PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10306140-B2
Application Number: US-201213490031-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Motion adaptive image slice selection

Abstract:
Systems, methods, and computer readable media for adaptively selecting what portion (aka slice) of a first image (aka frame) is selected to overlap and blend with a second frame during frame capture operations are disclosed. In general, for every new frame captured in a sequence the overlap between it and the slice selected from a prior frame may be determined based, at least in part, on sensor output. If the overlap so determined is below a desired threshold, the position of the current frame&#39;s slice may be adjusted so as to provide the desired overlap.

Claims:
The invention claimed is: 
     
       1. A non-transitory program storage device, readable by a programmable processor and comprising instructions stored thereon to cause the processor to:
 acquire a first frame and a second frame from an image capture device; 
 acquire, from one or more sensor devices, motion information corresponding to the image capture device&#39;s motion during the acquisition of the first and second frames; 
 identify, based on the motion information, a first slice region in the first frame and a second slice region in the second frame, the second slice region&#39;s center being substantially equal to the second frame&#39;s center; 
 determine, based on the motion information and within an area of overlap between the first and second frames, whether the first and second slice regions overlap each other by at least a specified amount; 
 move, based on the motion information and in response to a determination that the first and second slice regions do not overlap each other by at least the specified amount, the second slice region in the second frame in a direction opposite to a direction of the image capture device&#39;s motion information so that the second slice region&#39;s center is spaced apart from the second frame&#39;s center and so that the moved second slice region in the second frame overlaps with the first slice region in the first frame by at least the specified amount; and 
 perform a blend operation in the overlap between the first slice region and the moved second slice region to generate a single panoramic image. 
 
     
     
       2. The non-transitory program storage device of  claim 1 , the first and second slice regions have a same width. 
     
     
       3. The non-transitory program storage device of  claim 2 , wherein the specified amount is between 20% and 90% of the width. 
     
     
       4. The non-transitory program storage device of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more sensor devices are proximate to or affixed to the image capture device. 
     
     
       5. The non-transitory program storage device of  claim 1 , wherein the instructions to cause the processor to acquire motion information comprise instructions to cause the processor to acquire the motion information from metadata from at least one of the first and second frames. 
     
     
       6. The non-transitory program storage device of  claim 2 , wherein the width is determined based on one or more of:
 a speed of acquiring the first and second frames; 
 an amount of available computational resources; and 
 an image quality of a lens of the image capture device. 
 
     
     
       7. The non-transitory program storage device of  claim 1 , wherein the first and second frames are not acquired successively. 
     
     
       8. The non-transitory program storage device of  claim 1 , wherein the instructions to cause the processor to perform the blend operation comprise instructions to cause the processor to perform the blend operation of the first and second frames immediately after moving the second slice region so as to have the overlap by at least the specified amount. 
     
     
       9. The non-transitory program storage device of  claim 8 , wherein the instructions to cause the processor to perform the blend operation further comprise instructions to cause the processor to display the blended frames. 
     
     
       10. The non-transitory program storage device of  claim 9 , wherein the instructions to cause the processor to display the blended frames comprise instructions to cause the processor to display the blended frames on a display of the image capture device. 
     
     
       11. The non-transitory program storage device of  claim 1 , wherein the first slice region&#39;s center is substantially equal to the first frame&#39;s center. 
     
     
       12. A method to generate a wide angle-of-view image, comprising:
 acquiring a first frame and a second frame from an image capture device; 
 acquiring, from one or more sensor devices, motion information corresponding to the image capture device&#39;s motion during the acquisition of the first and second frames; 
 identifying, based on the motion information, a first slice region in the first frame and a second slice region in the second frame, the second slice region&#39;s center being substantially equal to the second frame&#39;s center; 
 determining, based on the motion information and within an area of overlap between the first and second frames, whether the first and second slice regions overlap each other by at least a specified amount; 
 moving, based on the motion information and in response to a determination that the first and second slice regions do not overlap each other by at least the specified amount, the second slice region in the second frame in a direction opposite to a direction of the image capture device&#39;s motion information so that the second slice region&#39;s center is spaced apart from the second frame&#39;s center and so that the moved second slice region in the second frame overlaps with the first slice region in the first frame by at least the specified amount; and 
 performing a blend operation in the overlap between the first slice region and the moved second slice region to generate a single panoramic image. 
 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the first and second slice regions have a same width. 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 13 , wherein the specified amount is between 20% and 90% of the width. 
     
     
       15. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the one or more sensor devices are proximate to or affixed to the image capture device. 
     
     
       16. The method of  claim 12 , wherein acquiring motion information corresponding to the image capture device&#39;s motion comprises acquiring motion information from metadata from at least one of the first and second frames. 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 16 , wherein the metadata comprises metadata captured by the image capture device concomitant with capture of at least one of the first and second frames. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 13 , wherein the width is determined based on one or more of:
 a speed of acquiring the first and second frames; 
 an amount of available computational resources; and 
 an image quality of a lens of the image capture device. 
 
     
     
       19. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the first and second frames are not acquired successively. 
     
     
       20. The method of  claim 12 , wherein performing the blend operation comprises blending the first and second frames immediately after moving the second slice region so as to have the overlap by at least the specified amount. 
     
     
       21. The method of  claim 20 , wherein performing the blend operation further comprises displaying the blended frames. 
     
     
       22. The method of  claim 21 , wherein displaying the blended frames comprises displaying the blended frames on a display element of the image capture device. 
     
     
       23. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the first slice region&#39;s center is substantially equal to the first frame&#39;s center. 
     
     
       24. An electronic device comprising:
 an image capture unit; 
 one or more sensor devices; 
 memory operatively coupled to the image capture unit; 
 a processor operatively coupled to the image capture unit, the one or more sensor devices and the memory, wherein the memory stores data, wherein the data comprises instructions, and wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to:
 acquire a first frame and a second frame from the image capture unit; 
 acquire, from the one or more sensor devices, motion information corresponding to the image capture unit&#39;s motion during the acquisition of the first and second frames; 
 identify, based on the motion information, a first slice region in the first frame and a second slice region in the second frame, the second slice region&#39;s center being substantially equal to the second frame&#39;s center; 
 determine, based on the motion information and within an area of overlap between the first and second frames, whether the first and second slice regions overlap each other by at least a specified amount; 
 move, based on the motion information and in response to a determination that the first and second slice regions do not overlap each other by at least the specified amount, the second slice region in the second frame in a direction opposite to a direction of the image capture unit&#39;s motion information so that the second slice region&#39;s center is spaced apart from the second frame&#39;s center and so that the moved second slice region in the second frame overlaps with the first slice region in the first frame by at least the specified amount; and 
 perform a blend operation in the overlap between the first slice region and the moved second slice region to generate a single panoramic image. 
 
 
     
     
       25. The device of  claim 24 , further comprising a display element, wherein the memory further has instructions stored therein to cause the processor to:
 blend the first and second frames immediately after moving the second slice region so as to have the overlap by at least the specified amount; and 
 display, on the display element, the blended frames. 
 
     
     
       26. The device of  claim 24 , wherein the first slice region&#39;s center is substantially equal to the first frame&#39;s center. 
     
     
       27. The device of  claim 24 , wherein the first and second slice regions have a same width.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This disclosure relates generally to the field of image processing and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to operations for adaptively selecting slices from within frames for panoramic image composition based on image capture device motion. 
     One way to generate a wide angle-of-view or panoramic image so that it may be viewed, for example, a two-dimensional display is to capture a sequence of images by rotating the camera between each image. The individual images can then be projected onto an imaginary cylindrical manifold, where after they can be blended to produce a final image. One problem inherent in using a cylindrical projection is that lines parallel to the horizon (e.g., curbs and tops of buildings) become curved. Further, because some portions of the image plane may not lie on the surface of the cylindrical manifold, it becomes necessary to “bend” the edges between adjacent frames to “make” them do so. As a consequence, the images will look distorted. 
     One way to compensate for this type of distortion is to perform a cylindrical warping operation. Such transformations are well-known and are computationally intensive; often times too intensive to permit the real-time generation of panoramic images. As used here, the term “real-time” means during the time when the images are being captured. While many desktop, notebook, and workstation computer systems have sufficient computational power to perform cylindrical warping operations in real-time, such devices do not lend themselves to image capture. In contrast, many portable devices such as mobile telephones and tablet computer systems can capture image sequences but generally lack the computational resources to perform the necessary operations in real-time. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment the inventive concept provides a method to generate a wide angle-of-view image. The method includes acquiring a first image and identifying, within it, a first slice region. A second image and information corresponding to the image capture device&#39;s motion may then be acquired. Motion information can come from one or more sensors proximate or affixed to the image capture device supplying the first and second images. Illustrative sensors include, but are not limited to, accelerometer and gyroscopic sensors. The image capture device may, for example, be a stand-alone or embedded digital camera. A second slice region from the second image may be determined based, at least in part, on the motion information and a specified minimum amount of acceptable overlap between the first and second slice regions. 
     The inventive concept may also be embodied in computer executable instructions that cause a processor (e.g., a central processing and/or graphics processing unit) to perform the disclosed methods. Devices such as personal computers, mobile telephones, and pad computer systems may also be designed to incorporate software and hardware for implementing various embodiments of the disclosed methods. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A through 1C  show, pictorially, two illustrative image capture sequences. The sequence in  FIG. 1A / 1 B shows a situation where sufficient overlap between successive frames&#39; central regions exist to support blending operations. The sequence in  FIG. 1C  shows a situation in which there is not sufficient overlap between successive frames&#39; central regions to support blending operations. 
         FIG. 2  shows, in flowchart form, a slice selection operation in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  shows, in schematic form, the movement of a frame&#39;s selected slice in response to image capture device motion in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  shows, in block diagram form, an electronic device that can provide at least some of the disclosed capabilities. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This disclosure pertains to systems, methods, and computer readable media for implementing methods to adaptively select what portion (aka slice) of a first image (aka frame) is selected to overlap and blend with a second frame during the capture of an image sequence. In general, techniques are disclosed for selecting these slices based on the camera&#39;s motion. More particularly, for every new frame captured in a sequence of frames, the overlap between its ideal slice and the slice selected from a prior frame may be determined (e.g., the immediately prior frame or the second, third, fourth, . . . frame after the first frame). If this overlap is below some desired level, the position of the current frame&#39;s slice can be adjusted so as to provide the desired overlap. As used here, the phrase “ideal slice” means that portion of the new frame that would be selected in the absence of motion during capture of the new frame. 
     In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the inventive concept. As part of this description, some of this disclosure&#39;s drawings represent structures and devices in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the invention. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. Moreover, the language used in this disclosure has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter, resort to the claims being necessary to determine such inventive subject matter. Reference in this disclosure to “one embodiment” or to “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention, and multiple references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” should not be understood as necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
     It will be appreciated that in the development of any actual implementation (as in any development project), numerous decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals (e.g., compliance with system- and business-related constraints), and that these goals may vary from one implementation to another. It will also be appreciated that such development efforts might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the design an implementation of image processing systems having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     From a visual presentation standpoint, the center of each image is generally the ideal place from which to select slices for blending operations as this region tends to manifest the least amount of distortion. Under the constraint of always trying to select a slender slice from a frame&#39;s center (allowing a cylindrical projection to be approximated by a concatenation of individual planar slices, thereby avoiding cylindrical warping operations), it was recognized that if the image capture device were to move fast enough, image-center slices may not have sufficient (or any) overlap in which to perform a blend operation. When this happens, the final image may include undefined regions which can appear visually as “black” areas in the final wide angle-of-view image. 
     As noted above, in a wide angle-of-view image the surrounding scene may be depicted as if it were projected onto an imaginary cylindrical manifold. As such, the individual frames forming the panorama must be projected onto this cylindrical manifold before they can be blended into a final panoramic image. By way of example, the capture sequence shown in  FIG. 1A  illustrates a situation in which frames F1, F2 and F3 ( 100 ,  105  and  110  respectively) are captured fast enough (with respect to the image capture device&#39;s left-to-right motion) that there is sufficient overlap between them to permit blending operations (e.g., F1-F2 overlap  115  and F2-F3 overlap  120 ). When this occurs, the central slices from each frame (demarcated by dashed lines) may be concatenated to approximate a cylindrical projection. Cylindrical warping operations may be avoided if the selected slices are slender compared to the frames&#39; from which they are identified. The conditions shown in  FIG. 1A  are replicated in  FIG. 1B , albeit in a different format. It is this latter,  FIG. 1B  format, that will be used throughout the remainder of this disclosure. 
     In the capture sequence illustrated in  FIG. 1C , frames F4, F5 and F6 ( 125 ,  130  and  135  respectively) are captured slowly enough (relative to the image capture device&#39;s left-to-right motion) that their central slices  140 ,  145  and  150  do not overlap. If central slices  140 ,  145  and  150  are used during wide angle-of-view image generation, the final image will have undefined or black regions where no overlap occurred, areas denoted as  155  and  160 . 
     To overcome the situation where the image capture device is moving to fast for it to capture frames having sufficient overlap between successive central slices, sensor input may be used to move a frame&#39;s selected slice in a direction opposite that of the image capture device&#39;s motion until at least a specified overlap with the prior frames selected slice is obtained. Referring to  FIG. 2 , in accordance with one embodiment blend operation  200  begins when first and second frames are captured (blocks  205  and  210 ). Following capture of frame F2, image capture device motion information may be obtained (block  215 ). If frames F1 and F2 are captured at approximately the same time, it may be acceptable to obtain motion information as part of acts in accordance with blocks  205  or  210  rather than separately as implied by block  215 . Motion information may be obtained, for example, from sensor devices proximate, or affixed to, the image capture device. Illustrative sensors capable of providing this type of information include, but are not limited to, accelerometers and/or gyroscopic sensors. The overlap between the two most recently captured frames (e.g., F1 and F2) may then be determined (block  220 ). If there is not sufficient overlap between frame F1&#39;s prior selected slice and that of frame F2&#39;s central region to support blending operations (the “NO” prong of block  225 ), frame F2&#39;s slice may be moved in a direction opposite that of the image capture device&#39;s detected motion (block  230 ). When sufficient overlap between the first two selected slice regions exist (the “YES” prong of block  225  or completion of operations in accordance with block  230 ), the selected slice regions between the most recently captured two frames may be blended in accordance with any desired blend procedure (block  235 ). Illustrative blending operations include, but are not limited to, alpha compositing, arithmetic blending operations, Boolean blending operations, and hue, saturation and luminosity blending operations. If additional frames in the current wide angle-of-view image need to be processed (the “NO” prong of block  240 ), the next frame may be obtained (block  245 ) where after operations continue at block  215 . If frame capture for the current wide angle-of-view image has been completed (the “YES” prong of block  240 ), blend operation  200  is complete (block  250 ). 
     Assuming the image capture device is moving left-to-right, the location of the most recent frame&#39;s slice center may be given as:
 
 s   k+1 =min{ x   k+1   ,s   k +(1 −p ) W   s },  EQ. 1
 
where x k+1  and s k+1  represent the horizontal coordinate of the current frame and current slice respectively, s k  represents the coordinate of the prior selected slice&#39;s center point, “p” represents the minimum acceptable amount of overlap between the two slices centered at s k  and s k+1 , and W s  represents the width of the selected slices. See Table 1. As noted below, the slice width W s  may be selected based on two criteria: (i) large enough to ensure a sufficient overlap between slices (this is necessary for both registration and blending operations), and (ii) small enough so that the concatenation of the captured slices provide a good an approximation to a cylindrical projection.
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Selected Notation 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Parameter 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 W s   
                 Width of selected slice 
               
               
                 p 
                 Minimum percentage overlap between two consecutive slices 
               
               
                 x k   
                 Horizontal coordinate of the k-th frame center 
               
               
                 s k   
                 Horizontal coordinate of the k-th slice center 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In accordance with EQ. 1, the shift to the left of the current frame&#39;s selected slice, relative to its frame center, may be given by:
 
 x   k+1   −s   k+1   =x   k+1 −min{ x   k+1   ,s   k+1 +(1 −p ) W   s }  EQ. 2
 
     By choosing the center of the selected slice, with respect to the center of the frame, as shown herein it is possible to: (i) shift the selected slice to the left when the image capture device&#39;s motion is fast (x k+1 &gt;s k +(1−p)W s ); and (ii) select the central region of a frame when the image capture device&#39;s motion is slow (x k+1 &lt;s k +(1−p)W s ). While the embodiments described here are presented in the context of the image capture device moving left-to-right, one of ordinary skill in the art would readily appreciate application of the disclosed methodology to right-to-left, down-to-up, and up-to-down device motion. 
     The relationships identified in EQS. 1 and 2 are illustrated in  FIGS. 3A and 3B . In  FIG. 3A , frame F k    300  is shown having a width of W s  (for purposes of this discussion all frames have a selected slice width of W s ), a frame center coordinate x k , and a selected slice center coordinate s k . Because x k  equals s k  for frame F k , we know that frame F k &#39;s selected slice corresponds to the central region of the frame.  FIG. 3A  also shows that the next frame, frame F k+1 , has moved sufficiently to the right that there is no overlap between frame F k &#39;s selected slice (centered at s k ) and the central region of frame f k+1  (centered at x k+1 ), the amount of missed overlap being designated as  310 . In  FIG. 3B , the center of frame F k+1 &#39;s selected slice has been moved in accordance with EQ. 2 to the left as shown by arrow  315  enough to provide an overlap of at least p percent (denoted at  320 ). Adjusting the value of parameter “p”, permits the designer to adjust the size (width) of the blending region to meet the requirements of their, for example, selected blending operation. 
     In one embodiment each frame may be 1956-by-2592 pixels (corresponding to a 5 Mpix image) and each slice may have a width W s  of approximately 240 pixels (e.g., slices measure 2592-by-240 pixels). By “approximate,” it is meant that slice width W s  may vary so long as there remains sufficient overlap between frames and the quality of the cylindrical projection provided by the concatenated slices is sufficiently good, and what is “good” may vary from implementation to implementation. In another embodiment, each frame may be 1200-by-1600 pixels (corresponding to a 2 Mpix image) and an image slice width W s  of approximately 200 pixels (e.g., slices measure 1600-by-200 pixels). In one implementation, the actual overlap percent “p” may be fixed and between approximately 20% and 90%. A large value for p (e.g., 90%) ensures that a high quality blending operation between slices is possible because it allows a large degree of freedom in selecting the transition seam between consecutive slices so as to avoid cutting through moving objects. On the other hand, the larger the value of p, the larger the computational cost because at a large p, many more slices must be blended than for a smaller p. On the low-end (e.g., 20%), p must be at least large enough to ensure sufficient overlap between slices to support both registration and blending operations. 
     In one embodiment, the selection of the above slice width was informed by an evaluation of the trade-off between how fast the user would likely sweep the image capture device (selecting a slice width that is wide enough to ensure overlap between successive frames), the computational cost (making the slice narrow tends to reduce the computational load), and the image quality of the lens (selecting a region that is most likely to have the least distortion and lens shading) while having enough redundancy to support follow-on blending operations. It should also be recognized that thinner slices provide a better cylindrical manifold approximation. Making the slices to thin, however, reduces the amount of their overlap. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , it should be noted that frames F k+1    305  may represent the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, . . . frame captured after frame F k    300 . This latter approach may be appropriate when the image capture device is capable of capturing images rapidly compared to the image capture device&#39;s translation across a scene (e.g., 30 frames-per-second). In such cases, it may be possible to follow the approach described herein, or to adaptively adjust what frame is used for blending operations (e.g., using every other frame, every third frame, and so forth). In cases where image capture device motion is so rapid that the device&#39;s frame capture rate cannot deliver a minimum acceptable overlap between slices of successively captured frames, however, only slice selection operations in accordance with  FIG. 2  can provide sufficient overlap between frames to permit safe blending operations. 
     Frame slice selection operation  200  has been described in terms of real-time image processing. While operations described herein are applicable and appropriate to real-time processing, the inventive concept is not so limited. For example, the image capture device may record motion information for each frame and incorporate such information into its metadata (along with, perhaps, an indication of which frames belong to a wide angle-of-view image). Using this information at a later time, the same slice selection techniques may be applied using notebook, desktop or workstation style computer systems, as well as portable gaming devices such as the Nintendo DS®. (NINTENDO DS is a registered trademark of Nintendo of America Inc.) 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , a simplified functional block diagram of an illustrative electronic device  400  is shown according to one embodiment. Electronic device  400  may include processor  405 , display  410 , user interface  415 , graphics hardware  420 , device sensors  425  (e.g., proximity sensor/ambient light sensor, accelerometer and/or gyroscope), microphone  430 , audio codec(s)  435 , speaker(s)  440 , communications circuitry  445 , digital image capture unit  450 , video codec(s)  455 , memory  460 , storage  465 , and communications bus  470 . Electronic device  400  may be, for example, a personal digital assistant (PDA), personal music player, mobile telephone, or a notebook, laptop or tablet computer system. 
     Processor  405  may execute instructions necessary to carry out or control the operation of many functions performed by device  400  (e.g., such as the generation and/or processing of images in accordance with operation  200 ). Processor  405  may, for instance, drive display  410  and receive user input from user interface  415 . User interface  415  can take a variety of forms, such as a button, keypad, dial, a click wheel, keyboard, display screen and/or a touch screen. Processor  405  may be a system-on-chip such as those found in mobile devices and include a dedicated graphics processing unit (GPU). Processor  405  may be based on reduced instruction-set computer (RISC) or complex instruction-set computer (CISC) architectures or any other suitable architecture and may include one or more processing cores. Graphics hardware  420  may be special purpose computational hardware for processing graphics and/or assisting processor  405  process graphics information. In one embodiment, graphics hardware  420  may include a programmable graphics processing unit (GPU). 
     Sensor and camera circuitry  450  may capture still and video images that may be processed to generate wide angle-of-view images, at least in part, by video codec(s)  455  and/or processor  405  and/or graphics hardware  420 , and/or a dedicated image processing unit incorporated within circuitry  450 . Images so captured may be stored in memory  460  and/or storage  465 . Memory  460  may include one or more different types of media used by processor  405 , graphics hardware  420 , and image capture circuitry  450  to perform device functions. For example, memory  460  may include memory cache, read-only memory (ROM), and/or random access memory (RAM). Storage  465  may store media (e.g., audio, image and video files), computer program instructions or software, preference information, device profile information, and any other suitable data. Storage  465  may include one more non-transitory storage mediums including, for example, magnetic disks (fixed, floppy, and removable) and tape, optical media such as CD-ROMs and digital video disks (DVDs), and semiconductor memory devices such as Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), and Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM). Memory  460  and storage  465  may be used to retain computer program instructions or code organized into one or more modules and written in any desired computer programming language. When executed by, for example, processor  405  such computer program code may implement one or more of the methods described herein. 
     It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. The material has been presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention as claimed and is provided in the context of particular embodiments, variations of which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art (e.g., some of the disclosed embodiments may be used in combination with each other). The scope of the invention therefore should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.”

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20120606
Publication Date: 20190528
Grant Date: 20190528
Priority Date: 20120606
Inventors: TICO, MARIUS
DOEPKE, FRANK
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04N23/698", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N23/698", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N5/23238", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 49714981