PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-12142219-B1
Application Number: US-202318465978-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B1

Title: Inverse pixel burn-in compensation systems and methods

Abstract:
An electronic device may include an electronic display having a pixel and that displays an image based on compensated image data. The electronic device may also include image processing circuitry communicatively coupled to the electronic display. The image processing circuitry may receive image data and determine a gain value for the pixel based on an aging value of the pixel that is based on previously displayed pixel values of the pixel. The image processing circuitry may also adjust the gain value based on a pixel value of the image data corresponding to the pixel to generate an updated gain value and adjust the pixel value of the image data based on the updated gain value to generate, at least in part, the compensated image data.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device comprising:
 an electronic display comprising a pixel and configured to display an image based on compensated image data; and 
 image processing circuitry communicatively coupled to the electronic display and configured to:
 receive image data of an image frame to be displayed, the image data comprising a pixel value corresponding to the pixel; 
 determine a gain value for the pixel based on an aging value of the pixel, wherein the aging value is based on previously displayed pixel values of the pixel; 
 adjust the gain value based on the pixel value to generate an adjusted gain value, wherein adjusting the gain value comprises applying a two-dimensional look-up-table (2D LUT) based on the gain value and the pixel value; and 
 adjust the pixel value of the image data based on the adjusted gain value to generate, at least in part, the compensated image data. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the image processing circuitry is configured to update an aging history of the electronic display based on the compensated image data to generate an updated aging history, wherein the aging value is based on the aging history. 
     
     
       3. The electronic device of  claim 2 , wherein the image processing circuitry is configured to update the 2D LUT based on a range of values of the updated aging history, wherein the range of values corresponds to aging values associated with a plurality of pixels of the electronic display, wherein the pixel is one of the plurality of pixels. 
     
     
       4. The electronic device of  claim 2 , wherein updating the aging history comprises:
 determining a luminance aging factor indicative of a first contribution to an estimated amount of aging of the pixel associated with a luminance output of the pixel corresponding to the compensated image data; 
 determining a temperature aging factor indicative of a second contribution to the estimated amount of aging of the pixel associated with temperature; and 
 combining the luminance aging factor and the temperature aging factor. 
 
     
     
       5. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the 2D LUT is configured to output a compensated gain value, and wherein adjusting the gain value comprises normalizing the compensated gain value based on a maximum gain. 
     
     
       6. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein adjusting the gain value comprises decreasing the gain value. 
     
     
       7. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein adjusting the gain value comprises adjusting the gain value based on a brightness-normalized pixel value, wherein the brightness-normalized pixel value is based on the pixel value and a brightness setting of the electronic display. 
     
     
       8. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the pixel comprises an organic light-emitting-diode (OLED). 
     
     
       9. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein adjusting the gain value based on the pixel value comprises adjusting the gain value based on an estimated amount of efficiency of the pixel that varies based on the pixel value. 
     
     
       10. Image processing circuitry having burn-in compensation circuitry configured to:
 receive image data of an image frame to be displayed, the image data comprising a pixel value associated with a pixel of an electronic display; 
 determine a gain value for the pixel based on an aging value of the pixel, wherein the aging value is based on previously displayed pixel values of the pixel; 
 adjust the gain value based on the pixel value to generate an updated gain value, wherein adjusting the gain value comprises using a two-dimensional look-up-table (2D LUT) based on the gain value and the pixel value; 
 apply the updated gain value to the pixel value of the image data to generate, at least in part, compensated image data; and 
 output the compensated image data. 
 
     
     
       11. The image processing circuitry of  claim 10 , wherein adjusting the gain value comprises adjusting the gain value based on a brightness-normalized pixel value, wherein the brightness-normalized pixel value is based on the pixel value and a brightness setting of the electronic display. 
     
     
       12. The image processing circuitry of  claim 11 , wherein the burn-in compensation circuitry is configured to determine the brightness-normalized pixel value based on the pixel value, the brightness setting, and a duty cycle of the pixel. 
     
     
       13. The image processing circuitry of  claim 11 , wherein adjusting the gain value comprises applying the 2D LUT based on the gain value and the brightness-normalized pixel value. 
     
     
       14. The image processing circuitry of  claim 13 , wherein the 2D LUT is configured to output a compensated gain value, and wherein adjusting the gain value comprises normalizing the compensated gain value based on a maximum gain and the brightness setting. 
     
     
       15. The image processing circuitry of  claim 10 , comprising burn-in statistics circuitry configured to update an aging history of the electronic display based on the compensated image data to generate an updated aging history, wherein the aging value is based on the aging history. 
     
     
       16. The image processing circuitry of  claim 15 , wherein the image processing circuitry is configured to update the 2D LUT based on a range of values of the updated aging history, wherein the range of values corresponds to aging values associated with a plurality of pixels of the electronic display, wherein the pixel is one of the plurality of pixels. 
     
     
       17. The image processing circuitry of  claim 10 , wherein outputting the compensated image data comprises directing the compensated image data to a subsequent portion of the image processing circuitry. 
     
     
       18. A non-transitory, machine-readable medium comprising instructions, wherein, when executed by one or more processors, the instructions cause the one or more processors to control image processing circuitry to perform operations or to perform the operations, wherein the operations comprise:
 receiving image data of an image frame to be displayed, the image data comprising a pixel value associated with a pixel of an electronic display; 
 determining a gain value for the pixel based on an aging value of the pixel, wherein the aging value is based on previously displayed pixel values of the pixel; 
 adjusting the gain value based on the pixel value to generate an updated gain value, wherein adjusting the gain value comprises using a two-dimensional look-up-table (2D LUT) based on the gain value and the pixel value; 
 applying the updated gain value to the pixel value of the image data to generate, at least in part, compensated image data; and 
 outputting the compensated image data. 
 
     
     
       19. The non-transitory, machine-readable medium of  claim 18 , wherein the operations comprise determining a brightness-normalized pixel value based on the pixel value and a brightness setting of the electronic display, wherein adjusting the gain value comprises applying the 2D LUT based on the gain value and the brightness-normalized pixel value. 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory, machine-readable medium of  claim 19 , wherein the operations comprise:
 updating an aging history of the electronic display based on the compensated image data to generate an updated aging history, wherein the aging value is based on the aging history; and 
 updating the 2D LUT based on a range of values of the updated aging history, wherein the range of values corresponds to aging values associated with a plurality of pixels of the electronic display, wherein the pixel is one of the plurality of pixels.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This disclosure relates to image data processing to identify and compensate for burn-in/aging of pixels of an electronic display while also taking into account the potential for inverse burn-in/aging of the pixel, resulting in an increased pixel efficiency at increased aging. 
     This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present techniques, which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art. 
     Numerous electronic devices—including televisions, portable phones, computers, wearable devices, vehicle dashboards, virtual-reality glasses, and more—display images on an electronic display. To display an image, an electronic display may control light emission of its display pixels based at least in part on corresponding image data. As electronic displays gain increasingly higher resolutions and dynamic ranges, they may also become increasingly more susceptible to image artifacts, such as burn-in related aging of pixels, that may be compensated by image processing. 
     Burn-in is a phenomenon whereby pixels degrade over time owing to the different amount of light that different pixels emit over time. In other words, pixels may age at different rates depending on their relative utilization and/or environment. For example, pixels used more than others may age more quickly, and thus may gradually emit less light when given the same amount of driving current or voltage values. This may produce undesirable burn-in image artifacts on the electronic display. In general, the estimated aging due to pixels&#39; utilization may be stored, accumulated, and referenced when compensating for burn-in effects on pixel efficiency. However, while certain techniques may provide for burn-in compensation for pixel efficiency due to aging, such techniques may not account for non-monotonic aging profiles. 
     SUMMARY 
     A summary of certain embodiments disclosed herein is set forth below. It should be understood that these aspects are presented merely to provide the reader with a brief summary of these certain embodiments and that these aspects are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, this disclosure may encompass a variety of aspects that may not be set forth below. 
     The present disclosure relates to identifying and/or compensating for non-uniform burn-in/aging of display pixels which may be non-monotonic and/or have an effect that varies depending on the applied luminance output of the pixel. In general, burn-in related aging may vary across an electronic display based on individual pixel usage (e.g., frequency and/or luminance output of the pixel) and/or the environment (e.g., temperature) thereof. As a result, some display pixels may gradually emit less light when given the same driving current or voltage values, effectively becoming darker than the other display pixels when given a signal for the same brightness level. In other words, the pixel efficiency of a display pixel is generally reduced as the display pixel ages. 
     As such, image processing circuitry and/or software may monitor and/or model the amount of burn-in related aging that is likely to have occurred in the different pixels and. By keeping track of the estimated amount of burn-in that has taken place in the electronic display, burn-in gain maps may be determined from the estimated amounts of aging (e.g., a burn-in history map) to compensate for the burn-in effects. For example, a burn-in compensation/burn-in statistics (BIC/BIS) block may include a BIS sub-block to track the estimated aging of the display pixels and a BIC sub-block to apply gains to pixel values of the image data to compensate for the burn-in related aging of the display pixels. 
     However, some devices may be subject to a non-monotonic aging profile. In other words, pixels of some types of electronic displays, may not follow a consistently downward efficiency trend as the pixels age. For example, certain organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) may exhibit an increase in pixel efficiency at the outset of aging before turning to follow the typical downward efficiency trend with aging. As such, in some embodiments, the gain maps may compensate the image data for an increase in pixel efficiency, such as, for example, for estimated amounts of aging less than a threshold amount. 
     Furthermore, in some scenarios, the desired luminance output of a pixel may alter the decrease in pixel efficiency associated with burn-in related aging that would otherwise be compensated for via the gain maps. For example, for a given estimated amount of aging (e.g., along the downward efficiency trend) for a pixel, a gain value of a gain map may provide compensation for the corresponding decrease in pixel efficiency associated with the estimated amount of aging. However, the desired luminance output of the pixel may change the effective pixel efficiency due to parasitic capacitance within the pixel circuitry, causing an inverse burn-in effect. For example, at low luminance outputs (e.g., less than 1 nit, less than 5 nits, less than 10 nits, and so on depending on implementation and/or physical pixel characteristics), parasitic capacitance in the pixel circuitry may increase the effective voltage and/or current supplied to the pixel, increasing the effective pixel efficiency. Furthermore, the increase in pixel voltage and/or current supplied to the pixel to offset the expected decrease in pixel efficiency due to aging, may exacerbate the parasitic capacitance&#39;s effect, leading to an inverse burn-in effect, where, as the pixel ages and normal aging compensation is applied, the pixel appears to exhibit increased pixel efficiency. In other words, at low luminance outputs, the gain that would otherwise be applied to compensate for the burn-in related aging of the pixel may overcompensate the image data for the pixel value leading to image artifacts. Therefore, in some embodiments, the gain values of the gain maps may be altered (e.g., via two-dimensional look-up-table (LUT)) based on the desired luminance outputs of the pixels to reduce, negate, or invert the compensation that would otherwise be applied. 
     Various refinements of the features noted above may exist in relation to various aspects of the present disclosure. Further features may also be incorporated in these various aspects as well. These refinements and additional features may exist individually or in any combination. For instance, various features discussed below in relation to one or more of the illustrated embodiments may be incorporated into any of the above-described aspects of the present disclosure alone or in any combination. The brief summary presented above is intended only to familiarize the reader with certain aspects and contexts of embodiments of the present disclosure without limitation to the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various aspects of this disclosure may be better understood upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram of an electronic device that includes an electronic display, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  2    is an example of the electronic device of  FIG.  1    in the form of a handheld device, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  3    is another example of the electronic device of  FIG.  1    in the form of a tablet device, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  4    is another example of the electronic device of  FIG.  1    in the form of a computer, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  5    is another example of the electronic device of  FIG.  1    in the form of a watch, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  6    is another example of the electronic device of  FIG.  1    in the form of a computer, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic diagram of the image processing circuitry of  FIG.  1    including a burn-in compensation (BIC)/burn-in statistics (BIS) block, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  8    is a schematic diagram of the BIC/BIS block of  FIG.  7    including a BIC sub-block and a driver BIS sub-block, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  9    is an example 2D depiction of a gain map, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  10    is an example 2D depiction of a burn-in history map, in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  11    is a schematic diagram of pixel circuitry, in accordance with an embodiment; and 
         FIG.  12    is a schematic diagram of the BIC sub-block of  FIG.  8   , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  13    is a schematic diagram of the BIS sub-block of  FIG.  8   , in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  14    is a flowchart of an example process for performing BIS collection and BIC, in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below. These described embodiments are only examples of the presently disclosed techniques. Additionally, in an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but may nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present disclosure, the articles “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Additionally, it should be understood that references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present disclosure are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Furthermore, the phrase A “based on” B is intended to mean that A is at least partially based on B. Moreover, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive (e.g., logical OR) and not exclusive (e.g., logical XOR). In other words, the phrase A “or” B is intended to mean A, B, or both A and B. 
     Electronic devices often use electronic displays to present visual information. Such electronic devices may include computers, mobile phones, portable media devices, tablets, televisions, virtual-reality headsets, and vehicle dashboards, among many others. To display an image, an electronic display controls the luminance (and, as a consequence, the color) of its display pixels based on corresponding image data received at a particular resolution. For example, an image data source may provide image data as a stream of pixel data, in which data for each pixel indicates a target luminance (e.g., brightness and/or color) of one or more display pixels located at corresponding pixel positions. In some embodiments, image data may indicate luminance per color component, for example, via red component image data, blue component image data, and green component image data, collectively referred to as RGB image data (e.g., RGB, sRGB). Additionally or alternatively, image data may be indicated by a luma channel and one or more chrominance channels (e.g., YCbCr, YUV, etc.), grayscale (e.g., gray level), or other color basis. It should be appreciated that a luma channel, as disclosed herein, may encompass linear, non-linear, and/or gamma-corrected luminance values. 
     Additionally, the image data may be processed to account for one or more physical or digital effects associated with displaying the image data. For example, burn-in/aging of display pixels may be estimated based on the frequency, luminance output, and/or environment (e.g., temperature) of the display pixels. Indeed, as display pixels are utilized throughout the life of the electronic display, the pixel efficiencies of the display pixels may be reduced. In general, by keeping track of the estimated amount of burn-in that has taken place in the electronic display, gain maps of gain values associated with individual pixels or groups of pixels may be determined to compensate for the effects of burn-in. The gain maps may gain down image data that will be sent to the less-aged pixels (which would otherwise be brighter) without gaining down, or by gaining down less, the image data that will be sent to the pixels with the greatest amount of aging (which would otherwise be darker). In this way, the pixels of the electronic display that are likely to exhibit the greatest amount of aging will appear to be equally as bright as pixels with less aging. Additionally or alternatively, pixels with the higher amounts of estimated burn-in may be gained up to compensate for their reduced luminance output depending on the capabilities of the pixels relative to the desired luminance levels. As such, perceivable burn-in artifacts on the electronic display may be reduced or eliminated. 
     However, while such techniques may provide for burn-in compensation for pixel efficiency due to aging, such techniques, alone, may not account for non-monotonic aging and/or inverse burn-in effects that vary depending on the current luminance output of the pixel. For example, in some scenarios, the desired luminance output of a pixel may alter the decrease in pixel efficiency associated with burn-in related aging that would otherwise be compensated for via the gain maps. For example, for a given estimated amount of aging (e.g., along the downward efficiency trend) for a pixel, a gain value of a gain map may provide compensation for the corresponding decrease in pixel efficiency associated with the estimated amount of aging. However, the desired luminance output of the pixel may change the effective pixel efficiency due to parasitic capacitance within the pixel circuitry, causing an inverse burn-in effect. For example, at low luminance outputs (e.g., less than 1 nit, less than 5 nits, less than 10 nits, and so on depending on implementation and/or physical pixel characteristics), parasitic capacitance in the pixel circuitry may increase the effective voltage and/or current supplied to the pixel, increasing the effective pixel efficiency. 
     Furthermore, the increase in pixel voltage and/or current supplied to the pixel to offset the expected decrease in pixel efficiency due to aging, may exacerbate the parasitic capacitance&#39;s effect, leading to an inverse burn-in effect, where, as the pixel ages and normal aging compensation is applied, the pixel appears to exhibit increased pixel efficiency. In other words, at low luminance outputs, the gain that would otherwise be applied to compensate for the burn-in related aging of the pixel may overcompensate the image data for the pixel value leading to image artifacts. Therefore, in some embodiments, the gain values of the gain maps may be altered based on the desired luminance outputs of the pixels to reduce, negate, or invert the compensation that would otherwise be applied. 
     Additionally or alternatively, some devices may be subject to a non-monotonic aging profile. In other words, pixels of some types of electronic displays, may not follow a consistently downward efficiency trend as the pixels age. For example, certain organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) may exhibit an increase in pixel efficiency at the outset of aging before turning to follow the typical downward efficiency trend with increased aging. As such, in some embodiments, the gain maps may compensate the image data for an increase in pixel efficiency, such as, for example, for estimated amounts of aging less than a threshold amount. 
     With the foregoing in mind,  FIG.  1    is an example electronic device  10  with an electronic display  12  having multiple display pixels. As described in more detail below, the electronic device  10  may be any suitable electronic device, such as a computer, a mobile phone, a portable media device, a tablet, a television, a virtual-reality headset, a wearable device such as a watch, a vehicle dashboard, or the like. Thus, it should be noted that  FIG.  1    is merely one example of a particular implementation and is intended to illustrate the types of components that may be present in an electronic device  10 . 
     The electronic device  10  may include one or more electronic displays  12 , input devices  14 , input/output (I/O) ports  16 , a processor core complex  18  having one or more processors or processor cores, local memory  20 , a main memory storage device  22 , a network interface  24 , a power source  26 , and image processing circuitry  28 . The various components described in  FIG.  1    may include hardware elements (e.g., circuitry), software elements (e.g., a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions), or a combination of both hardware and software elements. As should be appreciated, the various components may be combined into fewer components or separated into additional components. For example, the local memory  20  and the main memory storage device  22  may be included in a single component. Moreover, the image processing circuitry  28  (e.g., a graphics processing unit, a display image processing pipeline, etc.) may be included in the processor core complex  18  or be implemented separately. 
     The processor core complex  18  is operably coupled with local memory  20  and the main memory storage device  22 . Thus, the processor core complex  18  may execute instructions stored in local memory  20  or the main memory storage device  22  to perform operations, such as generating or transmitting image data to display on the electronic display  12 . As such, the processor core complex  18  may include one or more general purpose microprocessors, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or any combination thereof. 
     In addition to program instructions, the local memory  20  or the main memory storage device  22  may store data to be processed by the processor core complex  18 . Thus, the local memory  20  and/or the main memory storage device  22  may include one or more tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable media. For example, the local memory  20  may include random access memory (RAM) and the main memory storage device  22  may include read-only memory (ROM), rewritable non-volatile memory such as flash memory, hard drives, optical discs, or the like. 
     The network interface  24  may communicate data with another electronic device or a network. For example, the network interface  24  (e.g., a radio frequency system) may enable the electronic device  10  to communicatively couple to a personal area network (PAN), such as a BLUETOOTH® network, a local area network (LAN), such as an 802.11x Wi-Fi network, or a wide area network (WAN), such as a 4G, Long-Term Evolution (LTE), or 5G cellular network. 
     The power source  26  may provide electrical power to operate the processor core complex  18  and/or other components in the electronic device  10 . Thus, the power source  26  may include any suitable source of energy, such as a rechargeable lithium polymer (Li-poly) battery and/or an alternating current (AC) power converter. 
     The I/O ports  16  may enable the electronic device  10  to interface with various other electronic devices. The input devices  14  may enable a user to interact with the electronic device  10 . For example, the input devices  14  may include buttons, keyboards, mice, trackpads, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the electronic display  12  may include touch sensing components that enable user inputs to the electronic device  10  by detecting occurrence and/or position of an object touching its screen (e.g., surface of the electronic display  12 ). 
     The electronic display  12  may display a graphical user interface (GUI) (e.g., of an operating system or computer program), an application interface, text, a still image, and/or video content. The electronic display  12  may include a display panel with one or more display pixels to facilitate displaying images. Additionally, each display pixel may represent one of the sub-pixels that control the luminance of a color component (e.g., red, green, or blue). As used herein, a display pixel may refer to a collection of sub-pixels (e.g., red, green, and blue subpixels) or may refer to a single sub-pixel. 
     As described above, the electronic display  12  may display an image by controlling the luminance output (e.g., light emission) of the sub-pixels based on corresponding image data. In some embodiments, pixel or image data may be generated by or received from an image source, such as the processor core complex  18 , a graphics processing unit (GPU), storage device  22 , or an image sensor (e.g., camera). Additionally, in some embodiments, image data may be received from another electronic device  10 , for example, via the network interface  24  and/or an I/O port  16 . Moreover, in some embodiments, the electronic device  10  may include multiple electronic displays  12  and/or may perform image processing (e.g., via the image processing circuitry  28 ) for one or more external electronic displays  12 , such as connected via the network interface  24  and/or the I/O ports  16 . 
     The electronic device  10  may be any suitable electronic device. To help illustrate, one example of a suitable electronic device  10 , specifically a handheld device  10 A, is shown in  FIG.  2   . In some embodiments, the handheld device  10 A may be a portable phone, a media player, a personal data organizer, a handheld game platform, and/or the like. For illustrative purposes, the handheld device  10 A may be a smartphone, such as an IPHONE® model available from Apple Inc. 
     The handheld device  10 A may include an enclosure  30  (e.g., housing) to, for example, protect interior components from physical damage and/or shield them from electromagnetic interference. The enclosure  30  may surround, at least partially, the electronic display  12 . In the depicted embodiment, the electronic display  12  is displaying a graphical user interface (GUI)  32  having an array of icons  34 . By way of example, when an icon  34  is selected either by an input device  14  or a touch-sensing component of the electronic display  12 , an application program may launch. 
     Input devices  14  may be accessed through openings in the enclosure  30 . Moreover, the input devices  14  may enable a user to interact with the handheld device  10 A. For example, the input devices  14  may enable the user to activate or deactivate the handheld device  10 A, navigate a user interface to a home screen, navigate a user interface to a user-configurable application screen, activate a voice-recognition feature, provide volume control, and/or toggle between vibrate and ring modes. Moreover, the I/O ports  16  may also open through the enclosure  30 . Additionally, the electronic device may include one or more cameras  36  to capture pictures or video. In some embodiments, a camera  36  may be used in conjunction with a virtual reality or augmented reality visualization on the electronic display  12 . 
     Another example of a suitable electronic device  10 , specifically a tablet device  10 B, is shown in  FIG.  3   . For illustration purposes, the tablet device  10 B may be any IPAD® model available from Apple Inc. A further example of a suitable electronic device  10 , specifically a computer  10 C, is shown in  FIG.  4   . For illustrative purposes, the computer  10 C may be any MACBOOK® or IMAC® model available from Apple Inc. Another example of a suitable electronic device  10 , specifically a watch  10 D, is shown in  FIG.  5   . For illustrative purposes, the watch  10 D may be any APPLE WATCH® model available from Apple Inc. As depicted, the tablet device  10 B, the computer  10 C, and the watch  10 D each also includes an electronic display  12 , input devices  14 , I/O ports  16 , and an enclosure  30 . The electronic display  12  may display a GUI  32 . Here, the GUI  32  shows a visualization of a clock. When the visualization is selected either by the input device  14  or a touch-sensing component of the electronic display  12 , an application program may launch, such as to transition the GUI  32  to presenting the icons  34  discussed in  FIGS.  2  and  3   . 
     Turning to  FIG.  6   , a computer  10 E may represent another embodiment of the electronic device  10  of  FIG.  1   . The computer  10 E may be any suitable computer, such as a desktop computer, a server, or a notebook computer, but may also be a standalone media player or video gaming machine. By way of example, the computer  10 E may be an IMAC®, a MACBOOK®, or other similar device by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, California. It should be noted that the computer  10 E may also represent a personal computer (PC) by another manufacturer. A similar enclosure  30  may be provided to protect and enclose internal components of the computer  10 E, such as the electronic display  12 . In certain embodiments, a user of the computer  10 E may interact with the computer  10 E using various peripheral input devices  14 , such as a keyboard  14 A or mouse  14 B, which may connect to the computer  10 E. 
     As described above, the electronic display  12  may display images based at least in part on image data. Before being used to display a corresponding image on the electronic display  12 , the image data may be processed, for example, via the image processing circuitry  28 . Moreover, the image processing circuitry  28  may process the image data for display on one or more electronic displays  12 . For example, the image processing circuitry  28  may include a display pipeline, memory-to-memory scaler and rotator (MSR) circuitry, warp compensation circuitry, or additional hardware or software for processing image data. The image data may be processed by the image processing circuitry  28  to reduce or eliminate image artifacts, compensate for one or more different software or hardware related effects, and/or format the image data for display on one or more electronic displays  12 . As should be appreciated, the present techniques may be implemented in standalone circuitry, software, and/or firmware, and may be considered a part of, separate from, and/or parallel with a display pipeline or MSR circuitry. 
     To help illustrate, a portion of the electronic device  10 , including image processing circuitry  28 , is shown in  FIG.  7   . The image processing circuitry  28  may be implemented in the electronic device  10 , in the electronic display  12 , or a combination thereof. For example, the image processing circuitry  28  may be included in the processor core complex  18 , a timing controller (TCON) in the electronic display  12 , or any combination thereof. As should be appreciated, although image processing is discussed herein as being performed via a number of image data processing blocks, embodiments may include hardware and/or software components to carry out the techniques discussed herein. 
     The electronic device  10  may also include an image data source  38 , a display panel  40 , and/or a controller  42  in communication with the image processing circuitry  28 . In some embodiments, the display panel  40  of the electronic display  12  may be a self-emissive display (e.g., organic light-emitting-diode (OLED) display, micro-LED display, etc.), a transmissive display (e.g., liquid crystal display (LCD)), or any other suitable type of display panel  40 . In some embodiments, the controller  42  may control operation of the image processing circuitry  28 , the image data source  38 , and/or the display panel  40 . To facilitate controlling operation, the controller  42  may include a controller processor  44  and/or controller memory  46 . In some embodiments, the controller processor  44  may be included in the processor core complex  18 , the image processing circuitry  28 , a timing controller in the electronic display  12 , a separate processing module, or any combination thereof and execute instructions stored in the controller memory  46 . Additionally, in some embodiments, the controller memory  46  may be included in the local memory  20 , the main memory storage device  22 , a separate tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium, or any combination thereof. 
     The image processing circuitry  28  may receive source image data  48  corresponding to a desired image to be displayed on the electronic display  12  from the image data source  38 . The source image data  48  may indicate target characteristics (e.g., pixel data) corresponding to the desired image using any suitable source format, such as an RGB format, an αRGB format, a YCbCr format, and/or the like. Moreover, the source image data may be fixed or floating point and be of any suitable bit-depth. Furthermore, the source image data  48  may reside in a linear color space, a gamma-corrected color space, or any other suitable color space. Moreover, as used herein, pixel data/values of image data may refer to individual color component (e.g., red, green, and blue) data values corresponding to pixel positions of the display panel. 
     As described above, the image processing circuitry  28  may operate to process source image data  48  received from the image data source  38 . The image data source  38  may include captured images (e.g., from one or more cameras  36 ), images stored in memory, graphics generated by the processor core complex  18 , or a combination thereof. Additionally, the image processing circuitry  28  may include one or more image data processing blocks  50  (e.g., circuitry, modules, or processing stages) such as a burn-in compensation (BIC)/burn-in statistics (BIS) block  52 . As should be appreciated, multiple other processing blocks  54  may also be incorporated into the image processing circuitry  28 , such as a pixel contrast control (PCC) block, color management block, a dither block, a blend block, a warp block, a scaling/rotation block, a crop block, etc. before and/or after the BIC/BIS block  52 . The image data processing blocks  50  may receive and process source image data  48  and output display image data  56  in a format (e.g., digital format, image space, and/or resolution) interpretable by the display panel  40 . Further, the functions (e.g., operations) performed by the image processing circuitry  28  may be divided between various image data processing blocks  50 , and, while the term “block” is used herein, there may or may not be a logical or physical separation between the image data processing blocks  50 . After processing, the image processing circuitry  28  may output the display image data  56  to the display panel  40 . Based at least in part on the display image data  56 , analog electrical signals may be provided to pixels of the display panel  40  to illuminate the pixels at a desired luminance level and display a corresponding image. 
     As discussed herein, the image processing circuitry may include a BIC/BIS block  52  to collect statistics about the degree to which burn-in is expected to have occurred on the electronic display  12  and compensate for burn-in related aging to reduce or eliminate the visual effects of burn-in. As such, the BIC/BIS block  52  may receive input image data  58  (e.g., pixel values) and generate compensated image data  60  (e.g., via a burn-in compensation (BIC) sub-block  62 ) by applying gains to the input image data  58 , as shown in the schematic diagram of the BIC/BIS block  52  of  FIG.  8   . The input image data  58  may be in any suitable format (e.g., linear domain, gamma domain, current domain) and may be indicative of the source image data  48  or image data at any point within the image processing circuitry  28  (e.g., before and/or after other processing blocks  54 ) leading to the BIC/BIS block  52 . Moreover, the compensated image data  60  may be output as display image data  56  or further processed via one or more other processing blocks  54  after the BIC/BIS block  52 . 
     Based on the compensated image data  60 , which may more closely resemble the pixel utilizations than the input image data  58 , a burn-in statistics (BIS) sub-block  64  may generate a burn-in history update  66 . The history update  66  is an incremental update representing an increased amount of pixel aging that is estimated to have occurred since a corresponding previous history update  66 . As should be appreciated, history updates  66  may be performed for each image frame, sub-sampled at a desired frequency (e.g., every other image frame, every third image frame, every fourth image frame, and so on), and/or the pixels may be divided into groups such that each group of pixels is sampled over a different image frame. In some embodiments, gain parameters  68  such as a normalization factor, a brightness adaptation factor, a duty cycle, and/or a global brightness setting, may be used in generating the history update  66  to determine or otherwise calculate the estimated amount of pixel aging. Furthermore, each history update  66  may be aggregated to maintain a burn-in history map  70  indicative of the total estimated burn-in that has occurred to the display pixels of the electronic display  12 . 
     To compensate the input image data  58 , gain maps  74  may be generated (e.g., via a compute gain maps sub-block  72 ) based on the burn-in history map  70 . In some embodiments, the gain maps  74  may be two-dimensional (2D) maps (e.g., a gain map  74  for each color component pixel type) of per-pixel gains based on the changes in efficiency of the pixels, as tracked via the burn-in history map  70 . To help illustrate,  FIG.  9    is an example 2D depiction of a gain map  74 , and  FIG.  10    is an example 2D depiction of a burn-in history map  70 , each indexed by pixel location of a grid of N×M pixels. As should be appreciated, while shown as a 2D table, any suitable data structure (e.g., vector, string, etc.) may be utilized to correlate pixels with their corresponding burn-in history and gain values. In some embodiments, the gain maps  74  may be programmed into 2D lookup tables (LUTs) for efficient use by the BIC sub-block  62 . Furthermore, in some embodiments, the compute gain maps sub-block  72  may be implemented in hardware (e.g., as part of the BIC sub-block  62 ), in software (e.g., via the controller processor  44  or other processor of the electronic device  10 ), or partially in both. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, the burn-in history map  70  and/or gain maps  74  may be sub-sampled. For example, the burn-in history map  70  and/or the gain maps  74  determined therefrom may be compressed to provide reduced bandwidth and/or cache utilization. The burn-in history map  70  (e.g., sub-sampled) may be upsampled to the resolution of the electronic display  12  to generate the gain maps  74  or used to generate the gain maps  74  at the sub-sampled resolution, and the gain maps  74  may be upsampled to the resolution of the electronic display  12  and/or input image data  58 . Additionally or alternatively, the burn-in history map  70  may be stored in a downsampled format, having fewer values than the number of pixels of the electronic display  12 , and the burn-in history map  70  may be upsampled prior to generating the gain maps, or used to generate the gain maps  74  at the downsampled resolution, and the gain maps  74  may be upsampled to the resolution of the electronic display  12  and/or input image data  58 . 
     Returning to  FIG.  8   , the gain maps  74  generated based on previous sets of compensated image data may be used by the BIC sub-block  62  to compensate the current set of input image data  58  and generate corresponding compensated image data  60 . Additionally, the BIC sub-block  62  may utilize one or more gain parameters  68  that augment the gain maps  74  to account for global and/or average display characteristics for the image frame. For example, the gain parameters  68  may include a normalization factor, which may vary depending on the global brightness setting of the electronic display  12 , the maximum gain to be applied, the emission duty cycle of the pixels, and/or for which color component (e.g., red, green, or blue) the gain parameters  68  is applied. As should be appreciated, the gain parameters  68  discussed herein are non-limiting, and additional parameters may also be included in determining the compensated image data  60  such as floating or fixed reference values and/or parameters representative of the type of display panel  40 . As such, the gain parameters  68  may represent any suitable parameters that the BIC/BIS block  52  may use to appropriately adjust the values of and/or apply the gain maps  74  to compensate for burn-in. 
     In general, as pixels are utilized throughout the life of the electronic display  12 , the pixel efficiencies of the pixels may be reduced. For example, the more luminance output provided by a particular pixel over the life of the display, the more burn-in related aging the pixel may exhibit. As such the gain maps  74  may gain down the input image data  58  associated with less-aged pixels without gaining down, by gaining down less, or by up gaining the image data associated with pixels having greater amounts of aging. However, in some scenarios, non-monotonic aging may be exhibited such that the pixel efficiency is increased during the early stages of aging, before following a downward efficiency trend with aging. For example, certain types of pixels may exhibit an increase in pixel efficiency at the outset of aging before turning to follow the typical downward efficiency trend with increased aging. As such, in some embodiments, the gain maps  74  may compensate the input image data  58  for an increase in pixel efficiency, such as, for example, for estimated amounts of aging (e.g., burn-in history values) less than a threshold amount. 
     Additionally or alternatively to using gain maps  74  adapted for non-monotonic aging (e.g., based on the burn-in history map  70 ), the BIC sub-block  62  may include a gain adjustment  76  to adjust the gain values of the gain maps  74  based on the desired luminance output of the pixels (e.g., based on the input image data  58  and/or gain parameters  68 ). For example, as discussed herein, in some scenarios, a parasitic capacitance  78  within the pixel circuitry  80 , as exampled in the schematic diagram of  FIG.  11   , may invert the typical relationship that correlates decreased pixel efficiency with increased burn-in related aging. 
     In general, the pixel circuitry  80  may be controlled by a data line voltage signal  82  (e.g., on data line  84 ), a scan control signal  86  (e.g., on scan line  88 ), and/or an emission control signal  90 . For example, the data line voltage signal  82  may be an analog voltage signal indicative of the compensated image data  60  (e.g., compensated pixel data of luminance values), and the scan control signal  86  may be a selection signal to access a specific pixel by operating one or more switching devices  92 . Additionally, the emission control signal  90  may connect or disconnect a light emissive element  94  (e.g., an organic or micro light emitting diode) of the pixel circuitry  80  and/or a reference voltage supply line  96 , for example, to disconnect the light emissive element  94  when a new data line voltage signal  82  is being written (e.g., programmed) to the pixel circuitry  80  and to connect the light emissive element  94  for illumination. 
     The switching devices  92  may be of any suitable type of electrical switch (e.g., p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) transistors, n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistors, etc.). In the depicted example, a storage capacitor  98  is coupled between the reference voltage supply line  96  (e.g., supplying the reference voltage  100 ) and an internal (e.g., current control) node  102 . Additionally, the voltage at the internal node  102  may control a gate  104  of a switching device  92 . The light emission from the light emissive element  94  may be varied based on the magnitude of electrical current supplied to the light emissive element  94 , which may be controlled by the voltage at the internal node  102  applied to the gate  104 . Moreover, the switching device  92  controlled by the gate  104  may be operated in its linear mode (e.g., region) such that its channel width and, thus, permitted current flow varies proportionally with the voltage of the internal node  102 . Thus, to facilitate controlling light emission, the data line voltage signal  82  may be used to set the voltage at the internal node  102  and, therefore, regulate the current flow from the reference voltage supply line  96 . As should be appreciated, the above description of the pixel circuitry  80  is given as an example, and other configurations or pixel circuitry  80  may be utilized depending on implementation. 
     As discussed herein, a parasitic capacitance  78  may be exhibited within the pixel circuitry  80  to effect an increased current  106  through the light emissive element  94 . Moreover, the relative weight/effect of the parasitic capacitance  78  on the pixel efficiency may vary depending on the desired luminance output of the pixel. For example, the effects of the parasitic capacitance may be more pronounced (e.g., noticeable) at lower luminance outputs (e.g., less than 1 nit, less than 5 nits, less than 10 nits, and so on depending on implementation and/or physical pixel characteristics), whereby the parasitic capacitance  78  in the pixel circuitry  80  may increase the effective voltage and/or current supplied to the light emissive element  94  such that a noticeable increase in pixel luminance occurs. Additionally, the parasitic capacitance  78  may also be more pronounced at higher refresh rates of the electronic display  12 . For example, a display panel  40  operating at 120 Hertz may have a higher likelihood of exhibiting the effects of parasitic capacitance  78  than a display panel operating at 60 Hertz. 
     Furthermore, the increase in pixel voltage and/or current, associated with gain values of the gain maps  74 , supplied to the light emissive element  94  to offset the expected decrease in pixel efficiency due to aging, may exacerbate the effect of the parasitic capacitance  78 , leading to an inverse burn-in effect, whereby, as the pixel ages and normal aging compensation is applied, the pixel appears to exhibit increased pixel efficiency. In other words, at low luminance outputs, the gain that would otherwise be applied to compensate for the burn-in related aging of the pixel may overcompensate the input image data  58  for the pixel value, which may lead to image artifacts being displayed. As such, in some embodiments, a gain adjustment  76  may be made to the gain values of the gain maps  74  based on the desired luminance outputs of the pixels to reduce, negate, or invert the compensation that would otherwise be applied. 
       FIG.  12    is a schematic diagram of the BIC sub-block  62  including a gain adjustment  76 . As discussed above, in some embodiments, the gain maps  74  may be computed (e.g., via the compute gain maps sub-block  72 ) from a burn-in history map  70 . Additionally, in some scenarios, the gain maps  74  may undergo upsampling  108  (e.g., generating upsampled gain maps  74 ′) to match the resolution of the input image data  58  and/or the electronic display  12 . As should be appreciated, if the burn-in history map  70  or gain maps  74  are maintained, generated, and/or sampled at the full pixel resolution, upsampling  108  may be bypassed or removed. 
     Additionally, as discussed above, the relative effect (e.g., amount of increased current  106  relative to the nominal current for the desired luminance output of the light emissive element  94 ) of the parasitic capacitance  78  of the pixel circuitry  80  may be greater at lower luminance outputs. However, while the input image data  58  includes the pixel values, the luminance outputs of the pixels may also be defined by one or more gain parameters  68 , such as the global brightness setting  110  and/or a duty cycle factor  112  (e.g., representative of the emission duty cycle of the pixels over the image frame). Indeed, the same pixel value of the input image data  58  at a higher global brightness setting  110 , which may correspond to a higher duty cycle  112 , also corresponds to a higher luminance output of the pixel. As such, the BIC sub-bock  62  may include a brightness normalization  114  of input image data  58  based on the global brightness setting  110  and/or the duty cycle  112 . The brightness normalization  114  generates brightness-normalized pixel values  116 , which incorporates information regarding the per-channel contribution of the duty cycle factor  112  and global brightness setting  110  for the current image frame along with the input image data  58 . As should be appreciated, the global brightness setting  110  may be the same as or correlated with a user adjustable display brightness. Moreover, the global brightness setting  110  may be adjusted in the image processing circuitry  28  and/or based on detected ambient lighting. Additionally, as should be appreciated, the emission duty cycle may be indicative of a pulse-width modulation or a relative time of emission of a pixel during an image frame. For example, below a threshold brightness, the voltage and/or current may be held constant, and the emission pulse-width modulated at a particular duty cycle to obtain darker luminance levels. 
     The brightness-normalized pixel values  116  may be utilized with the gain maps  74  (e.g., upsampled gain maps  74 ′) to generate compensated gains  118  via the gain adjustment  76 . For example, the gain adjustment  76  may include a 2D compensation look-up table (LUT)  120  that outputs the compensated gains  118  based on the gain values of the gain maps  74  and the brightness-normalized pixel values  116 . In other words, the gain adjustment  76  makes per pixel gain adjustments based on the brightness-normalized pixel values  116  to compensate for the parasitic capacitance  78  and associated increased current  106  through the light emissive element  94 . As should be appreciated, while discussed herein as utilizing a 2D LUT to provide the gain adjustment  76 , any suitable method for generating the compensated gains  118  may be utilized such as one or more equation-based compensations computed in software. However, the 2D compensation LUT  120  may provide increased efficiency for the BIC sub-block  62  by providing quickly accessible values for what would otherwise be a list of non-linear and/or piecewise functions. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, values (e.g., tap points) of the 2D compensation LUT  120  may be interpolated between to generate compensated gains  118  that do not align with the prefilled compensation gains of the 2D compensation LUT  120 . Furthermore, the 2D compensation LUT  120  may include non-uniformly spaced tap points in one or both dimensions (e.g., along the input values of the gain maps  74  and/or the brightness-normalized pixel values  116 ). In other words, regions of the brightness-normalized pixel values  116  and/or gain values of the gain maps  74  that may have larger effects on the output compensated gains  118  may be more densely populated with tap points. Moreover, in some embodiments, each color component (e.g., each gain map  74 ) may utilize a separate 2D compensation LUT  120 . In other words, the amount of gain adjustment  76  may vary based on color component. 
     Furthermore, in some embodiments, the 2D compensation LUT  120  may be regenerated periodically (e.g., once per day, week, month, year, etc. and/or after an amount of “on” time of the electronic display since the previous regeneration) to account for the long-term aging of the electronic display. Indeed, as discussed above, the 2D compensation LUT  120  utilizes the gain values of the gain maps  74 , computed based on the burn-in history map  70 , to generate the compensated gains  118 . As such, the span of values (e.g., tap points) of the 2D compensation LUT  120  need only encompass the gain values of the gain maps  74  that correspond to the span of ages of the pixels of the burn-in history map  70 . As such, as the electronic display  12  ages as a whole, certain values of the 2D compensation LUT that will no longer be utilized (e.g., corresponding to amounts of aging that have been surpassed) may be replaced with new values (e.g., corresponding to the currently highest amounts of pixel aging) may be added. As such, the 2D compensation LUT  120  may be regenerated based on the span of estimated amounts of aging of the burn-in history map  70 . 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, the compensated gains  118  may be normalized via a normalization factor  122  to generate normalized gains  124 , and the BIC sub-block may apply gains  126  (e.g., apply the normalized gains  124 ) to the input image data  58  to generate the compensated image data  60 . In some embodiments, the normalization factor  122  may ensure that the normalized gains  124  to be applied to the input image data  58  are less than or equal to one, such that the maximum pixel value is not clipped. By applying the normalized gains  124 , the pixels of the electronic display  12  that are likely to exhibit the greatest amount of aging will appear to be equally as bright as pixels with less aging. As should be appreciated, the normalization factor  122  may take any suitable form, and may take into account a maximum gain to be applied and/or the global brightness setting  110  of the electronic display  12 , which may be set based on a user setting, an ambient light sensor, a time of day, and/or other parameters. Furthermore, different normalization factors  122  may be used for different color components of compensated gains  118 . 
     By adjusting the gain maps  74  (e.g., upsampled gain maps  74 ) based on the brightness-normalized pixel values  116 , normalizing the compensated gains  118 , and applying the normalized gains  124  to the input image data  58  the BIC sub-block  62  may compensate for burn-in related aging of the pixels of an electronic display. Furthermore, as discussed herein, the compensated image data  60  may be utilized by the pixel BIS sub-block  64  and to generate a history update  66  and maintain the burn-in history map  70 . 
       FIG.  13    is a block diagram of an example BIS sub-block  64  that utilizes the compensated image data  60  to generate a history update  66 . In some embodiments, the history update  66  may be generated from a combination of a temperature aging factor  128  and a luminance aging factor  130 . The temperature aging factor  128  takes into account the aging effect of temperature on pixel efficiency as the pixels are utilized to emit light. In some embodiments, a temperature grid  132  may provide temperatures  134  at one or more locations across the electronic device  10  and/or electronic display  12 . As should be appreciated, the temperature grid  132  may be uniformly spaced or non-uniformly spaced across the display panel  40 . Moreover, in some embodiments, the temperatures  134  for each pixel may be interpolated from the temperature grid  132 . Furthermore, in some scenarios, a single temperature value (e.g., measured, estimated, or preset value) may utilized instead of individual temperatures  134 . In some embodiments, the temperatures  134  (or single temperature value) may undergo a temperature scale/offset  136  to define a temperature differential  138  indicative of the local temperature&#39;s delta from a preset temperature, and the temperature differential  138  may be used to calculate the temperature aging factor  128  (e.g., via a temperature adaptation calculation  140 ). The temperature adaptation calculation  140  may utilize the temperature differential  138  in a linear or non-linear equation (e.g., calculated via a look-up-table (LUT), one or more processors, etc.) to calculate an expected contribution to the history update  66  due to the temperatures  134  of the pixels. As should be appreciated, the temperature differential  138 , temperature  134 , or single temperature value may be used in determining the temperature aging factor  128  depending on implementation. 
     Furthermore, the luminance aging factor  130 , indicative of the expected contribution to the history update  66  due to the luminance outputs of the pixels, may be calculated based on the compensated image data  60  and the global brightness setting  110 . Additionally, one or more reference parameters (which may be included as gain parameters  68 ) such as the average pixel luminance of the image frame  142 , the average pixel luminance of the previous image frame  144 , and/or an average pixel luminance calibration reference value  146 . Indeed, the changes from previous luminance levels to the current luminance levels may contribute to pixel aging, and one or more calibration/reference values (e.g., the average pixel luminance calibration reference value  146 ) may be used as part of the calculation of the luminance aging factor  130 . 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, the global brightness setting  110  may be normalized by a maximum of the global brightness setting  110 . As should be appreciated, the parameters used herein are given as examples and additional or fewer reference parameters may be used in conjunction with the compensated image data  60  and/or global brightness setting  110  to generate the luminance aging factor  130 . Moreover, in some embodiments, the gain parameters  68  discussed above, a subset thereof, and/or other parameters may be utilized to generate an intermediate luminance aging factor  148  used in a luminance aging adaptation calculation  150  to calculate the luminance aging factor  130  (e.g., via a LUT, one or more processors, etc.) via one or more linear or non-linear equations. 
     Moreover, in some embodiments, the duty cycle factor  112  (e.g., representative of the emission duty cycle of the pixels over an image frame) may be utilized to augment the combination of the temperature aging factor  128  and the luminance aging factor  130 . As should be appreciated, the effect of burn-in on a pixel may differ at different emission duty cycles and, thus, the duty cycle factor  112  may be used to augment the history update  66 . 
       FIG.  14    is a flowchart  152  of an example process for performing burn-in compensation and statistics gathering. The BIC/BIS block  52  may receive input image data  58  (process block  154 ), and determine gain maps  74  based on a burn-in history map  70  (process block  156 ). Additionally, brightness-normalized pixel values  116  may be determined based on the input image data  58  and the global brightness setting  110  of the electronic display  12  (process block  158 ). Additionally, the BIC/BIS block  52  may determine compensated gains  118  from a 2D compensation LUT  120  based on the brightness-normalized pixel values  116  and the gain values of the gain maps  74  (process block  160 ) and normalize (e.g., via the normalization factor  122 ) the compensated gains  118  to generate normalized gains  124  (process block  162 ). The normalized gains  124  may be applied to the input image data  58  (process block  164 ) to generate the compensated image data  60 , and the compensated image data may be output (process block  166 ), such as to the electronic display  12  and/or for further processing via one or more other processing blocks  54 . Based on the compensated image data  60 , the burn-in history map  70  may be updated (process block  168 ), such as via a history update  66 . Additionally, in some embodiments, the 2D compensation LUT  120  may be recalculated based on a range of the estimated amounts of aging of the burn-in history map  70  (process block  170 ). 
     By tracking the estimated amount of burn-in related aging that has taken place in the pixels, per-pixel gains (e.g., gain maps  74 ) may be obtained to compensate for the effects of burn-in. Moreover, by performing a gain adjustment  76  based on the desired luminance outputs of the pixels (e.g., based on the brightness-normalized pixel values  116 ), the burn-in compensation may account for inverse burn-in effects, such as at low luminance outputs. In this way, the pixels of the electronic display  12  that exhibit changes in pixel efficiency due to non-uniform aging and/or parasitic capacitance  78  within the pixel circuitry  80  will appear to have aged uniformly. As such, perceivable burn-in artifacts on the electronic display  12  may be reduced or eliminated. Furthermore, although the flowchart  152  is shown in a given order, in certain embodiments, process/decision blocks may be reordered, altered, deleted, and/or occur simultaneously. Additionally, the flowchart  152  is given as an illustrative tool and further decision and process blocks may also be added depending on implementation. 
     The specific embodiments described above have been shown by way of example, and it should be understood that these embodiments may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms. It should be further understood that the claims are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed, but rather to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. 
     It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users. 
     The techniques presented and claimed herein are referenced and applied to material objects and concrete examples of a practical nature that demonstrably improve the present technical field and, as such, are not abstract, intangible or purely theoretical. Further, if any claims appended to the end of this specification contain one or more elements designated as “means for [perform] ing [a function] . . . ” or “step for [perform] ing [a function] . . . ”, it is intended that such elements are to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112 (f). However, for any claims containing elements designated in any other manner, it is intended that such elements are not to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112 (f).

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20230912
Publication Date: 20241112
Grant Date: 20241112
Priority Date: 20230912
Inventors: KOH, TAE-WOOK
CHAPPALLI, MAHESH B
Price, Jared S
YOUNG, VINCENT Z
ZHANG, YIFAN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G09G3/3208", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0233", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/046", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/041", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3233", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/046", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/041", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0233", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3233", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/046", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/041", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0233", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3233", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 93381472