PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10608344-B2
Application Number: US-201816002941-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Electronic device antenna arrays mounted against a dielectric layer

Abstract:
An electronic device may be provided with wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include one or more antennas and transceiver circuitry such as centimeter and millimeter wave transceiver circuitry (e.g., circuitry that transmits and receives antennas signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz). The antennas may be arranged in a phased antenna array. The phased antenna array may be formed on a dielectric substrate and may include one or more indirectly-fed microstrip dipole antennas. Conductive traces forming dipole antenna resonating elements or parasitic resonating elements for the dipole antennas in the phased antenna array may be embedded within or formed on an upper surface of the dielectric substrate. The phased antenna array may include both dipole antennas and patch antennas. Dipole antennas may be interposed between adjacent patch antennas or formed next to patch antennas.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device comprising:
 a dielectric cover layer; 
 a dielectric substrate having a surface that is mounted against the dielectric cover layer; and 
 a phased antenna array on the dielectric substrate, wherein the phased antenna array comprises a dipole antenna and the dipole antenna is configured to transmit radio-frequency signals at a frequency between 10 GHz and 300 GHz through the dielectric cover layer. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the dipole antenna comprises a ground plane and a dipole antenna resonating element formed from planar conductive traces on the dielectric substrate, the planar conductive traces being interposed between the dielectric cover layer and the ground plane. 
     
     
       3. The electronic device defined in  claim 2 , wherein the dipole antenna comprises a feed element that is interposed between the dipole antenna resonating element and the ground plane and that is configured to indirectly feed the dipole antenna resonating element. 
     
     
       4. The electronic device defined in  claim 3 , wherein the feed element comprises additional planar conductive traces interposed between the conductive traces and the ground plane. 
     
     
       5. The electronic device defined in  claim 4 , wherein the dipole antenna further comprises a parasitic element interposed between the dipole antenna resonating element and the dielectric cover layer. 
     
     
       6. The electronic device defined in  claim 5 , further comprising:
 an adhesive layer that attaches the surface of the dielectric substrate to the dielectric cover layer, wherein the parasitic element is in direct contact with the adhesive layer. 
 
     
     
       7. The electronic device defined in  claim 4 , wherein the dielectric cover layer is configured to form a quarter wave impedance transformer between the phased antenna array and an exterior of the electronic device at the frequency. 
     
     
       8. The electronic device defined in  claim 3 , wherein the dipole antenna further comprises transmission line stubs coupled to the feed element. 
     
     
       9. The electronic device defined in  claim 8 , further comprising:
 a radio-frequency transceiver; and 
 a radio-frequency transmission line coupled to the radio-frequency transceiver, wherein the radio-frequency transmission line has a signal conductor that is coupled to the feed element through a conductive via extending through at least some of the dielectric substrate and through an opening in the ground plane. 
 
     
     
       10. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the electronic device has first and second faces and further comprises:
 a display having a display cover layer and pixel circuitry that emits light through the display cover layer, wherein the display cover layer forms the first face of the electronic device and the dielectric cover layer forms the second face of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       11. The electronic device defined in  claim 10 , wherein the dielectric cover layer comprises material selected from the group consisting of: glass and ceramic. 
     
     
       12. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a display having pixel circuitry, wherein the pixel circuitry is configured to emit light through the dielectric cover layer. 
 
     
     
       13. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the phased antenna array further comprises:
 a first patch antenna that is configured to transmit radio-frequency signals at an additional frequency through the dielectric cover layer, wherein the additional frequency is between 10 GHz and 300 GHz and is different than the frequency of the radio-frequency signals transmitted by the dipole antenna. 
 
     
     
       14. The electronic device defined in  claim 13 , wherein the phased antenna array further comprises:
 a second patch antenna that is configured to transmit radio-frequency signals at the additional frequency through the dielectric cover layer, wherein the dipole antenna is interposed between the first and second patch antennas. 
 
     
     
       15. The electronic device defined in  claim 14 , wherein the dipole antenna is a first dipole antenna and the phased antenna array further comprises:
 a second dipole antenna positioned below the first patch antenna, wherein the first dipole antenna extends along a first axis and the second dipole antenna extends along a second axis that is perpendicular to the first axis. 
 
     
     
       16. An electronic device comprising:
 a dielectric cover layer; 
 a dielectric substrate; and 
 an indirectly-fed microstrip dipole antenna on the dielectric substrate that is configured to convey radio-frequency signals at a frequency between 10 GHz and 300 GHz through the dielectric cover layer. 
 
     
     
       17. The electronic device defined in  claim 16 , wherein the electronic device has first and second faces and further comprises:
 a housing having a rear housing wall formed from the dielectric cover layer; and 
 a display in the housing having a display cover layer and pixel circuitry that emits light through the display cover layer, wherein the display cover layer forms the first face of the electronic device and the dielectric cover layer forms the second face of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       18. The electronic device defined in  claim 16 , further comprising:
 a display having pixel circuitry, wherein the pixel circuitry is configured to emit light through the dielectric cover layer. 
 
     
     
       19. An electronic device having first and second faces, comprising:
 a housing having a dielectric rear housing wall that forms the first face of the electronic device; 
 a display in the housing having a display cover layer and pixel circuitry that emits light through the display cover layer, wherein the display cover layer forms the second face of the electronic device; 
 a dielectric substrate mounted to the dielectric rear housing wall; and 
 a phased antenna array on the dielectric substrate, wherein the phased antenna array comprises a dipole antenna and a patch antenna and the phased antenna array is configured to convey radio-frequency signals at a frequency between 10 GHz and 300 GHz through the dielectric rear housing wall. 
 
     
     
       20. The electronic device defined in  claim 19 , further comprising:
 a conductive layer on a surface of the dielectric rear housing wall, wherein the conductive layer has an opening aligned with the phased antenna array.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with wireless communications circuitry. 
     Electronic devices often include wireless communications circuitry. For example, cellular telephones, computers, and other devices often contain antennas and wireless transceivers for supporting wireless communications. 
     It may be desirable to support wireless communications in millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications bands. Millimeter wave communications, which are sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) communications, and centimeter wave communications involve communications at frequencies of about 10-300 GHz. Operation at these frequencies may support high bandwidths, but may raise significant challenges. For example, millimeter wave communications signals generated by antennas can be characterized by substantial attenuation and/or distortion during signal propagation through various mediums and can generation undesirable surface waves at medium interfaces. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide electronic devices with improved wireless communications circuitry such as communications circuitry that supports millimeter and centimeter wave communications. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device may be provided with wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include one or more antennas and transceiver circuitry such as centimeter and millimeter wave transceiver circuitry (e.g., circuitry that transmits and receives antennas signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz). The antennas may be arranged in a phased antenna array. 
     The electronic device may include a housing having a dielectric cover layer. The phased antenna array may be formed on a dielectric substrate and may include one or more indirectly-fed microstrip dipole antennas. Conductive traces forming dipole antenna resonating elements or parasitic resonating elements for the dipole antennas in the phased antenna array may be embedded within or formed on an upper surface of the dielectric substrate. The surface of the dielectric substrate may be mounted against an interior surface of the dielectric cover layer (e.g., using a layer of adhesive). The dielectric cover layer may have a dielectric constant and a thickness that is selected so that the dielectric cover layer forms a quarter wave impedance transformer for the phased antenna array at a wavelength of operation of the phased antenna array. When configured in this way, signal attenuation and destructive interference within and below the dielectric cover layer may be minimized. The phased antenna array may convey radio-frequency signals through the dielectric cover layer with satisfactory antenna gain across all angles within the field of view of the phased antenna array. 
     The phased antenna array may include both dipole antennas and patch antennas. Multiple dipole antennas may be arranged in the phased antenna array with different orientations for covering multiple polarizations. Because the dipole antennas have a relatively small lateral footprint, using dipole antennas may maximize the number of antennas that can fit within the phased antenna array (and thus the overall gain of the array). Dipole antennas may be interposed between adjacent patch antennas or formed next to patch antennas (between the patch antenna and the edge of the dielectric substrate, for example). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device with wireless communications circuitry in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an illustrative phased antenna array that may be adjusted using control circuitry to direct a beam of signals in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of illustrative wireless communications circuitry in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of an illustrative patch antenna having a parasitic element in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of an illustrative dipole antenna in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a top view of an illustrative dipole antenna having a parasitic element in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a side view of an illustrative electronic device having dielectric cover layers at front and rear faces in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative phased antenna array that may be mounted against a dielectric cover layer in an electronic device in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a top view of an illustrative antenna module having dipole antennas and patch antennas in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Electronic devices such as electronic device  10  of  FIG. 1  may contain wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include one or more antennas. The antennas may include phased antenna arrays that are used for handling millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications. Millimeter wave communications, which are sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) communications, involve signals at 60 GHz or other frequencies between about 30 GHz and 300 GHz. Centimeter wave communications involve signals at frequencies between about 10 GHz and 30 GHz. While uses of millimeter wave communications may be described herein as examples, centimeter wave communications, EHF communications, or any other types of communications may be similarly used. If desired, electronic devices may also contain wireless communications circuitry for handling satellite navigation system signals, cellular telephone signals, local wireless area network signals, near-field communications, light-based wireless communications, or other wireless communications. 
     Electronic device  10  may be a portable electronic device or other suitable electronic device. For example, electronic device  10  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, headphone device, earpiece device, or other wearable or miniature device, a handheld device such as a cellular telephone, a media player, or other small portable device. Device  10  may also be a set-top box, a desktop computer, a display into which a computer or other processing circuitry has been integrated, a display without an integrated computer, a wireless access point, wireless base station, an electronic device incorporated into a kiosk, building, or vehicle, or other suitable electronic equipment. 
     Device  10  may include a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as a case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of these materials. In some situations, parts of housing  12  may be formed from dielectric or other low-conductivity material (e.g., glass, ceramic, plastic, sapphire, etc.). In other situations, housing  12  or at least some of the structures that make up housing  12  may be formed from metal elements. 
     Device  10  may, if desired, have a display such as display  6 . Display  6  may be mounted on the front face of device  10 . Display  6  may be a touch screen that incorporates capacitive touch electrodes or may be insensitive to touch. The rear face of housing  12  (i.e., the face of device  10  opposing the front face of device  10 ) may have a substantially planar housing wall such as rear housing wall  12 R (e.g., a planar housing wall). Rear housing wall  12 R may have slots that pass entirely through the rear housing wall and that therefore separate portions of housing  12  from each other. Rear housing wall  12 R may include conductive portions and/or dielectric portions. If desired, rear housing wall  12 R may include a planar metal layer covered by a thin layer or coating of dielectric such as glass, plastic, sapphire, or ceramic. Housing  12  may also have shallow grooves that do not pass entirely through housing  12 . The slots and grooves may be filled with plastic or other dielectric. If desired, portions of housing  12  that have been separated from each other (e.g., by a through slot) may be joined by internal conductive structures (e.g., sheet metal or other metal members that bridge the slot). 
     Housing  12  may include peripheral housing structures such as peripheral structures  12 W. Peripheral structures  12 W and conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R may sometimes be referred to herein collectively as conductive structures of housing  12 . Peripheral structures  12 W may run around the periphery of device  10  and display  6 . In configurations in which device  10  and display  6  have a rectangular shape with four edges, peripheral structures  12 W may be implemented using peripheral housing structures that have a rectangular ring shape with four corresponding edges and that extend from rear housing wall  12 R to the front face of device  10  (as an example). Peripheral structures  12 W or part of peripheral structures  12 W may serve as a bezel for display  6  (e.g., a cosmetic trim that surrounds all four sides of display  6  and/or that helps hold display  6  to device  10 ) if desired. Peripheral structures  12 W may, if desired, form sidewall structures for device  10  (e.g., by forming a metal band with vertical sidewalls, curved sidewalls, etc.). 
     Peripheral structures  12 W may be formed of a conductive material such as metal and may therefore sometimes be referred to as peripheral conductive housing structures, conductive housing structures, peripheral metal structures, peripheral conductive sidewalls, peripheral conductive sidewall structures, conductive housing sidewalls, peripheral conductive housing sidewalls, sidewalls, sidewall structures, or a peripheral conductive housing member (as examples). Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be formed from a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, or other suitable materials. One, two, or more than two separate structures may be used in forming peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. 
     It is not necessary for peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W to have a uniform cross-section. For example, the top portion of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may, if desired, have an inwardly protruding lip that helps hold display  6  in place. The bottom portion of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may also have an enlarged lip (e.g., in the plane of the rear surface of device  10 ). Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may have substantially straight vertical sidewalls, may have sidewalls that are curved, or may have other suitable shapes. In some configurations (e.g., when peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W serve as a bezel for display  6 ), peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may run around the lip of housing  12  (i.e., peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may cover only the edge of housing  12  that surrounds display  6  and not the rest of the sidewalls of housing  12 ). 
     Rear housing wall  12 R may lie in a plane that is parallel to display  6 . In configurations for device  10  in which some or all of rear housing wall  12 R is formed from metal, it may be desirable to form parts of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W as integral portions of the housing structures forming rear housing wall  12 R. For example, rear housing wall  12 R of device  10  may include a planar metal structure and portions of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W on the sides of housing  12  may be formed as flat or curved vertically extending integral metal portions of the planar metal structure (e.g., housing structures  12 R and  12 W may be formed from a continuous piece of metal in a unibody configuration). Housing structures such as these may, if desired, be machined from a block of metal and/or may include multiple metal pieces that are assembled together to form housing  12 . Rear housing wall  12 R may have one or more, two or more, or three or more portions. Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and/or conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R may form one or more exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., surfaces that are visible to a user of device  10 ) and/or may be implemented using internal structures that do not form exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., conductive housing structures that are not visible to a user of device  10  such as conductive structures that are covered with layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coating layers that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide peripheral conductive structures  12 W and/or conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R from view of the user). 
     Display  6  may have an array of pixels that form an active area AA that displays images for a user of device  10 . For example, active area AA may include an array of display pixels. The array of pixels may be formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic pixels, an array of plasma display pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode display pixels or other light-emitting diode pixels, an array of electrowetting display pixels, or display pixels based on other display technologies. If desired, active area AA may include touch sensors such as touch sensor capacitive electrodes, force sensors, or other sensors for gathering a user input. 
     Display  6  may have an inactive border region that runs along one or more of the edges of active area AA. Inactive area IA may be free of pixels for displaying images and may overlap circuitry and other internal device structures in housing  12 . To block these structures from view by a user of device  10 , the underside of the display cover layer or other layers in display  6  that overlaps inactive area IA may be coated with an opaque masking layer in inactive area IA. The opaque masking layer may have any suitable color. 
     Display  6  may be protected using a display cover layer such as a layer of transparent glass, clear plastic, transparent ceramic, sapphire, or other transparent crystalline material, or other transparent layer(s). The display cover layer may have a planar shape, a convex curved profile, a shape with planar and curved portions, a layout that includes a planar main area surrounded on one or more edges with a portion that is bent out of the plane of the planar main area, or other suitable shapes. The display cover layer may cover the entire front face of device  10 . In another suitable arrangement, the display cover layer may cover substantially all of the front face of device  10  or only a portion of the front face of device  10 . Openings may be formed in the display cover layer. For example, an opening may be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate a button. An opening may also be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate ports such as speaker port  8  or a microphone port. Openings may be formed in housing  12  to form communications ports (e.g., an audio jack port, a digital data port, etc.) and/or audio ports for audio components such as a speaker and/or a microphone if desired. 
     Display  6  may include conductive structures such as an array of capacitive electrodes for a touch sensor, conductive lines for addressing pixels, driver circuits, etc. Housing  12  may include internal conductive structures such as metal frame members and a planar conductive housing member (sometimes referred to as a backplate) that spans the walls of housing  12  (i.e., a substantially rectangular sheet formed from one or more metal parts that is welded or otherwise connected between opposing sides of peripheral conductive structures  12 W). The backplate may form an exterior rear surface of device  10  or may be covered by layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coatings that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide the backplate from view of the user. Device  10  may also include conductive structures such as printed circuit boards, components mounted on printed circuit boards, and other internal conductive structures. These conductive structures, which may be used in forming a ground plane in device  10 , may extend under active area AA of display  6 , for example. 
     In regions  2  and  4 , openings may be formed within the conductive structures of device  10  (e.g., between peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and opposing conductive ground structures such as conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R, conductive traces on a printed circuit board, conductive electrical components in display  6 , etc.). These openings, which may sometimes be referred to as gaps, may be filled with air, plastic, and/or other dielectrics and may be used in forming slot antenna resonating elements for one or more antennas in device  10 , if desired. 
     Conductive housing structures and other conductive structures in device  10  may serve as a ground plane for the antennas in device  10 . The openings in regions  2  and  4  may serve as slots in open or closed slot antennas, may serve as a central dielectric region that is surrounded by a conductive path of materials in a loop antenna, may serve as a space that separates an antenna resonating element such as a strip antenna resonating element or an inverted-F antenna resonating element from the ground plane, may contribute to the performance of a parasitic antenna resonating element, or may otherwise serve as part of antenna structures formed in regions  2  and  4 . If desired, the ground plane that is under active area AA of display  6  and/or other metal structures in device  10  may have portions that extend into parts of the ends of device  10  (e.g., the ground may extend towards the dielectric-filled openings in regions  2  and  4 ), thereby narrowing the slots in regions  2  and  4 . 
     In general, device  10  may include any suitable number of antennas (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, etc.). The antennas in device  10  may be located at opposing first and second ends of an elongated device housing (e.g., ends at regions  2  and  4  of device  10  of  FIG. 1 ), along one or more edges of a device housing, in the center of a device housing, in other suitable locations, or in one or more of these locations. The arrangement of  FIG. 1  is merely illustrative. 
     Portions of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be provided with peripheral gap structures. For example, peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be provided with one or more gaps such as gaps  9 , as shown in  FIG. 1 . The gaps in peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be filled with dielectric such as polymer, ceramic, glass, air, other dielectric materials, or combinations of these materials. Gaps  9  may divide peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W into one or more peripheral conductive segments. There may be, for example, two peripheral conductive segments in peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W (e.g., in an arrangement with two of gaps  9 ), three peripheral conductive segments (e.g., in an arrangement with three of gaps  9 ), four peripheral conductive segments (e.g., in an arrangement with four of gaps  9 ), six peripheral conductive segments (e.g., in an arrangement with six gaps  9 ), etc. The segments of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W that are formed in this way may form parts of antennas in device  10 . 
     If desired, openings in housing  12  such as grooves that extend partway or completely through housing  12  may extend across the width of the rear wall of housing  12  and may penetrate through the rear wall of housing  12  to divide the rear wall into different portions. These grooves may also extend into peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and may form antenna slots, gaps  9 , and other structures in device  10 . Polymer or other dielectric may fill these grooves and other housing openings. In some situations, housing openings that form antenna slots and other structure may be filled with a dielectric such as air. 
     In a typical scenario, device  10  may have one or more upper antennas and one or more lower antennas (as an example). An upper antenna may, for example, be formed at the upper end of device  10  in region  4 . A lower antenna may, for example, be formed at the lower end of device  10  in region  2 . The antennas may be used separately to cover identical communications bands, overlapping communications bands, or separate communications bands. The antennas may be used to implement an antenna diversity scheme or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna scheme. 
     Antennas in device  10  may be used to support any communications bands of interest. For example, device  10  may include antenna structures for supporting local area network communications, voice and data cellular telephone communications, global positioning system (GPS) communications or other satellite navigation system communications, Bluetooth® communications, near-field communications, etc. Two or more antennas in device  10  may be arranged in a phased antenna array for covering millimeter and centimeter wave communications if desired. 
     In order to provide an end user of device  10  with as large of a display as possible (e.g., to maximize an area of the device used for displaying media, running applications, etc.), it may be desirable to increase the amount of area at the front face of device  10  that is covered by active area AA of display  6 . Increasing the size of active area AA may reduce the size of inactive area IA within device  10 . This may reduce the area behind display  6  that is available for antennas within device  10 . For example, active area AA of display  6  may include conductive structures that serve to block radio-frequency signals handled by antennas mounted behind active area AA from radiating through the front face of device  10 . It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide antennas that occupy a small amount of space within device  10  (e.g., to allow for as large of a display active area AA as possible) while still allowing the antennas to communicate with wireless equipment external to device  10  with satisfactory efficiency. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram showing illustrative components that may be used in an electronic device such as electronic device  10 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , device  10  may include storage and processing circuitry such as control circuitry  14 . Control circuitry  14  may include storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid-state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in control circuitry  14  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . This processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, baseband processor integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits, etc. 
     Control circuitry  14  may be used to run software on device  10 , such as internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, control circuitry  14  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using control circuitry  14  include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as WiFi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol or other wireless personal area network protocols, IEEE 802.11ad protocols, cellular telephone protocols, MIMO protocols, antenna diversity protocols, satellite navigation system protocols, etc. 
     Device  10  may include input-output circuitry  16 . Input-output circuitry  16  may include input-output devices  18 . Input-output devices  18  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  18  may include user interface devices, data port devices, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices may include touch screens, displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, speakers, status indicators, light sources, audio jacks and other audio port components, digital data port devices, light sensors, accelerometers or other components that can detect motion and device orientation relative to the Earth, capacitance sensors, proximity sensors (e.g., a capacitive proximity sensor and/or an infrared proximity sensor), magnetic sensors, and other sensors and input-output components. 
     Input-output circuitry  16  may include wireless communications circuitry  34  for communicating wirelessly with external equipment. Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas  40 , transmission lines, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  20  for handling various radio-frequency communications bands. For example, circuitry  34  may include transceiver circuitry  22 ,  24 ,  26 , and  28 . 
     Transceiver circuitry  24  may be wireless local area network transceiver circuitry. Transceiver circuitry  24  may handle 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for Wi-Fi® (IEEE 802.11) communications or other wireless local area network (WLAN) bands and may handle the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band or other wireless personal area network (WPAN) bands. 
     Circuitry  34  may use cellular telephone transceiver circuitry  26  for handling wireless communications in frequency ranges such as a low communications band from 600 to 960 MHz, a midband from 1710 to 2170 MHz, a high band from 2300 to 2700 MHz, an ultra-high band from 3400 to 3700 MHz, or other communications bands between 600 MHz and 4000 MHz or other suitable frequencies (as examples). Circuitry  26  may handle voice data and non-voice data. 
     Millimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  (sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) transceiver circuitry  28  or transceiver circuitry  28 ) may support communications at frequencies between about 10 GHz and 300 GHz. For example, transceiver circuitry  28  may support communications in Extremely High Frequency (EHF) or millimeter wave communications bands between about 30 GHz and 300 GHz and/or in centimeter wave communications bands between about 10 GHz and 30 GHz (sometimes referred to as Super High Frequency (SHF) bands). As examples, transceiver circuitry  28  may support communications in an IEEE K communications band between about 18 GHz and 27 GHz, a K a  communications band between about 26.5 GHz and 40 GHz, a K u  communications band between about 12 GHz and 18 GHz, a V communications band between about 40 GHz and 75 GHz, a W communications band between about 75 GHz and 110 GHz, or any other desired frequency band between approximately 10 GHz and 300 GHz. If desired, circuitry  28  may support IEEE 802.11ad communications at 60 GHz and/or 5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems (5G) communications bands between 27 GHz and 90 GHz. If desired, circuitry  28  may support communications at multiple frequency bands between 10 GHz and 300 GHz such as a first band from 27.5 GHz to 28.5 GHz, a second band from 37 GHz to 41 GHz, and a third band from 57 GHz to 71 GHz, or other communications bands between 10 GHz and 300 GHz. Circuitry  28  may be formed from one or more integrated circuits (e.g., multiple integrated circuits mounted on a common printed circuit in a system-in-package device, one or more integrated circuits mounted on different substrates, etc.). While circuitry  28  is sometimes referred to herein as millimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28 , millimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may handle communications at any desired communications bands at frequencies between 10 GHz and 300 GHz (e.g., transceiver circuitry  28  may transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in millimeter wave communications bands, centimeter wave communications bands, etc.). 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include satellite navigation system circuitry such as Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver circuitry  22  for receiving GPS signals at 1575 MHz or for handling other satellite positioning data (e.g., GLONASS signals at 1609 MHz). Satellite navigation system signals for receiver  22  are received from a constellation of satellites orbiting the earth. 
     In satellite navigation system links, cellular telephone links, and other long-range links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over thousands of feet or miles. In Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® links at 2.4 and 5 GHz and other short-range wireless links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over tens or hundreds of feet. Extremely high frequency (EHF) wireless transceiver circuitry  28  may convey signals that travel (over short distances) between a transmitter and a receiver over a line-of-sight path. To enhance signal reception for millimeter and centimeter wave communications, phased antenna arrays and beam steering techniques may be used (e.g., schemes in which antenna signal phase and/or magnitude for each antenna in an array is adjusted to perform beam steering). Antenna diversity schemes may also be used to ensure that the antennas that have become blocked or that are otherwise degraded due to the operating environment of device  10  can be switched out of use and higher-performing antennas used in their place. 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  can include circuitry for other short-range and long-range wireless links if desired. For example, wireless communications circuitry  34  may include circuitry for receiving television and radio signals, paging system transceivers, near field communications (NFC) circuitry, etc. 
     Antennas  40  in wireless communications circuitry  34  may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas  40  may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, stacked patch antenna structures, antenna structures having parasitic elements, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, monopoles, dipoles, helical antenna structures, Yagi (Yagi-Uda) antenna structures, surface integrated waveguide structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. If desired, one or more of antennas  40  may be cavity-backed antennas. Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a local wireless link antenna and another type of antenna may be used in forming a remote wireless link antenna. Dedicated antennas may be used for receiving satellite navigation system signals or, if desired, antennas  40  can be configured to receive both satellite navigation system signals and signals for other communications bands (e.g., wireless local area network signals and/or cellular telephone signals). Antennas  40  can be arranged in phased antenna arrays for handling millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications. 
     Transmission line paths may be used to route antenna signals within device  10 . For example, transmission line paths may be used to couple antennas  40  to transceiver circuitry  20 . Transmission line paths in device  10  may include coaxial cable paths, microstrip transmission lines, stripline transmission lines, edge-coupled microstrip transmission lines, edge-coupled stripline transmission lines, waveguide structures for conveying signals at millimeter wave frequencies (e.g., coplanar waveguides or grounded coplanar waveguides), transmission lines formed from combinations of transmission lines of these types, etc. 
     Transmission line paths in device  10  may be integrated into rigid and/or flexible printed circuit boards if desired. In one suitable arrangement, transmission line paths in device  10  may include transmission line conductors (e.g., signal and/or ground conductors) that are integrated within multilayer laminated structures (e.g., layers of a conductive material such as copper and a dielectric material such as a resin that are laminated together without intervening adhesive) that may be folded or bent in multiple dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and that maintain a bent or folded shape after bending (e.g., the multilayer laminated structures may be folded into a particular three-dimensional shape to route around other device components and may be rigid enough to hold its shape after folding without being held in place by stiffeners or other structures). All of the multiple layers of the laminated structures may be batch laminated together (e.g., in a single pressing process) without adhesive (e.g., as opposed to performing multiple pressing processes to laminate multiple layers together with adhesive). Filter circuitry, switching circuitry, impedance matching circuitry, and other circuitry may be interposed within the transmission lines, if desired. 
     Device  10  may contain multiple antennas  40 . The antennas may be used together or one of the antennas may be switched into use while other antenna(s) are switched out of use. If desired, control circuitry  14  may be used to select an optimum antenna to use in device  10  in real time and/or to select an optimum setting for adjustable wireless circuitry associated with one or more of antennas  40 . Antenna adjustments may be made to tune antennas to perform in desired frequency ranges, to perform beam steering with a phased antenna array, and to otherwise optimize antenna performance. Sensors may be incorporated into antennas  40  to gather sensor data in real time that is used in adjusting antennas  40  if desired. 
     In some configurations, antennas  40  may include antenna arrays (e.g., phased antenna arrays to implement beam steering functions). For example, the antennas that are used in handling millimeter wave signals for extremely high frequency wireless transceiver circuits  28  may be implemented as phased antenna arrays. The radiating elements in a phased antenna array for supporting millimeter wave communications may be patch antennas, dipole antennas, Yagi (Yagi-Uda) antennas, or other suitable antenna elements. Transceiver circuitry  28  can be integrated with the phased antenna arrays to form integrated phased antenna array and transceiver circuit modules or packages (sometimes referred to herein as integrated antenna modules or antenna modules) if desired. 
     In devices such as handheld devices, the presence of an external object such as the hand of a user or a table or other surface on which a device is resting has a potential to block wireless signals such as millimeter wave signals. In addition, millimeter wave communications typically require a line of sight between antennas  40  and the antennas on an external device. Accordingly, it may be desirable to incorporate multiple phased antenna arrays into device  10 , each of which is placed in a different location within or on device  10 . With this type of arrangement, an unblocked phased antenna array may be switched into use and, once switched into use, the phased antenna array may use beam steering to optimize wireless performance. Similarly, if a phased antenna array does not face or have a line of sight to an external device, another phased antenna array that has line of sight to the external device may be switched into use and that phased antenna array may use beam steering to optimize wireless performance. Configurations in which antennas from one or more different locations in device  10  are operated together may also be used (e.g., to form a phased antenna array, etc.). 
       FIG. 3  shows how antennas  40  on device  10  may be formed in a phased antenna array. As shown in  FIG. 3 , phased antenna array  60  (sometimes referred to herein as array  60 , antenna array  60 , or array  60  of antennas  40 ) may be coupled to signal paths such as transmission line paths  64  (e.g., one or more radio-frequency transmission lines). For example, a first antenna  40 - 1  in phased antenna array  60  may be coupled to a first transmission line path  64 - 1 , a second antenna  40 - 2  in phased antenna array  60  may be coupled to a second transmission line path  64 - 2 , an Nth antenna  40 -N in phased antenna array  60  may be coupled to an Nth transmission line path  64 -N, etc. While antennas  40  are described herein as forming a phased antenna array, the antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  may sometimes be referred to as collectively forming a single phased array antenna. 
     Antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  may be arranged in any desired number of rows and columns or in any other desired pattern (e.g., the antennas need not be arranged in a grid pattern having rows and columns). During signal transmission operations, transmission line paths  64  may be used to supply signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals such as millimeter wave and/or centimeter wave signals) from transceiver circuitry  28  ( FIG. 2 ) to phased antenna array  60  for wireless transmission to external wireless equipment. During signal reception operations, transmission line paths  64  may be used to convey signals received at phased antenna array  60  from external equipment to transceiver circuitry  28  ( FIG. 2 ). 
     The use of multiple antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  allows beam steering arrangements to be implemented by controlling the relative phases and magnitudes (amplitudes) of the radio-frequency signals conveyed by the antennas. In the example of  FIG. 3 , antennas  40  each have a corresponding radio-frequency phase and magnitude controller  62  (e.g., a first phase and magnitude controller  62 - 1  interposed on transmission line path  64 - 1  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 - 1 , a second phase and magnitude controller  62 - 2  interposed on transmission line path  64 - 2  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 - 2 , an Nth phase and magnitude controller  62 -N interposed on transmission line path  64 -N may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 -N, etc.). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  62  may each include circuitry for adjusting the phase of the radio-frequency signals on transmission line paths  64  (e.g., phase shifter circuits) and/or circuitry for adjusting the magnitude of the radio-frequency signals on transmission line paths  64  (e.g., power amplifier and/or low noise amplifier circuits). Phase and magnitude controllers  62  may sometimes be referred to collectively herein as beam steering circuitry (e.g., beam steering circuitry that steers the beam of radio-frequency signals transmitted and/or received by phased antenna array  60 ). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  62  may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the transmitted signals that are provided to each of the antennas in phased antenna array  60  and may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  60  from external equipment. Phase and magnitude controllers  62  may, if desired, include phase detection circuitry for detecting the phases of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  60  from external equipment. The term “beam” or “signal beam” may be used herein to collectively refer to wireless signals that are transmitted and received by phased antenna array  60  in a particular direction. The term “transmit beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to wireless radio-frequency signals that are transmitted in a particular direction whereas the term “receive beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to wireless radio-frequency signals that are received from a particular direction. 
     If, for example, phase and magnitude controllers  62  are adjusted to produce a first set of phases and/or magnitudes for transmitted millimeter wave signals, the transmitted signals will form a millimeter wave frequency transmit beam as shown by beam  66  of  FIG. 3  that is oriented in the direction of point A. If, however, phase and magnitude controllers  62  are adjusted to produce a second set of phases and/or magnitudes for the transmitted millimeter wave signals, the transmitted signals will form a millimeter wave frequency transmit beam as shown by beam  68  that is oriented in the direction of point B. Similarly, if phase and magnitude controllers  62  are adjusted to produce the first set of phases and/or magnitudes, wireless signals (e.g., millimeter wave signals in a millimeter wave frequency receive beam) may be received from the direction of point A as shown by beam  66 . If phase and magnitude controllers  62  are adjusted to produce the second set of phases and/or magnitudes, signals may be received from the direction of point B, as shown by beam  68 . 
     Each phase and magnitude controller  62  may be controlled to produce a desired phase and/or magnitude based on a corresponding control signal  58  received from control circuitry  14  of  FIG. 2  or other control circuitry in device  10  (e.g., the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  62 - 1  may be controlled using control signal  58 - 1 , the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  62 - 2  may be controlled using control signal  58 - 2 , etc.). If desired, control circuitry  14  may actively adjust control signals  58  in real time to steer the transmit or receive beam in different desired directions over time. Phase and magnitude controllers  62  may provide information identifying the phase of received signals to control circuitry  14  if desired. 
     When performing millimeter or centimeter wave communications, radio-frequency signals are conveyed over a line of sight path between phased antenna array  60  and external equipment. If the external equipment is located at location A of  FIG. 3 , phase and magnitude controllers  62  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards direction A. If the external equipment is located at location B, phase and magnitude controllers  62  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards direction B. In the example of  FIG. 3 , beam steering is shown as being performed over a single degree of freedom for the sake of simplicity (e.g., towards the left and right on the page of  FIG. 3 ). However, in practice, the beam is steered over two or more degrees of freedom (e.g., in three dimensions, into and out of the page and to the left and right on the page of  FIG. 3 ). 
     A schematic diagram of an antenna  40  that may be formed in phased antenna array  60  (e.g., as antenna  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and/or  40 -N in phased antenna array  60  of  FIG. 3 ) is shown in  FIG. 4 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , antenna  40  may be coupled to transceiver circuitry  20  (e.g., millimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  of  FIG. 2 ). Transceiver circuitry  20  may be coupled to antenna feed  96  of antenna  40  using transmission line path  64  (sometimes referred to herein as radio-frequency transmission line  64 ). Antenna feed  96  may include a positive antenna feed terminal such as positive antenna feed terminal  98  and may include a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal  100 . Transmission line path  64  may include a positive signal conductor such as signal conductor  94  that is coupled to terminal  98  and a ground conductor such as ground conductor  90  that is coupled to terminal  100 . 
     Any desired antenna structures may be used for implementing antenna  40 . In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, patch antenna structures may be used for implementing antenna  40 . Antennas  40  that are implemented using patch antenna structures may sometimes be referred to herein as patch antennas  40 P. An illustrative patch antenna  40 P that may be used in phased antenna array  60  of  FIG. 3  is shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , patch antenna  40 P may have a patch antenna resonating element  104  that is separated from and parallel to a ground plane such as antenna ground plane  102  (sometimes referred to herein as antenna ground  102 , ground structures  102 , or ground  102 ). Patch antenna resonating element  104  may lie within a plane such as the X-Y plane of  FIG. 5  (e.g., the lateral surface area of element  104  may lie in the X-Y plane). Patch antenna resonating element  104  may sometimes be referred to herein as patch  104 , patch element  104 , patch resonating element  104 , antenna resonating element  104 , or resonating element  104 . Ground plane  102  may lie within a plane that is parallel to the plane of patch element  104 . Patch element  104  and ground plane  102  may therefore lie in separate parallel planes that are separated by a distance  110 . Patch element  104  and ground plane  102  may be formed from conductive traces patterned on a dielectric substrate such as a rigid or flexible printed circuit board substrate, metal foil, stamped sheet metal, electronic device housing structures, or any other desired conductive structures. 
     The length of the sides of patch element  104  may be selected so that patch antenna  40 P resonates at a desired operating frequency. For example, the sides of patch element  104  may each have a length  114  that is approximately equal to half of the wavelength of the signals conveyed by patch antenna  40 P (e.g., the effective wavelength given the dielectric properties of the materials surrounding patch element  104 ). In one suitable arrangement, length  114  may be between 0.8 mm and 1.2 mm (e.g., approximately 1.1 mm) for covering a millimeter wave frequency band between 57 GHz and 70 GHz or between 1.6 mm and 2.2 mm (e.g., approximately 1.85 mm) for covering a millimeter wave frequency band between 37 GHz and 41 GHz, as just two examples. 
     The example of  FIG. 5  is merely illustrative. Patch element  104  may have a square shape in which all of the sides of patch element  104  are the same length or may have a different rectangular shape. Patch element  104  may be formed in other shapes having any desired number of straight and/or curved edges. If desired, patch element  104  and ground plane  102  may have different shapes and relative orientations. 
     To enhance the polarizations handled by patch antenna  40 P, antenna  40 P may be provided with multiple feeds. As shown in  FIG. 5 , patch antenna  40 P may have a first feed at antenna port P 1  that is coupled to a first transmission line path  64  such as transmission line path  64 V and a second feed at antenna port P 2  that is coupled to a second transmission line path  64  such as transmission line path  64 H. The first antenna feed may have a first ground feed terminal coupled to ground plane  102  (not shown in  FIG. 5  for the sake of clarity) and a first positive feed terminal  98 - 1  coupled to patch element  104 . The second antenna feed may have a second ground feed terminal coupled to ground plane  102  (not shown in  FIG. 5  for the sake of clarity) and a second positive feed terminal  98 - 2  on patch element  104 . 
     Holes or openings such as openings  117  and  119  may be formed in ground plane  102 . Transmission line path  64 V may include a vertical conductor (e.g., a conductive through-via, conductive pin, metal pillar, solder bump, combinations of these, or other vertical conductive interconnect structures) that extends through hole  117  to positive antenna feed terminal  98 - 1  on patch element  104 . Transmission line path  64 H may include a vertical conductor that extends through hole  119  to positive antenna feed terminal  98 - 2  on patch element  104 . This example is merely illustrative and, if desired, other transmission line structures may be used (e.g., coaxial cable structures, stripline transmission line structures, etc.). 
     When using the first antenna feed associated with port P 1 , patch antenna  40 P may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals having a first polarization (e.g., the electric field E 1  of antenna signals  115  associated with port P 1  may be oriented parallel to the Y-axis in  FIG. 5 ). When using the antenna feed associated with port P 2 , patch antenna  40 P may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals having a second polarization (e.g., the electric field E 2  of antenna signals  115  associated with port P 2  may be oriented parallel to the X-axis of  FIG. 5  so that the polarizations associated with ports P 1  and P 2  are orthogonal to each other). 
     One of ports P 1  and P 2  may be used at a given time so that patch antenna  40 P operates as a single-polarization antenna or both ports may be operated at the same time so that antenna  40 P operates with other polarizations (e.g., as a dual-polarization antenna, a circularly-polarized antenna, an elliptically-polarized antenna, etc.). If desired, the active port may be changed over time so that patch antenna  40 P can switch between covering vertical or horizontal polarizations at a given time. Ports P 1  and P 2  may be coupled to different phase and magnitude controllers  62  ( FIG. 3 ) or may both be coupled to the same phase and magnitude controller  62 . If desired, ports P 1  and P 2  may both be operated with the same phase and magnitude at a given time (e.g., when patch antenna  40 P acts as a dual-polarization antenna). If desired, the phases and magnitudes of radio-frequency signals conveyed over ports P 1  and P 2  may be controlled separately and varied over time so that patch antenna  40 P exhibits other polarizations (e.g., circular or elliptical polarizations). 
     If care is not taken, antennas  40  such as dual-polarization patch antennas of the type shown in  FIG. 5  may have insufficient bandwidth for covering an entirety of a communications band of interest (e.g., a communications band at frequencies greater than 10 GHz). If desired, patch antenna  40 P may include one or more parasitic antenna resonating elements that serve to broaden the bandwidth of the antenna. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , a bandwidth-widening parasitic antenna resonating element such as parasitic antenna resonating element  106  may be formed from conductive structures located at a distance  112  over patch element  104 . Parasitic antenna resonating element  106  may sometimes be referred to herein as parasitic resonating element  106 , parasitic antenna element  106 , parasitic element  106 , parasitic patch  106 , parasitic conductor  106 , parasitic structure  106 , parasitic  106 , or patch  106 . Parasitic element  106  is not directly fed, whereas patch element  104  is directly fed via transmission line paths  64 V and  64 H and positive antenna feed terminals  98 - 1  and  98 - 2 . 
     At least some or an entirety of parasitic element  106  may overlap patch element  104 . In the example of  FIG. 5 , parasitic element  106  has a cross or “X” shape. In order to form the cross shape, parasitic element  106  may include notches or slots formed by removing conductive material from the corners of a square or rectangular metal patch. Parasitic element  106  may have a rectangular (e.g., square) outline or footprint. Removing conductive material from parasitic element  106  to form a cross shape may serve to adjust the impedance of patch element  104  so that the impedance of patch element  104  is matched to both transmission line paths  64 V and  64 H, for example. The example of  FIG. 5  is merely illustrative. If desired, parasitic element  106  may have other shapes or orientations. 
     If desired, patch antenna  40 P of  FIG. 5  may be formed on a dielectric substrate (not shown in  FIG. 5  for the sake of clarity). The dielectric substrate may be, for example, a rigid or printed circuit board or other dielectric substrate. The dielectric substrate may include multiple stacked dielectric layers (e.g., multiple layers of printed circuit board substrate such as multiple layers of fiberglass-filled epoxy, multiple layers of ceramic substrate, etc.). Ground plane  102 , patch element  104 , and parasitic element  106  may be formed on different layers of the dielectric substrate if desired. 
     When configured in this way, patch antenna  40 P may cover a relatively wide millimeter wave communications band of interest such as a frequency band between 57 GHz and 71 GHz or a frequency band between 37 GHz and 41 GHz. The example of  FIG. 5  is merely illustrative. Parasitic element  106  may be omitted if desired. Antennas  40  such as patch antenna  40 P may have any desired number of antenna feeds. 
     In practice, patch antennas such as patch antenna  40 P of  FIG. 5  exhibit relatively uniform radiation patterns over all azimuthal angles relative to the normal axis of patch element  104 . However, patch antenna  40 P is relatively large in size. This limits the total number of patch antennas  40 P per unit area that can fit within phased antenna array  60 . As the gain of phased antenna array  60  is proportional to the number of antennas in the array, forming all of antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  as patch antennas  40 P can limit the overall gain of phased antenna array  60 . In order to maximize the number of antennas that can fit within phased antenna array  60  (and thus the overall gain of the array), some or all of the antennas in phased antenna array  60  may be implemented using other types of antennas having smaller lateral footprints than patch antenna  40 P. For example, some or all of the antennas  40  in phased antenna array may be implemented using dipole antenna structures. Antennas  40  that are implemented using dipole antenna structures may sometimes be referred to herein as dipole antennas  40 D (e.g., microstrip dipole antennas  40 D). An illustrative dipole antenna  40 D that may be used in phased antenna array  60  of  FIG. 3  is shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , dipole antenna  40 D may have a dipole antenna resonating element  204  that is separated from and extends parallel to antenna ground plane  202  (sometimes referred to herein as antenna ground  202 ). Dipole antenna resonating element  204  may lie within a plane such as the X-Y plane of  FIG. 6  (e.g., the lateral surface area of element  204  may lie in the X-Y plane). Dipole antenna resonating element  204  may sometimes be referred to herein as dipole element  204 , dipole resonating element  204 , dipole radiating element  204 , microstrip dipole element  204 , microstrip dipole antenna resonating element  204 , antenna resonating element  204 , or resonating element  204 . Ground plane  202  may lie within a plane that is parallel to the plane of dipole antenna resonating element  204 . Dipole antenna resonating element  204  and ground plane  202  may therefore lie in separate parallel planes that are separated by a distance  210 . Dipole antenna resonating element  204  and ground plane  202  may be formed from conductive traces patterned on a dielectric substrate such as a rigid or flexible printed circuit board substrate, metal foil, stamped sheet metal, electronic device housing structures, or any other desired conductive structures. 
     Dipole antenna resonating element  204  may have a width W and a length L (e.g., dipole antenna resonating element  204  may be a conductive patch having length L and width W). Length L of dipole antenna resonating element  204  may extend along a longitudinal axis (e.g., parallel to the Y-axis in  FIG. 6 ) such that length L is longer than width W. In this way, dipole antenna resonating element  204  and ground plane  202  (dipole antenna  40 D) may form a microstrip dipole antenna having a signal conductor formed from dipole antenna resonating element  204 . The length of dipole antenna resonating element  204  may be selected so that dipole antenna  40 D resonates at a desired operating frequency. For example, length L of antenna resonating element  204  may be approximately equal to (e.g., within 5% of) half of the wavelength of the signals conveyed by dipole antenna  40 D or may be approximately equal to (e.g., within 5% of) a quarter of the wavelength of the signals conveyed by dipole antenna  40 D (e.g., an effective wavelength given the dielectric properties of the materials surrounding dipole antenna resonating element  204 ). In one suitable arrangement, length L may be between 0.8 mm and 1.2 mm (e.g., approximately 1.1 mm) for covering a millimeter wave frequency band between 57 GHz and 70 GHz or between 1.6 mm and 2.2 mm (e.g., approximately 1.85 mm) for covering a millimeter wave frequency band between 37 GHz and 41 GHz, as just two examples. 
     Dipole antenna  40 D in  FIG. 6  has an antenna feed at antenna port P 1  that is coupled to a transmission line such as transmission line  64 . Transmission line  64  for feeding dipole antenna  40 D in  FIG. 6  may include a main transmission line path  64 M and transmission line stubs  64 S. Transmission line stubs  64 S may serve to match the impedance of dipole antenna  40 D to transmission line  64  (e.g., without using separate impedance matching components such as bulky surface mount capacitors or inductors). The location, length, and width of transmission line stubs  64 S may, for example, be selected to perform desired impedance matching. The example of  FIG. 6  is merely illustrative. Transmission line stubs  64 S may have the same lengths or different lengths. In one embodiment, transmission line stubs  64 S may be symmetrical about main transmission line path  64 M (e.g., a first transmission line stub may extend in the positive X-direction and have a given length whereas a second transmission line stub extends in the negative X-direction and has the same given length). Transmission line stubs  64 S may be shorted to main transmission line path  64 M or an open circuit may be formed between transmission line stubs  64 S and main transmission line path  64 M. 
     When configured in this way, main transmission line path  64 M, transmission line stubs  64 S, and ground plane  202  may form microstrip transmission line structures. Main transmission line path  64 M and stubs  64 S may be formed from conductive traces (or other desired conductive layers) on a printed circuit board or other desired dielectric substrate. The conductive traces used to form main transmission line path  64 M and stubs  64 S may lie within a plane that is parallel to the plane of dipole antenna resonating element  204  and ground plane  202  (e.g., some or all of main transmission line path  64 M may be interposed between dipole antenna resonating element  204  and ground plane  202 ). A hole or opening such as opening  217  may be formed in ground plane  202 . Transmission line  64  may include a vertical conductor (e.g., a conductive through-via, conductive pin, metal pillar, solder bump, combinations of these, or other vertical conductive interconnect structures) that extends through hole  217 . 
     The antenna feed for dipole antenna  40 D may include a ground antenna feed terminal coupled to ground plane  202  (not shown in  FIG. 6  for the sake of clarity) and a positive antenna feed terminal  98  on main transmission line feed path  64 M (sometimes referred to as feed element  64 M) that is indirectly coupled to dipole antenna resonating element  204 . In other words, dipole antenna resonating element  204  is not directly fed (i.e., is indirectly fed) by main transmission line path  64 M. Main transmission line path  64 M may excite dipole antenna resonating element  204  via near-field electromagnetic coupling to radiate at millimeter wave frequencies. In this way, dipole antenna resonating element  204  is indirectly fed by transmission line structures formed from main transmission line path  64 M, ground plane  202 , and stubs  64 S. Main transmission line path  64 M may sometimes be referred to herein as an indirect antenna feeding element, an indirect antenna feeding transmission line structure, an indirect antenna feeding microstrip transmission line, or a feed transmission line. 
     The example in  FIG. 6  in which dipole antenna  40 D is fed using microstrip transmission line structures formed from main transmission line path  64 M and tuning stubs  64 S is merely illustrative. Tuning stubs  64 S may be omitted if desired. Main transmission line path  64 M may be implemented as a stripline transmission line path or may be implemented using any other desired transmission line structures or other conductive structures (e.g., conductive patches, segments of conductive traces, etc.). 
     If care is not taken, antennas  40  such as dipole antenna  40 D of the type shown in  FIG. 6  may have insufficient bandwidth for covering an entirety of a communications band of interest (e.g., a communications band at frequencies greater than 10 GHz). If desired, dipole antenna  40 D in  FIG. 6  may therefore also include one or more parasitic antenna resonating elements that serve to broaden the bandwidth of dipole antenna  40 D.  FIG. 7  is a top view of an illustrative dipole antenna that includes a bandwidth-widening parasitic antenna resonating element. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , dipole antenna  40 D may include a parasitic antenna resonating element such as parasitic antenna resonating element  206 . Parasitic antenna resonating element  206  may be formed from conductive structures (e.g., conductive traces) located over dipole antenna resonating element  204 . Parasitic antenna resonating element  206  may sometimes be referred to herein as parasitic resonating element  206 , parasitic antenna element  206 , parasitic element  206 , parasitic patch  206 , parasitic conductor  206 , parasitic structure  206 , parasitic  206 , or patch  206 . Parasitic element  206  is not directly fed (e.g., parasitic element may be coupled to dipole antenna resonating element  204  by near-field electromagnetic coupling). 
     At least some or an entirety of parasitic element  206  may overlap antenna resonating element  204 . Antenna resonating element  204  is formed over and overlaps at least some of main transmission line path  64 M. Transmission line stubs  64 S extend symmetrically from either side of main transmission line path  64 M. In the example of  FIG. 7 , parasitic element  206  has a larger area than antenna resonating element  204  and completely overlaps antenna resonating element  204 . Parasitic element  206  may have a width W′ that is longer than the width W of dipole antenna resonating element  204  and/or a length L′ that is longer than the length L of dipole antenna resonating element  204 . Selecting a length L′ and width W′ for parasitic element  206  such that parasitic element  206  is larger than and overlaps dipole antenna resonating element  204  may serve to increase the bandwidth of antenna  40 . Length L′ may, for example, be less than 50% longer than L, less than 30% longer than L, less than 20% longer than L, less than 10% longer than L, less than 5% longer than L, etc. Similarly, width W′ may be less than 50% longer than W, less than 30% longer than W, less than 20% longer than W, less than 10% longer than W, less than 5% longer than W, etc. This example is merely illustrative, and parasitic element  206  may have other shapes, orientations, or sizes. 
     If desired, antenna  40 D of  FIG. 7  may be formed on a dielectric substrate (not shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7  for the sake of clarity). The dielectric substrate may be, for example, a rigid or printed circuit board or other dielectric substrate. The dielectric substrate may include multiple stacked dielectric layers (e.g., multiple layers of printed circuit board substrate such as multiple layers of fiberglass-filled epoxy, multiple layers of ceramic substrate, etc.). Ground plane  202 , main transmission line path  64 , dipole antenna resonating element  204 , and parasitic element  206  may be formed on different layers of the dielectric substrate if desired. 
       FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional side view of device  10  showing how phased antenna array  60  ( FIG. 3 ) may convey radio-frequency signals through a dielectric cover layer for device  10 . The plane of the page of  FIG. 8  may, for example, lie in the Y-Z plane of  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may extend around the periphery of device  10 . Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may extend across the height (thickness) of device  10  from a first dielectric cover layer such as dielectric cover layer  120  to a second dielectric cover layer such as dielectric cover layer  122 . Dielectric cover layers  120  and  122  may sometimes be referred to herein as dielectric covers, dielectric layers, dielectric walls, or dielectric housing walls. If desired, dielectric cover layer  120  may extend across the entire lateral surface area of device  10  and may form a first (front) face of device  10 . Dielectric cover layer  122  may extend across the entire lateral surface area of device  10  and may form a second (rear) face of device  10 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 8 , dielectric cover layer  122  forms a part of rear housing wall  12 R for device  10  whereas dielectric cover layer  120  forms a part of display  6  (e.g., a display cover layer for display  6 ). Active circuitry in display  6  may emit light through dielectric cover layer  120  and may receive touch or force input from a user through dielectric cover layer  120 . Dielectric cover layer  122  may form a thin dielectric layer or coating under a conductive portion of rear housing wall  12 R (e.g., a conductive backplate or other conductive layer that extends across substantially all of the lateral area of device  10 ). Dielectric cover layers  120  and  122  may be formed from any desired dielectric materials such as glass, plastic, sapphire, ceramic, etc. 
     Conductive structures such as peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may block electromagnetic energy conveyed by phased antenna arrays in device  10  such as phased antenna array  60  of  FIG. 3 . In order to allow radio-frequency signals to be conveyed with wireless equipment external to device  10 , phased antenna arrays such as phased antenna array  60  may be mounted behind dielectric cover layer  120  and/or dielectric cover layer  122 . 
     When mounted behind dielectric cover layer  120 , phased antenna array  60  may transmit and receive wireless signals (e.g., wireless signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies) such as radio-frequency signals  124  through dielectric cover layer  120 . When mounted behind dielectric cover layer  122 , phased antenna array  60  may transmit and receive wireless signals such as radio-frequency signals  126  through dielectric cover layer  120 . 
     In practice, radio-frequency signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies such as radio-frequency signals  124  and  126  may be subject to substantial attenuation, particularly through relatively dense mediums such as dielectric cover layers  120  and  122 . The radio-frequency signals may also be subject to destructive interference due to reflections within dielectric cover layers  120  and  122  and may generate undesirable surface waves at the interfaces between dielectric cover layers  120  and  122  and the interior of device  10 . For example, radio-frequency signals conveyed by a phased antenna array  60  mounted behind dielectric cover layer  120  may generate surface waves at the interior surface of dielectric cover layer  120 . If care is not taken, the surface waves may propagate laterally outward (e.g., along the interior surface of dielectric cover layer  120 ) and may escape out the sides of device  10 , as shown by arrows  125 . Surface waves such as these may reduce the overall antenna efficiency for the phased antenna array, may generate undesirable interference with external equipment, and may subject the user to undesirable radio-frequency energy absorption, for example. Similar surface waves can also be generated at the interior surface of dielectric cover layer  122 . 
       FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional side view of device  10  showing how phased antenna array  60  may be implemented within device  10  to mitigate these issues. As shown in  FIG. 9 , phased antenna array  60  may be formed on a dielectric substrate such as substrate  140  mounted within interior  132  of device  10  and against dielectric cover layer  130 . Phased antenna array  60  may include multiple antennas  40  (e.g., dipole antennas  40 D as shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7  and/or patch antennas  40 P as shown in  FIG. 5 ) arranged in an array of rows and columns (e.g., a one or two-dimensional array) or in other patterns. In the example of  FIG. 9 , two dipole antennas  40 D are shown in array  60 . Dielectric cover layer  130  may form a dielectric rear wall for device  10  (e.g., dielectric cover layer  130  of  FIG. 9  may form dielectric cover layer  122  of  FIG. 8 ) or may form a display cover layer for device  10  (e.g., dielectric cover layer  130  of  FIG. 9  may form dielectric cover layer  120  of  FIG. 8 ), as examples. Dielectric cover layer  130  may be formed from a visually opaque material or may be provided with pigment so that dielectric cover layer  130  is visually opaque if desired. 
     Substrate  140  may be, for example, a rigid or flexible printed circuit board or other dielectric substrate. Substrate  140  may include multiple stacked dielectric layers  142  (e.g., multiple layers of printed circuit board substrate such as multiple layers of fiberglass-filled epoxy) or may include a single dielectric layer. Substrate  140  may include any desired dielectric materials such as epoxy, plastic, ceramic, glass, foam, or other materials. Antennas  40  in phased array antenna  60  may be mounted at a surface of substrate  140  or may be partially or completely embedded within substrate  140  (e.g., within a single layer of substrate  140  or within multiple layers of substrate  140 ). 
     In the example of  FIG. 9 , dipole antennas  40 D in phased antenna array  60  include a ground plane (e.g., ground plane  202  of  FIG. 6 ) and dipole antenna resonating elements  204  that are formed from conductive traces embedded within layers  142  of substrate  140 . The ground plane for phased antenna array  60  may be formed from conductive traces  154  within substrate  140 , for example. Dipole antennas  40 D in phased antenna array  60  may include parasitic elements  206  (e.g., parasitic elements  206  as shown in  FIG. 7 ) that are formed from conductive traces at surface  150  of substrate  140 . For example, parasitic elements  206  may be formed from conductive traces on the top-most layer  142  of substrate  140 . In another suitable arrangement, one or more layers  142  may be interposed between parasitic elements  206  and dielectric cover layer  130 . In yet another suitable arrangement, parasitic elements  206  may be omitted and dipole antenna resonating elements  204  may be formed from conductive traces at surface  150  of substrate  140  (e.g., dipole antenna resonating element  204  may be in direct contact with adhesive layer  136  or interior surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  130 ). 
     Surface  150  of substrate  140  may be mounted against (e.g., attached to) interior surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  130 . For example, substrate  140  may be mounted to dielectric cover layer  130  using an adhesive layer such as adhesive layer  136 . This is merely illustrative. If desired, substrate  140  may be affixed to dielectric cover layer  130  using other adhesives, screws, pins, springs, conductive housing structures, etc. Substrate  140  need not be affixed to dielectric cover layer  130  if desired (e.g., substrate  140  may be in direct contact with dielectric cover layer  130  or may be pressed against dielectric cover layer  130  without being affixed to dielectric cover layer  130 ). Parasitic elements  206  in phased antenna array  60  may be in direct contact with interior surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  130  (e.g., in scenarios where adhesive layer  136  is omitted or where adhesive layer  136  has openings that align with parasitic elements  206 ) or may be coupled to interior surface  146  by adhesive layer  136  (e.g., parasitic elements  206  may be in direct contact with adhesive layer  136 ). 
     Phased array antenna  60  and substrate  140  may sometimes be referred to herein collectively as antenna module  138 . If desired, transceiver circuitry  134  (e.g., transceiver circuitry  28  of  FIG. 2 ) or other transceiver circuits may be mounted to antenna module  138  (e.g., at surface  152  of substrate  140  or embedded within substrate  140 ). While  FIG. 9  shows two dipole antennas  40 D, this is merely illustrative. In general, any desired number of antennas may be formed in phased antenna array  60 . The example of  FIG. 9  in which antennas  40  are dipole antennas is merely illustrative. Antenna module  138  may include patch antenna resonating elements (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 5 ), Yagi antenna resonating elements, slot antenna resonating elements, any other desired antenna resonating elements of antennas of any desired type, or a combination of these. If desired, phased antenna array  60  may include different types of antennas for covering different frequencies. For example, phased antenna array  60  may include a set of dipole antennas  40 D for covering a first frequency band and a set of patch antennas  40 P ( FIG. 5 ) for covering a second frequency band. 
     If desired, a conductive layer (e.g., a conductive portion of rear housing wall  12 R when dielectric cover layer  130  forms dielectric cover layer  122  of  FIG. 8 ) may also be formed on interior surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  130 . In these scenarios, the conductive layer may provide structural and mechanical support for device  10  and may form a part of the antenna ground plane for device  10 . The conductive layer may have an opening that is aligned with phased antenna array  60  and/or antenna module  138  (e.g., to allow radio-frequency signals  162  to be conveyed through the conductive layer). 
     Conductive traces  154  may sometimes be referred to herein as ground traces  154 , ground plane  154 , antenna ground  154 , or ground plane traces  154 . The layers  142  in substrate  140  between ground traces  154  and dielectric cover layer  130  may sometimes be referred to herein as antenna layers  142 . The layers in substrate  140  between ground traces  154  and surface  152  of substrate  140  may sometimes be referred to herein as transmission line layers. The antenna layers may be used to support dipole resonating elements  204 , parasitic elements  206 , and feed structures for the dipole antennas  40 D in phased antenna array  60 . The transmission line layers may be used to support additional transmission line structures for phased antenna array  60 . 
     Transceiver circuitry  134  may include transceiver ports  160 . Each transceiver port  160  may be coupled to a respective antenna  40  over one or more corresponding transmission line paths  64  (e.g., transmission line path  64  in  FIG. 6 ). Transceiver ports  160  may include conductive contact pads, solder balls, microbumps, conductive pins, conductive pillars, conductive sockets, conductive clips, welds, conductive adhesive, conductive wires, interface circuits, or any other desired conductive interconnect structures. 
     Transmission line paths for antennas  40  such as dipole antennas  40 D may be embedded within layers  142  of substrate  140 . The transmission line paths may include conductive traces  168  (e.g., conductive traces on one or more dielectric layers  142  within substrate  140 ). Conductive traces  168  may form signal conductor  94  and/or ground conductor  90  ( FIG. 4 ) of one, more than one, or all of transmission lines  64  for the antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60 . If desired, additional grounded traces within the transmission line layers of substrate  140  and/or portions of ground traces  154  may form ground conductor  90  ( FIG. 4 ) for one or more transmission lines  64 . 
     Conductive traces  168  may be coupled to microstrip transmission line structures that form main transmission line path  64 M for dipole antennas  40 D ( FIG. 6 ) over vertical conductive structures  166 . Vertical conductive structures  166  may extend through a portion of the transmission line layers of substrate  140 , holes or openings  164  in ground traces  154  (e.g., holes such as hole  217  of  FIG. 6 ), and the antenna layers in substrate  140  to main transmission line paths  64 M. Transmission line stubs  64 S ( FIG. 6 ) may be coplanar with main transmission line paths  64 M in  FIG. 9 . Main transmission line paths  64 M in  FIG. 9  indirectly feed dipole antenna resonating elements  204  of dipole antennas  40 D. Conductive traces  168  may also be coupled to transceiver ports  160  over vertical conductive structures  171 . Vertical conductive structures  171  may extend through a portion of the transmission line layers in substrate  140  to transceiver ports  160 . Vertical conductive structures  166  and  171  may include conductive through-vias, metal pillars, metal wires, conductive pins, or any other desired vertical conductive interconnects. 
     If care is not taken, radio-frequency signals transmitted by antennas  40  in phased antenna array  60  may reflect off of interior surface  146 , thereby limiting the gain of phased antenna array  60  in some directions. Mounting conductive structures from antennas  40  (e.g., dipole antenna resonating elements  204  or parasitic elements  206  from dipole antennas  40 D) directly against interior surface  146  (e.g., either through adhesive layer  136  or in direct contact with interior surface  146 ) may serve to minimize these reflections, thereby optimizing antenna gain for phased antenna array  60  in all directions. Adhesive layer  136  may have a selected thickness  176  that is sufficiently small so as to minimize these reflections while still allowing for a satisfactory adhesion between dielectric cover layer  130  and substrate  140 . As an example, thickness  176  may be between 300 microns and 400 microns, between 200 microns and 500 microns, between 325 microns and 375 microns, between 100 microns and 600 microns, etc. 
     The distances between main transmission line paths  64 M and dipole antenna resonating elements  204  (e.g., distances  210 ) and the distances between dipole antenna resonating elements  204  and parasitic resonating elements  206  (e.g., distances  212 ) may also be selected to minimize reflections off of interior surface  146  and to help match the impedance of antennas  40 D to the free space impedance external to device  10 . Distances  210  and  212  may each be greater than 300 microns, greater than 600 microns, greater than 900 microns, less than 1000 microns, less than 750 microns, less than 500 microns, less than 250 microns, or any other desired distance. 
     In practice, the radio-frequency signals transmitted by phased antenna array  60  may reflect within dielectric cover layer  130  (e.g., at interior surface  146  and/or exterior surface  148  of dielectric cover layer  130 ). Such reflections may, for example, be due to the difference in dielectric constant between dielectric cover layer  130  and the space external to device  10  as well as the difference in dielectric constant between substrate  140  and dielectric cover layer  130 . If care is not taken, the reflected signals may destructively interfere with each other and/or with the transmitted signals within dielectric cover layer  130 . This may lead to a deterioration in antenna gain for phased antenna array  60  over some angles, for example. 
     In order to mitigate these destructive interference effects, the dielectric constant DK 1  of dielectric cover layer  130  and thickness  144  of dielectric cover layer  130  may be selected to optimize matching of the antenna impedance for phased antenna array  60  to the free space impedance external to device  10  and mitigate destructive interference within dielectric cover layer  130 . 
     As examples, dielectric cover layer  130  may be formed of a material having a dielectric constant between about 3.0 and 10.0 (e.g., between 4.0 and 9.0, between 5.0 and 8.0, between 5.5 and 7.0, between 5.0 and 7.0, etc.). In one particular arrangement, dielectric cover layer  130  may be formed from glass, ceramic, or other dielectric materials having a dielectric constant of about 6.0. Thickness  144  of dielectric cover layer  130  may be selected to be between 0.15 and 0.25 times the effective wavelength of operation of phased antenna array  60  in the material used to form dielectric cover layer  130 , between 0.17 and 0.23 times the effective wavelength, between 0.12 and 0.28 times the effective wavelength, between 0.19 and 0.21 times the effective wavelength, between 0.15 and 0.30 times the effective wavelength, etc. In practice, thickness  144  may be between 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm, between 0.85 mm and 0.95 mm, or between 0.7 mm and 1.1 mm, as examples. In this way, dielectric cover layer  130  may serve as a quarter wave transformer between phased antenna array  60  and the exterior of device  10 . Adhesive layer  136  may be formed from dielectric materials having a dielectric constant that is less than dielectric constant DK 1  of dielectric cover layer  130 . 
     Each dipole antenna  40 D may optionally be separated from the other dipole antennas  40 D in phased antenna array  60  by vertical conductive structures such as conductive through vias  170  (sometimes referred to herein as conductive vias  170 ). Sets or fences of conductive vias  170  may laterally surround each dipole antenna  40 D in phased antenna array  60 . Conductive vias  170  may extend through substrate  140  from surface  150  to ground traces  156 . Conductive landing pads (not shown in  FIG. 9  for the sake of clarity) may be used to secure conductive vias  170  to each layer  142  as the conductive vias pass through substrate  140 . By shorting conductive vias  170  to ground traces  154 , conductive vias  170  may be held at the same ground or reference potential as ground traces  154 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the dipole antenna resonating element  204  and parasitic element  206  of each dipole antenna  40 D in phased antenna  60  may be mounted within a corresponding volume  172  (sometimes referred to herein as cavity  172 ). The edges of volume  172  for each dipole antenna  40 D may be defined by conductive vias  170 , ground traces  154 , and dielectric cover layer  130  (e.g., volume  172  for each dipole antenna  40 D may be enclosed by conductive vias  170 , ground traces  154 , and dielectric cover layer  130 ). In this way, conductive vias  170  and ground traces  154  may form a conductive cavity for each dipole antenna  40 D in phased antenna array  60 . Conductive vias  170  may also serve to isolate the dipole antennas  40 D in phased antenna array  60  from each other if desired (e.g., to minimize electromagnetic cross-coupling between the antennas). This example is merely illustrative and conductive vias  170  may be omitted if desired. In another suitable arrangement, conductive vias  170  may surround the lateral periphery of phased antenna array  60  without separating individual antennas within phased antenna array  60  (e.g., a conductive cavity defined by fences of conductive vias  170  and ground traces  156  may laterally surround all of phased antenna array  60 ). 
     The narrow width W of dipole antennas  40 D (as shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ) may allow a greater number of dipole antennas  40 D to fit in a unit volume of phased antenna array  60  than patch antennas  40 P ( FIG. 5 ). In practice, dipole antennas  40 D operate with only a single linear polarization. If desired, multiple dipole antennas  40 D may be arranged in phased antenna array  60  with different orientations for covering multiple polarizations. If desired, both dipole antennas  40 D and patch antennas  40 P may be formed in phased antenna array  60  (e.g., for covering different frequencies, polarizations, and/or radiation pattern envelopes with satisfactory gain and antenna efficiency). 
       FIG. 10  shows one example of how phased antenna array  60  may include both dipole antennas  40 D and patch antennas  40 P. As shown in  FIG. 10 , antenna module  138  includes a set of patch antennas  40 P each having a corresponding patch antenna resonating element  104 . Each patch antenna resonating element may have first and second antenna feeds. When using the first antenna feed (e.g., port P 1  in  FIG. 5 ), antennas  40 P may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals having a first polarization. For example, the electric field of the radio-frequency signals conveyed using the first antenna feed may be oriented parallel to electric field E 1  in  FIG. 10  (parallel to the Y-axis). When using the second antenna feed (e.g., port P 2  in  FIG. 5 ), antennas  40 P may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals having a second polarization. For example, the electric field of the radio-frequency signals conveyed using the second antenna feed may be oriented parallel to electric field E 2  in  FIG. 10  (parallel to the X-axis). 
     Antenna module  138  in  FIG. 10  also includes first and second sets of dipole antennas  40 D having dipole antenna resonating elements. The first set of the dipole antennas  40 D have dipole antenna resonating elements  204 V with longitudinal axes oriented parallel to the Y-axis. Each dipole antenna resonating element  204 V may be used to convey radio-frequency signals having an electric field oriented parallel to electric field E 1  in  FIG. 10  (e.g., with the same polarization as the radio-frequency signals conveyed using the first antenna feed of patch antennas  40 P). The second set of dipole antennas  40 D have dipole antenna resonating elements  204 H with longitudinal axes oriented parallel to the X-axis. Each dipole antenna resonating element  204 H may be used to convey radio-frequency signals having an electric field oriented parallel to electric field E 2  in  FIG. 10  (e.g., with the same polarization as the radio-frequency signals conveyed using the second antenna feed of patch antennas  40 P). In the example of  FIG. 10 , each antenna resonating element  204 V is interposed between respective patch antenna resonating elements  104  and each antenna resonating element  204 H is formed below a respective patch antenna resonating element  104 . In this way, a greater number of antennas  40  may fit within antenna module  138  than in scenarios where only patch antennas  40 P are used. In scenarios where dipole antennas  40 D and patch antennas  40 P cover the same frequencies, the increase in total number of antennas per unit volume on antenna module  138  may increase the gain of phased antenna array  60  for both polarizations, for example. 
     If desired, patch antennas  40 P and dipole antennas  40 D may be used to cover different frequency bands. For example, patch antennas  40 P may be used to cover a first millimeter wave frequency band between 37 GHz and 41 GHz, whereas dipole antennas  40 D may be used to cover a second millimeter wave frequency band between 28 GHz and 31 GHz. In this way, phased antenna array  60  may cover two frequency bands using the same lateral area as an array that includes only patch antennas  40 P. This may eliminate the need to form a separate antenna array for covering other frequency bands in device  10 , thereby optimizing space consumption within electronic device  10 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 10 , dipole antennas  40 D and phased patch antennas  40 P are used to form a single phased antenna array  60 . Alternatively, patch antennas  40 P may form a first phased antenna array whereas dipole antennas  40 D form a second phased antenna array that is controlled independently of the first phased antenna array. The example of  FIG. 10  is merely illustrative. In general, any desired number of dipole antennas  40 D and patch antennas  40 P may be arranged in any desired pattern within antenna module  138 . Patch antennas  40 P may be replaced with other types of antennas if desired. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made to the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20180607
Publication Date: 20200331
Grant Date: 20200331
Priority Date: 20180607
Inventors: PAULOTTO, Simone
EDWARDS, JENNIFER M.
RAJAGOPALAN, HARISH
AVSER, BILGEHAN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H01Q19/32", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/42", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/392", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/523", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/285", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q3/36", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q3/2652", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q3/28", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/42", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q19/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/062", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0414", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q25/001", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/392", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/062", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q3/2652", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 68764329