations. 
       FIGS. 10A and 10B  are plots of polychromatic curves of spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion over the visible band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , and show the values at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity) and focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm) of the camera  300 , respectively.  FIGS. 11A and 11B  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
     Referring to Table 3D, the decentering constants of the reflecting surface in the prism element of lens system  310  are listed. The reflecting surface of the prism may be oriented 45 degrees relative to the optical axis of L 1  (AX 1 ) and thus the folded optical axis of L 2 -L 5  (AX 2 ) is configured to be 90 degrees relative to the AX 1 . However, the angular orientation of the reflecting surface of the fold mirror or prism element may be configured to a desired value to suit a desired light path direction and lens system packaging requirements. 
     In at least some embodiments, camera  300  may include a zooming mechanism for dynamically focusing an object scene from infinity (object distance ≧20 meters) to near object distance, &lt;1000 mm. For example, in some embodiments, lens system  310  including the IR filter may be moved along AX 2  relative to the photosensor  320 , or alternatively the photosensor  320  may be moved relative to the lens system  310 /IR filter, for focusing an object scene from infinity to near distance (&lt;1 meter) at the photosensor  320 . The zoom parameters for lens system  310  are listed in Table 3E, with reference to Table 3B and  FIG. 9B . The zoom parameters shown in Table 3E for position  1  are the axial thickness or space separation along AX 2  between the IR filter (surface  18 , or S 18 ) and the image plane at the photosensor  320  (surface  19 , or S 19 ) when the object scene distance is at infinity (the optical prescription as listed in Table 3B). The corresponding optical prescription for an object scene at 1000 mm (position  2 ) is the same as the prescription listed in Table 3B, except that the object distance in surface #0 is replaced by 1000 mm, and the space separation between S 18  and S 19  given in Table 3B (−1.0762 mm) is replaced by −1.2748 mm. As can be seen in Table 3E, the distance between photosensor  320  and the IR filter/lens system  310  changes by about 0.1986 mm (198.6 microns) for the lens system  310  to zoom and focus an object scene from infinity to &lt;1000 mm. 
     The optical prescription in Tables 3A-3E describes an example embodiment of a lens system  310  as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  with refractive powers of the lens elements distributed such that the ratios of the focal lengths f 1 -f 5  of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  relative to the effective focal length f are |f 1 /f|=0.716, |f 2 /f|=0.390, f 3 /f=0.221, |f 4 /f|=0.417, and |f 5 /f|=0.373. The aspheric coefficients for the surfaces of the lens elements in lens system  310  in the example embodiment are listed in Table 3C. Configuring lens system  310  according to the arrangement of the power distribution of the lens elements, and adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficient as shown in Tables 3A-3E, the total track length (TTL), of the lens system  310  may be reduced, and aberration of the system may effectively be corrected to obtain optical performance of high image quality resolution, for an object scene at infinity and for an object scene located &lt;1000 mm distance, in a small form factor camera  300 . 
       FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional illustration of another example embodiment of a compact camera  300 B including a folded lens system  310 B that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path, and is a variation of the folded lens system  310  as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . In some embodiments, one or more of the lens elements may be fused or integrated with the prism. In  FIG. 13 , for example, lens  301 B and prism  340 B are molded into a composite unit element (L 1 -Prism) and are used as the light path folding mechanism for folding the light optical path of the camera  300 B.  FIG. 13  also shows the surface numbers (S#) of the surfaces of the elements in the camera  300 B and lens system  310 B as used in the corresponding Tables 4A-4E. 
     Tables 4A-4E provide example values of various optical and physical parameters of an example embodiment of a camera  300 B and lens system  310 B as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . Tables 4A-4E may be referred to as providing an optical prescription for the lens system  310 B. The optical prescription in Tables 4A-4E describes an example embodiment of a lens system  310 B as illustrated in  FIG. 13  with refractive powers of the lens elements distributed such that the ratios of the focal lengths f 1 -f 5  of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  relative to the effective focal length f are |f 1 /f|=0.716, |f 2 /f|=0.390, |f 3 /f|=0.221, |f 4 /f|=0.417, and |f 5 /f|=0.373. Note that Tables 4A-4E are substantially similar to Tables 3A-3E, and optical characteristics of lens systems  310  and  310 B will be substantially the same, as lens system  310 B of  FIG. 13  is a variation of lens system  310  of  FIGS. 9A-9B  in which lens L 1  is fused or integrated with the prism to form L 1 -Prism. The differences between Tables 4A-4E and Tables 3A-3E are that surfaces S 5  and S 6  as shown in  FIG. 9B  are not present in  FIG. 13 , and the surfaces in  FIG. 13  have been renumbered as reflected in Tables 4A-4E. 
       FIGS. 14A and 14B  are cross-sectional illustrations of another example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path.  FIG. 14A  shows the camera  400  at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity), while  FIG. 14B  shows the camera  400  at focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm, image plane displacement from focus position  1  about 195.6 microns). Lens system  410  includes five lens elements ( 401 - 405 ) with refractive power. Arranged along an optical axis AX of the camera  300  from an object side (AX 1 ) to an image side (AX 2 ) are an aperture stop AS, a first lens element L 1  ( 401 ) having a convex object side surface and focal length f 1 , a prism  440  that is oriented to change the direction of the incoming light path and to thus fold the optical axis from AX 1  to AX 2 , a second lens element L 2  ( 302 ) with focal length f 2 , a third lens element L 3  ( 403 ) with focal length f 3 , a fourth lens element L 4  ( 404 ) with focal length f 4 , and a fifth lens element L 5  ( 405 ) with focal length f 5 . The lens system  410  forms an image at the surface of a photosensor  420 . In some embodiments, an infrared (IR) filter may be located between the fifth lens element L 5  and the photosensor  420 . In some embodiments, a window  450  may be located between the first lens element L 1  and the object field.  FIG. 14B  also shows the surface numbers (S#) of the surfaces of the elements in the camera  400  and lens system  410 B as used in the corresponding Tables 5A-5E. 
     The effective focal length of the lens system  410  is given by f. The total track length (TTL) of the compact folded lens system  410  is the distance along the optical axes AX 1  and AX 2  between the object side surface of the first element L 1  and the image plane, or alternatively between the object side surface of the window  450  and the image plane. Referring to  FIGS. 14A and 14B , the TTL is the sum of TL 1  and TL 2 , where TL 1  is the axial distance between the front vertex of the object side surface of L 1  and the reflecting surface of the prism  440 , and TL 2  is the axial distance between the reflecting surface of prism  440  and the image plane at photosensor  420 . An aperture stop AS, which may for example be located at the front surface of lens element L 1 , determines the entrance pupil of the lens system  410 . The lens system  410  focal ratio of f-number f# is defined as the lens system  410  effective focal length f divided by the entrance pupil diameter. The IR filter may act to block infrared radiation that could damage or adversely affect the photosensor, and may be configured so as to have no effect on the lens system  410  effective focal length f. Similarly, the window may act to protect the lens system, and may be configured so as to have little or no effect on the lens system  410  effective focal length f. 
     In at least some embodiments, camera  400  and folded lens system  410  are configured to provide 14-mm EFL (effective focal length), F/2.8, 26-degree diagonal field of view (DFOV), and a 3.232-mm image circle radius. In at least some embodiments of lens system  410 , TTL of lens system  410  is within a range of ˜8 mm to ˜16 mm. In at least some embodiments, folded lens system  410  includes refractive lens elements L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , and L 5  (lens elements  401 - 405 ), a prism  440 ; a window  450 , and an IR filter arranged along the optical axes AX 1  and AX 2 . In at least some embodiments, window  450  and the IR filter are composed of optical glass materials, and L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , and L 5  (lens elements  401 - 405 ) and prism  440  are composed of two types of optical plastic materials. In some embodiments, L 1  ( 401 ) and L 2  ( 402 ) may be substantially identical in shape and size. In some embodiments, the L 1  ( 401 ), L 2  ( 402 ), and prism  440  elements may be composed of the same type of plastic material, and may be molded as a single combined unit or element (see, e.g.,  FIG. 18 ). In at least some embodiments, the composite molded piece of L 1  ( 401 ), L 2  ( 402 ), and prism  440  may be viewed as a modified half of a ball lens. In at least some embodiments, the window  450  and the IR filter are each 0.3 mm thick. However, note that the values and parameters as given above are examples and are not intended to be limiting. 
       FIGS. 17A and 17B  illustrate example lens orientation in a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B  for a 4.9 mm×3.7 mm (6.14 mm diagonal) image format compact camera  400 A, and show the lens system  410   a  of camera  400 A at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity) and focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm), respectively. The rectangle to the left of the photosensor in  FIG. 17A  represents orientation of the 4.9 mm×3.7 rectangular image field with respect to the camera as shown. 
     Tables 5A-5E provide example values of various optical and physical parameters of an example embodiment of a camera  400  and lens system  410  as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B . Tables 5A-5E may be referred to as providing an optical prescription for the lens system  410 . Referring to Tables 5A-5E, embodiments of lens system  410  cover applications in the visible region of the spectrum from 470 nanometers (nm) to 650 nm with reference wavelength at 555 nm. The optical prescription in Tables 5A-5E provides high image quality at F/2.8 over 470 nm to 650 nm spectrum, for an effective focal length f of 14.0 millimeters (mm), covering 26 degrees field of view (FOV) (13 degrees half FOV). The folded lens system  410 , illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B  and with optical prescription as shown in Tables 5A-5E, has total track length (TTL=TL 1 +TL 2 ) of 15.4 mm and a telephoto ratio |TTL/f| of 1.100. Lens system  410  is a compact folded imaging system designed for visible spectrum covering 470 nm to 650 nm. 
     Materials, refractive indices, and Abbe numbers of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  ( 401 - 405 ), window  450 , prism  440 , and IR filter are given in Table 5B. The choice and application of the materials and optical characteristics for the elements of lens system  410  may enable lens system  410  to be optimized and corrected for chromatic aberrations over the visible region. The materials may be chosen and the refractive power distribution of the elements may be calculated to satisfy the effective focal length f and correction of the field curvature or Petzval sum. The monochromatic and chromatic variations of optical aberrations may be reduced by adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficients or geometrical shapes of the lens elements and axial separations, for example as illustrated in Table 5C, to produce well-corrected and balanced minimal residual aberrations. 
       FIGS. 15A and 15B  are plots of polychromatic curves of spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion over the visible band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B , and show the values at focus position  1  (object distance at infinity) and focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm) of the camera  100 , respectively.  FIGS. 16A and 16B  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B . 
     Referring to Table 5D, the decentering constants of the reflecting surface in the prism element of lens system  410  are listed. The reflecting surface of the prism may be oriented 45 degrees relative to the optical axis of L 1  (AX 1 ) and thus the folded optical axis of L 2 -L 5  (AX 2 ) is configured to be 90 degrees relative to the AX 1 . However, the angular orientation of the reflecting surface of the fold mirror or prism element may be configured to a desired value to suit a desired light path direction and lens system packaging requirements. 
     In at least some embodiments, camera  400  may include a zooming mechanism for dynamically focusing an object scene from infinity (object distance ≧20 meters) to near object distance, &lt;1000 mm. For example, in some embodiments, lens system  410  including the IR filter may be moved along AX 2  relative to the photosensor  420 , or alternatively the photosensor  420  may be moved relative to the lens system  410 /IR filter, for focusing an object scene from infinity to near distance (&lt;1 meter) at the photosensor  420 . The zoom parameters for lens system  410  are listed in Table 5E, with reference to Table 5B and  FIG. 14B . The zoom parameters shown in Table 5E for position  1  are the axial thickness or space separation along AX 2  between the IR filter (surface  18 , or S 18 ) and the image plane at the photosensor  420  (surface  19 , or S 19 ) when the object scene distance is at infinity (the optical prescription as listed in Table 5B). The corresponding optical prescription for an object scene at 1000 mm (position  2 ) is the same as the prescription listed in Table 5B, except that the object distance in surface #0 is replaced by 1000 mm, and the space separation between S 18  and S 19  given in Table 5B (−1.4854 mm) is replaced by −1.6810 mm. As can be seen in Table 3E, the distance between photosensor  320  and the IR filter/lens system  310  changes by about 0.1956 mm (195.6 microns) for the lens system  310  to zoom and focus an object scene from infinity to &lt;1000 mm. 
     The optical prescription in Tables 5A-5E describes an example embodiment of a lens system  410  as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B  with refractive powers of the lens elements distributed such that the ratios of the focal lengths f 1 -f 5  of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  relative to the effective focal length f are |f 1 /f|=0.693, |f 2 /f|=0.693, f 3 /f=0.400, |f 4 /f|=0.515, and f 5 /f|=0.614. The aspheric coefficients for the surfaces of the lens elements in lens system  410  in the example embodiment are listed in Table 5C. Configuring lens system  410  according to the arrangement of the power distribution of the lens elements, and adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficient as shown in Tables 5A-5E, the total track length (TTL), of the lens system  410  may be reduced, and aberration of the system may effectively be corrected to obtain optical performance of high image quality resolution, for an object scene at infinity and for an object scene located &lt;1000 mm distance, in a small form factor camera  400 . 
       FIG. 18  is a cross-sectional illustration of another example embodiment of a compact camera  400 B including a folded lens system  410 B that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path, and is a variation of the folded lens system  410  as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B . In some embodiments, one or more of the lens elements may be fused or integrated with the prism. In  FIG. 18 , lenses  401 B,  402 B and prism  440 B are molded into a composite unit element and are used as the light path folding mechanism for folding the light optical path. In at least some embodiments, L 1  ( 401 B) and L 2  ( 402 B) may be substantially identical in shape and size. In some embodiments, the L 1  ( 401 B), L 2  ( 402 B), and prism  440 B elements may be composed of the same type of plastic material, and may be molded as a single combined unit or element. In at least some embodiments, the composite molded piece of L 1  ( 401 B), L 2  ( 402 B), and prism  440 B may be viewed as a modified half of a ball lens.  FIG. 18  also shows the surface numbers (S#) of the surfaces of the elements in the camera  400 B and lens system  410 B as used in the corresponding Tables 6A-6E. 
     Tables 6A-6E provide example values of various optical and physical parameters of an example embodiment of a camera  400 B and lens system  410 B as illustrated in  FIG. 18 . Tables 6A-6E may be referred to as providing an optical prescription for the lens system  410 B. The optical prescription in Tables 6A-6E describes an example embodiment of a lens system  410 B as illustrated in  FIG. 18  with refractive powers of the lens elements distributed such that the ratios of the focal lengths f 1 -f 5  of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  relative to the effective focal length f are |f 1 /f|=0.693, |f 2 /f|=0.693, |f 3 /f|=0.400, |f 4 /f|=0.515, and f 5 /f|=0.614. Note that Tables 6A-6E are substantially similar to Tables 5A-5E, and optical characteristics of lens systems  410  and  410 B will be substantially the same, as lens system  410 B of  FIG. 18  is a variation of lens system  410  of  FIGS. 14A-14B  in which L 1 , L 2 , and the prism are fused to form L 1 -Prism-L 2 . The differences between Tables 6A-6E and Tables 5A-5E are that surfaces S 5 , S 6 , S 8  and S 9  as shown in  FIG. 14B  are not present in  FIG. 18 , and the surfaces in  FIG. 18  have been renumbered as reflected in Tables 6A-6E. 
       FIGS. 19A through 19E  are cross-sectional illustrations of another example embodiment of a compact camera including a folded lens system that includes refractive lens elements and a light path folding element that acts to fold the optical path, and that also includes an adjustable aperture stop. As illustrated by the example camera  500  in  FIGS. 19A through 19E , some embodiments of a folded lens system  510  may include an adjustable aperture (labeled as AA in  FIGS. 19A through 19E ), for example located in front of the first lens element (L 1 ). In the example camera  500  shown in  FIGS. 19A through 19E , the aperture may be adjustable to provide an F/# within the range of F/2.8 to F/4. However, the F/# range may be different depending on the range of the iris opening provided by the adjustable aperture. For example, in some embodiments, the aperture may be adjustable to provide an F/# higher than F/4. 
       FIG. 19A  generally illustrates an example camera  500  and lens system  510  with adjustable aperture AA, and shows the surface numbers (S#) of the surfaces of the elements in the camera  500  and lens system  510  as shown in the corresponding Tables 7A-7E.  FIG. 19B  shows the camera  500  set at F/2.8, focus position  1  (object distance at infinity), while  FIG. 19C  shows the camera  500  set at F/2.8, focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm, image plane displacement from F/2.8, focus position  1  about 198.2 microns).  FIG. 19D  shows the camera  500  set at F/4, focus position  1  (object distance at infinity), while  FIG. 19E  shows the camera  500  set at F/4, focus position  2  (object distance at 1000 mm, image plane displacement from F/4, focus position  1  about 198.2 microns). Note that the F/# settings for camera  500  shown in  FIGS. 19B through 19E  are given by way of example. Other F/# settings, for example F/3.11 and F/3.5, may be obtained with camera  500  by appropriately adjusting the aperture stop. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 19A-19E , lens system  510  includes five lens elements ( 501 - 505 ) with refractive power. Arranged along an optical axis AX of the camera  500  from an object side (AX 1 ) to an image side (AX 2 ) are an adjustable aperture AA, a first lens element L 1  ( 501 ) having a convex object side surface and focal length f 1 , and a prism  540  that is oriented to change the direction of the incoming light path and to thus fold the optical axis from AX 1  to AX 2 , a second lens element L 2  ( 502 ) with focal length f 2 , a third lens element L 3  ( 503 ) with focal length f 3 , a fourth lens element L 4  ( 504 ) with focal length f 4 , and a fifth lens element L 5  ( 505 ) with focal length f 5 . The lens system  510  forms an image at the surface of a photosensor  520 . In some embodiments, an infrared (IR) filter may be located between the fifth lens element L 5  and the photosensor  520 . In some embodiments, a window  550  may be located between the first lens element L 1  and the object field. In some embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 19A-19E , the L 1  ( 501 ) and prism  540  elements may be composed of the same type of material (e.g., a plastic material), and may be molded as a single combined unit or element, shown as L 1 -Prism in  FIGS. 19A-19E . 
     The effective focal length of the lens system  510  is given by f. The total track length (TTL) of the compact folded lens system  510  is the distance along the optical axes AX 1  and AX 2  between the object side surface of the first element L 1  and the image plane, or alternatively between the object side surface of the window  550  and the image plane. Adjustable aperture AA, which may for example be located in front of lens element L 1 , determines the entrance pupil of the lens system  510 . The lens system  310  focal ratio of f-number f# is defined as the lens system  310  effective focal length f divided by the entrance pupil diameter. In the example camera  500  shown in  FIG. 19A , the aperture may be adjustable to provide an F/# within the range of F/2.8 to F/4. However, the F/# range may be different depending on the range of the iris opening provided by the adjustable aperture stop. For example, in some embodiments, the aperture may be adjustable to provide an F/# higher than F/4. The IR filter may act to block infrared radiation that could damage or adversely affect the photosensor, and may be configured so as to have no effect on the lens system  510  effective focal length f. Similarly, the window may act to protect the lens system, and may be configured so as to have little or no effect on the lens system  510  effective focal length f. 
     In at least some embodiments, camera  500  and folded lens system  510  are configured to provide 14-mm EFL (effective focal length), an F/# within the range of F/2.8 to F/4, 26-degree diagonal field of view (DFOV), and a 3.232-mm image circle radius. In some embodiments, folded lens system  510  includes refractive lens elements L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , and L 5  (lens elements  501 - 505 ), a prism  540 ; a window  550 , and an IR filter arranged along the optical axes AX 1  and AX 2 . In at least some embodiments, window  550  and the IR filter are composed of optical glass materials, and L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , and L 5  (lens elements  501 - 505 ) and prism  540  are composed of two types of optical plastic materials. In some embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 19A-19E , the L 1  ( 501 ) and prism  540  elements may be composed of the same type of plastic material, and may be molded as a single combined unit or element (L 1 -Prism). In at least some embodiments, the window  550  and the IR filter are each 0.3 mm thick. However, note that the values and parameters as given above are examples and are not intended to be limiting. 
       FIGS. 20A through 20D  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 19B through 19E , respectively. 
     Tables 7A-7E provide example values of various optical and physical parameters of an example embodiment of a camera  500  and lens system  510  as illustrated in  FIGS. 19A-19E . Tables 7A-7E may be referred to as providing an optical prescription for the lens system  500 . Referring to Tables 7A-7E, embodiments of lens system  510  cover applications in the visible region of the spectrum from 470 nanometers (nm) to 650 nm with reference wavelength at 555 nm. The optical prescription in Tables 7A-7E provides high image quality over a range from F/2.8 to F/4.0 over 470 nm to 650 nm spectrum, for an effective focal length f of 14.0 millimeters (mm), covering 26 degrees field of view (FOV) (13 degrees half FOV). The example folded lens system  510 , illustrated in  FIGS. 19A-19E  and with optical prescription as shown in Tables 7A-7E, has total track length (TTL=TL 1 +TL 2 ) of 15.404 mm and a telephoto ratio |TTL/f| of 1.100. Lens system  510  is a compact folded imaging system designed for visible spectrum covering 470 nm to 650 nm. 
     Materials, refractive indices, and Abbe numbers of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  ( 501 - 505 ), window  550 , prism  540 , and IR filter are given in Table 7B. The choice and application of the materials and optical characteristics for the elements of lens system  710  may enable lens system  710  to be optimized and corrected for chromatic aberrations over the visible region. The materials may be chosen and the refractive power distribution of the elements may be calculated to satisfy the effective focal length f and correction of the field curvature or Petzval sum. The monochromatic and chromatic variations of optical aberrations may be reduced by adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficients or geometrical shapes of the lens elements and axial separations, for example as illustrated in Table 7C, to produce well-corrected and balanced minimal residual aberrations. 
       FIGS. 20A through 20D  illustrate plots of the polychromatic ray aberration curves over the half field of view and over the visible spectral band ranging 470 nm to 650 nm for a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 19B through 19E , respectively. 
     Referring to Table 7D, the decentering constants of the reflecting surface in the prism element of lens system  510  are listed. The reflecting surface of the prism may be oriented 45 degrees relative to the optical axis of L 1  (AX 1 ) and thus the folded optical axis of L 2 -L 5  (AX 2 ) is configured to be 90 degrees relative to the AX 1 . However, the angular orientation of the reflecting surface of the prism element  540  may be configured to a desired value to suit a desired light path direction and lens system packaging requirements. 
     In at least some embodiments, camera  500  may include a zooming mechanism for dynamically focusing an object scene from infinity (object distance ≧20 meters) to near object distance, &lt;1000 mm. For example, in some embodiments, lens system  510  including the IR filter may be moved along AX 2  relative to the photosensor  520 , or alternatively the photosensor  520  may be moved relative to the lens system  510 /IR filter, for focusing an object scene from infinity to near distance (&lt;1 meter) at the photosensor  520 . The zoom parameters for lens system  510  are listed in Table 7E, with reference to Table 7B and  FIGS. 19A-19E . The zoom parameters shown in Table 7E for F/2.8, zoom position  1  and F/4, zoom position  1  are the axial thickness or space separation along AX 2  between the IR filter (surface  16 , or S 16 ) and the image plane at the photosensor  520  (surface  17 , or S 17 ) when the object scene distance is at infinity (the optical prescription as listed in Table 7B). The zoom parameters shown in Table 7E for F/2.8, zoom position  2  and F/4, zoom position  2  are the axial thickness or space separation along AX 2  between the IR filter (surface  16 , or S 16 ) and the image plane at the photosensor  520  (surface  17 , or S 17 ) when the object scene distance is at 1000 mm or less. As can be seen in Table 7E, the distance between photosensor  520  and the lens system/IR filter changes by about 0.1982 mm (198.2 microns) for the lens system  510  to zoom and focus an object scene from infinity to &lt;1000 mm. Note that the distances between photosensor  520  and the lens system/IR filter may vary at different F/# settings. 
     The optical prescription in Tables 7A-7E describes an example embodiment of a lens system  510  as illustrated in  FIGS. 19A-19E  with refractive powers of the lens elements distributed such that the ratios of the focal lengths f 1 -f 5  of the lens elements L 1 -L 5  relative to the effective focal length f are |f 1 /f|=0.727, |f 2 /f|=0.383, |f 4 /f|=0.209, |f 4 /f|=0.457, and |f 5 /f|=0.365. The aspheric coefficients for the surfaces of the lens elements in lens system  510  in the example embodiment are listed in Table 7C. Configuring lens system  510  according to the arrangement of the power distribution of the lens elements, and adjusting the radii of curvature and aspheric coefficient as shown in Tables 7A-7E, the total track length (TTL), of the lens system  510  may be reduced, and aberration of the system may effectively be corrected to obtain optical performance of high image quality resolution, for an object scene at infinity and for an object scene located &lt;1000 mm distance, in a small form factor camera  500 . 
       FIG. 21  is a high-level flowchart of a method for capturing images using a camera with a folded lens system as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A through 18 , according to at least some embodiments. As indicated at  1100 , light from an object field in front of the camera is received at a first lens group of the camera. In at least some embodiments, the first lens group includes a first lens element L 1 . However, the first lens group may also include a window element, for example located between the first lens element and the object plane. In some embodiments, an aperture stop may be located at or in front of the first lens element. However, the stop may be located elsewhere in the lens system, for example between the first lens element and the prism. In some embodiments, the aperture stop may be fixed. However, in some embodiments, the aperture stop may be adjustable over a range, for example from F/2.8 to F/4.0 or higher, as illustrated by camera  500  and lens system  510  in  FIGS. 19A through 19E . As indicated at  1102 , the first lens group refracts the light to a light path folding element with a reflecting surface (e. g., a prism or plane mirror). As indicated at  1104 , the light path folding element changes the direction of the light to direct the light to a second lens group. In at least some embodiments, the second lens group includes second through fifth lens elements L 2  through L 5 . In some embodiments the second lens group may also include an IR filter, for example located between the fifth lens element and the photosensor. As indicated at  1106 , the light is refracted by the second lens group to form an image at an image plane at or near the surface of a photosensor. As indicated at  1108 , the image may be captured by the photosensor. 
     Summarizing, the incoming light from the object field passes through the refracting optical surfaces of the optical element(s) located on a first optical axis, AX 1  (the first lens group). A reflecting surface of the light path folding element (e.g., a prism) changes the direction of the incoming light from the first optical axis AX 1  to a second optical axis, AX 2 , and the incoming light on the second optical axis passes through the optical elements in the second lens group to the image plane at or near the photosensor on the second optical axis. 
     In some embodiments, the optical elements may be configured as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . Alternatively, the optical elements may be configured as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B . As yet another alternative, the optical elements may be configured as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . As yet another alternative, the optical elements may be configured as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . As yet another alternative, the optical elements may be configured as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B . As yet another alternative, the optical elements may be configured as illustrated in  FIG. 18 . However, note that variations on the examples given in the Figures are possible while achieving similar optical results. 
     Example Lens System Tables 
     The following Tables provide example values for various optical and physical parameters of example embodiments of the folded lens systems and cameras as described herein in reference to  FIGS. 1A through 18 . Tables 1A-1E correspond to an example embodiment of a folded lens system  110 - 110 A as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A-4B . Tables 2A-2E correspond to an example embodiment of a folded lens system  210 - 210 A as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A-8B . Tables 3A-3E correspond to an example embodiment of a folded lens system  310 - 310 A as illustrated in  FIGS. 9A-12B . Tables 4A-4E correspond to an example embodiment of a folded lens system  310 B as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . Tables 5A-5E correspond to an example embodiment of a folded lens system  410 - 410 A as illustrated in  FIGS. 14A-17B . Tables 6A-6E correspond to an example embodiment of a folded lens system  410 B as illustrated in  FIG. 18 . Tables 7A-7E correspond to an example embodiment of a folded lens system  510  as illustrated in  FIGS. 19A-19E . 
     In the Tables, all dimensions are in millimeters (mm) unless otherwise specified. “S#” stands for surface number. A positive radius indicates that the center of curvature is to the right of the surface. A negative radius indicates that the center of curvature is to the left of the surface. “INF” stands for infinity (as used in optics). “ASP” indicates an aspheric surface, and “FLT” indicates a flat surface. The thickness (or separation) is the axial distance to the next surface. The design wavelengths represent wavelengths in the spectral band of the imaging optical system. 
     In the Tables, note the following sign convention on the optical parameters (e.g., radii of curvature and axial thickness or separation, focal lengths) when the direction of the light path change after reflecting from the mirror surface or prism surface. Following a reflecting surface element, a positive radius indicates that the center of curvature is to the left of the surface, a negative radius indicates that the center of curvature is to the right of the surface, and the thickness or axial separation has negative sign. This sign convention is well known to those skilled in the art of optical design. In the Tables the absolute value of the system effective focal length f is listed. 
     For the materials of the lens elements and IR filter, a refractive index N d  at the helium d-line wavelength is provided, as well as an Abbe number V d  relative to the d-line and the C- and F-lines of hydrogen. The Abbe number, V d , may be defined by the equation:
 
 V   d =( N   d −1)/( N   F   −N   C ),
 
where N F  and N C  are the refractive index values of the material at the F and C lines of hydrogen, respectively.
 
     Referring to the Tables of aspheric constants, the aspheric equation describing an aspherical surface may be given by: 
             Z   =         cr   2       1   +       1   -       (     1   +   K     )     ⁢     c   2     ⁢     r   2               +     Ar   4     +     Br   6     +     Cr   8     +     Dr   10     +     Er   12     +     Fr   14     +     Gr   16     +     Hr   18     +   …           
where Z is the sag of the surface parallel to the Z-axis (for all embodiments the Z-axis coincide with the optical axis), c is the curvature of the surface (the reciprocal of the radius of curvature of the surface), K is the conic constant, and A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H are the aspheric coefficients. In the Tables “E” denotes exponential notation (powers of 10).
 
     Referring to the Tables of decentering constants, the decentering constants of the reflecting surface in the light path folding element (e.g., prism) are listed for the example embodiments. As shown in Tables 1D-7D, the reflecting surface of the light path folding element (e.g., prism) is oriented 45 degrees relative to the optical axis of L 1  and thus the folded optical axis of L 2 -L 5  is configured to be 90 degrees relative to the optical axis of L 1 . However, the angular orientation of the reflecting surface of the light path folding element may be configured to a desired value to suit a desired light path direction and lens system packaging requirements. 
     Note that the values given in the following Tables for the various parameters in the various embodiments of the folded lens system are given by way of example and are not intended to be limiting. For example, one or more of the parameters for one or more of the surfaces of one or more of the lens elements in the example embodiments, as well as parameters for the materials of which the elements are composed, may be given different values while still providing similar performance for the lens system. In particular, note that some of the values in the Tables may be scaled up or down for larger or smaller implementations of a camera using an embodiment of a folded lens system as described herein. 
     Further note that the surface numbers (S#) of the elements in the various embodiments of the folded lens system as shown in the Tables and illustrated in corresponding Figures are listed from the first surface 0 at the object plane to the last surface at the image plane. Since number and location of elements may vary in embodiments, the surface number(s) that correspond to some elements may vary in the different Tables and Figures. In particular, note that where reference is given to the radius of curvature (R#) of the surfaces of the lens element (L#) in this document, the reference (R#) used (e.g., R 1  and R 2  for the surfaces of lens element L 1 ) are the same for all of the embodiments, and may but do not necessarily correspond to the surface numbers of the lens elements as given in the Tables and Figures. 
     In at least some embodiments the folded lens system is a zoom system equipped and configured with a movable lens group, lens element, and/or photosensor for focusing/zooming. The zoom parameters of the example embodiments are denoted by an asterisk (*) in Tables 1B-7B and also listed in the Tables for zoom parameters (Tables 1E-7E). The zoom parameters are the axial separation or space separation that changes when the lens system is zoomed to focus from an object scene at infinity (e.g., object distance ≧20 meters), referred to herein as position  1 , to a nearby object scene, e.g. located at &lt;1 meter from the camera, referred to herein as position  2 . Note that the object distance or focus displacement range of the focusing lens group may be scaled up or down for larger or smaller implementations of a camera using an embodiment of a folded lens system as described herein. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1A 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Focal length (f) 
                 14.0 mm 
               
               
                 F-Number 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Half FOV 
                 13.0° 
               
               
                 Total track length TTL 
                 15.700 
               
               
                 Telephoto ratio | TTL/f | 
                 1.1214 
               
               
                 Design wavelengths 
                 650 nm, 610 nm, 555 nm, 510 nm, 470 nm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Thickness 
                   
                 Refractive 
                 Abbe 
               
               
                   
                 Surface 
                 Radius 
                   
                 Or 
                   
                 Index 
                 Number 
               
               
                 Element 
                 (S#) 
                 R 
                 Shape 
                 Separation 
                 Material 
                 N d   
                 V d   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Object plane 
                 0 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 INF *1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Window 
                 1 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.4000 
                   
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.7000 
               
               
                 Aperture Stop 
                 3 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.6500 
               
               
                 L1 
                 4 
                 4.919 
                 SPH 
                  0.9794 
                 Glass 
                 1.603 
                 65.5 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 283.626 
                 SPH 
                  0.0200 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  2.7000 
                 Glass 
                 1.755 
                 27.5 
               
               
                   
                 Decenter (1) 
               
               
                 Prism 
                 7 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −2.700  
                 Refl 
               
               
                   
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.800  
               
               
                 L2 
                 9 
                 3.738 
                 ASP 
                 −1.1615 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 5.923 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1032 
               
               
                 L3 
                 11 
                 56.277 
                 ASP 
                 −0.6277 
                 Plastic 
                 1.632 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 −4.926 
                 ASP 
                 −0.7070 
               
               
                 L4 
                 13 
                 −8.441 
                 ASP 
                 −0.7873 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 −125.744 
                 ASP 
                 −1.6835 
               
               
                 L5 
                 15 
                 −6.125 
                 ASP 
                 −1.4306 
                 Plastic 
                 1.632 
                 23.1 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 −7.777 
                 ASP 
                 −1.2315 
               
               
                 IR filter 
                 17 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.3000 
                 Glass 
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                   −0.4677 *2 
               
               
                 Image plane 
                 19 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1C 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Curvature 
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
               
               
                 S# 
                 (c) 
                 K 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 9 
                 0.26752484 
                 0.00000000 
                 4.95235E−04 
                 −1.26188E−03  
                 6.91030E−05 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.16883720 
                 0.00000000 
                 6.74443E−04 
                 −2.09695E−04  
                 −1.34439E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.01776917 
                 0.00000000 
                 4.08217E−03 
                 1.55920E−03 
                 −2.68747E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 12 
                 −0.20300283 
                 0.00000000 
                 5.01441E−03 
                 6.37899E−04 
                 −3.48487E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 13 
                 −0.11846774 
                 0.00000000 
                 1.03487E−02 
                 7.26540E−05 
                 5.34079E−05 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 14 
                 −0.795268E−02 
                 0.00000000 
                 9.09323E−03 
                 1.55078E−04 
                 3.02572E−05 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 15 
                 −0.16326319 
                 0.00000000 
                 3.06668E−03 
                 −9.82521E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 16 
                 −0.12858759 
                 0.00000000 
                 3.50948E−03 
                 −7.05343E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1D 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DECENTERING CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Alpha 
                 Beta 
                 Gamma 
               
               
                 Decenter 
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Z 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 D(1) and 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 45.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1E 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ZOOM PARAMETERS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 *Zoom Parameters 
                 Position: 1 
                 Position: 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *1 
                 INF 
                      1000 mm 
               
               
                 *2 
                 −0.4677 mm 
                 −0.6632 mm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2A 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Focal length (f) 
                 14.0 mm 
               
               
                 F-Number 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Half FOV 
                 13.0° 
               
               
                 Total track length TTL 
                 15.465 
               
               
                 Telephoto ratio | TTL/f | 
                 1.105 
               
               
                 Design wavelengths 
                 650 nm, 610 nm, 555 nm, 510 nm, 470 nm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Thickness 
                   
                 Refractive 
                 Abbe 
               
               
                   
                 Surface 
                 Radius 
                   
                 Or 
                   
                 Index 
                 Number 
               
               
                 Element 
                 (S#) 
                 R 
                 Shape 
                 Separation 
                 Material 
                 N d   
                 V d   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Object plane 
                 0 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 INF *1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Window 
                 1 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.4000 
                   
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.6000 
               
               
                 Aperture Stop 
                 3 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.5500 
               
               
                 L1 
                 4 
                 5.473 
                 ASP 
                  0.9043 
                 Plastic 
                 1.535 
                 55.7 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.0000 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  2.7000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.535 
                 55.7 
               
               
                   
                 Decenter (1) 
               
               
                 Prism 
                 7 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −2.700  
                 Refl 
               
               
                   
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L2 
                 9 
                 −4.870 
                 ASP 
                 −1.2000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.535 
                 57.7 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 7.241 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L3 
                 11 
                 5.858 
                 ASP 
                 −0.6000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.639 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 −3.076 
                 ASP 
                 −1.6867 
               
               
                 L4 
                 13 
                 12.779 
                 ASP 
                 −0.6000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.535 
                 57.7 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 −4.681 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L5 
                 15 
                 −4.370 
                 ASP 
                 −2.5781 
                 Plastic 
                 1.639 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 12.333 
                 ASP 
                 −1.2623 
               
               
                 IR filter 
                 17 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.3000 
                 Glass 
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                   −0.6343 *2 
               
               
                 Image plane 
                 19 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2C 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Curvature 
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
               
               
                 S# 
                 (c) 
                 K 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 0.18272875 
                 −0.28629376 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 9 
                 −0.20533993 
                 0.00000000 
                 4.06043E−04 
                 4.42225E−04 
                 −4.79237E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.13810372 
                 0.00000000 
                 −7.14370E−03  
                 2.31717E−03 
                 −2.06661E−04  
                 8.00876E−06 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.17070530 
                 0.00000000 
                 −1.20673E−02  
                 2.79971E−03 
                 −1.31854E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 12 
                 −0.32513510 
                 0.00000000 
                 −6.22474E−03  
                 6.10401E−04 
                 4.58721E−05 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 13 
                 0.07825189 
                 0.00000000 
                 6.26273E−03 
                 2.72738E−04 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 14 
                 −0.21364924 
                 0.00000000 
                 1.38907E−02 
                 −7.31448E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 15 
                 −0.22885300 
                 0.00000000 
                 9.59849E−03 
                 −1.51839E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 16 
                 0.08108161 
                 0.00000000 
                 2.96605E−03 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2D 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DECENTERING CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Alpha 
                 Beta 
                 Gamma 
               
               
                 Decenter 
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Z 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 D(1) and 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 45.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2E 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ZOOM PARAMETERS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 *Zoom Parameters 
                 Position: 1 
                 Position: 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *1 
                 INF 
                      1000 mm 
               
               
                 *2 
                 −0.6343 mm 
                 −0.8321 mm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3A 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Focal length (f) 
                 14.0 mm 
               
               
                 F-Number 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Half FOV 
                 13.0° 
               
               
                 Total track length TTL 
                 15.166 
               
               
                 Telephoto ratio | TTL/f | 
                 1.083 
               
               
                 Design wavelengths 
                 650 nm, 610 nm, 555 nm, 510 nm, 470 nm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Thickness 
                   
                 Refractive 
                 Abbe 
               
               
                   
                 Surface 
                 Radius 
                   
                 Or 
                   
                 Index 
                 Number 
               
               
                 Element 
                 (S#) 
                 R 
                 Shape 
                 Separation 
                 Material 
                 N d   
                 V d   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Object plane 
                 0 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 INF *1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Window 
                 1 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.3000 
                   
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.6000 
               
               
                 Aperture Stop 
                 3 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.5500 
               
               
                 L1 
                 4 
                 5.473 
                 ASP 
                  0.7000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.0000 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  2.7000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 Decenter (1) 
               
               
                 Prism 
                 7 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −2.700  
                 Refl 
               
               
                   
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L2 
                 9 
                 −5.127 
                 ASP 
                 −1.3000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 6.486 
                 ASP 
                 −0.0731 
               
               
                 L3 
                 11 
                 6.673 
                 ASP 
                 −0.4000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.632 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 −2.865 
                 ASP 
                 −1.8947 
               
               
                 L4 
                 13 
                 7.975 
                 ASP 
                 −0.5000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 −5.428 
                 ASP 
                 −0.0821 
               
               
                 L5 
                 15 
                 −4.644 
                 ASP 
                 −2.1000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.632 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 9.689 
                 ASP 
                 −1.2395 
               
               
                 IR filter 
                 17 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.3000 
                 Glass 
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                   −1.0762 *2 
               
               
                 Image plane 
                 19 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3C 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Curvature 
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
               
               
                 S# 
                 (c) 
                 K 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 0.18272875 
                 −0.32967850 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 9 
                 −0.19503469 
                 0.00000000 
                 2.93124E−04 
                 1.57318E−04 
                 5.83985E−05 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.15416692 
                 0.00000000 
                 −1.17742E−02  
                 5.96776E−03 
                 −9.14015E−04  
                 8.00876E−06 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.14985814 
                 0.00000000 
                 −7.64372E−03  
                 3.33244E−03 
                 −3.87296E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 12 
                 −0.34901743 
                 0.00000000 
                 3.44686E−03 
                 −2.08644E−03  
                 2.96448E−04 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 13 
                 0.12539327 
                 0.00000000 
                 7.49496E−03 
                 5.07218E−04 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 14 
                 −0.18424628 
                 0.00000000 
                 1.41886E−02 
                 −8.29060E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 15 
                 −0.21531616 
                 0.00000000 
                 1.00119E−02 
                 −2.26296E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 16 
                 0.10320982 
                 0.00000000 
                 2.60443E−03 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3D 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DECENTERING CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Alpha 
                 Beta 
                 Gamma 
               
               
                 Decenter 
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Z 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 D(1) and 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 45.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3E 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ZOOM PARAMETERS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 *Zoom Parameters 
                 Position: 1 
                 Position: 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *1 
                 INF 
                      1000 mm 
               
               
                 *2 
                 −1.0762 mm 
                 −1.2748 mm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4A 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Focal length (f) 
                 14.0 mm 
               
               
                 F-Number 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Half FOV 
                 13.0° 
               
               
                 Total track length TTL 
                 15.166 
               
               
                 Telephoto ratio | TTL/f | 
                 1.083 
               
               
                 Design wavelengths 
                 650 nm, 610 nm, 555 nm, 510 nm, 470 nm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Thickness 
                   
                 Refractive 
                 Abbe 
               
               
                   
                 Surface 
                 Radius 
                   
                 Or 
                   
                 Index 
                 Number 
               
               
                 Element 
                 (S#) 
                 R 
                 Shape 
                 Separation 
                 Material 
                 N d   
                 V d   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Object plane 
                 0 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 INF *1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Window 
                 1 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.3000 
                   
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.6000 
               
               
                 Aperture Stop 
                 3 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.5500 
               
               
                 L1-Prism 
                 4 
                 5.473 
                 ASP 
                  3.4000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 Decenter (1) 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −2.700  
                 Refl 
               
               
                   
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L2 
                 7 
                 −5.127 
                 ASP 
                 −1.3000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 6.486 
                 ASP 
                 −0.0731 
               
               
                 L3 
                 9 
                 6.673 
                 ASP 
                 −0.4000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.632 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 −2.865 
                 ASP 
                 −1.8947 
               
               
                 L4 
                 11 
                 7.975 
                 ASP 
                 −0.5000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 −5.428 
                 ASP 
                 −0.0821 
               
               
                 L5 
                 13 
                 −4.644 
                 ASP 
                 −2.1000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.632 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 9.689 
                 ASP 
                 −1.2395 
               
               
                 IR filter 
                 15 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.3000 
                 Glass 
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                   −1.0762 *2 
               
               
                 Image plane 
                 17 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4C 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Curvature 
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
               
               
                 S# 
                 (c) 
                 K 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 0.18272875 
                 −0.32967850 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 7 
                 −0.19503469 
                 0.00000000 
                 2.93124E−04 
                 1.57318E−04 
                 5.83985E−05 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 8 
                 0.15416692 
                 0.00000000 
                 −1.17742E−02  
                 5.96776E−03 
                 −9.14015E−04  
                 8.00876E−06 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.14985814 
                 0.00000000 
                 −7.64372E−03  
                 3.33244E−03 
                 −3.87296E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 10 
                 −0.34901743 
                 0.00000000 
                 3.44686E−03 
                 −2.08644E−03  
                 2.96448E−04 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.12539327 
                 0.00000000 
                 7.49496E−03 
                 5.07218E−04 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 12 
                 −0.18424628 
                 0.00000000 
                 1.41886E−02 
                 −8.29060E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 13 
                 −0.21531616 
                 0.00000000 
                 1.00119E−02 
                 −2.26296E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 14 
                 0.10320982 
                 0.00000000 
                 2.60443E−03 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4D 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DECENTERING CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Alpha 
                 Beta 
                 Gamma 
               
               
                 Decenter 
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Z 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 D(1) and 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 45.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4E 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ZOOM PARAMETERS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 *Zoom Parameters 
                 Position: 1 
                 Position: 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *1 
                 INF 
                      1000 mm 
               
               
                 *2 
                 −1.0762 mm 
                 −1.2748 mm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5A 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Focal length (f) 
                 14.0 mm 
               
               
                 F-Number 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Half FOV 
                 13.0° 
               
               
                 Total track length TTL 
                 15.40 
               
               
                 Telephoto ratio | TTL/f | 
                 1.100 
               
               
                 Design wavelengths 
                 650 nm, 610 nm, 555 nm, 510 nm, 470 nm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Thickness 
                   
                 Refractive 
                 Abbe 
               
               
                   
                 Surface 
                 Radius 
                   
                 Or 
                   
                 Index 
                 Number 
               
               
                 Element 
                 (S#) 
                 R 
                 Shape 
                 Separation 
                 Material 
                 N d   
                 V d   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Object plane 
                 0 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 INF *1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Window 
                 1 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.3000 
                   
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.6000 
               
               
                 Aperture Stop 
                 3 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.5500 
               
               
                 L1 
                 4 
                 5.297 
                 ASP 
                  0.7000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.0000 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  2.7000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 Decenter (1) 
               
               
                 Prism 
                 7 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −2.700  
                 Refl 
               
               
                   
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.0000 
               
               
                 L2 
                 9 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.7000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 5.297 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L3 
                 11 
                 6.222 
                 ASP 
                 −1.4722 
                 Plastic 
                 1.632 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 −9.165 
                 ASP 
                 −2.3621 
               
               
                 L4 
                 13 
                 −86.850 
                 ASP 
                 −0.5582 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 −3.760 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L5 
                 15 
                 −4.205 
                 ASP 
                 −2.0900 
                 Plastic 
                 1.632 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 −14.539 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1320 
               
               
                 IR filter 
                 17 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.3000 
                 Glass 
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                   −1.4854 *2 
               
               
                 Image plane 
                 19 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5C 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Curvature 
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
               
               
                 S# 
                 (c) 
                 K 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 0.18878796 
                 −0.25714254 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.18878796 
                 −0.25714254 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.16073253 
                 0.00000000 
                 3.57501E−03 
                 −1.78739E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 8.00876E−06 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 12 
                 −0.10911116 
                 0.00000000 
                 3.03774E−03 
                 −2.29538E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 13 
                 −0.01151408 
                 0.00000000 
                 8.89471E−03 
                 2.56115E−04 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 14 
                 −0.26597906 
                 0.00000000 
                 1.08250E−02 
                 4.49265E−05 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 15 
                 −0.23780382 
                 0.00000000 
                 6.45228E−03 
                 −5.85058E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 16 
                 −0.06878286 
                 0.00000000 
                 5.54503E−03 
                 −1.86420E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5D 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DECENTERING CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Alpha 
                 Beta 
                 Gamma 
               
               
                 Decenter 
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Z 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 D(1) and 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 45.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5E 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ZOOM PARAMETERS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 *Zoom Parameters 
                 Position: 1 
                 Position: 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *1 
                 INF 
                      1000 mm 
               
               
                 *2 
                 −1.4854 mm 
                 −1.6810 mm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6A 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Focal length (f) 
                 14.0 mm 
               
               
                 F-Number 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Half FOV 
                 13.0° 
               
               
                 Total track length TTL 
                 15.40 
               
               
                 Telephoto ratio | TTL/f | 
                 1.100 
               
               
                 Design wavelengths 
                 650 nm, 610 nm, 555 nm, 510 nm, 470 nm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Thickness 
                   
                 Refractive 
                 Abbe 
               
               
                   
                 Surface 
                 Radius 
                   
                 Or 
                   
                 Index 
                 Number 
               
               
                 Element 
                 (S#) 
                 R 
                 Shape 
                 Separation 
                 Material 
                 N d   
                 V d   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Object plane 
                 0 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 INF *1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Window 
                 1 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.3000 
                   
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.6000 
               
               
                 Aperture Stop 
                 3 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.5500 
               
               
                 L1, Prism, L2 
                 4 
                 5.297 
                 ASP 
                  3.4000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 Decenter (1) 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −3.700  
                 Refl 
               
               
                   
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 5.297 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L3 
                 7 
                 6.222 
                 ASP 
                 −1.4722 
                 Plastic 
                 1.632 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 −9.165 
                 ASP 
                 −2.3621 
               
               
                 L4 
                 9 
                 −86.850 
                 ASP 
                 −0.5582 
                 Plastic 
                 1.544 
                 56.1 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 −3.760 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L5 
                 11 
                 −4.205 
                 ASP 
                 −2.0900 
                 Plastic 
                 1.632 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 −14.539 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1320 
               
               
                 IR filter 
                 13 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.3000 
                 Glass 
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                   −1.4854 *2 
               
               
                 Image plane 
                 15 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6C 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Curvature 
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
               
               
                 S# 
                 (c) 
                 K 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 0.18878796 
                 −0.25714254 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.18878796 
                 −0.25714254 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 7 
                 0.16073253 
                 0.00000000 
                 3.57501E−03 
                 −1.78739E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 8.00876E−06 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 8 
                 −0.10911116 
                 0.00000000 
                 3.03774E−03 
                 −2.29538E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 9 
                 −0.01151408 
                 0.00000000 
                 8.89471E−03 
                 2.56115E−04 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 10 
                 −0.26597906 
                 0.00000000 
                 1.08250E−02 
                 4.49265E−05 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 11 
                 −0.23780382 
                 0.00000000 
                 6.45228E−03 
                 −5.85058E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 12 
                 −0.06878286 
                 0.00000000 
                 5.54503E−03 
                 −1.86420E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6D 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DECENTERING CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Alpha 
                 Beta 
                 Gamma 
               
               
                 Decenter 
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Z 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 D(1) and 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 45.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6E 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ZOOM PARAMETERS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 *Zoom Parameters 
                 Position: 1 
                 Position: 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *1 
                 INF 
                      1000 mm 
               
               
                 *2 
                 −1.4854 mm 
                 −1.6810 mm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7A 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Focal length (f) 
                 14.0 mm 
               
               
                 F-Number 
                 2.8 to 4.0 
               
               
                 Half FOV 
                 13.0° 
               
               
                 Total track length TTL 
                 15.404 
               
               
                 Telephoto ratio | TTL/f | 
                 1.100 
               
               
                 Design wavelengths 
                 650 nm, 610 nm, 555 nm, 510 nm, 470 nm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Thickness 
                   
                 Refractive 
                 Abbe 
               
               
                   
                 Surface 
                 Radius 
                   
                 Or 
                   
                 Index 
                 Number 
               
               
                 Element 
                 (S#) 
                 R 
                 Shape 
                 Separation 
                 Material 
                 N d   
                 V d   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Object plane 
                 0 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 INF *1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Window 
                 1 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.3000 
                   
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 0.15  
               
               
                 Aperture Stop 
                 3 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                  0.0000 
               
               
                 L1, Prism 
                 4 
                 5.473 
                 ASP 
                  3.7043 
                 Plastic 
                 1.535 
                 56.3 
               
               
                   
                 Decenter (1) 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −2.800  
                 Refl 
               
               
                   
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L2 
                 7 
                 −5.578 
                 ASP 
                 −1.2007 
                 Plastic 
                 1.535 
                 56.3 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 5.507 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1000 
               
               
                 L3 
                 9 
                 4.623 
                 ASP 
                 −0.6000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.636 
                 23.9 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 −3.322 
                 ASP 
                 −1.6922 
               
               
                 L4 
                 11 
                 13.334 
                 ASP 
                 −0.6000 
                 Plastic 
                 1.535 
                 56.3 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 −4.709 
                 ASP 
                 −0.1320 
               
               
                 L5 
                 13 
                 −4.257 
                 ASP 
                 −1.7729 
                 Plastic 
                 1.636 
                 23.9 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 11.813 
                 ASP 
                 −1.3651 
               
               
                 IR filter 
                 15 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                 −0.3000 
                 Glass 
                 1.516 
                 64.1 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 INF 
                 FLT 
                   −1.0691 *2 
               
               
                 Image plane 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7C 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Curvature 
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
               
               
                 S# 
                 (c) 
                 K 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 0.18272875 
                 −0.27892828 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 7 
                 −0.17926675 
                 0.00000000 
                 1.25872E−03 
                 1.03563E−03 
                 −7.46783E−05  
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 8 
                 0.18157533 
                 0.00000000 
                 −5.05715E−03  
                 1.68662E−03 
                 −1.76494E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.21631610 
                 0.00000000 
                 −1.71304E−02  
                 3.29521E−03 
                 −2.38173E−04  
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 10 
                 −0.30102911 
                 0.00000000 
                 −1.34325E−02  
                 1.49704E−03 
                 5.95490E−05 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.07499727 
                 0.00000000 
                 3.12338E−03 
                 5.98911E−06 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 12 
                 −0.21235449 
                 0.00000000 
                 9.41394E−03 
                 2.13253E−04 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 13 
                 −0.23491850 
                 0.00000000 
                 7.26998E−03 
                 −2.85259E−06  
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                 14 
                 0.08465321 
                 0.00000000 
                 2.03721E−03 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
                 0.00000E+00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7D 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DECENTERING CONSTANTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Alpha 
                 Beta 
                 Gamma 
               
               
                 Decenter 
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Z 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
                 (degrees) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 D(1) and 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 45.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 Bend (1) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                     TABLE 7E                  ZOOM PARAMETERS                                 *Zoom   F/2.8,   F/2.8,   F/4,   F/4,       Parameters   Position 1   Position 2   Position 1   Position 2               *1   INF        1000 mm   INF        1000 mm       *2   −1.0691 mm   −1.2673 mm   −1.0699 mm   −1.2681 mm                    
Example Computing Device
 
       FIG. 22  illustrates an example computing device, referred to as computer system  2000 , that may include or host embodiments of the camera as illustrated in  FIGS. 1A through 19 . In addition, computer system  2000  may implement methods for controlling operations of the camera and/or for performing image processing of images captured with the camera. In different embodiments, computer system  2000  may be any of various types of devices, including, but not limited to, a personal computer system, desktop computer, laptop, notebook, tablet or pad device, slate, or netbook computer, mainframe computer system, handheld computer, workstation, network computer, a camera, a set top box, a mobile device, a wireless phone, a smartphone, a consumer device, video game console, handheld video game device, application server, storage device, a television, a video recording device, a peripheral device such as a switch, modem, router, or in general any type of computing or electronic device. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, computer system  2000  includes one or more processors  2010  coupled to a system memory  2020  via an input/output (I/O) interface  2030 . Computer system  2000  further includes a network interface  2040  coupled to I/O interface  2030 , and one or more input/output devices  2050 , such as cursor control device  2060 , keyboard  2070 , and display(s)  2080 . Computer system  2000  may also include one or more cameras  2090 , for example one or more cameras as described above with respect to  FIGS. 1A through 19 , which may also be coupled to I/O interface  2030 , or one or more cameras as described above with respect to  FIGS. 1A through 19  along with one or more other cameras such as wide-field and/or telephoto cameras. 
     In various embodiments, computer system  2000  may be a uniprocessor system including one processor  2010 , or a multiprocessor system including several processors  2010  (e.g., two, four, eight, or another suitable number). Processors  2010  may be any suitable processor capable of executing instructions. For example, in various embodiments processors  2010  may be general-purpose or embedded processors implementing any of a variety of instruction set architectures (ISAs), such as the x86, PowerPC, SPARC, or MIPS ISAs, or any other suitable ISA. In multiprocessor systems, each of processors  2010  may commonly, but not necessarily, implement the same ISA. 
     System memory  2020  may be configured to store program instructions  2022  and/or data  2032  accessible by processor  2010 . In various embodiments, system memory  2020  may be implemented using any suitable memory technology, such as static random access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), nonvolatile/Flash-type memory, or any other type of memory. In the illustrated embodiment, program instructions  2022  may be configured to implement various interfaces, methods and/or data for controlling operations of camera  2090  and for capturing and processing images with integrated camera  2090  or other methods or data, for example interfaces and methods for capturing, displaying, processing, and storing images captured with camera  2090 . In some embodiments, program instructions and/or data may be received, sent or stored upon different types of computer-accessible media or on similar media separate from system memory  2020  or computer system  2000 . 
     In one embodiment, I/O interface  2030  may be configured to coordinate I/O traffic between processor  2010 , system memory  2020 , and any peripheral devices in the device, including network interface  2040  or other peripheral interfaces, such as input/output devices  2050 . In some embodiments, I/O interface  2030  may perform any necessary protocol, timing or other data transformations to convert data signals from one component (e.g., system memory  2020 ) into a format suitable for use by another component (e.g., processor  2010 ). In some embodiments, I/O interface  2030  may include support for devices attached through various types of peripheral buses, such as a variant of the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus standard or the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard, for example. In some embodiments, the function of I/O interface  2030  may be split into two or more separate components, such as a north bridge and a south bridge, for example. Also, in some embodiments some or all of the functionality of I/O interface  2030 , such as an interface to system memory  2020 , may be incorporated directly into processor  2010 . 
     Network interface  2040  may be configured to allow data to be exchanged between computer system  2000  and other devices attached to a network  2085  (e.g., carrier or agent devices) or between nodes of computer system  2000 . Network  2085  may in various embodiments include one or more networks including but not limited to Local Area Networks (LANs) (e.g., an Ethernet or corporate network), Wide Area Networks (WANs) (e.g., the Internet), wireless data networks, some other electronic data network, or some combination thereof. In various embodiments, network interface  2040  may support communication via wired or wireless general data networks, such as any suitable type of Ethernet network, for example; via telecommunications/telephony networks such as analog voice networks or digital fiber communications networks; via storage area networks such as Fibre Channel SANs, or via any other suitable type of network and/or protocol. 
     Input/output devices  2050  may, in some embodiments, include one or more display terminals, keyboards, keypads, touchpads, scanning devices, voice or optical recognition devices, or any other devices suitable for entering or accessing data by computer system  2000 . Multiple input/output devices  2050  may be present in computer system  2000  or may be distributed on various nodes of computer system  2000 . In some embodiments, similar input/output devices may be separate from computer system  2000  and may interact with one or more nodes of computer system  2000  through a wired or wireless connection, such as over network interface  2040 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 22 , memory  2020  may include program instructions  2022 , which may be processor-executable to implement any element or action to support integrated camera  2090 , including but not limited to image processing software and interface software for controlling camera  2090 . In at least some embodiments, images captured by camera  2090  may be stored to memory  2020 . In addition, metadata for images captured by camera  2090  may be stored to memory  2020 . 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that computer system  2000  is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of embodiments. In particular, the computer system and devices may include any combination of hardware or software that can perform the indicated functions, including computers, network devices, Internet appliances, PDAs, wireless phones, pagers, video or still cameras, etc. Computer system  2000  may also be connected to other devices that are not illustrated, or instead may operate as a stand-alone system. In addition, the functionality provided by the illustrated components may in some embodiments be combined in fewer components or distributed in additional components. Similarly, in some embodiments, the functionality of some of the illustrated components may not be provided and/or other additional functionality may be available. 
     Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, while various items are illustrated as being stored in memory or on storage while being used, these items or portions of them may be transferred between memory and other storage devices for purposes of memory management and data integrity. Alternatively, in other embodiments some or all of the software components may execute in memory on another device and communicate with the illustrated computer system  2000  via inter-computer communication. Some or all of the system components or data structures may also be stored (e.g., as instructions or structured data) on a computer-accessible medium or a portable article to be read by an appropriate drive, various examples of which are described above. In some embodiments, instructions stored on a computer-accessible medium separate from computer system  2000  may be transmitted to computer system  2000  via transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wireless link. Various embodiments may further include receiving, sending or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a computer-accessible medium. Generally speaking, a computer-accessible medium may include a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium or memory medium such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or DVD/CD-ROM, volatile or non-volatile media such as RAM (e.g. SDRAM, DDR, RDRAM, SRAM, etc.), ROM, etc. In some embodiments, a computer-accessible medium may include transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as network and/or a wireless link. 
     The methods described herein may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof, in different embodiments. In addition, the order of the blocks of the methods may be changed, and various elements may be added, reordered, combined, omitted, modified, etc. Various modifications and changes may be made as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The various embodiments described herein are meant to be illustrative and not limiting. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible. Accordingly, plural instances may be provided for components described herein as a single instance. Boundaries between various components, operations and data stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in the context of specific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within the scope of claims that follow. Finally, structures and functionality presented as discrete components in the example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements may fall within the scope of embodiments as defined in the claims that follow.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20140530
Publication Date: 20170131
Grant Date: 20170131
Priority Date: 20140307
Inventors: MERCADO ROMEO I.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G02B13/0045", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/0065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B17/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B1/041", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/0045", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B17/17", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/001", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B13/32", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/002", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B9/60", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B9/60", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/007", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/2254", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/002", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/0045", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/0065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B13/32", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B9/60", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/007", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/0065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B9/60", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G03B13/32", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/002", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/0045", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/0045", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B13/007", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 54017227