PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10845878-B1
Application Number: US-201715499576-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B1

Title: Input device with tactile feedback

Abstract:
An electronic input device is disclosed. The input device includes an adaptive input surface allowing for controllably definable input regions and frictional feedback indicating a location of the input regions. The input device generates an electrostatic charge at the adaptive input surface to provide frictional feedback. The input device may be connectable to or integrated with another electronic computing device.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An input device having a configurable interface, and comprising:
 a cover sheet defining an input surface; 
 a display positioned below the cover sheet and configured to visually indicate an array of keys on the input surface; 
 an array of electrodes positioned below the cover sheet and configured to provide a first frictional feedback within each key of the array of keys and a second frictional feedback, distinct from the first frictional feedback, along a periphery of each key of the array of keys; 
 an array of proximity sensing elements configured to detect a location of an object on or near the input surface; and 
 a macro haptic feedback element associated with a macro haptic feedback region on the input surface, the macro haptic feedback element being configured to vertically transition the macro haptic feedback region in response to the array of proximity sensing elements detecting the object on or near the macro haptic feedback region. 
 
     
     
       2. The input device of  claim 1 , wherein the second frictional feedback is greater than the first frictional feedback. 
     
     
       3. The input device of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 an actuator positioned below the cover sheet and configured to cause haptic feedback on the input surface in response to the array of proximity sensing elements detecting the object on or near one of the array of keys. 
 
     
     
       4. The input device of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the array of electrodes is configured to provide the first frictional feedback and the second frictional feedback in response to the array of proximity sensing elements detecting the object on or near one of the array of keys. 
 
     
     
       5. The input device of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the array of electrodes is configured to increase the second frictional feedback for a first key of the array of keys in response to the array of proximity sensing elements detecting the object touching the first key. 
 
     
     
       6. The input device of  claim 1 , further comprising a force sensor configured to detect an amount of force applied at the input surface. 
     
     
       7. The input device of  claim 6 , further comprising:
 a touch sensor configured to detect a location of a touch on the input surface; and 
 a processing unit operably coupled to the touch sensor, the force sensor, and the array of electrodes; wherein: 
 the processing unit is configured to generate a signal indicating actuation of a first of the array of keys in response to outputs from the touch sensor and the force sensor. 
 
     
     
       8. A method of providing friction feedback on an input device, comprising:
 detecting a location of an object near a surface of the input device; 
 defining a user input region along the surface based on the location of the object; 
 visually rendering a location of the user input region on a display positioned below the surface; 
 providing, using an array of electrodes, a first electrostatic frictional feedback at a periphery of the user input region; and 
 providing, using the array of electrodes, a second electrostatic frictional feedback that is distinct from the first electrostatic frictional feedback, the first electrostatic frictional feedback and the second electrostatic frictional feedback being within the user input region; and 
 increasing the intensity of the first and second frictional feedback as the location of the object on or near the input surface approaches a periphery of a key within the user input region. 
 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 8 , further comprising:
 detecting an amount of force applied to the surface within the user input region; and 
 in response to detecting the amount of force exceeding a threshold, indicating entry of an input corresponding to the user input region. 
 
     
     
       10. A method of providing friction feedback on an input device, comprising:
 detecting a location of an object near a surface of the input device; 
 defining a user input region along the surface based on the location of the object; 
 visually rendering a location of the user input region on a display positioned below the surface; 
 providing, using an array of electrodes, an electrostatic charge at the surface, the electrostatic charge generating an attractive force between the surface and an object on or near the surface to provide a frictional feedback; and 
 defining an array of virtual keys along the surface comprising user input regions based on the location of the object. 
 
     
     
       11. The method of  claim 8 , further comprising:
 detecting an amount of force exceeding a threshold applied to the surface; 
 in response to the amount of force exceeding the threshold, operating an actuator to provide haptic feedback. 
 
     
     
       12. The method of  claim 8 , wherein the first electrostatic frictional feedback is greater than the second frictional-feedback. 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 8 , wherein the user input region is a first user input region and wherein the method further includes defining additional user input regions. 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 8 , further comprising:
 generating, using a processing unit, a signal indicating actuation of the user input region in response to a touch input on the surface within the user input region. 
 
     
     
       15. The method of  claim 10 , further comprising:
 detecting an amount of force applied to the surface within the user input region; and 
 in response to detecting the amount of force exceeding a threshold, indicating entry of an input corresponding to the user input region. 
 
     
     
       16. The method of  claim 10 , further comprising:
 detecting an amount of force exceeding a threshold applied to the surface; 
 in response to the amount of force exceeding the threshold, operating an actuator to provide haptic feedback. 
 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 10 , wherein the location of the object near the surface of the input device is detected by an array of proximity sensing elements. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 10 , further comprising:
 generating, using a processing unit, a signal indicating actuation of a first virtual key of the array of virtual keys in response to a touch input on the surface. 
 
     
     
       19. The input device of  claim 1 , wherein an intensity of the first and second frictional feedback increases as a location of an object on or near the input surface approaches the periphery of a key of the array of keys. 
     
     
       20. The input device of  claim 1 , wherein the array of electrodes are configured to generate an electrostatic charge at the cover sheet, the electrostatic charge generating an attractive force between the cover sheet and an object on or near the input surface to provide the first frictional feedback and the second frictional feedback.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a nonprovisional patent application of and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/366,607, filed Jul. 25, 2016 and titled “Input Device with Tactile Feedback,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The described embodiments relate generally to computing input devices. More particularly, the present embodiments relate to touch-sensitive input devices having haptic feedback. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Traditional computing input devices, such as mice, keyboards, and trackpads, tend to operate using dedicated keys or buttons. The operation of each key or button may be tied to a particular function or command. However, traditional input devices lack the flexibility to accommodate expansive features offered by newer devices, operating systems, and software. As a further drawback, the dedicated keys or buttons of traditional input devices are unable to adapt to different user needs and preferences. 
     Alternative input devices, such as touch-input devices, appear to offer some greater flexibility for input scenarios and customization than older mechanical keyboards, mice, and similar input devices. However, touch input devices often have a flat, inflexible input surface that gives little or no tactile feedback to a user and may therefore be less desirable for many scenarios than traditional input devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure provides for an input device having an adaptive input surface and providing tactile feedback to a user. The input device may include, for example, a touch-based input surface over an adaptive display. Haptic feedback may be provided to a user through a controllable array of electrostatic electrodes which cause a user to perceive varying levels of friction across the surface. Thus an input device may define one or more user input regions corresponding to alphanumeric keys, and may further have an increased area of friction defining the input regions or the edges of input regions. Further feedback may be provided through additional haptic feedback elements, such as an actuator which produces the sensation of input surface movement. 
     An example embodiment may be an adaptable keyboard. The adaptable keyboard includes an enclosure housing a display and a cover sheet over the display defining an input surface. The display visually renders two user input regions defining keys of the adaptable keyboard. An array of electrodes between the cover sheet and the display provides variable frictional feedback to tactilely indicate the locations of the user input regions on the input surface. The adaptable keyboard further includes a force sensor which measures an amount of force applied to the input surface and a processing unit. 
     In some cases, the keyboard further includes a touch sensor, and the processing unit indicates actuation of a first user input region in response to the touch sensor detecting a touch within the first user input region and the force sensor detecting an amount of force above a threshold value. In some cases, the processing unit causes the frictional feedback within a user input region to change in response to the amount of force measured by the force sensor. In some cases, the keyboard includes memory storing multiple keyboard layouts, each defining locations of the user input regions. 
     Another embodiment may be an input device having a configurable interface. The input device includes a cover sheet defining an input surface over a display which visually indicates an array of keys on the input surface. The input device further includes an array of electrodes which provide a first frictional feedback within each of the array of keys and a second frictional feedback distinct from the first frictional feedback along a periphery of each key. 
     Still another embodiment may be a method of providing friction feedback on an input device. The method includes the steps of detecting a location of an object near a surface of the input device and defining a user input region along the surface based on the location of the object. The method further includes the steps of visually rendering a location of the user input region on a display positioned below the surface and providing, using an array of electrodes, a frictional feedback at a periphery of the user input region. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements. 
         FIG. 1  depicts an example input device having user input regions providing frictional feedback. 
         FIG. 2  depicts an example input device with user input regions providing differing frictional feedback. 
         FIG. 3  depicts a simplified cross-sectional view of an adaptive input surface. 
         FIG. 4  depicts a schematic of electrodes providing frictional feedback formed in an array of separately controllable pixels. 
         FIG. 5  depicts an input device having frictional feedback surrounding a set of defined input regions. 
         FIG. 6A  depicts an example macro haptic feedback response, illustrating a localized deflection of an input surface. 
         FIG. 6B  depicts another example macro haptic feedback response, illustrating a localized depression of an input surface. 
         FIG. 6C  depicts another example macro haptic feedback response, illustrating a localized return of an input surface to a resting state. 
         FIG. 6D  depicts another example macro haptic feedback response, illustrating a deflection of an input surface. 
         FIG. 6E  depicts another example macro haptic feedback response, illustrating a depression of an input surface. 
         FIG. 6F  depicts another example macro haptic feedback response, illustrating a return of an input surface to a resting state. 
         FIG. 7A  depicts an input device without user input regions defined on its surface. 
         FIG. 7B  depicts generation of user input regions on the input device in response to approaching fingers of a user. 
         FIG. 7C  depicts generation of user input regions on the input device in response to another pattern of approaching fingers of a user. 
         FIG. 8  depicts an example software interaction with the adaptive input surface, illustrating a music playing program. 
         FIG. 9  depicts another example software interaction with the adaptive input surface, illustrating a web browser. 
         FIG. 10  depicts an example embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a desktop computer and keyboard. 
         FIG. 11  depicts an example embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a tablet computing device and keyboard. 
         FIG. 12  depicts an example system diagram. 
     
    
    
     The use of cross-hatching or shading in the accompanying figures is generally provided to clarify the boundaries between adjacent elements and also to facilitate legibility of the figures. Accordingly, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shading conveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particular materials, material properties, element proportions, element dimensions, commonalities of similarly illustrated elements, or any other characteristic, attribute, or property for any element illustrated in the accompanying figures. 
     Additionally, it should be understood that the proportions and dimensions (either relative or absolute) of the various features and elements (and collections and groupings thereof) and the boundaries, separations, and positional relationships presented therebetween, are provided in the accompanying figures merely to facilitate an understanding of the various embodiments described herein and, accordingly, may not necessarily be presented or illustrated to scale, and are not intended to indicate any preference or requirement for an illustrated embodiment to the exclusion of embodiments described with reference thereto. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following descriptions are not intended to limit the embodiments to one preferred embodiment. To the contrary, they are intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by the appended claims. 
     The following disclosure relates to an adaptive input device providing a variable or configurable tactile or frictional feedback to a user. Using a conductive layer (e.g., an array of electrodes), the device may be configured to apply an electrostatic charge to an input surface or other exterior surface of the device. The electrostatic charge may alter or modify a tactile or touch-based stimulus that is perceived by a user. In some cases, the tactile feedback may cause an increased (or decreased) friction or surface roughness between an object (e.g., the user&#39;s finger) and the exterior/input surface as the object is moved along the surface, for example by electrostatically attracting the user&#39;s finger to the surface. 
     The input device may have an adaptive input surface, and may controllably define one or more user input regions along the input surface. The input device may also include an array of electrodes which provide a variable or configurable frictional feedback. The electrodes may be individually controllable such that frictional feedback may vary across the input surface. The input device may further include macro haptic feedback elements which provide vertical motion at the surface causing a user to perceive a motion similar to a button press or click. 
     A particular embodiment of the input device may take the form of a keyboard-like device having an adaptive input surface in the place of traditional keys. The input device may detect the presence of an object such as a user&#39;s finger and define one or more user input regions on the adaptive input surface (e.g., virtual keys). The adaptive input surface may include an adaptive display to render visual information, such as an outline of an input region and an indication of its function. The input device may further include an array of electrodes below the input surface, which produce a variable electrostatic charge on the surface, which may produce sensations of higher and/or lower friction to a user operating the input device. These electrodes may, for example, indicate the shape or border of an input region through increased friction between the finger of a user and the input surface as the finger moves across the input region, or alternatively through increased friction at the edges (e.g., periphery) of the input region. 
     Other embodiments may include a macro haptic feedback element. The macro haptic feedback element may be an actuator positioned below the input surface and operable to move a portion or all of the input surface vertically. When a user&#39;s finger moves toward a virtual key, the macro haptic feedback element may cause the input surface to move vertically (e.g., upward to meet the finger, downward, or a combination of these movements) in order to provide the user with a sensation similar to the travel of a physical key. Other embodiments may have an array of macro haptic feedback elements to provide localized feedback in multiple locations at the same time. 
     Still other embodiments may define a customizable set of virtual keys. For example, the location and arrangement of a set of virtual keys may vary in accordance with user interaction, such as the initial placement of a user&#39;s fingers. The size, arrangement, spacing, and similar features of the virtual keys may be determined in this manner. Alternatively or additionally, the user may select preferred sizes, shapes, arrangement, and so forth of virtual keys through software and other preferences. Electrostatic friction and macro haptic feedback may also be customized, whether through user interaction, preferences, or software controls. 
     In some embodiments, the input device may include multiple dynamically configurable keyboard layouts. Layouts may be stored in a memory of the input device and allow a user to set a preferred layout or dynamically interact with the keyboard to choose among multiple layouts. For example, a user may place fingers on the input surface in a straight line to generate a standard layout, or alternatively place fingers in a curved pattern to generate an ergonomic layout. The keyboard layouts may include pre-defined input regions, a visual layout, and electrostatic friction and macro haptic feedback to replicate visually and tactilely the experience of typing on a mechanical keyboard on a dynamically configurable input region. 
     Other embodiments may provide for control of the adaptive input surface via software applications. For example, embodiments may be in communication with or integrated into an electronic device running one or more software applications. While a particular application is active on the electronic device, the input surface may be adapted to define input regions, graphical representations, and frictional and haptic feedback to enhance user interaction with the active application. 
     These and other embodiments are discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 1-12 . However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these Figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example device  100  having an adaptive input surface with an array of electrodes to provide electrostatic friction feedback to a user. In the present embodiment, the device  100  is in the form of a stand-alone keyboard. Other example devices may include a desktop computing system (see  FIG. 10 ), a laptop computing system (see  FIGS. 8 and 9 ), a cover for a portable electronic device (see  FIG. 11 ), a mouse, and so on. Example internal components of the device  100  are described below with respect to  FIG. 12 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the device  100  includes an enclosure  102  housing an adaptive input surface (e.g., a flat input surface)  104 . In the present example, the adaptive input surface  104  is positioned on a top surface of the device  100 , in the place of physical keys. Although shown without any physical keys, the device  100  may also include one or more physical keys, having dedicated or adaptive functions, such as power, illumination control, and/or user input. The input surface  104  may also be located on other parts of the device  100 , or consume more or less of a surface of the device  100 . For example, the adaptive input row may be positioned along the side of the device  100 , adjacent to a top or bottom of a set of physical keys, or located in another region of the device  100 . 
     The input surface  104  may have a color and/or finish that matches the color and/or finish of the enclosure  102 . For example, the input surface  104  may be painted or otherwise treated to match the color and appearance of an aluminum or plastic enclosure  102 . In some embodiments, a border region is formed around the perimeter of the input surface  104  that is configured to substantially match the appearance of the enclosure  102 , while a central portion of the input surface  104  is transparent to facilitate the presentation of graphics and symbols. 
     The input surface  104  may be configured to operate as a touch-sensitive surface. For example, the input surface  104  may be configured to respond to a touch input and may include a touch sensor configured to determine the location of a touch on the input surface  104 . The input surface  104  may be configured to receive a wide variety of touch inputs, which may be used to interpret a diverse set of commands or operations. 
     The input surface  104  may additionally or alternatively be configured to operate as a force-sensitive surface. The input surface  104  may include, for example, a force sensor configured to detect a location and/or amount of force applied to the input surface  104 . The force sensor may be operably connected to force-sensing circuitry configured to estimate an amount of applied force. The force-sensing circuitry may output a signal or otherwise indicate an input in response to estimating an amount of force exceeding a threshold. The threshold amount may be fixed or variable, and more than one threshold may be provided corresponding to different inputs. 
     The input surface  104  may include an adaptable display. The adaptable display is configured to display visual indicia that corresponds to a user input region or virtual key  106 . In some embodiments, the adaptable display may be self-illuminated or illuminated, though this is not required. One or more different sets of visual indicia may be displayed, depending on user preference and/or application control. The visual indicia may provide visual feedback to a user on the location of a set of virtual keys  106 . The visual indicia may correspond to a function or command, which may also change depending on user preference or application control. Thus, touch selection of the same region of the input surface  104  may initiate or trigger a wide variety of functions or commands. 
     The input surface  104  may further include an array of friction-feedback electrodes. When activated, the electrodes may produce an electrostatic charge on the input surface  104 , which may produce tactile feedback to a user in the form of modified friction as the user moves a finger across the input surface  104  where electrodes are active. The electrodes may be individually controllable such that at a given time the level of friction may vary at multiple locations across the input surface  104 . The electrodes may also be sufficient in density to allow for frictional feedback at fine detail, such as an increased friction level surrounding an adaptively defined user input region, such as a virtual key  106 . The electrodes may provide tactile feedback to a user on the location of a virtual key  106 . The operation of the electrodes is described further below with respect to  FIG. 3  (which also illustrates a stack-up of the input surface  104 ). The arrangement of the electrodes providing frictional feedback is described in further detail below with respect to  FIG. 4 . 
     The enclosure  102  may further house a macro haptic feedback element operably connected to the input surface  104  to provide further feedback to a user. The macro haptic feedback element may be, for example, an electromechanical actuator operative to move the input surface  104  vertically. This may provide to a user feedback simulating the pressing of a physical key. The macro haptic feedback is described in further detail below with respect to  FIGS. 6A-F . The enclosure  102  may further house an acoustic element, such as a speaker, to provide auditory feedback. The auditory feedback may be a click or similar sound to indicate actuation of a key  106 . 
     The input device  100  may provide an adaptive input surface  104 . The input device  100  may include a computer memory storing multiple keyboard layouts defining various arrays of user input regions. The input device  100  may additionally or alternatively allow for input regions to be defined by software applications in communication with the input device  100 . The adaptive display, friction-feedback electrodes, haptic elements, touch sensors, and/or force sensors may be configured to operate together to define the input regions (e.g., keyboard layouts) visually, tactilely, and for receiving inputs. The adaptability of the input surface  104  is further illustrated below with respect to  FIGS. 7A-9 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the device  100  includes an input surface  104  positioned at least partially within an enclosure  102 . The enclosure may provide structural support to the device  100 , and may include additional features such as a support stand  108 . The enclosure may further enclose additional support structures for the input surface  104 . 
     The device  100  may also include various other components or devices depicted or not depicted in  FIG. 1 . In particular, the device  100  may also include one or more ports or electrical connectors positioned along one or more sides of the enclosure  102 . The ports may include, for example, a USB connection port, an IEEE 1394 data port, audio connection port, video connection port, or other electrical hardware port that is configured to transmit and/or receive signals or data. The ports may also include a power connection port that is configured to receive electrical power from an external source such as a wall outlet or other power source. The device  100  may also include a wired communication connection  110  for connecting to another device, or the device  100  may include wireless transmitters and/or receivers for communicating with another device. Other internal components may be included, such as a processing unit. Several such internal components are described below with respect to  FIG. 12 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the input surface  204  may adaptively provide tactile or haptic feedback to a user in various ways. For example, multiple electrodes may be configured to modify friction across the input surface  204  to allow the frictional feedback to be adapted to a user&#39;s need or a particular input scenario. Multiple electrodes may allow for a complex surface, with varying levels of friction in defined input regions  212   a ,  212   b  as well as various types of frictional sensations. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example device  200  with defined input regions  212   a  and peripheral regions  212   b  corresponding to a set of virtual keys  206  on the input surface  204 . The example device  200  may be an alternate embodiment of the device  100  illustrated above with respect to  FIG. 1 . The device  200  is illustrated as a keyboard-like device with an adaptive input surface  204  surrounded by an enclosure  202 . One or more user input regions  212   a  and peripheral regions  212   b  surrounding the user input regions  212   a  are defined along the input surface  204 . The input surface  204  includes a display to visually indicate the location and function of a user input region  212   a , illustrated here as one of an array of virtual keys  206 . An array of electrodes within the input surface  204  tactilely indicates the location of the user input region  212   a  corresponding to a virtual key  206 . The input surface  204  may further incorporate a touch sensor and/or force sensor in order to register touch and/or pressure within the user input region  212   a  as an input (e.g., the entry of a character represented by the virtual key  206 ). 
     The friction-feedback electrodes may particularly indicate a border of the virtual keys  206 , or a transition between virtual keys  206 . The electrodes may modify friction across the input surface  204  which is perceptible as a user&#39;s finger moves across a border or transition region between virtual keys  206 . For example, the electrodes within the user input region  212   a  may be activated (e.g., electrostatically charged) to tactilely indicate the location of the user input region  212   a . When active, the electrodes may cause the user to perceive an increased level of friction. The sensation may controllably cause the perception of a rough sensation, or alternatively a sandy, wavy, or similar sensation. The sensations may further be controlled to provide more or less intense sensations. The electrodes may cause a uniform type and intensity of frictional sensation, or the type and intensity may vary across the user input region  212   a . For example, the sensation may become more intense as a user&#39;s finger nears the peripheral region  212   b . The sensations may vary between different virtual keys  206 , such as to have a unique sensation on keys such as “F” and “J” in order to allow a user to orient the placement of his or her fingers within the virtual keyboard. 
     Alternatively, electrodes within the user input region  212   a  may be inactive while electrodes within the peripheral region  212   b  may be active. This may provide frictional feedback to a user only where the user&#39;s fingers stray outside of the user input region  212   a , or the input region  212   a  and peripheral region  212   b  may both be active. In such a case, the user input region  212   a  may have a distinct intensity level and/or type of feedback sensation from the peripheral region  212   b , or the two regions may have the same intensity and type of feedback sensation. 
     The friction-feedback electrodes within the input surface  204  may also be selectively activated according to the location of a user&#39;s fingers. For example, the input surface may further include touch sensors, proximity sensors, or other methods to detect the presence and location of a user&#39;s finger(s) on or near the surface. Friction-feedback electrodes may therefore only be activated beneath or near the location of a user&#39;s finger(s), which may conserve energy consumed in a persistently active input surface. 
     The actuation of a virtual key  206  may be triggered by the detection of a touch on the input surface  204  corresponding to the virtual key  206 . Alternatively or additionally, the actuation of a virtual key  206  may be triggered by the detection of a force on the input surface  204  corresponding to the virtual key  206 . The actuation of the key  206  may occur when force exceeding a defined threshold is detected, and the location may be determined by force sensors, touch sensors, or both. The actuation of a virtual key  206  may cause the input device  200  to indicate the actuation, and it may do so by generating a signal indicating entry of a character or function corresponding to the actuated key  206 . The indication of the virtual key  206  may be interpreted as user input to the input device, a connected computing device, or a software application. The input device  200  may further transmit the signal to another device in communication with the input device  200 . 
       FIG. 3  depicts a simplified cross-sectional view of an adaptive input surface  304  having a friction-feedback layer  316  positioned beneath a cover sheet layer  330 . In some embodiments, the friction-feedback layer  316  may further be positioned over a substrate layer  314  (e.g., a transparent substrate), which may provide additional rigidity to the cover sheet layer  330 . In other embodiments, the substrate layer  314  may be omitted. As shown in the simplified embodiment of  FIG. 3 , a touch or proximity sensor layer  318  may be positioned between a display  320  and the cover sheet layer  330 . However, the relative position of the various layers may change depending on the embodiment. 
     The friction-feedback layer  316  includes an array of electrodes  328  that are individually controllable to produce tactile feedback at or near the cover sheet layer  330 . The cover sheet layer  330  may be a dielectric layer, and may additionally be anti-reflective and/or scratch or impact resistant. 
     The array of electrodes  328  may be controlled by control circuitry (illustrated below with respect to  FIG. 12 ). Each of the array of electrodes may be individually controlled, or groups of electrodes may be controlled together. The control circuitry may apply a signal to an electrode  328  (or group of electrodes) to activate and/or energize the electrode  328 . The signal may cause an electrostatic charge or potential on the electrode  328 . 
     When a user&#39;s finger approaches or touches the cover sheet layer  330 , the electrostatic charge on the electrode  328  may create and/or increase an attractive force between the finger and the electrode  328 . The attractive force may be due to a capacitance formed between the finger, the dielectric cover sheet layer  330 , and the electrode  328 . The attractive force between the finger and the electrode  328  may cause the finger to be pulled against the cover sheet layer  330 . This may in turn increase the friction between the finger and the cover sheet layer  330  as the user slides his or her finger along the cover sheet layer  330 . The aforementioned attractive force is generally perpendicular to the direction in which a user moves his or her finger along the cover sheet layer. Accordingly, when the attractive force is present, the user&#39;s finger is drawn into greater contact with the cover sheet layer, thereby increasing friction between that layer and the finger (or other object contacting the layer). 
     The control circuitry may apply distinct signals (e.g., by varying a voltage or current waveform) to different electrodes  328 . This results in different electrostatic charges between one electrode and another, such that the attractive force (and therefore friction) varies as a user&#39;s finger moves along the cover sheet layer  330 . Referring to  FIG. 2 , for example, a signal applied to electrodes within the peripheral region  212   b  may have a higher voltage than a signal applied to electrodes within the user input region  212   a , which causes an increased friction to a user&#39;s finger as it enters the peripheral region  212   b , tactilely indicating the edge or border of the virtual key corresponding to the user input region  212   a.    
     In order to create perceptible friction sensations to a user, electrodes  328  in the friction-feedback layer  316  may be energized with electrical signals of approximately 100 to 400 volts (or more, depending on the size and material of the dielectric cover sheet layer  330 ) and frequencies of approximately 100 to 500 Hertz. Varying the voltage and waveform of the energizing signal may generate varying sensations (e.g., rough, sandy, wavy) and intensity levels to a user. For example, increasing the voltage of the signal to an electrode may increase the attractive force between a finger and the electrode, which in turn causes a more intense sensation of friction. 
     In general, the density or size of the electrodes  328  in the friction-feedback layer  316  is smaller than the size of a typical defined virtual key or corresponding input region, which may be sized to receive the touch of a single finger. Thus, the feedback sensations may be controlled to provide feedback to a user on, e.g., the size of an input region or the location of edges (e.g., periphery) of the input region or virtual key. 
     The electrodes  328  may be formed by depositing or otherwise fixing a conductive material (e.g., a transparent conductive material) to a substrate material (e.g., cover sheet layer  330  or substrate layer  314 ). Potential substrate materials include, for example, glass, sapphire, or transparent polymers like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or cyclo-olefin polymer (COP). Example transparent conductive materials include polyethyleneioxythiophene (PEDOT), indium tin oxide (ITO), carbon nanotubes, graphene, piezoresistive semiconductor materials, piezoresistive metal materials, silver nanowire, other metallic nanowires, and the like. The transparent conductors may be applied as a film or may be patterned into an array on the surface of the substrate using a suitable disposition technique such as, but not limited to: vapor deposition, sputtering, printing, roll-to-roll processing, gravure, pick and place, adhesive, mask-and-etch, and so on. 
     In some embodiments, the friction-feedback layer  316  is formed directly on the cover sheet layer  330  or substrate layer  314 . Before forming the friction-feedback layer  316 , the substrate material may be strengthened using an ion-exchange or other strengthening treatment process. The friction-feedback layer  316  may be formed directly onto the substrate using, for example, a stereo lithographic process or other similar technique for forming one or multiple conductive layers on a substrate. The strengthening and friction-feedback-layer-forming processes may be performed on a sheet of material that is larger than the final shape of the substrate. Thus, after forming the friction-feedback layer  316 , in some instances, the final shape of the substrate may be cut from the larger sheet of material. The substrate may then be edge ground and otherwise prepared for assembly with other components of the adaptive input surface  304 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the adaptive input surface  304  may further include a touch or proximity sensor layer  318 , which may include an array of touch sensors or proximity sensors that are configured to detect the location of a finger or object on or near the cover sheet layer  330 . The touch or proximity sensors may operate in accordance with a number of different sensing schemes. In some implementations, the touch or proximity sensors may operate in accordance with a mutual-capacitance sensing scheme. Under this scheme, the touch or proximity sensor layer  318  may include two layers of intersecting transparent traces (e.g., sensing nodes) that are configured to detect the location of a touch by monitoring a change in capacitive or charge coupling between pairs of intersecting traces. In another implementation, the touch or proximity sensor layer  318  may operate in accordance with a self-capacitive sensing scheme. Under this scheme, the touch or proximity sensor layer  318  may include an array of capacitive electrodes or pads (e.g., sensing nodes) that are configured to detect the location of a touch by monitoring a change in self-capacitance of a small field generated by each electrode. In other implementations, a resistive, inductive, or other sensing scheme could also be used. 
     The sensing nodes may be formed by depositing or otherwise fixing a transparent conductive material to a substrate material. Potential substrate materials include, for example, glass or transparent polymers like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or cyclo-olefin polymer (COP). Example transparent conductive materials include polyethyleneioxythiophene (PEDOT), indium tin oxide (ITO), carbon nanotubes, graphene, piezoresistive semiconductor materials, piezoresistive metal materials, silver nanowire, other metallic nanowires, and the like. The transparent conductors may be applied as a film or may be patterned into an array on the surface of the substrate using a suitable disposition technique such as, but not limited to: vapor deposition, sputtering, printing, roll-to-roll processing, gravure, pick and place, adhesive, mask-and-etch, and so on. 
     In some embodiments, the touch or proximity sensor layer  318  is formed directly on a substrate. Before forming the touch or proximity sensor layer  318 , the substrate may be strengthened using an ion-exchange or other strengthening treatment process. The sensing nodes may be formed directly onto the substrate using, for example, a stereo lithographic process or other similar technique for forming multiple conductive layers on a substrate. The strengthening and sense-layer-forming processes may be performed on a sheet of material that is larger than the final shape of the substrate. Thus, after forming the sensing nodes, in some instances, the final shape of the substrate may be cut from the larger sheet of material. The substrate may then be edge ground and otherwise prepared for assembly with other components of the adaptive input surface  304 . In some embodiments, the touch or proximity sensor layer  318  is formed on the substrate layer  314 , though it may be formed on another substrate. The touch or proximity sensor layer  318  may be formed before or subsequent to the formation of the friction-feedback layer  316 , or the two layers may be formed concurrently. The touch or proximity sensor layer  318  and friction-feedback layer  316  may be formed by the same or different processes, and may be formed on the same or different substrates. 
     The sensing nodes of the touch or proximity sensor layer  318  may be operably coupled to touch sensing circuitry to form touch or proximity sensors. The touch sensing circuitry may be configured to detect and estimate the location of a touch on or near the adaptive input surface  304 . The touch sensing circuitry may further output signals or other indicia indicating the detected location of a touch. The touch sensing circuitry may be operably coupled to a processing unit as depicted below with respect to  FIG. 12 , and in some embodiments may be integrated with the processing unit. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , a display  320  may be positioned below the cover sheet layer  330 . The display  320  may be a pixelated display configured to display programmable images and graphic displays. The display  320  may include an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display formed from two layers: an encapsulation layer and a phosphorescent organic layer. The display may also include one of a variety of other types of display elements including, for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED) display, an electroluminescent (EL) display, an electrophoretic ink (e-ink) display, and the like. 
     The adaptive input surface  304  may include additional layers, such as a mechanical stiffener layer  322 . The stiffener layer  322  may provide flexural rigidity to the input surface  304 . The stiffener layer may be composed of one or more materials such as metals, plastics, glass, and so on that provide a desired flexural rigidity. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the adaptive input surface  304  may also include a mechanical actuator  326 , or an array of mechanical actuators  326 , to provide haptic feedback to a user in addition to the friction-feedback layer  316 , as detailed further below with respect to  FIGS. 6A-C . A mechanical actuator  326  may provide macro haptic feedback, such as a “click” or similar sensation to mimic the depression of a mechanical key. 
     The mechanical actuator  326  may be positioned near or within a suspension layer  324 . The suspension layer  324  may suspend the input surface  304  within the enclosure of the device. The suspension layer  324  may further provide mechanical compliance, and may work in concert with the actuator to provide macro haptic feedback and/or return the input surface to a home location after macro haptic feedback is complete. The suspension layer  324  may additionally provide impact protection to the device by absorbing and/or dispersing impact energy applied to the input surface  304  or the enclosure. 
     The suspension layer  324  may further include a force sensor, or an array of force sensors. The force sensors may be used to estimate the magnitude of force applied by one or multiple touches on the cover sheet layer  330 . The force sensors may be integrated within the suspension layer  324  or suspension components. Alternatively, similar to the touch or proximity sensor layer  318 , the force sensors may form a force layer within or separate from the suspension layer and may include an array of force-sensing structures or force nodes, which may operate in accordance with various force-sensing principles. 
     In some embodiments, the force nodes are formed from a strain-sensitive material, such as a piezoresistive, piezoelectric, or similar material having an electrical property that changes in response to stress, strain, and/or deflection. Example strain-sensitive materials include carbon nanotube materials, graphene-based materials, piezoresistive semiconductors, piezoresistive metals, metal nanowire material, and the like. Each force node may be formed from an individual block of strain-sensitive material that is electrically coupled to sensing circuitry. Alternatively, each force node may be formed from an electrode pair that is positioned on opposite sides or ends of a strain-sensitive sheet. 
     In some embodiments, the force nodes are formed from a capacitive force-sensitive structure that includes at least two capacitive plates separated by a compliant or compressible layer. The force of a touch may cause the partial compression or deflection of the compressible layer and may cause the two capacitive plates to move closer together, which may be measured as a change in capacitance using sensing circuitry operatively coupled to each of the force nodes. The change in capacitance, which corresponds to an amount of compression or deflection of the compressible layer, may be correlated to an estimated (applied) force. 
     Alternatively, the force nodes may operate in accordance with an optical or resistive sensing principle, For example, an applied force may cause a compression of a compliant or compressible layer which may be detected using an optical sensor. In some embodiments, compression of the compressible layer may result in contact between two or more layers, which may be detected by measuring the continuity or resistance between the layers. In other embodiments, the force nodes may be formed from a strain-sensitive material, such as a piezoresistive, piezoelectric, or similar material having an electrical property that changes in response to stress, strain, and/or deflection. Example strain-sensitive materials include carbon nanotube materials, graphene-based materials, piezoresistive semiconductors, piezoresistive metals, metal nanowire material, and the like. 
     The arrangement and density of the force nodes may vary depending on the implementation. For example, if not necessary to resolve the force for each of multiple touches on the cover sheet layer  330 , the force sensors may comprise a single force node. However, in order to estimate the magnitude of force of each of multiple touches on the cover sheet layer  330 , multiple force nodes may be used. The density and size of the force nodes will depend on the desired force-sensing resolution. Additionally or alternatively, the force sensors may be used to determine both the location and the force applied to the cover sheet layer  330 . In this case the size and placement of the force nodes may depend on the mechanical principle used to determine the location of the touch. 
     In some embodiments, the touch or proximity sensor layer  318  and a force layer may be formed on a single, shared layer. For example the sensing nodes and the force nodes may be interspersed with each other. The combined touch and force layer may be positioned between the display  320  and the substrate layer  314  or, alternatively, may be positioned below the display  320  on a side opposite to the substrate layer  314 . 
     The force nodes may be operably coupled to force sensing circuitry to form force sensors. The force sensing circuitry may be configured to detect and estimate an amount of force applied to the adaptive input surface  304 . In some embodiments, the force sensing circuitry may further detect a location of an applied force. The force sensing circuitry may further output signals or other indicia indicating an estimated amount of applied force. In some embodiments, the force sensing circuitry may include one or more thresholds, and may only output signals in accordance with an applied force exceeding a threshold. The force sensing circuitry may be operably coupled to a processing unit as depicted below with respect to  FIG. 12 , and in some embodiments may be integrated with the processing unit. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the friction-feedback electrodes  428  may be formed in an array of separately controllable pixels. This pixilation of multiple electrodes  428  allows for fine control of tactile feedback across the input surface  404 , such that tactile feedback may be provided in multiple locations and offer varying sensations at the same time. While the electrodes are shown arranged in straight rows and columns, they may instead be formed in other patterns, including offset rows and/or columns, or circular or other geometric patterns. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a schematic view of an adaptive input surface  404 . The adaptive input surface  404  is illustrated having an array of electrodes  428  for providing frictional feedback on the adaptive input surface  404 . In many embodiments these electrodes  428  would be optically transparent, but are here shown for illustrative purposes. The electrodes  428  may be individually controllable, e.g., by control circuitry within the input device. The control circuitry is further described below with respect to  FIG. 12 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , a first feedback region  412   a  may be defined within the array of electrodes  428 . The first feedback region  412   a  may define a region that can be tactilely perceived (e.g., detecting the border of a virtual key as a finger moves across the feedback region). The first feedback region  412   a  may also correspond with a visual representation and/or a user input region, such as one of the keys illustrated in  FIG. 1 . When a user&#39;s finger  432  approaches the first feedback region  412   a , electrodes  428  within the first feedback region  412   a  may be activated. Activation of the electrodes  428  may produce an electrostatic charge and attractive force between the electrodes  428  and the finger  432 . As a result, the user may perceive a rough texture or similar frictional feedback as the user slides his or her finger  432  along the input surface  404  over the first feedback region  412   a.    
     Concurrently or subsequently, a second feedback region  412   b  may be defined and corresponding electrodes  428  activated. As shown, the second feedback region  412   b  may define a peripheral region (e.g., the edges of a virtual key), such that a user would only receive tactile feedback as his or her finger approaches the peripheral region. 
     Various shapes and sizes of feedback regions  412   a ,  412   b ,  412   c ,  412   d ,  412   e  may be defined within the array of electrodes  428 . For example, a larger input region  412   c  may be defined in addition to the previously defined input regions  412   a ,  412   b . Alternatively or additionally, overlapping feedback regions  412   d ,  412   e  may be defined to provide feedback regions where the type or intensity of feedback changes as a user&#39;s finger moves. These overlapping feedback regions  412   d ,  412   e  may be used to define a border, e.g., of a virtual key. For example, an inner feedback region  412   d  may provide a low sensation of friction to indicate to a user that his or her finger is within an input region. A surrounding feedback region  412   e  may have a more intense sensation of friction to indicate to a user that his or her finger has left or is about to leave the input region or virtual key. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , in cases where the adaptive input surface  504  defines a set of input regions in the form of virtual keys  506 , friction-feedback electrodes may instead be activated between the set of virtual keys  506 , which may allow a user to better tactilely locate the position of the virtual keys  506 . 
       FIG. 5  depicts an example adaptive input surface  504 . The adaptive input surface  504  includes an array of separately controllable electrodes for providing frictional feedback, which may be pixelated as depicted in  FIG. 4 . The adaptive input surface  504  may also include a display and proximity, touch, and/or force sensors operated to define multiple input regions, such as a set of virtual keys  506 . In this example, electrodes outside the set of virtual keys  506  are activated (e.g., electrostatically charged) to form an active feedback region  534 . Therefore, a user would perceive increased friction on the input surface  504  as a finger is moved toward or into the active feedback region  534 , indicating that the finger is no longer within an input region (e.g., virtual key)  506 . This may also tactilely indicate to the user a border of the input region or virtual key  506 , or a transition between virtual keys  506 . A user with multiple fingers in contact with the input surface  504  would be able to perceive the borders of multiple virtual keys  506  at multiple locations concurrently. 
     Alternatively, electrodes within the user input regions (virtual keys  506 ) may be active while the space between the keys (region  534 ) may have a reduced friction. In such embodiments, a user may perceive the border of a user input region (virtual key  506 ) as one or more fingers cross into the inactive region (region  534 ) between the user input regions (virtual keys  506 ). 
     In some embodiments, the friction-feedback electrodes may be energized in a pattern to create a path of least resistance (friction) as a user&#39;s fingers move across the input surface  504 . This path of least resistance may operate to guide a user&#39;s fingers to the virtual keys  506 . For example, a voltage gradient may be formed across electrodes, with the voltage decreasing toward the center of a virtual key  506 . Accordingly, a user&#39;s fingers may more easily move toward the center, allowing the finger to be drawn to a “home” position over the center of the virtual key  506 . A similar path of least resistance or friction may be generated at each virtual key  506 , or on a subset of the virtual keys  506  (e.g., the keys “F” and “J” or the home row “A,” “S,” “D,” “F,” “J,” “K,” “L,” and “;”). 
     Additionally or alternatively, force sensors and touch or proximity sensors may affect the operation of the friction-feedback electrodes. For example, if an object is detected moving across the input surface  504  with a low force (e.g., indicating a user may be searching for the location of the virtual keys  506 ), the electrostatic feedback at the active feedback region  534  may be increased to assist a user to find the location of the keys. Once a greater amount of force is detected (e.g., indicating a user&#39;s fingers are at rest), the electrostatic feedback may be decreased. 
     Additional macro haptic feedback may be provided to a user interacting with the input surface  604 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 6A-F . Macro haptic feedback may allow a user who is, for example, typing on a virtual keyboard defined on the input surface  604  to have a sensation similar to the mechanical motion of a traditional key. 
     For example,  FIGS. 6A-F  illustrate macro haptic feedback as a finger  632  approaches the input surface  604  ( FIGS. 6A, 6D ), as the finger  632  presses down into the input surface  604  ( FIGS. 6B, 6E ), and as the finger  632  releases pressure on the input surface  604  ( FIGS. 6C, 6F ). The macro haptic feedback may be a localized movement of the input surface  604 , as depicted in  FIGS. 6A-6C . Alternatively or additionally, the macro haptic feedback may move the entire input surface  604 , as depicted in  FIGS. 6D-F . 
     In some embodiments, the feedback may consist of one or more of the haptic feedback movements depicted in  FIGS. 6A-F , and in some embodiments all three movements may be incorporated. In each of  FIGS. 6A-F  the motion is shown in an exaggerated form which may not reflect actual movement in practical embodiments. 
       FIGS. 6A-C  depict in simplified schematic form an input device  600  having macro haptic feedback in response to pressure applied to an input surface  604 . The input surface  604  may include a macro haptic feedback region  636 , which may correspond to a user input region such as a virtual key. As depicted in  FIG. 6A , as a finger  632  approaches the input surface  604 , sensors such as touch or proximity sensors may detect the presence and/or approach of the finger  632 . Once the finger  632  is detected approaching, a macro haptic element, such as an electromechanical actuator (not shown) positioned between the input surface  604  and the enclosure  602 , may cause the macro haptic feedback region  636  to move upward to meet the finger  632 . For example, an electromechanical actuator operatively coupled to the input surface  604  may be actuated to cause a localized deflection of the input surface  604 . 
     As the finger  632  continues to press downward, the macro haptic element may permit or cause the macro haptic feedback region  636  to move downward as depicted in  FIG. 6B . As depicted in  FIG. 6C , once the finger  632  moves a threshold distance or releases downward pressure, the macro haptic element may cause the macro haptic feedback region  636  to move upward again, whether returning the macro haptic feedback region  636  to its original position or moving further upward. Whether the movements depicted in  FIG. 6A-C  are implemented individually or together, they may provide to a user the sensation of a click or motion similar to a key or button press. In some embodiments, multiple such macro haptic feedback regions  636  may be defined and separately controllable across the input surface  604  to provide localized feedback across the input surface  604 . 
     In other embodiments, a subset of the movements depicted in  FIGS. 6A-C  may be implemented. For example, the input surface  604  may include one or more force sensors configured to estimate an amount of force applied to the surface. If a force sensor estimates an amount of force applied within the macro haptic feedback region  636  (e.g., a finger pressing into the surface), a macro haptic feedback element such as an electromechanical actuator may cause the macro haptic feedback region  636  to “pop” or deflect upwards as depicted in  FIG. 6A  and quickly return. In other embodiments, the actuator may instead cause the macro haptic feedback region  636  to deflect downward as depicted in  FIG. 6B  and return in response to an applied force exceeding the threshold. 
     Alternatively or additionally, macro haptic feedback may be provided through movement of substantially the entire input surface  604 . As depicted in  FIGS. 6D-F , the entire input surface  604  may be caused to move rather than a portion. The input device  600  may include an input surface  604  suspended above an enclosure  602  by a suspension system (not shown). The suspension system may take many forms, and may be partially or entirely formed by the input surface  604  stack-up illustrated above with respect to  FIG. 3 . A macro haptic element, such as an electromechanical actuator (not shown) may also be positioned between the input surface  604  and the enclosure  602 , such as illustrated above with respect to  FIG. 3 . 
     As depicted in  FIG. 6D , when a finger  632  is detected approaching the input surface  604 , the input surface  604  may be moved upward  640   a  by the macro haptic element, causing the suspension system to be placed in tension. As the finger  632  continues its downward motion the macro haptic element may permit or cause the input surface to move downward  640   b  ( FIG. 6E ), placing the suspension system in compression. Once the finger  632  moves a threshold distance or releases downward pressure, the macro haptic element and/or suspension system may move the input surface upward  640   c  ( FIG. 6F ), which may return the input surface to its original position or move it further upward. 
     As with  FIGS. 6A-C , in other embodiments a subset of the movements depicted in  FIGS. 6D-F  may be implemented. For example, the input surface  604  may include one or more force sensors configured to estimate an amount of force applied to the surface. If a force sensor estimates an amount of force applied to the input surface  604  (e.g., a finger pressing into the surface), a macro haptic feedback element such as an electromechanical actuator may cause the input surface  604  to “pop” or deflect upwards as depicted in  FIG. 6D  and quickly return. In other embodiments, the actuator may instead cause the input surface  604  to deflect downward as depicted in  FIG. 6E  and quickly return as depicted in  FIG. 6F  in response to an applied force exceeding the threshold. 
     The input device  700  may also be configured to detect the location of a user&#39;s fingers  732  and define multiple input regions and friction-feedback regions according to where and how the user places his or her fingers  732 , as depicted in  FIGS. 7A-C . It may improve user experience through allowing varying arrangements, sizes, and positions of input areas such as virtual keys  706 . 
       FIGS. 7A-C  depict an input device  700  in the shape of a keyboard with an adaptive input surface  704 . As depicted in  FIG. 7A , the input surface  704  may initially be inactive, with no defined user input regions or visual or tactile indications of input regions. As a user&#39;s fingers  732  approach the input surface  704 , the input surface  704  may become active as shown in  FIG. 7B . For example, the input surface  704  may incorporate proximity sensors, such as touch sensors, which detect the presence and location of the user&#39;s fingers  732 . These sensors may detect a desired location for defining input regions, such as virtual keys  706 . The input regions may alternatively be defined in response to additional user action, such as the performance of a gesture, touching of the input surface  704 , or pressing of the input surface  704 . 
     In concurrence with or in response to input regions (e.g., virtual keys  706 ) being defined on the adaptive input surface  704 , the input regions may be indicated visually and/or tactilely. For example, a display within the input surface  704  may visually indicate the location of virtual keys  706 . Electrodes within the input surface  704  may be electrostatically charged to provide frictional feedback, tactilely indicating the location of the virtual keys  706 . Alternatively, friction-feedback electrodes may be activated at a border or periphery of the virtual keys  706 , or both within and outside of the virtual keys  706 . Alternatively, the electrodes may be normally inactive and may be activated at a later time in response to user interaction or the detection of a finger near a particular feedback region. 
     The location of user input regions and corresponding visual and tactile indicia may further be adaptive according to user interaction. For example, the input device  700  may further include computer-readable memory storing multiple keyboard layouts, each of which has a corresponding visual and tactile representation. The layout depicted in  FIG. 7B  may be a first layout (e.g., a first configuration of virtual keys), while  FIG. 7C  may be a second layout (e.g., a second configuration of virtual keys). Additional layouts may also be stored within the input device  700 , or may be transmitted to the input device  700  by another computing device. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 7C , if a user&#39;s fingers are placed in a different arrangement or location, input regions may be differently defined (e.g., according to a second keyboard layout). As illustrated in  FIG. 7C , a user&#39;s fingers are placed on a previously inactive input surface at an angle to each other rather than a straight line as depicted in  FIG. 7B . The input device may recognize this placement as corresponding to an ergonomic keyboard layout (e.g., a second stored keyboard layout), and define input regions (e.g., virtual keys  706 ), and corresponding visual and tactile indicia of the input regions accordingly. 
     These examples are illustrative in nature, and further keyboard layouts or input schemes may be implemented according to the present invention, whether due to user interaction, programmed preferences, or software controls through applications in communication with the input device. Multiple keyboard layouts and/or input layouts may be stored in memory, user defined, or application defined. Each keyboard layout and input layout may define the size, number, arrangement, visual appearance, tactile feedback, and so on of user input regions, such as virtual keys  706 . 
     The input device  800  may further communicate with software applications in order to adaptively define user input regions and tactile feedback, as illustrated in  FIGS. 8-9 . The input device  800  may be a component of another device, such as a laptop computer  842 , or it may be in communication with another device, such as a desktop computer, tablet computer, or similar device. 
       FIG. 8  depicts an example input device  800  incorporated within a laptop computer  842 . The laptop computer  842  comprises an enclosure  802  having an upper portion with a display  844  and a lower portion housing an input device  800  according to the present invention. The enclosure may further house various components, such as a processing unit (which may be shared with the processing unit of the input device  800  or may be separate, see the description of  FIG. 12  below), memory, computer-readable media, input/output ports, sensors, microphones, speakers, etc. 
     The input device  800  has an adaptive input surface  804 . The input surface  804  is shown adapted to interact with an active software application rendered on the display  844  of the laptop computer  842 ; here, a music player. The input surface  804  has defined input regions, including media playback controls  846  and a virtual trackpad  848 . The input surface  804  also defines an input region and corresponding friction-feedback region for volume control  850 . As a user slides a finger  832  along the volume control  850 , the electrodes in the user input region corresponding to the volume control may be activated (e.g., electrostatically charged) and provide frictional feedback which increases in intensity as the finger  832  slides to increase volume; the intensity of the frictional feedback may in turn decrease as the finger  832  slides to decrease volume. 
     In some examples, proximity and/or touch sensors may track the motion of objects along the input surface  804 , including the velocity of the motion. Electrostatic feedback may be dynamically adjusted in accordance with the tracked motion. For example, a user may swipe a finger  832  along a portion of the input surface  804  in order to skip to a subsequent track or album in a playlist. The swipe motion may be tracked, and once the finger  832  has moved a threshold distance, electrodes near the finger may provide a distinct feedback to confirm skipping the track (or similarly, flipping a page on an electronic reader application). In other examples, the intensity of electrostatic feedback may increase with greater velocity. 
     Similarly,  FIG. 9  depicts an example input device  900  incorporated within a laptop computer  942 . The laptop computer  942  comprises an enclosure  902  having an upper portion with a display  944  and a lower portion housing an input device  900  according to the present invention. 
     The input device  900  has an adaptive input surface  904 . The input surface  904  is shown adapted to interact with an active software application rendered on the display  944  of the laptop computer  942 ; here, a web browser. Assuming that the input surface  904  previously defined a standard keyboard layout and virtual trackpad  948 , as the web browser is opened the virtual keys  906  may be shifted and/or truncated while the virtual trackpad  948  may be repositioned to the center of the input surface  904 . With the virtual trackpad  948  more prominently located, a user  932  may more easily navigate web pages which may frequently require moving a pointer  952  and clicking links. 
     The virtual trackpad  948  may define a separate movement region for moving the pointer  952  and a virtual button region for selecting or clicking items. Tactile feedback within the regions may differ. For example, electrodes within the virtual trackpad  948  may cause a user to perceive increased friction as the user&#39;s finger  932  approaches the edges of the movement region to tactilely indicate the border of the region. The virtual button region may have macro haptic elements activated such that touching or pressing the virtual button may result in a click feel, as illustrated above with respect to  FIGS. 6A-F . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 10-11 , an input device according to the present invention may be implemented in many forms. Input devices according to the present invention may take the form of a keyboard, mouse, trackpad, or other input devices. An input device may be incorporated into a device such as a laptop computer, as shown above with respect to  FIGS. 8 and 9 , or an input device may be a separate device in communication with a host computer or other device as illustrated with respect to  FIG. 10 . The adaptive input surface of the present invention may also be incorporated into separate multipurpose devices or accessories, such as a case for a portable electronic device as illustrated with respect to  FIG. 11 . 
       FIG. 10  depicts an example input device  1000  in communication with a desktop computer  1054 . The input device  1000  may be in communication with the desktop computer  1054  through a wired or wireless connection. The input device  1000  has an enclosure and an adaptive input surface  1004  positioned within the enclosure. The input surface  1004  defines a user input region  1012 , which may be tactilely indicated by causing a user to experience varying friction while moving a finger across the user input region  1012 . 
       FIG. 11  depicts an example input device  1100 , incorporated into a cover case. The cover case may be attached to and in communication with a portable tablet computing device  1156 . The input device  1100  may be in communication with the tablet  1156  through a wired connection, an electrical contact connection, or a wireless connection. The input device  1100  has an adaptive input surface  1104  which defines a user input region  1112 . Electrodes within or around the input region may tactilely indicate the location of the input region, such as by causing a user to experience varying friction while moving a finger across the user input region  1112 . 
     The example devices illustrated in the above figures are intended to be illustrative in nature, and can be implemented in a number of other manners. Further, while the above examples are illustrated with flat, generally smooth input surfaces, the present invention can also be implemented using curved, bent, textured, rough, and other types of surfaces. 
       FIG. 12  depicts example components of an electronic input device in accordance with the embodiments described herein. The schematic representation depicted in  FIG. 12  may correspond to components of the devices depicted in  FIGS. 1-11 , described above. However,  FIG. 12  may also more generally represent other types of devices that include controllable haptic feedback elements in accordance with the embodiments described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , a device  1200  includes a processing unit  1258  operatively connected to computer memory  1260 . The processing unit  1258  may be operatively connected to the memory  1260  component via an electronic bus or bridge. The processing unit  1258  may include one or more computer processors or microcontrollers that are configured to perform operations in response to computer-readable instructions. Where incorporated into a larger device such as a laptop computer, the processing unit  1258  may be the central processing unit (CPU) of the larger device. Additionally or alternatively, the processing unit  1258  may include other processors within the device  1200  including application specific integrated chips (ASIC) and other microcontroller devices. The processing unit  1258  may be configured to perform functionality described in the examples above. 
     The memory  1260  may include a variety of types of non-transitory computer-readable storage media, including, for example, read access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable memory (e.g., EPROM and EEPROM), or flash memory. The memory  1260  is configured to store computer-readable instructions, sensor values, and other persistent software elements. 
     In some embodiments, the memory  1260  may store one or more keyboard and/or input layouts, such as illustrated with respect to  FIGS. 7B, 7C, 8, and 9 . Different layouts may define the size, number, arrangement, visual appearance, tactile feedback, and so on of user input regions, such as virtual keys. 
     In this example, the processing unit  1258  is operable to read computer-readable instructions stored on the memory  1260 . The computer-readable instructions may adapt the processing unit  1258  to perform the operations or functions described above with respect to  FIGS. 1-11 . The computer-readable instructions may be provided as a computer-program product, software application, or the like. 
     The device  1200  may also include a battery  1262  that is configured to provide electrical power to the components of the device  1200 . The battery  1262  may include one or more power storage cells that are linked together to provide an internal supply of electrical power. The battery  1262  may be operatively coupled to power management circuitry that is configured to provide appropriate voltage and power levels for individual components or groups of components within the device  1200 . The battery  1262 , via power management circuitry, may be configured to receive power from an external source, such as an AC power outlet. The battery  1262  may store received power so that the device  1200  may operate without connection to an external power source for an extended period of time, which may range from several hours to several days. 
     The device  1200  may also include a display  1220  (such as illustrated in  FIG. 3 ). The display  1220  may include a liquid crystal display (LCD), organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, electroluminescent (EL) display, electrophoretic ink (e-ink) display, or the like. If the display  1220  is an LCD or e-ink type display, the display  1220  may also include a backlight component that can be controlled to provide variable levels of display brightness. If the display  1220  is an OLED or EL type display, the brightness of the display  1220  may be controlled by modifying the electrical signals that are provided to display elements. 
     In some embodiments, the device  1200  includes one or more input devices  1264 . The input device  1264  is a device that is configured to receive user input. The input device  1264  may include, for example, a push button, a touch-activated button, or the like. In some embodiments, the input device  1264  may provide a dedicated or primary function, including, for example, a power button, volume buttons, home buttons, scroll wheels, and camera buttons. Generally, a touch sensor and a force sensor may also be classified as input devices. However, for purposes of this illustrative example, the touch sensor (touch sensing node  1218  and touch sensing circuitry  1270 ) and force sensor (force node  1266  and force sensing circuitry  1272 ) are depicted as distinct components within the device  1200 . 
     The device  1200  may also include a touch and/or proximity sensing node  1218  that is configured to determine a location of a finger or touch over the adaptive input surface of the device  1200 . The touch or proximity sensing node  1218  may be one of a capacitive array of electrodes or nodes that operate in accordance with a mutual-capacitance or self-capacitance scheme. 
     The device  1200  may also include touch sensing circuitry  1270 , which may be operably coupled to the touch and/or proximity sensing node  1218  to form a touch sensor. The touch sensing circuitry  1270  may be configured to detect and estimate the location of a touch on or near the adaptive input surface as measured by the touch sensing node  1218 . The touch sensing circuitry  1270  may further output signals or other indicia indicating the detected location of a touch. The touch sensing circuitry  1270  may further be operably coupled to the processing unit  1258 . 
     The device  1200  may also include a force node  1266  in accordance with the embodiments described herein. As previously described, the force node  1266  may be configured to receive force touch input over the adaptive input surface of the device  1200 . The force node  1266  may be implemented in one or more force-sensitive layers including force-sensitive structures that are responsive to a force or pressure applied to an external surface of the device. As described above with respect to  FIG. 3 , the force node  1266  may be implemented as part of another element within the device  1200 , such as a suspension system. 
     The device  1200  may also include force sensing circuitry  1272 , which may be operably coupled to the force node  1266  to form a force sensor. The force sensing circuitry  1272  may be configured to detect and estimate an amount of force applied to the adaptive input surface as measured by the force node  1266 . In some embodiments, the force sensing circuitry  1272  may further detect a location of an applied force. The force sensing circuitry  1272  may further output signals or other indicia indicating an estimated amount of applied force. In some embodiments, the force sensing circuitry  1272  may be configured to operate using a dynamic or adjustable force threshold. The force sensing circuitry  1272  may only output signals in accordance with an applied force exceeding the force threshold. The force sensing circuitry  1272  may further be operably coupled to the processing unit  1258 . 
     The device  1200  may also include one or more electrodes  1228  to provide frictional feedback to a user in contact with the adaptive input surface. The electrodes  1228  may be arrayed as illustrated in  FIG. 4  and be controlled by control circuitry  1274 . The electrodes  1228  may be individually controllable electrodes which when energized create an attractive force with a finger or other object near or in contact with the input surface. 
     The device  1200  may also include control circuitry  1274 , which may be operably connected to and provide control for the friction-feedback electrodes  1228 . The control circuitry  1274  may provide control of individual and/or groups of electrodes  1228  in order to modify frictional feedback across the adaptive input surface. The control circuitry  1274  may provide energizing electrical signals to the electrodes  1228 , and may control the voltage, frequency, waveform, and other features of the electrical signal to provide varying feedback to a user. The control circuitry  1274  may further be operably coupled to the processing unit  1258 . 
     The device  1200  may also include a haptic actuator  1226 . The haptic actuator  1226  may be controlled by the processing unit  1258 , and may be configured to provide macro haptic feedback to a user interacting with the device  1200 , such as illustrated above with respect to  FIGS. 6A-C . In some embodiments, multiple haptic actuators  1226  may provide localized macro haptic feedback at different areas of the input surface. 
     The device  1200  may also include a communication port  1268  that is configured to transmit and/or receive signals or electrical communication from an external or separate device. The communication port  1268  may be configured to couple to an external device via a cable, adaptor, or other type of electrical connector. In some embodiments, the communication port  1268  may be used to couple the device  1200  to a host computer. The communication port  1268  may be configured to receive control information from an external device, which may be used to operate the adaptive input surface and/or display 
     The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the specific embodiments described herein are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20170427
Publication Date: 20201124
Grant Date: 20201124
Priority Date: 20160725
Inventors: ZHAO, Xianwei
VOSGUERITCHIAN, MICHAEL
XU, QILIANG
GAO, ZHENG
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F2203/04106", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/03547", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/016", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04803", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04883", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04847", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0414", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/016", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0202", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04886", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04108", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0414", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04108", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0202", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04886", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/016", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 73462232