PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-12167358-B2
Application Number: US-202217843634-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Recovering service in a radio access technology (RAT) for a multi-mode user equipment

Abstract:
Some aspects of this disclosure relate to apparatuses and methods for implementing techniques for support recovering service in a radio access technology (RAT) for a multi-mode user equipment (UE). The UE can be registered to communicate in a first RAT, and the UE is in an idle mode, and the UE is in a disable mode with respect to communication in the second RAT. A cell selection for the second RAT can be performed. Afterwards, a registration procedure with a wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT can be performed. Hence, the UE can receive wireless service from the wireless communication system through a base station associated with the second RAT.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A multi-mode user equipment (UE), comprising:
 one or more transceivers configured to enable the multi-mode UE to wirelessly communicate in a first Radio Access Technology (RAT) and a second RAT; and 
 a processor communicatively coupled to the one or more transceivers and configured to:
 determine, by a non-access stratum (NAS) layer of a protocol stack operated on the multi-mode UE, that the multi-mode UE is registered to communicate in the first RAT, and the multi-mode UE is in an idle mode with respect to communication in the first RAT; 
 determine, by the NAS layer, a timer has expired, wherein the timer is configured to count an amount of time the multi-mode UE has been in a disable mode with respect to communication in the second RAT; 
 send, by the NAS layer, responsive to the determination that the multi-mode UE is in the idle mode with respect to the communication in the first RAT and the timer has expired, a request to a radio resource control (RRC) layer of the protocol stack to perform a cell selection for the second RAT; 
 receive, by the NAS layer and from the RRC layer, an indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully for the communication in the second RAT; 
 perform, by the NAS layer and responsive to receiving the indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully, a registration procedure with a wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT; and 
 receive, after performing the registration procedure, wireless service from the wireless communication system through a base station associated with the second RAT. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The multi-mode UE of  claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to:
 listen, by the RRC layer, to system information from the base station associated with the second RAT; 
 select, by the RRC layer, the base station for wireless communication in the second RAT; and 
 send, by the RRC layer to the NAS layer, the indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully for the communication in the second RAT. 
 
     
     
       3. The multi-mode UE of  claim 1 , wherein to select the base station for wireless communication in the second RAT, the processor is configured to select the base station by using a previously stored frequency list or by performing a frequency band search of multiple frequency bands. 
     
     
       4. The multi-mode UE of  claim 1 , wherein the multi-mode UE communicates in the first RAT with a public land mobile network (PLMN), and the processor is configured to perform the registration procedure with the wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT with the same PLMN. 
     
     
       5. The multi-mode UE of  claim 1 , wherein the multi-mode UE communicates in the first RAT with a first public land mobile network (PLMN), and the multi-mode UE has been in the disable mode to communicate in the second RAT with a second PLMN different from the first PLMN. 
     
     
       6. The multi-mode UE of  claim 1 , wherein the multi-mode UE communicates in the first RAT with a first public land mobile network (PLMN), and the processor is configured to perform the registration procedure with the wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT with a second PLMN different from the first PLMN. 
     
     
       7. The multi-mode UE of  claim 6 , wherein the first PLMN has a first priority, and the second PLMN has a second priority equal to or higher than the first priority. 
     
     
       8. The multi-mode UE of  claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to:
 perform wireless communication in the first RAT responsive to a determination that the multi-mode UE is in a mode different from the idle mode. 
 
     
     
       9. The multi-mode UE of  claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to:
 continue being registered to communicate in the first RAT, responsive to the NAS layer not receiving from the RRC layer the indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully to communicate in the second RAT. 
 
     
     
       10. The multi-mode UE of  claim 1 , wherein the first RAT includes Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), or Global System for Mobiles (GSM) Edge Radio Access Network (GERAN), and the second RAT includes new radio (NR) next generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN). 
     
     
       11. The multi-mode UE of  claim 10 , wherein the processor is configured to perform the registration procedure with the wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT without having Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) available or having E-UTRAN disabled for the multi-mode UE. 
     
     
       12. A method for a user equipment (UE), comprising:
 determining the UE is registered to communicate in a first Radio Access Technology (RAT), and the UE is in an idle mode with respect to communication in the first RAT; 
 determining a timer has expired, wherein the timer is configured to count an amount of time the UE has been in a disable mode with respect to communication in a second RAT, wherein the second RAT is different from the first RAT; 
 performing, responsive to the determination that the UE is in the idle mode in the first RAT and the timer has expired, a cell selection for the second RAT; 
 performing, responsive to successfully performing the cell selection for the second RAT, a registration procedure with a wireless communication system associated with the second RAT; and 
 receiving, after performing the registration procedure, wireless service from the wireless communication system through a base station associated with the second RAT. 
 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the performing the cell selection comprises listening to system information from the base station associated with the second RAT and selecting the base station for wireless communication in the second RAT. 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the UE communicates in the first RAT with a public land mobile network (PLMN), and the performing the registration procedure comprises performing the registration procedure with the wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT with the same PLMN. 
     
     
       15. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the UE communicates in the first RAT with a first public land mobile network (PLMN), and the UE has been in the disable mode to communicate in the second RAT with a second PLMN different from the first PLMN. 
     
     
       16. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the UE communicates in the first RAT with a first public land mobile network (PLMN), and the performing the registration procedure with the wireless communication system comprises performing the registration procedure with the wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT with a second PLMN different from the first PLMN. 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the first RAT includes Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), or Global System for Mobiles (GSM) Edge Radio Access Network (GERAN), and the second RAT includes new radio (NR) next generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN). 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 17 , wherein the performing the registration procedure with the wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT includes performing the registration procedure without having Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) available or having E-UTRAN disabled for the UE. 
     
     
       19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor of a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to perform operations, the operations comprising:
 determining the UE is registered to communicate in a first Radio Access Technology (RAT), and the UE is in an idle mode with respect to communication in the first RAT; 
 determining a timer has expired, wherein the timer is configured to count an amount of time that the UE has been in a disable mode with respect to communication in a second RAT, wherein the second RAT is different from the first RAT; 
 performing, responsive to the determination that the UE is in the idle mode in the first RAT and the timer has expired, a cell selection for the second RAT; 
 performing, responsive to cell selection for the second RAT, a registration procedure with a wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT; and 
 receiving, after performing the registration procedure, wireless service from the wireless communication system through a base station associated with the second RAT. 
 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of  claim 19 , the operations further comprising:
 performing wireless communication in the first RAT responsive to a determination that the UE is in a mode different from the idle mode; and 
 continue being registered to communicate in the first RAT, responsive to the cell selection for the second RAT not being successful.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to Indian Application No. 202141027431, entitled “RECOVERING SERVICE IN A RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGY (RAT) FOR A MULTI-MODE USER EQUIPMENT (UE)”, filed Jun. 18, 2021, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The described aspects generally relate to recovering service in a radio access technology (RAT) for a multi-mode user equipment (UE) supporting multiple RATs. 
     Related Art 
     A radio access technology (RAT) is the underlying physical connection method for a radio based wireless communication network. A multi-mode user equipment (UE) can support several RATs in one device such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, global system for mobiles (GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), or long-term evolution (LTE). In addition, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has developed a new RAT known as fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) RAT. A multi-mode UE supporting several RATs can provide flexibility and conveniences to the users. However, it is desired to improve the operational efficiency for a multi-mode UE. 
     SUMMARY 
     Some aspects of this disclosure relate to apparatuses and methods for implementing mechanisms to support recovering service in a radio access technology (RAT) for a multi-mode user equipment (UE). A multi-mode UE can wirelessly communicate in at least a first RAT and a second RAT, such as a RAT different from a fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) RAT and the NR RAT. The NR RAT can provide more services to the user, but NR networks may not be available all of the time and in all situations. Sometimes, a UE can communicate in the first RAT, while being disabled to communicate in the second RAT. A timer can be configured to count an amount of time the UE being in a disable mode with respect to communication in the second RAT. Once the timer has expired, the UE can recover services in the second RAT. Embodiments herein provide mechanisms for the UE to recover services in the second RAT upon the expiration of a timer. 
     Some aspects of this disclosure relate to a multi-mode UE. The UE can include one or more transceivers and a processor communicatively coupled to one or more transceivers. The one or more transceivers can enable the UE to wirelessly communicate in a first RAT and a second RAT. In some embodiments, the UE communicates in the first RAT of a public land mobile network (PLMN), and communicates in the second RAT of the same PLMN. In some other embodiments, the UE communicates in the first RAT of a first PLMN, and communicates in the second RAT of a second PLMN different from the first PLMN. In some examples, the first PLMN has a first priority, and the second PLMN has a second priority equal to or higher than the first priority. In addition, a protocol stack can be operated on the UE by the processor. The protocol stack can include a non-access stratum (NAS) layer and an access stratum (AS) layer including multiple sublayers such as a Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer. 
     According to some aspects, the processor of the UE can be configured to determine, by a NAS layer of the protocol stack, the UE is registered to communicate in the first RAT, and the UE is in an idle mode. The processor can be further configured to determine, by the NAS layer, a timer has expired, where the timer is configured to count an amount of time the UE being in a disable mode with respect to communication in the second RAT. In addition, the processor can be configured to send, by the NAS layer, responsive to the determination that the UE is in the idle mode in the first RAT and the timer has expired, a request to a RRC layer of the protocol stack to perform a cell selection for the second RAT. Afterwards, the processor can be configured to receive, by the NAS layer and from the RRC layer, an indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully to communicate in the second RAT. The RRC layer sends the indication after listening to system information from a base station associated with the second RAT and selecting the base station for wireless communication in the second RAT. In some examples, the selecting the base station for wireless communication in the second RAT can include selecting the base station by using a previously stored frequency list or by performing a band search of multiple bands. 
     Moreover, the processor can be configured to perform, by the NAS layer and responsive to receiving the indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully, a registration procedure with a wireless communication system including the base station to communicate in the second RAT. After performing the registration procedure, the processor can be configured to receive wireless service from the wireless communication system through the base station associated with the second RAT. Hence, the UE has recovered service in the second RAT. 
     Additionally, the processor of the UE can be configured to perform wireless communication in the first RAT when the UE is in a mode different from the idle mode so that the normal service of the UE in the first RAT would not be interrupted. Furthermore, when the NAS layer does not receive from the RRC layer the indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully to communicate in the second RAT, the processor can be configured to continue being registered to communicate in the first RAT. 
     According to some aspects, the first RAT can include universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN), or global system for mobiles (GSM) edge radio access network (GERAN), while the second RAT can include NR next generation radio access network (NG-RAN). In some examples, the first RAT can be a lower priority RAT compared to the second RAT. In some examples, the one or more transceivers can be configured to enable the UE to wirelessly communicate in long-term evolution (LTE) evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN). The processor can be further configured to select a LTE base station for wireless communication in the LTE E-UTRAN, communicate with the LTE base station in the LTE E-UTRAN, and select a NR base station for wireless communication in NG-RAN after communicating with the LTE base station. The timer can be configured to count an amount of time for the UE being in the disable mode with respect to communication in NG-RAN or in LTE E-UTRAN. 
     Some aspects of this disclosure relate to a method performed by a UE. The method includes determining that a UE is registered to communicate in a first RAT, and the UE is in an idle mode. The method further includes determining that a timer has expired, where the timer is configured to count an amount of time the UE being in a disable mode with respect to communication in the second RAT different from the first RAT. Moreover, the method includes performing, responsive to the determination that the UE is in the idle mode in the first RAT and the timer has expired, a cell selection for the second RAT. The performing the cell selection can include listening to system information from a base station associated with the second RAT and selecting the base station for wireless communication in the second RAT. Responsive to successfully performing the cell selection for the second RAT, the method includes performing a registration procedure with a wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT. After performing the registration procedure, the method includes receiving wireless service from the wireless communication system through a base station associated with the second RAT. 
     Some aspects of this disclosure relate to non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions. When executed by a processor of a UE, the instructions stored in the non-transitory computer-readable medium cause the UE to perform various operations. The operations include determining a UE is registered to communicate in a first RAT, and the UE is in an idle mode. The operations further include determining a timer has expired, where the timer is configured to count an amount of time for the UE being in a disable mode with respect to communication in the second RAT different from the first RAT. Moreover, the operations include performing, responsive to the determination that the UE is in the idle mode in the first RAT and the timer has expired, a cell selection for the second RAT. Responsive to successfully performing the cell selection for the second RAT, the operations include performing a registration procedure with a wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT. After performing the registration procedure, the operations include receiving wireless service from the wireless communication system through a base station associated with the second RAT. 
     This Summary is provided merely for purposes of illustrating some aspects to provide an understanding of the subject matter described herein. Accordingly, the above-described features are merely examples and should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the subject matter in this disclosure. Other features, aspects, and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent from the following Detailed Description, Figures, and Claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate the present disclosure and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the disclosure and enable a person of skill in the relevant art(s) to make and use the disclosure. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a wireless system including a multi-mode user equipment (UE) configured to recover service in a radio access technology (RAT) among multiple RATs, according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  2 A- 2 B  illustrate block diagrams of a UE to perform functions described herein, according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example method performed by a multi-mode UE to recover service in a RAT among multiple RATs, according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  4 - 6    illustrate example sequence diagrams illustrating operations performed by a multi-mode UE to recover service in a RAT among multiple RATs, according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  7    is an example computer system for implementing some aspects or portion(s) thereof of the disclosure provided herein. 
     
    
    
     The present disclosure is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     In the drawings, generally, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, generally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A multi-mode user equipment (UE) can support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) for wireless communication such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, global system for mobiles (GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), long-term evolution (LTE), or fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR). NR technology can provide services and applications to users with improved user experiences. However, sometimes, the NR network may not be available, and the UE may temporarily disable the NR RAT, which may be referred as N 1  mode disabled. For example, the UE can temporarily disable the NR RAT when maximum registration attempts have been reached, when internet protocol (IP) multimedia subsystem (IMS) voice over NR is not available in the registration area, or when the UE registration is rejected due to network congestion, or other abnormal rejection causes. Some more examples and details when a RAT can be disabled can be found in some standard documents such as 3GPP 24.501, section 4.9.2, section 5.5.1.3.7, or other similar references known to one having ordinary skills in the arts. In some examples, instead of disabling the NR RAT, a UE can disable the LTE RAT as well. 
     According to some aspects, when the NR RAT is disabled due to various reasons, UE can start an implementation-specific timer to count an amount of time for the UE being in a disable mode for the NR RAT. A UE is in a disable mode when the NR RAT is disabled. In some examples, the timer can have a default value of 720 seconds. The timer can be of other values as well. At the meantime, the UE can attempt to select and register on a different RAT like LTE, UMTS, or GSM. Upon the expiration of the timer, the UE can re-enable the NR RAT. When the UE re-enables the NR RAT at the expiration of the timer, the UE can perform a NR cell re-selection procedure to enable the NR RAT and acquire service. Such a process can be referred to as recovering service in the NR RAT. In some other examples, UE can use NR cell re-selection to camp and register on the NR-RAT. 
     According to some aspects, if the UE is registered to the LTE RAT when the NR RAT is re-enabled, UE can perform cell re-selection based on the re-selection configurations defined by the LTE network in order to recover services in the NR RAT. However, if the UE is registered to the GSM RAT or the UMTS RAT when the NR RAT is re-enabled, UE cannot perform a direct cell re-selection to move to the NR RAT from the GSM RAT or UMTS RAT since the 3GPP specifications have not defined such direct interworking between the GSM/UMTS and NR RATs. Some current systems may return back to the NR RAT service by the re-selection to the LTE RAT and then from the LTE RAT onto the NR RAT. If LTE cells are not available at this point or the LTE RAT is disabled, then the NR re-selection would not be triggered. UE may remain camped on the GSM/UMTS RATs for a longer period of time in an area with good NR coverage, which may lead to degrade of user experience and customer dissatisfaction. 
     Embodiments herein present solutions to improve the NR RAT service recovery via a proactive attempt by the UE to trigger background NR cell selection or public land mobile network (PLMN) selection when some conditions are met, such as the N 1  mode re-enable timer has expired, the N 1  mode is re-enabled, and the UE is registered on the GSM RAT or the UMTS RAT. Upon re-enabling N 1  mode, if the UE is registered on the GSM RAT or the UMTS RAT on the PLMN where N 1  mode capability for 3GPP access was disabled, the UE can trigger a background cell selection on the NR RAT on the same PLMN. If the UE is registered on the GSM RAT or the UMTS RAT on a PLMN different from the PLMN where the N 1  mode capability for 3GPP access was disabled, the UE can trigger a background PLMN selection to recover service on the NR RAT. The term of background NR cell selection or the background PLMN selection refers to the condition that the UE performs the NR cell selection or the PLMN selection when the UE is in an idle mode in the current registered RAT, such as the GSM RAT or the UMTS RAT. The idle mode can refer some other modes when the UE does not perform active data transfer or signaling so that services to active applications would not be interrupted. If UE is in connected mode, then UE waits to return to IDLE mode when no active data transfer happens. 
     Accordingly, embodiments herein can recover or acquire NR RAT services from GSM/UMTS registered state irrespective of availability of an LTE cell or even when LTE RAT is disabled. Embodiments herein can recover the NR RAT service without going through a two-step re-selection and registration process, which is going from the UMTS/GSM RAT to the LTE RAT, and further from the LTE RAT to the NR RAT. Hence, embodiments herein can avoid the additional signaling used for the two-step re-selection and registration process. The NR cell selection can be performed in background to avoid any service disruption on the GSM/UMTS RAT service. Therefore, user experience is not compromised while camped on the GSM/UMTS RAT. The UE may not remain stuck on the GSM/UMTS RATs in a NR coverage area which helps to improve user experiences because many of the NR based applications cannot be supported on lower bandwidths of the GSM/UMTS RATs. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a wireless system  100  including a multi-mode UE, e.g., UE  101 , configured to recover service in a RAT among multiple RATs, according to some aspects of the disclosure. Wireless system  100  is provided for the purpose of illustration only and does not limit the disclosed aspects. Wireless system  100  can include, but is not limited to, UE  101 , a base station  111 , a base station  113 , a base station  115 , a base station  117 , and a base station  119 , a public land mobile network (PLMN)  103 , a PLMN  105 , and various core networks, such as a core network  102 , a core network  104 , a core network  106 , a core network  108 , and a core network  110 , all communicatively coupled to a core network  120 . 
     According to some aspects, base station  111 , base station  112 , base station  113 , base station  115 , base station  117 , and base station  119  can be a fixed station or a mobile station. Base station  111 , base station  112 , base station  113 , base station  115 , base station  117 , and base station  119  can also be called other names, such as a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point (AP), a transmission/reception point (TRP), an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation node B (gNB), a 5G node B (NB), or some other equivalent terminology. In some examples, base station  111 , base station  112 , base station  113 , base station  115 , base station  117 , and base station  119  can be interconnected to one another and/or to other base station or network nodes in a network through various types of backhaul interfaces such as a direct physical connection, a virtual network, and/or the like, not shown. 
     According to some aspects, UE  101  can be a multi-mode UE supporting multiple RATs. UE  101  can be stationary or mobile. UE  101  can be a cellular phone (e.g., a smart phone), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop, a desktop, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop station, a wireless sensor, a tablet, a camera, a video surveillance camera, a gaming device, a netbook, an ultrabook, a medical device or equipment, a biometric sensor or device, a wearable device (smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, smart wrist band, smart jewelry such as smart ring or smart bracelet), an entertainment device (e.g., a music or video device, or a satellite radio), a vehicular component, a smart meter, an industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, a machine-type communication (MTC) device, an evolved or enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) device, or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless medium. For example, a MTC and eMTC device can include, a robot, a drone, a location tag, and/or the like. 
     According to some aspects, base station  111  can be a UMTS base station, and UE  101  can wirelessly communicate in a first RAT with base station  111  in RAN 1 , which can be a UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN). Base station  111  and core network  102  can form a UMTS wireless communication system. In addition, base station  113  can be a NR base station, and UE  101  can wirelessly communicate in a second RAT with base station  113  in RAN 2 , which can be a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN). Base station  113  and core network  104  can form a NR wireless communication system. Furthermore, base station  111  and the GERAN, base station  113  and the NG-RAN are managed by the same PLMN  103 . PLMN  103  can have a priority  107 . Base station  112  can be a GSM base station, and UE  101  can wirelessly communicate in a RAT with base station  112  in RANG, which can be a GSM edge radio access network (GERAN). Base station  112  and core network  114  can form a GSM wireless communication system. 
     According to some aspects, base station  115  can be a UMTS base station, and UE  101  can wirelessly communicate in a RAT with base station  115  in RAN 3 , which can be a UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN). Base station  115  and core network  106  can form a UMTS wireless communication system. Moreover, base station  117  can be a LTE base station, and UE  101  can wirelessly communicate in a RAT with base station  117  in RAN 4 , which can be a LTE evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN). Base station  117  and core network  108  can form a LTE wireless communication system. In addition, base station  119  can be a NR base station, and UE  101  can wirelessly communicate in a RAT with base station  119  in RAN 5 , which can be a NG-RAN. Base station  119  and core network  110  can form a NR wireless communication system. Furthermore, base station  115  and the UTRAN, base station  117  and the E-UTRAN, and base station  119  and the NG-RAN are managed by PLMN  105 . PLMN  105  can have a priority  109 . 
     According to some aspects, UE  101  can include a timer  131  and UE  101  can be in a state or mode  133 . For example, mode  133  can be an enabled mode, a disabled mode, an idle mode, or some other modes. Timer  131  can be used to count an amount of time for UE  101  has been in a mode such as a disable mode with respect to communication in a RAT. 
       FIGS.  2 A- 2 B  illustrate block diagrams of UE  101  to perform functions described herein, according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
       FIG.  2 A  illustrates a block diagram of UE  101 , having antenna panel  217  including one or more antenna elements, e.g., an antenna element  219  coupled to transceiver  203  and controlled by processor  201 . In detail, transceiver  203  can include radio frequency (RF) circuitry  216 , baseband transmission circuitry  212 , and baseband reception circuitry  214 . RF circuitry  216  can include multiple parallel RF chains for one or more of transmit or receive functions, each connected to one or more antenna elements of the antenna panel. In addition, processor  201  can be communicatively coupled to a memory device  211 , which are further coupled to transceiver  203 . There can be multiple transceivers, which can be similar to transceiver  203 , not shown. 
     In some examples, RF circuitry  216  is used by UE  101  to transmit and receive signals or data. Memory device  211  can store mode  133  and an example protocol stack  213 . For example, processor  201  can store mode  133  and operate protocol stack  213 . Details of protocol stack  213  are shown in  FIG.  2 B . Memory device  211  can include instructions, that when executed by the processor  201  perform the functions to recover service in a RAT among multiple RAT technologies. Alternatively, the processor  201  can be “hard-coded” to perform the functions described herein. 
       FIG.  2 B  illustrates more details of protocol stack  213 . Protocol stack  213  can include a transport (TCP) layer  223 , an IP layer  225 , a non-access stratum (NAS) layer  227 , an access stratum (AS) layer  229 , and a channel  220 . AS layer  229  can include multiple sublayers, such as RRC layer  231 , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer  233 , radio link control (RLC) layer  235 , medium access control (MAC) layer  237 , and physical (PHY) layer  239 . 
     In some examples, the one or more transceivers, e.g., transceiver  203 , can enable UE  101  to wirelessly communicate in a first RAT and a second RAT, such as the GSM RAT, the UMTS RAT, the LTE RAT, or the NR RAT. Processor  201  can be configured to implement the timer  131  and perform various operations related to recover service in a RAT among multiple RATs. For example, processor  201  can determine, by NAS layer  227 , that timer  131  has expired, where timer  131  is configured to count an amount of time UE  101  has been in a disable mode with respect to communication in the second RAT. In addition, processor  201  can send, by NAS layer  227 , responsive to the determination that UE  101  is in the idle mode in the first RAT and timer  131  has expired, a request to RRC layer  231  to perform a cell selection for the second RAT. Afterwards, processor  201  can receive, by NAS layer  227  and from RRC layer  231 , an indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully to communicate in the second RAT. RRC layer  231  can send the indication after listening to system information from a base station associated with the second RAT and selecting the base station for wireless communication in the second RAT. In some examples, the selecting the base station for wireless communication in the second RAT can include selecting the base station using a previously stored frequency list or by performing a band search of multiple bands. 
     Moreover, processor  201  can perform, by NAS layer  227  and responsive to receiving the indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully, a registration procedure with a wireless communication system including the base station to communicate in the second RAT. After performing the registration procedure, processor  201  can receive wireless service from the wireless communication system through the base station associated with the second RAT. 
     Additionally, processor  201  can perform wireless communication in the first RAT when the UE is in a mode different from the idle mode so that the normal service of UE  201  in the first RAT would not be interrupted. Furthermore, when NAS layer  227  does not receive from RRC layer  231  the indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully to communicate in the second RAT, processor  201  can continue being registered to communicate in the first RAT. 
     According to some aspects, the first RAT can include UTRAN, or GERAN, while the second RAT can include NG-RAN. In some examples, transceiver  203  can enable UE  101  to wirelessly communicate in LTE E-UTRAN. Processor  201  can select a LTE base station for wireless communication in the LTE E-UTRAN, communicate with the LTE base station in the LTE E-UTRAN, and select a NR base station for wireless communication in NG-RAN after communicating with the LTE base station. Timer  131  can count an amount of time the UE has been in the disable mode with respect to communication in NG-RAN or in LTE E-UTRAN. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example method  300  performed by a multi-mode UE to recover service in a RAT among multiple RATs, according to some aspects of the disclosure. Method  300  can be performed by UE  101  as shown in  FIGS.  1  and  2 A- 2 B . For example, the functions of method  300  can performed by processor  201  or caused to be performed by processor  201 . 
     At  302 , UE  101  can determine UE  101  is registered to communicate in a first RAT, and UE  101  is in an idle mode. For example, UE  101  can determine UE  101  is registered to communicate in a first RAT, which is the GSM RAT in a GERAN RAN 1  including base station  111 , as shown in  FIG.  1   . UE  101  is in an idle mode. UE  101  is a multi-mode UE that can communicate in the first RAT, which is the GSM RAT in a GERAN RAN 1 , and in the second RAT, which is the NR RAT in a NG-RAN RAN 2 . For various reasons, UE  101  can be disabled to communicate in the second RAT in RAN 2 . 
     At  304 , UE  101  can determine a timer has expired, where the timer is configured to count an amount of time UE  101  has been in a disable mode with respect to communication in a second RAT that is different from the first RAT. For example, UE  101  can determine timer  131  has expired, where timer  131  counts an amount of time UE  101  has been in a disable mode with respect to communication in the NR RAT in RAN 2 . Furthermore, UE  101  can determine that the second RAT in RAN 2  has been enabled after the expiration of timer  131 . 
     At  306 , UE  101  can perform, responsive to the determination that the UE is in the idle mode in the first RAT and the timer has expired, a cell selection for the second RAT. For example, when it is determined that UE  101  is in the idle mode in the GSM RAT, and timer  131  has expired, UE  101  can perform a cell selection for the NR RAT to recover service in the NR RAT in RAN 2 . In some example, the cell selection can be performed by listening to system information from base station  113  and selecting base station  113  for wireless communication in the NR RAT. 
     At  308 , UE  101  can perform, responsive to successfully performing the cell selection for the second RAT, a registration procedure with a wireless communication system to communicate in the second RAT. For example, responsive to successfully performing the cell selection for the NR RAT by selecting base station  113  as the serving base station, UE  101  can perform a registration procedure with the wireless communication system including base station  113  to communicate in the NR RAT. 
     At  309 , UE  101  can receive, after performing the registration procedure, wireless service from the wireless communication system through a base station associated with the second RAT. For example, after performing the registration procedure, UE  101  can receive wireless service from the wireless communication system through base station  113  in the NR RAT. 
       FIGS.  4 - 6    illustrate example sequence diagrams presenting operations performed by a multi-mode UE to recover service in a RAT among multiple RATs, according to some aspects of the disclosure. Sequence diagrams illustrated in  FIGS.  4 - 6    can be examples of method  300  shown in  FIG.  3   . 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , sequence diagram  400  illustrates operations performed by UE  101  to recover service in a RAT among multiple RATs. Operations are performed among UE  101 , a 3G system  402 , and a 5G system  404 . 3G system  402  can be an example of UMTS RAN 1  that includes base station  111  and core network  102 . 5G system  404  can be an example of NR RAN 2  that includes base station  113  and core network  104 . Both 3G system  402  and 5G system  404  can be coupled to the same PLMN, e.g., PLMN  103 . 
     At  401 , UE  101  can disable N 1  mode communication in the NR RAT with 5G system  404 . At  403 , UE  101  can start timer  131  to count an amount of time UE  101  has been in the disable mode with respect to communication in the NR RAT. In embodiments, the timer  131  can be started simultaneously, or near simultaneously, with the disablement of N 1  mode communication in the NR RAT with 5G system  404 . At  405 , UE  101  can select base station  111  and register with 3G system  402  in the UMTS RAT. At  407 , NAS layer  227  of UE  101  can determine that timer  131  has expired. At  409 , NAS layer  227  of UE  101  can determine the N 1  mode is re-enabled to communicate with 5G system  404  in the NR RAT. NAS layer  227  can further detect UE  101  is in an idle mode in the UMTS RAT. Operations performed at  401  to  409  are examples of operations performed at  302  and  304  as described for method  300 . 
     At  411 , responsive to the determination that UE  101  is in the idle mode in the UMTS RAT and timer  131  has expired, NAS layer  227  can send a request to RRC layer  231  to perform a cell selection for the NR RAT. At  412 , RRC layer  231  can listen to system information from a base station of the NR RAT, e.g., base station  113 , and select base station  113  for wireless communication in the NR RAT with 5G system  404 . Operations performed at  411  and at  412  are examples of operations performed at  306  as described for method  300 . In addition, in embodiments, operations at  411  and at  412  are performed when UE  101  is in the idle mode in the UMTS RAT during the idle discontinuous reception (DRX) duration, hence no service in the UMTS RAT is interrupted, and operations at  411  and at  412  are performed at the background of the UMTS RAT. For example, paging and other activities of the UMTS RAT are not disturbed. Alternatively, UE  101  can continue to perform wireless communication in the UMTS RAT with 3G system  402  when UE  101  is in a mode different from the idle mode. 
     At  414 , NAS layer  227  can receive from RRC layer  231 , an indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully to communicate in the NR RAT. At  416 , NAS layer  227  can perform a registration procedure with 5G system  404  to communicate in the NR RAT. Operations performed at  414  and at  416  are examples of operations performed at  308  as described for method  300 . Alternatively, when the cell selection has not been performed successfully to communicate in the NR RAT, UE  101  can remain registered on the UMTS RAT with 3G system  402 . 
     At  418 , assuming successful registration with the 5G system  404 , the NAS layer  227  can receive wireless service from 5G system  404  through base station  113  in the NR RAT. Operations performed at  418  are examples of operations performed at  309  as described for method  300 . Since UE  101  can receive wireless service from 5G system  404  through base station  113  in the NR RAT, the service in the NR RAT on UE  101  has been recovered. 
     According to some aspects, operations illustrated in sequence diagram  400  are only for examples, and are not limiting. For example, in some examples, 3G system  402  can be replaced by a 2G GSM system. In addition, there can be more systems, e.g., a LTE system included in the wireless system  100  besides 3G system  402  and 5G system  404 . 
     According to some aspects, operations illustrated in sequence diagram  400  can be applicable in various scenarios. For example, in one scenario, UE  101  can disable N 1  mode in the NR RAT on Home PLMN, and camp on the LTE RAT but TAU or ATTACH procedure on the LTE RAT is not successful. In other similar scenarios, when a voice centric device does not find voice service on LTE, then UE will disable LTE RAT (E-UTRA capability). Similarly on NR RAT, when a voice centric device does not find voice service on NR RAT, then UE will disable NR RAT. Afterwards, UE  101  can camp on the GSM or UMTS RAT of the Home PLMN. When the N 1  mode disable timer expires, UE  101  re-enables N 1  mode and remains camped on the GSM or the UMTS RAT even when the NR RAT is enabled since E-UTRA capability is disabled. In another scenario, UE  101  can disable N 1  mode in the NR RAT on Home PLMN and Home PLMN does not have the LTE RAT deployed in the location. Hence, UE  101  camps on the GSM or the UMTS RAT of the Home PLMN. When the N 1  mode disable timer expires, UE  101  re-enables N 1  mode and remains camped on the GSM or the UMTS RAT even when NR RAT is enabled since no LTE RAT is deployed. The described scenarios are examples of operations performed at  401 ,  403 , and  405 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  5   , sequence diagram  500  illustrates operations performed by UE  101  to recover service in a RAT among multiple RATs. Operations are performed among UE  101 , a 3G system  502 , a 5G system  504 , and a 3G system  508 . 3G system  502  can be an example of UMTS RAN 1  that includes base station  111  and core network  102 . 5G system  504  can be an example of NR RAN 2  that includes base station  113  and core network  104 . Both 3G system  502  and 5G system  504  can be coupled to the same PLMN, e.g., PLMN  103 . In addition, 3G system  508  can be an example of UMTS RAN 3  that includes base station  115  and core network  106 , which are coupled to PLMN  105 . Some operations illustrated in sequence diagram  500  can be similar to operations shown in  FIG.  4   . 
     At  501 , UE  101  can disable N 1  mode communication in the NR RAT with 5G system  504 . At  503 , UE  101  can start timer  131  to count an amount of time UE  101  has been in the disable mode with respect to communication in the NR RAT. In embodiments, the timer  131  can be started simultaneously, or near simultaneously, with the disablement of N 1  mode communication in the NR RAT with 5G system  504 . 
     At  525 , UE  101  can first select base station  111  and register with 3G system  502  in the UMTS RAT. However, the operations at  525  can be unsuccessful. Afterwards, at  526 , UE  101  can select base station  115 , register with 3G system  508  in the UMTS RAT in RAN 3 , and camp on 3G system  508 . 3G system  508  belongs to PLMN  105 , different from PLMN  103  coupled to 5G system  404 . In some examples, PLMN  103  can have a priority equal to or higher than PLMN  105 . 
     At  507 , NAS layer  227  of UE  101  can determine that timer  131  has expired. At  509 , NAS layer  227  of UE  101  can determine the N 1  mode is re-enabled to communicate with 5G system  504  in the NR RAT. NAS layer  227  can further detect UE  101  is in an idle mode in the UMTS RAT. 
     At  511 , responsive to the determination that UE  101  is in the idle mode in the UMTS RAT and timer  131  has expired, NAS layer  227  can send a request to RRC layer  231  to perform a cell selection for the NR RAT. At  512 , RRC layer  231  can listen to system information from a base station of the NR RAT, e.g., base station  113 , and select base station  113  for wireless communication in the NR RAT with 5G system  504 . RRC layer  231  can select base station  113  by listening to multiple base stations managed by PLMN  103  and select base station  113  based on some predetermined criteria on PLMN  103  either using an earlier stored frequency list or by doing a frequency band search. Alternatively, UE  101  can continue to perform wireless communication in the UMTS RAT with 3G system  508  when UE  101  is in a mode different from the idle mode. 
     At  514 , NAS layer  227  can receive from RRC layer  231 , an indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully to communicate in the NR RAT. At  516 , NAS layer  227  can perform a registration procedure with 5G system  504  to communicate in the NR RAT. Alternatively, when the cell selection has not been performed successfully to communicate in the NR RAT, UE  101  can remain registered on the UMTS RAT with the 3G system  508 . At  518 , assuming successful registration with the 5G system  504 , the NAS layer  227  can receive wireless service from 5G system  504  through base station  113  in the NR RAT. Since UE  101  can receive wireless service from 5G system  504  through base station  113  in the NR RAT, the service in the NR RAT on UE  101  has been recovered. 
     According to some aspects, operations illustrated in sequence diagram  500  are only for examples, and are not limiting. For example, in some examples, 3G system  502  can be a GSM(2G) system instead of a UMTS(3G) system. In addition, there can be more systems, e.g., a LTE system included in the wireless system  100  besides 3G system  502  and 5G system  504 . 
     According to some aspects, operations illustrated in sequence diagram  500  can be applicable in various scenarios. For example, in one scenario, UE  101  can disable N 1  mode in the NR RAT on VPLMN- 1 , e.g., PLMN  103  (roaming case). Afterwards, UE  101  can find a base station managed by a different VPLMN- 2 , e.g., PLMN  105  and camp on the base station on the LTE RAT and the TAU procedure on the LTE RAT is successful. When the N 1  mode disable timer for PLMN  103  expires, UE continues to remain camped on PLMN  105  even when it can find service on PLMN  103  (the NR RAT). If VPLMN- 1 , e.g., PLMN  103 , has a higher priority as compared to VPLMN- 2 , e.g., PLMN  105 , UE  101  will wait for a High Priority PLMN (HPPLMN) search timer to camp on VPLMN- 1 , where the HPPLMN search timer can be in the order of minimum 6 minutes or more (typically about 30 mins or more in multiple of 6 minutes) based on higher priority PLMN search timer duration read from SIM EF-EF HPPLMN . Another scenario can be similar to the above scenario, except that UE  101  camps on the UMTS or GSM RAT on VPLMN- 2  instead of the LTE RAT. Another scenario can be similar to the above scenario, except that no priority relation is defined between VPLMN- 1  and VPLMN- 2 . Hence, UE may not start HPPLMN search timer. Operations illustrated in sequence diagram  500  can be applicable in additional scenarios, such as scenarios similar to the above scenarios except that UE  101  is camped on the LTE RAT on VPLMN- 1  and LTE RAT is disabled by UE  101  in place of the NR RAT being disabled. 
     As shown in  FIG.  6   , sequence diagram  600  illustrates operations performed by UE  101  to recover service in a RAT among multiple RATs. Operations are performed among UE  101 , a 3G system  602 , a 5G system  604 , and a LTE system  606 . 3G system  602  can be an example of UMTS RAN 3  that includes base station  115  and core network  106 . 5G system  604  can be an example of NR RAN 5  that includes base station  119  and core network  110 . LTE system  606  can be an example of LTE RAN 4  that includes base station  117  and core network  108 . 3G system  602 , 5G system  604 , and LTE system  606  can be coupled to the same PLMN, e.g., PLMN  105 . Some operations illustrated in sequence diagram  600  can be similar to operations shown in  FIGS.  4 - 5   . 
     At  601 , UE  101  can disable LTE E-UTRA communication in the LTE RAT with LTE system  606 . For example, UE  101  can temporarily disable the LTE RAT when maximum attach attempts have been reached, when IMS voice over LTE is not available in the registration area, or when the UE registration is rejected due to network congestion, load resulting in temporary failures, or other abnormal rejection causes. 
     At  603 , UE  101  can start timer  131  to count an amount of time UE  101  has been in the disable mode with respect to communication in the LTE RAT. In embodiments, the timer  131  can be started simultaneously, or near simultaneously, with the disablement of communication with the LTE RAT associated with LTE system  606 . When timer  131  expires, UE  101  can re-enable LTE RAT. During the time when the LTE RAT is disabled, at  605 , UE  101  can select base station  115  and register with 3G system  602  in the UMTS RAT. In addition, during the time when the LTE RAT is disabled, if NR cells are available, UE  101  cannot perform a direct cell re-selection to move to the NR RAT from GSM/UMTS RATs since the current 3GPP specifications have not defined such direct interworking between GSM/UMTS and NR RATs. The only method defined in the current systems to return to the NR RAT service is re-selection to the LTE RAT and then from the LTE RAT on to the NR RAT. Since the LTE RAT is disabled, NR re-selection would not be triggered. UE  101  may remain camped on GSM/UMTS RATs for a longer period of time even when NR service is available in a coverage area, leading to degrade of user experience and customer dissatisfaction. 
     According to some aspects, operations illustrated in sequence diagram  600  can be applicable in various scenarios. For example, in one scenario, UE  101  can disable the LTE RAT and E-UTRA capability on Home PLMN. The UE  101  cannot camp on NR cell and instead registers on the UMTS or GSM RAT of the Home PLMN. The UE  101  remains camped on the UMTS/GSM RAT even when NR cells become available in mobility condition (since E-UTRA capability is disabled). In another scenario, UE  101  can disable the LTE RAT and E-UTRA capability on Home PLMN, the UE  101  cannot camp on any NR/UMTS/GSM cells on home PLMN, and UE  101  camps and registers on the UMTS or GSM RAT of VPLMN. The UE  101  remains camped on the UMTS/GSM RAT on VPLMN even when NR cells become available on HPLMN in mobility condition (since E-UTRA capability is disabled). 
     Embodiments herein present operations to recover the NR RAT service via a proactive attempt by the UE to trigger background NR cell selection or PLMN selection when the LTE RAT and E-UTRA capability is disabled. When the E-UTRA capability is disabled and UE is registered on the GSM/UMTS RAT in idle mode, if the UE is registered on the GSM/UMTS RAT on the PLMN where the E-UTRA capability for 3GPP access is disabled, UE can trigger background cell selection on the NR RAT on that PLMN. If the UE is registered on GSM/UMTS on a different PLMN from where E-UTRA capability for 3GPP access is disabled, UE can trigger background PLMN selection to acquire service on the NR RAT. Details of some operations are illustrated below. 
     At  609 , NAS layer  227  of UE  101  can determine UE  101  is in an idle mode in the UMTS RAT. Operations at  609  can be performed after the LTE RAT has been disabled, and do not need to wait till timer  131  to expire. Hence, operations at  609  are different from operations described in  FIGS.  4 - 5   . 
     At  611 , responsive to the determination that UE  101  is in the idle mode in the UMTS RAT, NAS layer  227  can send a request to RRC layer  231  to perform a cell selection for the NR RAT. At  612 , RRC layer  231  can listen to system information from a base station of the NR RAT, e.g., base station  119 , and select base station  119  for wireless communication in the NR RAT with 5G system  604 . Alternatively, UE  101  can continue to perform wireless communication in the UMTS RAT with 3G system  602  when UE  101  is in a mode different from the idle mode. 
     At  614 , NAS layer  227  can receive from RRC layer  231 , an indication that the cell selection has been performed successfully to communicate in the NR RAT. At  616 , NAS layer  227  can perform a registration procedure with 5G system  604  to communicate in the NR RAT. Alternatively, when the cell selection has not been performed successfully to communicate in the NR RAT, UE  101  can remain registered on the UMTS RAT with the 3G system  602 . At  618 , NAS layer  227  can receive wireless service from 5G system  604  through base station  119  in the NR RAT. Since UE  101  can receive wireless service from 5G system  604  through base station  119  in the NR RAT, the service in the NR RAT on UE  101  has been recovered. 
     According to some aspects, operations illustrated in sequence diagram  600  are only for examples, and are not limiting. For example, in some examples, 3G system  602  can be replaced by a 2G GSM system. 
       FIGS.  4 - 6    have illustrated operations to recover service for the NR RAT when the N 1  mode is disabled or the LTE RAT is disabled. Embodiments herein present operations to recover the NR RAT service via a proactive attempt by the UE to trigger background NR cell selection or PLMN selection when the E-UTRA capability is disabled. Similar operations can be performed when the packet switching (PS) domain is disabled. 
     UE can disable the PS Domain in certain scenarios such as registration being rejected. In such cases, UE can disable the PS domain as it is not allowed to camp for normal service but can camp on circuit switching (CS) Domain RATs such as the GSM and UMTS RATs for only CS service. Until the T3245 timer is running, UE is only allowed to access “limited service” on the PS RATs. Upon expiry of the timer T3245, UE can consider PS domain as VALID and can camp on the NR/LTE RAT. When PS domain is disabled, UE can only register on the UMTS/GSM RAT on same or any PLMN to receive only CS domain service for voice calls. After the T3245 timer expires, the PS domain is re-enabled, if NR cells are available, UE cannot perform a direct cell re-selection to move to the NR RAT from GSM/UMTS RATs. UE may remain camped on GSM/UMTS RATs for a longer period of time in good NR coverage leading to degrade of user experience &amp; customer dissatisfaction. If LTE RAT is present in the location, then UE will have to register first on LTE and then re-select to NR RAT, thereby taking more time for UE to regain NR service. 
     Embodiments herein can perform operations for the NR RAT service recovery in this scenario via a proactive attempt by the UE to trigger background NR cell selection if the UE is camped in service on UMTS or GSM RATs or foreground NR cell selection if UE is camped in “Limited Service” or PLMN selection. The UE can trigger background NR cell selection or foreground NR cell selection when the T3245 timer expires, and the PS domain is considered “valid” again for PS services. The foreground search can be performed when the UE does not need to listen paging channels, and is applicable when UE is camped in “limited service” or “No Service”. 
     Various aspects can be implemented, for example, using one or more computer systems, such as computer system  700  shown in  FIG.  7   . Computer system  700  can be any computer capable of performing the functions described herein such as UE  101 , base station  111 , base station  113 , base station  115 , base station  117 , and base station  119  as shown in  FIG.  1    and  FIGS.  2 A- 2 B . Computer system  700  includes one or more processors (also called central processing units, or CPUs), such as a processor  704 . Processor  704  is connected to a communication infrastructure  706  (e.g., a bus). Computer system  700  also includes user input/output device(s)  703 , such as monitors, keyboards, pointing devices, etc., that communicate with communication infrastructure  706  through user input/output interface(s)  702 . Computer system  700  also includes a main or primary memory  708 , such as random access memory (RAM). Main memory  708  may include one or more levels of cache. Main memory  708  has stored therein control logic (e.g., computer software) and/or data. 
     Computer system  700  may also include one or more secondary storage devices or memory  710 . Secondary memory  710  may include, for example, a hard disk drive  712  and/or a removable storage device or drive  714 . Removable storage drive  714  may be a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, a compact disk drive, an optical storage device, tape backup device, and/or any other storage device/drive. 
     Removable storage drive  714  may interact with a removable storage unit  718 . Removable storage unit  718  includes a computer usable or readable storage device having stored thereon computer software (control logic) and/or data. Removable storage unit  718  may be a floppy disk, magnetic tape, compact disk, DVD, optical storage disk, and/any other computer data storage device. Removable storage drive  714  reads from and/or writes to removable storage unit  718  in a well-known manner. 
     According to some aspects, secondary memory  710  may include other means, instrumentalities or other approaches for allowing computer programs and/or other instructions and/or data to be accessed by computer system  700 . Such means, instrumentalities or other approaches may include, for example, a removable storage unit  722  and an interface  720 . Examples of the removable storage unit  722  and the interface  720  may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM or PROM) and associated socket, a memory stick and USB port, a memory card and associated memory card slot, and/or any other removable storage unit and associated interface. 
     In some examples, main memory  708 , the removable storage unit  718 , the removable storage unit  722  can store instructions that, when executed by processor  704 , cause processor  704  to perform operations for a UE or a base station, e.g., UE  101 , base station  111 , base station  113 , base station  115 , base station  117 , and base station  119  as shown in  FIG.  1    and  FIGS.  2 A- 2 B . In some examples, the operations include those operations illustrated and described in  FIGS.  3 - 6   . 
     Computer system  700  may further include a communication or network interface  724 . Communication interface  724  enables computer system  700  to communicate and interact with any combination of remote devices, remote networks, remote entities, etc. (individually and collectively referenced by reference number  728 ). For example, communication interface  724  may allow computer system  700  to communicate with remote devices  728  over communications path  726 , which may be wired and/or wireless, and which may include any combination of LANs, WANs, the Internet, etc. Control logic and/or data may be transmitted to and from computer system  700  via communication path  726 . Operations of the communication interface  724  can be performed by a wireless controller, and/or a cellular controller. The cellular controller can be a separate controller to manage communications according to a different wireless communication technology. The operations in the preceding aspects can be implemented in a wide variety of configurations and architectures. Therefore, some or all of the operations in the preceding aspects may be performed in hardware, in software or both. In some aspects, a tangible, non-transitory apparatus or article of manufacture includes a tangible, non-transitory computer useable or readable medium having control logic (software) stored thereon is also referred to herein as a computer program product or program storage device. This includes, but is not limited to, computer system  700 , main memory  708 , secondary memory  710  and removable storage units  718  and  722 , as well as tangible articles of manufacture embodying any combination of the foregoing. Such control logic, when executed by one or more data processing devices (such as computer system  700 ), causes such data processing devices to operate as described herein. 
     Based on the teachings contained in this disclosure, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) how to make and use aspects of the disclosure using data processing devices, computer systems and/or computer architectures other than that shown in  FIG.  7   . In particular, aspects may operate with software, hardware, and/or operating system implementations other than those described herein. 
     It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not the Summary and Abstract sections, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more, but not all, exemplary aspects of the disclosure as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the disclosure or the appended claims in any way. 
     While the disclosure has been described herein with reference to exemplary aspects for exemplary fields and applications, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited thereto. Other aspects and modifications thereto are possible, and are within the scope and spirit of the disclosure. For example, and without limiting the generality of this paragraph, aspects are not limited to the software, hardware, firmware, and/or entities illustrated in the figures and/or described herein. Further, aspects (whether or not explicitly described herein) have significant utility to fields and applications beyond the examples described herein. 
     Aspects have been described herein with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined as long as the specified functions and relationships (or equivalents thereof) are appropriately performed. In addition, alternative aspects may perform functional blocks, steps, operations, methods, etc. using orderings different from those described herein. 
     References herein to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” or similar phrases, indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it would be within the knowledge of persons skilled in the relevant art(s) to incorporate such feature, structure, or characteristic into other aspects whether or not explicitly mentioned or described herein. 
     The breadth and scope of the disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary aspects, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 
     The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should only occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of, or access to, certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20220617
Publication Date: 20241210
Grant Date: 20241210
Priority Date: 20210618
Inventors: VISWANATH, VINAY MYSORE
KOSHTA, Nirlesh
RAVIKUMAR, Kavya B.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W48/16", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W88/06", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W48/18", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W60/04", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W88/06", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/24", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W60/00", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W60/005", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W60/04", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W60/00", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 84465071