PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11729782-B2
Application Number: US-201916419367-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Enhanced uplink beam management

Abstract:
Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer-readable media are provided for uplink beam management and power control in wireless communications systems. Disclosed embodiments include beam management and power control enhancements for Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), and Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUSCH) transmissions. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Claims:
The invention claimed is: 
     
       1. A user equipment (UE) comprising:
 interface circuitry; and 
 baseband circuitry coupled with the interface circuitry, the baseband circuitry to:
 generate a sounding reference signal (SRS) beam for transmission in a configured SRS resource indicated by received Downlink Control Information (DCI) responsive to the UE being configured with SRS resources for a configured transmission scheme via higher layer signaling and a subset of the SRS resources are reconfigured via a received Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE), wherein the configured SRS resource is selected from the subset of the SRS resources based on the received DCI: and 
 provide, via the interface circuitry, the SRS beam to radiofrequency (RF) circuitry for transmission. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The UE of  claim 1 , wherein the MAC CE is to indicate a component carrier (CC) index and a bandwidth part identifier (ID). 
     
     
       3. The UE of  claim 2 , wherein the SRS resources are configured with a periodic time domain behavior or an aperiodic time domain behavior, and wherein the MAC CE is to update a beam of each SRS resource of the subset of the SRS resources, and the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource ID for each SRS resource and spatial relation information for each SRS resource. 
     
     
       4. The UE of  claim 2 , wherein the UE is configured with one or more SRS resource sets via the higher layer signaling, and the one or more SRS resource sets comprise the SRS resources. 
     
     
       5. The UE of  claim 4 , wherein the SRS resources are configured with a periodic time domain behavior or an aperiodic time domain behavior, and wherein the MAC CE is to update beams of all SRS resources in an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, and the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource set ID for the individual SRS resource set and spatial relation information for each SRS resource in the individual SRS resource set. 
     
     
       6. The UE of  claim 4 , wherein the MAC CE is to update a power control parameter set for an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, and the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource set ID for the individual SRS resource set, a P0 and alpha set ID, a pathloss reference signal ID, and a closed-loop index. 
     
     
       7. The UE of  claim 1 , wherein the baseband circuitry is further to:
 generate a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) beam for transmission in the configured SRS resource indicated by the received DCI when the MAC CE indicates M number of candidate SRS resources, and 
 provide, via the interface circuitry, the PUSCH beam to the RF circuitry for transmission. 
 
     
     
       8. The UE of  claim 7 , wherein the MAC CE is to include a CC index, a BWP ID, and an SRS resource ID for each of the M number of candidate SRS resources. 
     
     
       9. The UE of  claim 7 , wherein the MAC CE is to include a CC index, a BWP ID, and spatial relation information for a corresponding SRS resource indicator (SRI) of the M number of candidate SRS resources. 
     
     
       10. The UE of  claim 7 , wherein the received DCI includes an SRS resource indicator field, and a value in the SRS resource indicator field is selected from the M number of candidate SRS resources. 
     
     
       11. The UE of  claim 1 , wherein the configured transmission scheme is a codebook based transmission scheme or a non-codebook based transmission scheme. 
     
     
       12. A method of operating a user equipment (UE), comprising:
 generating a sounding reference signal (SRS) beam for transmission in a configured SRS resource indicated by received Downlink Control Information (DCI) responsive to the UE being configured with SRS resources for a configured transmission scheme via higher layer signaling and a subset of the SRS resources are reconfigured via a Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) received from a base station, wherein the configured SRS resource is selected from the subset of the SRS resources based on the received DCI; and 
 transmitting the SRS beam to the base station. 
 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the MAC CE is to indicate a component carrier (CC) index and a bandwidth part identifier (ID). 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 13 , wherein the SRS resources are configured with a periodic time domain behavior or an aperiodic time domain behavior, and wherein the MAC CE is to update a beam of each SRS resource of the subset of the SRS resources, and the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource ID for each SRS resource and spatial relation information for each SRS resource. 
     
     
       15. The method of  claim 13 , wherein the UE is configured with one or more SRS resource sets via the higher layer signaling, and the one or more SRS resource sets comprise the SRS resources. 
     
     
       16. The method of  claim 15 , wherein the SRS resources are configured with a periodic time domain behavior or an aperiodic time domain behavior, and wherein the MAC CE is to update beams of all SRS resources in an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, and the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource set ID for the individual SRS resource set and spatial relation information for each SRS resource in the individual SRS resource set. 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 15 , wherein the MAC CE is to update a power control parameter set for an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, and the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource set ID for the individual SRS resource set, a P0 and alpha set ID, a pathloss reference signal ID, and a closed-loop index. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 12 , further comprising:
 generating a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) beam for transmission in the configured SRS resource indicated by the received DCI when the MAC CE indicates M number of candidate SRS resources, and 
 transmitting the PUSCH beam to the base station. 
 
     
     
       19. The method of  claim 18 , wherein the MAC CE is to include a CC index, a BWP ID, and an SRS resource ID for each of the M number of candidate SRS resources. 
     
     
       20. The method of  claim 18 , wherein the MAC CE is to include a CC index, a BWP ID, and spatial relation information for a corresponding SRS resource indicator (SRI) of the M number of candidate SRS resources. 
     
     
       21. The method of  claim 18 , wherein the received DCI includes an SRS resource indicator field, and a value in the SRS resource indicator field is selected from the M number of candidate SRS resources. 
     
     
       22. The method of  claim 12 , wherein the configured transmission scheme is a codebook based transmission scheme or a non-codebook based transmission scheme.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. Provisional App. No. 62/683,518 filed Jun. 11, 2018, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Various embodiments of the present application generally relate to the field of wireless communications, and in particular, to beam management and/or power control for physical channels such as physical uplink control channel and physical uplink shared channel, and physical signals such as sounding reference signals. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In 5G systems, two different transmission schemes are supported for UL transmissions. One transmission scheme is codebook based transmission, and the other transmission scheme is non-codebook based transmission. 5G systems may also support beam management for PUSCH, PUCCH, and SRS signaling. The beam management for PUSCH is defined in an SRS-centric manner, and includes a two-stage beam indication including a beam indication for SRS in a first stage (stage 1) and beam indication for PUSCH based on an indicated SRS resource indicator (SRI) (stage 2). Currently, only two SRS resources are supported for codebook based transmissions and only four SRS resources are supported for non-codebook based transmissions. Only one SRS resource set is supported for each transmission scheme. Moreover, SRS beams can only be updated using RRC signaling. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG.  1    depicts an architecture of a system of a network in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example procedure for PUSCH beam management according to various embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    depicts an example of infrastructure equipment in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    depicts example components of a computer platform in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    depicts a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
         FIG.  6    depicts example components of baseband circuitry and radio frequency circuitry in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is an illustration of various protocol functions that may be used for various protocol stacks in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    depicts example MAC subheaders according to various embodiments, and  FIG.  9    depicts an example SRS beam Activation/Deactivation MAC CE according to various embodiments 
         FIGS.  10 - 11    depict example processes for practicing the various embodiments discussed herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure provides embodiments that enhance uplink beam management and power control mechanisms. Embodiments include PUSCH beam management and power control enhancements; SRS beam management and power control enhancements; and PUCCH power control enhancements. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  1   , in which an example architecture of a system  100  of a network according to various embodiments, is illustrated. The following description is provided for an example system  100  that operates in conjunction with the LTE system standards and 5G or NR system standards as provided by 3GPP technical specifications. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems (e.g., Sixth Generation (6G)) systems, IEEE 802.16 protocols (e.g., WMAN, WiMAX, etc.), or the like. 
     As shown by  FIG.  1   , the system  100  includes UE  101   a  and UE  101   b  (collectively referred to as “UEs  101 ” or “UE  101 ”). In this example, UEs  101  are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or “smart” appliances, MTC devices, M2M, IoT devices, and/or the like. As discussed in more detail infra, the UEs  101  and RAN nodes  111  incorporate the beam management and power control enhancements for PUSCH, SRS, and PUCCH transmissions. 
     In some embodiments, any of the UEs  101  may be IoT UEs, which may comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a PLMN, ProSe or D2D communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network. 
     The UEs  101  may be configured to connect, for example, communicatively couple, with an or RAN  110 . In embodiments, the RAN  110  may be an NG RAN or a 5G RAN, an E-UTRAN, or a legacy RAN, such as a UTRAN or GERAN. As used herein, the term “NG RAN” or the like refers to a RAN  110  that operates in an NR or 5G system  100 , and the term “E-UTRAN” or the like refers to a RAN  110  that operates in an LTE or 4G system  100 . The UEs  101  utilize connections (or channels)  103  and  104 , respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below). 
     In this example, the connections  103  and  104  are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a GSM protocol, a CDMA network protocol, a PTT protocol, a POC protocol, a UMTS protocol, a 3GPP LTE protocol, a 5G protocol, a NR protocol, and/or any of the other communications protocols discussed herein. In embodiments, the UEs  101  may directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface  105 . The ProSe interface  105  may alternatively be referred to as a SL interface  105  and may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a PSCCH, a PSSCH, a PSDCH, and a PSBCH. 
     The UE  101   b  is shown to be configured to access an AP  106  (also referred to as “WLAN node  106 ,” “WLAN  106 ,” “WLAN Termination  106 ,” “WT  106 ” or the like) via connection  107 . The connection  107  can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP  106  would comprise a WiFi® router. In this example, the AP  106  is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). In various embodiments, the UE  101   b , RAN  110 , and AP  106  may be configured to utilize LWA operation and/or LWIP operation. The LWA operation may involve the UE  101   b  in RRC_CONNECTED being configured by a RAN node  111   a - b  to utilize radio resources of LTE and WLAN. LWIP operation may involve the UE  101   b  using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection  107 ) via IPsec protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., IP packets) sent over the connection  107 . IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating the entirety of original IP packets and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packets. 
     The RAN  110  can include one or more AN nodes or RAN nodes  111   a  and  111   b  (collectively referred to as “RAN nodes  111 ” or “RAN node  111 ”) that enable the connections  103  and  104 . As used herein, the terms “access node,” “access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as BS, gNBs, RAN nodes, eNBs, NodeBs, RSUs, TRxPs or TRPs, and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). As used herein, the term “NG RAN node” or the like refers to a RAN node  111  that operates in an NR or 5G system  100  (for example, a gNB), and the term “E-UTRAN node” or the like refers to a RAN node  111  that operates in an LTE or 4G system  100  (e.g., an eNB). According to various embodiments, the RAN nodes  111  may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, and/or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. 
     In some embodiments, all or parts of the RAN nodes  111  may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN and/or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). In these embodiments, the CRAN or vBBUP may implement a RAN function split, such as a PDCP split wherein RRC and PDCP layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and other L2 protocol entities are operated by individual RAN nodes  111 ; a MAC/PHY split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and the PHY layer is operated by individual RAN nodes  111 ; or a “lower PHY” split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC layers and upper portions of the PHY layer are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and lower portions of the PHY layer are operated by individual RAN nodes  111 . This virtualized framework allows the freed-up processor cores of the RAN nodes  111  to perform other virtualized applications. In some implementations, an individual RAN node  111  may represent individual gNB-DUs that are connected to a gNB-CU via individual F1 interfaces (not shown by  FIG.  1   ). In these implementations, the gNB-DUs may include one or more remote radio heads or RFEMs (see, e.g.,  FIG.  3   ), and the gNB-CU may be operated by a server that is located in the RAN  110  (not shown) or by a server pool in a similar manner as the CRAN/vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes  111  may be next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs), which are RAN nodes that provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UEs  101 , and are connected to a 5GC (e.g., CN  620  of  FIG.  6   ) via an NG interface (discussed infra). 
     Any of the RAN nodes  111  can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs  101 . In some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes  111  can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN  110  including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. 
     In embodiments, the UEs  101  can be configured to communicate using OFDM communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes  111  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an OFDMA communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a SC-FDMA communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. 
     Downlink and uplink transmissions may be organized into frames with 10 ms durations, where each frame includes ten 1 ms subframes. A slot duration is 14 symbols with Normal CP and 12 symbols with Extended CP, and scales in time as a function of the used sub-carrier spacing so that there is always an integer number of slots in a subframe. In LTE implementations, a DL resource grid can be used for DL transmissions from any of the RAN nodes  111  to the UEs  101 , while UL transmissions from the UEs  101  to RAN nodes  111  can utilize a suitable UL resource grid in a similar manner. These resource grids may refer to time-frequency grids, and indicate physical resource in the DL or UL in each slot. Each column and each row of the DL resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively, and each column and each row of the UL resource grid corresponds to one SC-FDMA symbol and one SC-FDMA subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The resource grids comprises a number of RBs, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to REs. In the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. Each RB comprises a collection of REs. An RE is the smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid. Each RE is uniquely identified by the index pair (k,l) in a slot where k=0, . . . , N RB   DL N sc   RB −1 and l=0, . . . , N symb   DL −1 are the indices in the frequency and time domains, respectively. RE (k,l) on antenna port p corresponds to the complex value a k,l   (p) . An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed. There is one resource grid per antenna port. The set of antenna ports supported depends on the reference signal configuration in the cell, and these aspects are discussed in more detail in 3GPP TS 36.211 v15.1.0 (2018 April) and/or 3GPP TS 38.211 v15.1.0 (2018 April). 
     In NR/5G implementations, DL and UL transmissions are organized into frames with 10 ms durations each of which includes ten 1 ms subframes. The number of consecutive OFDM symbols per subframe is N symb   subframe,μ =N symb   slot N slot   subframe,μ . Each frame is divided into two equally-sized half-frames of five subframes each with half-frame 0 comprising subframes 0-4 and half-frame 1 comprising subframes 5-9. There is one set of frames in the UL and one set of frames in the DL on a carrier. Uplink frame number i for transmission from the UE shall start T TA =(N TA +N TA,offset )T c  before the start of the corresponding downlink frame at the UE where N TA,offset  is given by 3GPP TS 38.213 v15.1.0 (2018 April). For subcarrier spacing configuration μ, slots are numbered n s   μ ∈{0, . . . , N slot   subframe,μ −1} in increasing order within a subframe and n s,f   μ ∈{0, . . . , N slot   frame,μ −1} in increasing order within a frame. There are N symb   slot  consecutive OFDM symbols in a slot where N symb   slot  depends on the cyclic prefix as given by tables 4.3.2-1 and 4.3.2-2 of 38.211 v15.1.0 (2018 April). The start of slot n s   μ  in a subframe is aligned in time with the start of OFDM symbol n s   μ N symb   slot  in the same subframe. OFDM symbols in a slot can be classified as ‘downlink’, ‘flexible’, or ‘uplink’, where downlink transmissions only occur in ‘downlink’ or ‘flexible’ symbols and the UEs  101  only transmit in ‘uplink’ or ‘flexible’ symbols. For each numerology and carrier, a resource grid of N grid,x   size,μ N sc   RB  subcarriers and N symb   subframe,μ  OFDM symbols is defined, starting at common RB N grid   start,μ  indicated by higher-layer signaling. There is one set of resource grids per transmission direction (i.e., uplink or downlink) with the subscript x set to DL for downlink and x set to UL for uplink. There is one resource grid for a given antenna port p, subcarrier spacing configuration μ, and transmission direction (i.e., downlink or uplink). An RB is defined as N sc   RB =12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain, and an RB may be a PRB or a VRB. A PRB for subcarrier configuration μ are defined within a BWP and numbered from 0 to N BWP,i   size,μ −1 where i is the number of the BWP. The relation between the physical resource block n PRB   μ  in BWPi and the common RB n CRB   μ  is given by n CRB   μ =n PRB   μ +N BWP,i   start,μ  where N BWP,i   start,μ  is the common RB where BWP starts relative to common RB 0. VRBs are defined within a BWP and numbered from 0 to N BWP,i   size −1 where i is the number of the BWP. 
     Each element in the resource grid for antenna port p and subcarrier spacing configuration μ is called an RE and is uniquely identified by (k,l) p,μ  where k is the index in the frequency domain and l refers to the symbol position in the time domain relative to some reference point. Resource element (k,l) p,μ  corresponds to a physical resource and the complex value a k,l   (p,μ) . An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed. Two antenna ports are said to be quasi co-located if the large-scale properties of the channel over which a symbol on one antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which a symbol on the other antenna port is conveyed. The large-scale properties include one or more of delay spread, Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average gain, average delay, and spatial Rx parameters. 
     A BWP is a subset of contiguous common resource blocks defined in subclause 4.4.4.3 of 3GPP TS 38.211 v15.1.0 (2018 April) for a given numerology μ i  in bandwidth part i on a given carrier. The starting position N BWP,i   start,μ  and the number of resource blocks N BWP,i   size,μ  in a bandwidth part shall fulfil N grid,x   start,μ ≤N BWP,i   start,μ &lt;N grid,x   start,μ +N grid,x   size,μ  and N grid,x   start,μ &lt;N BWP,i   start,μ +N BWP,i   size,μ ≤N grid,x   start,μ +N grid,x   size,μ , respectively. Configuration of a BWP is described in clause 12 of 3GPP TS 38.213 v15.1.0 (2018 April). The UEs  101  can be configured with up to four BWPs in the DL with a single DL BWP being active at a given time. The UEs  101  are not expected to receive PDSCH, PDCCH, or CSI-RS (except for RRM) outside an active BWP. The UEs  101  can be configured with up to four BWPs in the UL with a single UL BWP being active at a given time. If a UE  101  is configured with a supplementary UL, the UE  101  can be configured with up to four additional BWPs in the supplementary UL with a single supplementary UL BWP being active at a given time. The UEs  101  do not transmit PUSCH or PUCCH outside an active BWP, and for an active cell, the UEs do not transmit SRS outside an active BWP. 
     There are several different physical channels and physical signals that are conveyed using RBs and/or individual REs. A physical channel corresponds to a set of REs carrying information originating from higher layers. Physical UL channels may include PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH, and/or any other physical UL channel(s) discussed herein, and physical DL channels may include PDSCH, PBCH, PDCCH, and/or any other physical DL channel(s) discussed herein. A physical signal is used by the physical layer (e.g., PHY  710  of  FIG.  7   ) but does not carry information originating from higher layers. Physical UL signals may include DMRS, PTRS, SRS, and/or any other physical UL signal(s) discussed herein, and physical DL signals may include DMRS, PTRS, CSI-RS, PSS, SSS, and/or any other physical DL signal(s) discussed herein. 
     The PDSCH carries user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs  101 . Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE  101   b  within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes  111  based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs  101 . The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs  101 . The PDCCH uses CCEs to convey control information (e.g., DCI), and a set of CCEs may be referred to a “control region.” Control channels are formed by aggregation of one or more CCEs, where different code rates for the control channels are realized by aggregating different numbers of CCEs. The CCEs are numbered from 0 to N CCE,k −1, where N CCE,k −1 is the number of CCEs in the control region of subframe k. Before being mapped to REs, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical REs known as REGs. Four QPSK symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the DCI and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8 in LTE and L=1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 in NR). The UE  101  monitors a set of PDCCH candidates on one or more activated serving cells as configured by higher layer signaling for control information (e.g., DCI), where monitoring implies attempting to decode each of the PDCCHs (or PDCCH candidates) in the set according to all the monitored DCI formats (e.g., DCI formats 0 through 6-2 as discussed in section 5.3.3 of 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April), DCI formats 0_0 through 2_3 as discussed in section 7.3 of 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April), or the like). The UEs  101  monitor (or attempt to decode) respective sets of PDCCH candidates in one or more configured monitoring occasions according to the corresponding search space configurations. A DCI transports DL, UL, or SL scheduling information, requests for aperiodic CQI reports, LAA common information, notifications of MCCH change, UL power control commands for one cell and/or one RNTI, notification of a group of UEs  101  of a slot format, notification of a group of UEs of the PRB(s) and OFDM symbol(s) where UE may assume no transmission is intended for the UE, TPC commands for PUCCH and PUSCH, and/or TPC commands for PUCCH and PUSCH. The DCI coding steps are discussed in 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April). 
     As alluded to previously, the PDCCH can be used to schedule DL transmissions on PDSCH and UL transmissions on PUSCH. wherein the DCI on PDCCH includes, inter alia, downlink assignments containing at least modulation and coding format, resource allocation, and HARQ information related to DL-SCH; and/or uplink scheduling grants containing at least modulation and coding format, resource allocation, and HARQ information related to UL-SCH. In addition to scheduling, the PDCCH can be used to for activation and deactivation of configured PUSCH transmission(s) with configured grant; activation and deactivation of PDSCH semi-persistent transmission; notifying one or more UEs  101  of a slot format; notifying one or more UEs  101  of the PRB(s) and OFDM symbol(s) where a UE  101  may assume no transmission is intended for the UE; transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH and PUSCH; transmission of one or more TPC commands for SRS transmissions by one or more UEs; switching an active BWP for a UE  101 ; and initiating a random access procedure. 
     In NR implementations, the UEs  101  monitor (or attempt to decode) respective sets of PDCCH candidates in one or more configured monitoring occasions in one or more configured CORESETs according to the corresponding search space configurations. A CORESET may include a set of PRBs with a time duration of 1 to 3 OFDM symbols. A CORESET may additionally or alternatively include N RB   RESET  RBs in the frequency domain and N symb   CORESET ∈{1, 2, 3} symbols in the time domain. A CORESET includes six REGs numbered in increasing order in a time-first manner, wherein an REG equals one RB during one OFDM symbol. The UEs  101  can be configured with multiple CORESETS where each CORESET is associated with one CCE-to-REG mapping only. Interleaved and non-interleaved CCE-to-REG mapping are supported in a CORESET. Each REG carrying a PDCCH carries its own DMRS. 
     The UE  101 , upon detection of a PDCCH with a configured DCI (e.g., DCI format 0_0 or 0_1), transmits the corresponding PUSCH as indicated by that DCI. PUSCH transmission(s) can be dynamically scheduled by an UL grant in a DCI, or the transmission can correspond to a configured grant type including Type 1 or Type 2. The configured grant Type 1 PUSCH transmission is semi-statically configured to operate upon the reception of higher layer parameter of configuredGrantConfig including rrc-ConfiguredUplinkGrant without the detection of an UL grant in a DCI. The configured grant Type 2 PUSCH transmission is semi-persistently scheduled by an UL grant in a valid activation DCI after the reception of higher layer parameter configurdGrantConfig not including rrc-ConfiguredUplinkGrant. Various aspects of the procedures for transmitting PUSCH transmissions is discussed in more detail in section 6.1 of 3GPP TS 38.214 v15.1.0 (2018 April). 
     In NR implementations, DCI formats 0_0 and 0_1 are used for the scheduling of PUSCH in one cell. DCI format 0_1 includes, inter alia, a 0 to 3 bit carrier indicator as defined in subclause 10.1 of 3GPP TS 38.213 v15.1.0 (2018 April); a 0 to 2 bit BWP indicator as determined by the number of UL BWPs n BWP,RRC  configured by higher layers, excluding the initial UL bandwidth part, wherein the bitwidth for this field is determined as log 2 ┌(n BWP )┐ bits, where n BWP =n BWP,RRC +1 if n BWP,RRC ≤3, in which case the bandwidth part indicator is equivalent to the ascending order of the higher layer parameter BWP-Id, otherwise n BWP =n BWP,RRC , in which case the bandwidth part indicator is defined in table 7.3.1.1.2-1 of 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April); and an SRS resource indicator with 
                 ⌈       log   2     (       ∑     k   =   1       min   ⁢     {       L   max     ,     N   SRS       }         ⁢           ⁢     (           N   SRS             k         )       )     ⌉     ⁢           ⁢   or   ⁢           ⁢     ⌈       log   2     ⁡     (     N   SRS     )       ⌉     ⁢           ⁢   bits     ,         
where N SRS  is the number of configured SRS resources in the SRS resource set associated with the higher layer parameter usage of value ‘codeBook’ or ‘nonCodeBook’,
 
             ⌈       log   2     (       ∑     k   =   1       min   ⁢     {       L   max     ,     N   SRS       }         ⁢           ⁢     (           N   SRS             k         )       )     ⌉         
bits according to tables 7.3.1.1.2-28/29/30/31 of 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April) if the higher layer parameter txConfig=nonCodebook, where N SRS  is the number of configured SRS resources in the SRS resource set associated with the higher layer parameter usage of value ‘nonCodeBook’ and if the UE  101  supports operation with maxMIMO-Layers and the higher layer parameter maxMIMO-Layers of PUSCH-ServingCellConfig of the serving cell is configured, L max  is given by that parameter, otherwise, L max  is given by the maximum number of layers for PUSCH supported by the UE for the serving cell for non-codebook based operation, ┌ log 2 (N SRS )┐ bits according to table 7.3.1.1.2-32 of 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April) if the higher layer parameter txConfig=codebook, where N SRS  is the number of configured SRS resources in the SRS resource set associated with the higher layer parameter usage of value ‘codeBook’.
 
     Additionally, DCI formats 1_0 and 1_1 are used for the scheduling of PDSCH in one cell. DCI format 1_1 includes, inter alia, a carrier indicator of 0 to 3 bits as defined in subclause 10.1 of 3GPP TS 38.213 v15.1.0 (2018 April); a 0 to 2 bit BWP indicator as determined by the number of DL BWPs n BWP,RRC  configured by higher layers, excluding the initial DL bandwidth part, wherein the bitwidth for this field is determined as log 2 ┌(n BWP )┌ bits, where n BWP =n BWP,RRC +1 if n BWP,RRC ≤3, in which case the bandwidth part indicator is equivalent to the ascending order of the higher layer parameter BWP-Id, otherwise n BWP =n BWP,RRC , in which case the bandwidth part indicator is defined in table 7.3.1.1.2-1 of 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April); a PUCCH resource indicator, which includes 3 bits as defined by subclause 9.2.3 of 3GPP TS 38.213 v15.1.0 (2018 April); and an SRS request having 2 bits and is defined by table 7.3.1.1.2-24 of 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April) for UEs  101  not configured with supplementaryUplink in ServingCellConfig in the cell, 3 bits for UEs  101  configured with supplementaryUplink in ServingCellConfig in the cell where the first bit is the non-SUL/SUL indicator as defined in table 7.3.1.1.1-1 of 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April) and the second and third bits are defined by table 7.3.1.1.2-24 of 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April). This bit field may also indicate the associated CSI-RS according to subclause 6.1.1.2 of 3GPP TS 38.214 v15.1.0 (2018 April). 
     The UE  101  may be configured with one or more SRS resource sets as configured by the higher layer parameter SRS-ResourceSet. For each SRS resource set, the UE  101  may be configured with K≥1 SRS resources via higher layer parameter SRS-Resource, where the maximum value of K is indicated by UE capability (see e.g., 3GPP TS 38.306 v15.1.0 (2018 April)). An SRS resource is configured by the SRS-Resource IE and comprises N ap   SRS ∈{1, 2, 4} antenna ports {p i } i=0   N     ap       SRS     −1 , where the number of antenna ports is given by the higher layer parameter nrofSRS-Ports, p i =1000+i when the SRS resource is in a SRS resource set with higher-layer parameter usage in SRS-ResourceSet not set to ‘nonCodebook’, or determined according to 3GPP TS 38.214 v15.1.0 (2018 April) when the SRS resource is in a SRS resource set with higher-layer parameter usage in SRS-ResourceSet set to ‘nonCodebook’; N symb   SRS ∈{1, 2, 4} consecutive OFDM symbols given by the field nrofSymbols contained in the higher layer parameter resourceMapping; l 0 , the starting position in the time domain given by l 0 =N symb   slot −1−l offset  where the offset l offset ∈{0, 1, . . . , 5} counts symbols backwards from the end of the slot and is given by the field startPosition contained in the higher layer parameter resourceMapping and l offset ≥N symb   SRS −1; and k 0  is the frequency-domain starting position of the sounding reference signal. 
     An individual SRS resource can be used for different purposes: codebook based transmission, non-codebook based transmission, beam management, and/or antenna switching. Different SRS resources can have a different configurations of resource mapping pattern including frequency offset, comb and number of symbols, antenna port(s), and time domain behavior (e.g., periodic, aperiodic, or SPS) based transmission) by RRC signaling. Currently, only two SRS resources are supported for codebook based transmissions and only four SRS resources are supported for non-codebook based transmissions, wherein only one SRS resource set is supported for each transmission scheme. Further, the SRS beam can only be updated using RRC signaling, which has a relatively large latency. Therefore, the latency for PUSCH/SRS beam management is relatively high while the number of candidate beams is relatively small. Therefore, one issue is to reduce the beam management latency and increase the flexibility for uplink beam indication for PUSCH and SRS. PUCCH beams can be updated based on MAC CEs, which have a lower latency than RRC signaling. Currently, a gNB  111  can indicate one of 8 beams per PUCCH resource using a MAC CE. Further, UL power control is performed on a per-beam basis, where the power control parameters for PUSCH can be configured based on the indicated SRI and power control parameters for SRS are configured per SRS resource set. Therefore, some enhancements for UL power control could be necessary if UL beam management is enhanced. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example PUSCH beam management procedure  200  according to various embodiments. Procedure  200  begins at operation  205  where an RRC (re)configuration is performed between a RAN node  111  and UE  101  for all SRS resources for codebook or non-codebook based transmissions. As shown by  FIG.  2   , the SRS resources include a set of beams  250  for all RRC configured SRS resources. At operation  210 , the RAN node  111  signals/transmits a MAC CE to update, reconfigure, or otherwise indicate a subset of the RRC configured SRS resources for the codebook or non-codebook based transmission(s). In this example, the MAC CE indicates beams (of BWPs)  251 ,  252 ,  253 , and  254  from the set of beams  250 . The beams  251 - 254  may be referred to as a “subset of beams,” “beam subset,” “subset of SRS resources,” “candidate SRS resources,” or the like. In embodiments, to indicate the beam subset, the MAC CE may include an SRS resource ID of each SRS resource in the beam subset, an SRI of each SRS resource in the beam subset, or a spatial relation info parameter of each SRS resource in the beam subset. At operation  215 , the RAN node  111  signals/transmits a DCI message to indicate a selected SRS beam to be used for PUSCH transmission or SRS transmission. In the example of  FIG.  2   , the DCI message indicates an SRS resource corresponding to beam  251 . In embodiments, to indicate the selected SRS resource, the DCI message may include an SRS resource ID of the selected SRS resource, an SRI of the selected SRS resource, or a spatial relation info parameter of the selected SRS resource. 
     In various embodiments, procedure  200  may be used to reduce latency for PUSCH beam management and power control configuration. In a first PUSCH embodiment, the RAN node  111  configures a group of SRS resources for a current transmission scheme (e.g., codebook or non-codebook) using RRC signaling at operation  205 , and then uses the MAC CE to down-select a subset of the configured SRS resources at operation  210 . The SRS resources may be configured via the higher layer parameter SRS-ResourceSet in the RRC message sent at operation  205 . The number of RRC configured SRS resources for codebook or non-codebook based transmission may be extended to N, and as an example, N=8, 16, 32, or 64. The SRS resources can be transmitted in one or more resource sets. The MAC CE obtained by the UE  101  at operation  210  may indicate M number of candidate SRS resources, and as an example, M=8. The MAC CE may include one or more of the following parameters: CC index, BWP ID, and one or more SRS resource IDs, which may be labeled SRS resource ID 0, SRS resource ID 1, and so forth to SRS resource ID M-1. At operation  215 , the RAN node  111  sends a DCI, which indicates one of the SRS resources that were updated or changed by the MAC CE. In other words, the SRS resource ID included in the DCI is used to indicate the Tx beam for PUSCH. 
     In a second PUSCH embodiment, the spatial relation info is configured via RRC at operation  205 , and the MAC CE obtained by the UE  101  at operation  210  includes a spatial relation info for each SRI in the beam subset. In the second PUSCH embodiment, there can be N spatial relation info parameters (e.g., higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo) configured by the RRC message at operation  205 . The spatial relation info for each SRI may be based on SSB, CSI-RS, and/or SRS. The MAC CE obtained at operation  210  may include one or more of a CC index, BWP ID, and Spatial Relation Info when SRI=0, Spatial Relation Info when SRI=1, and so forth to Spatial Relation Info when SRI=M−1. In this example, M is the number of candidate SRS resources and/or SRIs, or the number of beams in the beam subset. 
     In the first and second PUSCH embodiments, the CC index and BWP ID may be configured on a per-MAC CE basis, on a per-SRS resource ID basis, or on a per-SRI basis. Additionally, the spatial relation info indicated by the DCI obtained at operation  215  is a Tx beam indication for the UE  101 . The SRS Resource Index field in the DCI can be selected from the M candidate SRS resources, where the SRS Resource Index field may be ┌ log 2  M┐ bits in length or some other length as discussed herein. Furthermore, the numbers N and M may be pre-defined, configured by higher layer signaling, and/or based on a UE reported capabilities. 
     In a third PUSCH embodiment, MAC CE in the first or second PUSCH embodiments is/are used to update or change uplink power control parameters. As the power control parameters set may be tied to each SRI in the DCI, when candidate SRS resources are updated by the MAC CE at operation  210 , a power control parameters set may also be updated using the same MAC CE. In this embodiment, the power control parameters set may include information such as P0 and alpha, RS for pathloss estimation, and closed loop power control index. For example, the MAC CE may include one or more of the following elements/parameters: P0 and alpha set ID when SRI=0, P0 and alpha set ID when SRI=1, and so forth to P0 and alpha set ID when SRI=M−1; Pathloss reference RS ID when SRI=0, Pathloss reference RS ID when SRI=1, and so forth to Pathloss reference RS when SRI=M−1; and Closed-loop index when SRI=0, Closed-loop index when SRI=1, and so forth to Closed-loop index when SRI=M−1. In this embodiment, P0 and alpha is/are used to calculate the transmission power, and the Pathloss reference RS ID is/are used to measure the DL RSRP. In this way, the UE  101  can derive the path loss based on the RSRP as well as the transmission power. 
     In various embodiments, procedure  200  may be used to reduce latency for SRS beam management and power control. In these embodiments, the MAC CE obtained at operation  210  is used to update SRS beams including periodic and/or aperiodic SRS beams. This is in contrast to existing solutions for periodic SRS and aperiodic SRS that require RRC reconfiguration to update periodic SRS and aperiodic SRS beam, which has a relatively large latency. 
     In a first SRS embodiment, the MAC CE obtained at operation  210  is used to update the beam for each configured SRS resource. In the first SRS embodiment, the MAC CE can include one or more of the following information/parameters: CC index; BWP ID; Spatial Relation Info 0, Spatial Relation Info 1, and so forth, to Spatial Relation Info M−1; and/or SRS resource ID 0, SRS resource ID 1, and so forth, to SRS resource ID M−1. In this embodiment, M is the number of candidate SRS resources and/or SRIs, or the number of beams in the beam subset. 
     In a second SRS embodiment, the MAC CE obtained at operation  210  is used to update the beam(s) for all SRS resources in a particular SRS resource set. In this embodiment, the MAC CE can include one or more of the following information/parameters: CC index; BWP ID; Spatial Relation Info for SRS resource 0 in the set, Spatial Relation Info for SRS resource 1 in the set, and so forth, to Spatial Relation Info for SRS resource M−1 in the set; and/or an SRS resource set ID. 
     In a third SRS embodiment, the MAC CE obtained at operation  210  is used to update a power control parameters set for individual SRS resource sets. In this embodiment, the MAC CE can include one or more of the following parameters for each SRS resource set: CC index; BWP ID; P0 and alpha set ID; Pathloss reference RS ID; closed-loop index; and SRS resource set ID. In this embodiment, the P0 and alpha set ID is used to calculate the transmission power, and the Pathloss reference RS ID is used to measure the DL RSRP, which allow the UE  101  to derive the path loss based on the RSRP and the transmission power. 
     In any of the aforementioned embodiments, the beam indication for PUSCH/SRS and power control parameters/configurations can be indicated by one MAC CE at operation  210 , or using two independent MAC CEs. Further, the spatial relation info in the aforementioned embodiments may include more than one reference signal resource, where the reference signal may be SSB, CSI-RS, or SRS. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  1   , as mentioned previously, an individual SRS resource can be used for codebook based transmission, non-codebook based transmission, beam management, and/or antenna switching. In NR implementations, beam management refers to a set of L1/L2 procedures to acquire and maintain a set of TRxP(s)  111  and/or UE  101  beams that can be used for DL and UL transmission including beam determination (i.e., the TRxP  111  or UE  101  ability to select of its own Tx/Rx beams); beam measurement (i.e., the TRxP  111  or UE  101  ability to measure characteristics of received beamformed signals and/or one or more reference signals); beam reporting (i.e., UE  101  ability to report information of beamformed signal(s) based on beam measurement(s)); and beam sweeping (i.e., operation(s) of covering a spatial area with beams transmitted and/or received during a time interval in a predetermined manner). 
     As mentioned previously, the UE  101  may be configured with one or more SRS resource sets as configured by the higher layer parameter SRS-ResourceSet where the UE  101  may be configured with K≥1 SRS resources for each SRS resource set via higher layer parameter SRS-Resource, wherein the maximum value of K is indicated by UE capability (see e.g., 3GPP TS 38.306 v15.1.0 (2018 April)). The SRS resource set applicability is configured by the higher layer parameter usage in SRS-ResourceSet. When the higher layer parameter usage is set to ‘beamManagement’, only one SRS resource in each of multiple SRS sets may be transmitted at a given time instant, but the SRS resources in different SRS resource sets with the same time domain behaviour in the same BWP may be transmitted simultaneously. 
     For aperiodic SRS at least one state of the DCI field is used to select at least one out of the configured SRS resource set(s). The following SRS parameters are semi-statically configurable by higher layer parameter SRS-Resource: srs-ResourceId determines SRS resource configuration identify; Number of SRS ports as defined by the higher layer parameter nrofSRS-Ports; Time domain behaviour of SRS resource configuration as indicated by the higher layer parameter resource Type, which can be periodic, semi-persistent, aperiodic SRS transmission; Slot level periodicity and slot level offset as defined by the higher layer parameters periodicityAndOffset-p or periodicityAndOffset-sp for an SRS resource of type periodic or semi-persistent, wherein the UE  101  does not expect to be configured with SRS resources in the same SRS resource set SRS-ResourceSet with different slot level periodicities, and for an SRS-ResourceSet configured with higher layer parameter resource Type set to ‘aperiodic’, a slot level offset is defined by the higher layer parameter slotOffset; Number of OFDM symbols in the SRS resource, starting OFDM symbol of the SRS resource within a slot including repetition factor R as defined by the higher layer parameter resourceMapping; SRS bandwidth B SRS  and C SRS , as defined by the higher layer parameter freqHopping; Frequency hopping bandwidth, b hop , as defined by the higher layer parameter freqHopping; Defining frequency domain position and configurable shift as defined by the higher layer parameters freqDomainPosition and freqDomainShift, respectively; Cyclic shift, as defined by the higher layer parameter cyclicShift-n2 or cyclicShift-n4 for transmission comb value 2 and 4, respectively; Transmission comb value as defined by the higher layer parameter transmissionComb; Transmission comb offset as defined by the higher layer parameter combOffset-n2 or combOffset-n4 for transmission comb value 2 or 4, respectively; SRS sequence ID as defined by the higher layer parameter sequenceId; the configuration of the spatial relation between a reference RS and the target SRS, where the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo, if configured, contains the ID of the reference RS, wherein the reference RS can be an SS/PBCH block, CSI-RS configured on serving cell indicated by higher layer parameter servingCellId if present, same serving cell as the target SRS otherwise, or an SRS configured on uplink BWP indicated by the higher layer parameter uplinkBWP, and serving cell indicated by the higher layer parameter servingCellId if present, same serving cell as the target SRS otherwise. 
     The UE  101  may be configured by the higher layer parameter resourceMapping in SRS-Resource with an SRS resource occupying N S ∈{1, 2, 4} adjacent symbols within the last 6 symbols of the slot, where all antenna ports of the SRS resources are mapped to each symbol of the resource. When PUSCH and SRS are transmitted in the same slot, the UE  101  can only be configured to transmit SRS after the transmission of the PUSCH and the corresponding DM-RS. When the UE  101  is configured with one or more SRS resource configuration(s), and when the higher layer parameter resourceType in SRS-Resource is set to ‘periodic’, and if the UE  101  is configured with the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo containing the ID of a reference ‘ssb-Index’, the UE  101  transmits the target SRS resource with the same spatial domain transmission filter used for the reception of the reference SS/PBCH block. If the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo contains the ID of a reference ‘csi-RS-Index’, the UE  101  transmits the target SRS resource with the same spatial domain transmission filter used for the reception of the reference periodic CSI-RS or of the reference semi-persistent CSI-RS. If the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo containing the ID of a reference ‘srs’, the UE  101  transmits the target SRS resource with the same spatial domain transmission filter used for the transmission of the reference periodic SRS. 
     When the UE  101  is configured with one or more SRS resource configuration(s), when the higher layer parameter resourceType in SRS-Resource is set to ‘semi-persistent’, when the UE  101  receives an activation command (e.g., a DCI) for an SRS resource, and when the HARQ-ACK corresponding to the PDSCH carrying the selection command is transmitted in slot n, the corresponding actions and the UE assumptions on SRS transmission corresponding to the configured SRS resource set are applied starting from slot n+3N slot   subframe,μ +1. The activation command also contains spatial relation assumptions provided by a list of references to reference signal IDs, one per element of the activated SRS resource set. Each ID in the list refers to a reference SS/PBCH block, NZP CSI-RS resource configured on serving cell indicated by Resource Serving Cell ID field in the activation command if present, same serving cell as the SRS resource set otherwise, or SRS resource configured on serving cell and uplink bandwidth part indicated by Resource Serving Cell ID field and Resource BWP ID field in the activation command if present, same serving cell and bandwidth part as the SRS resource set otherwise. 
     If an SRS resource in the activated resource set is configured with the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo, the UE  101  assumes that the ID of the reference signal in the activation command overrides the one configured in spatialRelationInfo. 
     When the UE  101  receives a deactivation command for an activated SRS resource set, and when the HARQ-ACK corresponding to the PDSCH carrying the selection command is transmitted in slot n, the corresponding actions and UE assumption(s) on cessation of SRS transmission corresponding to the deactivated SRS resource set are applied starting from slot n+3N slot   subframe,μ +1. 
     If the UE  101  is configured with the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo containing the ID of a reference ‘ssb-Index’, the UE  101  transmits the target SRS resource with the same spatial domain transmission filter used for the reception of the reference SS/PBCH block. If the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo contains the ID of a reference ‘csi-RS-Index’, the UE  101  transmits the target SRS resource with the same spatial domain transmission filter used for the reception of the reference periodic CSI-RS or of the reference semi-persistent CSI-RS. If the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo contains the ID of a reference ‘srs’, the UE  101  transmits the target SRS resource with the same spatial domain transmission filter used for the transmission of the reference periodic SRS or of the reference semi-persistent SRS. If the UE  101  has an active semi-persistent SRS resource configuration and has not received a deactivation command, the semi-persistent SRS configuration is considered to be active in the UL BWP which is active, otherwise it is considered suspended. 
     When the UE  101  is configured with one or more SRS resource configuration(s), and when the higher layer parameter resource Type in SRS-Resource is set to ‘aperiodic’, the UE  101  receives a configuration of SRS resource sets, and/or the UE  101  receives a downlink DCI, a group common DCI, or an uplink DCI based command where a codepoint of the DCI may trigger one or more SRS resource set(s). For SRS in a resource set with usage set to ‘codebook’ or ‘antennaSwitching’, the minimal time interval between the last symbol of the PDCCH triggering the aperiodic SRS transmission and the first symbol of SRS resource is N2, for which the minimal time interval in units of OFDM symbols is counted based on the minimum subcarrier spacing between the PDCCH and the aperiodic SRS. Otherwise, the minimal time interval between the last symbol of the PDCCH triggering the aperiodic SRS transmission and the first symbol of SRS resource is N 2 +14. 
     If the UE  101  receives a DCI triggering aperiodic SRS in slot n, the UE  101  transmits aperiodic SRS in each of the triggered SRS resource set(s) in slot 
               ⌊     n   ·       2     μ   SRS         2     μ   PDCCH           ⌋     ,         
where k is configured via higher layer parameter slotoffset for each triggered SRS resources set and is based on the subcarrier spacing of the triggered SRS transmission, μ SRS  and μ PDCCH  are the subcarrier spacing configurations for triggered SRS and PDCCH carrying the triggering command respectively.
 
     If the UE  101  is configured with the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo containing the ID of a reference ‘ssb-Index’, the UE  101  transmits the target SRS resource with the same spatial domain transmission filter used for the reception of the reference SS/PBCH block. If the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo contains the ID of a reference ‘csi-RS-Index’, the UE  101  transmits the target SRS resource with the same spatial domain transmission filter used for the reception of the reference periodic CSI-RS or of the reference semi-persistent CSI-RS, or of the latest reference aperiodic CSI-RS. If the higher layer parameter spatialRelationInfo contains the ID of a reference ‘srs’, the UE  101  transmits the target SRS resource with the same spatial domain transmission filter used for the transmission of the reference periodic SRS or of the reference semi-persistent SRS or of the reference aperiodic SRS. 
     The UE  101  is not expected to be configured with different time domain behavior for SRS resources in the same SRS resource set. The UE is also not expected to be configured with different time domain behavior between SRS resource and associated SRS resources set. The 2-bit SRS request field in DCI format 0_1, 1_1 indicates the triggered SRS resource set, and the 2-bit SRS request field in DCI format 2_3 indicates the triggered SRS resource set. If the UE  101  is configured with higher layer parameter srs-TPC-PDCCH-Group set to ‘typeB’, or indicates the SRS transmission on a set of serving cells configured by higher layers if the UE is configured with higher layer parameter srs-TPC-PDCCH-Group set to ‘typeA’. 
     For PUCCH and SRS on the same carrier, the UE  101  does not transmit SRS when semi-persistent and periodic SRS are configured in the same symbol(s) with PUCCH carrying only CSI report(s), or only L1-RSRP report(s). The UE  101  does not transmit an SRS when semi-persistent or periodic SRS is configured or aperiodic SRS is triggered to be transmitted in the same symbol(s) with PUCCH carrying HARQ-ACK and/or SR. In the case that SRS is not transmitted due to overlap with PUCCH, only the SRS symbol(s) that overlap with PUCCH symbol(s) are dropped. The PUCCH is not transmitted when aperiodic SRS is triggered to be transmitted to overlap in the same symbol with PUCCH carrying semi-persistent/periodic CSI report(s) or semi-persistent/periodic L1-RSRP report(s) only. 
     In case of intra-band carrier aggregation or in inter-band CA band-band combination where simultaneous SRS and PUCCH/PUSCH transmissions are not allowed, the UE  101  is not expected to be configured with SRS from a carrier and PUSCH/UL DM-RS/UL PT-RS/PUCCH formats from a different carrier in the same symbol. In case of intra-band carrier aggregation or in inter-band CA band-band combination where simultaneous SRS and PRACH transmissions are not allowed, the UE  101  does not transmit simultaneously SRS resource(s) from a carrier and PRACH from a different carrier. 
     In case a SRS resource with SRS-resource Type set as ‘aperiodic’ is triggered on the OFDM symbol configured with periodic/semi-persistent SRS transmission, the UE  101  transmits the aperiodic SRS resource and not transmit the periodic/semi-persistent SRS resource(s) overlapping within the symbol(s). In case a SRS resource with SRS-resource Type set as ‘semi-persistent’ is triggered on the OFDM symbol configured with periodic SRS transmission, the UE  101  transmits the semi-persistent SRS resource and not transmit the periodic SRS resource(s) overlapping within the symbol(s). When the UE  101  is configured with the higher layer parameter usage in SRS-ResourceSet set to ‘antennaSwitching,’ and a guard period of Y symbols is configured, the UE  101  uses the same priority rules as defined above during the guard period as if SRS was configured. 
     As alluded to previously, two transmission schemes are supported for PUSCH including a codebook based transmission scheme and non-codebook based transmission scheme. The UE  101  is configured with the codebook based transmission scheme when the higher layer (e.g., RRC) parameter txConfig in pusch-Config is set to ‘codebook’, and the UE  101  is configured for the non-codebook based transmission scheme when the higher layer parameter txConfig is set to ‘nonCodebook’. If the higher layer parameter txConfig is not configured, the UE  101  is not expected to be scheduled by DCI format 0_1. If PUSCH is scheduled by DCI format 0_0, the PUSCH transmission is based on a single antenna port, and the UE  101  does not expect PUSCH scheduled by DCI format 0_0 in a BWP without configured PUCCH resource with PUCCH-SpatialRelationInfo in frequency range 2 in RRC connected mode. 
     For codebook based transmission, the PUSCH is scheduled by DCI format 0_0, DCI format 0_1, or semi-statically configured to operate. If the PUSCH is scheduled by DCI format 0_1, or semi-statically configured to operate, the UE  101  determines its PUSCH transmission precoder based on SRI, TPMI and the transmission rank, where the SRI, TPMI and the transmission rank are provided the SRS resource indicator field and the precoding information and number of layers field of the DCI, or given by the higher layer parameters srs-ResourceIndicator and precodingAndNumberOfLayers. The TPMI is used to indicate the precoder to be applied over the antenna ports and/or layers {0 . . . v−1} and that corresponds to the SRS resource selected by the SRI when multiple SRS resources are configured, or if a single SRS resource is configured TPMI is used to indicate the precoder to be applied over the antenna ports and/or layers {0 . . . v−1} and that corresponds to the SRS resource. The transmission precoder is selected from the uplink codebook that has a number of antenna ports equal to higher layer parameter nrofSRS-Ports in SRS-Config. When the UE  101  is configured with the higher layer parameter txConfig set to ‘codebook’, the UE  101  is configured with at least one SRS resource. The indicated SRI in slot n is associated with the most recent transmission of SRS resource identified by the SRI, where the SRS resource is prior to the PDCCH carrying the SRI. In some embodiments, the SRS resource is prior to the PDCCH carrying the SRI before slot n. 
     For codebook based transmissions, the UE  101  determines its codebook subsets based on TPMI and upon the reception of higher layer parameter codebookSubset in pusch-Config which may be configured with ‘fullyAndPartialAndNonCoherent’, ‘partialAndNonCoherent’, or ‘nonCoherent’ depending on the UE capability. The maximum transmission rank may be configured by the higher parameter maxRank in pusch-Config. When the UE  101  reports a UE capability of ‘partialAndNonCoherent’ transmission, the UE  101  does not expect to be configured by codebookSubset with ‘fullyAndPartialAndNonCoherent’. When the UE  101  reports a UE capability of ‘nonCoherent’ transmission, the UE  101  does not expect to be configured by codebookSubset with ‘fullyAndPartialAndNonCoherent’ or with ‘partialAndNonCoherent’. The UE  101  does not expect to be configured with the higher layer parameter codebookSubset set to ‘partialAndNonCoherent’ when higher layer parameter nrofSRS-Ports in an SRS-ResourceSet with usage set to ‘codebook’ indicates that two SRS antenna ports are configured. 
     For codebook based transmissions, the UE  101  may be configured with a single SRS-ResourceSet with usage set to ‘codebook’ and only one SRS resource can be indicated based on the SRI from within the SRS resource set. The maximum number of configured SRS resources for codebook based transmission is 2. If aperiodic SRS is configured for the UE  101 , the SRS request field in the DCI triggers the transmission of aperiodic SRS resources. The UE  101  transmits PUSCH using the same antenna port(s) as the SRS port(s) in the SRS resource indicated by the DCI format 0_1 or by configuredGrantConfig. When multiple SRS resources are configured by SRS-ResourceSet with usage set to ‘codebook’, the UE  101  is to expect that higher layer parameters nrofSRS-Ports in SRS-Resource in SRS-ResourceSet shall be configured with the same value for all these SRS resources. 
     The SRS request field in DCI format 0_1 and 1_1 is 2 bits as defined by table 1 for UEs  101  not configured with SUL in the cell; 3 bits for UEs  101  configured SUL in the cell where the first bit is the non-SUL/SUL indicator and the second and third bits are defined by table 1. This bit field may also indicate the associated CSI-RS as discussed elsewhere herein. Additionally, DCI format 2_3 may also have a 2 bit SRS request field as defined by table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SRS request 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Triggered aperiodic SRS resource 
                 Triggered aperiodic SRS resource 
               
               
                 Value 
                 set(s) for DCI format 0_1, 1_0, and 
                 set(s) for DCI format 
               
               
                 of SRS 
                 2_3 configured with higher layer 
                 2_3 configured with higher layer 
               
               
                 request 
                 parameter srs-TPC-PDCCH-Group 
                 parameter srs-TPC-PDCCH-Group 
               
               
                 field 
                 set to ‘typeB’ 
                 set to ‘typeA’ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 00 
                 No aperiodic SRS resource set 
                 No aperiodic SRS resource set 
               
               
                   
                 triggered 
                 triggered 
               
               
                 01 
                 SRS resource set(s) configured with 
                 SRS resource set(s) configured with 
               
               
                   
                 higher layer parameter aperiodicSRS- 
                 higher layer parameter SRS-SetUse set 
               
               
                   
                 ResourceTrigger set to 1 
                 to ‘antenna switching’ and resourceType 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in SRS-ResourceSet set to ‘aperiodic’ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for a 1 st  set of serving cells configured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 by higher layers 
               
               
                 10 
                 SRS resource set(s) configured with 
                 SRS resource set(s) configured with 
               
               
                   
                 higher layer parameter aperiodicSRS- 
                 higher layer parameter SRS-SetUse set 
               
               
                   
                 ResourceTrigger set to 2 
                 to ‘antenna switching’ and resourceType 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in SRS-ResourceSet set to ‘aperiodic’ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for a 2 nd  set of serving cells configured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 by higher layers 
               
               
                 11 
                 SRS resource set(s) configured with 
                 SRS resource set(s) configured with 
               
               
                   
                 higher layer parameter aperiodicSRS- 
                 higher layer parameter SRS-SetUse set 
               
               
                   
                 ResourceTrigger set to 3 
                 to ‘antenna switching’ and resourceType 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in SRS-ResourceSet set to ‘aperiodic’ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for a 3 rd  set of serving cells configured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 by higher layers 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For non-codebook based transmission, PUSCH can be scheduled by DCI format 0_0, DCI format 0_1, or semi-statically configured to operate. The UE  101  can determine its PUSCH precoder and transmission rank based on the SRI when multiple SRS resources are configured, where the SRI is given by the SRS resource indicator in DCI, or the SRI is given by srs-ResourceIndicator. The UE  101  uses one or multiple SRS resources for SRS transmission, where, in a SRS resource set, the maximum number of SRS resources which can be configured to the UE for simultaneous transmission in the same symbol and the maximum number of SRS resources are UE capabilities. Only one SRS port for each SRS resource is configured. Only one SRS resource set can be configured with higher layer parameter usage in SRS-ResourceSet set to ‘nonCodebook’. The maximum number of SRS resources that can be configured for non-codebook based uplink transmission is 4. The indicated SRI in slot n is associated with the most recent transmission of SRS resource(s) identified by the SRI, where the SRS transmission is prior to the PDCCH carrying the SRI. In some embodiments, the SRS transmission is prior to the PDCCH carrying the SRI before slot n. 
     For non-codebook based transmission, the UE  101  can calculate the precoder used for the transmission of SRS based on measurement of an associated NZP CSI-RS resource. The UE  101  can be configured with only one NZP CSI-RS resource for the SRS resource set with higher layer parameter usage in SRS-ResourceSet set to ‘nonCodebook’ if configured. 
     If aperiodic SRS resource set is configured, the associated NZP-CSI-RS is indicated via SRS request field in DCI format 0_1 and 1_1, where AperiodicSRS-ResourceTrigger indicates the association between aperiodic SRS triggering state and SRS resource sets, triggered SRS resource(s) srs-ResourceSetId, csi-RS indicating the associated NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceId are higher layer configured in SRS-ResourceSet. The UE  101  is not expected to update the SRS precoding information if the gap from the last symbol of the reception of the aperiodic NZP-CSI-RS resource and the first symbol of the aperiodic SRS transmission is less than 42 OFDM symbols. 
     If the UE  101  is configured with aperiodic SRS associated with aperiodic NZP CSI-RS resource, the presence of the associated CSI-RS is indicated by the SRS request field if the value of the SRS request field is not ‘00’ and if the scheduling DCI is not used for cross carrier or cross bandwidth part scheduling. The CSI-RS is located in the same slot as the SRS request field. If the UE configured with aperiodic SRS associated with aperiodic NZP CSI-RS resource, any of the TCI states configured in the scheduled CC shall not be configured with ‘QCL-TypeD’. 
     If periodic or semi-persistent SRS resource set is configured, the NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID for measurement is indicated via higher layer parameter associated CSI-RS in SRS-ResourceSet. The UE  101  performs one-to-one mapping from the indicated SRI(s) to the indicated DM-RS ports(s) and their corresponding PUSCH layers {0 . . . v−1} given by DCI format 0_1 or by configuredGrantConfig in increasing order. The UE  101  transmits PUSCH using the same antenna ports as the SRS port(s) in the SRS resource(s) indicated by SRI(s) given by DCI format 0_1 or by configuredGrantConfig, where the SRS port in (i+1)-th SRS resource in the SRS resource set is indexed as p i =1000+i. 
     For non-codebook based transmission, the UE  101  does not expect to be configured with both spatialRelationInfo for SRS resource and associated CSI-RS in SRS-ResourceSet for SRS resource set. For non-codebook based transmission, the UE  101  can be scheduled with DCI format 0_1 when at least one SRS resource is configured in SRS-ResourceSet with usage set to ‘nonCodebook’. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  1   , the RAN nodes  111  may be configured to communicate with one another via interface  112 . In embodiments where the system  100  is an LTE system (e.g., when CN  120  is an EPC  120 ), the interface  112  may be an X2 interface  112 . The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes  111  (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to EPC  120 , and/or between two eNBs connecting to EPC  120 . In some implementations, the X2 interface may include an X2-U and an X2-C. The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface, and may be used to communicate information about the delivery of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from an MeNB to an SeNB; information about successful in sequence delivery of PDCP PDUs to a UE  101  from an SeNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE  101 ; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the SeNB for transmitting to the UE user data; and the like. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs, user plane transport control, etc.; load management functionality; as well as inter-cell interference coordination functionality. 
     In embodiments where the system  100  is a 5G or NR system (e.g., when CN  120  is an 5GC  120 ), the interface  112  may be an Xn interface  112 . The Xn interface is defined between two or more RAN nodes  111  (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to 5GC  120 , between a RAN node  111  (e.g., a gNB) connecting to 5GC  120  and an eNB, and/or between two eNBs connecting to 5GC  120 . In some implementations, the Xn interface may include an Xn-U interface and an Xn-C interface. The Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support for UE  101  in a CM-CONNECTED mode including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes  111 . The mobility support may include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAN node  111  to new (target) serving RAN node  111 ; and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node  111  to new (target) serving RAN node  111 . A protocol stack of the Xn-U may include a transport network layer built on IP transport layer, and a GTP-U layer on top of a UDP and/or IP layer(s) to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack may include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as XnAP) and a transport network layer that is built on SCTP. The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer, and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point-to-point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack and/or the Xn-C protocol stack may be same or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein. 
     The RAN  110  is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network—in this embodiment, CN  120 . The CN  120  may comprise one or more network elements  122 , which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs  101 ) who are connected to the CN  120  via the RAN  110 . The CN  120  includes one or more servers  122 , which may implement various core network elements or AFs such as those discussed herein. The components of the CN  120  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN  120  may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN  120  may be referred to as a network sub-slice. NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions. 
     In embodiments where the CN  120  is an EPC  120 , the one or more network elements  122  may include or operate one or more MMEs, SGSNs, S-GWs, P-GWs, HSSs, PCRFs, and/or other like LTE core network elements. Additionally, the RAN  110  (referred to as “E-UTRAN  110 ” or the like) may be connected with the EPC  120  via an S1 interface  113 . In embodiments, the S1 interface  113  may be split into two parts, an S1-U interface  114 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  111  and the S-GW, and the S1-MME interface  115 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  111  and MMES. Additionally, the P-GW within the EPC  120  may route data packets between the EPC  120  and external networks such as a network including a PDN  130  via an IP interface  125 . The PDN  130  may be an operator external public, a private PDN (e.g., enterprise network, etc.), or an intra-operator PDN (e.g., for provision of IMS and/or IP-CAN services). 
     In embodiments where the CN  120  is a 5GC  120 , the network elements  122  may implement, inter alia, an AUSF, AMF, SMF, NEF, PCF, NRF, UDM, AF, UPF, SMSF, N3IWF, NSSF and/or other like NR NFs. Additionally, the RAN  110  (referred to as “5G-RAN  110 ,” “NG-RAN  110 ,” or the like) may be connected with the 5GC  120  via an NG interface  113 . In these embodiments, the NG interface  113  may be split into two parts, an NG-U interface  114 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  111  and a UPF, and the NG-C interface  115 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  111  and AMFs. Additionally, the UPF within the 5GC  120  may perform packet routing, filtering, inspection, forwarding, etc., between the 5GC  120  and external networks such as a DN  130  via an IP interface  125 . The DN  130  may represent one or more data networks, including one or more LADNs, and may be an operator external public, a private PDN (e.g., enterprise network, etc.), or an intra-operator PDN, for example, for provision of IMS and/or IP-CAN services. 
     The CN  120  includes one or more servers  122 , which may implement various core network elements or AFs such as those discussed herein. The CN  120  is shown to be communicatively coupled to PDN/DN  130  via an IP communications interface  125 . The PDN/DN  130  may include one or more application servers. The application server(s) comprise one or more physical and/or virtualized systems for providing functionality (or services) to one or more clients (e.g., UEs  101 ) over a network. The server(s) within PDN/DN  130  and/or the server(s)  122  may include various computer devices with rack computing architecture component(s), tower computing architecture component(s), blade computing architecture component(s), and/or the like. The server(s) may represent a cluster of servers, a server farm, a cloud computing service, or other grouping or pool of servers, which may be located in one or more datacenters. The server(s) may also be connected to, or otherwise associated with one or more data storage devices (not shown). Moreover, the server(s) may include an operating system (OS) that provides executable program instructions for the general administration and operation of the individual server computer devices, and may include a computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor of the servers, may allow the servers to perform their intended functions. Suitable implementations for the OS and general functionality of servers are known or commercially available, and are readily implemented by persons having ordinary skill in the art. Generally, the server(s) offer applications or services that use IP/network resources. As examples, the server(s) may provide traffic management services, cloud analytics, content streaming services, immersive gaming experiences, social networking and/or microblogging services, and/or other like services. In addition, the various services provided by the server(s)  130  may include initiating and controlling software and/or firmware updates for applications or individual components implemented by the UEs  101 . The server(s) can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs  101  via the CN  120 . 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment  300  in accordance with various embodiments. The infrastructure equipment  300  (or “system  300 ”) may be implemented as a base station, radio head, RAN node such as the RAN nodes  111  and/or AP  106  shown and described previously, application server(s)  130 , and/or any other element/device discussed herein. In other examples, the system  300  could be implemented in or by a UE  101 . 
     The system  300  includes application circuitry  305 , baseband circuitry  310 , one or more radio front end modules (RFEMs)  315 , memory circuitry  320 , power management integrated circuitry (PMIC)  325 , power tee circuitry  330 , network controller circuitry  335 , network interface connector  340 , satellite positioning circuitry  345 , and user interface  350 . In some embodiments, the device  300  may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, or input/output (I/O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device. For example, said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for CRAN, vBBU, or other like implementations. 
     Application circuitry  305  includes circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I 2 C or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input/output (I/O or IO), memory card controllers such as Secure Digital (SD) MultiMediaCard (MMC) or similar, Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces, Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry  305  may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system  300 . In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein. 
     The processor(s) of application circuitry  305  may include, for example, one or more processor cores (CPUs), one or more application processors, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, one or more Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processors, one or more complex instruction set computing (CISC) processors, one or more digital signal processors (DSP), one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the application circuitry  305  may comprise, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments herein. As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry  305  may include one or more Intel Pentium®, Core®, or Xeon® processor(s); Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s), Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), or Epyc® processors; ARM-based processor(s) licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd. such as the ARM Cortex-A family of processors and the ThunderX2® provided by Cavium™, Inc.; a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior P-class processors; and/or the like. In some embodiments, the system  300  may not utilize application circuitry  305 , and instead may include a special-purpose processor/controller to process IP data received from an EPC or 5GC, for example. 
     In some implementations, the application circuitry  305  may include one or more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. As examples, the programmable processing devices may be one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such implementations, the circuitry of application circuitry  305  may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  305  may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up-tables (LUTs) and the like. 
     The baseband circuitry  310  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry  310  are discussed infra with regard to  FIG.  6   . 
     User interface circuitry  350  may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system  300  or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system  300 . User interfaces may include, but are not limited to, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), one or more indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), a physical keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, speakers or other audio emitting devices, microphones, a printer, a scanner, a headset, a display screen or display device, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a nonvolatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc. 
     The radio front end modules (RFEMs)  315  may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see e.g., antenna array  611  of  FIG.  6    infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM  315 , which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave. 
     The memory circuitry  320  may include one or more of volatile memory including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc., and may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. Memory circuitry  320  may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory modules and plug-in memory cards. 
     The PMIC  325  may include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry, and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The power tee circuitry  330  may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the infrastructure equipment  300  using a single cable. 
     The network controller circuitry  335  may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet, Ethernet over GRE Tunnels, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), or some other suitable protocol. Network connectivity may be provided to/from the infrastructure equipment  300  via network interface connector  340  using a physical connection, which may be electrical (commonly referred to as a “copper interconnect”), optical, or wireless. The network controller circuitry  335  may include one or more dedicated processors and/or FPGAs to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned protocols. In some implementations, the network controller circuitry  335  may include multiple controllers to provide connectivity to other networks using the same or different protocols. 
     The positioning circuitry  345  includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States&#39; Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia&#39;s Global Navigation System (GLONASS), the European Union&#39;s Galileo system, China&#39;s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., Navigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC), Japan&#39;s Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), France&#39;s Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry  345  comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry  345  may include a Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (Micro-PNT) IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry  345  may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry  310  and/or RFEMs  315  to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry  345  may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry  305 , which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., RAN nodes  111 , etc.), or the like. 
     The components shown by  FIG.  3    communicate with one another using interface circuitry, which may include interconnect (IX)  306 . The IX  306  may include any number of bus and/or IX technologies such as industry standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), inter-integrated circuit (I 2 C), an serial peripheral interface (SPI), point-to-point interfaces, power management bus (PMBus), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), PCI express (PCIe), Intel® Ultra Path Interface (UPI), Intel® Accelerator Link (IAL), Common Application Programming Interface (CAPI), Intel® QuickPath interconnect (QPI), Ultra Path Interconnect (UPI), Intel® Omni-Path Architecture (OPA) IX, RapidIO™ system IXs, Cache Coherent Interconnect for Accelerators (CCIA), Gen-Z Consortium IXs, Open Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (OpenCAPI) IX, a HyperTransport interconnect, and/or any number of other IX technologies. The IX technology may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in an SoC based system. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates an example of a platform  400  (or “device  400 ”) in accordance with various embodiments. In embodiments, the computer platform  400  may be suitable for use as UEs  101 , application servers  130 , and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The platform  400  may include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform  400  may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof adapted in the computer platform  400 , or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of  FIG.  4    is intended to show a high level view of components of the computer platform  400 . However, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations. 
     Application circuitry  405  includes circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of LDOs, interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I 2 C or universal programmable serial interface module, RTC, timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as SD MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces, and JTAG test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry  405  may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system  400 . In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein. 
     The processor(s) of application circuitry  405  may include, for example, one or more processor cores, one or more application processors, one or more GPUs, one or more RISC processors, one or more ARM processors, one or more CISC processors, one or more DSP, one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, a multithreaded processor, an ultra-low voltage processor, an embedded processor, some other known processing element, or any suitable combination thereof. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry  405  may be coupled with or may include memory/storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system  400 . In these embodiments, the processors (or cores) of the application circuitry  405  are configured to operate application software to provide a specific service to a user of the system  400 . In some embodiments, the application circuitry  405  may comprise, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments herein. 
     As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry  405  may include an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, such as a Quark™, an Atom™, an i3, an i5, an i7, or an MCU-class processor, or another such processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. The processors of the application circuitry  405  may also be one or more of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s) or Accelerated Processing Units (APUs); A5-A9 processor(s) from Apple® Inc., Snapdragon™ processor(s) from Qualcomm® Technologies, Inc., Texas Instruments, Inc.® Open Multimedia Applications Platform (OMAP)™ processor(s); a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior M-class, Warrior I-class, and Warrior P-class processors; an ARM-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd., such as the ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M family of processors; or the like. In some implementations, the application circuitry  405  may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry  405  and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit, or a single package, such as the Edison™ or Galileo™ SoC boards from Intel® Corporation. Other examples of the processor circuitry of application circuitry  405  are mentioned elsewhere in the present disclosure. 
     Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry  405  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as FPGAs and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  405  may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry  405  may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up tables (LUTs) and the like. 
     The baseband circuitry  410  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The baseband circuitry  410  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors (e.g., one or more baseband processors) or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RFEMs  415 , and to generate baseband signals to be provided to the RFEMs  415  via a transmit signal path. In various embodiments, the baseband circuitry  410  may implement a real-time OS (RTOS) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry  410 , schedule tasks, etc. Examples of the RTOS may include Operating System Embedded (OSE)™ provided by Enea®, Nucleus RTOS™ provided by Mentor Graphics®, Versatile Real-Time Executive (VRTX) provided by Mentor Graphics®, ThreadX™ provided by Express Logic®, FreeRTOS, REX OS provided by Qualcomm®, OKL4 provided by Open Kernel (OK) Labs®, or any other suitable RTOS, such as those discussed herein. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry  410  are discussed infra with regard to  FIG.  6   . 
     The RFEMs  415  may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see e.g., antenna array  611  of  FIG.  6    infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM  415 , which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave. 
     The memory circuitry  420  may include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry  420  may include one or more of volatile memory including random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc. The memory circuitry  420  may be developed in accordance with a Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC) low power double data rate (LPDDR)-based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like. Memory circuitry  420  may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SDP), dual die package (DDP) or quad die package (Q17P), socketed memory modules, dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) including microDIMMs or MiniDIMMs, and/or soldered onto a motherboard via a ball grid array (BGA). In low power implementations, the memory circuitry  420  may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry  405 . To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry  420  may include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, inter alia, a solid state disk drive (SSDD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. For example, the computer platform  400  may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. 
     Removable memory circuitry  423  may include devices, circuitry, enclosures/housings, ports or receptacles, etc. used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform  400 . These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards, and the like), and USB flash drives, optical discs, external HDDs, and the like. 
     In some implementations, the memory circuitry  420  and/or the removable memory  423  provide persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems (OS), and so forth. The persistent storage circuitry is configured to store computational logic (or “modules”) in the form of software, firmware, or hardware commands to implement the techniques described herein. The computational logic may be employed to store working copies and/or permanent copies of computer programs (or data to create the computer programs) for the operation of various components of platform  400  (e.g., drivers, etc.), an operating system of platform  400 , one or more applications, and/or for carrying out the embodiments discussed herein. The computational logic may be stored or loaded into memory circuitry  420  as instructions (or data to create the instructions) for execution by the application circuitry  405  to provide the functions described herein. The various elements may be implemented by assembler instructions supported by processor circuitry or high-level languages that may be compiled into such instructions (or data to create the instructions). The permanent copy of the programming instructions may be placed into persistent storage devices of persistent storage circuitry in the factory or in the field through, for example, a distribution medium (not shown), through a communication interface (e.g., from a distribution server (not shown)), or OTA. 
     In an example, the instructions provided via the memory circuitry  420  and/or the persistent storage circuitry are embodied as one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media including program code, a computer program product (or data to create the computer program) with the computer program or data, to direct the application circuitry  405  of platform  400  to perform electronic operations in the platform  400 , and/or to perform a specific sequence or flow of actions, for example, as described with respect to the flowchart(s) and block diagram(s) of operations and functionality depicted infra (see e.g.,  FIGS.  10 - 11   ). The application circuitry  405  accesses the one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media over the IX  406 . 
     Although the instructions and/or computational logic have been described as code blocks included in the memory circuitry  420  and/or code blocks in the persistent storage circuitry, it should be understood that any of the code blocks may be replaced with hardwired circuits, for example, built into an FPGA, ASIC, or some other suitable circuitry. For example, where application circuitry  405  includes (e.g., FPGA based) hardware accelerators as well as processor cores, the hardware accelerators (e.g., the FPGA cells) may be pre-configured (e.g., with appropriate bit streams) with the aforementioned computational logic to perform some or all of the functions discussed previously (in lieu of employment of programming instructions to be executed by the processor core(s)). 
     The platform  400  may also include interface circuitry (not shown) that is used to connect external devices with the platform  400 . The external devices connected to the platform  400  via the interface circuitry include sensor circuitry  421  and actuators  422 , as well as removable memory devices coupled to removable memory circuitry  423 . 
     The sensor circuitry  421  include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information (sensor data) about the detected events to some other a device, module, subsystem, etc. Examples of such sensors include, inter alia, inertia measurement units (IMUS) comprising accelerometers, gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) comprising 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors); pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors; gravimeters; altimeters; image capture devices (e.g., cameras or lensless apertures); light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors; proximity sensors (e.g., infrared radiation detector and the like), depth sensors, ambient light sensors, ultrasonic transceivers; microphones or other like audio capture devices; etc. 
     Actuators  422  include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to enable platform  400  to change its state, position, and/or orientation, or move or control a mechanism or (sub)system. The actuators  422  comprise electrical and/or mechanical devices for moving or controlling a mechanism or system, and converts energy (e.g., electric current or moving air and/or liquid) into some kind of motion. The actuators  422  may include one or more electronic (or electrochemical) devices, such as piezoelectric biomorphs, solid state actuators, solid state relays (SSRs), shape-memory alloy-based actuators, electroactive polymer-based actuators, relay driver integrated circuits (ICs), and/or the like. The actuators  422  may include one or more electromechanical devices such as pneumatic actuators, hydraulic actuators, electromechanical switches including electromechanical relays (EMRs), motors (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors, servomechanisms, etc.), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, an audible sound generator, and/or other like electromechanical components. The platform  1000  may be configured to operate one or more actuators  422  based on one or more captured events and/or instructions or control signals received from a service provider and/or various client systems. 
     In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform  400  with positioning circuitry  445 . The positioning circuitry  445  includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a GNSS. Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States&#39; GPS, Russia&#39;s GLONASS, the European Union&#39;s Galileo system, China&#39;s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., NAVIC), Japan&#39;s QZSS, France&#39;s DORIS, etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry  445  comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry  445  may include a Micro-PNT IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry  445  may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry  410  and/or RFEMs  415  to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry  445  may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry  405 , which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., radio base stations), for turn-by-turn navigation applications, or the like 
     In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform  400  with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry  440 . NFC circuitry  440  is configured to provide contactless, short-range communications based on radio frequency identification (RFID) standards, wherein magnetic field induction is used to enable communication between NFC circuitry  440  and NFC-enabled devices external to the platform  400  (e.g., an “NFC touchpoint”). NFC circuitry  440  comprises an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processor coupled with the NFC controller. The NFC controller may be a chip/IC providing NFC functionalities to the NFC circuitry  440  by executing NFC controller firmware and an NFC stack. The NFC stack may be executed by the processor to control the NFC controller, and the NFC controller firmware may be executed by the NFC controller to control the antenna element to emit short-range RF signals. The RF signals may power a passive NFC tag (e.g., a microchip embedded in a sticker or wristband) to transmit stored data to the NFC circuitry  440 , or initiate data transfer between the NFC circuitry  440  and another active NFC device (e.g., a smartphone or an NFC-enabled POS terminal) that is proximate to the platform  400 . 
     The driver circuitry  446  may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform  400 , attached to the platform  400 , or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform  400 . The driver circuitry  446  may include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform  400  to interact with or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform  400 . For example, driver circuitry  446  may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform  400 , sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensor circuitry  421  and control and allow access to sensor circuitry  421 , actuator drivers to obtain actuator positions of the actuators  422  and/or control and allow access to the actuators  422 , a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices. 
     The PMIC  425  (also referred to as “power management circuitry  425 ”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform  400 . In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry  410 , the PMIC  425  may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC  425  may often be included when the platform  400  is capable of being powered by a battery  430 , for example, when the device is included in a UE  101 . 
     In some embodiments, the PMIC  425  may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the platform  400 . For example, if the platform  400  is in an RRC_Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as DRX after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform  400  may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform  400  may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The platform  400  goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The platform  400  may not receive data in this state; in order to receive data, it must transition back to RRC_Connected state. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable. 
     A battery  430  may power the platform  400 , although in some examples the platform  400  may be mounted deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery  430  may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, and the like. In some implementations, such as in V2X applications, the battery  430  may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery. 
     In some implementations, the battery  430  may be a “smart battery,” which includes or is coupled with a Battery Management System (BMS) or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform  400  to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery  430 . The BMS may be used to monitor other parameters of the battery  430  to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the battery  430 . The BMS may communicate the information of the battery  430  to the application circuitry  405  or other components of the platform  400 . The BMS may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the application circuitry  405  to directly monitor the voltage of the battery  430  or the current flow from the battery  430 . The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the platform  400  may perform, such as transmission frequency, network operation, sensing frequency, and the like. 
     A power block, or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery  430 . In some examples, the power block XS 30  may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the computer platform  400 . In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS. The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size of the battery  430 , and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfuel standard promulgated by the Airfuel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others. 
     User interface circuitry  450  includes various input/output (I/O) devices present within, or connected to, the platform  400 , and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform  400  and/or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform  400 . The user interface circuitry  450  includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including, inter alia, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, headset, and/or the like. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position(s), or other like information. Output device circuitry may include any number and/or combinations of audio or visual display, including, inter alia, one or more simple visual outputs/indicators (e.g., binary status indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)) and multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g., Liquid Chrystal Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, projectors, etc.), with the output of characters, graphics, multimedia objects, and the like being generated or produced from the operation of the platform  400 . The output device circuitry may also include speakers or other audio emitting devices, printer(s), and/or the like. In some embodiments, the sensor circuitry  421  may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device, motion capture device, or the like) and one or more actuators  422  may be used as the output device circuitry (e.g., an actuator to provide haptic feedback or the like). In another example, NFC circuitry comprising an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device may be included to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a USB port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc. 
     The components shown by  FIG.  4    communicate with one another using interface circuitry, which may include interconnect (IX)  406 . The IX  406  may include any number of bus and/or IX technologies such as ISA, EISA, I 2 C, SPI, point-to-point interfaces, PMBus, PCI) PCIe, Intel® UPI, IAL, CAPI, Intel® QPI, UPI, Intel® OPA IX, RapidIO™ system IXs, CCIA, Gen-Z Consortium IXs, OpenCAPI IX, a HyperTransport interconnect, Time-Trigger Protocol (TTP) system, a FlexRay system, and/or any number of other IX technologies. The IX technology may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in an SoC based system. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG.  5    shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources  500  including one or more processors (or processor cores)  510 , one or more memory/storage devices  520 , and one or more communication resources  530 , each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus  540 . For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor  502  may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources  500 . 
     The processors  510  may include, for example, a processor  512  and a processor  514 . The processor(s)  510  may be, for example, a CPU, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a CISC processor, a GPU, a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a RFIC, another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  520  may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  520  may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile or nonvolatile memory such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc. 
     The communication resources  530  may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices  504  or one or more databases  506  via a network  508 . In embodiments, the network  508  may correspond to the DN/DNN  130  and/or CN  120  of  FIG.  1   . For example, the communication resources  530  may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components, such as those discussed herein. 
     Instructions  550  may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors  510  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions  550  may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors  510  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), the memory/storage devices  520 , or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions  550  may be transferred to the hardware resources  500  from any combination of the peripheral devices  504  or the databases  506 . Accordingly, the memory of processors  510 , the memory/storage devices  520 , the peripheral devices  504 , and the databases  506  are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates example components of baseband circuitry  610  and radio front end modules (RFEM)  615  in accordance with various embodiments. The baseband circuitry  610  corresponds to the baseband circuitry  310  and  410  of  FIGS.  3  and  4   , respectively. The RFEM  615  corresponds to the RFEM  315  and  415  of  FIGS.  3  and  4   , respectively. As shown, the RFEMs  615  may include Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry  606 , front-end module (FEM) circuitry  608 , antenna array  611  coupled together at least as shown. 
     The baseband circuitry  610  includes circuitry and/or control logic configured to carry out various radio/network protocol and radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry  606 . The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry  610  may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry  610  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, LDPC, and/or polar code encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. The baseband circuitry  610  is configured to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry  606  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  606 . The baseband circuitry  610  is configured to interface with application circuitry  305 / 405  (see  FIGS.  3  and  4   ) for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry  606 . The baseband circuitry  610  may handle various radio control functions. 
     The aforementioned circuitry and/or control logic of the baseband circuitry  610  may include one or more single or multi-core processors. For example, the one or more processors may include a 3G baseband processor  604 A, a 4G/LTE baseband processor  604 B, a 5G/NR baseband processor  604 C, or some other baseband processor(s)  604 D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., 6G, etc.). In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  604 A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory  604 G and executed via a CPU  604 E. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  604 A-D may be provided as hardware accelerators (e.g., FPGAs, ASICs, etc.) loaded with the appropriate bit streams or logic blocks stored in respective memory cells. In various embodiments, the memory  604 G may store program code of a real-time OS (RTOS), which when executed by the CPU  604 E (or other baseband processor), is to cause the CPU  604 E (or other baseband processor) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry  610 , schedule tasks, etc. Examples of the RTOS may include Operating System Embedded (OSE)™ provided by Enea®, Nucleus RTOS™ provided by Mentor Graphics®, Versatile Real-Time Executive (VRTX) provided by Mentor Graphics®, ThreadX™ provided by Express Logic®, FreeRTOS, REX OS provided by Qualcomm®, OKL4 provided by Open Kernel (OK) Labs®, or any other suitable RTOS, such as those discussed herein. In addition, the baseband circuitry  610  includes one or more audio DSPs  604 F. The audio DSP(s)  604 F include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, each of the processors  604 A- 604 E include respective memory interfaces to send/receive data to/from the memory  604 G. The baseband circuitry  610  may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry  610 ; an application circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry  305 / 405  of  FIGS.  3  and  4   ); an RF circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry  606  of FIG.  6 ; a wireless hardware connectivity interface to send/receive data to/from one or more wireless hardware elements (e.g., NFC components, Bluetooth®/Bluetooth® Low Energy components, Wi-Fi® components, and/or the like); and a power management interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMIC  425 . 
     In alternate embodiments (which may be combined with the above described embodiments), baseband circuitry  610  comprises one or more digital baseband systems, which are coupled with one another via an interconnect subsystem and to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem may include DSP circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry  610  may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules  615 ). 
     Although not shown by  FIG.  6   , in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  610  includes individual processing device(s) to operate one or more wireless communication protocols (e.g., a “multi-protocol baseband processor” or “protocol processing circuitry”) and individual processing device(s) to implement PHY layer functions. In these embodiments, the PHY layer functions include the aforementioned radio control functions. In these embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry operates or implements various protocol layers/entities of one or more wireless communication protocols. In a first example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate LTE protocol entities and/or 5G/NR protocol entities when the baseband circuitry  610  and/or RF circuitry  606  are part of mmWave communication circuitry or some other suitable cellular communication circuitry. In the first example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP, RRC, and NAS functions. In a second example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate one or more IEEE-based protocols when the baseband circuitry  610  and/or RF circuitry  606  are part of a Wi-Fi communication system. In the second example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate Wi-Fi MAC and logical link control (LLC) functions. The protocol processing circuitry may include one or more memory structures (e.g.,  604 G) to store program code and data for operating the protocol functions, as well as one or more processing cores to execute the program code and perform various operations using the data. The baseband circuitry  610  may also support radio communications for more than one wireless protocol. 
     The various hardware elements of the baseband circuitry  610  discussed herein may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits (ICs), a single packaged IC soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more ICs. In one example, the components of the baseband circuitry  610  may be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board. In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  610  and RF circuitry  606  may be implemented together such as, for example, a system on a chip (SoC) or System-in-Package (SiP). In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  610  may be implemented as a separate SoC that is communicatively coupled with and RF circuitry  606  (or multiple instances of RF circuitry  606 ). In yet another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  610  and the application circuitry  305 / 405  may be implemented together as individual SoCs mounted to a same circuit board (e.g., a “multi-chip package”). 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  610  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  610  may support communication with an E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, a WPAN. Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry  610  is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry. 
     RF circuitry  606  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry  606  may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry  606  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  608  and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry  610 . RF circuitry  606  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  610  and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry  608  for transmission. 
     In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry  606  may include mixer circuitry  606   a , amplifier circuitry  606   b  and filter circuitry  606   c . In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  606  may include filter circuitry  606   c  and mixer circuitry  606   a . RF circuitry  606  may also include synthesizer circuitry  606   d  for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  608  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry  606   d . The amplifier circuitry  606   b  may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry  606   c  may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry  610  for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry  606   d  to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry  608 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry  610  and may be filtered by filter circuitry  606   c.    
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry  606  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry  610  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry  606 . 
     In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. 
     The synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the RF circuitry  606  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry  610  or the application circuitry  305 / 405  depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry  305 / 405 . 
     Synthesizer circuitry  606   d  of the RF circuitry  606  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle. 
     In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  606  may include an IQ/polar converter. 
     FEM circuitry  608  may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from antenna array  611 , amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry  606  for further processing. FEM circuitry  608  may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry  606  for transmission by one or more of antenna elements of antenna array  611 . In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry  606 , solely in the FEM circuitry  608 , or in both the RF circuitry  606  and the FEM circuitry  608 . 
     In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry  608  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry  608  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry  608  may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  606 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  608  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  606 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission by one or more antenna elements of the antenna array  611 . 
     The antenna array  611  comprises one or more antenna elements, each of which is configured convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. For example, digital baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  610  is converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted via the antenna elements of the antenna array  611  including one or more antenna elements (not shown). The antenna elements may be omnidirectional, direction, or a combination thereof. The antenna elements may be formed in a multitude of arranges as are known and/or discussed herein. The antenna array  611  may comprise microstrip antennas or printed antennas that are fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards. The antenna array  611  may be formed in as a patch of metal foil (e.g., a patch antenna) in a variety of shapes, and may be coupled with the RF circuitry  606  and/or FEM circuitry  608  using metal transmission lines or the like. 
     Processors of the application circuitry  305 / 405  and processors of the baseband circuitry  610  may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry  610 , alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry  305 / 405  may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., TCP and UDP layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a RRC layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a MAC layer, an RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail infra. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to various embodiments. In particular,  FIG.  7    includes an arrangement  700  showing interconnections between various protocol layers/entities. The following description of  FIG.  7    is provided for various protocol layers/entities that operate in conjunction with the 5G/NR system standards and LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of  FIG.  7    may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well. 
     The protocol layers of arrangement  700  may include one or more of PHY  710 , MAC  720 , RLC  730 , PDCP  740 , SDAP  747 , RRC  755 , and NAS layer  757 , in addition to other higher layer functions not illustrated. The protocol layers may include one or more service access points (e.g., items  1159 ,  1156 ,  750 ,  749 ,  745 ,  735 ,  725 , and  715  in  FIG.  7   ) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers. 
     The PHY  710  may transmit and receive physical layer signals  705  that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals  705  may comprise one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PHY  710  may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC  755 . The PHY  710  may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. In embodiments, an instance of PHY  710  may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC  720  via one or more PHY-SAP  715 . According to some embodiments, requests and indications communicated via PHY-SAP  715  may comprise one or more transport channels. 
     Instance(s) of MAC  720  may process requests from, and provide indications to, an instance of RLC  730  via one or more MAC-SAPs  725 . These requests and indications communicated via the MAC-SAP  725  may comprise one or more logical channels. The MAC  720  may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or more logical channels onto TBs to be delivered to PHY  710  via the transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY  710  via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, and logical channel prioritization. 
     The MAC  720  conveys MAC PDUs and/or MAC SDUs to upper and/or lower layers. A MAC PDU includes one or more MAC subPDUs, where each MAC subPDU includes a MAC subheader only (with or without padding), a MAC subheader and a MAC SDU, or a MAC subheader and MAC CE. Each MAC subheader corresponds to either a MAC SDU, a MAC CE, or padding. A MAC subheader except for fixed sized MAC CE, padding, and a MAC SDU containing UL CCCH includes four header fields R/F/LCID/L as shown by MAC subheaders  801 ,  802 , and  803  of  FIG.  8   . 
     A MAC PDU is a bit string that is byte aligned (e.g., multiple of 8 bits) in length. In  FIGS.  8 - 10   , bit strings are represented by tables in which the most significant bit is the leftmost bit of the first line of the table, the least significant bit is the rightmost bit on the last line of the table, and more generally the bit string is to be read from left to right and then in the reading order of the lines. The bit order of each parameter field within a MAC PDU is represented with the first and most significant bit in the leftmost bit and the last and least significant bit in the rightmost bit. A MAC CE is a bit string that is byte aligned (e.g., multiple of 8 bits) in length. 
       FIG.  8    shows example MAC subheaders  801 ,  802 , and  803  according to various embodiments. In  FIG.  8   , MAC subheader  801  is an R/F/LCID/L MAC subheader with 8-bit L field, MAC subheader  802  is an R/F/LCID/L MAC subheader with 16-bit L field, and MAC subheader  803  is a R/LCID MAC subheader. MAC CEs are placed together. DL MAC subPDU(s) with MAC CE(s) is/are placed before any MAC subPDU with MAC SDU and MAC subPDU with padding. UL MAC subPDU(s) with MAC CE(s) is placed after all the MAC subPDU(s) with MAC SDU and before the MAC subPDU with padding in the MAC. The size of padding can be zero. 
     According to various embodiments, instance(s) of MAC  720  may also activate or deactivate individual beams of configured SRS resource(s). In these embodiments, the NW (e.g., a RAN node  111 ) may update, activate or deactivate beams or BWPs of one or more configured SRS resource sets by sending a suitable MAC CE. In some embodiments, the configured SRS resource sets are initially deactivated upon configuration and/or after a handover. When the MAC  720  entity receives the MAC CE on a Serving Cell, the MAC  720  entity indicates, to lower layers, the information regarding the SRS beam activation/deactivation as indicated by the MAC CE. Examples of such MAC CEs are shown and described with respect to  FIG.  9   . 
       FIG.  9    depicts an example SRS beam Activation/Deactivation MAC CE  900  according to various embodiments. The SRS beam Activation/Deactivation MAC CE  900  is identified by a MAC subheader with a suitable LCD value and has a variable size with following fields. 
     The A/D field has a length of 1 bit and indicates whether to activate or deactivate indicated periodic and/or aperiodic SRS resource set. The field is set to 1 to indicate activation, otherwise it indicates deactivation. The SRS Resource Set&#39;s CC ID field has a length of 5 bits and indicates the identity of the component carrier that contains the activated/deactivated SRS Resource Set. If the C field is set to 0, this field also indicates the identity of the component carrier that contains all resources indicated by the SRS Resource ID, fields. The R fields contain reserved bits, and are set to 0. 
     The SRS Resource Set&#39;s BWP ID field has a length of 2 bits and indicates a UL BWP as a codepoint of the DCI bandwidth part indicator field as discussed herein and as specified in 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April), which contains the activated/deactivated SRS Resource Set. If the C field is set to 0, this field also indicates the identity of the BWP that contains all resources indicated by the SRS Resource ID, fields. The SRS Resource Set ID field has a length of 4 bits and indicates the SRS Resource Set ID identified by SRS-ResourceSetId as discussed herein and as specified in 3GPP TS 38.331 v15.1.0 (2018 April), which is to be activated or deactivated. 
     The C field indicates whether the octets containing Resource CC/Serving Cell ID field(s) and Resource BWP ID field(s) are present. If this field is set to 1, the octets containing Resource CC/Serving Cell ID field(s) and Resource BWP ID field(s) are present, otherwise they are not present. The SUL field indicates whether the MAC CE applies to the NUL carrier or SUL carrier configuration. This field is set to 1 to indicate that it applies to the SUL carrier configuration, and it is set to 0 to indicate that it applies to the NUL carrier configuration. 
     The F i  This field has a length of 1 bit and indicates the type of a resource used as a spatial relationship for SRS resource within periodic and/or aperiodic SRS Resource Set indicated with periodic and/or aperiodic SRS Resource Set ID field. F 0  refers to the first SRS resource within the resource set, F 1  to the second one and so on. As an example, this field is set to 1 to indicate NZP CSI-RS resource index is used, and is set to 0 to indicate that either an SSB index or SRS resource index is used. This field is only present if MAC CE is used for activation, for example, when the A/D field is set to 1. 
     The Resource ID i  field has a length of 7 bits and contains an identifier of the resource used for spatial relationship derivation for SRS resource i. Resource ID 0  refers to the first SRS resource within the resource set, Resource ID 1  to the second one, and so forth. If F i  is set to 0, and the first bit of this field is set to 1, the remainder of this field contains SSB-Index as specified in 3GPP TS 38.331 v15.1.0 (2018 April). If F i  is set to 0, and the first bit of this field is set to 0, the remainder of this field contains SRS-ResourceId as specified in 3GPP TS 38.331 v15.1.0 (2018 April). This field is only present if MAC CE is used for activation, for example, when the A/D field is set to 1. 
     The Resource CC/Serving Cell ID i  field has a length of 5 bits and indicates the identity of the CC or the Serving Cell on which the resource used for spatial relationship derivation for SRS resource i is located. The Resource BWP ID i  field has a length of 2 bits indicates a UL BWP as the codepoint of the DCI bandwidth part indicator field as discussed herein and as specified in 3GPP TS 38.212 v15.1.1 (2018 April), on which the resource used for spatial relationship derivation for SRS resource i is located. 
     Instance(s) of RLC  730  may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP  740  via one or more radio link control service access points (RLC-SAP)  735 . These requests and indications communicated via RLC-SAP  735  may comprise one or more RLC channels. The RLC  730  may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC  730  may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC  730  may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment. 
     Instance(s) of PDCP  740  may process requests from and provide indications to instance(s) of RRC  755  and/or instance(s) of SDAP  747  via one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP-SAP)  745 . These requests and indications communicated via PDCP-SAP  745  may comprise one or more radio bearers. The PDCP  740  may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.). 
     Instance(s) of SDAP  747  may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities via one or more SDAP-SAP  749 . These requests and indications communicated via SDAP-SAP  749  may comprise one or more QoS flows. The SDAP  747  may map QoS flows to DRBs, and vice versa, and may also mark QFIs in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity  747  may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the NG-RAN  110  may control the mapping of QoS Flows to DRB(s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP  747  of a UE  101  may monitor the QFIs of the DL packets for each DRB, and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP  747  of the UE  101  may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows(s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID(s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN  610  may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC  755  configuring the SDAP  747  with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP  747 . In embodiments, the SDAP  747  may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations. 
     The RRC  755  may configure, via one or more management service access points (M-SAP), aspects of one or more protocol layers, which may include one or more instances of PHY  710 , MAC  720 , RLC  730 , PDCP  740  and SDAP  747 . In embodiments, an instance of RRC  755  may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities  757  via one or more RRC-SAPS  1156 . The main services and functions of the RRC  755  may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in MIBs or SIBs related to the NAS), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE  101  and RAN  110  (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more IEs, which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures. 
     According to various embodiments, RRC  755  is used to configure the UE  101  with specific parameters, such as specific PUSCH parameters, SRS parameters, and/or other like parameters. For example, the RRC  755  of a RAN node  111  may transmit a suitable RRC message (e.g., an RRC connection establishment message, RRC connection reconfiguration message, or the like) to the UE  101 , where the RRC message includes one or more IEs, which is a structural element containing one or more fields where each field includes parameters, content, and/or data. The parameters, content, and/or data included in the one or more fields of the IEs are used to configure the UE  101  to operate in a particular manner. In some embodiments, one or more PUSCH configuration (PUSCH-Config) IEs are included in such an RRC message, which are used to configure UE specific PUSCH parameters applicable to a particular BWP. An example PUSCH-Config IE is shown by table 2, and table 3 shows field descriptions for the fields of the PUSCH-Config IE. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PUSCH-Config information element 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 -- ASN1START 
                   
               
               
                 -- TAG-PUSCH-CONFIG-START 
               
               
                 PUSCH-Config ::= 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                   dataScramblingIdentityPUSCH 
                   INTEGER (0..1023) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL,   -- Need S 
               
               
                   txConfig 
                 ENUMERATED {codebook, 
               
               
                 nonCodebook} 
                      OPTIONAL,   -- Need S 
               
               
                   dmrs-UplinkForPUSCH-MappingTypeA 
                 SetupRelease { DMRS-UplinkConfig 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 } 
                  OPTIONAL,   -- Need M 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   dmrs-UplinkForPUSCH-MappingTypeB 
                 SetupRelease { DMRS-UplinkConfig 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 } 
                  OPTIONAL,   -- Need M 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   pusch-PowerControl 
                 PUSCH-PowerControl 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL,   -- Need M 
               
               
                   frequencyHopping 
                 ENUMERATED {intraSlot, 
               
               
                 interSlot} 
                     OPTIONAL,   -- Need S 
               
               
                   frequencyHoppingOffsetLists 
                 SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..4)) OF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 INTEGER (1.. maxNrofPhysicalResourceBlocks−1) 
                 OPTIONAL,   -- Need M 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   resourceAllocation 
                 ENUMERATED { 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 resourceAllocationType0, resourceAllocationType1, dynamicSwitch}, 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   pusch-TimeDomainAllocationList 
                 SetupRelease { PUSCH- 
               
               
                 TimeDomainResourceAllocationList } 
                       OPTIONAL,   -- Need M 
               
               
                   pusch-AggregationFactor 
                 ENUMERATED { n2, n4, n8 } 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL,   -- Need S 
               
               
                   mcs-Table 
                 ENUMERATED { qam256, qam64LowSE} 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL,   -- Need S 
               
               
                   mcs-TableTransformPrecoder 
                 ENUMERATED {qam256, qam64LowSE} 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL,   -- Need S 
               
               
                   transformPrecoder 
                 ENUMERATED {enabled, disabled} 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL,   -- Need S 
               
               
                   codebookSubset 
                 ENUMERATED 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 {fullyAndPartialAndNonCoherent, partialAndNonCoherent, 
                   
               
               
                   
                 nonCoherent} 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Cond codebookBased 
                   
               
               
                   maxRank 
                 INTEGER (1..4) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Cond codebookBased 
               
               
                   rbg-Size 
                 ENUMERATED { config2} 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   uci-OnPUSCH 
                 SetupRelease { UCI-OnPUSCH} 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need M 
               
               
                   tp-pi2BPSK 
                 ENUMERATED {enabled} 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   ... 
               
               
                 } 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 UCI-OnPUSCH ::= 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   betaOffsets 
                 CHOICE { 
               
               
                       dynamic 
                   SEQUENCE (SIZE (4)) OF 
               
               
                 BetaOffsets, 
               
               
                       semiStatic 
                   BetaOffsets 
               
               
                   } 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need M 
               
               
                   scaling 
                 ENUMERATED { f0p5, f0p65, f0p8, 
               
               
                 f1 } 
               
               
                 } 
               
               
                 -- TAG-PUSCH-CONFIG-STOP 
               
               
                 -- ASN1STOP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PUSCH-Config field descriptions 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 codebookSubset 
               
               
                 Subset of PMIs addressed by TPMI, where PMIs are those supported by UEs with maximum 
               
               
                 coherence capabilities (see TS 38.214 [19], clause 6.1.1.1). 
               
               
                 dataScramblingIdentityPUSCH 
               
               
                 Identifier used to initalite data scrambling (c_init) for PUSCH. If the field is absent, the UE applies the 
               
               
                 physical cell ID. (see TS 38.211 [16], clause 6.3.1.1). 
               
               
                 dmrs-UplinkForPUSCH-MappingTypeA 
               
               
                 DMRS configuration for PUSCH transmissions using PUSCH mapping type A (chosen dynamically via 
               
               
                 PUSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation). Only the fields dmrs-Type, dmrs-AdditionalPosition and 
               
               
                 maxLength may be set differently for mapping type A and B. 
               
               
                 dmrs-UplinkForPUSCH-MappingTypeB 
               
               
                 DMRS configuration for PUSCH transmissions using PUSCH mapping type B (chosen dynamically via 
               
               
                 PUSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation). Only the fields dmrs-Type, dmrs-AdditionalPosition and 
               
               
                 maxLength may be set differently for mapping type A and B. 
               
               
                 frequencyHopping 
               
               
                 The value intraSlot enables ‘Intra-slot frequency hopping’ and the value interSlot enables ‘Inter-slot 
               
               
                 frequency hopping’. If the field is absent, frequency hopping is not configured (see TS 38.214 [19], 
               
               
                 clause 6.3). 
               
               
                 frequencyHoppingOffsetLists 
               
               
                 Set of frequency hopping offsets used when frequency hopping is enabled for granted transmission 
               
               
                 (not msg3) and type 2 (see TS 38.214 [19], clause 6.3). 
               
               
                 maxRank 
               
               
                 Subset of PMIs addressed by TRIs from 1 to ULmaxRank (see TS 38.214 [19], clause 6.1.1.1). 
               
               
                 mcs-Table 
               
               
                 Indicates which MCS table the UE shall use for PUSCH without transform precoder (see TS 38.214 
               
               
                 [19], clause 6.1.4.1). If the field is absent the UE applies the value 64QAM 
               
               
                 mcs-TableTransformPrecoder 
               
               
                 Indicates which MCS table the UE shall use for PUSCH with transform precoding (see TS 38.214 [19], 
               
               
                 clause 6.1.4.1) If the field is absent the UE applies the value 64QAM 
               
               
                 UCI-OnPUSCH field descriptions 
               
               
                 betaOffsets 
               
               
                 Selection between and configuration of dynamic and semi-static beta-offset. If the field is absent or 
               
               
                 released, the UE applies the value ‘semiStatic’ and the BetaOffsets according to FFS [BetaOffsets 
               
               
                 and/or clause 9.x.x) (see TS 38.213 [13], clause 9.3). 
               
               
                 scaling 
               
               
                 Indicates a scaling factor to limit the number of resource elements assigned to UCI on PUSCH. Value 
               
               
                 f0p5 corresponds to 0.5, value f0p65 corresponds to 0.65, and so on. The value configured herein is 
               
               
                 applicable for PUSCH with configured grant (see TS 38.212 [17], clause 6.3). 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In various embodiments, the RRC message may also include a PUSCH power control configuration (PUSCH-PowerControl) IE, which is used to configure UE specific power control parameter for PUSCH. An example PUSCH-PowerControl IE is shown by table 4, and field descriptions for the PUSCH-PowerControl are shown by table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PUSCH-PowerControl information element 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 -- ASN1START 
               
               
                 -- TAG-PUSCH-POWERCONTROL-START 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 PUSCH-PowerControl ::= 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   tpc-Accumulation 
                 ENUMERATED { disabled } 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   msg3-Alpha 
                 Alpha 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   p0-NominalWithoutGrant 
                 INTEGER (−202..24) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need M 
               
               
                   p0-AlphaSets 
                 SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofP0-PUSCH- 
               
               
                 AlphaSets)) OF P0-PUSCH-AlphaSet 
                  OPTIONAL, -- Need M 
               
               
                   pathlossReferenceRSToAddModList 
                 SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofPUSCH- 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 PathlossReferenceRSs)) OF PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need N 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   pathlossReferenceRSToReleaseList 
                 SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofPUSCH- 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 PathlossReferenceRSs)) OF PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS-Id 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL,  -- Need N 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   twoPUSCH-PC-AdjustmentStates 
                 ENUMERATED {twoStates} 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   deltaMCS 
                 ENUMERATED {enabled} 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   sri-PUSCH-MappingToAddModList 
                 SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofSRI-PUSCH- 
               
               
                 Mappings)) OF SRI-PUSCH-PowerControl 
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need N 
               
               
                   sri-PUSCH-MappingToReleaseList 
                 SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofSRI-PUSCH- 
               
               
                 Mappings)) OF SRI-PUSCH-PowerControlId 
                 OPTIONAL -- Need N 
               
               
                 } 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 P0-PUSCH-AlphaSet ::= 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   p0-PUSCH-AlphaSetId 
                 P0-PUSCH-AlphaSetId, 
               
               
                   p0 
                 INTEGER (−16..15) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   alpha 
                 Alpha 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL -- Need S 
               
               
                 } 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 P0-PUSCH-AlphaSetId ::= 
                 INTEGER (0..maxNrofP0-PUSCH-AlphaSets−1) 
               
               
                 PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS ::= 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   pusch-PathlossReferenceRS-Id 
                 PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS-Id, 
               
               
                   referenceSignal 
                 CHOICE { 
               
               
                     ssb-Index 
                   SSB-Index, 
               
               
                     csi-RS-Index 
                   NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceId 
               
               
                   } 
               
               
                 } 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS-Id ::= 
                 INTEGER (0..maxNrofPUSCH- 
               
               
                 PathlossReferenceRSs−1) 
               
               
                 SRI-PUSCH-PowerControl ::= 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   sri-PUSCH-PowerControlId 
                 SRI-PUSCH-PowerControlId, 
               
               
                   sri-PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS-Id 
                 PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS-Id, 
               
               
                   sri-P0-PUSCH-AlphaSetId 
                 P0-PUSCH-AlphaSetId, 
               
               
                   sri-PUSCH-ClosedLoopIndex 
                 ENUMERATED { i0, i1 } 
               
               
                 } 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 SRI-PUSCH-PowerControlId ::= 
                 INTEGER (0..maxNrofSRI-PUSCH-Mappings−1) 
               
               
                 BetaOffsets ::= 
                 SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   betaOffsetACK-Index1 
                 INTEGER(0..31) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   betaOffsetACK-Index2 
                 INTEGER(0..31) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   betaOffsetACK-Index3 
                 INTEGER(0..31) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   betaOffsetCSI-Part1-Index1 
                 INTEGER(0..31) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   betaOffsetCSI-Part1-Index2 
                 INTEGER(0..31) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   betaOffsetCSI-Part2-Index1 
                 INTEGER(0..31) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   betaOffsetCSI-Part2-Index2 
                 INTEGER(0..31) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL -- Need S 
               
               
                 } 
               
               
                 -- TAG-PUSCH-POWERCONTROL-STOP 
               
               
                 -- ASN1STOP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PUSCH-PowerControl field descriptions 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 BetaOffsets field descriptions 
               
               
                 betaOffsetACK-Index1 
               
               
                 Up to 2 bits HARQ-ACK (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 9.3) When the field is absent the UE applies 
               
               
                 the value 11 
               
               
                 betaOffsetACK-Index2 
               
               
                 Up to 11 bits HARQ-ACK (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 9.3) When the field is absent the UE applies 
               
               
                 the value 11 
               
               
                 betaOffsetACK-Index3 
               
               
                 Above 11 bits HARQ-ACK (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 9.3) When the field is absent the UE applies 
               
               
                 the value 11 
               
               
                 betaOffsetCSI-Part1-Index1 
               
               
                 Up to 11 bits of CSI part 1 bits (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 9.3) When the field is absent the UE 
               
               
                 applies the value 13 
               
               
                 betaOffsetCSI-Part1-Index2 
               
               
                 Above 11 bits of CSI part 1 bits (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 9.3) When the field is absent the UE 
               
               
                 applies the value 13 
               
               
                 betaOffsetCSI-Part2-Index1 
               
               
                 Up to 11 bits of CSI part 2 bits (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 9.3) When the field is absent the UE 
               
               
                 applies the value 13 
               
               
                 betaOffsetCSI-Part2-Index2 
               
               
                 Above 11 bits of CSI part 2 bits (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 9.3) When the field is absent the UE 
               
               
                 applies the value 13 
               
               
                 P0-PUSCH-AlphaSet field descriptions 
               
               
                 alpha 
               
               
                 alpha value for PUSCH with grant (except msg3) (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 7.1) When the field is 
               
               
                 absent the UE applies the value 1 
               
               
                 p0 
               
               
                 P0 value for PUSCH with grant (except msg3) in steps of 1 dB (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 7.1) 
               
               
                 PUSCH-PowerControl field descriptions 
               
               
                 deltaMCS 
               
               
                 Indicates whether to apply delta MCS. When the field is absent, the UE applies Ks = 0 in delta_TFC 
               
               
                 formula for PUSCH (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 7.1) 
               
               
                 msg3-Alpha 
               
               
                 Dedicated alpha value for msg3 PUSCH (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 7.1). When the field is absent 
               
               
                 the UE applies the value 1. 
               
               
                 p0-AlphaSets 
               
               
                 configuration {p0-pusch, alpha} sets for PUSCH (except msg3), i.e., {{p0, alpha, index1}, 
               
               
                 {p0, alpha, index2}, . . .} (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 7.1). When no set is configured, the UE uses the 
               
               
                 P0-nominal for msg3 PUSCH, P0-UE is set to 0 and alpha is set according to msg3-Alpha configured 
               
               
                 for msg3 PUSCH. 
               
               
                 p0-NominalWithoutGrant 
               
               
                 P0 value for UL grant-free/SPS based PUSCH. Value in dBm. Only even values (step size 2) allowed 
               
               
                 (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 7.1) 
               
               
                 pathlossReferenceRSToAddModList 
               
               
                 A set of Reference Signals (e.g. a CSI-RS config or a SS block) to be used for PUSCH path loss 
               
               
                 estimation. Up to maxNrofPUSCH-PathlossReferenceRSs may be configured (see 3GPP TS 38.213, 
               
               
                 clause 7.1) 
               
               
                 sri-PUSCH-MappingToAddModList 
               
               
                 A list of SRI-PUSCH-PowerControl elements among which one is selected by the SRI field in DCI (see 
               
               
                 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 7.1) 
               
               
                 tpc-Accumulation 
               
               
                 If enabled, UE applies TPC commands via accumulation. If not enabled, UE applies the TPC 
               
               
                 command without accumulation. If the field is absent, TPC accumulation is enabled (see 3GPP TS 
               
               
                 38.213, clause 7.1) 
               
               
                 twoPUSCH-PC-AdjustmentStates 
               
               
                 Number of PUSCH power control adjustment states maintained by the UE (i.e., fc(i)). If the field is 
               
               
                 present (n2) the UE maintains two power control states (i.e., fc(i, 0) and fc(i, 1)). If the field is absent, it 
               
               
                 maintains one power control state (i.e., fc(i, 0)) (see 3GPP TS 38.213, clause 7.1) 
               
               
                 SRI-PUSCH-PowerControl field descriptions 
               
               
                 sri-P0-PUSCH-AlphaSetId 
               
               
                 The ID of a P0-PUSCH-AlphaSet as configured in p0-AlphaSets in PUSCH-PowerControl. 
               
               
                 sri-PUSCH-ClosedLoopIndex 
               
               
                 The index of the closed power control loop associated with this SRI-PUSCH-PowerControl 
               
               
                 sri-PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS-Id 
               
               
                 The ID of PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS as configured in the pathlossReferenceRSToAddModList in 
               
               
                 PUSCH-PowerControl. 
               
               
                 sri-PUSCH-PowerControlId 
               
               
                 The ID of this SRI-PUSCH-PowerControl configuration. It is used as the codepoint (payload) in the 
               
               
                 SRI DCI field. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In various embodiments, the RRC message may also include an SRS configuration (SRS-Config) IE, which is used to configure sounding reference signal transmissions. The SRS-Config defines a list of SRS resources (SRS-Resources) and a list of SRS resource sets (SRS-ResourceSets). Each resource set defines a set of SRS-Resources. In embodiments, the network (e.g., a RAN node  111 ) triggers the transmission of the set of SRS-Resources using a configured aperiodicSRS-ResourceTrigger (L1 DCI). An example SRS-Config IE is shown by table 6, and field descriptions for the SRS-Config are shown by table 7. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SRS-Config information element 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 -- ASN1START 
                   
               
               
                 -- TAG-SRS-CONFIG-START 
               
               
                 SRS-Config ::= 
                  SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                   srs-ResourceSetToReleaseList 
                    SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..maxNrofSRS- 
               
               
                 ResourceSets)) OF SRS-ResourceSetId 
                 OPTIONAL,  -- Need N 
               
               
                   srs-ResourceSetToAddModList 
                    SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..maxNrofSRS- 
               
               
                 ResourceSets)) OF SRS-ResourceSet 
                 OPTIONAL,  -- Need N 
               
               
                   srs-ResourceToReleaseList 
                    SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..maxNrofSRS- 
               
               
                 Resources)) OF SRS-ResourceId 
                 OPTIONAL,  -- Need N 
               
               
                   srs-ResourceToAddModList 
                    SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..maxNrofSRS- 
               
               
                 Resources)) OF SRS-Resource 
                 OPTIONAL,  -- Need N 
               
               
                   tpc-Accumulation 
                    ENUMERATED {disabled} 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL,  -- Need S 
               
               
                   ... 
               
               
                 } 
               
               
                 SRS-ResourceSet ::= 
                  SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                   srs-ResourceSetId 
                    SRS-ResourceSetId, 
               
               
                   srs-ResourceIdList 
                    SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..maxNrofSRS- 
               
               
                 ResourcesPerSet)) OF SRS-ResourceId 
                 OPTIONAL,  -- Cond Setup 
               
               
                   resourceType 
                    CHOICE { 
               
               
                     aperiodic 
                      SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                       aperiodicSRS-ResourceTrigger 
                        INTEGER (1..maxNrofSRS- 
               
               
                 TriggerStates−1), 
               
               
                       csi-RS 
                        NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceId 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Cond NonCodebook 
               
               
                       slotOffset 
                        INTEGER (1..32) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                       ..., 
               
               
                       [[ 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                       aperiodicSRS-ResourceTriggerList-v1530     SEQUENCE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 (SIZE(1..maxNrofSRS-TriggerStates−2)) 
                   
               
               
                   
                            OF INTEGER 
               
               
                 (1..maxNrofSRS-TriggerStates−1) 
                  OPTIONAL -- Need M 
               
               
                       ]] 
               
               
                     }, 
               
               
                     semi-persistent 
                      SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                       associatedCSI-RS 
                        NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceId 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Cond NonCodebook 
               
               
                       ... 
               
               
                     }, 
               
               
                     periodic 
                      SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                       associatedCSI-RS 
                        NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceId 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Cond NonCodebook 
               
               
                       ... 
               
               
                     } 
               
               
                   }, 
               
               
                   usage 
                    ENUMERATED {beamManagement, 
               
               
                 codebook, nonCodebook, antennaSwitching}, 
               
               
                   alpha 
                    Alpha 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   p0 
                    INTEGER (−202..24) 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Cond Setup 
               
               
                   pathlossReferenceRS 
                    CHOICE { 
               
               
                     ssb-Index 
                      SSB-Index, 
               
               
                     csi-RS-Index 
                      NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceId 
               
               
                   } 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need M 
               
               
                   srs-PowerControlAdjustmentStates 
                    ENUMERATED { sameAsFci2, 
               
               
                 separateClosedLoop} 
                   OPTIONAL, -- Need S 
               
               
                   ... 
               
               
                 } 
               
               
                 SRS-ResourceSetId ::= 
                 INTEGER (0..maxNrofSRS-ResourceSets- 
               
               
                 1) 
               
               
                 SRS-Resource ::= 
                  SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                   srs-ResourceId 
                    SRS-ResourceId, 
               
               
                   nrofSRS-Ports 
                    ENUMERATED {port1, ports2, 
               
               
                 ports4}, 
               
               
                   ptrs-PortIndex 
                    ENUMERATED {n0, n1 } 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL, -- Need R 
               
               
                   transmissionComb 
                    CHOICE { 
               
               
                     n2 
                      SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                       combOffset-n2 
                        INTEGER (0..1), 
               
               
                       cyclicShift-n2 
                        INTEGER (0..7) 
               
               
                     }, 
               
               
                     n4 
                      SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                       combOffset-n4 
                        INTEGER (0..3), 
               
               
                       cyclicShift-n4 
                        INTEGER (0..11) 
               
               
                     } 
               
               
                   }, 
               
               
                   resourceMapping 
                      SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                     startPosition 
                        INTEGER (0..5), 
               
               
                     nrofSymbols 
                        ENUMERATED {n1, n2, n4}, 
               
               
                     repetitionFactor 
                        ENUMERATED {n1, n2, n4} 
               
               
                   }, 
               
               
                   freqDomainPosition 
                    INTEGER (0..67), 
               
               
                   freqDomainShift 
                    INTEGER (0..268), 
               
               
                   freqHopping 
                    SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                     c-SRS 
                      INTEGER (0..63), 
               
               
                     b-SRS 
                      INTEGER (0..3), 
               
               
                     b-hop 
                      INTEGER (0..3) 
               
               
                   }, 
               
               
                   groupOrSequenceHopping 
                    ENUMERATED { neither, 
               
               
                 groupHopping, sequenceHopping }, 
               
               
                   resourceType 
                    CHOICE { 
               
               
                     aperiodic 
                      SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                       ... 
               
               
                     }, 
               
               
                     semi-persistent 
                      SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                       periodicityAndOffset-sp 
                          SRS- 
               
               
                 PeriodicityAndOffset, 
               
               
                       ... 
               
               
                     }, 
               
               
                     periodic 
                      SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                       periodicityAndOffset-p 
                          SRS- 
               
               
                 PeriodicityAndOffset, 
               
               
                       ... 
               
               
                     } 
               
               
                   }, 
               
               
                   sequenceId 
                    INTEGER (0..1023), 
               
               
                   spatialRelationInfo 
                    SRS-SpatialRelationInfo 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL,  -- Need R 
               
               
                   ... 
               
               
                 } 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 SRS-SpatialRelationInfo ::=   SEQUENCE { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   servingCellId 
                  ServCellIndex 
               
               
                 OPTIONAL,  -- Need S 
               
               
                   referenceSignal 
                  CHOICE { 
               
               
                     ssb-Index 
                    SSB-Index, 
               
               
                     csi-RS-Index 
                    NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceId, 
               
               
                     srs 
                    SEQUENCE { 
               
               
                       resourceId 
                      SRS-ResourceId, 
               
               
                       uplinkBWP 
                      BWP-Id 
               
               
                     } 
               
               
                   } 
               
               
                 } 
               
               
                 SRS-ResourceId ::= 
                 INTEGER (0..maxNrofSRS-Resources−1) 
               
               
                 SRS-PeriodicityAndOffset ::= 
                 CHOICE { 
               
               
                   s11 
                    NULL, 
               
               
                   s12 
                    INTEGER(0..1), 
               
               
                   s14 
                    INTEGER(0..3), 
               
               
                   s15 
                    INTEGER(0..4), 
               
               
                   s18 
                    INTEGER(0..7), 
               
               
                   s110 
                    INTEGER(0..9), 
               
               
                   s116 
                    INTEGER(0..15), 
               
               
                   s120 
                    INTEGER(0..19), 
               
               
                   s132 
                    INTEGER(0..31), 
               
               
                   s140 
                    INTEGER(0..39), 
               
               
                   s164 
                    INTEGER(0..63), 
               
               
                   s180 
                    INTEGER(0..79), 
               
               
                   s1160 
                    INTEGER(0..159), 
               
               
                   s1320 
                    INTEGER(0..319), 
               
               
                   s1640 
                    INTEGER(0..639), 
               
               
                   s11280 
                    INTEGER(0..1279), 
               
               
                   s12560 
                    INTEGER(0..2559) 
               
               
                 } 
               
               
                 -- TAG-SRS-CONFIG-STOP 
               
               
                 -- ASN1STOP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SRS-Config field descriptions 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 SRS-Resource field descriptions 
               
               
                 tpc-Accumulation 
               
               
                 If the field is absent, UE applies TPC commands via accumulation. If disabled, UE applies the TPC 
               
               
                 command without accumulation (this applies to SRS when a separate closed loop is configured for 
               
               
                 SRS). 
               
               
                 SRS-Resource field descriptions 
               
               
                 cyclicShift-n2 
               
               
                 Cyclic shift configuration 
               
               
                 cyclicShift-n4 
               
               
                 Cyclic shift configuration 
               
               
                 freqHopping 
               
               
                 Includes parameters capturing SRS frequency hopping 
               
               
                 groupOrSequenceHopping 
               
               
                 Parameter(s) for configuring group or sequence hopping 
               
               
                 periodicityAndOffset-p 
               
               
                 Periodicity and slot offset for this SRS resource. All values in “number of slots” sl1 corresponds to a 
               
               
                 periodicity of 1 slot, value sl2 corresponds to a periodicity of 2 slots, and so on. For each periodicity 
               
               
                 the corresponding offset is given in number of slots. For periodicity sl1 the offset is 0 slots 
               
               
                 periodicityAndOffset-sp 
               
               
                 Periodicity and slot offset for this SRS resource. All values in “number of slots”. sl1 corresponds to a 
               
               
                 periodicity of 1 slot, value sl2 corresponds to a periodicity of 2 slots, and so on. For each periodicity 
               
               
                 the corresponding offset is given in number of slots. For periodicity sl1 the offset is 0 slots 
               
               
                 ptrs-PortIndex 
               
               
                 The PTRS port index for this SRS resource for non-codebook based UL MIMO. This is only applicable 
               
               
                 when the corresponding PTRS-UplinkConfig is set to CP-OFDM. The ptrs-PortIndex configured here 
               
               
                 must be smaller than or equal to the maxNnrofPorts configured in the PTRS-UplinkConfig 
               
               
                 resourceMapping 
               
               
                 OFDM symbol location of the SRS resource within a slot including number of OFDM symbols (N = 1, 2 
               
               
                 or 4 per SRS resource), startPosition (SRSSymbolStartPosition = 0 . . . 5; “0” refers to the last symbol, 
               
               
                 “1” refers to the second last symbol) and Repetition Factor (r = 1, 2 or 4). The configured SRS 
               
               
                 resource does not exceed the slot boundary. 
               
               
                 resourceType 
               
               
                 Periodicity and offset for semi-persistent and periodic SRS resource 
               
               
                 sequenceId 
               
               
                 Sequence ID used to initialize pseudo random group and sequence hopping 
               
               
                 spatialRelationInfo 
               
               
                 Configuration of the spatial relation between a reference RS and the target SRS. Reference RS can 
               
               
                 be SSB/CSI-RS/SRS 
               
               
                 transmissionComb 
               
               
                 Comb value (2 or 4) and comb offset (0 . . . combValue − 1) 
               
               
                 SRS-ResourceSet field descriptions 
               
               
                 alpha 
               
               
                 alpha value for SRS power control. When the field is absent the UE applies the value 1. 
               
               
                 aperiodicSRS-ResourceTriggerList 
               
               
                 An additional list of DCI “code points” upon which the UE shall transmit SRS according to this SRS 
               
               
                 resource set configuration. 
               
               
                 aperiodicSRS-ResourceTrigger 
               
               
                 The DCI “code point” upon which the UE shall transmit SRS according to this SRS resource set 
               
               
                 configuration. 
               
               
                 associatedCSI-RS 
               
               
                 ID of CSI-RS resource associated with this SRS resource set in non-codebook based operation. 
               
               
                 csi-RS 
               
               
                 ID of CSI-RS resource associated with this SRS resource set. 
               
               
                 p0 
               
               
                 P0 value for SRS power control. The value is in dBm. Only even values (step size 2) are allowed. 
               
               
                 pathlossReferenceRS 
               
               
                 A reference signal (e.g. a CSI-RS config or a SS block) to be used for SRS path loss estimation. 
               
               
                 resourceType 
               
               
                 Time domain behavior of SRS resource configuration. Corresponds to L1 parameter ‘SRS- 
               
               
                 ResourceConfigType’. The network configures SRS resources in the same resource set with the same 
               
               
                 time domain behavior on periodic, aperiodic and semi-persistent SRS. 
               
               
                 slotOffset 
               
               
                 An offset in number of slots between the triggering DCI and the actual transmission of this SRS- 
               
               
                 ResourceSet. If the field is absent the UE applies no offset (value 0). 
               
               
                 srs-PowerControlAdjustmentStates 
               
               
                 Indicates whether hsrs, c(i) = fc(i, 1) or hsrs, c(i) = fc(i, 2) (if twoPUSCH-PC-AdjustmentStates are 
               
               
                 configured) or serarate close loop is configured for SRS. This parameter is applicable only for UIs on 
               
               
                 which UE also transmits PUSCH. If absent or release, the UE applies the value sameAs-Fci1. 
               
               
                 srs-ResourceIdList 
               
               
                 The IDs of the SRS-Resources used in this SRS-ResourceSet. If this SRS-ResourceSet is configured 
               
               
                 with usage set to codebook, the srs-ResourceldList contains at most 2 entries. If this SRS- 
               
               
                 ResourceSet is configured with usage set to nonCodebook, the srs-ResourceIdList contains at most 4 
               
               
                 entries. 
               
               
                 srs-ResourceSetId 
               
               
                 The ID of this resource set. It is unique in the context of the BWP in which the parent SRS-Config is 
               
               
                 defined. 
               
               
                 usage 
               
               
                 Indicates if the SRS resource set is used for beam management, codebook based or non-codebook 
               
               
                 based transmission or antenna switching. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown by the examples of tables 6 and 7, the SRS-Config IE includes one or more SRS-ResourceSet IE, which may include one or more SRS-Resource IEs that configures the UE  101  with one or more SRS resources. Each SRS-Resource IE may include a resource Type parameter and a spatialRelationInfo parameter with an SRS-SpatialRelationInfo value, which indicates or is a configuration of the spatial relation between a reference RS and a target SRS. For codebook based transmission, the UE  101  may be configured with a single SRS-ResourceSet set to ‘codebook’ and only one SRS resource can be indicated based on the SRI from within the SRS resource set. For UL codebook based transmissions, if the SRS-Resource IE has a resource Type parameter configured with a value “semi-persistent,” the UE  101  expects the SRS resource(s) indicated by the SRS-Resource IE to be activated (e.g., by a suitable DCI) and uses a same spatial domain filter to transmit a PUSCH as an activated SRS resource for codebook based transmission. If such SRS resource(s) are not activated (e.g., by a suitable DCI), the UE  101  applies the same spatial domain filter to transmit the PUSCH as the parameter SRS-SpatialRelationInfo configured for the indicated SRS. Additionally or alternatively, the PUSCH beam may be the same as the beam used for a particular PUCCH resource or a particular SRS resource for beam management. Furthermore, in various embodiments, each SRS-ResourceSet may also be associated with an SRS power control (SRS-PowerControl) IE similar to the PUSCH-PowerControl IE of tables 4-5. 
     The NAS  757  may form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE  101  and the AMF. The NAS  757  may support the mobility of the UEs  101  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  101  and a P-GW in LTE systems. 
     According to various embodiments, one or more protocol entities of arrangement  700  may be implemented in UEs  101 , RAN nodes  111 , AMF in NR implementations or MME in LTE implementations, UPF  602  in NR implementations or S-GW and P-GW in LTE implementations, or the like to be used for control plane or user plane communications protocol stack between the aforementioned devices. In such embodiments, one or more protocol entities that may be implemented in one or more of UE  101 , gNB  111 , AMF, etc. may communicate with a respective peer protocol entity that may be implemented in or on another device using the services of respective lower layer protocol entities to perform such communication. In some embodiments, a gNB-CU of the gNB  111  may host the RRC  755 , SDAP  747 , and PDCP  740  of the gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs, and the gNB-DUs of the gNB  111  may each host the RLC  730 , MAC  720 , and PHY  710  of the gNB  111 . 
     In a first example, a control plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, NAS  757 , RRC  755 , PDCP  740 , RLC  730 , MAC  720 , and PHY  710 . In this example, upper layers  760  may be built on top of the NAS  857 , which includes an IP layer  761 , an SCTP  762 , and an application layer signaling protocol (AP)  763 . 
     In NR implementations, the AP  763  may be an NG application protocol layer (NGAP or NG-AP)  763  for the NG interface  113  defined between the NG-RAN node  111  and the AMF  621 , or the AP  763  may be an Xn application protocol layer (XnAP or Xn-AP)  763  for the Xn interface  112  that is defined between two or more RAN nodes  111 . 
     The NG-AP  763  may support the functions of the NG interface  113  and may comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An NG-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the NG-RAN node  111  and the AMF. The NG-AP  763  services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services (e.g., services related to a UE  101 ) and non-UE-associated services (e.g., services related to the whole NG interface instance between the NG-RAN node  111  and AMF). These services may include functions including, but not limited to: a paging function for the sending of paging requests to NG-RAN nodes  111  involved in a particular paging area; a UE context management function for allowing the AMF  621  to establish, modify, and/or release a UE context in the AMF  621  and the NG-RAN node  111 ; a mobility function for UEs  101  in ECM-CONNECTED mode for intra-system HOs to support mobility within NG-RAN and inter-system HOs to support mobility from/to EPS systems; a NAS Signaling Transport function for transporting or rerouting NAS messages between UE  101  and AMF  621 ; a NAS node selection function for determining an association between the AMF  621  and the UE  101 ; NG interface management function(s) for setting up the NG interface and monitoring for errors over the NG interface; a warning message transmission function for providing means to transfer warning messages via NG interface or cancel ongoing broadcast of warning messages; a Configuration Transfer function for requesting and transferring of RAN configuration information (e.g., SON information, performance measurement (PM) data, etc.) between two RAN nodes  111  via CN  120 ; and/or other like functions. 
     The XnAP  763  may support the functions of the Xn interface  112  and may comprise XnAP basic mobility procedures and XnAP global procedures. The XnAP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the NG RAN  111  (or E-UTRAN  510 ), such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The XnAP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE  101 , such as Xn interface setup and reset procedures, NG-RAN update procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like. 
     In LTE implementations, the AP  763  may be an S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP)  763  for the S1 interface  113  defined between an E-UTRAN node  111  and an MME, or the AP  763  may be an X2 application protocol layer (X2AP or X2-AP)  763  for the X2 interface  112  that is defined between two or more E-UTRAN nodes  111 . 
     The S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP)  763  may support the functions of the S1 interface, and similar to the NG-AP discussed previously, the S1-AP may comprise S1-AP EPs. An S1-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the E-UTRAN node  111  and an MME within an LTE CN  120 . The S1-AP  763  services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer. 
     The X2AP  763  may support the functions of the X2 interface  112  and may comprise X2AP basic mobility procedures and X2AP global procedures. The X2AP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the E-UTRAN  120 , such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The X2AP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE  101 , such as X2 interface setup and reset procedures, load indication procedures, error indication procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like. 
     The SCTP layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer)  762  may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages (e.g., NGAP or XnAP messages in NR implementations, or S1-AP or X2AP messages in LTE implementations). The SCTP  762  may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node  111  and the AMF/MME based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP  761 . The Internet Protocol layer (IP)  761  may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. In some implementations the IP layer  761  may use point-to-point transmission to deliver and convey PDUs. In this regard, the RAN node  111  may comprise L2 and L1 layer communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) with the MME/AMF to exchange information. 
     In a second example, a user plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP  747 , PDCP  740 , RLC  730 , MAC  820 , and PHY  810 . The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE  101 , the RAN node  111 , and UPF  602  in NR implementations or an S-GW  522  and P-GW  523  in LTE implementations. In this example, upper layers  751  may be built on top of the SDAP  747 , and may include a UDP and IP security layer (UDP/IP)  1152 , a GPRS Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U)  753 , and a User Plane PDU layer (UP PDU)  763 . 
     The transport network layer  754  (also referred to as a “transport layer”) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U  753  may be used on top of the UDP/IP layer  1152  (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to carry user plane PDUs (UP-PDUs). The IP layer (also referred to as the “Internet layer”) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. 
     The GTP-U  753  may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP/IP  1152  may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node  111  and the S-GW may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer (e.g., PHY  710 ), an L2 layer (e.g., MAC  720 , RLC  730 , PDCP  740 , and/or SDAP  747 ), the UDP/IP layer  752 , and the GTP-U  753 . The S-GW and the P-GW may utilize an S5/S8a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/IP layer  752 , and the GTP-U  753 . As discussed previously, NAS protocols may support the mobility of the UE  101  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  101  and the P-GW. 
     Moreover, although not shown by  FIG.  7   , an application layer may be present above the AP  763  and/or the transport network layer  754 . The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE  101 , RAN node  111 , or other network element interacts with software applications being executed, for example, by application circuitry  305  or application circuitry  405 , respectively. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE  101  or RAN node  111 , such as the baseband circuitry  610 . In some implementations the IP layer and/or the application layer may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7—the application layer, OSI Layer 6—the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5—the session layer). 
       FIGS.  10 - 11    show example procedures  1000 - 1100 , respectively, in accordance with various embodiments. For illustrative purposes, the various operations of processes  1000 - 1100  is described as being performed by UEs  101  of  FIG.  1    or elements thereof (e.g., components discussed with regard to platform  400  of  FIG.  4   ), or a RAN node  111  of  FIG.  1    or elements thereof (e.g., components discussed with regard to infrastructure equipment  300  of  FIG.  3   ). Additionally, the various messages/signaling communicated between the UE  101  and RAN node  111  may be sent/received over the various interfaces discussed herein with respect to  FIGS.  1 - 7   , and using the various mechanisms discussed herein including those discussed herein with respect to  FIGS.  1 - 9   . While particular examples and orders of operations are illustrated  FIGS.  10 - 11   , the depicted orders of operations should not be construed to limit the scope of the embodiments in any way. Rather, the depicted operations may be re-ordered, broken into additional operations, combined, and/or omitted altogether while remaining within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  10    shows a process  1000  for generating and transmitting an SRS according to various embodiments. Process  1000  may be performed by the UE  101 . Process  1000  begins at operation  1005  where the UE  101  receives an RRC message including an SRS resource configuration. The SRS resource configuration indicates one or more configured SRS resource sets, and the one or more configured SRS resource sets indicate one or more configured SRS resources for a configured transmission scheme (e.g., a codebook transmission scheme or a non-codebook transmission scheme. At operation  1010 , the UE  101  receives a MAC CE message (e.g., MAC CE  900  of  FIG.  9   ), which indicates a subset of the configured SRS resources. In some embodiments, the MAC CE indicates or includes a CC index and a BWP ID. At operation  1015 , the UE  101  receives (or attempts to decode) DCI, which indicates an SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources. At operation  1020 , the UE  101  generates and transmit a PUSCH transmission or an SRS in the SRS resource indicated by the DCI. 
     In some embodiments where the transmission is the SRS, the MAC CE further indicates an SRS resource ID for each SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources and spatial relation information for each SRS resource of the subset of the configured SRS resources. In other embodiments where the transmission is the SRS, the MAC CE further indicates an SRS resource set ID of an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, and spatial relation information for each SRS resource in the individual SRS resource set. In other embodiments where the transmission is the SRS, the RRC message further includes a power control parameter set for each SRS resource set, and the MAC CE further indicates an SRS resource set ID of an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, a P0 and alpha set ID of a power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set, a pathloss reference signal ID of the power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set, and a closed-loop index of the power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set. 
     In some embodiments where the transmission is the PUSCH transmission, the MAC CE further indicates an SRS resource ID for each SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources. In other embodiments where the transmission is the PUSCH transmission, the MAC CE further indicates spatial relation information for a corresponding SRI for each SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources. In some embodiments where the transmission is the PUSCH transmission, the spatial relation information is based on an SSB, a CSI-RS, or the SRS. In some embodiments where the transmission is the PUSCH transmission, the DCI includes an SRS resource indicator field, and a value in the SRS resource indicator field is selected from the subset of the configured SRS resources. 
       FIG.  11    depicts an example process  1100  for configuring SRS resources according to various embodiments. Process  1400  may be performed by the RAN node  111 . Process  1100  begins at operation  1105  where the RAN node  111  generates and transmits an RRC message, which includes an SRS configuration that includes one or more configured SRS resource sets. Each of the one or more configured SRS resource sets include one or more SRS resources. Sometime later at operation  1110 , the RAN node  111  selects an SRS resource subset from among the one or more configure SRS resources, and at operation  1115 , the RAN node  111  generates and transmits a MAC CE (e.g., MAC CE  900  of  FIG.  9   ) indicating the SRS resource subset to a UE  101 . Sometime later, the RAN node  111  at operation  1120  selects one SRS resource from the SRS resource subset, and at operation  1125 , the RAN node  111  generates and transmits the DCI to the UE  101  to indicate the one SRS resource. 
     In some embodiments, at operation  1115  the RAN node  111  generates the MAC CE to indicate a CC index, a BWP ID, an SRS resource ID for each SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources, and spatial relation information for each SRS resource of the subset of the configured SRS resources. 
     In some embodiments, at operation  1115  the RAN node  111  generates the MAC CE to indicate a CC index, a BWP ID, an SRS resource set ID of an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, and spatial relation information for each SRS resource in the individual SRS resource set. 
     In some embodiments, at operation  1105  the RAN node  111  generates the RRC message to include a power control parameter set for each SRS resource set; and at operation  1115  generates the MAC CE to indicate a CC index, a BWP ID, an SRS resource set ID of an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, a P0 and alpha set ID of a power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set, a pathloss reference signal ID of the power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set, and a closed-loop index of the power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set. 
     In some embodiments, at operation  1105  the RAN node  111  generates the MAC CE to indicate a CC index, a BWP ID, and spatial relation information for a corresponding SRI for each SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources. 
     Some non-limiting examples are as follows. The following examples pertain to further embodiments, and specifics in the examples may be used anywhere in one or more embodiments discussed previously. Any of the following examples may be combined with any other example or any embodiment discussed herein. 
     Example 1 includes a comprising: generating or causing to generate a sounding reference signal (SRS) beam for transmission in a configured SRS resource indicated by received Downlink Control Information (DCI) when the UE is configured with one or more SRS resources for a configured transmission scheme via higher layer signaling and a subset of the one or more SRS resources are reconfigured via a received Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE); and transmitting or causing to transmit the SRS beam. 
     Example 2 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the MAC CE is to indicate a component carrier (CC) index and a bandwidth part identifier (ID). 
     Example 3 includes the method of example 2 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the one or more SRS resources are configured with a periodic time domain behavior or an aperiodic time domain behavior, and wherein the MAC CE is to update a beam of each SRS resource of the subset of the one or more SRS resources, and the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource ID for each SRS resource and spatial relation information for each SRS resource. 
     Example 4 includes the method of example 2 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the one or more SRS resource sets are configured via the higher layer signaling, and the one or more SRS resource sets comprise the one or more SRS resources. 
     Example 5 includes the method of example 4 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the one or more SRS resources are configured with a periodic time domain behavior or an aperiodic time domain behavior, and wherein the MAC CE is to update beams of all SRS resources in an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, and the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource set ID for the individual SRS resource set and spatial relation information for each SRS resource in the individual SRS resource set. 
     Example 6 includes the method of example 4 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the MAC CE is to update a power control parameter set for an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, and the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource set ID for the individual SRS resource set, a P0 and alpha set ID, a pathloss reference signal ID, and a closed-loop index. 
     Example 7 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other example(s) herein, further comprising: generating or causing to generate a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) beam for transmission in the configured SRS resource indicated by the received DCI when the MAC CE indicates M number of candidate SRS resources; and transmitting or causing to transmit the PUSCH beam. 
     Example 8 includes the method of example 7 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the MAC CE is to include a CC index, a BWP ID, and an SRS resource ID for each of the M number of candidate SRS resources. 
     Example 9 includes the method of example 7 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the MAC CE is to include a CC index, a BWP ID, and spatial relation information for a corresponding SRS resource indicator (SRI) of the M number of candidate SRS resources. 
     Example 10 includes the method of example 7 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the DCI includes an SRS resource indicator field, and a value in the SRS resource indicator field is selected from the M number of candidate SRS resources. 
     Example 11 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the configured transmission scheme is a codebook based transmission scheme or a non-codebook based transmission scheme. 
     Example 12 includes a method comprising: receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message including a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) resource configuration, the SRS resource configuration to indicate one or more configured SRS resource sets, and the one or more configured SRS resource sets to indicate one or more configured SRS resources; receiving a Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) message, the MAC CE message to indicate a subset of the configured SRS resources; receiving Downlink Control Information (DCI), the DCI to indicate an SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources; and transmitting or causing to transmit a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) transmission or an SRS in the SRS resource indicated by the DCI. 
     Example 13 includes the method of example 12 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the MAC CE is to indicate a component carrier (CC) index and a bandwidth part identifier (ID). 
     Example 14 includes the method of example 13 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the one or more configured SRS resources are configured with a periodic time domain behavior or an aperiodic time domain behavior, and wherein, when the transmission is the SRS, the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource ID for each SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources and spatial relation information for each SRS resource of the subset of the configured SRS resources. 
     Example 15 includes the method of example 13 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the one or more configured SRS resources are configured with a periodic time domain behavior or an aperiodic time domain behavior, and wherein, when the transmission is the SRS, the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource set ID of an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, and spatial relation information for each SRS resource in the individual SRS resource set. 
     Example 16 includes the method of example 13 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein, when the transmission is the SRS, the RRC message is to further include a power control parameter set for each SRS resource set, and the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource set ID of an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, a P0 and alpha set ID of a power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set, a pathloss reference signal ID of the power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set, and a closed-loop index of the power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set. 
     Example 17 includes the method of example 13 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein, when the transmission is the PUSCH transmission, the MAC CE is to further indicate an SRS resource ID for each SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources. 
     Example 18 includes the method of example 13 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein, when the transmission is the PUSCH transmission, the MAC CE is to further indicate spatial relation information for a corresponding SRS resource indicator (SRI) for each SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources. 
     Example 19 includes the method of example 18 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein, when the transmission is the PUSCH transmission, the spatial relation information is based on a synchronization signal block (SSB), a Chanel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS), or the SRS. 
     Example 20 includes the method of example 18 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein, when the transmission is the PUSCH transmission, the DCI includes an SRS resource indicator field, and a value in the SRS resource indicator field is selected from the subset of the configured SRS resources. 
     Example 21 includes a method comprising: generating or causing to generate a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message to include a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) resource configuration, the SRS resource configuration to indicate one or more configured SRS resource sets, and the one or more configured SRS resource sets to indicate one or more configured SRS resources; transmitting or causing to transmit the RRC message to a user equipment (UE); selecting or causing to select a subset of the one or more configured SRS resources; generating or causing to generate a Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) message to indicate the subset of the one or more configured SRS resources; transmitting or causing to transmit the MAC CE to the UE; selecting or causing to select a single SRS resource from the subset of the configured SRS resources; generating or causing to generate Downlink Control Information (DCI) to indicate the selected single SRS resource; and transmitting or causing to transmit the DCI to the UE. 
     Example 22 includes the method of example 21 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the processor circuitry is to generate the MAC CE to indicate a component carrier (CC) index, a bandwidth part identifier (ID), an SRS resource ID for each SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources, and spatial relation information for each SRS resource of the subset of the configured SRS resources. 
     Example 23 includes the method of example 21 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the processor circuitry is to generate the MAC CE to indicate a CC index, a BWP ID, an SRS resource set ID of an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, and spatial relation information for each SRS resource in the individual SRS resource set. 
     Example 24 includes the method of example 21 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the processor circuitry is to generate the RRC message to include a power control parameter set for each SRS resource set; and generate the MAC CE to indicate a CC index, a BWP ID, an SRS resource set ID of an individual SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets, a P0 and alpha set ID of a power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set, a pathloss reference signal ID of the power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set, and a closed-loop index of the power control parameter set corresponding to the individual SRS resource set. 
     Example 25 includes the method of example 21 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the processor circuitry is to generate the MAC CE to indicate a CC index, a BWP ID, and spatial relation information for a corresponding SRS resource indicator (SRI) for each SRS resource in the subset of the configured SRS resources. 
     Example 26 includes the method of example 21 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the one or more configured SRS resource sets are configured with a periodic time domain behavior or an aperiodic time domain behavior. 
     Example 27 includes the method of examples 21-26 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method is to be performed by an apparatus to be implemented in a Radio Access Network (RAN) node. Example 28 includes the method of examples 1-20 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method is to be performed by a System-on-Chip (SoC) to be implemented in a user equipment (UE). 
     Example 29 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-28, or any other method or process described herein. Example 30 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-28, or any other method or process described herein. Example 31 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-28, or any other method or process described herein. Example 32 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-28, or portions or parts thereof. Example 33 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-28, or portions thereof. Example 34 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1-28, or portions or parts thereof. Example 35 includes a packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-28, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. Example 36 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein. Example 37 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein. Example 38 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. Example 39 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. 
     The present disclosure has been described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and/or computer program products according to embodiments of the present disclosure. In the drawings, some structural or method features may be shown in specific arrangements and/or orderings. However, it should be appreciated that such specific arrangements and/or orderings may not be required. Rather, in some embodiments, such features may be arranged in a different manner and/or order than shown in the illustrative figures. Additionally, the inclusion of a structural or method feature in a particular figure is not meant to imply that such feature is required in all embodiments and, in some embodiments, may not be included or may be combined with other features. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specific the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operation, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “A and/or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B). For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C). The description may use the phrases “in an embodiment,” or “In some embodiments,” which may each refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments. Furthermore, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like, as used with respect to embodiments of the present disclosure, are synonymous. 
     The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or ink, and/or the like. 
     As used herein, the term “circuitry” refers to a circuit or system of multiple circuits configured to perform a particular function in an electronic device. The circuit or system of circuits may be part of, or include one or more hardware components, such as a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), ASICs, FPDs (e.g., FPGAs, PLDs, CPLDs, HCPLDs, a structured ASICs, or a programmable SoCs, DSPs, etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In addition, the term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. Some types of circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. Such a combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry. 
     As used herein, the term “processor circuitry” refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. 
     As used herein, the term “module” refers to one or more independent electronic circuits packaged onto a circuit board, SoC, SiP, etc., configured to provide a basic function within a computer system. 
     As used herein, the term “module” refers to, be part of, or include an FPD, ASIC, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), etc., that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality. 
     As used herein, the term “interface circuitry” refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry providing for the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” refers to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, input/output (I/O) interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like. 
     As used herein, the term “device” refers to a physical entity embedded inside, or attached to, another physical entity in its vicinity, with capabilities to convey digital information from or to that physical entity. As used herein, the term “element” refers to a unit that is indivisible at a given level of abstraction and has a clearly defined boundary, wherein an element may be any type of entity. As used herein, the term “controller” refers to an element or entity that has the capability to affect a physical entity, such as by changing its state or causing the physical entity to move. As used herein, the term “entity” refers to (1) a distinct component of an architecture or device, or (2) information transferred as a payload. The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like. 
     As used herein, the term “computer system” refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” refers to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another, or otherwise organized to accomplish one or more functions. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” refers to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources. 
     As used herein, the term “architecture” refers to a fundamental organization of a system embodied in its components, their relationships to one another, and to an environment, as well as to the principles guiding its design and evolution. 
     As used herein, the term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, refers to a discrete hardware device with integrated program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically or specially designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource. 
     As used herein, the term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface. 
     As used herein, the term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information. 
     As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like refers to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. 
     As used herein, a “database object”, “data object”, or the like refers to any representation of information in a database that is in the form of an object, attribute-value pair (AVP), key-value pair (KVP), tuple, etc., and may include variables, data structures, functions, methods, classes, database records, database fields, database entities, associations between data and database entities (also referred to as a “relation”), and the like. 
     As used herein, the term “resource” refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. The term “network resource” refers to a resource hosted by a remote entity (e.g., a cloud computing service) and accessible over a network. The term “on-device resource” refers to a resource hosted inside a device and enabling access to the device, and thus, to the related physical entity. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable. Additionally, a “virtualized resource” refers to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, such as a multi-access edge applications. The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content. 
     For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations listed in table 8 may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 3GPP 
                 Third Generation Partnership Project 
               
               
                 4G 
                 Fourth Generation 
               
               
                 5G 
                 Fifth Generation 
               
               
                 5GC 
                 5G Core network 
               
               
                 ACK 
                 Acknowledgement 
               
               
                 AF 
                 Application Function 
               
               
                 AM 
                 Acknowledged Mode 
               
               
                 AMF 
                 Access and Mobility Management Function 
               
               
                 AN 
                 Access Network 
               
               
                 ANR 
                 Automatic Neighbor Relation 
               
               
                 AP 
                 Application Protocol, Antenna Port, Access Point 
               
               
                 API 
                 Application Programming Interface 
               
               
                 APN 
                 Access Point Name 
               
               
                 ARP 
                 Allocation and Retention Priority 
               
               
                 ARQ 
                 Automatic Repeat Request 
               
               
                 AS 
                 Access Stratum 
               
               
                 ASN.1 
                 Abstract Syntax Notation One 
               
               
                 AUSF 
                 Authentication Server Function 
               
               
                 AWGN 
                 Additive White Gaussian Noise 
               
               
                 BCH 
                 Broadcast Channel 
               
               
                 BER 
                 Bit Error Ratio 
               
               
                 BLER 
                 Block Error Rate 
               
               
                 BPSK 
                 Binary Phase Shift Keying 
               
               
                 BRAS 
                 Broadband Remote Access Server 
               
               
                 BSS 
                 Business Support System 
               
               
                 BS 
                 Base Station 
               
               
                 BSR 
                 Buffer Status Report 
               
               
                 BW 
                 Bandwidth 
               
               
                 BWP 
                 Bandwidth Part 
               
               
                 C-RNTI 
                 Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity 
               
               
                 CA 
                 Carrier Aggregation, Certification Authority 
               
               
                 CAPEX 
                 CAPital EXpenditure 
               
               
                 CBRA 
                 Contention Based Random Access 
               
               
                 CC 
                 Component Carrier, Country Code, Cryptographic 
               
               
                   
                 Checksum 
               
               
                 CCA 
                 Clear Channel Assessment 
               
               
                 CCE 
                 Control Channel Element 
               
               
                 CCCH 
                 Common Control Channel 
               
               
                 CE 
                 Coverage Enhancement 
               
               
                 CDM 
                 Content Delivery Network 
               
               
                 CDMA 
                 Code-Division Multiple Access 
               
               
                 CFRA 
                 Contention Free Random Access 
               
               
                 CG 
                 Cell Group 
               
               
                 CI 
                 Cell Identity 
               
               
                 CID 
                 Cell-ID (e.g., positioning method) 
               
               
                 CIM 
                 Common Information Model 
               
               
                 CIR 
                 Carrier to Interference Ratio 
               
               
                 CK 
                 Cipher Key 
               
               
                 CM 
                 Connection Management, Conditional Mandatory 
               
               
                 CMAS 
                 Commercial Mobile Alert Service 
               
               
                 CMD 
                 Command 
               
               
                 CMS 
                 Cloud Management System 
               
               
                 CO 
                 Conditional Optional 
               
               
                 CoMP 
                 Coordinated Multi-Point 
               
               
                 CORESET 
                 Control Resource Set 
               
               
                 COTS 
                 Commercial Off-The-Shelf 
               
               
                 CP 
                 Control Plane, Cyclic Prefix, Connection Point 
               
               
                 CPD 
                 Connection Point Descriptor 
               
               
                 CPE 
                 Customer Premise Equipment 
               
               
                 CPICH 
                 Common Pilot Channel 
               
               
                 CQI 
                 Channel Quality Indicator 
               
               
                 CPU 
                 CSI processing unit, Central Processing Unit 
               
               
                 C/R 
                 Command/Response field bit 
               
               
                 CRAN 
                 Cloud Radio Access Network, Cloud RAN 
               
               
                 CRB 
                 Common Resource Block 
               
               
                 CRC 
                 Cyclic Redundancy Check 
               
               
                 CRI 
                 Channel-State Information Resource Indicator, CSI-RS 
               
               
                   
                 Resource Indicator 
               
               
                 C-RNTI 
                 Cell RNTI 
               
               
                 CS 
                 Circuit Switched 
               
               
                 CSAR 
                 Cloud Service Archive 
               
               
                 CSI 
                 Channel-State Information 
               
               
                 CSI-IM 
                 CSI Interference Measurement 
               
               
                 CSI-RS 
                 CSI Reference Signal 
               
               
                 CSI-RSRP 
                 CSI reference signal received power 
               
               
                 CSI-RSRQ 
                 CSI reference signal received quality 
               
               
                 CSI-SINR 
                 CSI signal-to-noise and interference ratio 
               
               
                 CSMA 
                 Carrier Sense Multiple Access 
               
               
                 CSMA/CA 
                 CSMA with collision avoidance 
               
               
                 CSS 
                 Common Search Space, Cell-specific Search Space 
               
               
                 CTS 
                 Clear-to-Send 
               
               
                 CW 
                 Codeword 
               
               
                 CWS 
                 Contention Window Size 
               
               
                 D2D 
                 Device-to-Device 
               
               
                 DC 
                 Dual Connectivity, Direct Current 
               
               
                 DCI 
                 Downlink Control Information 
               
               
                 DF 
                 Deployment Flavour 
               
               
                 DL 
                 Downlink 
               
               
                 DMTF 
                 Distributed Management Task Force 
               
               
                 DPDK 
                 Data Plane Development Kit 
               
               
                 DM-RS, 
                 Demodulation Reference Signal 
               
               
                 DMRS 
               
               
                 DN 
                 Data network 
               
               
                 DRB 
                 Data Radio Bearer 
               
               
                 DRS 
                 Discovery Reference Signal 
               
               
                 DRX 
                 Discontinuous Reception 
               
               
                 DSL 
                 Domain Specific Language. Digital Subscriber Line 
               
               
                 DSLAM 
                 DSL Access Multiplexer 
               
               
                 DwPTS 
                 Downlink Pilot Time Slot 
               
               
                 E-LAN 
                 Ethernet Local Area Network 
               
               
                 E2E 
                 End-to-End 
               
               
                 ECCA 
                 extended clear channel assessment, extended CCA 
               
               
                 ECCE 
                 Enhanced Control Channel Element, Enhanced CCE 
               
               
                 ED 
                 Energy Detection 
               
               
                 EDGE 
                 Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (GSM Evolution) 
               
               
                 EGMF 
                 Exposure Governance Management Function 
               
               
                 EGPRS 
                 Enhanced GPRS 
               
               
                 EIR 
                 Equipment Identity Register 
               
               
                 eLAA 
                 enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, enhanced LAA 
               
               
                 EM 
                 Element Manager 
               
               
                 eMBB 
                 enhanced Mobile Broadband 
               
               
                 eMBMS 
                 Evolved MBMS 
               
               
                 EMS 
                 Element Management System 
               
               
                 eNB 
                 evolved NodeB, E-UTRAN Node B 
               
               
                 EN-DC 
                 E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity 
               
               
                 EPC 
                 Evolved Packet Core 
               
               
                 EPDCCH 
                 enhanced PDCCH, enhanced Physical Downlink 
               
               
                   
                 Control Cannel 
               
               
                 EPRE 
                 Energy per resource element 
               
               
                 EPS 
                 Evolved Packet System 
               
               
                 EREG 
                 enhanced REG, enhanced resource element groups 
               
               
                 ETSI 
                 European Telecommunications Standards Institute 
               
               
                 ETWS 
                 Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System 
               
               
                 eUICC 
                 embedded UICC, embedded Universal Integrated 
               
               
                   
                 Circuit Card 
               
               
                 E-UTRA 
                 Evolved UTRA 
               
               
                 E-UTRAN 
                 Evolved UTRAN 
               
               
                 FCC 
                 Federal Communications Commission 
               
               
                 FDD 
                 Frequency Division Duplex 
               
               
                 FDM 
                 Frequency Division Multiplex 
               
               
                 FDMA 
                 Frequency Division Multiple Access 
               
               
                 FEC 
                 Forward Error Correction 
               
               
                 FFS 
                 For Further Study 
               
               
                 FFT 
                 Fast Fourier Transformation 
               
               
                 feLAA 
                 further enhanced LAA 
               
               
                 FN 
                 Frame Number 
               
               
                 FPGA 
                 Field-Programmable Gate Array 
               
               
                 FR 
                 Frequency Range 
               
               
                 G-RNTI 
                 GERAN Radio Network Temporary Identity 
               
               
                 GERAN 
                 GSM EDGE RAN, GSM EDGE Radio Access Network 
               
               
                 GGSN 
                 Gateway GPRS Support Node 
               
               
                 GLONASS 
                 GLObal&#39;naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema 
               
               
                   
                 (Engl.: Global Navigation Satellite System) 
               
               
                 gNB 
                 Next Generation NodeB 
               
               
                 gNB-CU 
                 gNB-centralized unit 
               
               
                 gNB-DU 
                 gNB-distributed unit 
               
               
                 GNSS 
                 Global Navigation Satellite System 
               
               
                 GPRS 
                 General Packet Radio Service 
               
               
                 GSM 
                 Global System for Mobile Communications, Groupe 
               
               
                   
                 Spécial Mobile 
               
               
                 GTP 
                 GPRS Tunneling Protocol 
               
               
                 GTP-U 
                 GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for User Plane 
               
               
                 GUMMEI 
                 Globally Unique MME Identifier 
               
               
                 GUTI 
                 Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity 
               
               
                 HARQ 
                 Hybrid ARQ, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 
               
               
                 HANDO, 
                 Handover 
               
               
                 HO 
               
               
                 HFN 
                 HyperFrame Number 
               
               
                 HHO 
                 Hard Handover 
               
               
                 HLR 
                 Home Location Register 
               
               
                 HN 
                 Home Network 
               
               
                 HPLMN 
                 Home Public Land Mobile Network 
               
               
                 HSDPA 
                 High Speed Downlink Packet Access 
               
               
                 HSN 
                 Hopping Sequence Number 
               
               
                 HSPA 
                 High Speed Packet Access 
               
               
                 HSS 
                 Home Subscriber Server 
               
               
                 HSUPA 
                 High Speed Uplink Packet Access 
               
               
                 HTTP 
                 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 
               
               
                 HTTPS 
                 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (https is http/1.1 
               
               
                   
                 over SSL, i.e. port 443) 
               
               
                 I-Block 
                 Information Block 
               
               
                 ICCID 
                 Integrated Circuit Card Identification 
               
               
                 ICIC 
                 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 
               
               
                 ID 
                 Identity, identifier 
               
               
                 IDFT 
                 Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform 
               
               
                 IE 
                 Information element 
               
               
                 IEEE 
                 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 
               
               
                 IEI 
                 Information Element Identifier 
               
               
                 IEIDL 
                 Information Element Identifier Data Length 
               
               
                 IETF 
                 Internet Engineering Task Force 
               
               
                 IM 
                 Interference Measurement, Intermodulation, IP 
               
               
                   
                 Multimedia 
               
               
                 IoT 
                 Internet of Things 
               
               
                 IP 
                 Internet Protocol 
               
               
                 IR 
                 Infrared 
               
               
                 ISO 
                 International Organisation for Standardisation 
               
               
                 ISP 
                 Internet Service Provider 
               
               
                 IWF 
                 Interworking-Function 
               
               
                 K 
                 Constraint length of the convolutional code, USIM 
               
               
                   
                 Individual key 
               
               
                 kB 
                 Kilobyte (1000 bytes) 
               
               
                 kbps 
                 kilo-bits per second 
               
               
                 Kc 
                 Ciphering key 
               
               
                 Ki 
                 Individual subscriber authentication key 
               
               
                 KPI 
                 Key Performance Indicator 
               
               
                 KQI 
                 Key Quality Indicator 
               
               
                 KSI 
                 Key Set Identifier 
               
               
                 ksps 
                 kilo-symbols per second 
               
               
                 KVM 
                 Kernel Virtual Machine 
               
               
                 L1 
                 Layer 1 (physical layer) 
               
               
                 L1-RSRP 
                 Layer 1 reference signal received power 
               
               
                 L2 
                 Layer 2 (data link layer) 
               
               
                 L3 
                 Layer 3 (network layer) 
               
               
                 LAA 
                 Licensed Assisted Access 
               
               
                 LAN 
                 Local Area Network 
               
               
                 LBT 
                 Listen Before Talk 
               
               
                 LCM 
                 LifeCycle Management 
               
               
                 LCR 
                 Low Chip Rate 
               
               
                 LCS 
                 Location Services 
               
               
                 LI 
                 Layer Indicator 
               
               
                 LLC 
                 Logical Link Control, Low Layer Compatibility 
               
               
                 LPLMN 
                 Local PLMN 
               
               
                 LPP 
                 LTE Positioning Protocol 
               
               
                 LSB 
                 Least Significant Bit 
               
               
                 LTE 
                 Long Term Evolution 
               
               
                 LWA 
                 LTE-WLAN aggregation 
               
               
                 LWIP 
                 LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec 
               
               
                   
                 Tunnel 
               
               
                 M2M 
                 Machine-to-Machine 
               
               
                 MAC 
                 Medium Access Control (protocol layering context) 
               
               
                 MAC 
                 Message authentication code (security/encryption 
               
               
                   
                 context) 
               
               
                 MBMS 
                 Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service 
               
               
                 MBSFN 
                 Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single 
               
               
                   
                 Frequency Network 
               
               
                 MCG 
                 Master Cell Group 
               
               
                 MCOT 
                 Maximum Channel Occupancy Time 
               
               
                 MCS 
                 Modulation and coding scheme 
               
               
                 ME 
                 Mobile Equipment 
               
               
                 MeNB 
                 master eNB 
               
               
                 MER 
                 Message Error Ratio 
               
               
                 MGL 
                 Measurement Gap Length 
               
               
                 MGRP 
                 Measurement Gap Repetition Period 
               
               
                 MIB 
                 Master Information Block, Management Information 
               
               
                   
                 Base 
               
               
                 MIMO 
                 Multiple Input Multiple Output 
               
               
                 MM 
                 Mobility Management 
               
               
                 MME 
                 Mobility Management Entity 
               
               
                 MN 
                 Master Node 
               
               
                 MO 
                 Measurement Object, Mobile Originated 
               
               
                 MPLS 
                 MultiProtocol Label Switching 
               
               
                 MS 
                 Mobile Station 
               
               
                 MSB 
                 Most Significant Bit 
               
               
                 MT 
                 Mobile Terminated, Mobile Termination 
               
               
                 MTC 
                 Machine-Type Communications 
               
               
                 mMTC 
                 massive MTC, massive Machine-Type Communications 
               
               
                 MU-MIMO 
                 Multi User MIMO 
               
               
                 NACK 
                 Negative Acknowledgement 
               
               
                 NAS 
                 Non-Access Stratum, Non-Access Stratum layer 
               
               
                 NEC 
                 Network Capability Exposure 
               
               
                 NE-DC 
                 NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity 
               
               
                 NEF 
                 Network Exposure Function 
               
               
                 NF 
                 Network Function 
               
               
                 NFP 
                 Network Forwarding Path 
               
               
                 NFPD 
                 Network Forwarding Path Descriptor 
               
               
                 NFV 
                 Network Functions Virtualization 
               
               
                 NFVI 
                 NFV Infrastructure 
               
               
                 NFVO 
                 NFV Orchestrator 
               
               
                 NG 
                 Next Generation, Next Gen 
               
               
                 NGEN-DC 
                 NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity 
               
               
                 NM 
                 Network Manager 
               
               
                 NMS 
                 Network Management System 
               
               
                 N-PoP 
                 Network Point of Presence 
               
               
                 NMIB, 
                 Narrowband MIB 
               
               
                 N-MIB 
               
               
                 NPBCH 
                 Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannel 
               
               
                 NPDCCH 
                 Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannel 
               
               
                 NPDSCH 
                 Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannel 
               
               
                 NPRACH 
                 Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel 
               
               
                 NPUSCH 
                 Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel 
               
               
                 NPSS 
                 Narrowband Primary Synchronization Signal 
               
               
                 NSSS 
                 Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal 
               
               
                 NR 
                 New Radio, Neighbour Relation 
               
               
                 NRF 
                 NF Repository Function 
               
               
                 NRS 
                 Narrowband Reference Signal 
               
               
                 NS 
                 Network Service 
               
               
                 NSA 
                 Non-Standalone operation mode 
               
               
                 NSD 
                 Network Service Descriptor 
               
               
                 NSR 
                 Network Service Record 
               
               
                 NSSAI 
                 ‘Network Slice Selection Assistance Information 
               
               
                 S-NNSAI 
                 Single-NSSAI 
               
               
                 NSSF 
                 Network Slice Selection Function 
               
               
                 NW 
                 Network 
               
               
                 NZP 
                 Non-Zero Power 
               
               
                 O&amp;M 
                 Operation and Maintenance 
               
               
                 OFDM 
                 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 
               
               
                 OFDMA 
                 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 
               
               
                 OOB 
                 Out-of-band 
               
               
                 OPEX 
                 OPerating EXpense 
               
               
                 OTA 
                 over-the-air 
               
               
                 PAPR 
                 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 
               
               
                 PAR 
                 Peak to Average Ratio 
               
               
                 PBCH 
                 Physical Broadcast Channel 
               
               
                 PC 
                 Power Control, Personal Computer 
               
               
                 PCC 
                 Primary Component Carrier, Primary CC 
               
               
                 PCell 
                 Primary Cell 
               
               
                 PCI 
                 Physical Cell ID, Physical Cell Identity 
               
               
                 PCEF 
                 Policy and Charging Enforcement Function 
               
               
                 PCF 
                 Policy Control Function 
               
               
                 PCRF 
                 Policy Control and Charging Rules Function 
               
               
                 PDCP 
                 Packet Data Convergence Protocol, Packet Data 
               
               
                   
                 Convergence Protocol layer 
               
               
                 PDCCH 
                 Physical Downlink Control Channel 
               
               
                 PDCP 
                 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 
               
               
                 PDN 
                 Packet Data Network, Public Data Network 
               
               
                 PDSCH 
                 Physical Downlink Shared Channel 
               
               
                 PDU 
                 Protocol Data Unit 
               
               
                 P-GW 
                 PDN Gateway 
               
               
                 PHY 
                 Physical layer 
               
               
                 PLMN 
                 Public Land Mobile Network 
               
               
                 PMI 
                 Precoding Matrix Indicator 
               
               
                 POC 
                 PTT over Cellular 
               
               
                 PP, PTP 
                 Point-to-Point 
               
               
                 PPP 
                 Point-to-Point Protocol 
               
               
                 PRACH 
                 Physical RACH 
               
               
                 PRB 
                 Physical resource block 
               
               
                 PRG 
                 Physical resource block group 
               
               
                 ProSe 
                 Proximity Services, Proximity-Based Service 
               
               
                 PSBCH 
                 Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel 
               
               
                 PSDCH 
                 Physical Sidelink Downlink Channel 
               
               
                 PSCCH 
                 Physical Sidelink Control Channel 
               
               
                 PSSCH 
                 Physical Sidelink Shared Channel 
               
               
                 PSCell 
                 Primary SCell 
               
               
                 PSS 
                 Primary Synchronization Signal 
               
               
                 PSTN 
                 Public Switched Telephone Network 
               
               
                 PT-RS 
                 Phase-tracking reference signal 
               
               
                 PTT 
                 Push-to-Talk 
               
               
                 PUCCH 
                 Physical Uplink Control Channel 
               
               
                 PUSCH 
                 Physical Uplink Shared Channel 
               
               
                 QAM 
                 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 
               
               
                 QCI 
                 QoS class of identifier 
               
               
                 QCL 
                 Quasi co-location 
               
               
                 QFI 
                 QoS Flow ID, QoS Flow Identifier 
               
               
                 QoS 
                 Quality of Service 
               
               
                 QPSK 
                 Quadrature (Quaternary) Phase Shift Keying 
               
               
                 QZSS 
                 Quasi-Zenith Satellite System 
               
               
                 RA-RNTI 
                 Random Access RNTI 
               
               
                 RAB 
                 Radio Access Bearer, Random Access Burst 
               
               
                 RACH 
                 Random Access Channel 
               
               
                 RADIUS 
                 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service 
               
               
                 RAN 
                 Radio Access Network 
               
               
                 RAT 
                 Radio Access Technology 
               
               
                 RB 
                 Resource block, Radio Bearer 
               
               
                 RBG 
                 Resource block group 
               
               
                 REG 
                 Resource Element Group 
               
               
                 Rel 
                 Release 
               
               
                 RF 
                 Radio Frequency 
               
               
                 RI 
                 Rank Indicator 
               
               
                 RL 
                 Radio Link 
               
               
                 RLC 
                 Radio Link Control, Radio Link Control layer 
               
               
                 RLF 
                 Radio Link Failure 
               
               
                 RLM 
                 Radio Link Monitoring 
               
               
                 RM 
                 Registration Management 
               
               
                 RN 
                 Relay Node 
               
               
                 RNC 
                 Radio Network Controller 
               
               
                 RNL 
                 Radio Network Layer 
               
               
                 RNTI 
                 Radio Network Temporary Identifier 
               
               
                 RRC 
                 Radio Resource Control, Radio Resource Control layer 
               
               
                 RRM 
                 Radio Resource Management 
               
               
                 RS 
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                 RSRP 
                 Reference Signal Received Power 
               
               
                 RSRQ 
                 Reference Signal Received Quality 
               
               
                 RSSI 
                 Received Signal Strength Indicator 
               
               
                 RSU 
                 Road Side Unit 
               
               
                 RTP 
                 Real Time Protocol 
               
               
                 RTS 
                 Ready-To-Send 
               
               
                 RTT 
                 Round Trip Time 
               
               
                 Rx 
                 Reception, Receiving, Receiver 
               
               
                 S1AP 
                 S1 Application Protocol 
               
               
                 S1-MME 
                 S1 for the control plane 
               
               
                 S1-U 
                 S1 for the user plane 
               
               
                 S-GW 
                 Serving Gateway 
               
               
                 S-RNTI 
                 SRNC Radio Network Temporary Identity 
               
               
                 S-TMSI 
                 SAE Temporary Mobile Station Identifier 
               
               
                 SA 
                 Standalone operation mode 
               
               
                 SAE 
                 System Architecture Evolution 
               
               
                 SAP 
                 Service Access Point 
               
               
                 SCC 
                 Secondary Component Carrier, Secondary CC 
               
               
                 SCell 
                 Secondary Cell 
               
               
                 SC-FDMA 
                 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 
               
               
                 SCG 
                 Secondary Cell Group 
               
               
                 SCM 
                 Security Context Management 
               
               
                 SCS 
                 Subcarrier Spacing 
               
               
                 SCTP 
                 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 
               
               
                 SDAP 
                 Service Data Adaptation Protocol, Service Data Adaptation 
               
               
                   
                 Protocol layer 
               
               
                 SDNF 
                 Structured Data Storage Network Function 
               
               
                 SDSF 
                 Structured Data Storage Function 
               
               
                 SDU 
                 Service Data Unit 
               
               
                 SEAF 
                 Security Anchor Function 
               
               
                 SeNB 
                 secondary eNB 
               
               
                 SEPP 
                 Security Edge Protection Proxy 
               
               
                 SFTD 
                 Space-Frequency Time Diversity, SFN and frame 
               
               
                   
                 timing difference 
               
               
                 SFN 
                 System Frame Number 
               
               
                 SgNB 
                 Secondary gNB 
               
               
                 SGSN 
                 Serving GPRS Support Node 
               
               
                 S-GW 
                 Serving Gateway 
               
               
                 SI 
                 System Information 
               
               
                 SIB 
                 System Information Block 
               
               
                 SIM 
                 Subscriber Identity Module 
               
               
                 SIP 
                 Session Initiated Protocol 
               
               
                 SiP 
                 System in Package 
               
               
                 SL 
                 Sidelink 
               
               
                 SLA 
                 Service Level Agreement 
               
               
                 SM 
                 Session Management 
               
               
                 SMF 
                 Session Management Function 
               
               
                 SMS 
                 Short Message Service 
               
               
                 SMTC 
                 SSB-based Measurement Timing Configuration 
               
               
                 SN 
                 Secondary Node, Sequence Number 
               
               
                 SoC 
                 System on Chip 
               
               
                 SON 
                 Self-Organizing Network 
               
               
                 SP 
                 Semi-Persistent 
               
               
                 SpCell 
                 Special Cell 
               
               
                 SPS 
                 Semi-Persistent Scheduling 
               
               
                 SR 
                 Scheduling Request 
               
               
                 SRI 
                 SRS Resource Indicator 
               
               
                 SRB 
                 Signaling Radio Bearer 
               
               
                 SRS 
                 Sounding Reference Signal 
               
               
                 SS 
                 Synchronization Signal 
               
               
                 SSB 
                 Synchronization Signal Block, SS/PBCH Block 
               
               
                 SSBRI 
                 SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator, Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                 Signal Block Resource Indicator 
               
               
                 SS-RSRP 
                 Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                 Received Power 
               
               
                 SS-RSRQ 
                 Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                 Received Quality 
               
               
                 SS-SINR 
                 Synchronization Signal based Signal to Noise and 
               
               
                   
                 Interference Ratio 
               
               
                 SSS 
                 Secondary Synchronization Signal 
               
               
                 SU-MIMO 
                 Single User MIMO 
               
               
                 TA 
                 Timing Advance, Tracking Area 
               
               
                 TB 
                 Transport Block 
               
               
                 TBS 
                 Transport Block Size 
               
               
                 TBD 
                 To Be Defined 
               
               
                 TCP 
                 Transmission Communication Protocol 
               
               
                 TDD 
                 Time Division Duplex 
               
               
                 TDM 
                 Time Division Multiplexing 
               
               
                 TDMA 
                 Time Division Multiple Access 
               
               
                 TE 
                 Terminal Equipment 
               
               
                 TEID 
                 Tunnel End Point Identifier 
               
               
                 TMSI 
                 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity 
               
               
                 TNL 
                 Transport Network Layer 
               
               
                 TPC 
                 Transmit Power Control 
               
               
                 TR 
                 Technical Report 
               
               
                 TRP, TRxP 
                 Transmission Reception Point 
               
               
                 TRS 
                 Tracking Reference Signal 
               
               
                 TRx 
                 Transceiver 
               
               
                 TS 
                 Technical Specifications, Technical Standard 
               
               
                 TTI 
                 Transmission Time Interval 
               
               
                 Tx 
                 Transmission, Transmitting, Transmitter 
               
               
                 UART 
                 Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter 
               
               
                 UCI 
                 Uplink Control Information 
               
               
                 UE 
                 User Equipment 
               
               
                 UDM 
                 Unified Data Management 
               
               
                 UDP 
                 User Datagram Protocol 
               
               
                 UDSF 
                 Unstructured Data Storage Network Function 
               
               
                 UICC 
                 Universal Integrated Circuit Card 
               
               
                 UL 
                 Uplink 
               
               
                 UL-SCH 
                 Uplink Shared Channel 
               
               
                 UM 
                 Unacknowledged Mode 
               
               
                 UML 
                 Unified Modelling Language 
               
               
                 UMTS 
                 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 
               
               
                 UP 
                 User Plane 
               
               
                 UPF 
                 User Plane Function 
               
               
                 URI 
                 Uniform Resource Identifier 
               
               
                 URL 
                 Uniform Resource Locator 
               
               
                 URLLC 
                 Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency 
               
               
                 USB 
                 Universal Serial Bus 
               
               
                 USIM 
                 Universal Subscriber Identity Module 
               
               
                 USS 
                 UE-specific search space 
               
               
                 UTRA 
                 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access 
               
               
                 UTRAN 
                 Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 
               
               
                 UwPTS 
                 Uplink Pilot Time Slot 
               
               
                 V2X 
                 Vehicle-to-everything 
               
               
                 VIM 
                 Virtualized Infrastructure Manager 
               
               
                 VL 
                 Virtual Link, 
               
               
                 VLAN 
                 Virtual LAN, Virtual Local Area Network 
               
               
                 VM 
                 Virtual Machine 
               
               
                 VNF 
                 Virtualized Network Function 
               
               
                 VNFFG 
                 VNF Forwarding Graph 
               
               
                 VNFFGD 
                 VNF Forwarding Graph Descriptor 
               
               
                 VNFM 
                 VNF Manager 
               
               
                 VoIP 
                 Voice-over-IP, Voice-over-Internet Protocol 
               
               
                 VPLMN 
                 Visited Public Land Mobile Network 
               
               
                 VPN 
                 Virtual Private Network 
               
               
                 VRB 
                 Virtual Resource Block 
               
               
                 WiMAX 
                 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 
               
               
                 WLAN 
                 Wireless Local Area Network 
               
               
                 WMAN 
                 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network 
               
               
                 WPAN 
                 Wireless Personal Area Network 
               
               
                 X2-C 
                 X2-Control plane 
               
               
                 X2-U 
                 X2-User plane 
               
               
                 XML 
                 eXtensible Markup Language 
               
               
                 ZC 
                 Zadoff-Chu 
               
               
                 ZP 
                 Zero Power 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The foregoing description provides illustration and description of various example embodiments, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. Where specific details are set forth in order to describe example embodiments of the disclosure, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the disclosure can be practiced without, or with variation of, these specific details. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the concepts of the present disclosure to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives consistent with the present disclosure and the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190522
Publication Date: 20230815
Grant Date: 20230815
Priority Date: 20180611
Inventors: ZHANG, YUSHU
DAVYDOV, ALEXEI
WANG, GUOTONG
XIONG, GANG
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W72/23", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0051", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/242", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0404", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/23", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0051", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/242", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/001", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0617", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0051", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W52/242", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 67843673