PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-8769421-B2
Application Number: US-55155709-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Graphical user interface for a media-editing application with a segmented timeline

Abstract:
Some embodiments provide a computer readable medium storing a media editing application for creating multimedia presentations. The application includes a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI includes a composite display area for displaying a portion of a timeline to which multimedia clips are assigned to create a composite media presentation. The timeline is divided into user-defined segments. The GUI includes an outline window for displaying a list of selectable items representing the user-defined segments, the selectable items for use in applying various operations to the user-modifiable segments. In some embodiments, the various operations include operations to insert a new segment into the timeline, to merge at least two segments into one segment, to hide a particular segment from view, to focus on a particular segment or group of segments in the composite display area, as well as other operations.

Claims:
We claim: 
     
       1. A machine readable medium storing a media editing application for creating multimedia presentations, the application comprising a graphical user interface (GUI), the GUI comprising:
 a composite display area for displaying (i) a portion of a timeline of a composite media presentation, (ii) a plurality of user-defined segments arranged in a particular order on the timeline, and (iii) a plurality of representations of a plurality of multimedia clips, wherein the representations of the multimedia clips are assigned to the user-defined segments to create the composite media presentation, at least one segment comprises at least a first representation and a second representation that do not overlap in the timeline, and at least one boundary of at least one of the user-defined segments does not coincide with boundaries of any multimedia clips assigned to the segment; and 
 an outline display area for displaying a list of selectable items representing the user-defined segments in the particular order, wherein a plurality of navigation operations performed on the selectable items in the list affects the display of the user-defined segments in the composite display area without any direct interaction with the composite display area and without modifying the composite media presentation. 
 
     
     
       2. The machine readable medium of  claim 1 , wherein the GUI further comprises a preview display area for displaying the composite media presentation. 
     
     
       3. The machine readable medium of  claim 1 , wherein the GUI further comprises a media browser for displaying representations of multimedia clips for assigning to the user-defined segments. 
     
     
       4. The machine readable medium of  claim 3 , wherein the GUI further comprises a browser navigation area for displaying a plurality of selectable folder items, wherein a user selection of a selectable folder item causes a display of a particular set of representations of multimedia clips in the media browser. 
     
     
       5. The machine readable medium of  claim 4 , wherein the plurality of selectable folder items comprises a folder for each user-defined segment. 
     
     
       6. The machine readable medium of  claim 5 , wherein the folders for the user-defined segments are created automatically when the user-defined segments are defined. 
     
     
       7. The machine readable medium of  claim 5 , wherein the folders for the user-defined segments are created based on user input separate from the definition of the segments. 
     
     
       8. The machine readable medium of  claim 1 , wherein each selectable item in the outline display area comprises a playhead indicator for indicating whether a playhead in the composite display area is within a segment of the timeline represented by the selectable item. 
     
     
       9. The machine readable medium of  claim 1 , wherein an operation to insert a new segment into the timeline, performed in the outline display area, affects the user-defined segments in the composite display area without any direct interaction with the composite display area. 
     
     
       10. The machine readable medium of  claim 1 , wherein an operation to merge at least two segments into one segment, performed in the outline display area, affects the user-defined segments in the composite display area without any direct interaction with the composite display area. 
     
     
       11. The machine readable medium of  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of navigation operations comprises an operation to hide a particular segment from view in the composite display area. 
     
     
       12. The machine readable medium of  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of navigation operations comprises an operation to focus on a particular segment in the composite display area. 
     
     
       13. The machine readable medium of  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of navigation operations comprises an operation to focus on a particular group of segments in the composite display area. 
     
     
       14. The machine readable medium of  claim 13 , wherein the operation to focus on a particular group of segments comprises rescaling the display of the portion of the timeline in the composite display area. 
     
     
       15. A method of providing a media-editing application for creating multimedia presentations, the method comprising:
 providing a composite display area for (i) displaying a portion of a timeline of a composite media presentation, (ii) displaying a set of user-defined segments arranged in a particular order on the timeline, and (iii) a plurality of representations of a plurality of multimedia clips, wherein the representations of the multimedia clips are assigned to the user-defined segments to create the composite media presentation, at least one segment comprises at least a first representation and a second representation that do not overlap in the timeline, and at least one boundary of at least one of the user-defined segments does not coincide with boundaries of any multimedia clips assigned to the segment; and 
 providing an outline display area for displaying a list of selectable items representing the user-defined segments in the particular order, wherein a plurality of navigation operations performed on the selectable items in the list affects the display of the user-defined segments in the composite display area without any direct interaction with the composite display area and without modifying the composite media presentation. 
 
     
     
       16. The method of  claim 15  further comprising providing a preview display area for displaying the composite media presentation. 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 15  further comprising providing a media browser for displaying representations of multimedia clips for assigning to the user-defined segments. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 17  further comprising providing a browser navigation area for displaying a plurality of selectable folder items, wherein a user selection of a selectable folder item causes a display of a particular set of representations of multimedia clips in the media browser. 
     
     
       19. The method of  claim 18 , wherein the plurality of selectable folder items comprises a folder for each user-defined segment. 
     
     
       20. The method of  claim 19 , wherein the folders for the user-defined segments are created automatically when the user-defined segments are defined. 
     
     
       21. The method of  claim 15 , wherein each selectable item in the outline display area comprises a playhead indicator for indicating whether a playhead in the composite display area is within a segment of the timeline represented by the selectable item. 
     
     
       22. The method of  claim 15 , wherein an operation to insert a new segment into the timeline, performed in the outline display area, affects the user-defined segments in the composite display area without any direct interaction with the composite display area. 
     
     
       23. The method of  claim 15 , wherein an operation to merge at least two segments into one segment, performed in the outline display area, affects the user-defined segments in the composite display area without any direct interaction with the composite display area. 
     
     
       24. The method of  claim 15 , wherein the plurality of navigation operations comprises an operation to focus on a particular group of segments in the composite display area. 
     
     
       25. The method of  claim 24 , wherein the operation to focus on a particular group of segments comprises rescaling the display of the portion of the timeline in the composite display area. 
     
     
       26. A device comprising:
 a display screen; 
 at least one processing unit; and 
 a storage storing a media-editing application for creating multimedia presentations, the application for execution by the at least one processing unit of the device, the program having a graphical user interface (“GUI”), the GUI comprising:
 a composite display area for (i) displaying a portion of a timeline of a composite media presentation (ii) displaying a set of user-defined segments arranged in a particular order on the timeline, and (iii) a plurality of representations of a plurality of multimedia clips, wherein the representations of the multimedia clips are assigned to the user-defined segments to create the composite media presentation, at least one segment comprises at least a first representation and a second representation that do not overlap in the timeline, and at least one boundary of at least one of the user-defined segments does not coincide with boundaries of any multimedia clips assigned to the segment; and 
 an outline display area for displaying a list of selectable items representing the user-defined segments in the particular order, wherein a plurality of navigation operations performed on the selectable items in the list affects the display of the user-defined segments in the composite display area without any direct interaction with the composite display area and without modifying the composite media presentation. 
 
 
     
     
       27. The device of  claim 26 , wherein the GUI further comprises a preview display area for displaying the composite media presentation. 
     
     
       28. The device of  claim 26 , wherein the GUI further comprises a media browser for displaying representations of multimedia clips for assigning to the user-defined segments. 
     
     
       29. The device of  claim 28 , wherein the GUI further comprises a browser navigation area for displaying a plurality of selectable folder items, wherein a user selection of a selectable folder item causes a display of a particular set of representations of multimedia clips in the media browser. 
     
     
       30. The device of  claim 29 , wherein the plurality of selectable folder items comprises a folder for each user-defined segment. 
     
     
       31. The device of  claim 30 , wherein the folders for the user-defined segments are created automatically when the user-defined segments are defined. 
     
     
       32. The device of  claim 26 , wherein each selectable item in the outline display area comprises a playhead indicator for indicating whether a playhead in the composite display area is within a segment of the timeline represented by the selectable item. 
     
     
       33. The device of  claim 26 , wherein an operation to insert a new segment into the timeline, performed in the outline display area, affects the user-defined segments in the composite display area without any direct interaction with the composite display area. 
     
     
       34. The device of  claim 26 , wherein an operation to merge at least two segments into one segment, performed in the outline display area, affects the user-defined segments in the composite display area without any direct interaction with the composite display area. 
     
     
       35. The device of  claim 26 , wherein the plurality of navigation operations comprises an operation to focus on a particular group of segments in the composite display area.

Description:
CLAIM OF BENEFIT TO PRIOR APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/227,070, entitled “Segmented Timeline for a Media-Editing Application”, filed Jul. 20, 2009,U.S. Provisional Application 61/174,491, entitled “Editing Key-Indexed Graphs in Media-Editing Applications”, filed Apr. 30, 2009, and U.S. Provisional Application 61/174,490, entitled “Media Clip Auditioning Used to Evaluate Uncommitted Media Content”, filed Apr. 30, 2009. U.S. Provisional Applications 61/227,070, 61/174,491, and 61/174,490 are incorporated herein by reference. 
     CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to the following applications: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/551,558 filed Aug. 31, 2009, now published as U.S. Publication No. 2010/0281382; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/551,559, filed Aug. 31, 2009, now published as Publication No. 2010/0281383. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is directed towards media editing. Specifically, the invention is directed towards a media-editing application that enables segmenting of a composite media presentation. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Digital graphic design, image editing, audio editing, and video editing applications (hereafter collectively referred to as media content editing applications or media editing applications) provide graphical designers, media artists, and other users with the necessary tools to create a variety of media content. Examples of such applications include Final Cut Pro® and iMovie®, both sold by Apple Computer, Inc. These applications give users the ability to edit, combine, transition, overlay, and piece together different media content in a variety of manners to create a resulting media project. The resulting media project specifies a particular sequenced composition of any number of text, audio clips, images, or video content that is used to create a media presentation. 
     Various media editing applications facilitate such composition through electronic means. Specifically, a computer or other electronic device with a processor and computer readable storage medium executes the media content editing application. In so doing, the computer generates a graphical interface whereby editors digitally manipulate graphical representations of the media content to produce a desired result. 
     In many cases, the editors using a media-editing application are using it to tell a story, which will generally have a structure. This structure can be in the form of an exposition, rising action, conflict, falling action, and denouement, or it can be in the Shakespearean scene/act breakdown. However, current media-editing applications have no useful way of incorporating the structure of the story being told into either the user interface of the application or the editing process. 
     For example, editors will often create each scene in a presentation as a separate sequence, then copy and paste each sequence into a single master sequence for rendering. If the editor then decides to change the scene order, a very tedious process ensues as there is no structure to the master sequence. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a media-editing application that supports the creation and evolution of rich story structure as a natural aspect of the editing process. Ideally, such a story structure will provide a clear visual representation of the story and be useful in the editing process as well. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Some embodiments of the invention provide a hierarchically structured timeline of content (e.g., audio, video, etc.). The timeline is an arrangement of content over a period of time (e.g., audio and video clips forming a movie). In some embodiments, the hierarchical structure of the timeline includes multiple levels and is determined independent of the content. In some embodiments, different attributes and functionalities are applied differently to the multiple levels of the hierarchy. 
     In the multiple levels of the hierarchy, content items arranged in the timeline are at the lowest level of the hierarchy in some embodiments. Above the content items in the hierarchy are one or more levels of hierarchical structures. The structures are slices of the timeline in some embodiments. That is, each structure includes a particular duration of time in the timeline, and includes any lower-level structures (including content items) falling within that particular duration. 
     The slices of the timeline are user-determined in some embodiments. Users determine the length of the slices (e.g., three seconds, ten minutes, etc.) and the dividing points along the timeline between the slices. As mentioned above, these slices are determined independent of the content in the timeline. That is, there is no necessary correlation between the content and the dividing points or the length of the timeline slices. 
     In some embodiments, the hierarchically structured timeline is for a media-editing application. The media-editing application of some embodiments includes a display area for displaying a composite presentation that the application creates by compositing several media clips (e.g., audio clips, video clips)—the content items. The media-editing application of some embodiments also includes a composite display area for displaying at least a portion of the timeline. The timeline of some embodiments includes multiple tracks upon which are displayed graphical representations of the media clips that are part of the composite presentation. The graphical representations are displayed in such a way that the timeline provides a visual illustration of how the media clips will be composited to create the media presentation. 
     Users of the media-editing application can divide the timeline into user-modifiable segments by way of a variety of operations in the composite display area. For instance, different embodiments enable users to insert segments before, after, or in the middle of a current segment, split segments in two, merge segments, etc. The segments need not line up with the media clips, and can be of arbitrary or default duration. 
     Once segments are defined, users can modify the duration of the segments in some embodiments through a variety of interactions. The segment durations may be modified explicitly (e.g., by moving a segment boundary in the composite display area) or implicitly (e.g., by modifying the duration of a media clip in the segment). 
     The segments can also be moved in the timeline in some embodiments. That is, a user can pick up a segment from a first location in the timeline and move the segment to a new location in the timeline. When a segment is moved, all of the media clips in the segment are moved with it. When clips overlap the border of a segment, different embodiments include the media clip in the segment, exclude the media clip from the segment, or only include the portion within the segment boundary (or leave the choice up to the user). When a segment is then inserted into a new location in the timeline, different embodiments have different ways of handling any overlaps between clips. 
     In some embodiments, users may define multiple levels of segments. Segments that are one level above the media clips may be grouped into supersegments, which may be grouped into yet a higher level. For instance, when the media presentation is a movie, the user may want to define scenes that include multiple clips and then group the scenes into acts. 
     Some embodiments of the media-editing application also include an outline window that displays a list of the segments defined for the media presentation as well as any supersegments or other levels for dividing the timeline. In some embodiments, each item in the list is a selectable item representing a segment. These selectable items may be used to navigate to different segments in the timeline, zoom in or out to focus on a particular segment or segments, create new segments, hide a segment from view, move segments, etc. 
     In addition to the outline window, some embodiments of the media-editing application include a clip library area for displaying representations of media clips that are not in the timeline (and thus not a part of the composite media presentation). In some embodiments, the clip library includes folders that match up with the various items in the hierarchy (i.e., the segments, supersegments, etc.). Users can place a particular media clip in a particular folder in the clip library to associate the particular clip with the particular hierarchical item represented by the particular folder, without assigning the particular clip to the composite presentation itself. 
     As mentioned above, different attributes and functionalities are applied differently to different levels of the hierarchy in some embodiments. In the case of the media-editing application, different attributes and functionalities are applied differently to media clips, segments (e.g., scenes), and supersegments (e.g., acts), and any other levels of hierarchy. For instance, media clips and segments may be displayed in the timeline, while supersegments and any higher levels of hierarchy are only displayed in the outline window. A media clip may be split among two or more segments, while each segment must be fully contained within one supersegment in some embodiments. Various other functionalities and attributes (e.g., how the items may be edited) are applied differently to the different levels in some embodiments as well. 
     The segments have a variety of uses for an editor that is using the media-editing application to create composite media presentations. In various embodiments, segments can be copied and pasted within a particular media presentation or from one media presentation to the next. In some embodiments, a media presentation can include multiple versions of a particular segment (e.g., if an editor is creating multiple different versions or debating which version of a scene to use for the final product). Some embodiments of the media-editing application allow a user to flag a segment such that the segment is not rendered with the composite media presentation. Segments can also be used to impose timing requirements, such as the time between commercial breaks for a television show. Along this line, some embodiments include libraries of preset groups of segments based on timing, story arc, etc. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The novel features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. However, for purpose of explanation, several embodiments of the invention are set forth in the following figures. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a hierarchically structured timeline of some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates breaking a timeline into two segments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the editing of a media presentation represented in a timeline by moving a segment within the timeline. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a hierarchically structured timeline of some embodiments that includes content arranged over time. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates associations between items at different levels of the hierarchy for the timeline of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  conceptually illustrates a process for defining associations within a timeline. 
         FIG. 7  conceptually illustrates a hierarchical set of items to which different functionalities are applied. 
         FIGS. 8-10  illustrate different variations of a graphical user interface of a media-editing application. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a project data file of some embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates example data elements of some embodiments. 
         FIG. 13-16  illustrate four different operations for creating a new segment for a composite media presentation within the composite display area. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates the selection of clip shapes in a composite display area. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates the creation of a new segment for a composite media presentation based on selected clips. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates an operation to create a new segment for a composite media presentation using the outline window. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates an operation to merge two segments of a composite media presentation. 
         FIG. 21  conceptually illustrates a process of some embodiments for creating new segments. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates a process of some embodiments for defining a hierarchy based on structured input. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates the conversion of a structured input document according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 24  illustrates a composite display area with three segments. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates a razor selection of one of the segments of the composite display area of  FIG. 24 . 
         FIG. 26  illustrates an inclusive selection of one of the segments of the composite display area of  FIG. 24 . 
         FIG. 27  illustrates an exclusive selection of one of the segments of the composite display area of  FIG. 24 . 
         FIG. 28  illustrates an exclusive selection of one of the segments of the composite display area of  FIG. 24  in which a clip that spans multiple segments is anchored to the selected segment. 
         FIGS. 29A-B  illustrate the movement of a segment using the outline window of a media-editing application GUI. 
         FIGS. 30A-B  illustrate the movement of a segment using the composite display area of the media-editing application GUI. 
         FIG. 31  illustrates a timeline with three segments. 
         FIGS. 32-38  illustrate different options for handling the movement of a segment with an overlapping clip. 
         FIG. 39  illustrates a timeline with three segments. 
         FIGS. 40 and 41  illustrate different options for handling the movement of a segment with a clip that extends into negative time. 
         FIG. 42  conceptually illustrates a process of some embodiments for moving segments. 
         FIG. 43  illustrates explicit adjustment of a segment&#39;s duration. 
         FIG. 44  illustrates explicit adjustment of a segment&#39;s duration that also affects the duration of a clip at the segment border. 
         FIG. 45  illustrates implicit adjustment of a segment&#39;s duration by adjusting the duration of a clip with a ripple edit. 
         FIG. 46  illustrates a first example of a ripple edit to a clip in a segment with a locked duration. 
         FIG. 47  illustrates a second example of a ripple edit to a clip in a segment with a locked duration. 
         FIG. 48  conceptually illustrates a process for processing an edit (such as a ripple edit) to a clip within a particular segment where the effects of the edit are contained within the particular segment. 
         FIG. 49  conceptually illustrates a similar process for processing an edit (such as a ripple edit) to a clip within a particular segment where the effects of the edit are not contained within the particular segment. 
         FIG. 50  illustrates the use of the outline window to jump to a particular segment in the composite display area. 
         FIG. 51  illustrates the use of the playhead indicator in the outline window to jump to a particular segment in the composite display area and move the playhead as well. 
         FIG. 52  conceptually illustrates a process of some embodiments for providing animation when jumping to a selected segment. 
         FIG. 53  illustrates the use of a focus feature that focuses the composite display area on a particular selected segment. 
         FIG. 54  illustrates the use of a focus feature that focuses the composite display area on a group of selected segments without hiding any segments. 
         FIG. 55  illustrates the use of a focus feature that focuses the composite display area on only selected segments. 
         FIG. 56  conceptually illustrates a process of some embodiments for displaying a portion of a timeline focusing on a particular set of segments. 
         FIG. 57  illustrates the use of a feature that hides a selected segment from display in the composite display area. 
         FIG. 58  illustrates the use of a feature that removes a selected segment from the composite media presentation. 
         FIG. 59  conceptually illustrates a process of some embodiments for previewing or rendering a composite media presentation. 
         FIG. 60  conceptually illustrates a timeline for a composite media presentation that includes segments with multiple versions. 
         FIG. 61  illustrates a story outline for the timeline of  FIG. 60 . 
         FIG. 62  conceptually illustrates the three different versions of one of the segments from  FIG. 60 . 
         FIG. 63  conceptually illustrates a process of some embodiments for applying an edit to either a single clip or an entire segment. 
         FIG. 64  illustrates a GUI with a UI item for copying a segment. 
         FIG. 65  illustrates the use of a paste feature that inserts a previously copied segment into a timeline. 
         FIG. 66  illustrates a sequence that is divided into three segments. 
         FIG. 67  illustrates a second sequence that includes the first sequence as a clip. 
         FIG. 68  conceptually illustrates the software architecture of a media-editing application of some embodiments. 
         FIG. 69  conceptually illustrates a process of some embodiments for manufacturing a computer readable medium that stores a computer program. 
         FIG. 70  illustrates an alternative GUI of the media editing application of some embodiments. 
         FIG. 71  illustrates a computer system with which some embodiments of the invention are implemented. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the following description, numerous details are set forth for purpose of explanation. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the invention may be practiced without the use of these specific details. For instance, many of the examples illustrate a timeline spanned by two audio and two video tracks. One of ordinary skill will realize that this is merely an illustrative example, and that the invention can apply to timelines with only one track, many tracks, different groups of tracks, etc. 
     Some embodiments provide a hierarchically structured timeline of content (e.g., audio, video, etc.). The timeline is an arrangement of content over a period of time (e.g., audio and video clips forming a movie). In some embodiments, the hierarchical structure of the timeline includes multiple levels and is determined independent of the content. In some embodiments, different attributes and functionalities are applied directly to the multiple levels of the hierarchy. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates such a timeline  100  of some embodiments. Timeline  100  includes eight pieces of content (i.e., content items)  101 - 108  spread over time. The pieces of content are at the lowest level of the hierarchy of the timeline in this example. In some embodiments, above the content pieces are one or more levels of hierarchical structures that include the content. In  FIG. 1 , timeline  100  has two levels of hierarchical structure above the content. 
     Timeline  100  includes five segments  111 - 115  at a first level and two supersegments  120  and  125  at a second level. In some embodiments, as in this example, each of the structures (here, the segments and supersegments) is defined as a slice of the timeline. That is, each of the structures includes a particular duration of time in the timeline, and includes any lower-level structures (including content items) that fall within the particular duration. 
     Thus, Segment A  111  includes content  101  and a portion of content  102 , Segment B  112  includes a portion of content  102  and content  103 , Segment C  113  includes content  104  and content  105 , etc. Supersegment  1   120  includes Segment A  111  and Segment B  112  and the content in each of the included segments. These slices are user-determined in some embodiments. A user may determine the length of the slices (e.g., five seconds, seven minutes, one hour, etc.) and the dividing points along the timeline between the slices. As mentioned above, the slices are determined independent of the content in the timeline in some embodiments. That is, there is no necessary correlation between the content and the dividing points or the length of the timeline slices. For instance, pieces of content  102  and  107  are both split between two segments. 
     In some embodiments, the hierarchically structured timeline is a timeline for a media-editing application that creates composite presentations by combining several media clips. In some embodiments, the media clips are any kind of clip that can be used to create a composite presentation, such as audio clips, video clips, text overlays, pictures, and/or other media. An audio or video clip, in some embodiments, references a source audio or video file with in and out points that specify times in the source audio or video at which the clip starts and ends.  FIG. 2  illustrates a graphical user interface (“GUI”)  200  of a media-editing application with such a timeline. Specifically,  FIG. 2  illustrates the GUI  200  at two different stages. At the first of these stages  205 , a timeline  225  is defined as one segment, while at the second stage  210  the timeline  225  has been broken into two segments. These stages will be described further below. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the GUI  200  includes a preview display area  215 , a composite display area  220  that includes the timeline  225 , a hierarchy outline window  230  and a media browser  235 . The preview display area  215  displays a preview of a composite presentation that the application creates by compositing several media clips. 
     The composite display area  220  provides a visual representation of the composite presentation being created by the user. Specifically, it displays a portion of the timeline  225 . The timeline of some embodiments is spanned by multiple tracks (in the example of composite display area  220 , there are two tracks), along which are displayed graphical representations of the media clips that are part of the composite media presentation. The graphical representations indicate when during the composite media presentation the media clip begins and ends, based on where along the timeline the graphical representation is displayed. Like timeline  100 , timeline  225  in composite display area  220  may be divided (e.g., by a user) into various slices of time at different levels of hierarchy. 
     The hierarchy outline window  230  displays a list or other representation of the hierarchy defined for the timeline. At stage  205 , the timeline only has one segment, which is displayed in outline window  230  and indicated at the top of composite display area  220 . In some embodiments, items at different levels of hierarchy are displayed differently in the outline window  230  (e.g., with different amounts of indentation or different graphics). The hierarchy outline is used in some embodiments to navigate to different segments in the timeline, zoom in or out to focus on a particular segment, create new segments, etc. 
     The media browser  235 , or clip library, is a display area in the GUI  200  that displays representations of media clips which a user may add to the composite presentation. To add a clip to the presentation, in some embodiments, a user can select a representation of the clip in the media browser and drag the clip to a particular track at a particular time in the timeline. The user may then edit the clip in the timeline (e.g., modify in and out points, modify the duration, add effects to the clip, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, some of the clips represented in the media browser are already part of the composite media presentation, while some are not. In some embodiments, the media browser may include folders that correspond to the different hierarchical items (e.g., segments, supersegments, etc.) of the timeline. Thus, a user may associate a number of clips with a particular segment without adding all of those clips to the composite media presentation. For instance, stage  205  illustrates that there are at least six clips associated with Segment  1  that are displayed in media browser  235 . In some embodiments, the clips displayed in the media browser  235  are those that are associated with a segment that is selected in the hierarchy outline window  230 . At stage  205 , Segment  1  (the only segment at this stage) is highlighted, and the clips associated with Segment  1  are displayed in media browser  235 . 
     Stage  210  illustrates that the portion of the timeline  225  that is displayed in composite display area  220  has been split into two segments with the dividing point at time  240 . Users can divide the timeline for a composite presentation into user-modifiable segments by way of a variety of operations in some embodiments. These operations may involve user interaction with UI items in the composite display area, the outline window, or elsewhere in the GUI. Different embodiments enable users to insert segments before, after, or in the middle of a particular segment, split segments in two, merge segments, etc. The segments need not line up with the media clips, and can be of arbitrary or default duration. 
     For instance, the new segment at stage  210  could have been created in some embodiments by a user selecting time  240  (e.g., by placing a playhead at time  240 ) and selecting a user interface (“UI”) item to split the segment at the selected time. Such a UI item may be an option in a drop-down menu, a selectable button in the UI, etc. Some embodiments also allow access to the segment creation functionality via shortcut keys. Creating the new segment causes an entry for the new segment to appear in the composite display area  220  as well as in the outline window  230  in some embodiments, as shown. At stage  210 , the new segment is now selected in the outline window  230 , but has no associated media clips in media browser  235 . Some embodiments, though, associate with a segment any media clips that are within the segment. Thus, for example, the clip represented by graphical object  245  would be displayed in the media browser  235  for Segment  2 . 
     In addition to creating a first level of segments, some embodiments allow a user to create segments at multiple levels (as in the case above for timeline  100 ). For instance, when the composite media presentation is a movie, the user may define the first level of segments as scenes and a higher level of segments as acts. Some embodiments enable the user to change the title of segments (e.g., “Scene  5 ” or “Coffee Shop Conversation”). 
     Once a segment is created, a user can modify the duration of the segment in some embodiments. The segment duration may be modified explicitly (e.g., by moving a segment boundary in the composite display area or by typing in a start time, end time, and/or duration) or implicitly (e.g., by modifying the duration of a media clip in the segment). 
       FIG. 3  illustrates the editing of the media presentation represented in timeline  225  by moving a segment within the timeline. Specifically,  FIG. 3  illustrates GUI  200  at two different stages. At a first stage  305 , Segment  1  is before Segment  2  in timeline  225 . At a second stage  310 , Segment  1  (and the clips within it) has been moved after Segment  2  in the timeline  225 . 
     As illustrated at stage  305 , Segment  1  is highlighted in the outline window  230 , indicating that it is selected. In some embodiments, selecting a segment also selects all of the media clips in the selected segment. As explained in greater detail below in Section IV, different embodiments determine differently whether a clip that overlaps a segment boundary (e.g., media clip  315 ) is actually in the segment. Some embodiments include the entire clip in the selected segment, while other embodiments do not include the clip or only include a portion of the clip. 
     At stage  310 , the selected Segment  1  has been moved such that it is after Segment  2  in the timeline  225 . Thus, the clips in Segment  1  will appear later in the media presentation represented in timeline  225 . As illustrated at stage  310 , at least a portion of media clip  315  is included with Segment  1  in this case and is therefore at the far right end of the composite display area  220 . Some embodiments only select and move the portion of the clip that is within the segment boundaries, while some embodiments select and move the entire clip. 
     As mentioned above, different attributes and functionalities are applied differently to different levels of the hierarchy in some embodiments. In the case of the media-editing application, some embodiments apply different attributes and functionalities differently to media clips, segments (e.g., scenes), supersegments (e.g., acts), and any other levels of hierarchy. For instance, media clips and segments may be displayed in the timeline, while supersegments and any higher levels of hierarchy are only displayed in the outline window. A media clip can be split among two or more segments, while each segment must be fully contained within one supersegment in some embodiments. Various other functionalities and attributes (e.g., how the items may be edited) are applied differently to the different levels in some embodiments as well. 
     The segments have a variety of uses for an editor that is using the media-editing application to create composite media presentations. In various embodiments, segments can be copied and pasted within a particular media presentation or from one media presentation to the next. In some embodiments, a media presentation can include multiple versions of a particular segment (e.g., if an editor is creating multiple different versions or debating which version of a scene to use for the final product). Some embodiments of the media-editing application allow a user to flag a segment such that the segment is not rendered with the composite media presentation. Segments can also be used to impose timing requirements, such as the time between commercial breaks for a television show. Along this line, some embodiments include libraries of preset groups of segments based on timing, story arc, etc. 
     Several more detailed embodiments of the invention are described in the sections below. Section I provides a conceptual description of a hierarchically structured timeline. Next, Section II describes detailed examples of the GUI of some embodiments. Section III describes the creation of segments in the media-editing application, while Section IV describes the movement of such segments in the timeline. Section V discusses different ways to adjust the duration of a segment and related topics. Section VI then describes the navigation and display of the timeline in the composite display area via the story outline window. Section VII discusses various different uses for segments to edit the composite media presentation. Section VIII describes the software architecture of a media-editing application of some embodiments, while Section IX follows that with a description of a process used to define and store the application. Finally, Section X describes a computer system which implements some embodiments of the invention. 
     I. Hierarchically Structured Timeline 
     As mentioned above, some embodiments of the invention provide a hierarchically structured timeline of content. The content in some embodiments is audio, video, graphics, etc., or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the content is arranged over time in the timeline in order to form a composite presentation, such as a movie, episode of a television show, composite audio program, etc. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates such a hierarchically structured timeline  400  of some embodiments that includes content arranged over time. The timeline  400  includes pieces of content  401 - 412  that are at the lowest level of the hierarchy. The pieces of content  401 - 412  are arranged along five tracks  441 - 445  that span the timeline  400 . 
     One level up in the hierarchy from the pieces of content are segments  421 - 426 . Each of these segment includes at least one piece of content, while some include more than one piece of content. Content piece  409  is split between the boundary of segment  424  and segment  425 . 
     As can be seen, each of the segments is a particular slice of time. That is, each segment can be defined by a start time and an end time, or one of a start time and end time along with a duration. In some embodiments, the slices of time are user-defined and are not directly related to the content. That is, a user may consider the content in determining the segments, but the segments are not defined by the content in any way and the content may be moved along the timeline and in or out of the segments freely. For instance, a user could move content piece  403  along track  443  into segment  424  without affecting segment  422 , except that content piece  403  would no longer be associated with segment  422 . 
     In fact, in some embodiments a user can segment a timeline into such a structured hierarchy without any content in the timeline at all. Section VII, for example, describes preconfigured timelines that initially have no content. When a content item is placed into such a structured timeline, it is then associated with a segment or segments based on the location in the timeline at which the content item is placed. 
     Some embodiments include multiple levels of segments. The timeline  400 , as shown, includes “supersegments”  431 - 433 . The supersegments are slices of time at one level higher than the segments  421 - 426 . While the first level of segments are defined in some embodiments based on at least two of a start time, an end time, and a duration, some embodiments define the second level by associating a supersegment with one or more of the lower-level segments. For instance, supersegment  431  may be defined by reference to segments  421  and  422  rather than a particular time and duration. The slice of time for the supersegment is then defined implicitly from the times and durations for the associated lower-level segments. Any higher levels of segments may be defined implicitly in a similar manner. 
     In some embodiments, however, segments may be split among supersegments just as content pieces may be split between segments. In such embodiments, then, supersegments are defined based on at least two of a start time, end time, and a duration, in the same way that the first-level segments are defined. 
     Associations between content, segments, supersegments, etc. are defined for the timeline in some embodiments in order to define the hierarchical structure. Each content piece is associated with one or more segments, each segment with one supersegment, etc., all the way up the hierarchy.  FIG. 5  illustrates the associations between items at different levels of the hierarchy for timeline  400 . The timeline  400  is a timeline for a project  500 . The three supersegments  431 - 433  are associated with project  500 , as represented by items  531 - 533 . Two segments, represented by items  521  and  522 , are associated with the first supersegment, three segments are associated with the second supersegment, and only one segment is associated with the third supersegment. 
     A piece of content is associated with one or more segments based on the time spanned by the piece of content in the timeline and the slice of time that defines the one or more segments. For instance, content piece  403 , represented by item  503 , is associated with the segment represented by item  522 . Most of the content pieces in timeline  400  are only associated with one segment as they are fully contained within one segment. Content piece  409 , however, splits the boundary between segments  424  and  425 . As such, associations are defined between item  509 , representing content piece  409 , and items  524  and  525 , which represent the two segments. 
     Some embodiments, however, only define an association between a piece of content and a segment when the piece of content is fully contained within the segment. As such, content pieces such as  409  that cross a segment boundary are not associated with any segment. Other embodiments define an association between the piece of content and only one of the segments (e.g., the segment in which the piece of content starts or the segment in which the piece of content ends). 
     In some embodiments, this structure information is stored as metadata about a particular timeline. If the timeline is stored and later placed into a larger timeline, this metadata regarding the structure of the timeline is retained and made part of the metadata for the structure of the larger timeline. In the case of the media-editing application, as is described below, this enables a user to paste one timeline into another (e.g., for creating a final project out of numerous smaller timelines) and retain all of the structural information about the timeline. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a hierarchy in which each region of the hierarchy has the same depth. That is, each of the supersegments includes at least one segment, and each of the segment includes at least one content piece. This is not a requirement for the hierarchy in some embodiments. For example, in some embodiments there could be a supersegment with no segments. Instead, the content items would be associated directly with the supersegment. Similarly, there could be a supersegment (or segment) that does not have any lower-level items at all associated with it. 
       FIG. 6  conceptually illustrates a process  600  for defining associations within a timeline such as those illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Process  600  starts by defining (at  605 ) associations between content and items at the next lowest level of hierarchical structure in the timeline. For instance, in the case of timeline  400 , the twelve content pieces  401 - 412  are associated with the six segments  421 - 426 . In some embodiments, each content piece or hierarchical structure is represented by a data structure and associations are defined between these data structures. Some embodiments instead define one data structure for the timeline that includes information about all of the associations. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a wide variety of data structures may be used to store this information. When content is added to the timeline or the timeline is otherwise modified, the data structure(s) are modified to accommodate the changes in some embodiments. 
     Process  600  then sets (at  610 ) the next lowest level of the hierarchical structure as the current level. The first time operation  610  is performed, this level is that directly above the content (the level of structure for which associations with the content are defined at  605 , such as segments  421 - 426 ). The process then determines (at  615 ) whether there are any levels of the hierarchical structure that are higher than the current level. When there are no more higher levels, all associations are defined and the process ends. 
     Otherwise, the process proceeds to  620  and defines associations between the items at the current level and items at the next lowest level (that is, one level higher than the current level) of hierarchical structure in the timeline. For example, the six segments  421 - 426  of timeline  400  are associated with the supersegments  431 - 433  as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . The process then proceeds to  610  to change the current level. Process  600  ends when all of the items at the various hierarchical levels are associated. Some embodiments include numerous hierarchical levels—more than just segments and supersegments—and associations are defined for all of the levels. 
     In some embodiments, various attributes and functionalities are applicable to items at only some of the levels of hierarchy. That is, different attributes and functionalities are applied differently to the different hierarchical levels.  FIG. 7  conceptually illustrates a hierarchically associated set of items  700  to which different functionalities are applied. The set of items  700  includes items at four different levels of hierarchy (levels  705 ,  710 ,  715 , and  720 ). As one example for a media-editing application of some embodiments, the lowest level items in the hierarchy are media clips, the next level of items are segments of the timeline (e.g., scenes), items at the level above that are supersegments (e.g., acts), and at the highest level is a composite media presentation. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , functionality A  725  is applied to items in the two lower levels  715  and  720 . Functionality B  730  is applied only to items at the second level  710 . Thus, various functionalities can apply to only items at one particular level or items at multiple levels. In fact, functionalities or attributes need not apply to items in consecutive levels of the hierarchy. For example, functionality C  735  is applied to items at the lowest level of the hierarchy  720  and items at the highest level  705 , but neither of the levels in between. 
     As will be described in further detail in the sections below, in the case of the media-editing application, there are various attributes and functionalities that apply differently to items at different levels of hierarchy. For instance, some embodiments display segment (e.g., scene) headings in the composite display area but do not display supersegment (e.g., act) headings. Media clips are graphically represented in the composite display area, of course, and some embodiments display a title for the composite media presentation as well. However, in the story outline window clips are not displayed but the other items (segments, etc.) are listed in some embodiments. 
     The media-editing application of some embodiments enables some editing operations only for application to the media clips as opposed to any of the user-defined segments (e.g., defining a transition between clips). However, other editing operations are enabled for some levels of segments in addition to the media clips, but not all levels. For instance, some embodiments allow a user to adjust a duration of a media clip or a segment in the composite display area, but not any higher levels such as supersegments, which are edited implicitly or not at all. Some of these features will be described in greater detail below. 
     II. Media-Editing Application 
     As mentioned above, the hierarchical timeline of some embodiments is part of a media-editing application and represents a composite media presentation that a user creates using the media-editing application. The following sections describe the graphical user interface of some embodiments for such an application, as well as a way to associate media clips with segments in some embodiments. 
     A. Graphical User Interface 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a detailed graphical user interface (GUI)  800  of such a media-editing application. GUI  800  includes a preview display area  805 , a composite display area  810 , an outline window  815 , a media browser  820 , and a browser navigation pane  825 . 
     The preview display area  805  (sometimes referred to as a canvas) displays a preview of the composite media presentation. In some embodiments, the preview display area includes various video controls such as a play button, fast forward and rewind buttons, etc. that a user can use to navigate the preview of the composite presentation. 
     The composite display area  810  provides a visual representation of the composite presentation being created by the user. Specifically, the composite display area  810  displays a portion of a timeline  830 . Timeline  830  is spanned by multiple tracks, along which are displayed graphical representations of the media clips that make up the composite media presentation (also referred to as clip shapes). Timeline  830  is spanned by the four tracks displayed (Video  1 , Video  2 , Audio  1 , and Audio  2 ) in GUI  800 , though some embodiments include more tracks than can be shown at one time in the composite display area. 
     In some embodiments, a graphical representation of a media clip indicates a source media (e.g., a video file or audio file) and a start and end time in the composite presentation for the media clip. Though not the case in GUI  800 , some embodiments display the graphical representation of a video clip by using an image (e.g., a particular frame) from the particular video clip. The start and end times in the composite media presentation are determined by looking at the timeline in the composite display area. For example, video clip  1 - 3   820  begins at approximately 1:09:47:00 and ends at approximately 1:11:15:00. A media clip in the composite presentation also has in and out points that indicate the portion of the source media that defines the clip. In some embodiments, this information is visible either all of the time or by placing a cursor in the GUI over the clip or its borders. 
     Some embodiments display segment borders (i.e., boundaries) and segment headers in the composite display area. Composite display area  810 , for instance, is displaying segment borders  835  to visually indicate the dividing time between segments two, three, and four, as well as segment headers  840  for these segments. In some embodiments, the segment borders are only displayed between segment headers, though in GUI  800  the segment borders  835  are displayed on the tracks in composite display area  810  as well. The segment borders  835  are not displayed on top of clip shapes such as shape  845 , though some embodiments display the segment borders over such clip shapes as well in order to indicate exactly where the segment border is within the clip. 
     The segment borders and headers correspond to the hierarchical structures described above in Section I. Segments are defined for the timeline by a user, and may be of varying duration and number. Furthermore, supersegments or higher-level structures may be defined as well. For instance, in some cases users will want to use the segments to tell a story. The segments and supersegments may correspond to acts, scenes, sub-scenes, etc. As a user (e.g., an editor) modifies the story, the user can move a segment around and take the clips in the segment as well (as will be discussed in greater detail below in Section IV). Some embodiments only display the lowest level of structures (i.e., the first level that is not the content of the timeline itself) in the composite display area. Thus, although supersegments (acts) are defined for timeline  830 , they are not actually displayed in the timeline in some embodiments. Other embodiments display more or all levels of hierarchy in the timeline. 
     Composite display area  810  also includes a playhead  850 . The playhead  850  is set to a particular time in the composite media presentation. In some embodiments, the image displayed in the preview display area  805  is that which corresponds to the time in the composite presentation at which the playhead  850  sits along the timeline  830 . Playhead  850  also has uses in some embodiments as a reference point for the creation of new segments. Further discussion of such segment creation is found below in Section III. 
     The outline window  815  (also referred to as a story outline) displays a list or other representation of the hierarchy (segments, etc.) defined for the timeline. In this case, outline window  815  includes list entries for two supersegments (Act  1  and Act  2 ) and five segments. As shown, some embodiments use indentation (or other visual indicators) to indicate the different levels of hierarchical items in the outline window. Each entry in the outline window includes a thumbnail  855 , a title  860 , and in the case of the segments a playhead indicator  865 . The thumbnail, in some embodiments, is a particular image (e.g., the first frame, a user-selected frame, etc.) from the particular segment. The playhead indicator is a box that displays a playhead icon when the playhead is located within the particular segment. As playhead  850  is within segment  4  in GUI  800 , the playhead indicator  865  for Segment  4  in the outline window  815  displays a playhead icon  870 . Each entry is a selectable item in some embodiments. As will be described in further detail below, the selectable items in outline window  815  are used in some embodiments to navigate the timeline as well as to edit and move segments within the timeline. 
     In some embodiments, the outline window includes a toggle button such as UI button  875 . Button  875  enables the user to determine whether to display the story outline or not. When a user selects button  875  (e.g., by placing a cursor over the button and pressing a button on a cursor controller), the outline window is removed from the display and only the bar that includes toggle button  875  is displayed. Selecting the toggle button again will re-display the story outline. In some embodiments, the composite display area expands to fill the area previously occupied by the outline window when the outline window is removed from the display. 
     The media browser  820 , or clip library, is a display area in GUI  800  that displays representations of media clips which a user may add to the composite presentation. To add a clip to the presentation, a user selects one of the clip representations from the media browser and drags the clip to a particular location in the composite display area so as to place the clip on a particular track at a particular time. The user may then edit the clip in the composite display area, such as by modifying in and out points, modifying the clip duration, moving the clip along the timeline, applying effects to the clip, etc. 
     The browser navigation pane  825  of some embodiments displays one or more folders that include media clips. When a user selects a particular folder in browser navigation pane  825 , the clips in the particular folder are displayed in the media browser  825 . Some embodiments include default folders in the navigation pane, such as “Main Edit” and “B-Roll” folders. Users of the media-editing application may also add folders to the navigation pane either through the navigation pane or the media browser, in some embodiments. A user might, for example, want to add folders to correspond to the different segments. In some embodiments, a composite media presentation may include multiple sequences, each of which is represented by a timeline. Each sequence is automatically given a folder in the browser navigation pane  825  in some embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the clips in a folder include those that are already part of the composite media presentation. Users can also add media clips to a particular folder in some embodiments. This allows a user to more easily access clips when they want to add the clip to a presentation via the timeline, as well as a way to store clips that the user might want to add to the presentation at a later time. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the GUI  800  illustrated in  FIG. 8  is only one of many GUIs possible for a media-editing application that embodies the invention.  FIG. 9  illustrates a GUI  900  for a media-editing application of some embodiments that includes an alternative outline window  915 . Rather than being displayed in a particular location in the GUI, outline window  915  is a separate, freely moveable window that is displayed on top of the main GUI. The properties of outline window  915  are similar to those of outline window  815 . In some embodiments, instead of having a toggle button, outline window  915  can be closed or minimized with a similar UI item. In some such embodiments, the GUI includes a UI item for restoring the outline window. 
     When the story outline is a separate window such as is the case in GUI  900 , the composite display area can be larger. Thus, composite display area  910  occupies more screen space than does composite display area  810 . 
       FIG. 10  illustrates another alternative GUI  1000  for a media-editing application of some embodiments. GUI  1000  includes numerous features similar to those of GUI  800 . Browser navigation pane  1025  includes folders for the various segments and supersegments found in the story outline  1015 . In some embodiments, folders are automatically created when a segment or supersegment is created. A user can then place clips in the folder that they may want to add to the segment of the composite presentation at a later time. Some embodiments also automatically include the clips that are a part of the segment in the composite presentation in the media browser for that segment as well. 
     As can be seen in GUI  1000 , the segment selected in the outline window  1015  (Segment  3 ) need not be the same as the segment selected in the navigation pane  1025  (Segment  4 ). Thus, a user can use the outline window  1015  to focus the timeline on a first segment (as described in further detail below in Section V) but add a clip that is associated with a different segment to the timeline. 
     As described below, some embodiments allow a user to copy a segment from a first presentation and paste that segment into another presentation. In some embodiments, when a segment with a set of associated clips is pasted into a presentation, the segment retains the associated clips in the new presentation as well. 
     GUI  1000  also includes a segment indicator  1030  as part of preview display area  1005 . The segment indicator  1005  provides an indication to the user as to which segment is currently playing in the preview display area  1005 . This segment indicator will match up with the segment in which the playhead  1050  is located within composite display area  1010 . In some embodiments, the segment indicator  1005  is a feature that a user can turn on and off by way of a selectable UI item (e.g., drop-down menu, UI button, right-clicking menu, etc.) or a hotkey. 
     The segments illustrated in GUIs  800 ,  900 , and  1000  have a wide variety of uses for editors, many of which will be described in detail in the sections below. In order to be used for editing, however, the segments must first be created by the user. The creation of such segments will be described in the next section. 
     B. Associating Media Clips with Segments 
     As illustrated above in  FIG. 10 , some embodiments create a folder (i.e., bin) structure in the browser navigation pane  1025  that mimics the segment structure in the story outline  1015 . As noted, this enables a user to associate source media with segments even when clips from that source media are not yet in the timeline. In some embodiments, media may be associated with a segment even without mimicking the story outline in the browser navigation pane. Instead, the story outline itself serves as a content navigation pane of its own. 
     As soon as segments are created (a process which will be described in Section III), a user might want to take all of her source media and associate that source media with the segments so that, when editing each segment, the potential media is readily available without having to sift through hundreds or thousands of potential source clips. In some embodiments, a user can drag a file or files (e.g., from a hard disk (or other storage) folder, etc.) to a segment in order to associate the source media with the segment. This associated source media (called candidate segment clips below) is essentially a candidate for being placed into the timeline. This candidate segment clip then stays with the segment even if the segment is moved within the timeline (as described in Section IV), hidden (as described in Section VI), or even temporarily removed (as described in Section VII). 
     The candidate segment clips for a particular segment can be accessed in some embodiments by selecting the folder in the browser navigation pane (e.g., pane  1025 ) that matches the segment. However, as mentioned, some embodiments do not create a separate folder in the navigation pane. Instead, the candidate segment clips are accessed through either the segment header in the composite display area or the segment items in the story outline. For example, right-clicking on the segment item in the story outline might bring up a menu that includes a command to display associated media for the segment. Some embodiments allow a user to toggle between candidate segment clips that are only associated with the segment and timeline clips that are associated with a segment and have been assigned a location in the composite media presentation. 
     Some embodiments include automatic association of source media with segments. For example, the user can have the media-editing application automatically associate source media having a file name that includes a scene number with the segment corresponding to that scene number. Thus, a whole batch of files called “xx . . . xxx—Scene  4 ” can be associated as candidate segment clips with the segment “Scene  4 ”. 
     Some embodiments store the association between a clip (e.g., a timeline clip, candidate segment clip, etc.) and the segment as metadata.  FIG. 11  illustrates an example of a project file  1100  for a composite media presentation. The project file includes a project information data element  1105 , a set of clip data elements  1110 , a set of candidate segment clip data elements  1115 , a set of source media data elements  1120 , and a set of segment data elements  1125 . The project information data element  1105  may include attributes such as the project name, author (i.e., editor), length, or other metadata about the project. 
       FIG. 11  also illustrates an example timeline clip data element  1130 , example source media data element  1135 , example candidate segment clip data element  1140 , and example segment data element  1145 . The timeline clip data element  1130  of some embodiments includes metadata defining the particular clip. The metadata includes a clip identifier, a reference to a source media, in and out points in the source media, and start and end times in the timeline. The clip data element  1130  also includes a reference (e.g., a pointer) to a segment data element from the set  1125  with which the clip is associated. In some embodiments, this is the association described above by reference to  FIG. 5 . 
     The source media data element  1135  of some embodiments includes metadata that defines a piece of unassociated source media. In some embodiments, the source media metadata includes a source identifier and a source media location (that is, a location on a hard disk or other storage where the source media is found). The source identifier is referenced in some embodiments by a particular timeline clip data element from the set  1110  to identify the source media as the source for the particular timeline clip. In some embodiments, the metadata for a source media data element also includes a bin identifier that identifies a folder in the browser navigation pane. 
     The candidate segment clip data element  1140  identifies a source media that has been associated with a segment (e.g., by a user dragging and dropping the source media into the segment). The candidate segment clip data element  1140  includes metadata such as a candidate segment clip identifier, a source location (that is, a location on a hard disk or other storage where the source media is found), and a reference to a segment with which the candidate segment clip is associated. Rather than storing the source location, some embodiments define a segment clip by reference to a particular source media data element and a segment. As the candidate segment clip data element is not yet edited into the timeline, it does not include source in and out points or timeline start and end points. 
     The segment data element  1145  of some embodiments includes metadata defining the particular segment. The metadata includes a segment identifier, start and end times in the timeline for the segment, references to each of the timeline clips edited into the segment, and references to each of the candidate segment clips associated with the segment but not edited into the segment. Some embodiments also include references to any higher level segments with which the particular segment is associated. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the project data file includes supersegment (or any other level of segment) data elements. These data elements, in some embodiments, are defined just like the segment data elements. However, some embodiments define supersegment data elements only by reference to the segments they contain. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an example of a project file  1200  that includes source media data element  1205 , a timeline clip data element  1210 , a candidate segment clip  1215 , two segment data elements  1220  and  1225 , and the relationships between these elements. The source media data element  1205  is for Source Media H. Timeline clip data element  1210  is for Timeline Clip L. Timeline Clip L includes a reference to Source Media H as well as in and out points within Source Media H. Timeline Clip L also includes timeline start and end points and a reference to Segment X. As Timeline Clip L is only associated with one segment, the timeline start and end points must be within the timeline start and end points for Segment X. If Timeline Clip L were split between two segments, some embodiments would include references to each of the two segments. Candidate segment clip data element  1215  is for Candidate Segment Clip D. Candidate Segment Clip D includes a source media location, as well as a reference to Segment Y, the segment with which the source media is associated. 
     Segment clip data elements  1220  and  1225  are for Segments X and Y. Each of these segments includes three timeline clips and three candidate segment clips. Segment X includes a reference to Timeline Clip L that uses the TC ID for Timeline Clip L. Segment Y includes a reference to Candidate Segment Clip D that includes the CSC ID for Candidate Segment Clip D. In some embodiments, pointers are used for these references. 
     A timeline clip data element such as the element  1210  is created by the media-editing application of some embodiments when a user edits a clip into the timeline. Similarly, when a user associates a piece of source media with a segment without editing the source media into the timeline as a clip, a candidate segment clip data element such as the element  1215  is created. The above examples illustrate one particular method for defining associations of clips and source media to segments. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many different methods for defining such associations exist. 
     This metadata (e.g., the associations) is used in some embodiments as a mechanism for creating and maintaining metadata about the structure of a story created by a user (e.g., editor, director, etc.). The metadata is retained as part of the composite media presentation, even after the presentation is rendered. Thus, the structure is retained with the presentation and is accessible to the user if they return to the presentation post-rendering to make further edits, copy the structure of the presentation into a new story, remove all of the media clips and make a new presentation with the same story structure, etc. 
     III. Creating New Segments 
     In some embodiments, when a presentation or sequence (i.e., a timeline) is initially defined, the media-editing application defines it as having one segment. From this point, a user can create more segments for the timeline in a variety of ways. As will be described in the following section, segments can be inserted into a timeline (adding more time to the overall media presentation) or carved out of an existing segment. UI operations to create a new segment may be performed in the composite display area, the story outline window, or elsewhere in the GUI of the media-editing application. 
     A. Creating Segments in the Composite Display Area 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a first operation to create new segments for a composite media presentation. Specifically,  FIG. 13  illustrates a GUI  1300  in two stages, a first stage  1305  before the creation of new segments and a second stage  1310  after the creation of new segments. The GUI  1300  includes a composite display area  1315  and an outline window  1320 . The composite display area  1315  and outline window  1320  include many similar features to the display areas described above (e.g., those of GUI  800 ). Composite display area  1315  also includes four UI items  1325 - 1340 . These UI items are conceptual illustrations of one or more UI items that can be used within the composite display area to create a new segment or segments for the composite media presentation that is represented in the composite display area. Different embodiments of the invention implement the UI items differently. Some embodiments implement them as UI buttons, others as a command that can be selected in a pull-down menu, drop-down menu, contextual menu that appears from a right-click, or other type of menu, and still others as a command invoked through one or more keystroke operations. Yet other embodiments allow the user to access the various segment creation mechanisms through multiple different UI items, including those not mentioned in the above paragraph. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates the use of the first of these UI items  1325 , which causes the insertion of a new segment at the location in the timeline of the playhead  1350 . The first stage  1305  illustrates that the playhead is located within Segment  4  at a time of approximately 1:12:00:00. This information is also reflected in story outline  1320 , which has a playhead icon  1355  located in the playhead indicator  1360  for Segment  4 . Story outline  1320  also indicates that there are four segments split among two acts in stage  1305 . 
     A cursor  1365  is located on top of UI item  1325  in stage  1305 , and stage  1310  illustrates the result of a user selecting UI item  1325 . Segment  4  has been split into three segments: Segment  4 A, Segment  5 , and Segment  4 B. Various different embodiments use different naming schemes when naming the segments. In the case where the segments are merely numbered (in some cases they will be “Scene  1 , Scene  2 , . . . ”), some embodiments use A and B to differentiate the segments. Other embodiments would number the segments in order as Segments  4 ,  5 , and  6 . When the segments have user-defined names (e.g., “Coffee House”), some embodiments split the segment into “CoffeeHouse A”, “Segment  1 ” (or the next available number), and “CoffeeHouse B”. The user can then define names for the segments as they see fit. 
     Different embodiments determine the duration of the new segment differently. Some embodiments include an intermediate step asking the user to indicate a desired duration for the segment, whereas other embodiments just initially create the new segment with a default duration. In the illustrated case of  FIG. 13 , the default duration is one minute. 
     Different clip behaviors are possible when the segment is split in half and part of the segment is moved in the timeline. Some embodiments do not move the clips at all relative to the timeline. In other words, no clip representations would be moved relative to the timeline in the composite display area, and there would just be new segment boundaries. In the case of  FIG. 13 , however, clips that begin to the right of the point of insertion are all moved to the right by the duration of the inserted segment. Thus video and audio clips  1 - 5   1370  are moved one minute later in the timeline. As clips  1 - 4   1375  begin prior to the insertion point (playhead  1350 ), they are not moved from stage  1305  to stage  1310 . Some embodiments, though, cut off (i.e., razor) clips  1 - 4   1375  at the playhead such that the inserted segment is completely devoid of content. In either case, after the segment insertion, if the user decides that they prefer the other option, they can perform a trim edit to modify the out point of clips  1 - 4 . 
     In addition to affecting the timeline, the new segments are included in the outline window  1320  as well. As Segment  4  was included within Act  2 , the new segments are all included in the Act  2  supersegment. In the case where the playhead is located on the border between two scenes, some embodiments do not split any of the previous segments and instead just insert the new segment between the two. When the playhead is also at the border between two supersegments, different embodiments assign the new segment to one or the other of the supersegments. In addition, within the story outline, the playhead indicator icon  1355  has been moved to the playhead indicator for the new segment. In some embodiments, when the playhead is at a border between two segments, the indicator icon is placed in the later of the two segments to indicate that playing the presentation in the preview display (i.e., preview display  805 ) will play the content of that segment. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a second operation to create a new segment for a composite media presentation. Specifically,  FIG. 14  illustrates the GUI  1300  in two stages, a first stage  1405  before the creation of a new segment and a second stage  1410  after the creation of a new segment. As in  FIG. 13 , The GUI  1300  includes composite display area  1315  with selectable UI items  1325 - 1340  and outline window  1320 . 
       FIG. 14  illustrates the use of the second of the selectable UI items  1330  for segment creation, which causes the insertion of a new segment before the segment in which the playhead  1350  is presently located. The first stage  1405  illustrates that the playhead is located within Segment  4  at a time of approximately 1:12:00:00. This information is also reflected in story outline  1320 , in which the playhead icon  1355  located in the playhead indicator  1360  for Segment  4 . Story outline  1320  also indicates that there are four segments split among two acts in stage  1405 . 
     Cursor  1365  is located on top of UI item  1330  in stage  1405 , and stage  1410  illustrates the result of a user selecting UI item  1330 . A new segment, Segment  5 , has been inserted in between Segment  3  and Segment  4 . Various different embodiments use different naming schemes when naming the segments. In the case where the segments are merely numbered (in some cases they will be “Scene  1 , Scene  2 , . . . ”), some embodiments use the next available number for the new segment (as is the case in stage  1410 ). Other embodiments renumber the segment names. When the segments have user-defined names (e.g., “Car Chase”), some embodiments use “Segment  1 ” for the new segment (or the next available number). The user can then define a new, descriptive name for the segment as they see fit. 
     Different embodiments determine the duration of the new segment differently. Some embodiments include an intermediate step asking the user to indicate a desired duration for the segment, whereas other embodiments just initially create the new segment with a default duration. In the illustrated case of  FIG. 14 , the default duration is one minute. 
     Different clip behaviors are possible when a segment is inserted between two previous segments. When there are no clips overlapping the segment boundary, as is the case in  FIG. 14 , some embodiments insert a blank segment and push to the right by the duration of the segment all of the clips that come after the segment boundary. Thus, clips  1 - 4   1375  and  1 - 5   1370  are all moved one minute later in the timeline (retaining their place in Segment  4 ). In the case where clips crossed over the segment boundary before the insertion, these clips remain unchanged in some embodiments (see  FIG. 15  below). Other embodiments, however, razor the clips at the segment boundary so that the newly inserted segment is devoid of content. In either case, after the segment is inserted, if the user decides that they prefer the other option, they can move clips  1 - 4   1375  and  1 - 5   1370  manually. 
     In addition to affecting the timeline, the new segment is included in the outline window  1320  as well. As Segment  3  and Segment  4  are included within Act  2 , the new segment is included in the Act  2  supersegment as well. In the case where the insertion point is the border between two supersegments (because the playhead is in the first segment of a supersegment), different embodiments assign the new segment to one or the other of the supersegments. Some embodiments assign the new segment to the later supersegment because the playhead is located there. In addition, within the story outline, the playhead indicator icon  1355  has been moved to the playhead indicator for the new segment. In some embodiments, when the playhead is at a border between two segments, the indicator icon is placed in the later of the two segments to indicate that playing the presentation in the preview display (i.e., preview display  805 ) will play the content of that segment. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a third operation to create a new segment for a composite media presentation. Specifically,  FIG. 15  illustrates the GUI  1300  in two stages, a first stage  1505  before the creation of a new segment and a second stage  1510  after the creation of a new segment. As in  FIG. 13 , The GUI  1300  includes composite display area  1315  with selectable UI items  1325 - 1340  and outline window  1320 . 
       FIG. 15  illustrates the use of the third of the selectable UI items  1335  for segment creation, which causes the insertion of a new segment after the segment in which the playhead  1350  is presently located. The first stage  1505  illustrates that the playhead is located within Segment  2  at a time of approximately 1:08:20:00. This information is also reflected in story outline  1320 , in which the playhead icon  1355  located in the playhead indicator  1360  for Segment  2 . Story outline  1320  also indicates that there are four segments split among two acts in stage  1505 . 
     Cursor  1365  is located on top of UI item  1335  in stage  1505 , and stage  1510  illustrates the result of a user selecting UI item  1335 . A new segment, Segment  5 , has been inserted in between Segment  2  and Segment  3 . Various different embodiments use different naming schemes when naming the segments. In the case where the segments are merely numbered (in some cases they will be “Scene  1 , Scene  2 , . . . ”), some embodiments use the next available number for the new segment (as is the case in stage  1510 ). Other embodiments renumber the segment names. When the segments have user-defined names (e.g., “Bar Fight”), some embodiments use “Segment  1 ” for the new segment (or the next available number). The user can then define a new, descriptive name for the segment as they see fit. 
     Different embodiments determine the duration of the new segment differently. Some embodiments include an intermediate step asking the user to indicate a desired duration for the segment, whereas other embodiments just initially create the new segment with a default duration. In the illustrated case of  FIG. 15 , the default duration is one minute. 
     Different clip behaviors are possible when a segment is inserted between two previous segments. When there are clips crossing over the segment boundary prior to the insertion, these clips remain unchanged in some embodiments, as is the case with clips  2 - 5   1515 . Other embodiments, however, razor the clips at the segment boundary so that the newly inserted segment is devoid of content. In either case, after the segment is inserted, if the user decides that they prefer the other option, they can modify the out points of clips  2 - 5   1515  manually. Clips that begin to the right of the segment boundary are pushed later in the timeline by the duration of the newly inserted segment. In the case that no clips overlap the segment border, some embodiments insert a blank segment and push all of the clips that come after the segment boundary to the right by the duration of the segment. 
     In addition to affecting the timeline, the new segment is included in the outline window  1320  as well. As the border between Segment  2  and Segment  3  is also the border between supersegments Act  1  and Act  2 , a decision must be made regarding to which supersegment the new segment should be assigned. Different embodiments assign the new segment to one or the other supersegment. For instance, some embodiments assign the new segment to the earlier supersegment in this case because the playhead is located within that supersegment. Some embodiments create a new supersegment that includes only the new segment. Within the story outline  1320 , the playhead indicator icon  1355  has not moved, as the playhead remains within Segment  2 . 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a fourth operation to create a new segment for a composite media presentation. Specifically,  FIG. 16  illustrates the GUI  1300  in two stages, a first stage  1605  before the creation of a new segment and a second stage  1610  after the creation of a new segment. As in  FIG. 13 , The GUI  1300  includes composite display area  1315  with selectable UI items  1325 - 1340  and outline window  1320 . 
       FIG. 16  illustrates the use of the fourth of the selectable UI items  1340  for segment creation, which causes the segment in which the playhead  1350  is presently located to split into two segments at the location of the playhead  1350 . The first stage  1605  illustrates that the playhead is located within Segment  3  at a time of approximately 1:10:10:00. This information is also reflected in story outline  1320 , which has the playhead icon  1355  located in the playhead indicator  1360  for Segment  3 . Story outline  1320  also indicates that there are four segments split among two acts in stage  1605 . 
     Cursor  1365  is located on top of UI item  1340  in stage  1605 , and stage  1610  illustrates the result of a user selecting UI item  1340 . Segment  3  has been split into two segments at playhead  1350 , Segment  3  and Segment  5 . Various different embodiments use different naming schemes when naming the segments. In the case where the segments are merely numbered (in some cases they will be “Scene  1 , Scene  2 , . . . ”), some embodiments use the next available number for the new segment (as is the case in stage  1610 ). Other embodiments renumber the segment names, or name the segments using A and B (e.g., “Segment  3 A” and “Segment  3 B”. When the segments have user-defined names (e.g., “Rooftop Shootout”), some embodiments use “Segment  1 ” for the new segment (or the next available number). The user can then define a new, descriptive name for the segment as they see fit. When a segment is simply split in two, with no time inserted into the timeline (unlike the situation in  FIGS. 13-15 ), no clips are moved in the timeline. 
     Segments can also be created based on selected clips in some embodiments.  FIG. 17  illustrates the selection of a graphical representation of a media clip in a GUI  1700  according to some embodiments. Specifically,  FIG. 17  illustrates GUI  1700  in two stages, a first stage  1705  before the selection of a clip shape and a second stage  1710  after the selection of a clip shape. GUI  1700  includes a composite display area  1715  and an outline window  1720 . 
     The composite display area  1715  and outline window  1720  are mostly similar to the display areas described above for GUI  1300 . Instead of UI items  1325 - 1340 , however, composite display area  1715  includes UI item  1725  for creating a new segment based on selected segments. This UI item is a conceptual illustration of one or more UI items that can be used within the composite display area to create a new segment for the composite media presentation that is represented in the composite display area. Different embodiments of the invention implement the UI item differently. Some embodiments implement it as a UI button, others as a command that can be selected in a pull-down menu, drop-down menu, contextual menu that appears from a right-click, or other type of menu, and still others as a command invoked through one or more keystroke operations. Yet other embodiments allow the user to access the segment creation mechanism through multiple different UI items, including those not mentioned in the above paragraph. 
     A cursor  1730  is located on top of a clip shape  1735  in stage  1705 , and stage  1710  illustrates the result of a user selecting the clip shape  1735 . In stage  1710 , the clip shape  1735  is highlighted to indicate its selection. Various embodiments use different indicators to visually indicate that a clip is selected (e.g., crosshatching or otherwise changing the interior display, changing color, changing the display of the border, etc.). 
       FIG. 18  illustrates the use of UI item  1725  to create a new segment based on selected clips. Specifically,  FIG. 18  illustrates the GUI  1700  in two stages, a first stage  1805  in which two clips are selected and a second stage  1810  in which a new segment has been created based on the selected clips. 
     In the first stage  1805 , clip shape  1735  is selected, as is clip shape  1835 . Clip shape  1735  begins at approximately 1:09:48:00 in the timeline and clip shape  1835  ends at approximately 1:13:40:00 in the timeline. Cursor  1730  is located on top of UI item  1725  in this stage, and stage  1810  illustrates the result of a user selecting UI item  1725 . A new segment, Segment  5 , now spans the duration from the start of clip shape  1735  at 1:09:48:00 to the end of clip shape  1835  at 1:13:40:00. Segment  3 , where the first clip shape originally began and Segment  4 , where the last clip shape originally ended, remain but are now smaller. 
     Various different embodiments use different naming schemes for the new segment. When the segment completely envelops the duration of one or more previous segments, some embodiments assign the new segment the name of one of the enveloped segments (e.g., the first such segment). In the case where no segments are completely removed and the segments are merely numbered (as is the case in GUI  1700 ), some embodiments use the next available number. As no time is added or removed with the use of UI item  1725 , none of the clip shapes are affected with regard to their place in the timeline. 
     B. Creating Segments in the Outline Window 
     The above four examples of  FIGS. 13-16  illustrated a GUI  1300  that enables the creation of new segments within the composite display area  1315 . Some embodiments, either alternatively or conjunctively, enable creation of new segments from within the story outline.  FIG. 19  illustrates an operation to create a new segment for a composite media presentation. Specifically,  FIG. 19  illustrates a GUI  1900  in two stages, a first stage  1905  before the creation of a new segment and a second stage  1910  after the creation of a new segment. The GUI  1900  includes a composite display area  1915  and an outline window  1920 . 
     The composite display area  1915  and outline window  1920  are mostly similar to the display areas described above for GUI  1300 . Outline window  1920  also includes a UI item  1925 . This UI item is a conceptual illustration of one or more UI items that can be used within the story outline to create a new segment for the composite media presentation that is represented in the composite display area. Different embodiments of the invention implement the UI item differently. Some embodiments implement it as a UI button, others as a command that can be selected in a pull-down menu, drop-down menu, contextual menu that appears from a right-click, or other type of menu, and still others as a command invoked through one or more keystroke operations. Yet other embodiments allow the user to access the segment creation mechanism through multiple different UI items, including those not mentioned in the above paragraph. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates the use of item  1925 , which causes the insertion of a new segment into the timeline prior to a segment selected in the story outline  1920 . The first stage  1905  illustrates that Segment  4  is selected in story outline  1920 , as indicated by a gray bar. Selection of a segment in the story outline is indicated in different manners in different embodiments. Some embodiments use a bar such as that shown in stage  1905 , while others italicize the text of the segment name, modify the display of the thumbnail to the left of the segment name, or use another visual indicator. 
     Some embodiments differentiate between a primary selection of an item and a secondary selection of an item. That is, if a user selects a second item (i.e., by clicking on the item while holding down the “control” key) while a first item is already selected, the previously selected item is a primary selection and the newly selected item is a secondary selection. In some embodiments, different visual selection indicators are used for primary selections and secondary selections. Furthermore, some operations (e.g., inserting a new segment) are only applicable to one segment at a time, and these are applied to the primary selection. Other operations (e.g., deleting a segment) are applicable to all selected segments. 
     A cursor  1930  is located on top of UI item  1925  in stage  1905 , and stage  1910  illustrates the result of a user selecting UI item  1925 , which causes the insertion of a new segment before the segment that is selected in outline window  1920 . Although the playhead  1935  is in Segment  2 , because Segment  4  is selected in the outline window the new segment is inserted before Segment  4 . When the new segment is inserted, the behavior of the clips, naming, outline modification, and supersegment assignment is the same as is described above for  FIG. 14  in some embodiments. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other segment creation mechanisms are available through the story outline as well. For instance, some embodiments enable a user to insert a new segment after a selected segment, or to insert a segment after the last segment or before the first segment. Furthermore, through the story outline, a user can delete one or more segments or add or delete supersegments. Some embodiments include a drop-down menu (or other type of menu) in the story outline that includes these various segment creation operations as options, as well as other operations including those described below. 
     C. Merging Segments 
     Some embodiments also enable a user to merge subsequent segments through either the story outline, the composite display area, or both.  FIG. 20  illustrates an operation to merge two segments of a composite media presentation through the story outline. Specifically,  FIG. 20  illustrates a GUI  2000  in two stages, a first stage  2005  before two segments are merged and a second stage  2010  after the segments are merged. The GUI  2000  includes a composite display area  2015  and an outline window  2020 . 
     The composite display area  2015  and outline window  2020  are mostly similar to the display areas described above for GUI  1300 . Outline window  2020  also includes a UI item  2025 . This UI item is a conceptual illustration of one or more UI items that can be used within the story outline to create a new segment for the composite media presentation that is represented in the composite display area. Different embodiments of the invention implement the UI item differently. Some embodiments implement it as a UI button, others as a command that can be selected in a pull-down menu, drop-down menu, contextual menu that appears from a right-click, or other type of menu, and still others as a command invoked through one or more keystroke operations. For example, some embodiments implement the UI item for merging segments as an option in a menu that also includes options for creating new segments, as described above. Yet other embodiments allow the user to access the segment creation mechanism through multiple different UI items, including those not mentioned in the above paragraph. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates the use of item  2025 , which causes two segments selected in the outline window  2020  to merge into one segment. The first stage  2005  illustrates that Segment  3  and Segment  4  are both selected in story outline  2020 , as indicated by the gray bars. A cursor  2030  is located on top of UI item  2025  in stage  2005 , and stage  2010  illustrates the result of a user selecting UI item  2025 , which causes the two selected segments to be merged into one segment. For the name of the newly merged segment, some embodiments use the name of either the first or last of the merged items in timeline order, while other embodiments use the name of the first segment selected (i.e., a primary selection) in the outline window  2020 . 
     When defining the new segment in the composite display area  2015 , some embodiments just remove any segment boundaries (e.g., segment boundary  2035 ) and modify the segment header as appropriate. Media clips need not be moved as no time is inserted or removed from the timeline. As mentioned, in some embodiments a similar UI item is available in the composite display area. Selection of segments in the composite display area, which can be used to identify the segments to merge together, is described below in Section IV. 
     D. Process for Creating New Segments 
     When new segments are created (or segments are otherwise modified), some embodiments must re-associate the hierarchy of the timeline in addition to visually displaying the new segments.  FIG. 21  conceptually illustrates a process  2100  of some embodiments for creating new segments that includes such re-association. 
     Process  2100  begins by receiving (at  2105 ) input to create at least one new segment. In some embodiments, this input is the selection of a UI item such as is shown in  FIGS. 13-18  above. The selection input may be received from a cursor controller (e.g., a mouse, touchpad, trackpad, etc.), from a touchscreen (e.g., a user touching a UI item on a touchscreen), from keyboard input (e.g., a hotkey or key sequence), etc. The input may be input to create a new segment before or after a selected segment, to split a segment, etc. 
     Process  2100  next determines (at  2110 ) the location (in time), duration, and content of all affected segments. This includes any segments that are moved, shortened, enlarged, or created as a result of the received input. For instance, in the case illustrated in  FIG. 15 , Segments  3 - 5  are all affected, because Segment  5  is created, Segments  3 - 4  are moved later in the timeline, and certain content (clips  2 - 5   1515 ) is no longer associated with Segment  3 . 
     The process then redefines (at  2115 ) the associations of content with segments, segments with supersegments, and any further levels of hierarchy that are affected. For instance, in the case illustrated in  FIG. 15 , Segment  5  is created and associated with Act  1 , while the media clip represented by clip shapes  1515  is associated with Segment  5  and disassociated with Segment  3 . Similarly, in the case illustrated in  FIG. 16 , Segment  5  is created and associated with Act  2  and the media clip represented by clip shapes  1635  is associated with Segment  5  while also remaining associated with Segment  3 . 
     In some embodiments, the associations defined at  2115  are associations such as those represented in  FIG. 5 , that define the hierarchical structure of the timeline. These associations are also redefined anytime content is added or removed from the timeline, content is moved within the timeline, segments are merged (as in  FIG. 20  above), segments are moved (as described below in Section IV), etc. 
     Finally, process  2100  displays (at  2120 ) any new segments in the summary window and the timeline. This operation accounts for the difference between the first and second stages illustrated in the various examples above. 
     E. Creating a Hierarchy From Structured Input 
     In addition to creating segments individually based on user input, the media-editing application of some embodiments can read a structured input document and define a hierarchy based on the structured input.  FIG. 22  illustrates a process  2200  of some embodiments for defining a hierarchy based on such an input document.  FIG. 22  will be described by reference to  FIG. 23 , which illustrates the conversion of a structured input document (specifically, a screenplay document  2300 ) to a hierarchy for a timeline. 
     Process  2200  begins by receiving (at  2205 ) structured input. Screenplay document (i.e., a movie or television show script)  2300  is an example of such a structured input document. Screenplay document  2300  includes a title  2305 , act names  2320 , scene names  2325 , dialogue  2330 , etc. Other examples of documents that can be converted by some embodiments include slideshow files (e.g., Keynote® or PowerPoint® presentations), storyboards, outlines created in a word processor, or other such documents that define a story via a hierarchy. 
     Process  2200  next parses (at  2210 ) the input document to identify the structure. If the document is text, some embodiments read the text and look for indentation, act and scene names, or other clues as to the story hierarchy. If the document is a slideshow file such as a Keynote® or PowerPoint® file, these files often have hierarchical information stored in them and the process can read this information. The process parses information differently from each type of file in order to identify the structure. 
     After the input document is parsed, the process generates (at  2215 ) a hierarchy of segments for the identified structure. That is, the process defines all of the segments, supersegments, etc. for a timeline for the story conveyed by the document. For instance, referring to screenplay  2300 , the process defines supersegments for the acts (“Act  1 : The Creation”, “Act  2 : The Movement”, etc.) and segments for the scenes (“The 1 st  Segment”, “A Split in Half”, etc.). Some embodiments also define a duration for each segment. For instance, some embodiments define each segment with a default duration, while other segments attempt to discern the relative length of each segment based on the amount of content (e.g., text in a screenplay, slides in a slideshow, etc.) in the document. 
     Finally, the process defines (at  2220 ) associations between the segments. For example, scene  1  (“The 1 st  Segment”) of screenplay  2300  is associated with act  1  (“The Creation”).  FIG. 23  illustrates a portion of the resulting story outline  2310  based on screenplay document  2300 . Story outline  2310  includes the scenes and acts shown in the illustrated portion of screenplay  2300  as well as other scenes not shown in the document. As can be seen from the scrollbar  2315 , there are numerous other segments as well. 
     IV. Moving Segments 
     Once segments are created for a timeline, some embodiments of the media-editing application allow a user to move the segments in a variety of ways. Editors will often want to use such a function while in the early and intermediate editing process as they modify their story—taking into account plot changes, switching scenes around, accommodating requests from producers or clients, etc. Moving segments involves moving the content in the segment, so in order for the application to move a segment, it must be determined which clips are actually associated with the segment. 
     A. Selection of Segments 
     Different embodiments provide different options for selecting media clips to move with a selected segment when the segment is moved. Some embodiments provide an inclusive option for selecting all clips that cross into the segment at all, an exclusive option for only selecting clips fully contained within the duration of the segment, and a razoring option for only selecting portions of clips that are contained within the segment. Other embodiments provide one or two of these selection options. 
     These different selection options will be described by reference to a composite display area  2400  illustrated in  FIG. 24 . Composite display area  2400  breaks the tracks spanning the timeline into three groups: video, audio, and sound effects and music. The timeline is itself divided into three segments: Segment A  2405 , Segment B  2410 , and Segment C  2415 . Within the segments are numerous media clips. 
       FIG. 25  illustrates the result of selecting Segment B  2410  with a razoring option. That is, the media clips are cut off at the segment boundaries. If Segment B is moved, only the portions of the media clips that are darkened in  FIG. 25  will be moved. For instance, music clip Ml  2505  includes portions in all three segments, and only the middle portion in Segment B  2410  is selected and will be moved with this segment. In some embodiments, the remaining portions of the clips (i.e., the portions that are in Segment A  2405  or Segment C  2415 ) will be removed from the timeline, while in other embodiments these portions are left behind in their segments. 
       FIG. 26  illustrates the result of selecting Segment B  2410  with the inclusive clip selection option. In this case, any media clips the duration of which extend at all into Segment B  2410  are selected. For instance, whereas only a portion of music clip Ml  2505  is selected in  FIG. 25 , the entirety of the clip is selected in  FIG. 26 . The portions of media clips that extend into other segments are removed from those segments and brought with Segment B  2410 . The consequences of such moves will be described below in subsection C. 
       FIG. 27  illustrates the result of selecting Segment B  2410  with the exclusive clip selection option. In this case, only media clips the duration of which is fully contained within Segment B  2410  are selected. Thus, as most of the clips in Segment B  2410  extend into Segment C  2415 , only video and audio clips  2705  are selected. When Segment B  2410  is moved such that Segment A  2405  and Segment C  2415  come together, different embodiments treat the remaining clips such as music clip  2505  differently. Some embodiments simply remove the clips altogether, some embodiments leave only the portions of the clips that are in the unmoved segments, and other embodiments attempt to move the remaining clips across what becomes the boundary between Segment A  2405  and Segment C  2415 . 
     In some embodiments, one of the three above-described options (razor, inclusive, and exclusive) is a default option when a segment is selected to be moved. However, some such embodiments allow a user to switch between the options as the segment is moved. For instance, different click operations on the segment header could produce different selection results, or while moving the segment a user could use keystrokes (either single keys or combinations of keys) to toggle between the different selection options. 
     Some embodiments provide different default options for different types of clips. For instance, some embodiments might razor video clips on the premise that an editor will not want video clips to spill into a new scene, but treat audio clips (or at least sound effects and music) as inclusive selections because an audio transition from a first scene to a second scene is more likely to be wanted from the first scene to a different scene when the first scene has moved. 
     In some embodiments, a user can anchor a particular clip to a particular segment. That is, the clip is defined as part of the segment such that no matter which type of selection is used (inclusive, exclusive, razoring), the clip will be a part of the segment.  FIG. 28  illustrates such a case for composite display area  2400 . In this example, music clip  2505  is anchored to Segment B  2410 , which is selected with an exclusive selection. Music clip  2505  is displayed with indicator  2805  to indicate that it is anchored to Segment B  2410 . Indicator  2805  may be any sort of graphical indicator that visually indicates to a user that a clip is anchored to a particular segment. In this case, it is a white square with the letter “B”. Other embodiments display the indicator in the portion of the clip that is within the segment to which the clip is anchored. Still other embodiments indicate the anchored clip by drawing a line between the clip and the section header or the clip and some other segment indicator. In some embodiments, a user can toggle the anchor indicators on and off. 
     Furthermore, some embodiments enable a user to add or remove individual clips to a selection. For instance, if the selection option is inclusive, but a user wants to leave a transition between segments with the previous segment, then the user could select the clip for the transition to remove it from the selected segment. This is accomplished, in some embodiments, through the use of a combination of keystroke input and cursor controller input (e.g., a command-click or control-click). 
     B. Moving Segments in UI 
     Once a segment is selected, the user can move the segment to another location in the timeline. For instance, if a movie editor decides that a dialogue scene between one group of characters should actually come after, rather than before, an action scene with another group of characters, rather than moving all of the clips individually, the editor can simply move one of the segments in the timeline. Unless all of the clips are fully contained within the moved segment, cleanup may be necessary at the affected segment borders, but this is still better and easier than the alternative. 
       FIG. 29  illustrates the movement of a segment using the outline window of the media-editing application GUI. Specifically,  FIG. 29  illustrates a GUI  2900  in three stages: a first stage  2905  after a user has selected a segment item  2930  in outline window  2925 , a second stage  2910  as the user moves the segment item, and a third stage  2915  after the segment has been moved. 
     GUI  2900  includes composite display area  2920  and outline window  2925 , which include many similar features to the display areas of GUI  1300 . As can be seen from the outline window  2925 , the timeline includes four segments split among two acts. In stage  2905 , a user has selected the selectable item  2930  for Segment  4  in the outline window  2925 . The selection is indicated by the gray bar around the selectable item  2930 . As described above, various embodiments use different selection indications. Some embodiments also indicate the selection of the segment in composite display area  2920  by highlighting the segment header, the clips in the segment, or both (see  FIG. 30  below, for example). 
     Stage  2910  illustrates a user beginning to move the selectable item  2930 . This movement could be accomplished, for example, by a user placing cursor  2935  over segment item  2930 , pressing a mouse button (or equivalent cursor controller selection function), and holding the button down as they move the cursor. As shown in stage  2910 , the segment item  2930  in some embodiments is displayed over the rest of the outline window  2925  as moving with the cursor  2935 . 
     Stage  2915  illustrates the result of the user moving the cursor  2935  (and with it the segment item  2930 ) to the area of the outline window  2925  in between the item for Act  2  and the item for Segment  3 . The result of this is that Segment  4  is moved to earlier in the timeline, in front of Segment  3 . This is illustrated in composite display area  2920 , as Segment  4  (and the media clips that are in Segment  4 ) are now between Segment  2  and Segment  3  in the timeline. As none of the media clips in composite display area  2920  cross over segment boundaries, moving these segments does not create problems of overlapping clips. Such cases are described below in subsection C. 
       FIG. 30  illustrates the movement of a segment using the composite display area of the media-editing application GUI. Specifically,  FIG. 30  illustrates the GUI  2900  in three stages: a first stage  3005  after a user has selected a segment in composite display area  2920 , a second stage  3010  as the user moves the segment, and a third stage  3015  after the segment has been moved. 
     In stage  3005 , a user has selected Segment  3  via segment header  3030  in composite display area  2920 . Segment header  3030  is now colored gray, though any of the selection indications described above for segment items in the outline window could be applicable to the segment header as well. Clip shapes  3040  (the clip shapes contained within the duration of Segment  3 ) are also highlighted in stage  3005 . As described above, a variety of selection indicators are also possible for the clip shapes. In  FIG. 30 , the corresponding segment item  3035  is not highlighted in the outline window  2925  to indicate the selection of Segment  3 , though some embodiments do highlight the corresponding segment item in the outline window. 
     Stage  3010  illustrates the GUI  2900  as the user has begun to move the segment header  3030 . This movement could be accomplished, for example, by a user placing cursor  2935  over segment header  3030 , pressing a mouse button (or equivalent cursor controller selection function), and holding the button down as they move the cursor. As shown in stage  3010 , the segment header  3030  in some embodiments is displayed over the rest of the composite display area  2920  as moving with the cursor  2935 . Some embodiments also display the clips in the segment (e.g., clips  3040 ) as moving with the segment header. 
     Some embodiments not only display the segment header as moving, but also close up the gap in the timeline. That is, in the case illustrated in  FIG. 30 , Segment  4  would shift left next to Segment  2  in the composite display area  2920 , to indicate to the user what the composite display area will look like in that region once Segment  3  has moved. This can be useful when there are overlapping media clips that are left behind in the nearby segments (e.g., if Segment  3  is selected using the exclusive selection option) as it allows for the user to see some of the consequences of the move. 
     Stage  3015  illustrates the result of the user moving the cursor  2935  (and with it the segment header  3030 ) to the area of the composite display area near the right side of the segment header for Segment  4 . In some embodiments, if the cursor selection button is released over the right half of header for Segment  4 , then Segment  3  will be moved to the right of Segment  4 . In addition to displaying Segment  3  (including clips  3040 ) to the right (after in the timeline) of Segment  4 , Segment  3  has moved after Segment  4  in the outline window  2925 . 
     In some embodiments, users can also move entire supersegments, or other higher level items, using the selectable items in the outline window. The process for moving a supersegment is similar to that of moving a segment in some embodiments, and overlapping clips need only be accounted for on the supersegment boundaries. Clips overlapping segments within the supersegment do not pose a problem, as the order of the segments remains the same within the supersegment. 
     Some embodiments also include a feature that allows a user to zoom out in the composite display area such that only segments are shown, rather than individual clips or tracks. Users can then move the segments around in order to modify the composite presentation, and worry about the border behavior of the clips once all the segments are moved. In some embodiments, this feature is not available directly through the composite display area, but instead a “segment view” is brought up as a separate display. Some embodiments enable a similar feature for supersegments or any other levels of hierarchy defined for the timeline. 
     C. Managing Overlapping Clips 
     As mentioned in the sections above, when clips overlap a boundary of a segment, moving the segment creates various problems at the boundary. These problems are especially highlighted when the segment move involves an inclusive selection that takes all clips that cross into the selected segment.  FIGS. 31-38  illustrate a number of ways of handling such segment boundary problems. 
       FIG. 31  illustrates a timeline  3100  with three segments  3105 - 3115 . In  FIG. 31 , segment  3110  has been selected using cursor  3120 . This selection is indicated by the segment header for segment  3110  changing color, though the display of the selected clips  3125  and  3130  is not modified.  FIGS. 32-38  illustrate different options for handling the result of moving segment  3110  in front of segment  3105 . 
     When there is no overlap between clip  3130  and any clips in segment  3105 , the problems of overlapping clips disappear because clip  3130  can extend into segment  3105  without creating any problems. However, that is not the case in the example, as clip  3130  extends into segment  3105  past the point where clip  3135  begins. 
       FIG. 32  illustrates a first solution, which is to just have the clips overlap in the track. If the composite media presentation is then rendered, some embodiments will use the media from clip  3130  in the overlapping portion while other embodiments will use the media from clip  3135 . Some embodiments will prompt the user when the presentation is rendered, to allow the user to determine which clip should be rendered for the overlapping duration. 
       FIG. 33  illustrates the solution of razoring (truncating) the clip at the segment boundary. This is the same result that is achieved via a razor selection of segment  3110  instead of an inclusive selection. In this case, however, clip  3130  is only razored at the segment boundary because it cannot extend fully into segment  3105  without interfering with clip  3135 . 
       FIG. 34  illustrates a different razoring solution, in which clip  3130  is extended to the boundary with clip  3135  and truncated at that point rather than at the segment boundary. Some embodiments utilize a similar solution in which clip  3130  is extended the distance that it would be if clip  3135  was not present, and the beginning of clip  3135  is razored at this point. 
       FIG. 35  illustrates a razoring solution similar to that of  FIG. 33 , in which clip  3130  is truncated at the segment boundary. In this case, however, the truncated portion of clip  3130  is left in segment  3505 . In some embodiments, when a clip is selected with a razoring selection, this portion is also left behind. Similarly, in some cases the solution of  FIG. 34  involves leaving the truncated portion behind in its segment as well. 
       FIG. 36  illustrates a solution in which the length of segment  3110  is extended such that clip  3130  fits entirely within segment  3110  rather than extending into segment  3105 . Some embodiments, in fact, use this solution when a segment is moved even when there would be no clips overlapping. However, the solution does extend the length of the composite media presentation, which could have other adverse effects. 
       FIG. 37  illustrates moving clip  3130  to a new track so that it no longer intersects with clip  3135 . In this case, because of the presence of clip  3125 , a new track must be created to hold clip  3130 . In some embodiments, if clip  3125  was not present overlapping in time with clip  3130 , then clip  3130  would be moved to the Video  2  track rather than a newly created track.  FIG. 38  illustrates a similar solution, in which the track holding clips  3130  and  3135  is split (i.e., into two microtracks) for the duration of those two clips. 
     Some embodiments set one of the above-described solutions as a default setting when a segment selected with the inclusive option is moved, and allow a user to switch between the other options (e.g., with hotkeys for each different option, or a particular key that toggles through the various options. Regardless of which option is selected, in many cases the user will have to perform some amount of cleanup, especially when the clips in the segment are placed along many tracks. 
     While the above-described cases deal with the situation where a first segment with a clip that extends out of the first segment is moved to a location between two other segments, similar situations can arise when two other segments are forced together (i.e., in the way that segment  3105  and segment  3115  are moved together) when the first segment between them is removed, if the selection of the first segment is an exclusive selection that leaves overlapping clips behind. Similarly, at the point where the moved segment is inserted, there may be clips overlapping the boundary between the two segments that are moved apart, and different embodiments will have different rules as to which of the two segments these clips should stay with as well as rules regarding overlaps with clips in the inserted segment. For instance, some embodiments allow a user to lock an overlapping clip to one of the two or more segments that it is associated with. Some embodiments always keep the clip with the segment in which it starts, or split the clip between the two segments. 
     Another problem that can result from moving segments is, when a segment is moved to the front of a composite media presentation, clips may extend into negative time of the presentation.  FIG. 39  illustrates such a situation.  FIG. 39  illustrates a timeline  3900  including three segments  3905 ,  3910 , and  3915 . A user has selected segment  3910  using cursor  3920 . This selection is indicated by the segment header for segment  3910  changing color, though the display of the selected clips  3925  and  3930  is not modified. 
     When segment  3910  is moved to the start of the timeline  3900  (before segment  3905 ) using an inclusive selection, clip  3925  extends into negative time. If segment  3910  was moved to a location at which it was not the first segment in the timeline  3900 , clip  3925  would begin in a different segment and solutions similar to those shown in  FIGS. 32-38  above could be applied. However, in this case there is no previous segment in which clip  3925  can begin. 
       FIG. 40  illustrates the solution of razoring clip  3925  at the start of the timeline. In some embodiments, the previous in point for the clip (that is, the time in the source media file for the clip at which the clip begins) is preserved, so that if a user then moves the clip to the right, its original length will be restored. Some embodiments, though, do not preserve this data. 
       FIG. 41  illustrates the solution of extending the timeline  3900  and the clip  3925  into negative time. In some embodiments, this negative time is playable, in the same way that a track on a music CD often begins at −2 or −3 seconds. In other embodiments, however, the negative time is a non-playable curb that is provided more for visual indication. 
     D. Process for Moving Segments 
     As with the creation of new segments, when a segment is moved some embodiments must re-associate the timeline hierarchy (associations of content to segments, segments to supersegments, etc.) in addition to visually displaying the modifications.  FIG. 42  conceptually illustrates a process  4200  of some embodiments for moving segments that includes such re-association. 
     Process  4200  begins by displaying (at  4205 ) a story outline and a portion of a timeline corresponding to the story outline. The timeline, in some embodiments, is displayed in a composite display area. For example, GUI  2900  of  FIG. 29  is an example of such a story outline and composite display area. 
     The process then receives (at  4210 ) a selection of a segment. The selection may be received through the selection of a UI item in the summary window (e.g., segment item  2930 ) or in the composite display area (e.g., segment header  3030 ). The selection input may be received from a cursor controller (e.g., a mouse, touchpad, trackpad, etc.), from a touchscreen (e.g., a user touching a UI item on a touchscreen), from keyboard input (e.g., a hotkey or key sequence), etc. 
     Next, process  4200  receives (at  4215 ) a new location for the selected segment. For instance, if a user selected a segment by pressing and holding a cursor controller button, in some embodiments a new location is selected based on where in the GUI the cursor is located when the cursor controller button is released by the user. If a user places the cursor (often accompanied in the GUI by a segment item or segment header) between two segments and releases the cursor controller button, then the new location for the selected segment will be between those two segments. 
     The process then identifies (at  4220 ) any clips overlapping the borders of the selected segment. In some embodiments, this identification is performed regardless of whether the selection is an exclusive, inclusive, razoring, or customized (that is, some overlapping clips included while others are excluded) selection, as all of these possibilities create different problems at the boundaries. Next, the process determines (at  4225 ) whether the insertion of the selected segment splits apart two contiguous segments. This will be the case unless the selected segment is moved to the beginning or end of the timeline. When the insertion does split apart two segments, the process identifies (at  4230 ) any clips that overlap the split boundary, as these clips must be accounted for as well. 
     Process  4200  then determines (at  4235 ) the behavior of the identified clips at the various boundaries. This includes any clips that were brought with the selected segment, any clips that were left behind at the segment boundaries of the selected segment that must account for the segments before and after the moved segment now being next to each other, and any clips that overlapped the border split apart when the selected segment was inserted. The process of some embodiments may employ one or more of the solutions described above in subsection C to handle these overlapping clips, such as razoring clips, extending segments, adding tracks, etc. 
     Once all of the clips are managed, the process redefines (at  4240 ) any changed associations of content with segments. If all media clips are each fully contained within one segment, then there may not need to be any re-association. However, if there are any clips that overlapped boundaries, then these clips may have changed their associations. In some embodiments, the associations redefined at  4240  are associations such as those represented in  FIG. 5 , that define the hierarchical structure of the timeline. These associations are also redefined anytime that content is added or removed from the timeline, content is moved within the timeline, segments are created or merged, etc. 
     Process  4200  next determines (at  4245 ) whether any segments have changed supersegments. That is, the process determines whether the segment selected and moved was moved from one supersegment to another supersegment. If this is the case, the process defines (at  4250 ) the associations of the segment that was moved with the new supersegment and breaks the association of this segment with the old supersegment. Like the associations described immediately above, in some embodiments these associations are like those represented in  FIG. 5  for defining the hierarchical structure of the timeline. Finally, the process displays (at  4255 ) a portion of the modified timeline and story outline with the segment moved from one location to another in both the timeline and the outline. 
     When a supersegment is moved, a process similar to  4200  is performed. There may still be segment boundary problems with overlapping clips, and associations (of clips to segments and of supersegments to any higher-level items) may change as well, although segment-supersegment associations will not be modified in cases where segments are not split between supersegments. 
     V. Adjusting the Duration of a Segment 
     In addition to moving segments and creating new segments, in some embodiments a user can adjust the duration of a segment, either as a way of editing the presentation or as a redefinition of the story structure of the presentation (e.g., determining that a particular clip should really be part of a first scene rather than a second scene). The duration of a segment can be adjusted both explicitly (by directly modifying the length of the segment) or implicitly (by modifying a clip that forces the adjustment of the segment) in some embodiments. 
     A. Explicit Adjustment of Segment Duration 
     Some embodiments enable a user to explicitly adjust the duration of a segment in the composite display area.  FIG. 43  illustrates one example of such a duration adjustment. Specifically,  FIG. 43  illustrates a GUI  4300  in two stages, a first stage  4305  before a user has modified the duration of two segments  4325  and  4328  by moving a segment boundary  4330  and a second stage  4310  after the user has moved the segment boundary. The GUI  4300  includes a composite display area  4315  and an outline window  4320 . The composite display area  4315  and outline window  4320  include many similar features to the display areas of GUI  1300 . 
     At stage  4305 , segment  4325  begins at a time of approximately 1:08:48:00 and ends at a time of approximately 1:11:15:00, at which time segment  4328  begins. At this stage, cursor  4335  is located over segment boundary  4330  in between segment headers. In some embodiments, a user can also place a cursor over a segment boundary within a track in order to modify the duration of the nearby segments. In order to move the segment boundary and thereby modify the segment duration, in some embodiments a user presses and holds a cursor controller button, moves the cursor via the cursor controller, and releases the cursor controller button when the segment boundary is in the desired location along the timeline. 
     Stage  4310  illustrates that the user has moved the segment boundary  4330  from approximately 1:11:15:00 to 1:10:10:00. This has caused a reduction in the duration of segment  4325  and an increase in the duration of segment  4328 . As a result, the timeline has stayed the same length and the clips have not moved in relation to the timeline, but the association of clips  4340  has been modified such that they are now associated with both segment  4325  and segment  4328  as opposed to only segment  4325 . 
     In some embodiments, a user can also bring up a segment properties window (e.g., by double-clicking on a segment header) that allows the user to manually set the start time, end time, and/or duration for a segment. For instance, the same result could be achieved by a user manually entering 1:10:10:00 for the end time or 0:01:22:00 for the duration of segment  4325 . 
       FIG. 44  illustrates another example of adjusting a segment duration explicitly. In the example of  FIG. 44 , the association of clips with particular segments does not change, but instead the duration of the clips (and the timeline) changes.  FIG. 44  illustrates GUI  4300  in two stages, a first stage  4405  before a user has modified the duration of segment  4325  and a second stage  4410  after the duration has been reduced. 
     At stage  4405 , just as above, segment boundary  4330  is at a time of approximately 1:11:15:00 in the timeline, and cursor  4335  is located over the segment boundary. In some embodiments, a user can also place a cursor over a segment boundary within a track in order to modify the duration of the nearby segments. In order to move the segment boundary and thereby modify the segment duration, in some embodiments a user presses and holds a cursor controller button, moves the cursor via the cursor controller, and releases the cursor controller button when the segment boundary is in the desired location along the timeline. 
     Stage  4410  illustrates that the user has moved the segment boundary  4330  to a new time of approximately 1:10:42:00. This has caused a reduction in the duration of segment  4325  but has not modified the duration of segment  4328 . Instead, the timeline (i.e., the length of the composite media presentation represented in composite display area  4315 ) has been reduced as well. The duration of clips  4340 , which abut segment boundary  4330 , is also reduced such that no associations between content (media clips) and segments has changed. 
     If the user moves segment boundary  4330  to the right, in some embodiments one of two options occurs. If the out point for clips  4340  is not the end of the source media file for the clips, then some embodiments will expand the length of the clip while either pushing all of the clips to the right (and increasing the length of the timeline) or reducing the length of clips  4440  without modifying the length of the timeline (thereby essentially performing a roll edit between the two clips at the boundary). Some embodiments, however, will leave a gap between the end of clips  4340  and the segment boundary while, once again, either pushing all of the clips to the right (and increasing the length of the timeline) or reducing the length of clips  4440  without modifying the length of the timeline. In some embodiments, once the out point of clips  4340  is reached, the application prevents the user from further moving the segment boundary unless some sort of override command is invoked. 
     B. Implicit Adjustment of Segment Duration 
     In addition to a segment being modified through a user explicitly adjusting the duration, some embodiments enable modification of segment duration implicitly through the modification of clip length. In some embodiments, segment boundaries are locked or anchored to clip boundaries such that when an edit (e.g., a ripple edit) is performed on a clip, the segment boundary moves with the clips. Similar processes to those described below are also performed when a clip is inserted into or deleted from the timeline. 
       FIG. 45  illustrates such an implicit adjustment of a segment boundary. Specifically,  FIG. 45  illustrates a GUI  4500  in two stages, a first stage  4505  before a ripple edit is applied to clips  4525  and a second stage  4505  after the ripple edit is applied. The GUI  4500  includes a composite display area  4515  and an outline window  4520  that include many similar features to the display areas of GUI  1300 . 
     A ripple edit, in some embodiments, is a type of trim edit that modifies an out point of a clip while leaving the in point the same, thereby changing the duration of the clip. In standard editing applications, this often causes all clips after the modified clip to shift in the timeline by the amount of change to the duration of the modified clip. 
     Stage  4505  illustrates that a user has selected clips  4525  for editing by using cursor  4530 . In order to move the out point and thereby modify the clip duration, in some embodiments a user presses and holds a cursor controller button, moves the cursor via the cursor controller, and releases the cursor controller button when the out point of the clip is in the desired location along the timeline. 
     Stage  4510  illustrates that the user has moved the out point of clips  4525  to the right, thereby increasing the duration of the clips. This also causes all clips after clips  4525  in the timeline to move to the right as well. In this case, the segment boundary  4540  is locked (or anchored) to the boundary between clips  4545  and  4550 . Accordingly, as these clips move later in the timeline, segment boundary  4540  does as well. This increases the duration of segment  4555  by an amount equal to the increase in duration to clips  4525 . 
     In some cases, however, a user will want to anchor a segment boundary to a clip boundary but also lock the boundary to a particular time as well. For instance, if a user is creating an episode of a sitcom for a half-hour television slot, the user may need three seven minute segments to fit between the allotted commercial breaks. When a ripple edit is performed in the segment to the left of such a locked-down boundary, some embodiments modify the clip at the boundary as well.  FIG. 46  illustrates one example of such a ripple edit. Specifically,  FIG. 46  illustrates a GUI  4600  in two stages, a first stage  4605  before a ripple edit is applied to clips  4625  and a second stage  4610  after the ripple edit is applied. The GUI  4600  includes a composite display area  4615  and an outline window  4620  that include many similar features to the display areas of GUI  1300 . 
     Stage  4605  illustrates that a user has selected clips  4625  for editing by using cursor  4630 . In order to move the out point and thereby modify the clip duration, in some embodiments a user presses and holds a cursor controller button, moves the cursor via the cursor controller, and releases the cursor controller button when the out point of the clip is in the desired location along the timeline. 
     Stage  4610  illustrates that a user has moved the out points of clips  4625  to the right, thereby increasing the duration of the clips. This also causes clips after  4625  to move to the right as well, specifically clips within segment  4645 . Because segment boundary  4650  is locked down to a time of approximately 1:12:33:00, it cannot move to the right. However, because the segment is also anchored to the boundary between clips  4635  and  4640 , clips  4635  cannot move across the boundary as they would in the case of a normal ripple edit. Instead, the solution is that the duration of clips  4635  is reduced in order to offset the increase in the duration of clips  4625 . In some embodiments, this reduction comes from modifying the out point of clips  4635 . 
       FIG. 47  illustrates a similar solution to the case in which the segment boundary is locked to a particular time in the media presentation but is also anchored to a boundary between clips. Specifically,  FIG. 47  illustrates a GUI  4700  in two stages, a first stage  4705  before a ripple edit is applied to clips  4725  and a second stage  4710  after the ripple edit is applied. The GUI  4700  includes a composite display area  4715  and an outline window  4720  that include many similar features to the display areas of GUI  1300 . 
     Stage  4705  illustrates that a user has selected clips  4725  for editing by using cursor  4730 . In order to move the out point and thereby modify the clip duration, in some embodiments a user presses and holds a cursor controller button, moves the cursor via the cursor controller, and releases the cursor controller button when the out point of the clip is in the desired location along the timeline. 
     Stage  4710  illustrates that a user has moved the out points of clips  4725  to the right, thereby increasing the duration of the clips. This also causes clips after clips  4725  to move to the right as well. For instance, clips  4745  have moved to the right by the duration of the edit to clips  4725 . However, much as was the case in  FIG. 46 , the clips cannot move across the segment boundary. In this case, though, the portion of the clips that is removed from the segment is still displayed in composite display area  4715 . 
     Essentially, the segment boundary  4740  is widened, and the portions of clips  4745  within the segment boundary are displayed differently than the other clips. Various display modifications are used for these clip portions in different embodiments: ghosting the portions, tinting them a color (e.g., red), etc. The timeline ruler  4755  is also split at this point, as the extended segment boundary does not occupy any time in the composite presentation. This allows a user to see these portions and have the out point retained for use in later editing. 
     In the case where the out point of the edited clip (e.g., clips  4625 ) is moved to the left rather than the right, some embodiments increase the out point of the boundary clip (e.g., clips  4635 ) up to the end of the source file for those clips. When the out point is the end of the source file, some embodiments create a gap by moving the boundary clips away from the segment boundary, while other embodiments instead begin to move the segment boundary to the left. Other embodiments do neither of these, and instead prevent the ripple edit from modifying the edited clip any further. Yet another option employed by some embodiments is to start adjusting the in point of the boundary clip, moving the in point earlier in the source file in order to continue extending the length of the boundary clip. 
     As illustrated above by  FIG. 28 , some embodiments display an indicator for a clip when the clip is anchored to a segment. Some embodiments display (or provide the user with the option to display) a similar indicator when a clip is anchored to a segment boundary. For instance, a connector between the segment boundary and the clip might be displayed. When clips on both sides of a segment boundary are anchored to the boundary, a single indicator that graphically displays this connection is shown in some embodiments. 
     C. Cross-Segment vs. In-Segment Editing 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 45 and 46 , edits (specifically, in this case, ripple edits, though insertions and deletions of clips are examples of other edits with a similar effect) are sometimes contained within the segment holding the out point of the affected clip (e.g., as in  FIG. 46 ) and other times flow across the segment boundary and affect other clips (e.g., as in  FIG. 45 ). 
       FIG. 48  conceptually illustrates a process  4800  for processing an edit (such as a ripple edit) to a clip within a particular segment where the effects of the edit are contained within the particular segment. Process  4800  begins by receiving (at  4805 ) input to modify the duration of a clip that is part of the particular segment. As noted, in some embodiments a ripple edit is one such edit. A ripple edit affects the out point of a clip, and without segmenting of a timeline, also affects the location in the timeline of all other clips. Next, process  4800  modifies (at  4810 ) data for the clip. That is, when the edit is a ripple edit, the process modifies the out point and duration of the edited clip. 
     The process then modifies (at  4815 ) the location in the timeline (that is, the start and end time in the composite media presentation) of other clips in the particular segment that are after the affected clip. Clips before the edited clip are not affected in some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 46 , the edit applied to clips  4625  also affects clips  4635  as they come after the edited clips in segment  4645 . 
     Next, process  4800  determines (at  4820 ) whether the duration of the affected segment is locked. In some embodiments, this is a user option for each segment. That is, a user can open a segment properties window or other such interface and set a flag (e.g., with a checkbox or similar UI item) for the segment to determine whether it has a set duration. The user can also use a hotkey or set of keystrokes while performing the edit to the clip to determine whether the segment duration is affected in some embodiments. 
     When the duration of the segment is locked, the process modifies (at  4825 ) the duration of the clip within the segment at the segment boundary if necessary. This is the case with clips  4635  in  FIG. 46  which are shortened so that the ripple edit can be applied to clips  4625  without affecting the segment boundary. The process then ends as the edit is fully contained within the particular segment. 
     Otherwise, the edit is not truly contained within the segment. Process  4800  modifies (at  4830 ) the duration of the segment so that the behavior of the clips at the boundary remains the same. The process also modifies (at  4835 ) the location in the timeline of the clips after the particular segment. This is the case in  FIG. 45 , in which the duration of segment  4555  is implicitly modified via a ripple edit to clips  4525 . Process  4800  then ends. Because clips never move across the segment boundaries in this process, no redefinition of the timeline hierarchy is required. 
       FIG. 49  conceptually illustrates a similar process  4900  for processing an edit (such as a ripple edit) to a clip within a particular segment where the effects of the edit are not contained within the particular segment. Process  4900  begins by receiving (at  4905 ) input to modify the duration of a clip that is part of a particular segment. As noted, in some embodiments a ripple edit is one such edit. A ripple edit affects the out point of a clip, and without segmenting of a timeline, also affects the location in the timeline of all other clips. Next, process  4900  modifies (at  4910 ) data for the clip. That is, when the edit is a ripple edit, the process modifies the out point and duration of the edited clip. 
     The process then modifies (at  4915 ) the location in the timeline (that is, the start and end time in the composite media presentation) of other clips that are after the affected clip regardless of which segment the affected clips are in. Clips before the edited clip are not affected in some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 45 , the edit applied to clips  4525  also affects the location of clips  4545  (in the same segment as the edited clips) and clips  4550  (in the next segment). 
     Next, process  4900  determines (at  4920 ) whether the duration of the affected segment is locked. In some embodiments, this is a user option for each segment. That is, a user can open a segment properties window or other such interface and set a flag (e.g., with a checkbox or similar UI item) for the segment to determine whether it has a set duration. The user can also use a hotkey or set of keystrokes while performing the edit to the clip to determine whether the segment duration is affected in some embodiments. 
     When the duration of the segment is locked, the process redefines (at  4930 ) associations between the media content (the clips) and the segments as is necessary. This example is not illustrated in the above figures, but would be the situation if the clips moved as in  FIG. 45  but the segment boundary  4540  stayed at its time of approximately 1:11:15:00 along the timeline. In that case, clips  4545  would be associated with both segment  4555  and the next segment as well, as opposed to only being associated with segment  4555 . Process  4900  then ends. 
     When the edit expands the duration of one of the clips, according to process  4900  the duration of the timeline will expand as well. If any of the segments after the particular segment that includes the edited clip has an unlocked duration, then the first such segment will expand in duration in some embodiments to accommodate the change in the timeline duration. If, however, the durations of all segments are locked, some embodiments create a new segment at the end of the timeline to accommodate clips that are pushed out of the last segment. Other embodiments shorten the duration of the last clip in the timeline, similar to the treatment of clips  4635  in  FIG. 46 ). 
     When the duration of the particular segment is not locked, the process moves (at  4925 ) the segment boundary along with the clips, as illustrated in  FIG. 45 , and the process then ends. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the same result is reached for process  4800  and process  4900  when the segment duration is not fixed, as this is the most likely desirable result for an editor of a composite media presentation. In general, especially if the segments represent scenes, a user modifying the length of a clip within a scene will simply want the length of the scene to extend by that amount. However, in some cases, the duration of a segment may need to be fixed, for instance when the segment represents a portion of a television program that is set to a particular time between commercial breaks. In this case, either the clips will move across the segment boundary (as in process  4900 ) or the last clip in the segment will be modified (as in process  4800 ). 
     VI. Navigation of the Timeline Via the Story Outline 
     In addition to having various uses for editing (e.g., moving many clips at once, inserting time by creating new segments, other uses described below, etc.), segments defined for a timeline of a composite media presentation can have various uses in navigating the timeline in the composite display area of a media-editing application. Specifically, the selectable segment items in the outline window representing the different segments may be used as navigation tools in addition to the other uses. For example, the segment items may be used to jump to a particular segment or to zoom in on a particular segment or segments in some embodiments. 
     A. Navigating to a Particular Segment 
     As mentioned, in some embodiments the story outline may be used to navigate directly to a particular segment. This can be especially useful in a long composite presentation with many segments. Rather than using a scrollbar to attempt to find the particular desired segment, the user can simply click on the segment item in the story outline and the timeline will scroll through the composite display area directly to the segment. The user can then edit the clips in the segment as desired. 
       FIG. 50  illustrates the use of the outline window to jump to a particular segment in the composite display area. Specifically  FIG. 50  illustrates a GUI  5000  in two stages, a first stage  5005  before a user has clicked on a segment item in the story outline and a second stage  5010  after the user has caused the story outline to jump. 
     GUI  5000  includes a composite display area  5015  and an outline window  5020  that include many similar features to the display areas in GUI  1300 . As can be seen from story outline  5020 , the timeline of the composite media presentation represented in composite display area  5015  includes at least two supersegments, the first of which includes seven segments. Each of these segments is represented in the outline window by a segment item that includes a thumbnail, segment name, and playhead indicator. 
     Stage  5005  also includes a cursor  5025  above the segment item  5030  for Segment  6 . The playhead icon  5035  is presently in the playhead indicator for Segment  3 , as the playhead  5040  is within segment  3  in the timeline. In order to jump to Segment  6  in the timeline, the user can select the segment item  5030 . In some embodiments, this is achieved by providing selection input such as pressing a button on a cursor controller with the cursor located over the segment item. 
     Stage  5010  illustrates the result of a user clicking on the segment item  5030 . In this stage, the timeline has moved within the composite display area  5010  such that Segment  6  is centered in the display. The scroll thumb within horizontal scrollbar  5050  has moved to the right accordingly. However, the playhead  5040  is no longer in the composite display area  5015 . As the user did not take any action to move the playhead, it remains in Segment  3 . Thus, the preview display area of the media-editing application will continue displaying an image from Segment  3 . In the story outline, the playhead icon  5035  remains in the indicator for Segment  3 , but segment item  5030  is now highlighted to indicate that the segment is selected. As such, in some embodiments a user could apply various editing features to Segment  6  as described above, such as inserting a segment before or after it. 
     In some embodiments, the playhead may be moved to the selected segment if the user clicks in the playhead icon for the segment item.  FIG. 51  illustrates such an action for the GUI  5000 .  FIG. 51  also illustrates GUI  5000  in two stages, a first stage  5105  before a user has clicked on the playhead indicator  5115  for segment item  5030  and a second stage  5110  after the user has done so, causing the story outline to jump and the playhead  5040  to move as well. 
     The GUI  5000  is the same in stage  5105  as in stage  5005 , except that the cursor  5025  is located over the playhead indicator  5115  that is part of segment item  5030 . Stage  5110  illustrates GUI  5000  after the user has clicked on playhead indicator  5115 . In this case, the GUI is the same as in stage  5010 , with two significant differences. For one, in addition to jumping the timeline in the composite display area to be centered on Segment  6 , playhead  5040  is now at the start of the selected segment. Some embodiments, rather than placing the playhead at the start, move it to the center of the segment or another location in the segment. Secondly, the playhead indicator icon  5035  is now in the playhead indicator  5115 . 
     The above examples illustrate the case where the selected segment is centered in the composite display area. In some cases, the segment will be too long to fit entirely in the composite display area. In some embodiments, the middle of the segment is still centered in the composite display area, and if the playhead indicator was selected, then the playhead would be moved to the start of the segment but not actually displayed. Regardless of the length of the segment, some embodiments instead display the start of the selected segment at the left edge of the composite display area. 
     In some embodiments, when moving from one portion of the timeline to another via the segment items in the story outline, the jump is instantaneous. That is, at one point in time the first portion of the timeline is displayed (e.g., stage  5005 ) and then as soon as the input is received the new portion of the timeline is displayed (e.g., stage  5010 ). 
     However, some embodiments instead animate the display change in such a way that the user is given an idea of the distance in the timeline covered by the move.  FIG. 52  conceptually illustrates a process  5200  for providing such animation. Process  5200  begins by displaying (at  5205 ) a portion of a timeline of a composite media presentation in a composite display area. The GUI as illustrated in stage  5005  of  FIG. 50  is an example of such a timeline portion. 
     The process then receives (at  5210 ) input to jump to a different portion of the timeline. As described above, this is input from a cursor controller selecting a segment in a story outline window in some embodiments. The input could be touchscreen input in some embodiments, or from a different input device (e.g., a keyboard). When the input is received, the process identifies (at  5215 ) a new portion of the timeline to display in the composite display area. The new portion, in some embodiments, will have the selected segment centered in the composite display area. 
     Next, process  5200  calculates (at  5220 ) the distance in the timeline between the displayed portion and the new portion. This calculation may be in units of time or units of distance (using the notion of the entire timeline displayed in an infinitely long composite display area) such as the number of pixels. The process also identifies (at  5225 ) the time for displaying the animation of the timeline. In some embodiments, this is a fixed time that is set regardless of the distance to be moved. Next, the process calculates (at  5230 ) the speed of animation of the timeline. In some embodiments, this involves simply dividing the calculated distance over the identified time for a constant speed. Other embodiments, however, use more involved calculations that factor in having the timeline speed up at the start and slow down at the end. 
     Some embodiments, rather than using a fixed time, use a fixed speed for the animation and calculate the time instead based on the distance and the speed. Rather than a constant fixed speed, some embodiments may include a fixed acceleration and/or deceleration of the timeline as well. 
     Finally, process  5200  displays (at  5235 ) the animation of the timeline between the previously displayed portion and the new portion. In the case of  FIG. 50 , the animation would start at stage  5005  and end at stage  5010 . In between, the composite display area would move quickly by, thereby giving the user a notion of how far in the timeline the display had moved. 
     B. Focusing on a Particular Segment or Segments 
     In some embodiments, the outline window can be used to focus on a particular segment or segments so that those segments occupy the entirety of the composite display area. In some cases, this will involve zooming out (e.g., when there are multiple segments being focused upon) while other cases will involve zooming in (e.g., when only one segment is selected for focusing). An editor may use such a feature if they want to see the overall presentation (focusing on multiple segments) or if they want to make precise edits to a particular segment (focusing on one segment). 
     Some embodiments include one or both of two different possible focus features. The first such feature enables a user to select a set of segments in the story outline and focus (or zoom) on all segments from the first to the last selected segment, including those in between that are not selected. A second such feature enables the user to select a set of segments in the story outline and focus on only the selected segments, removing the other segments from the display. 
       FIG. 53  illustrates the use of the first focus feature to zoom to fit on a single particular segment. Specifically,  FIG. 53  illustrates a GUI  5300  in two stages, a first stage  5305  prior to a user focusing on a particular segment and a second stage  5310  after the user has focused the timeline in the composite display area on the particular segment. 
     GUI  5300  includes a composite display area  5315  and an outline window  5320  that include many similar features to the display areas of GUI  1300 . Outline window  5320  also includes a UI item  5325  for focusing on a selected segment or group of segments. Different embodiments of the invention implement the UI item differently. Some embodiments implement it as a UI button, others as a command that can be selected in a pull-down menu, drop-down menu, contextual menu that appears from a right-click, or other type of menu, and still others as a command invoked through one or more keystroke operations. Yet other embodiments allow the user to access the focusing feature through multiple different UI items, including those not mentioned in the above paragraph. 
     The first stage  5305  of  FIG. 53  illustrates that segment item  5330  (for Segment  4 ) is selected, as indicated by the gray highlighting. In stage  5305 , a cursor  5335  is located over the UI item  5325 . Stage  5310  illustrates the result of the user selecting the UI item  5325  to focus on the selected segment. In order to zoom in and focus only on Segment  4  in the composite display area, the timeline ruler  5340  has changed in scale, and the clip shapes have been enlarged accordingly. 
     This feature may also be used to focus on a group of segments, sometimes resulting in shrinking the clip shapes from the normal view.  FIG. 54  illustrates the use of this focus feature to zoom to fit on a particular group of segments. Specifically,  FIG. 54  illustrates GUI  5300  in two stages, a first stage  5405  prior to a user focusing on a group of segments and a second stage  5410  after the user has focused the timeline in the composite display area  5315  on the group of segments. 
     The first stage  5405  of  FIG. 54  illustrates that three segment items  5430  (for Segments  4 ,  6 , and  7 ) are selected, as indicated by the gray highlighting. In stage  5405 , cursor  5335  is located over UI item  5325 . Stage  5410  illustrates the result of the user selecting the UI item  5325  to focus on the selected group of segments. Although Segment  5  is not selected, it is included in the group of segments displayed in composite display area  5315 . In order to fit all four segments in the composite display area, the timeline ruler  5340  has changed in scale, and the clip shapes have shrunk horizontally accordingly. 
     As mentioned above, some embodiments include a focus feature that only focuses on the selected segments, removing from the display segments that are not selected.  FIG. 55  illustrates the use of such a focus feature. Specifically,  FIG. 55  illustrates a GUI  5500  in two stages, a first stage  5505  before the selection of the focus feature and a second stage  5510  after the focus feature has been selected. 
     GUI  5500  includes a composite display area  5515  and an outline window  5520  that include many similar features to the display areas of GUI  1300 . Outline window  5520  also includes a UI item  5525  for focusing on a selected group of segments. Different embodiments of the invention implement the UI item differently. Some embodiments implement it as a UI button, others as a command that can be selected in a pull-down menu, drop-down menu, contextual menu that appears from a right-click, or other type of menu, and still others as a command invoked through one or more keystroke operations. Yet other embodiments allow the user to access the focusing feature through multiple different UI items, including those not mentioned in the above paragraph. 
     The first stage  5505  of  FIG. 55  illustrates that three segment items  5530  (for Segments  4 ,  6 , and  7 ) are selected, as indicated by the gray highlighting. In stage  5505 , a cursor  5535  is located over the UI item  5525 . Stage  5510  illustrates the result of the user selecting the UI item  5525  to focus on the selected group of segments. Because Segment  5  is not selected, it is not included in the group of segments displayed in the composite display area  5515 . In order to fit all three segments in the composite display area, the timeline ruler  5540  has changed in scale, and the clip shapes have shrunk horizontally accordingly. Because there is a segment missing (and, thus, time missing) in the display, a break is indicated between Segment  4  and Segment  6  in the timeline ruler  5540 . Different embodiments use different visual indicators to note such a break. Also, as only the segments selected in story outline  5520  are displayed in the composite display area, the first three segments in Act  1  and all segments after Act  1  are removed as well. As such, the scroll thumb  5545  for the horizontal scroll bar has expanded to fill the entire scrollbar. 
     In some embodiments, as shown, the composite display area also includes placeholder items (or “handles”) to represent the removed areas when the focus feature is applied. Composite display area  5515  includes handles  5550 - 5560  to represent the end of Segment  3 , the removed Segment  5 , and the start of Act  2 . 
     In the case of either focus feature, some embodiments also include a UI item (not shown) for restoring the zoom factor on the timeline to normal. This enables a user to get back to the standard view of the timeline without having to select a different set of segments to focus on, and restores any segments hidden as a result of the second focus feature. 
       FIG. 56  conceptually illustrates a process  5600  of some embodiments for displaying a portion of a timeline focusing on a particular set of segments according to either of the above-described focus features. Process  5600  begins by displaying (at  5605 ) a portion of a timeline in the composite display area. Stage  5305  of  FIG. 53  is an example of such a display. 
     The process then receives (at  5610 ) input to focus the timeline on a particular group of segments. The particular group of segments can be anywhere from one segment to many segments (e.g., all of the segments) in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the input involves a user selecting a group of segments (e.g., by selecting segment items in the story outline) and then selecting a focus option (e.g., from a drop-down menu). 
     The process then identifies (at  5615 ) the particular segments. For example, if the first focus feature is used, the process identifies all of the segments between the first selected segment and the last selected segment including those that are not selected. On the other hand, if the second focus feature is used, the process only identifies the segments that are actually selected in the story outline. 
     Next, the process calculates (at  5620 ) a scaling factor for displaying the particular identified segments. In some embodiments, the clips and the timeline (i.e., the timeline ruler) are scaled up or down so that the particular segments fit exactly in the composite display area. Thus, each clip spans the same duration and is displayed as such, but is a different size in the GUI. This is illustrated by comparing stage  5305  (non-focused) to stage  5310  (focused). The calculation is performed by determining the ratio of media presentation time normally shown in the composite display area to the time covered by the segments identified for display. 
     Finally, process  5600  displays (at  5625 ) the scaled timeline and clips for the particular identified segments in the composite display area, and ends. Some embodiments also incorporate animation similar to process  5200  when modifying the display in response to the selection of a focus feature. 
     C. Hiding a Segment in the Composite Display Area 
     In addition to focusing on particular segments, in some cases a user will want to hide a particular segment. While this can be done with the second focus feature by selecting all segments except the desired hidden segment, this can be a time-consuming and irritating process if there are numerous segments and the user only wishes to hide one of them. 
       FIG. 57  illustrates the use of a separate segment hiding feature. Specifically,  FIG. 57  illustrates a GUI  5700  in two stages, a first stage  5705  prior to a user hiding a particular segment and a second stage  5710  after the user has hidden the particular segment from display in the composite display area. 
     GUI  5700  includes a composite display area  5715  and an outline window  5720  that include many similar features to the display areas of GUI  1300 . Outline window  5720  also includes a UI item  5725  for hiding a particular segment or segments. Different embodiments of the invention implement the UI item differently. Some embodiments implement it as a UI button, others as a command that can be selected in a pull-down menu, drop-down menu, contextual menu that appears from a right-click, or other type of menu, and still others as a command invoked through one or more keystroke operations. Yet other embodiments allow the user to access the segment hiding feature through multiple different UI items, including those not mentioned in the above paragraph. 
     The first stage  5705  illustrates that segment item  5730  (the segment item for Segment  4 ) is selected in story outline  5720 . Currently displayed in the composite display area is a portion of Segment  2 , all of Segment  3 , and a portion of Segment  4 . A cursor  5735  is located over the UI item  5725 . 
     Stage  5710  illustrates the result of the user selecting the UI item  5725 . In the composite display area, Segment  4  is no longer displayed, and has been replaced by a portion of Segment  5 . As a result, there is now a break in the timeline ruler  5740  that displays the time in the composite media presentation. Different embodiments include different manners for displaying this break (e.g., an obvious break in the ruler as is shown, a discontinuity in the time, etc.). 
     Also, the display of segment item  5730  in the outline window  5720  is modified. In this case, the segment name is italicized and the thumbnail to the left is displayed as a line. Different embodiments use other display indicators, such as graying out the name, etc. Some embodiments also remove the selection highlighting from the segment item when its segment is hidden as well. 
     Some embodiments provide a UI item that allows the user to unhide all hidden segments or selected hidden segments. This could be provided as a UI button, in a menu along with the hide segment command, etc. In some embodiments, a user can also click (or double-click, or a similar selection command from any sort of input device) on the minimized thumbnail in the segment header for a hidden segment in order to restore the segment in the composite display area. 
     VII. Media Editing with Segments 
     The above sections described, in part, various uses for segments related to editing the content of a composite media presentation: rearranging segments to modify the story of the presentation, using segments to modify the application of a ripple edit, creating new segments (which modifies the duration of the presentation in some embodiments), etc. However, segments have many more uses in the media-editing process as well, some of which are detailed in the following section. 
     A. Skipping Segments on Rendering 
     In addition to being able to hide segments in the composite display area (as described above in Section V.C), some embodiments of the media editing application are capable of rendering or previewing a composite media presentation while skipping particular segments. Previewing the presentation, in some embodiments, involves playing the presentation in a preview display area, or canvas, such as display area  805  of  FIG. 8 . When a presentation is previewed, the media-editing application pulls the data for each clip in the presentation from the source file for that clip. Rendering, on the other hand, does not necessarily involve actually playing the presentation in some embodiments. Rather, the media-editing application pulls the data for each clip in the presentation and composites all the necessary data into an output (rendered) file that can then be viewed or exported as the presentation itself. 
     Some embodiments provide a variation on the hiding of segments (as described for  FIG. 57  above) that marks selected segments to be skipped and removes them from the composite media presentation, but preserves the segment for easy reinstatement back into the composite presentation.  FIG. 58  illustrates such a skip feature. Specifically,  FIG. 58  illustrates a GUI  5800  in two stages, a first stage  5805  prior to a user removing a segment and a second stage  5810  after the user has invoked the skip and remove feature. 
     GUI  5800  includes a composite display area  5815  and a story outline  5820  that include many similar features to the display areas of GUI  1300 . Outline window  5820  also includes a UI item  5825  for marking a particular segment or segments to be skipped and removing the segments from the composite media presentation. Different embodiments of the invention implement the UI item differently. Some embodiments implement it as a UI button, others as a command that can be selected in a pull-down menu, drop-down menu, contextual menu that appears from a right-click, or other type of menu, and still others as a command invoked through one or more keystroke operations. Yet other embodiments allow the user to access the segment hiding feature through multiple different UI items, including those not mentioned in the above paragraph. 
     The first stage  5805  illustrates that segment item  5830  (the segment item for Segment  4 ) is selected in story outline  5820 . Currently displayed in the composite display area is a portion of Segment  2 , all of Segment  3 , and a portion of Segment  4 . A cursor  5835  is located over UI item  5825 . 
     Stage  5810  illustrates the result of the user selecting the UI item  5825 . In the composite display area, Segment  4  is no longer displayed, and has been replaced by a portion of Segment  5 . Furthermore, a small icon  5845  is displayed between the segment headers for Segment  3  and Segment  5  to indicate that a segment is missing at that point. In some embodiments, an icon is instead displayed within the timeline ruler  5840 , along the segment boundary in the composite display area, or is not displayed at all. As opposed to  FIG. 57 , there is no break in timeline ruler  5840  in stage  5810 . Because Segment  4  is removed from the presentation, Segment  5  (and the clips therein) have moved forward in the presentation. In some embodiments, clicking on the icon  5845  will reinstate Segment  4  back into the presentation. Some embodiments have a UI item similar to item  5825  for reinstating a segment. 
     When a segment is removed, much as is the case with moving segments, clips that overlap the boundaries of the removed segment become a problem. These clips can be removed completely (the equivalent of an inclusive selection of the removed segment), left behind completely (the equivalent of an exclusive selection), or razored at the segment boundaries. When a clip is left behind completely, it will at least overlap into what is now the next (or previous) segment and possibly overlap another clip in its track. Some embodiments handle clip overlaps in one or more of the different ways described in Section IV.C. 
     As mentioned, segments that are removed may be skipped when previewing or rendering the composite media presentation.  FIG. 59  conceptually illustrates a process  5900  for previewing or rendering a composite media presentation. Process  5900  begins by receiving (at  5905 ) input to render or preview a composite media presentation. This input can be selection of an option from a menu, selection of a UI button, keystroke input, etc. In some embodiments, when rendering the presentation the media-editing application also plays the presentation for viewing/listening by the user. 
     The process then selects (at  5910 ) the next segment in the composite media presentation. In some embodiments, the preview and/or render starts at the beginning of the timeline for the composite media presentation and proceeds sequentially through the timeline. Thus, the first segment selected at  5910  is the first segment in the timeline. 
     Process  5900  then determines (at  5915 ) whether the selected segment is marked to be skipped. In some embodiments, any segments removed from the composite display area (as described above with respect to  FIG. 58 ) are marked to be skipped. In some embodiments, any segments that are hidden (as described above in Section VI.C) are automatically skipped, though other embodiments require further action on the part of the user to skip a segment for rendering or output. 
     When the segment is not marked to be skipped, the process renders or previews (at  5920 ) the segment, depending on whether the input received is to render or preview the presentation. As noted above, to either render or preview a segment, data for each clip is pulled from the source file for the clip. To render the presentation, the data is combined into one rendered file for the presentation. 
     When the segment is marked for skipping, no data for the clips in the segment is retrieved, and the process proceeds directly to determine (at  5925 ) whether the recently processed segment is the last segment in the presentation. When more segments remain, the process proceeds to  5910  to select the next segment. Once all segments have been processed, the process ends. 
     Skipping a segment when rendering or previewing a composite presentation can have a variety of uses. An editor might be previewing a presentation and be completely satisfied with a group of segments but unsure about others, so the editor will choose to preview only the segments that are not definitely complete. In some cases, a director of a movie will want to render the movie without a particular scene (for example, for an edited-for-television version of a movie that omits a particularly objectionable scene). Various other reasons for skipping a segment exist as well. 
     B. Different Versions of Segments 
     As noted in the subsection above, an editor can create different versions of a composite presentation by skipping a segment. However, in some cases, the editor will want to create different versions of a composite presentation without omitting an entire segment. For instance, in many cases a movie will have a theater version that is rated R but also an unrated DVD version that does not include any new scenes but rather has extra clips or longer clips that have more nudity, violence, etc. An editor might also use this feature when trying to decide which of two slightly different versions of a scene works best for a film, television show, etc. 
       FIG. 60  conceptually illustrates a timeline  6000  for a composite media presentation that includes segments with multiple versions. The primary version of timeline  6000  includes six segments  6005 - 6030 . However, the third segment has three versions  6015 ,  6016 , and  6017 , and the fifth segment includes two versions  6025  and  6026 . In some embodiments, a user can choose which version of each segment to use in rendering or previewing the presentation. That is, the user could mix and match with segment  3 B  6016  and segment  5 A  6025 , segment  3 C  6017  and segment  5 B  6026 , etc. 
     In some embodiments, when a particular segment includes multiple versions, this is indicated in the story outline of the media-editing application GUI.  FIG. 61  illustrates such a story outline  6100  for timeline  6000 . Story outline  6100  includes segment items for each segment, but also includes a “V” indicator in the thumbnails  6105  for segment items  6110  and  6115 . The indicator in the thumbnails  6105  visually indicates to a user that those particular segments have multiple versions. In some embodiments, clicking on the thumbnail (or right-clicking, or some other form of input from a cursor controller or other input device) brings up a drop-down menu of the different version choices for the particular segment so that a user can switch easily between versions. 
       FIG. 62  conceptually illustrates the three different versions  6015 - 6017  of segment  3  from timeline  6000 .  FIG. 62  illustrates both the clips in the segment and the associations in the structured hierarchy for the timeline  6000 . As can be seen, the first two versions  6015  and  6016  include the same three clips, and thus the associations appear the same. However, version  6015  includes more of Clip  5   6205  and less of Clip  6   6210  as compared to version  6016 , although both versions end up being the same length. On the other hand, the shorter version  6017  includes the longer Clip  5   6205  and leaves out Clip  6   6210  altogether. This illustrates that different versions can include different clips, clips from the same source file with different in and out points, etc. 
     Another use for the versioning feature (and segments generally) is the ability for multiple editors to collaborate on a project. For instance, an editor might want to extract a copy of a segment (Version  1 ) and send that segment to a second editor. The second editor can then work on the segment (add or remove clips, modify transitions, etc.) in order to create a new version of that segment (Version  2 ). The editors (or another editor) can then determine which version of the segment to use in the final presentation. 
     C. Applying an Effect to an Entire Segment 
     The uses for segments described above in subsections A and B involved various ways of creating different versions of a composite media presentation. Another use for segments in the editing process is enabling some effects to be applied to all clips in a segment but not to clips outside the segment. This concept is illustrated above for an edit in  FIG. 46 , in which a ripple edit is contained within a segment and does not affect other clips. Ripple edits, though, normally affect all clips after the edited clip, although the out point modification is only applied to the edited clip. Effects, though, are normally applied to only affect one clip. However, a user might want the effect to instead affects all clips in the segment. Examples of such effects include color correction, blurring, audio effects (e.g., volume changes), etc. 
       FIG. 63  conceptually illustrates a process  6300  of some embodiments for applying an effect to either a single clip or an entire segment. Process  6300  begins by receiving (at  6305 ) an effect to apply to a clip. Such effects include color gradient modifications, transitions (e.g., fade out, cross-dissolve, etc.), audio adjustments, etc. 
     The process then determines (at  6310 ) whether the effect is flagged for application to the entire segment that contains the clip. In some embodiments, a user can set particular effects to apply to an entire segment. This can be done either at the time the effect is applied or as a default for the effect. For instance, when an effect that could apply to an entire segment is applied, some embodiments provide an option (e.g., as a popup or in similar fashion) for application to the entire segment. In other embodiments, such an option is accessed by a keystroke or set of keystrokes as the user applies the effect. 
     When the effect is not flagged for application to the entire segment, the process applies (at  6315 ) the effect to the clip, then ends. In some cases, the effect is not flagged for application to the entire segment because the user chooses to only apply the effect to the single clip. In other cases, though, the effect is one that cannot be applied to more than one segment (or a segment and its neighbors). However, most effects are of the sort that a user might want to apply to all clips in a segment (i.e., to give that segment a particular look and/or sound) or might want to apply to only one clip. 
     When the effect is flagged for application to the entire segment, the process identifies (at  6320 ) any segments with which the affected clip is associated. In most cases, a clip is only associated with one segment. However, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , clips can be associated with multiple segments, and some embodiments apply the effect to all clips in all such segments. Process  6300  then applies (at  6325 ) the effect to all clips in the segment, and ends. 
     D. Copying and Pasting Segments 
     Along the line of moving (rearranging) segments, creating new segments, etc., some embodiments allow users to copy and paste segments of a composite media presentation.  FIG. 64  illustrates a GUI  6400  that includes a UI item  6415  for copying a segment. GUI  6400  includes a composite display area  6405  and an outline window  6410  that include many features similar to those of the display areas in GUI  1300 . 
     In composite display area  6405 , the segment header  6420  for Segment  3  is highlighted, indicating that Segment  3  is presently selected. Composite display area  6405  also includes a timeline header  6425  for the present timeline, “Project  1 ”. In addition, composite display area  6405  includes UI item  6415  for copying a selected segment. Different embodiments of the invention implement the UI item differently. Some embodiments implement it as a UI button, others as a command that can be selected in a pull-down menu, drop-down menu, contextual menu that appears from a right-click, or other type of menu, and still others as a command invoked through one or more keystroke operations. Yet other embodiments allow the user to access the segment copy feature through multiple different UI items, including those not mentioned in the above paragraph. 
     When a user selects UI item  6415 , nothing changes visually in some embodiments, but the selected segment or segments are copied to a temporary storage (i.e., a clipboard). The user can then paste the copied segment into another timeline or elsewhere in the same timeline. While the UI item  6415  is illustrated as part of the composite display area, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that segments could just as easily be copied using the outline window as well. In some embodiments, a user can select a segment item in the outline window and select a segment copy UI item in order to copy the segment into the clipboard. 
       FIG. 65  illustrates the use of a paste feature that inserts a previously copied segment into a timeline. Specifically,  FIG. 65  illustrates a GUI  6500  in two stages, a first stage  6505  before the use of the paste feature and a second stage  6510  after the use of the paste feature. GUI  6500  is similar to GUI  6400 , having a composite display area  6515  and an outline window  6520 . The composite display area  6515  includes playhead  6530  that is at the boundary between Segment  3  and Segment  4 . The composite display area also includes a timeline header  6540  for the present timeline, “Project  2 ”. 
     The composite display area  6515  also includes a UI item  6525  for inserting a copied segment. Different embodiments of the invention implement the UI item differently. Some embodiments implement it as a UI button, others as a command that can be selected in a pull-down menu, drop-down menu, contextual menu that appears from a right-click, or other type of menu, and still others as a command invoked through one or more keystroke operations. Yet other embodiments allow the user to access the paste feature through multiple different UI items, including those not mentioned in the above paragraph. 
     The first stage  6505  illustrates that a cursor  6535  is located over the UI item  6525 . Stage  6510  illustrates the result of the user selecting the UI item  6525  to paste a previously selected segment at the location of the playhead  6530 . The pasted segment is Segment  3 , copied from the “Project  1 ” timeline of  FIG. 64 . In addition to inserting Segment  3  and its clips, a segment item for the inserted segment is now located in outline window  6520  in the appropriate order. In some embodiments, the media-editing application will attempt to preserve the segment name, especially if it is a user-defined descriptive scene name. In some embodiments, the clips associated with a segment but not actually part of the media presentation (i.e., the clips displayed in the media browser when the segment is selected in the browser navigation pane) are also brought with the segment when the segment is copied 
     In the case illustrated in  FIG. 65 , the copied segment is inserted at the location of the playhead. One of ordinary skill will recognize that the various options available for inserting a new segment, described above in Section III, will also be available in some embodiments for inserting a copied segment. Thus, the copied segment could be inserted before or after a segment in which the playhead is located or assigned selected in the outline window as well. 
     E. Using a Timeline as a Media Clip in Another Timeline 
     Similar to copying and pasting a segment, in some embodiments a user can paste an entire first timeline (sometimes referred to as a sequence) into another timeline. In some embodiments, the first timeline is treated as a media clip in the second timeline. If the first timeline is divided into segments, then the segment boundaries are preserved in the clip as trim boundaries in some embodiments. That is, when a user performs a trim edit on the sequence/clip, the edit will automatically snap to the preserved segment boundaries. 
       FIG. 66  illustrates a sequence  6600  that is divided into three segments. These segments need not necessarily correspond to the boundaries of the clips that are contained within the sequence. As mentioned, the sequence  6600  can be pasted into another sequence as a clip in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the sequence is actually pasted as two clips—an audio clip and a video clip.  FIG. 67  illustrates a sequence  6700  that includes a number of clips. These clips include the audio section  6705  and the video section  6710  of sequence  6600 .  FIG. 67  also illustrates that the sequence  6600  as a clip includes trim snap points  6715  at the locations that correspond to the segment boundaries of the sequence. Some embodiments display the trim snap points in the composite display area, some only display the trim snap points while the user is performing a trim edit that affects the clip/sequence, and others do not display the trim snap points at all. 
     Trim edits, in some embodiments, include (1) ripple edits that modify the out point of a clip (see, for example,  FIG. 46  above), (2) slide edits that move a clip in the timeline while modifying the out point of a clip prior to the moved clip and the in point of a clip after the selected clip, (3) slip edits that do not modify a clip&#39;s location or duration in the timeline, but do modify its in and out points, and (4) roll edits that move a boundary between two clips such that the out point of the first clip and the in point of the second clip (and their durations) change. When applying these trim edits to modify the in and out points for the sequence  6600  as a clip, some embodiments automatically snap to the segment boundaries (trim snap points  6715 ) as in or out points for the clip when the in or out point is moved close enough (i.e., within a particular threshold of) to the segment boundary. 
     F. Timeline Libraries 
     Some embodiments of the media-editing application include stored libraries of preconfigured sequences. The sequences in these libraries are divided ahead of time into one or more segments. When a user wants to begin a project, the user can open the library (e.g., from a drop-down menu, through keyboard input, etc.) to display a list of the different preconfigured sequences. When the user chooses a sequence, that sequence is displayed in the composite display area and the list of segments and supersegments is displayed in the outline window in some embodiments. 
     Examples of uses of the timeline include sequences with preset durations for the segments and sequences with segments defining a common story arc. For example, preconfigured sequences could be available for half-hour and one hour television programs. Such preconfigured sequences have fixed-duration segments to mandate the time between commercial breaks. As another example, a preconfigured sequence might have non-fixed-duration segments for various common plot segments—exposition, conflict, climax, etc. Some embodiments also allow users to define and save their own sequences to the library. 
     The above description lists a wide variety of ways that segments can be used to aid the media editing process: rearranging segments, copying and pasting segments, deleting segments, applying operations to entire segments, creating different versions of a presentation, etc. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the above description is not exhaustive of all the possible ways that segments could be used for editing a composite media presentation. For instance, editors often create each scene in a media-editing application as a separate timeline, then paste the scenes into a master timeline. However, this creates a problem in that it is very difficult to move the scenes around after creating the master timeline. Using segments, the user can either create one timeline from the beginning and segment the timeline into scenes, or create a new segment for the master timeline for each scene as the scene is pasted in. In either case, changing the order of the scenes at a late stage of production is no longer an especially difficult procedure. 
     VIII. Software Architecture 
     In some embodiments, the processes described above are implemented as software running on a particular machine, such as a computer or a handheld device, or stored in a computer readable medium.  FIG. 68  conceptually illustrates the software architecture of a media-editing application  6800  of some embodiments. In some embodiments, the media-editing application is a stand-alone application or is integrated into another application, while in other embodiments the application might be implemented within an operating system. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the application is provided as part of a server-based solution. In some such embodiments, the application is provided via a thin client. That is, the application runs on a server while a user interacts with the application via a separate machine remote from the server. In other such embodiments, the application is provided via a thick client. That is, the application is distributed from the server to the client machine and runs on the client machine. 
     Media-editing application  6800  includes a user interface (UI) interaction module  6805 , a segment creator  6810 , a segment mover  6815 , an editing engine  6820 , a composite display area display module  6825 , a preview generator  6830 , and a rendering engine  6835 . The media-editing application also includes project data storage  6855 , content storage  6860 , and other storages  6865 . In some embodiments, the project data storage  6855  stores data about a composite media presentation, such as in and out points for media clips, information about transitions between media clips, etc. The project data storage  6855  also stores data about segments in some embodiments, such as the start and end times for segments, associations between content and segments, associations between segments and supersegments, segment properties (e.g., whether to render the segment, whether the segment has multiple versions, etc.), and other such segment-related information. Content storage  6860  includes the media clips that are used by the media-editing application to create a composite presentation. In some embodiments, storages  6855 ,  6860 , and  6865  are all one physical storage. In other embodiments, the storages are in separate physical storages, or two of the storages are in one physical storage while other storages are in a different physical storage. 
       FIG. 68  also illustrates an operating system  6870  that includes cursor controller driver  6875 , keyboard driver  6880 , and display module  6885 . In some embodiments, as illustrated, the cursor controller driver  6875 , keyboard driver  6880 , and display module  6885  are part of the operating system  6870  even when the media-editing application  6800  is an application separate from the operating system. 
     A user interacts with the user interface via input devices (not shown). The input devices, such as cursor controllers (mouse, tablet, touchpad, etc.) and keyboards, send signals to the cursor controller driver  6855  and keyboard driver  6860 , which translate those signals into user input data that is provided to the UI interaction module  6805 . 
     The present application describes a graphical user interface that provides users with numerous ways to perform different sets of operations and functionalities. In some embodiments, these operations and functionalities are performed based on different commands that are received from users through different input devices (e.g., keyboard, trackpad, touchpad, mouse, etc.). For example, the present application describes the use of a cursor in the graphical user interface to control (e.g., select, move) objects in the graphical user interface. However, in some embodiments, objects in the graphical user interface can also be controlled or manipulated through other controls, such as touch control. In some embodiments, touch control is implemented through an input device that can detect the presence and location of touch on a display of the device. An example of such a device is a touch screen device. In some embodiments, with touch control, a user can directly manipulate objects by interacting with the graphical user interface that is displayed on the display of the touch screen device. For instance, a user can select a particular object in the graphical user interface by simply touching that particular object on the display of the touch screen device. As such, when touch control is utilized, a cursor may not even be provided for enabling selection of an object of a graphical user interface in some embodiments. However, when a cursor is provided in a graphical user interface, touch control can be used to control the cursor in some embodiments. 
     The UI interaction module  6805  interprets the user input data and passes it to various modules, including the segment creator  6810 , the segment mover  6815 , the editing engine  6820 , and the composite display area display module  6825 . In some embodiments, the input data directly affects the project data or other data stored in the storages  6855 - 6865 . For instance, when a user modifies a segment property (e.g., whether the segment should be rendered), this is directly modified in the project data  6855  in some embodiments. 
     The UI interaction module  6805  also manages the display of the UI, and outputs display information to the display module  6885 . This display information may be based on information from the storages, the various modules  6810 - 6825 , or directly from input data (e.g., when a user moves an item in the UI that does not affect the presentation) in some embodiments. 
     Segment creator  6810  receives information from the UI interaction module  6805 . When the input indicates to create a new segment, the segment creator  6810  uses any necessary information from the project data  6855  (segment information, clip association and location information, etc.) as well as any other required information (e.g., the location of the playhead in the timeline) to create a new segment according to the instructions. In some embodiments, the segment creator also re-associates any affected clips in the timeline as necessary, and stores association and segment information in the project data storage  6855 . 
     Similarly, segment mover  6815  receives information from the UI interaction module  6805 . When the input indicates to move a segment from one location in the timeline to another, the segment mover  6815  uses any necessary information from the project data  6855  (segment information, clip association and location information, etc.) as well as any required input information (whether the selection is inclusive, exclusive, or razored, how to treat any overlapping clips, etc.) to move the segment according to the instructions. In some embodiments, the segment mover  6815  also re-associates any affected clips in the timeline as necessary and re-associates the moved segment with a supersegment as necessary. The segment mover stores the association and segment information in the project data storage  6855 . 
     The editing engine  6820  also receives information from the UI interaction module  6805 . The editing engine  6820  performs a variety of editing functions in some embodiments according to these instructions, such as standard edits unrelated to segments, modifying segment duration, applying edits to entire segments, etc. To perform some of these functions, the editing engine uses data from the project data  6855  and stores the result of the edits in the project data as well. The editing engine also redefines any associations between clips and segments as required. The editing engine is also responsible for passing information to the preview generator  6830  and rendering engine  6835  to create the composite presentation. 
     In some embodiments, application  6800  also includes an association module that performs re-association for the segment creator  6810 , the segment mover  6815 , and the editing engine  6820  based on actions taken by those modules. The association module then stores the new association data in the project data  6855 . 
     Composite display area display module  6825  manages the display of the composite display area of the GUI of the editing application based on input received through the UI interaction module  6805 . The composite display area display module  6825  includes the navigation module  6840  and the scaler  6845 . 
     Navigation module  6840  handles the navigation of the timeline in the composite display area. For instance, when a user uses a scroll bar to scroll through the timeline, this is managed by the navigation module. The navigation module also receives input through the story outline to jump to a particular segment. When this information is received, navigation module  6840  calculates the animation to move to the particular segment and passes the display information to the UI interaction module  6805 . 
     Scaler  6845  performs scaling of the timeline and clip shapes in the composite display area. For example, when input is received to focus on a particular segment or group of segments, the scaler  6845  calculates the appropriate scaling in order to properly display the segments. The display information is then passed to the UI interaction module  6805 . 
     Preview generator  6830  enables the output of audio and video from the media-editing application so that a user can preview the composite presentation. The preview generator  6830 , based on information from the editing module  6820  (and, in some embodiments, other modules), sends information about how to display each pixel of a presentation to the display module  6885 . 
     Rendering engine  6835  enables the storage or output of audio and video from the media-editing application  6800 . Rendering engine  6835  receives data from the editing engine  6820  and, in some embodiments creates a composite media presentation from source files in the content storage  6860 . The composite media presentation can be stored in the storages or output to the display module  6885 . 
     While many of the features have been described as being performed by one module (e.g., the segment creator  6810  or segment mover  6815 ), one of ordinary skill would recognize that the functions might be split up into multiple modules, and the performance of one feature might even require multiple modules. 
     IX. Process for Defining a Media-Editing Application 
       FIG. 69  conceptually illustrates a process  6900  of some embodiments for manufacturing a computer readable medium that stores a media-editing application such as the application  6800  described above. In some embodiments, the computer readable medium is a distributable CD-ROM. As shown, process  6900  begins by defining (at  6905 ) a composite display area for displaying graphical representations of media clips over a timeline. For instance, the composite display areas  220  and  810  of  FIGS. 2 and 8  are examples of the defined composite display area. The process next defines (at  6910 ) a hierarchical structure for a timeline. For example, the structures illustrated in timeline  400  are such structures. Process  6900  then defines (at  6915 ) associations for associating media clips and segments in the hierarchical structure of a timeline, such as the associations illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Process  6900  then defines (at  6920 ) functionalities and attributes for items at each level of the hierarchy, such as the functionalities  725 - 735  of  FIG. 7 . 
     The process next defines (at  6925 ) a display area for displaying a composite presentation created by compositing the set of media clips. The preview display areas  805  and  1005  of  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 10  are examples of such display areas. Process  6900  then defines (at  6930 ) an outline window for displaying a list of selectable items representing segments for use in applying various operations to the segments. Outline windows  815  and  915  of  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9  are examples of such windows. The process then defines (at  6935 ) user-modifiable segment properties, such as whether to include the segment in rendering, whether the duration of the segment is fixed, etc. 
     The process next defines (at  6940 ) segment creation UI items for invoking segment creation features, such as items  1325 - 1340  of  FIG. 13 . Next, the process defines (at  6945 ) a segment creation module for inserting new segments into a particular position in the timeline. Segment creator  6810  is an example of such a module. The process defines (at  6950 ) a segment moving module for moving a segment from a first location in a timeline to a second location in the timeline, such as segment mover  6815 . 
     Next, the process defines (at  6955 ) a module for managing the display of the composite display area. Composite display area display module  6825 , that manages navigating the composite display area and scaling items in the composite display area, is one such module. The process then defines (at  6960 ) a rendering engine for creating a composite media presentation using source content according to a timeline, such as rendering engine  6835 . The process defines (at  6965 ) a library of predefined timelines, defines (at  6970 ) a module for copying segments, and defines (at  6975 ) a module for editing segments according to user input. Editing engine  6825  is an example of the latter. 
     The process then defines (at  6977 ) other media editing tools and functionalities. Examples of such editing tools may include zoom, color enhancement, blemish removal, audio mixing, trim tools, etc. In addition, various other media editing functionalities may be defined. Such functionalities may include library functions, format conversion functions, etc. The process defines these additional tools in order to create a media editing application that has many additional features to the features described above. 
     A more detailed view of a media editing application with these additional features is illustrated in  FIG. 70 . Specifically, this figure shows a media editing application with these additional tools.  FIG. 70  illustrates a list of video and/or audio clips  7010 , video editing tools  7020 , and video displays  7030 . The list of clips  7010  includes video clips along with metadata (e.g., timecode information) about the video clips. In some embodiments, the list of video clips is the list of video clips in a particular sequence of video clips, and the metadata specifies in and out points, durations, etc. for the video clips. 
     The video editing tools  7020  include tools that allow a user to graphically set in and out points for video clips (in other words, where in the final product a specific clip or part of a clip will be shown). The video editing tools  7020  can be used to modify the temporal sequence of the video frame and to synchronize audio tracks with video tracks (e.g., in order to add music over a video clip). In some embodiments, video editing tools  7020  also give users the ability to edit in effects or perform other video editing functions. In some embodiments, the video editing tools include trim tools for performing edits such as slide edits, ripple edits, slip edits, roll edits, etc. 
     Video displays  7030  allow a user to watch multiple video clips at once, thereby enabling easier selection of in and out points for the video clips. The screen shot  7000  illustrates a few of many different editing tools that a video editing application of some embodiments may have to edit digital video. 
     In some cases, some or all of the video clips that are displayed in the list of clips  7010 , played in displays  7030 , and edited by a user with video editing tools  7020 , are video clips of real-world objects (e.g., people, landscapes, etc.) filmed by a camera and include real-world audio (e.g., conversations, real-world noises, etc.) recorded by a camera, microphone, etc. In some cases, some or all of the video clips are computer-generated animations or include computer generated animations (e.g., animated objects, computer-generated effects, etc.). 
     Returning to  FIG. 69 , process  6900  next stores (at  6980 ) the defined media-editing application on a computer readable storage medium. As mentioned above, in some embodiments the computer readable storage medium is a distributable CD-ROM. In some embodiments, the medium is one or more of a solid-state device, a hard disk, a CD-ROM, or other non-volatile computer readable storage medium. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the various elements defined by process  6900  are not exhaustive of the modules, rules, processes, and UI items that could be defined and stored on a computer readable storage medium for a media editing application incorporating some embodiments of the invention. In addition, the process  6900  is a conceptual process, and the actual implementations may vary. For example, different embodiments may define the various elements in a different order, may define several elements in one operation, may decompose the definition of a single element into multiple operations, etc. In addition, the process  6900  may be implemented as several sub-processes or combined with other operations within a macro-process. 
     X. Computer System 
     Many of the above-described features and applications are implemented as software processes that are specified as a set of instructions recorded on a computer readable storage medium (also referred to as computer readable medium). When these instructions are executed by one or more computational element(s) (such as processors or other computational elements like ASICs and FPGAs), they cause the computational element(s) to perform the actions indicated in the instructions. Computer is meant in its broadest sense, and can include any electronic device with a processor. Examples of computer readable media include, but are not limited to, CD-ROMs, flash drives, RAM chips, hard drives, EPROMs, etc. The computer readable media does not include carrier waves and electronic signals passing wirelessly or over wired connections. 
     In this specification, the term “software” is meant to include firmware residing in read-only memory or applications stored in magnetic storage which can be read into memory for processing by a processor. Also, in some embodiments, multiple software inventions can be implemented as sub-parts of a larger program while remaining distinct software inventions. In some embodiments, multiple software inventions can also be implemented as separate programs. Finally, any combination of separate programs that together implement a software invention described here is within the scope of the invention. In some embodiments, the software programs when installed to operate on one or more computer systems define one or more specific machine implementations that execute and perform the operations of the software programs. 
       FIG. 71  illustrates a computer system with which some embodiments of the invention are implemented. Such a computer system includes various types of computer readable media and interfaces for various other types of computer readable media. Computer system  7100  includes a bus  7105 , a processor  7110 , a graphics processing unit (GPU)  7120 , a system memory  7125 , a read-only memory  7130 , a permanent storage device  7135 , input devices  7140 , and output devices  7145 . 
     The bus  7105  collectively represents all system, peripheral, and chipset buses that communicatively connect the numerous internal devices of the computer system  7100 . For instance, the bus  7105  communicatively connects the processor  7110  with the read-only memory  7130 , the GPU  7120 , the system memory  7125 , and the permanent storage device  7135 . 
     From these various memory units, the processor  7110  retrieves instructions to execute and data to process in order to execute the processes of the invention. In some embodiments, the processor comprises a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), an ASIC, or various other electronic components for executing instructions. Some instructions are passed to and executed by the GPU  7120 . The GPU  7120  can offload various computations or complement the image processing provided by the processor  7110 . In some embodiments, such functionality can be provided using CoreImage&#39;s kernel shading language. 
     The read-only-memory (ROM)  7130  stores static data and instructions that are needed by the processor  7110  and other modules of the computer system. The permanent storage device  7135 , on the other hand, is a read-and-write memory device. This device is a non-volatile memory unit that stores instructions and data even when the computer system  7100  is off. Some embodiments of the invention use a mass-storage device (such as a magnetic or optical disk and its corresponding disk drive) as the permanent storage device  7135 . 
     Other embodiments use a removable storage device (such as a floppy disk, flash drive, or ZIP® disk, and its corresponding disk drive) as the permanent storage device. Like the permanent storage device  7135 , the system memory  7125  is a read-and-write memory device. However, unlike storage device  7135 , the system memory is a volatile read-and-write memory, such a random access memory. The system memory stores some of the instructions and data that the processor needs at runtime. In some embodiments, the invention&#39;s processes are stored in the system memory  7125 , the permanent storage device  7135 , and/or the read-only memory  7130 . For example, the various memory units include instructions for processing multimedia items in accordance with some embodiments. From these various memory units, the processor  7110  retrieves instructions to execute and data to process in order to execute the processes of some embodiments. 
     The bus  7105  also connects to the input and output devices  7140  and  7145 . The input devices enable the user to communicate information and select commands to the computer system. The input devices  7140  include alphanumeric keyboards and pointing devices (also called “cursor control devices”). The output devices  7145  display images generated by the computer system. The output devices include printers and display devices, such as cathode ray tubes (CRT) or liquid crystal displays (LCD). 
     Finally, as shown in  FIG. 71 , bus  7105  also couples computer  7100  to a network  7165  through a network adapter (not shown). In this manner, the computer can be a part of a network of computers (such as a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), or an Intranet, or a network of networks, such as the internet. Any or all components of computer system  7100  may be used in conjunction with the invention. 
     Some embodiments include electronic components, such as microprocessors, storage and memory that store computer program instructions in a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (alternatively referred to as computer-readable storage media, machine-readable media, or machine-readable storage media). Some examples of such computer-readable media include RAM, ROM, read-only compact discs (CD-ROM), recordable compact discs (CD-R), rewritable compact discs (CD-RW), read-only digital versatile discs (e.g., DVD-ROM, dual-layer DVD-ROM), a variety of recordable/rewritable DVDs (e.g., DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, etc.), flash memory (e.g., SD cards, mini-SD cards, micro-SD cards, etc.), magnetic and/or solid state hard drives, read-only and recordable Blu-Ray® discs, ultra density optical discs, any other optical or magnetic media, and floppy disks. The computer-readable media may store a computer program that is executable by at least one processor and includes sets of instructions for performing various operations. Examples of hardware devices configured to store and execute sets of instructions include, but are not limited to application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), programmable logic devices (PLDs), ROM, and RAM devices. Examples of computer programs or computer code include machine code, such as is produced by a compiler, and files including higher-level code that are executed by a computer, an electronic component, or a microprocessor using an interpreter. 
     As used in this specification and any claims of this application, the terms “computer”, “server”, “processor”, and “memory” all refer to electronic or other technological devices. These terms exclude people or groups of people. For the purposes of the specification, the terms display or displaying means displaying on an electronic device. As used in this specification and any claims of this application, the terms “computer readable medium” and “computer readable media” are entirely restricted to tangible, physical objects that store information in a form that is readable by a computer. These terms exclude any wireless signals, wired download signals, and any other ephemeral signals. 
     While the invention has been described with reference to numerous specific details, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, many of the media editing application GUIs illustrated in the figures show only a composite display area and a story outline. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the features illustrated in these figures may be incorporated into a more complete media editing GUI such as is illustrated in  FIG. 8-10  or  70 . 
     In addition, a number of the figures (including  FIGS. 6 ,  21 ,  22 ,  42 ,  48 ,  49 ,  52 ,  56 ,  59 , and  69 ) conceptually illustrate processes. The specific operations of these processes may not be performed in the exact order shown and described. the specific operations may not be performed in one continuous series of operations, and different specific operations may be performed in different embodiments. Furthermore, the process could be implemented using several sub-processes, or as part of a larger macro process. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the invention is not to be limited by the foregoing illustrative details, but rather is to be defined by the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20090831
Publication Date: 20140701
Grant Date: 20140701
Priority Date: 20090430
Inventors: MEANEY BRIAN
BREGLIO MELISSA
STERN MIKE
HOLLAND JERREMY
CERF DAVE
PENDERGAST COLLEEN
STEINAUER PETER A.
STIKICH MICHAELLE
LYONS CHARLES
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G11B27/34", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G11B27/031", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G11B27/34", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G11B27/031", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 43031335