PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-12189901-B2
Application Number: US-202318339646-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Split display driver circuitry to mitigate touch sensing system interaction

Abstract:
An electronic display may include a touch sensing system configured to perform touch sensing in an active area of the electronic display and display driver circuitry configured to program display pixels of the active area to emit light. The electronic display may also include the active area. The active area may include a first portion and a second portion that are at least partially electrically separated. The display driver circuitry may program the display pixels in the first portion while the touch sensing circuitry may perform touch sensing in the second portion.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic display, comprising:
 a touch sensing system configured to perform touch sensing in an active area of the electronic display; 
 display driver circuitry configured to program display pixels of the active area to emit light; and 
 the active area, wherein the active area comprises a first portion and a second portion of the active area that are at least partially electrically separated, and wherein the display driver circuitry is configured to program the display pixels in the first portion while the touch sensing system performs touch sensing in the second portion, and wherein the first portion comprises a first portion of a cathode and the second portion comprises a second portion of the cathode. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic display of  claim 1 , wherein the display driver circuitry is configured to program the display pixels in the second portion and the touch sensing system is configured to perform touch sensing in the first portion to prevent or reduce crosstalk between the display pixels and the touch sensing system. 
     
     
       3. The electronic display of  claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the cathode and the second portion of the cathode are separated by a thinned portion of the cathode that increases an impedance between the first portion of the cathode and the second portion of the cathode. 
     
     
       4. The electronic display of  claim 3 , wherein the thinned portion of the cathode is a positive taper structure. 
     
     
       5. The electronic display of  claim 4 , wherein the positive taper structure has a taper-angle of less than 90 degrees. 
     
     
       6. The electronic display of  claim 3 , wherein the thinned portion of the cathode is a negative taper structure that disconnects a portion of the cathode to increase the impedance between the first portion of the cathode and the second portion of the cathode. 
     
     
       7. The electronic display of  claim 3 , wherein the thinned portion of the cathode comprising stipple cathode connections of the cathode configured to increase the impedance of the cathode. 
     
     
       8. The electronic display of  claim 1 , comprising a boundary area that at least partially electrically separates the first portion and the second portion. 
     
     
       9. The electronic display of  claim 8 , wherein the boundary area comprises a connection bridge to increase an impedance between the first portion and the second portion. 
     
     
       10. The electronic display of  claim 8 , wherein the boundary area comprises a zig-zag pattern to obscure a difference in behavior between the first portion and the second portion. 
     
     
       11. The electronic display of  claim 8 , wherein the boundary area comprises one or more resistors to increase an effective resistance between the first portion and the second portion. 
     
     
       12. The electronic display of  claim 11 , wherein the first portion and the second portion are completely electrically separated. 
     
     
       13. The electronic display of  claim 1 , wherein a power source supply circuitry is located around a perimeter of the active area and configured to provide a voltage to the cathode to lower an impedance of the cathode. 
     
     
       14. The electronic display of  claim 13 , comprising multiple vias on a surface of the cathode to couple the cathode to the power source supply circuitry, wherein each via of the multiple vias provides a parallel pathway for the voltage. 
     
     
       15. The electronic display of  claim 14 , comprising a voltage grounding element configured to supply a ground to a center of an edge of the active area. 
     
     
       16. A method, comprising:
 during a first period of time, programming first display pixels connected to first data lines located within a first portion of an electronic display but not a second portion of the electronic display, wherein the first portion comprises a first portion of a cathode; and 
 during a second period of time not overlapping with the first period of time, programming second display pixels connected to second data lines located within the second portion of the electronic display, wherein the second portion comprises the second portion of the cathode, but not the first portion of the electronic display. 
 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 16 , comprising:
 during the first period of time, performing touch sensing in the second portion of the electronic display; and 
 during the second period of time, performing touch sensing in the first portion of the electronic display. 
 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 16 , comprising:
 receiving a mitigation signal, wherein the mitigation signal comprises a waveform configured to enable noise cancellation; and 
 during the first period of time, applying the mitigation signal to the second data lines to counteract noise generated by performing touch sensing. 
 
     
     
       19. The method of  claim 18 , comprising:
 during the second period of time, applying the mitigation signal to the first data lines to counteract the noise generated by performing touch sensing. 
 
     
     
       20. The method of  claim 16 , comprising:
 performing touch sensing in the first portion and the second portion of the electronic display; 
 identifying a baseline parameter of noise within the first portion of the electronic display; and 
 filtering the baseline parameter of noise from a noise of the second portion of the electronic display. 
 
     
     
       21. An electronic device, comprising:
 processing circuitry configured to generate image data; and 
 an electronic display configured to program the image data into a first area of the electronic display while performing touch sensing in a second area of the electronic display that is at least partially electrically separated from the first area, wherein the first area comprises a first portion of a cathode and the second area comprises a second portion of the cathode. 
 
     
     
       22. The electronic device of  claim 21 , wherein the processing circuitry generates the image data to include a dithered area around a boundary between the first area and the second area. 
     
     
       23. The electronic device of  claim 21 , wherein a size of the first area and a size of the second area are the same. 
     
     
       24. The electronic device of  claim 21 , wherein a size of the first area and a size of the second area are different sizes. 
     
     
       25. The electronic device of  claim 21 , wherein the first area and the second area connect at a boundary, and wherein the boundary is parallel to a horizontal axis. 
     
     
       26. The electronic device of  claim 21 , wherein the electronic display is configured to perform touch sensing in the first area of the electronic display while programming image data into the second area of the electronic display. 
     
     
       27. The electronic device of  claim 21 , comprising a third area and a fourth area, wherein the electronic display is configured to program the image data into the third area while performing touch sensing in the second area of the electronic display.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 63/391,702, filed on Jul. 22, 2022, titled “Split Display Circuitry to Mitigate Touch Sensing System Interactions,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure relates generally to electronic devices with display panels with a touch sensing system and display driver circuitry, and more particularly, to splitting the display driver circuitry to mitigate touch sensing system interaction. 
     A summary of certain embodiments disclosed herein is set forth below. It should be understood that these aspects are presented merely to provide the reader with a brief summary of these certain embodiments and that these aspects are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, this disclosure may encompass a variety of aspects that may not be set forth below. 
     Electronic displays may display images that present visual representations of information. Accordingly, numerous electronic systems—such as computers, mobile phones, portable media devices, tablets, televisions, virtual-reality headsets, and vehicle dashboards, among many others often include or use electronic displays. An electronic display may include many thousands to millions of display pixels. In any case, an electronic display may generally display an image by actively controlling light emission (e.g., luminance) from its display pixels. 
     An electronic display may take a variety of forms. For example, an electronic display may be an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. The OLED display may include display driver circuitry and an active area having a matrix of OLED display pixels connected to cathodes and anodes. The display driver circuitry may receive image data and program the electronic display to display image content based on the image data. The display driver circuitry programs the display pixels with data signals indicative of the image content. The display driver circuitry may subsequently provide an emission signal to the display pixels, causing the display pixels to emit light. 
     Many electronic displays may also include a touchscreen functionality that allows a user to interact with the electronic display. For example, the electronic display may include a touch sensing system that operates to receive user input (e.g., finger, pen) in an active area. However, the operation of the touch sensing system may generate electrical signals (e.g., noise), which may interfere with the driving signals (e.g., data signal, emission signal) from the display driver circuitry. For example, noise from the touch sensing system may interfere with the display driving signals, resulting in image artifacts within the image content. In another example, the display driving signals may interfere with the touch sensing system. In other words, crosstalk between display driver circuitry and the touch sensing system may affect the operation of the electronic display. 
     Accordingly, the present disclosure provides techniques for mitigating touch sensing system interactions by splitting the electronic display. The electronic display may be any suitable electronic display (e.g., an OLED display, a micro-LED display, a liquid crystal display (LCD)). The electronic display may be split into multiple portions that are at least partially isolated from one another to reduce or eliminate crosstalk between the effect of driving the electronic display with the display driver circuitry and sensing touch on the electronic display from the touch sensing system. The display driver circuitry may program the display pixels in one portion of the electronic display while the touch sensing system may operate in a second portion. Thus, electromagnetic signals produced by programming the display pixels in the first portion may have a reduced impact on the operation of the touch sensing system operating in the second portion, and vice versa. 
     The electronic display may be split into any suitable number and arrangement of different portions. In some examples, the electronic display may be split into a left portion and a right portion, or may be split into more than two portions (e.g., three portions, four portions, and so forth). For ease of explanation, this disclosure may refer to different portions as a “top portion” and a “bottom portion,” but it may be appreciated that any suitable number and arrangement of different portions may be used. Consider an example in which the electronic display may be split into a top portion and a bottom portion. For one period, the display driver circuitry may operate in the top portion while the touch sensing system may operate in the bottom portion. For another period, the display driver circuitry may operate in the bottom portion while the touch sensing system may operate in the top portion. In this way, electrical signals generated by programming the electronic display may be largely contained within a first portion of the electronic display and electrical signals from touch sensing may be largely contained within a second portion of the electronic display. Accordingly, crosstalk between the touch sensing system and the display pixels of the display panel may be reduced or eliminated. When the electronic display is split into more than two portions, a first set of one or more portions of the electronic display may be programmed with image data while touch sensing operations occur on a second set of one or more portions of the electronic display. 
     Due to the split, the top portion and the bottom portion of the electronic display may come to have different properties (e.g., luminance, voltage, noise). For example, different portions of the electronic display may have non-idealities due to process, voltage, or temperature (PVT) differences. This could produce image artifacts if the top portion may display a first luminance different from a second luminance of the second portion. Image content spanning the two portions may be darker in one portion and lighter in another. Thus, the image content could appear to have an image artifact, such as a line at a connection point (e.g., boundary) between the top portion and the bottom portion. 
     Accordingly, this disclosure also describes systems and methods to reduce or eliminate image artifacts caused by the display split. For example, for a smoother transition between the top portion and the bottom portion, a dithering band may be placed at a boundary between the top portion and the bottom portion. The dithering band may be calibrated to the electronic display and/or the display driver circuitry to provide a smoother transition from top portion to the bottom portion. For example, the dithering band may be calibrated to transition from the luminance of the top portion to the luminance of the bottom portion. The dithering band may have a first edge overlapping the top portion and a second edge overlapping the bottom portion. For example, the dithering band may be one pixel above the boundary and one pixel below boundary. The dithering band may dither, or alternate, between the luminance of the top portion and the luminance of the bottom portion. As such, the dithering band may provide a gradual transition between the first luminance of the top portion and the second luminance of the bottom portion resulting in a smoother transition. 
     In another example, the boundary between the top portion and the bottom portion may be a zig-zag pattern rather than a straight line. The electronic display may be divided into multiple columns. A first column may be shifted upwards, a second column may be shifted downwards, a third column may be shifted upwards, a fourth column may be shifted downwards, and so on. Other patterns (e.g., up, up, down, up, down, down, up, down, up, up; a random shifting), as well as different degrees of shifting (e.g., one pixel, two pixels, three pixels, and so forth) may be used. This may cause the transition from the top portion to the bottom portion to be less visible. 
     The electronic display may also be partially split between the top portion and the bottom portion. Instead of the boundary layer between the top portion and the bottom portion, the electronic display may include a connection bridge. As described herein, the cathode may be thinned to create a positive taper structure. The thinned portion of the cathode may be a high-impedance pathway that reduces the ability of signals to transfer from the top portion to the bottom portion without completely preventing their transfer. As such, the connection bridge may reduce or eliminate image artifacts by allowing some signal transfer so that the electrical characteristics of the top portion and bottom portion remain similar enough to produce similar luminance (e.g., so that any differences are less visible or imperceptible to the human eye). Accordingly, crosstalk between the touch sensing circuitry and the display pixels may be reduced or eliminated while also reducing image variation. 
     To split the electronic display into multiple portions, one or more components of the electronic display may be split. In an embodiment, power supply circuitry of the display driver circuitry may be split into multiple portions. For example, the cathode may be coupled to voltage power supply circuitry that supplies a voltage ELVSS. This voltage power supply circuitry may be referred to simply as “ELVSS.” The cathode and ELVSS may be a coupling pathway between the display driver and the touch sensing system. For example, noise from the touch sensing system may couple to the cathode and ELVSS and interfere with the driving signals of the display driver. This could produce image artifacts within the image content. In another example, the driving signals of the display driver may couple to the cathode and ELVSS and interfere with operation of the touch sensing system, resulting in loss of touch sensitivity or poor touch functionalities. As such, it may be beneficial to split the ELVSS into a first portion and a second portion to limit crosstalk between the display pixels and the touch sensing system. 
     For example, the ELVSS may be split into a first ELVSS and a second ELVSS. Indeed, the top portion may include the first ELVSS and the bottom portion may include the second ELVSS, or vice versa. In an embodiment, the cathode may be stacked on top of the first ELVSS and the second ELVSS. A surface of the cathode may be patterned with one or more vias to form multiple electrical connections. For example, the surface of the cathode may be patterned by an open mask, a fine metal mask, or a deposition of organic material that may be repellant to the cathode. By patterning the surface of the cathode, multiple low impedance pathways may be created for power delivery. As such, power from the ELVSS may be evenly distributed to the cathode, which may lower overall noise within the electronic display. 
     Additionally or alternatively, center grounding may ground the first ELVSS and the second ELVSS. For example, a printed circuit board (PCB) with a grounding element may be bonded to a center edge of the electronic device to provide grounding to the ELVSS. The grounding may help remove excess power from the ELVSS which may reduce noise or electrical signals from interfering. In other words, the grounding may discharge excess power from the ELVSS. Further, the center grounding may be useful for grounding a split cathode. 
     The cathodes of the electronic display may also be split into multiple portions. For example, the cathode may be thinned or disconnected to create the top portion and the bottom portion of the electronic display. The center of the cathode may be laser cut, etched, or otherwise cut to create a first cathode and a second cathode. Additionally or alternatively, portions of the cathode may be thinned to create the positive taper structure. The positive taper structure may create high impedance, thereby limiting signal transfer from the top portion to the bottom portion, or vice versa. However, portions of the cathode that may not be thinned may still provide a low impedance pathway. In an embodiment, the cathode may be disconnected in a negative taper structure. In other words, portions of the cathode may extend above a pixel definition layer (PDL) or be recessed into the PDL to create the negative taper structure or the undercut structure. The disconnect may be a high impedance pathway, thereby containing electrical signals to the top portion and the bottom portion, respectively. 
     In an embodiment, the data lines of the electronic display may be split. For example, the data lines may be split into top data lines and bottom data lines. By breaking the data lines into multiple components, active cancellation or baseline sniffing may be applied to further reduce noise within the electronic display. Active cancellation may include applying a mitigation signal on a data line in the portion of the display where the touch sensing system may be operated to counteract interference from a data line in another portion of the electronic display. For example, the mitigation signal may be a waveform for noise cancellation. As such, applying the mitigation signal may actively cancel out the noise from the data lines. Baseline sniffing may include performing touch sensing on two or more portions of the electronic display, but using the first portion for touch sensing and the second portion to obtain a baseline parameter of noise. As such, noise detected in the first portion may be baselined (e.g., subtracted) by the baseline parameter of noise detected in the second portion. In this way, noise in a portion of the electronic display may be removed, reduced, or eliminated. As such, splitting the display driver circuitry to create the top portion and the bottom portion of the electronic device may mitigate touch sensing system interactions by splitting the display driver circuitry. 
     Various refinements of the features noted above may exist in relation to various aspects of the present disclosure. Further features may also be incorporated into these various aspects as well. These refinements and additional features may exist individually or in any combination. For instance, various features discussed below in relation to one or more of the illustrated embodiments may be incorporated into any of the above-described aspects of the present disclosure alone or in any combination. The brief summary presented above is intended only to familiarize the reader with certain aspects and contexts of embodiments of the present disclosure without limitation to the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various aspects of this disclosure may be better understood upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings described below. 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of an electronic device with an electronic display, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  2    is an example of the electronic device of  FIG.  1   , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  3    is another example of the electronic device of  FIG.  1   , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  4    is another example of the electronic device of  FIG.  1   , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  5    is another example of the electronic device of  FIG.  1   , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  6    is another example of the electronic device of  FIG.  1   , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  7    is a block diagram of the electronic display, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  8    is a block diagram of the electronic display having a top portion and a bottom portion, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  9    is a timing diagram for alternating operation of the display driver circuitry and touch control circuitry within the top portion of the electronic display, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  10    is a block diagram of an operation of the electronic display during a first period, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  11    is a block diagram of an operation of the electronic display during a second period, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  12    is a block diagram of the electronic display with power supply circuitry split into multiple portions, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  13    is a side view of the electronic display of  FIG.  12    with the power supply circuitry split into multiple portions, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  14    is a block diagram of the electronic display split into the top portion and the bottom portions by a boundary layer, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  15    is a block diagram of the electronic display split into the top portion and the bottom portions by the boundary layer, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  16    is a block diagram of the electronic display including a dithering band, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  17    is a block diagram of a cathode cut in a positive taper structure, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  18    is a block diagram of the cathode cut in the positive taper structure, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  19    is a block diagram of the cathode cut in an undercut, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  20    is a circuit diagram of the cathode in a stipple pattern, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  21    is a block diagram of the electronic display with ELVSS perimeter routing and multiple vias for power delivery, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  22    is a block diagram of the electronic display with center grounding and multiple vias, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  23    is a block diagram of the electronic display with split data lines, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  24    is a block diagram of the electronic display with split data lines and center grounding, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  25    is a block diagram of the electronic display with split data lines, center grounding, ELVSS perimeter routing, and vias, in accordance with an embodiment; and 
         FIG.  26    is a block diagram of the electronic display with an effective resistance between the top portion and the bottom portion, in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One or more specific embodiments will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, not all features of an actual implementation are described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present disclosure, the articles “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Additionally, it should be understood that references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present disclosure are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Furthermore, the phrase A “based on” B is intended to mean that A is at least partially based on B. Moreover, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive (e.g., logical OR) and not exclusive (e.g., logical XOR). In other words, the phrase A “or” B is intended to mean A, B, or both A and B. 
     With the preceding in mind and to help illustrate, an electronic device  10  including an electronic display  12  is shown in  FIG.  1   . As is described in more detail below, the electronic device  10  may be any suitable electronic device, such as a computer, a mobile phone, a portable media device, a tablet, a television, a virtual-reality headset, a wearable device such as a watch, a vehicle dashboard, or the like. Thus, it should be noted that  FIG.  1    is merely one example of a particular implementation and is intended to illustrate the types of components that may be present in an electronic device  10 . 
     The electronic device  10  includes the electronic display  12 , one or more input devices  14 , one or more input/output (I/O) ports  16 , a processor core complex  18  having one or more processing circuitry(s) or processing circuitry cores, local memory  20 , a main memory storage device  22 , a network interface  24 , and a power source  26  (e.g., power supply). The various components described in  FIG.  1    may include hardware elements (e.g., circuitry), software elements (e.g., a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium storing executable instructions), or a combination of both hardware and software elements. It should be noted that the various depicted components may be combined into fewer components or separated into additional components. For example, the local memory  20  and the main memory storage device  22  may be included in a single component. 
     The processor core complex  18  is operably coupled with local memory  20  and the main memory storage device  22 . Thus, the processor core complex  18  may execute instructions stored in local memory  20  or the main memory storage device  22  to perform operations, such as generating or transmitting image data to display on the electronic display  12 . As such, the processor core complex  18  may include one or more general purpose microprocessors, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or any combination thereof. 
     In addition to program instructions, the local memory  20  or the main memory storage device  22  may store data to be processed by the processor core complex  18 . Thus, the local memory  20  and/or the main memory storage device  22  may include one or more tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable media. For example, the local memory  20  may include random access memory (RAM) and the main memory storage device  22  may include read-only memory (ROM), rewritable non-volatile memory such as flash memory, hard drives, optical discs, or the like. 
     The network interface  24  may communicate data with another electronic device or a network. For example, the network interface  24  (e.g., a radio frequency system) may enable the electronic device  10  to communicatively couple to a personal area network (PAN), such as a Bluetooth network, a local area network (LAN), such as an 802.11x Wi-Fi network, or a wide area network (WAN), such as a 4G, Long-Term Evolution (LTE), or 5G cellular network. The power source  26  may provide electrical power to one or more components in the electronic device  10 , such as the processor core complex  18  or the electronic display  12 . Thus, the power source  26  may include any suitable source of energy, such as a rechargeable lithium polymer (Li-poly) battery or an alternating current (AC) power converter. The I/O ports  16  may enable the electronic device  10  to interface with other electronic devices. For example, when a portable storage device is connected, the I/O port  16  may enable the processor core complex  18  to communicate data with the portable storage device. 
     The input devices  14  may enable user interaction with the electronic device  10 , for example, by receiving user inputs via a button, a keyboard, a mouse, a trackpad, a touch sensing, or the like. The input device  14  may include touch-sensing components (e.g., touch control circuitry, touch sensing circuitry) in the electronic display  12 . The touch sensing components may receive user inputs by detecting occurrence or position of an object touching the surface of the electronic display  12 . 
     In addition to enabling user inputs, the electronic display  12  may be a display panel with one or more display pixels. For example, the electronic display  12  may include a self-emissive pixel array having an array of one or more self-emissive pixels. The electronic display  12  may include any suitable circuitry (e.g., display driver circuitry) to drive the self-emissive pixels, including for example row driver and/or column drivers (e.g., display drivers). Each of the self-emissive pixels may include any suitable light-emitting element, such as a LED or a micro-LED, one example of which is an OLED. However, any other suitable type of pixel, including non-self-emissive pixels (e.g., liquid crystal as used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), digital micromirror devices (DMD) used in DMD displays) may also be used. The electronic display  12  may control light emission from the display pixels to present visual representations of information, such as a graphical user interface (GUI) of an operating system, an application interface, a still image, or video content, by displaying frames of image data. To display images, the electronic display  12  may include display pixels implemented on the display panel. The display pixels may represent sub-pixels that each control a luminance value of one color component (e.g., red, green, or blue for an RGB pixel arrangement or red, green, blue, or white for an RGBW arrangement). 
     The electronic display  12  may display an image by controlling pulse emission (e.g., light emission) from its display pixels based on pixel or image data associated with corresponding image pixels (e.g., points) in the image. In some embodiments, pixel or image data may be generated by an image source (e.g., image data, digital code), such as the processor core complex  18 , a graphics processing unit (GPU), or an image sensor. Additionally, in some embodiments, image data may be received from another electronic device  10 , for example, via the network interface  24  and/or an I/O port  16 . Similarly, the electronic display  12  may display an image frame of content based on pixel or image data generated by the processor core complex  18 , or the electronic display  12  may display frames based on pixel or image data received via the network interface  24 , an input device, or an I/O port  16 . 
     The electronic device  10  may be any suitable electronic device. To help illustrate, an example of the electronic device  10 , a handheld device  10 A, is shown in  FIG.  2   . The handheld device  10 A may be a portable phone, a media player, a personal data organizer, a handheld game platform, or the like. For illustrative purposes, the handheld device  10 A may be a smartphone, such as any iPhone® model available from Apple Inc. 
     The handheld device  10 A includes an enclosure  30  (e.g., housing). The enclosure  30  may protect interior components from physical damage or shield them from electromagnetic interference, such as by surrounding the electronic display  12 . The electronic display  12  may display a graphical user interface (GUI)  32  having an array of icons. When an icon  34  is selected either by an input device  14  or a touch-sensing component of the electronic display  12 , an application program may launch. 
     The input devices  14  may be accessed through openings in the enclosure  30 . The input devices  14  may enable a user to interact with the handheld device  10 A. For example, the input devices  14  may enable the user to activate or deactivate the handheld device  10 A, navigate a user interface to a home screen, navigate a user interface to a user-configurable application screen, activate a voice-recognition feature, provide volume control, or toggle between vibrate and ring modes. 
     Another example of a suitable electronic device  10 , specifically a tablet device  10 B, is shown in  FIG.  3   . The tablet device  10 B may be any iPad® model available from Apple Inc. A further example of a suitable electronic device  10 , specifically a computer  10 C, is shown in  FIG.  4   . For illustrative purposes, the computer  10 C may be any MacBook® or iMac® model available from Apple Inc. Another example of a suitable electronic device  10 , specifically a watch  10 D, is shown in  FIG.  5   . For illustrative purposes, the watch  10 D may be any Apple Watch® model available from Apple Inc. As depicted, the tablet device  10 B, the computer  10 C, and the watch  10 D each also include an electronic display  12 , input devices  14 , I/O ports  16 , and an enclosure  30 . The electronic display  12  may display a GUI  32 . Here, the GUI  32  shows a visualization of a clock. When the visualization is selected either by the input device  14  or a touch-sensing component of the electronic display  12 , an application program may launch, such as to transition the GUI  32  to presenting the icons  34  discussed in  FIGS.  2  and  3   . 
     Turning to  FIG.  6   , a computer  10 E may represent another embodiment of the electronic device  10  of  FIG.  1   . The computer  10 E may be any computer, such as a desktop computer, a server, or a notebook computer, but may also be a standalone media player or video gaming machine. By way of example, the computer  10 E may be an iMac®, a MacBook®, or other similar devices by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, California. It should be noted that the computer  10 E may also represent a personal computer (PC) by another manufacturer. A similar enclosure  36  may be provided to protect and enclose internal components of the computer  10 E, such as the electronic display  12 . In certain embodiments, a user of the computer  10 E may interact with the computer  10 E using various peripheral input structures  14 , such as the keyboard  14 A or mouse  14 B (e.g., input structures  14 ), which may connect to the computer  10 E. 
     As shown in  FIG.  7   , the electronic display  12  may receive image data  48  for display on the electronic display  12 . The electronic display  12  includes display driver circuitry  49  that includes scan driver  50  and data driver  52  that can program the image data  48  onto display pixels  54  of an active area  55 . The display pixels  54  may each contain one or more self-emissive elements, such as a light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (e.g., organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or micro-LEDs (μLEDs)). Different display pixels  54  may emit different colors. For example, some of the display pixels  54  may emit red light, some may emit green light, and some may emit blue light. Thus, the display pixels  54  may be driven to emit light at different brightness levels to cause a user viewing the electronic display  12  to perceive an image formed from different colors of light. The display pixels  54  may also correspond to hue and/or luminance levels of a color to be emitted and/or to alternative color combinations, such as combinations that use cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y), or any other suitable color combinations. 
     The scan driver  50  may provide scan signals (e.g., pixel reset, data enable, on-bias stress) on scan lines  56  to control the display pixels  54  by row. For example, the scan driver  50  may cause a row of the display pixels  54  to become enabled to receive a portion of the image data  48  from data lines  58  from the data driver  52 . In this way, an image frame of image data  48  may be programmed onto the display pixels  54  row by row. Other examples of the electronic display  12  may program the display pixels  54  in groups other than by row. 
     For the display pixels  54  to emit light, the self-emissive elements of the display pixels  54  may receive voltage from a cathode and/or an anode. For example, the self-emissive element may be an OLED. When the voltage is applied across the OLED, the OLED may light up causing the associated display pixel  54  to emit light. To provide the voltage, the cathode and the anode may be coupled to power supply circuitry. The electronic device  10  may include a power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) (e.g., via the processor core complex  18  and/or the processing circuitry) that provides power supply circuitry to the electronic display  12 . The PMIC may provide an ELVDD that supplies a low voltage (e.g., ground) to the anode and an ELVSS that supplies a higher voltage to the cathode. The power supply circuitry may have a mesh structure to evenly distribute voltages across the electronic display  12  (e.g., cathode, anode). 
     Further, a touch sensing system  59  may be integrated into the electronic display  12  to enable touch functionality. The touch sensing system  59  includes touch sensing circuitry  60  to sense user input and touch control circuitry  62  to control the touch sensing circuitry  60 . The touch control circuitry  62  causes the touch sensing circuitry  60  to detect touches (e.g., user input) on the electronic display  12  by driving touch signals across certain electrodes (e.g., touch drive electrodes) of the touch sensing circuitry  60  and detecting resulting touch sense signals across certain other electrodes (e.g., touch sense electrodes). As a consequence, the touch sensing circuitry  60  may emit electromagnetic interference and may also be vulnerable to other electromagnetic interference. 
     Indeed, the touch sensing circuitry  60  and the display pixels  54  may both be located within the active area  55  and receive or carry signals. The touch sensing circuitry  60  may be located above or below the cathode. The touch signals (e.g., noise) from the touch sensing circuitry  60  may couple to the cathode, which may interfere with the data signals of the scan lines  56  and/or the data lines  58 . For example, noise from the touch sensing circuitry  60  may interfere with the scan signals or the emission signal driving the display pixels  54 , which may cause image artifacts on the electronic display  12 . In another example, the electrical signals of the display pixels  54  may interfere with the touch signals of the touch sensing circuitry  60 , resulting in loss of touch sensitivity. In other words, there may be crosstalk, or unwanted transfer of electric signals, within the active area  55 . 
     With the foregoing in mind,  FIG.  8    depicts a block diagram of the electronic display  12 . In the example of  FIG.  8   , the electronic display  12  be split (e.g., divided, partitioned) into a top portion  12   a  and a bottom portion  12   b  across a vertical axis  82  or along a horizontal axis  84 . For example, the top portion  12   a  may be a square or a rectangle covering the top half of the electronic display  12  and the bottom portion  12   b  may cover the bottom half of the electronic display  12 . The top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b  may connect (e.g., touch, join, attach) at a boundary  80 . The boundary  80  may be at the center of the electronic display  12  (e.g., middle), causing the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b  to be even, or the boundary  80  may be offset from the center, causing the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b  to have different dimensions. The boundary  80  may separate (e.g., divide, split) the top portion  12   a  from the bottom portion  12   b  to provide at least some electrical isolation between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . In other words, the boundary  80  may at least partially electrically separate the top portion  12   a  from the bottom portion  12   b . In certain embodiments, the boundary  80  may fully electrically separate the top portion  12   a  from the bottom portion  12   b.    
     Additionally or alternatively, the electronic display  12  may be split across the horizontal axis  84  or parallel to the vertical axis  82 . For example, the electronic display  12  may include a left portion and a right portion. In another embodiment, the electronic display  12  may be split into multiple portions, such as a first portion, a second portion, a third portion, a fourth portion, and so on. The touch control circuitry  62  may operate the touch sensing circuitry  60  within the first portion and the third portion while the display driver circuitry programs the display pixels  54  in the second portion and the fourth portion, or vice versa. 
     As described herein, the electronic display  12  may include the display driver circuitry  49  and the touch control circuitry  62 . At a particular point in time, the display driver circuitry  49  and the touch control circuitry  62  may operate in different portions of the electronic display  12  to reduce crosstalk and/or interference. For example, when the touch control circuitry  62  may perform touch sensing in the top portion  12   a , the display driver circuitry  49  may program the display pixels  54  in the bottom portion  12   b , or vice versa. In this way, electrical signals from the touch control circuitry  62  may be mostly contained within the top portion  12   a , and may not as readily interfere with the electrical signals from the display driver circuitry  49  in the bottom portion  12   b . In other words, touch signals from the touch control circuitry  62  may be more isolated within the top portion  12   a , and display driving signals from the display driver circuitry  49  may be more isolated within the bottom portion  12   b . Accordingly, the boundary  80  may be a barrier between signal transfer, thereby reducing crosstalk between the display pixels  54  and the touch sensing circuitry  60 . 
       FIG.  9    depicts a timing diagram  100  of the display driver circuitry  49  and the touch control circuitry  62  switching operation within the top portion  12   a  of the electronic display  12 . The display driver circuitry  49  and the touch control circuitry  62  may drive different portions of the electronic display  12  to reduce or eliminate crosstalk between the display pixels  54  and the touch sensing circuitry  60 . During a period t1 to t2, the display driver circuitry  49  may program the display pixels  54  in the top portion  12   a  while the touch control circuitry  62  may not be operating in the top portion  12   a . In other words, the touch control circuitry  62  may not drive touch signals across the touch sensing circuitry  60  within the top portion  12   a . This may reduce crosstalk and/or signal interference. Following a transition  102 , the display driver circuitry  49  may have completed programming the display pixels  54  within top portion  12   a  and thus may no longer be actively programming (e.g., by data signals) the display pixels  54  in the top portion  12   a . At transition  104 , the touch control circuitry  62  may perform touch sensing in the top portion  12   a . That is, for a period t2 to t3, the display driver circuitry  49  may not operate in the top portion  12   a  and the touch control circuitry  62  may operate within the top portion  12   a . The touch control circuitry  62  drives the touch sensing circuitry  60  to sense user input, such as touch from a finger, a pen, or other objects. Then, the display driver circuitry  49  and the touch control circuitry  62  may switch operation within the top portion  12   a . At transition  106 , the display driver circuitry  49  may begin operation in the top portion  12   a . Additionally, at transition  108 , the touch control circuitry  62  may stop operating within the top portion  12   a . At a period t3 to t4, the touch control circuitry  62  may stop operation in the top portion  12   a  and the display driver circuitry  49  may operate in the top portion  12   a . At transition  110 , the display driver circuitry  49  may stop operation in the top portion  12   a , and at transition  112 , the touch control circuitry  62  may restart operation in the top portion  12   a . For a period t4 to t4, the display driver circuitry  49  may not operate in the top portion  12   a  while the touch control circuitry  62  may operate within the top portion  12   a . In this way, the touch control circuitry  62  and the display driver circuitry  49  may alternate operation in the top portion  12   a  of the electronic display  12  to reduce or eliminate crosstalk. 
     With the foregoing in mind,  FIG.  10    depicts the electronic display  12  at the period t1 to t2. For example, the display driver circuitry  49  may operate in the top portion  12   a  and the touch control circuitry  62  may operate in the bottom portion  12   b . The display driver circuitry  49  may receive image data  48  and program the electronic display  12 . For example, the display driver circuitry  49  may provide scan signals to control the display pixels  54  or cause a row of display pixels  54  to receive a portion of the image data  48 . As such, the image frame may be programmed into the display pixels  54 . Additionally or alternatively, the touch control circuitry  62  may operate in the bottom portion  12   b . The touch control circuitry  62  may sense user input. As described herein, the operation of the touch control circuitry  62  may produce electrical signals, such as noise. The top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b  may connect at the boundary  80 . However, the boundary  80  may prevent electrical signals (e.g., noise) from transferring between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . Indeed, scan signals from the display driver circuitry  49  may be contained within the top portion and the noise from the touch control circuitry  62  may be contained to the bottom portion  12   b , which may reduce or eliminate interference crosstalk. 
     Further,  FIG.  11    depicts the display driver circuitry  49  and the touch control circuitry  62  respectively operating on a portion of the electronic display  12  during the period t2 to t3. For example, the top portion  12   a  may allow for touch sensing while the bottom portion  12   b  may update the electronic display  12 . That is, the touch control circuitry  62  may operate in the top portion  12   a  and sense the user input. The display driver circuitry  49  may operate in the bottom portion  12   b  and program the display pixels  54  with the image data  48 . 
     While the illustrated embodiments of  FIGS.  8 ,  10 , and  11    depict the electronic display  12  split into two evenly sized portions, in an embodiment, the electronic display  12  may include multiple portions. By way of example, the electronic display  12  may be split into 4 portions in a 2×2 configuration, 6 portions in a 2×3 configuration, a 3×2 configuration, and so on. Additionally, the portions may be any suitable shape or size. For example, the electronic display  12  may be split into 3 portions, such as 1 top portion and 2 bottom portions or 2 top portions and 1 bottom portion. In another example, there may be 2 portions, a first portion and a second portion. The first portion may be larger than the second portion, or vice versa. Additionally or alternatively, the portions may be oriented in a vertical configuration (e.g., boundary  80  crossing the horizontal axis  84 ), horizontal configuration (e.g., boundary crossing the vertical axis  82 ), a diagonal configuration, or the like. Indeed, the configuration of the top portion and the bottom portion may not be in a stacked configuration, rather the top portion may be a left portion and the bottom portion may be a right portion, or vice versa. 
       FIG.  12    depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of the electronic display  12  with the voltage power supply circuitry, ELVSS  120 , split into two portions. For example, during manufacturing, the ELVSS  120  may be made as a first ELVSS  120   a  and a second ELVSS  120   b . Additionally or alternatively, the ELVSS  120  may be split into multiple portions by laser drilling, etching, heat, cutting, or the like. For example, the ELVSS  120  may split into 3, 4, 5, or more portions in any suitable shape or size. 
     The top portion  12   a  may be defined by the first ELVSS  120   a  and the bottom portion  12   b  may be defined by the second ELVSS  120   b . The first ELVSS  120   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b  may not be connected; rather, the boundary  80  may be a gap formed by the first ELVSS  120   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b . That is, the first ELVSS  120   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b  may not connect. Rather, the boundary  80  may represent the gap formed between the first ELVSS  120   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b . In this way, the boundary  80  may provide a limited electrical pathway from the top portion  12   a  to the bottom portion  12   b . As such, electrical signals from programming the display pixels  54  and/or performing touch sensing may be contained within the top portion  12   a  or the bottom portion  12   b . In certain instances, the cathode may include a natural resistance of approximately 20 Ohms. As such, splitting ELVSS  120  may not result in elimination of noise reduction because the data lines  58  may couple to the cathode  122 , resulting in crosstalk. 
     As further described with reference to  FIG.  15   , the boundary  80  may leave a pathway (e.g., low impedance pathway) between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . The pathway may allow some, but not all, electrical signals and/or a current to travel between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . As further discussed herein, the pathway may allow image content may be displayed at the boundary  80  without substantial image artifacts. 
     Returning to the ELVSS  120 , the cathode  122  may receive power from the ELVSS  120  by one or more vias  124 . For example,  FIG.  13    depicts a side view of an embodiment of the electronic display  12  with the split ELVSS  120   a ,  120   b  coupled to the cathode  122 . The ELVSS  120  and the cathode  122  may be coupled in a stacked configuration and may be electrically coupled to the cathode  122  by vias  124 . In the illustrated example, the cathode  122  may be stacked on top of the ELVSS  120   a ,  120   b . A top surface of the cathode  122  may be laser cut to form one or more vias  124  around a periphery, a center, or across the surface of the cathode  122 . The vias  124  may form an interconnect to electrically couple the cathode  122  to the ELVSS  120   a ,  120   b . In an example, the first ELVSS  120   a  may provide power to the cathode  122  within the top portion  12   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b  may provide power to the cathode within the bottom portion  12   b , or vice versa. Further, the top surface of the cathode  122  may be patterned with multiple vias  124  such that power from the first ELVSS  120   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b  may be evenly distributed. The vias  124  may provide a low impedance path for power delivery such that power delivered at the edge of the electronic display  12  may be similar to power being delivered at the center. 
       FIG.  14    is a block diagram of an example of the electronic display  12  with the first ELVSS  120   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b  further split into columns to create a zig-zag boundary  80 . As described herein, the boundary  80  may be a high impedance pathway that may reduce signal transfer. As such, the image content could include front of screen image artifacts, such as a split down the middle, discontinuity in image content, or differing brightness and/or color content unless corrective techniques are used, such as those discussed herein. For example, the image content may have a line or a gap at and area associated with the boundary  80  since signal transfer may be limited. In another example, image content may be split in the middle, or at the location of the boundary  80 . 
     Indeed, splitting the electronic display  12  into multiple portions may introduce image artifacts at the boundary  80  due to the sharp transition between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . As such, the boundary  80  may take a zig-zag pattern rather than a straight line or a gap. The zig-zag pattern of the boundary  80  may soften the transition from the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b.    
     For example, the zig-zag pattern may be created by further splitting the first ELVSS  120   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b  into multiple portions. In the illustrated embodiment, the first ELVSS  120   a  may be split into six portions  140   a - f  and the second ELVSS  120   b  may be split into six portions  142   a - f . For example, a first column  140   a  of the first ELVSS  120   a  may be shifted slightly upwards along the vertical axis  82 , or towards the top edge of the electronic display  12 . Similarly, a first column  144   a  of the second ELVSS  120   b  may be shifted slightly upwards along the vertical axis  82 . A second column  140   b  of the first ELVSS  120   a  may be shifted slightly downwards along the vertical axis  82  and a second column  144   b  of the second ELVSS  120   b  may be shifted downwards along the vertical axis  82 . Further, a third column  140   c ,  144   c  may be shifted upwards along the vertical axis  82 , a fourth column  140   d ,  144   d  may be shifted downwards along the vertical axis  82 , a fifth column  140   e ,  144   e  may be shifted upwards along the vertical axis  82 , and a sixth column  140   f ,  144   f  may be shifted downwards along the vertical axis  82 . In this way, the boundary  80  between the first ELVSS  120   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b  may be a zig-zag instead of the straight boundary  80  described in  FIGS.  8 ,  10 , and  11   . 
     While the illustrated example splits the first ELVSS  120   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b  into columns, different components of the display driver circuitry  49 , such as the cathode  122 , the data lines  58 , and/or the scan lines  56 , may be split to create the zig-zag boundary  80 . Further, the boundary  80  may not be limited to a straight line or a zig-zag pattern; rather, the boundary  80  may be any suitable shape, size, or pattern. 
       FIG.  15    is a block diagram of the electronic display  12  partially split between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . In an embodiment, the boundary  80  may be a connection bridge  149  that allows partial electronic signal transfer between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . The ELVSS  120  may not be completely split into the first ELVSS  120   a  and the second ELVSS  120   b . Rather, a portion  150  of the ELVSS  120  may be removed to create the connection bridge  149 . For example, laser drilling may be used to remove four portions  150  at the center of the ELVSS  120 . The resulting electronic display  12  may have the connection bridge  149  at the center of the electronic display  12 . 
     The connection bridge  149  may include one or more high impedance pathways that may prevent electrical signals from the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . from spilling over (e.g., transfer). That is, the electrical signals within the top portion  12   a  may be contained to the top portion  12   a , and electrical signals within the bottom portion  12   b  may be contained to the bottom portion  12   b . Indeed, crosstalk between the two portions of the electronic display  12  may be reduced or eliminated. The connection bridge  149  may provide some low impedance pathways between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . That is, the sharp edge of the boundary  80  may be softened, reduced, or eliminated. As such, the electronic display  12  may maintain consistency across the boundary  80 . 
     Still, in some examples, the electronic display  12  may include a dithering band  160  for a smoother transition between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b .  FIG.  16    is a block diagram of the electronic display  12  with the top portion  12   a  displaying a first luminance, the bottom portion  12   b  displaying a second luminance, and the dithering band  160 . As described herein, splitting the electronic display  12  may result in image artifacts, such as a luminance difference between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . In other words, an amount of light emitted by the top portion  12   a  may be different from an amount of light emitted by the bottom portion  12   b . To smooth or soften the transition between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b , the dithering band  160  may be added. The dithering band  160  may be calibrated to the electronic display  12  (e.g., physics, properties) and/or electronic device  10 . For example, the dithering band  160  may span across the horizontal axis  84  of the electronic display and at least one pixel above (e.g., 1 pixel, 2 pixels, 5 pixels, 10 pixels, 20 pixels) and at least one pixel below (e.g., 1 pixel, 2 pixels, 5 pixels, 10 pixels, 20 pixels) the boundary  80  along the vertical axis  82 . The dithering band  160  may receive image data that has been dithered (e.g., alternated, oscillated, distributed) including pixel data from below the boundary  80  and above the boundary  80 , to soften or smooth the transition. Additionally or alternatively, the dithering band  160  may be located above the boundary  80  along the vertical axis  82 . A top edge of the dithering band  160  may have a luminance equivalent to the first luminance and a bottom edge may have a luminance equivalent to the second luminance. The luminance of dithering band  160  may have a gradient pattern transitioning between the first luminance and the second luminance. As such, the transition between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b  may appear smoother, or less visually perceptible. 
     In an embodiment, the electronic device  10  may include the cathode  122  split into multiple portions. As described herein, the cathode  122  may provide a voltage to drive the self-emissive elements of the display pixels  54  to emit light. Splitting the cathode  122  may result in different voltages applied to the self-emissive elements of the display pixels  54 , which may result in a difference in light emission from the display pixels  54 . For example, the top portion  12   a  may include a first cathode  122   a  and the bottom portion  12   b  may include a second cathode  122   b . The first cathode  122   a  may provide a voltage to the display pixels  54  within the top portion  12   a . The second cathode  122   b  may provide a second voltage to the display pixels  54  within the bottom portion  12   b . The first voltage and the second voltage may be different due to the split, as such the luminance of the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b  may be different. Indeed, the luminance of the electronic display  12  may be sensitive to changes made to the cathode  122 . In one example, there may be a 0.3% change per millivolt (mV) at 0.2 nits. In another example, the electronic display  12  may experience 1% change per 6 mV at 0.2 nits. 
     With the foregoing in mind, the cathode  122  may be thinned to split the cathode  122  into the first cathode  122   a  and the second cathode  122   b . The thinned cathode  122  may create a continuous positive taper structure at the center and split the electronic display  12  into the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . Although the cathode  122  may not be entirely split, thinning the cathode  122  may result in higher impedance at the boundary  80  to prevent electrical signal transfer. However, certain low impedance pathways may remain in portions of the cathode  122  that may not be thinned. 
     With the foregoing in mind,  FIG.  17    depicts an embodiment of the electronic display  12  including the cathode  122  in a positive taper structure  164  to form the boundary  80 . The electronic display  12  may include the cathode  122 , a pixel define layer (PDL)  161 , and an anode  162 . The PDL  161  may act as an insulating film between the anode  162  and the cathode  122 . To form the boundary  80 , certain portions of the cathode  122  may be thinned 50-70% to form the positive taper structure  164 . The thinned portions of the cathode  122  may increase impedance between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b  or the first cathode  122   a  and the second cathode  122   b.    
     The cathode  122  may be thinned into one or more portions to create the positive taper structure  164 . The positive taper structure  164  may be formed from a first segment  164   a , a second segment  164   b , and a third segment  164   c  of the cathode  122 . The first segment  164   a  may connect to the second segment  164   b . The first segment  164   a  may be a slope of the positive taper structure  164  that may be less than 90 degrees. The angle measurement may be taken relative to the horizontal axis  84 . The second segment  164   b  may be horizontal with respect to the horizontal axis  84 . That is, the second segment  164   b  may be the bottom of the positive taper structure  164 . The second segment  164   b  may be connected to a third segment  164   c , which may be a second slope of the positive taper structure  164 . The slope of the third segment  164   c  may be less than 90 degrees. As such, the positive taper structure  164  may include a taper angle greater than 90 degrees. Accordingly, in an embodiment, the cathode  122  may be split with one or more positive taper structures  164  across the center. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the first segment  164   a  and the third segment  164   c  may have a similar angle, which may be less than 90 degrees, however, in an embodiment, the first segment  164   a  and the third segment  164   c  may have different angles, may be different lengths, or different heights. Indeed, the positive taper structure  164  may be any suitable size or shape to create the boundary  80 . 
     In an embodiment, certain portions of the cathode  122  may be disconnected to form the boundary  80 .  FIG.  18    is a block diagram of a disconnected cathode  122  in a negative taper structure  170  that may be in the electronic display  12 . The negative taper structure  170  may be formed by fully disconnecting a portion of the cathode  122 . Indeed, the cathode  122  may be cut twice to form the negative taper structure  170 . For example, the negative taper structure  170  may be formed with a first segment  170   a , a second segment  170   b , and a third segment  170   c . The first segment  170   a  may be cut into the PDL  161  to fully disconnect a portion of the cathode  122 . The first segment  170   a  may be sloped greater than 90 degrees, relative to the horizontal axis  84 . The first segment  170   a  may be connected to the second segment  170   b , which may include a portion of the cathode  122 . The second segment  170   b  may be connected to the third segment  170   c . The third segment  170   c  may include the PDL  161  and may be sloped greater than 90 degrees. As such, the positive taper structure  164  may include a taper angle less than 90 degrees. The cathode  122  may be cut across the center to form one or more negative taper structures  170  to split the cathode  122 . In this way, the cathode  122  may recess into the PDL  161  to create the negative taper structure  170 . 
     In some examples, the cathode  122  may extend from the PDL  161  to create the negative taper structure  170 . For example, the PDL  161  may be filled or raised in order to disconnect a portion of the cathode  122 . The negative taper structure  170  may include the first segment  170   a , the second segment  170   b , and the third segment  170   c . Indeed, the first segment  170   a  and the third segment  170   c  may include a slope greater than 90 degrees, while the second segment  170   b  may be a horizontal portion of the cathode  122  that may be raised by the PDL  161 . In this way, the cathode  122  may extend above the PDL  161 , thereby creating a high impedance pathway. 
     Still, in another example, the cathode  122  may be disconnected in an undercut structure  171 . In the illustrated example of  FIG.  19   , the undercut structure  171  may look like a “T” however the undercut structure  171  may be any shape or size with a raised PDL  161 . Indeed, the undercut structure  171  may be formed by fully disconnecting the cathode  122  and raising a portion of the PDL  161 . For example, the undercut structure  171  may include a first segment  171   a , a second segment  171   b , and a third segment  171   c . The first segment  171   a  and the third segment  171   c  may be formed by cutting the cathode  122  at an angle and raising a portion of the PDL  161 . The raised portion of the cathode  122  may be the second segment  171   b  of the undercut structure  171 . For example, the second segment  171   b  may be raised 100 nanometers (nm) or higher to ensure that the cathode  122  is fully disconnected. A portion of the cathode  122  underneath the second segment  171   b  may be removed to form the undercut structure  171 . In the illustrated example, the first segment  171   a  and the third segment  171   c  may include a ninety-degree angle, however, in other examples the first segment  171   a  and the third segment  171   c  may include an angle less than 180 degrees. Cutting the cathode  122  to create the positive taper structure  164 , the negative tapered structure  170 , or the undercut structure  171  may create multiple high impedance pathways, thereby reducing or preventing electrical signal transfer between the portions of the electronic display  12 . 
     In some examples, the cathode  122  may be disconnected with a single cut across the center. As described in reference to  FIG.  8   , the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b  may be separated by a straight line. Indeed, the cathode  122  may include one continuous cut in a straight line, rather than the positive taper structure  164  described in reference to  FIG.  17    or the negative taper structure  170  described in reference to  FIG.  18   . In another example, the cathode  122  may be split in the center by a pattern. For example, the cathode  122  may be cut with a stipple pattern, a zig-zag pattern, a perforation, or the like. By splitting the cathode  122 , attenuation (e.g., high impedance pathways) may be introduced at the boundary  80 , which may prevent signal transfer and/or power transfer. 
     In an example, the cathode  122  may be cut in the stipple pattern.  FIG.  20    is a circuit view of the cathode  122  in a stipple pattern. The stipple pattern may create uniformity across the boundary  80 . In the illustrated embodiment, the cathode  122  may include one or more connection points  172  that provides for signal transfer. The connection points  172  may be spaced out between four connections. However, the connection points  172  may be spaced out between any suitable number of connections. 
       FIG.  21    is a block diagram of an embodiment of routing power within the electronic display  12  with the cathode  122  split into multiple portions. As described herein, the ELVSS  120  may be coupled and provide power to the cathode  122 . When the cathode  122  may be split, it may be beneficial for the ELVSS  120  to evenly distribute power to a first cathode  122   a  and a second cathode  122   b  to prevent image artifacts. As such, it may be beneficial for a power management integrated circuit (PMIC)  180  to drive the ELVSS  120  to provide power at all four edges of the electronic display  12 . For example, the top edge of the electronic display  12  may include a top PMIC  180   a . The top PMIC  180   a  may be located on a printed circuit board (PCB) and bonded (e.g., bonded flex) to the electronic display  12  (e.g., active area  55 ) by any suitable number of connection points. The top PMIC  180   a  may drive the ELVSS  120  to provide power to the first cathode  122   a . The top PMIC  180   a  may also drive the ELVDD  182  to provide power to the anode  162 . In this way, the display pixels  54  may receive power to emit light. Additionally, the bottom edge of the electronic display  12  may include a bottom PMIC  180   b , which may operate in a similar manner as the top PMIC  180   a . Additionally or alternatively, the top PMIC  180   a  and the bottom PMIC  180 B may be coupled to row driving gate in panel (GIP) circuitry and/or other power signals (e.g., OLED power signals). 
     The electronic display  12  (e.g., active area  55 ) may also include a right PMIC  180   c  and a left PMIC  180   d . The right PMIC  180   c  and the left PMIC  180   d  may also be printed on PCB and bonded to a left center or a right center of the electronic display  12 . The right PMIC  180   c  and the left PMIC  180   d  may be responsible for driving the ELVSS  120  to provide power to the first cathode  122   a  and the second cathode  122   b . The cathode  122  may have a natural resistance of 20 Ohms. As power travels from the edge of the cathode to the center, the power may decrease. Therefore, driving the ELVSS  120  from all edges of the electronic display  12  may improve voltage differences within the cathode  122  (or due to a split when the cathode  122  is a split cathode). As such, image artifacts may be reduced or eliminated. 
     Further, the ELVSS  120  may be added to a perimeter of the electronic display  12  to route and deliver power to the first cathode  122   a  and the second cathode  122   b . As described here, providing power to multiple points of the cathode  122  may lower impedance and differences in voltage, thereby reducing the discontinuity (e.g., boundary  80 ) at the center of the electronic display  12 . The points of power delivery may be anchor points or calibration nulls that may help mitigate noise in the center of the electronic display  12 . That is, the edges of the cathode  122  may be a reference point or a portion with little to no noise. Moving from the edge to the center of the cathode  122 , the resistance of the cathode  122  may increase. In other words, the center of the cathode  122  may have a higher impedance in comparison to the edges. This may result in higher noise in the center of the electronic display  12 . In this way, power delivery may be evenly distributed throughout the first cathode  122   a  and the second cathode  122   b , thereby reducing or eliminating visible image artifacts. 
     To add additional points of power delivery, vias  124  may be patterned on the surface of the cathode  122  to improve power delivery and lower impedance. The vias  124  may provide low impedance pathways from the ELVSS  120  to the cathode  122 . The ELVSS  120  may be tied to the cathode  122  and power may be delivered directly to the center of the cathode  122 , which may lower the impedance of the cathode  122 . Lowering the impedance of the cathode  122  may allow the display driver circuitry  49  to get gains and suppress electrical signals generated by the touch control circuitry  62 . 
       FIG.  22    is an example of the electronic display  12  with vias  124  patterned across the surface of the cathode  122 . The top PMIC  180   a  and the bottom PMIC  180   b  may drive the ELVSS  120  to provide power to the cathode  122 . As described in reference to  FIG.  13   , the vias  124  may go from the cathode  122  to the ELVSS  120  to form the electrical connection. The vias  124  may provide a low impedance pathway for power delivery, which may reduce noise or signal transfer of the electronic display  12 . 
     Returning to  FIG.  22   , the surface of the cathode  122  may be patterned with the vias  124  to lower the impedance of the cathode  122  by providing multiple low impedance pathways for the power to be delivered from the ELVSS  120  to the cathode  122 . The vias  124  may be in a grid pattern along the vertical axis  82  and the horizontal axis  84 . In this way, power may be evenly distributed to the cathode  122 . During operation, the noise may be concentrated in the center of the electronic display  12  and the edges may experience little to no noise. The maximum noise may be measured by measuring the noise on scan lines  56  and the data lines  58 . 
     Additionally or alternatively, the electronic display  12  may include split data lines  58 . The display pixels  54  may be connected to data lines  58  within different portions of the electronic display  12 . Further, the electronic display  12  may include multiple data drivers  52  to program the split data lines  58 . For example, the top portion  12   a  of the electronic display  12  may include display pixels  54  connected to the top data lines  58  and the bottom portion  12   b  of the electronic display  12  may include display pixels  54  connected to the bottom data lines  58 . In an embodiment, the data driver  52  may be split into a top data driver to program the display pixels  54  in the top portion  12   a  and a bottom data driver to program the display pixels  54  in the bottom portion  12   b . With the foregoing in mind,  FIG.  23    is a block diagram of an embodiment of the electronic display  12  with split data lines  58 . For example, the touch sensing circuitry  60  may operate in the top portion  12   a . Noise from the touch sensing circuitry  60  may couple to the cathode  122 , but the noise may smear due to the impedance of the cathode  122 . For example, the noise may be concentrated in the top portion  12   a  and smear into the bottom portion  12   b . Baseline sniffing of noise from the bottom portion  12   b  may be performed to reduce or eliminate noise in the top portion  12   a . For example, the touch control circuitry  62  may operate in the top portion  12   a  to detect the user input. The touch control circuitry  62  may also operate in the bottom portion  12   b  to obtain, or “sniff,” a baseline parameter of noise. As such, the baseline parameter of noise may be filtered (e.g., subtracted) from the noise within the top portion  12   a . In this way, the noise may be reduced or eliminated. The noise in the bottom portion  12   b  may not be as intense or as high. Indeed, the noise may be concentrated in the middle of the electronic display  12  with the least noise at the bottom edge of the electronic display  12 . However, by splitting the data lines  58  and performing baseline sniffing, overall noise may be reduced significantly (e.g., by a factor of 2 or more). 
     Additionally or alternatively, active cancellation may be applied to a portion of the electronic display  12  to reduce or eliminate noise. For example, the touch control circuitry  62  may operate in the top portion  12   a  and produce noise (e.g., touch driving signal). A mitigation signal may be applied on a top data line  58  where the touch control circuitry  62  may be operating. The mitigation signal may be determined and calculated from various locations of a data path (e.g., SoC, timing controller integrated circuitry, a column driver, data lines  58 ). For example, the mitigation signal may be a waveform for noise cancellation. The mitigation signal may be applied to the top data lines  58  to counteract interference from the bottom data line  58 , or a data line  58  in a different portion of the electronic display  12 . For example, the mitigation signal may be an inverted waveform of the interference from the bottom data line  58  applied to the top data lines  58 . The noise may be concentrated at the center of the top portion  12   a  and the center of the bottom portion  12   b . The noise may be reduced or eliminated at the boundary  80 . The overall noise may be reduced significantly (e.g., by a factor of 3 or more). 
       FIG.  24    is a block diagram of an embodiment of the electronic display  12  with split data lines  58  and center grounding. For example, ELVSS ground  200  may be placed at the center of the left side and the right side of the electronic display  12  to reduce noise. The ELVSS ground  200  may be a copper element, a connector pin, one or more integrated circuit chips, decoupling capacitors, or the like. For example, the ELVSS ground  200  may be a copper piece on a PCB that may be bonded (e.g., bonded flex) to the electronic display  12 . The ELVSS ground  200  may reduce the noise by a factor of 1.5 to 2. With the ELVSS ground  200 , the noise may be concentrated in a portion of the electronic display  12  where the touch sensing circuitry  60  may be operating. For example, if the touch control circuitry  62  may drive the touch sensing circuitry  60  within the top portion  12   a , as such the noise may be concentrated in the top portion  12   a . The noise may smear from the top portion  12   a  to the bottom portion  12   b . With baseline sniffing and/or active cancellation, the overall noise may be reduced substantially. 
       FIG.  25    is a block diagram of an example of the electronic display  12  with the cathode  122  split, the ELVSS  120  split, a perimeter ELVSS  120 , and multiple vias  124 . The cathode  122  may be split with either the positive taper structure described in reference to  FIG.  17   , the negative taper structure described in reference to  FIG.  18   , and/or the stipple pattern described in reference to  FIG.  20   . When the touch sensing circuitry  60  and the touch control circuitry  62  operate in different portions of the electronic display  12 , the overall noise may be reduced significantly. 
       FIG.  26    is a block diagram of an embodiment of the electronic display  12  with split data lines  58 , split ELVSS  120 , and split cathode  122 . The electronic display  12  may also include the ELVSS ground  200  on the left edge and the right edge to ground the voltage of the cathode  122 . The electronic display  12  may also include one or more resistors  220  to change an effective resistance between the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . The resistors  220  may be located within the boundary  80  and increase the impedance. As such, electrical signals may not transfer through the boundary  80 , rather the signals may be contained within the top portion  12   a  and the bottom portion  12   b . As such, crosstalk or noise within the active area  55  may be reduced or eliminated. 
     In an embodiment, the electronic display  12  may include the resistors  220  with an effective resistance (Rsplit) of 0 Ohms. The electronic display  12  may also include the ELVSS ground  200  coupled to the center. When the effective resistance may be 0 Ohms, the noise may smear from the top portion  12   a  to the bottom portion  12   b , or vice versa. That is, an amount of noise from the touch control circuitry  62  may couple to the cathode  122  and interfere with the scan signals. Indeed, this noise pattern may be similar to the electronic display  12  with the split data line  58 , shown in  FIGS.  21  and  22   . The overall noise may be reduced significantly. 
     In an embodiment, the resistors  220  of the boundary  80  may have an Rsplit of 200 Ohms. The top portion  12   a  may be driven by the display driver circuitry  49  or the touch control circuitry  62 . When Rsplit is 200, electrical signals may not transfer through the boundary  80 . As such, the noise may be contained to the top portion  12   a . As such, the bottom portion  12   b  may not experience any noise. The overall noise may be reduced significantly. 
     In an embodiment, the resistors  220  of the boundary  80  may have an Rsplit of 1 kOhms. As described herein, the boundary  80  may provide high impedance, as such there may be no signal transfer from the top portion  12   a  to the bottom portion  12   b . The noise may be contained within the top portion  12   a  of the electronic display  12 . The noise may be concentrated at a center of the top portion  12   a , while the bottom portion  12   b  may not experience any noise. The overall noise may be reduced significantly (e.g., by a factor of 60 or more). 
     In an embodiment, the display driver circuitry  49  may split the ELVSS  120 . The resistors  220  may have an Rsplit equal to 10 kOhm. The top portion  12   a  may be driven by the display driver circuitry  49  or the touch control circuitry  62 . The noise may be pushed to the top portion  12   a  and concentrated close to the boundary  80 . The edges of the top portion  12   a  may experience little to no noise. The bottom portion  12   b  may achieve reduced or eliminated noise. The overall noise may be reduced significantly (e.g., by a factor of 1 or more). Accordingly, splitting the display driver circuitry  49  may reduce or eliminate crosstalk or noise between the display driver circuitry  49  and the touch control circuitry  62 . Further, the addition of the dithering band and/or the connection bridge  149  may reduce or eliminate the front of screen artifact. 
     It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users. 
     The specific embodiments described above have been shown by way of example, and it should be understood that these embodiments may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms. It should be further understood that the claims are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed, but rather to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. 
     The techniques presented and claimed herein are referenced and applied to material objects and concrete examples of a practical nature that demonstrably improve the present technical field and, as such, are not abstract, intangible or purely theoretical. Further, if any claims appended to the end of this specification contain one or more elements designated as “means for [perform]ing [a function] . . . ” or “step for [perform]ing [a function] . . . ”, it is intended that such elements are to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112(f). However, for any claims containing elements designated in any other manner, it is intended that such elements are not to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112(f).

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20230622
Publication Date: 20250107
Grant Date: 20250107
Priority Date: 20220722
Inventors: GOMEZ, JASON N
NHO, HYUNWOO
HU, Jason C
PARK, KWANG SOON
KIM, KYUNG WOOK
BROWN, JAMES E
RYU, JIE WON
CHOI, MYUNGJOON
SHI, YAO
KIM, BYOUNGSUK
CALAYIR, Vehbi
LI, PENG
DONOGHUE, Evan P
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/04184", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04186", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04186", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 89577683