PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10484783-B2
Application Number: US-201816206720-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Earbuds with compliant member

Abstract:
This application relates to earbuds configured with one or more biometric sensors. At least one of the biometric sensors is configured to be pressed up against a portion of the tragus for making biometric measurements. In some embodiments, the housing of the earbud can be symmetric so that the earbud can be worn interchangeably in either a left or a right ear of a user. In such an embodiment, the earbud can include a sensor and circuitry configured to determine and alter operation of the earbud in accordance to which ear the earbud is determined to be sitting in.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An earbud, comprising:
 an earbud housing defining an audio exit opening; 
 a speaker disposed within the earbud housing and oriented so that audio emitted by the speaker exits the earbud housing through the audio exit opening; and 
 a compliant member configured to anchor the earbud to a user&#39;s ear and having first and second ends coupled to the earbud housing at first and second anchoring locations, respectively, the compliant member comprising a loop of flexible material having first and second portions and a reinforcing member disposed within the first portion of the loop of flexible material such that the first portion of the loop has a higher rigidity than the second portion of the loop. 
 
     
     
       2. The earbud as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the loop and the second portion of the loop are the same size. 
     
     
       3. The earbud as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the compliant member is formed from an elastomeric material that is less rigid than the reinforcing member. 
     
     
       4. The earbud as recited in  claim 3 , wherein the reinforcing member comprises a length of spring steel. 
     
     
       5. The earbud as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the compliant member further comprises a third portion of the loop and wherein another reinforcing member is disposed within the third portion of the loop such that the first and third portions of the loop are more rigid than the second portion of the loop. 
     
     
       6. The earbud as recited in  claim 5 , wherein the first and third portions of the loop are closer to the earbud housing than the second portion of the loop. 
     
     
       7. An earbud, comprising:
 a speaker; 
 an electrical component electrically coupled to the speaker; 
 an earbud housing, comprising:
 a first housing component enclosing the speaker; and 
 a second housing component enclosing the electrical component and being removably coupled to the first housing component; and 
 
 a compliant member configured to anchor the earbud to a user&#39;s ear and having first and second ends coupled to the earbud housing at first and second anchoring locations, respectively, the compliant member comprising a loop of flexible material having first and second portions and a reinforcing member disposed within the first portion of the loop of flexible material such that the first portion of the loop has a higher rigidity than the second portion of the loop. 
 
     
     
       8. The earbud as recited in  claim 7 , wherein the second housing component comprises a protrusion that engages a channel defined by the first housing component to removably couple the second housing component to the first housing component. 
     
     
       9. The earbud as recited in  claim 8 , wherein the protrusion is a puzzle shaped protrusion and the second housing component is configured to be decoupled from the first housing component by sliding the puzzle shaped protrusion out of the channel. 
     
     
       10. The earbud as recited in  claim 8 , wherein the protrusion comprises one or more environmental seals that inhibit intrusion of liquid between the first and second housing components. 
     
     
       11. The earbud as recited in  claim 8 , wherein the protrusion comprises a locking feature that opposes removal of the second housing component from the first housing component. 
     
     
       12. The earbud as recited in  claim 7 , wherein the second housing component further comprises a the first and second anchoring locations. 
     
     
       13. The earbud as recited in  claim 7 , wherein the first housing component comprises a first electrical contact at an exterior surface of the first housing component and the second housing component comprises a second electrical contact at an exterior surface of the second housing component, wherein the first and second electrical contacts form a portion of an electrically conductive pathway that electrically couples the electrical component to the speaker. 
     
     
       14. The earbud as recited in  claim 7 , wherein the electrical component is selected from the group consisting of a battery, memory, a sensor and a microphone. 
     
     
       15. An earbud, comprising:
 an earbud housing defining an audio exit opening; 
 a speaker disposed within the earbud housing; and 
 a compliant member configured to anchor the earbud to a user&#39;s ear, comprising:
 a reinforcing member; and 
 a loop of flexible material having first and second ends coupled to the earbud housing at first and second anchoring locations, the loop of flexible material having a first portion that encloses the reinforcing member and a second portion, the reinforcing member making the first portion of the loop more rigid than the second portion of the loop. 
 
 
     
     
       16. The earbud as recited in  claim 15 , wherein the second portion is farther from the earbud housing than the first portion. 
     
     
       17. The earbud as recited in  claim 16 , wherein the compliant further comprises a third portion of the loop and another reinforcing member is disposed within the third portion of the loop such that the first and third portions of the loop are more rigid than the second portion of the loop. 
     
     
       18. The earbud as recited in  claim 17 , wherein the first and third portions of the loop are closer to the earbud housing than the of the loop. 
     
     
       19. The earbud as recited in  claim 15 , wherein the reinforcing member comprises a length of steel.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/796,639, filed Oct. 27, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/856,344, filed on Sep. 16, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,838,775. This application is related to the following U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/856,298, filed Sep. 16, 2015, entitled “Earbuds with Biometric Sensing;” Ser. No. 14/856,402, filed Sep. 16, 2015, entitled “Earbuds with Biometric Sensing,”. Each of these references is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The described embodiments relate generally to the integration of biometric sensors into an earbud. More particularly, the present embodiments are directed towards positioning a biometric sensor along an exterior surface of the earbud so it can be placed in direct contact with a portion of a user&#39;s ear during use of the earbud. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Portable electronic device users have shown increasing interest in biometric tracking. Biometric sensors often need to be in close or even direct contact with the skin to properly measure and track biometric parameters along the lines of heart rate, VO 2 , and core temperature. Requiring a user to place a sensor in direct contact with the skin to track these types of biometric data can be overly burdensome, making adoption of the biometric tracking more difficult. Consequently, mechanisms for unobtrusively measuring biometric parameters are highly desirable. 
     SUMMARY 
     This disclosure describes various embodiments that relate to ways in which biometric sensors can be configured for optimal use with an audio accessory device. 
     An earbud is disclosed that includes at least the following elements: a housing defining an opening proximate a first end of the housing; a speaker disposed within the housing and oriented so that audio emitted by the speaker exits the housing through the opening defined by the housing; a biometric sensor positioned along an exterior surface of the housing at the first end of the housing; and a compliant member coupled with a second end of the housing. 
     An audio device is disclosed that includes at least the following elements: a first earbud and a second earbud, each earbud including: an earbud housing, a speaker disposed within the earbud housing and configured to project audio out of an opening defined by the earbud housing, circuitry configured to receive audio data and transmit the audio data to the speaker, and a compliant member coupled with the earbud housing. 
     An earbud is disclosed that includes at least the following: an earbud housing; a speaker disposed within the earbud housing; and a compliant member including a first end pivotally coupled to a first portion of the earbud housing and a second end pivotally coupled to a second portion of the earbud housing, the compliant member configured to deform to conform with an interior geometry of an ear of a user and to exert a force on the earbud housing that seats the earbud housing proximate the ear canal of the ear of the user when being worn by the user. The compliant member can take the form of an elastomeric loop. In some embodiments, the compliant member can be at least partially reinforced by an amount of flexible metal. The pivotal coupling between the compliant member and the earbud housing can take the form of a hinge with end stops. In some embodiments, the end stops can include contacts that help determine a rotational position of each end of the compliant member with respect to the earbud housing. 
     An audio device is disclosed that includes at least the following elements: a device housing having a size and shape suitable for at least partial insertion into an ear of a user; a speaker disposed within the device housing; a biometric sensor disposed within the device housing and including a sensing surface arranged along an exterior surface of the device housing; and a processor configured to determine an orientation of the device housing within the ear of a user using a value of a biometric parameter detected by the biometric sensor and adjust an operational state of the speaker in accordance with the determined orientation 
     A method for controlling operation of an earbud is disclosed. The method includes receiving a signal from an orientation sensor of the earbud consistent with the earbud being worn in a first ear of a user; sending only a first audio channel of a multi-channel audio signal to a speaker unit of the earbud, the first audio channel being associated with the first ear of the user; and adjusting an operational state of a sensor of the earbud in accordance with the signal received from the orientation sensor. 
     An audio device is disclosed that includes at least the following elements: a speaker; a wireless transceiver; a biometric sensor for measuring a biometric parameter of a user of the audio device; an energy storage device providing power for operation of the speaker, the biometric sensor and the wireless transceiver; and an earbud housing enclosing the speaker, the wireless transceiver the biometric sensor and the energy storage device. The biometric parameter measured by the biometric sensor is utilized to determine an orientation of the earbud housing within an ear of a user of the audio device, the determination of the orientation then utilized to change an operating characteristic of the speaker. 
     An earbud is disclosed that includes at least the following elements: an orientation sensor configured to determine an orientation of the earbud within an ear of a user of the earbud; a microphone array including multiple microphones; and circuitry configured to adjust an operational state of the microphones of the microphone array in accordance with information provided by the orientation sensor. 
     An audio device is disclosed that includes at least the following elements: a device housing having a shape and size suitable for at least partial insertion into an ear of a user; an orientation sensor configured to provide an orientation of the device housing with respect to the ear of the user; an array of microphones disposed within the device housing, the array of microphones including a first microphone, a second microphone, and a third microphone; and a processor configured to adjust an operational state of the first and second microphones in accordance with the orientation of the device housing. 
     An audio device is disclosed that includes at least the following elements: a speaker; a wireless transceiver; a biometric sensor configured to measure both an orientation of the audio device in an ear of a user and a biometric parameter; a microphone array; an energy storage device providing power for the audio device; and an earbud housing enclosing the speaker, the microphone array, the wireless transceiver, the biometric sensor and the energy storage device. The orientation of the earbud housing within the ear of the user of the audio device is utilized to adjust an operating state of the microphone array. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows an exemplary device suitable for use with the described embodiments; 
         FIG. 2  shows a cross-sectional view of an earbud device that includes a number of electrical components used to support the described device functionality; 
         FIGS. 3A-3B  show views of an earbud situated in the ear of a user and how a biometric sensor of the earbud contacts the tragus of the user; 
         FIGS. 4A-4B  show a number of views of an earbud having a biasing member taking the form of a compliant member; 
         FIG. 4C  shows how the compliant member depicted in  FIGS. 4A-4B  can be configured to provide a fixed amount of force for users having a varied ear sizes; 
         FIGS. 5A-5B  shows how the biasing member can be interchangeably removed from an earbud by way of a locking channel; 
         FIGS. 6A-6C  show side views of an earbud having a biasing member taking the form of a deformable loop pivotally coupled with the earbud; 
         FIGS. 7A-7C  show a number of alternate embodiments of the deformable loop depicted in  FIGS. 6A-6C ; 
         FIGS. 8A-8B  show how the deformable loop conforms to the ear of a user of the earbud; 
         FIG. 9  show an embodiment in which the compliant member takes the form of a single compliant member with one end protruding from the earbud; 
         FIGS. 10A-10B  show an earbud positioned within the ear of a user with sensors configured to determine an orientation of the earbud; 
         FIG. 11  shows an earbud having a housing that defines multiple openings for receiving audio content at multiple microphones; and 
         FIG. 12  shows a flow chart depicting a process for determining an orientation of an earbud within the ear of a user. 
     
    
    
     Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the described embodiments. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Representative applications of methods and apparatus according to the present application are described in this section. These examples are being provided solely to add context and aid in the understanding of the described embodiments. It will thus be apparent to one skilled in the art that the described embodiments may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps have not been described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the described embodiments. Other applications are possible, such that the following examples should not be taken as limiting. 
     In the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the description and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in accordance with the described embodiments. Although these embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the art to practice the described embodiments, it is understood that these examples are not limiting; such that other embodiments may be used, and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the described embodiments. 
     Biometric sensors can take many forms and can be configured to measure a large range of biometric parameters. Unfortunately, persistent, long-term monitoring of these biometric parameters can be challenging and/or undesirable when the monitoring interferes with any aspect of a user&#39;s everyday life. One way to make the incorporation of biometric sensors into a user&#39;s everyday life more palatable is to integrate the sensors with a type of device that the user already utilizes. Alternatively, the biometric sensor or sensors can also be integrated into a wearable device that can be worn unobtrusively. 
     Wearable devices that can be configured with a biometric sensor include a set of earphones and an individual earbud. Because the earbud portion of the earphones sits at least partially within the ear canal of a user during use, an exterior surface of the earbud contacts various portions of the ear to keep it positioned within the ear of a user. One exemplary type of biometric sensor that can be used to record biometric parameters of a user is a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor that measures biometric parameters by shining light and then measuring the reflectivity of that light off the skin. Variations in the reflectivity can be used to characterize profusion of the blood through the skin of a user. Unfortunately, the exterior surface of a conventional earbud doesn&#39;t typically make sufficiently solid and/or consistent contact with a well-profused portion of the ear to provide reliable biometric parameter measurements. One solution to this problem is to arrange the PPG sensor along a surface of the earbud at an end of the earbud near a speaker opening of the earbud. In this way, when the speaker opening is aligned with the ear canal, the PPG sensor can contact an interior facing surface of the tragus of the ear. Contact between the interior facing surface of the tragus of the ear and the PPG sensor can be maintained by adding a compliant member to an opposing end of the earbud. The compliant member can then engage an opposite surface of the ear known as the concha so that the earbud is wedged between two opposing surfaces of the ear. By choosing a compliant member formed of compressible or otherwise deformable material, the earbud can be well-suited to fit within the ears of a broad spectrum of users. 
     An earbud can also be equipped with various other sensors that can work independently or in concert with the biometric sensor described above. For example, in some embodiments, the other sensors can take the form of an orientation sensor to help the earbud determine which ear the earbud is positioned within and then adjust operation of the earbud in accordance with that determination. In some embodiments, the orientation sensor can be a traditional inertial-based sensor while in other embodiments, sensor readings from another biometric sensor such as a proximity sensor or a temperature sensor can be used to make an orientation determination. 
     An earbud with the aforementioned sensors can also include additional sensors such as a microphone or array of microphones. In some embodiments, at least two microphones from a microphone array can be arranged along a line pointed towards or at least near the mouth of a user. By using information received by the orientation sensor or sensors, a controller within the earbud can determine which microphones of a microphone array should be activated to obtain this configuration. By activating only those microphones arranged along a vector pointed at or near the mouth, ambient audio signals not originating near the mouth can be ignored by applying a spatial filtering process. 
     These and other embodiments are discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 1-12 ; however, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. 
       FIG. 1  shows a portable media device  100  suitable for use with a variety of accessory devices. Portable media device  100  can include touch sensitive display  102  configured to provide a touch sensitive user interface for controlling portable media device  100  and in some embodiments any accessories to which portable media device  100  is electrically or wirelessly coupled. In some embodiments, portable media device  100  can include additional controls such as, for example, button  104 . Portable media device  100  can also include multiple hard-wired input/output (I/O) ports that include digital I/O port  106  and analog I/O port  108 . Accessory device  110  can take the form of an audio device that includes two separate earbuds  112  and  114 . Each of earbuds  112  and  114  can include wireless receivers or transceivers capable of establishing a wireless link  116  with portable media device  100 . Accessory device  120 , which can also be compatible with portable media device  100 , can take the form of a wired audio device that includes earbuds  122  and  124 . Earbuds  122  and  124  can be electrically coupled to each other and to a connector plug  126  by a number of wires. In embodiments where connector plug  126  is an analog plug sensors within either one of earbuds  122  and  124  can receive power through analog I/O port  108  while transmitting data by way of a wireless protocol such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or the like. In embodiments where connector plug  126  interacts with digital I/O port  106 , sensor data and audio data can be freely passed through the wires during use of portable media device  100  and accessory device  120 . It should be noted that earbuds  122  and  124  can be swappable between left and right ears when the wire attached to each earbud is attached along a line of symmetry of each earbud, or alternatively when the wire is attached by a pivoting coupling. Stereo channels can be swapped between wires when attached to digital I/O port  106 . 
       FIG. 2  shows a schematic view of an earbud  200  that can be incorporated into accessory device  110  as earbud  112  and/or earbud  114  or incorporated into accessory device  120  as earbud  122  and/or earbud  124 . In some embodiments, earbud  200  can include a housing  202 . Housing  202  can have a size and/or shape that allows it to be easily inserted within the ear of an end user. Housing  202  also defines an interior volume within which numerous electrical components can be distributed. In particular, a biometric sensor  204  can be situated within or at least supported by housing  202 . As depicted, biometric sensor  204  can be arranged within and close an opening in housing  202 . In this way, biometric sensor  204  can have an exterior facing sensing surface capable of interacting with and measuring external stimuli. Housing  202  can also include a protrusion  203  with an opening at a distal end of the protrusion  203  that provides a channel through which audio signals can be transmitted out and into the ear canal of a user of earbud  200 , as indicated by the arrow. 
     In some embodiments, biometric sensor  204  can take the form of a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor. A PPG sensor utilizes a pulse oximeter to illuminate a patch of skin and measure changes in light absorption of the skin. The pulse oximeter can include one or more light emitting devices and one or more light collecting devices. In some embodiments, the light emitting device can take the form of a light emitting diode (LED) and the light collecting device can take the form of a photodiode for measuring the changes in light absorption. The changes in light absorption can be caused by the profusion of blood within the skin during each cardiac cycle. Because the profusion of blood into the skin can be affected by multiple other physiological systems this type of biometric monitoring system can provide many types of biometric information. By capturing wave forms associated with the cycling profusion of blood to the skin, multiple biometric parameters can be collected including, for example, heart rate, blood volume and respiratory rate. By using LEDs that emit different wavelengths of light additional data can be gathered such as, for example, VO 2  max (i.e., the maximal rate of oxygen absorption by the body). By arranging biometric sensor  204  in the depicted position with respect to housing  202 , biometric sensor  204  can be placed in contact with a tragus of the ear, which advantageously tends to get well-profused with blood, thereby allowing sensor readings made by a pulse oximeter in the area of the tragus to be particularly accurate. In some embodiments, biometric sensor  204  can take the form of a core temperature sensor. Other embodiments of biometric sensor  204  include embodiment in which the biometric sensor takes the form of an electrode. When the earbud is a wired earbud electrically coupled to another earbud with an electrode, the electrodes can cooperatively measure a number of different biometric parameters. In some embodiments, the electrodes can be configured to measure the galvanic skin response (GSR) of a user. A GSR can be useful in determining an amount of stress being experienced by the user at any given moment in time. In some embodiments, the electrodes can be used to measure more detailed parameters of the heart by taking the form of an electrocardiogram (EKG) sensor or an impedance cardiography (ICG) sensor. 
     Biometric sensor  204  can be in electrical communication with at least controller  206 , which is responsible for controlling various aspects of earbud  200 . For example, controller  206  can gather biometric sensor data recorded by biometric sensor  204  and pass that data along to input/output (I/O) interface  208 . I/O interface  208  can be configured to transmit the biometric sensor data to another device such as, for example, portable media device  100  by way of link  210 . Link  210  can be generated in various ways. For example, link  210  can be a wireless link when I/O interface  208  takes the form of a wireless transceiver suitable for use in an accessory such as accessory device  110  depicted in  FIG. 1 . Alternatively, link  210  can be transmitted over a wired connector such as the wires depicted with accessory device  120 . In addition to providing a conduit for transmitting biometric sensor data provided by biometric sensor  204 , I/O interface  208  can also be used to receive audio content that can be processed by controller  206  and sent on to speaker  212 . I/O interface  208  can also receive control signals from a device similar to portable media device  100  for accomplishing tasks such as adjusting a volume output of speaker  212  or modifying a sensitivity, priority or duty cycle of biometric sensor  204 . When I/O interface  208  takes the form of a wireless transceiver, I/O interface  208  can include an antenna configured to transmit and receive signals through an antenna window or an opening defined by housing  202 . This can be particularly important when housing  202  is formed of radio opaque material. In some embodiments, I/O interface  208  can also represent one or more exterior controls (e.g. buttons and/or switches) for performing tasks such as pairing earbud  200  with another device or adjusting various settings of earbud  200  such as volume or the like. 
     Earbud  200  can also include memory  214 , which can be configured to carry out any number of tasks. For example, memory  214  can be configured to store media content when a user of earbud  200  wants to use earbud  200  independent from any other device. In such a use case, memory  214  can be loaded with one or more media files for independent playback. When earbud  200  is being used with another device, memory  214  can also be used to buffer media data received from the other device. In the independent use case described above, memory  214  can also be used to store sensor data recorded by biometric sensor  204 . The sensor data can then be sent to a device along the lines of portable media device  100  once the two devices are in communication. 
     With the possible exception of when I/O interface  208  is a wired interface that can provide power to earbud  200  from another device or power source, battery  216  is generally used for powering operations of earbud  200 . Battery  216  can provide the energy needed to perform any of a number of tasks including: maintain a wireless link  210 , powering controller  206 , driving speaker  212 , powering biometric sensor  204  and powering any other sensors  218 . While other sensors are shown as a generic block, other sensors  218  can include sensors such as microphones, orientation sensors, proximity sensors or any other sensor suitable for improving the user experience of earbud  200 . In some embodiments, one or more of sensors  218  can be used in combination with biometric sensor  204  to improve accuracy or calibrate various results. It should be noted that other sensors  218  are not required in all of the embodiments described herein. 
     Earbud  200  can also include a compliant member  220  coupled with an exterior surface of housing  202 . Compliant member  220  can be configured to provide an interference fit for earbud  200  within the ear of a user. As there can be large variations in the size and shape of the ears of any particular user, the compliant member allows earbud  200  to conform to a number of different ear shapes and sizes. Furthermore, in some configurations compliant member  220  can be removable so that various different compliant member sizes and shapes can be used to further customize the overall size of earbud  200  to the ear of any user. Compliant member  220  can be made from any of a number of different types of materials including, for example, open-cell foam, thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) and the like. In some embodiments, a material used to construct compliant member  220  can be configured to provide more force upon the ear of a user resulting in a more robust fit within the ear of a user. A compliant member constructed in this way can be better suited for athletic activities. 
       FIGS. 3A-3B  show views of housing  202  positioned within an ear of a user.  FIG. 3A  depicts interference region  302 , which represents an interface area between biometric sensor  204  and the tragus  304  of the user.  FIG. 3B  depicts how protrusion  203  can be positioned within the ear canal of the user to minimize an amount of power lost as audio content exits housing  202 . While  FIGS. 3A-3B  don&#39;t specifically point out compliant member  220 , it should be understood that housing  202  can include a rear compliant portion integrated within housing  202  that can accommodate a certain amount of compression that allows secure seating of housing  202  within the ear of the user. As depicted in  FIG. 3B  housing  202  of earbud  300  is compressed between tragus  304  and concha  306  of the depicted ear, thereby preventing earbud  300  from being dislodged from the ear and maintaining a consistent amount of pressure sufficient to keep biometric sensor  204  consistently engaged in interference region  302 . 
       FIGS. 4A-4B  show views of housing  202  and compliant member  220  of earbud  200  situated within the ear of a user. In particular, frictional forces acting upon compliant member  220  are depicted in  FIG. 4A . The depicted forces show how compressive and friction forces generated between compliant member  220  and the concha of the ear can help maintain earbud  200  within the ear of the user.  FIG. 4A  also shows a slight variation of the compliant member design depicted in  FIG. 2  in that compliant member  220  is situated within a channel defined by housing  202 . In this way, housing  202  can be made substantially larger while still allowing compliant member  220  to deform within the channel to yield a satisfactory fit and feel for the user of earbud  200 .  FIG. 4B  shows top and side views of earbud  200 . In particular an uncompressed length dimension of compliant member  220  can be about 9 mm. It should be noted that this length is given for exemplary purposes only and that varying lengths are possible and even desirable to accommodate various ear geometries of different users. 
       FIG. 4C  depicts a graph showing stress with respect to strain for an exemplary compliant member  220 . By making a careful material choice,  FIG. 4C  shows how an amount of stress provided by compliant member  220  can be kept substantially the same over a large range of strain. For example, a user with a smaller ear size that causes a change in length of about 50% would only experience a slightly greater amount of stress than a user with larger ears who only ends up compressing compliant member  220  by about 20%. In this way, a compliant member of a particular size can accommodate ears having a wide range of sizes, while substantially maintaining an amount of force placed on the ear of a user. In this way, situations in which the compliant member  220  exerts a painful amount of force or conversely not enough force to maintain earbud  200  within the ear can be avoided. 
       FIGS. 5A-5B  show an embodiment in which a compliant member  220  can be conveniently removed from housing  202 . In this embodiment,  FIG. 5A  shows linking feature  502  affixed to compliant member  220 . In some embodiments, linking feature  502  can act solely as a convenient mechanism for swapping out compliant member  220  with larger compliant members, smaller compliant members or compliant members formed of different materials. Linking feature  502  also acts as an extension of housing  202  as depicted. In some embodiments, linking feature  502  can include add-on modules along the lines of additional memory storage for custom media or software content, additional biometric or orientation sensors, and/or additional battery cells. For example, the custom software content can include a mobile application for use with a device similar to portable media device  100 . When linking feature  502  includes additional sensors, the sensor within linking feature  502  can provide additional functionality for the earbud. For example, the sensor within linking feature  502  can take the form of a temperature sensor, a capacitive sensor, a microphone or an electrode. Once linking feature  502  is coupled with housing  202  then any sensor within linking feature  502  can begin providing sensor data and/or gather sensor data cooperatively with the sensor disposed within housing  202 . 
     Linking feature  502  also includes a puzzle shaped protrusion  504  engaged within a channel defined by housing  202 . Protrusion  504  can include locking features  506 , which can take the form of spring loaded ball bearings that helps to secure linking feature  502  with housing  202  once linking feature  502  is properly aligned with housing  202 . In some embodiments, protrusion  504  can include environmental seals at each end that prevent the intrusion of sweat or moisture between the interface of protrusion  504  and the channel defined by housing  202 . 
       FIG. 5B  shows how protrusion  504  can also include one or more electrical contacts  508 . Electrical contacts  508  can match up with electrical contacts positioned within the channel defined by housing  202 . In this way, when contacts  508  and the contacts of housing  202  are aligned a robust electrical connection between components disposed within linking feature  502  and housing  202  is formed. This robust electrical connection can be used to facilitate the sensor communication briefly discussed above and/or provide memory with housing  202  access to memory onboard linking feature  502 . When the communication between linking feature  502  and housing  202  is initially formed linking feature  502  can provide identification to a controller disposed within housing  202  so that the controller understands the additional functionality added by linking feature  502 . In some embodiments, the identification can be communicated to the user in various ways. For example, the user can be apprised of the new functionality by audio signals broadcast by the earbud or even by sending a message to a media player along the lines of portable media player  100 . 
       FIG. 6A  shows a side view of an alternative embodiment in which a compliant member  602  takes the form of a loop of flexible material, each of its two ends being pivotally coupled to housing  202  at two different positions. The pivotal coupling can be accomplished by hinges  604  and  606 . Hinges  604  and  606  can be configured to provide ranges of motion  608  and  610  respectively. In some embodiments, range of motion  608  can be the same as range of motion  610 , while in other embodiments the ranges can be either slightly or substantially different. Hinges  604  and  606  allow compliant member  602  to have a substantial range of motion, which can assist compliant member  602  in fitting a wide range of ear shapes and geometries. In some embodiments, end stops associated with each of hinges  604  and  606  can take the form of electrical contacts that communicate positional information to a controller of earbud  200 . In such a configuration, earbud  200  can be configured to alter its playback in accordance with information provided by the electrical contacts. 
     For example,  FIG. 6B  shows a configuration in which hinge  604  is positioned against one end stop and hinge  606  is positioned against another end stop. In such a configuration, controller  206  of earbud  200  can be configured to emit audio consistent with a right channel, or that of a user&#39;s right ear. When compliant member  602  is oriented as shown in  FIG. 6C  in the opposite direction controller  206  can deliver only a left channel or music consistent with a user&#39;s left ear. This configuration would allow earbud  200  to be interchangeable between a left ear and a right ear. In some embodiments, earbud  200  can be configured to enter a power-saving mode when neither of hinges  604  or  606  are positioned at an end stop. Such a configuration would be useful in configurations where at least one of hinges  604  and  606  would necessarily be at an end stop if properly inserted in the ears of a user. Any of these automated features could be enabled or disable by way of a device configured to control operations of earbud  200 . Hinges  604  and  606  could also include a spring based biasing member that returns compliant member  602  to the neutral configuration depicted in  FIG. 6A . This would prevent the contacts from being actuated while not in use and could also provide a consistent user experience when placing the earbud within the ear of a user. 
       FIGS. 7A-7C  show various alternative earbud configuration similar to the configuration depicted in  FIGS. 6A-6C . In  FIG. 7A  a compliant member takes the form of two wings  702  and  704 , each wing having one end pivotally coupled with housing  202 . In this configuration, wing  702  and wing  704  can act independently of one another while still including the hinge stops discussed with respect to embodiments depicted in  FIGS. 6A-6C .  FIG. 7B  shows an embodiment having a loop  706  of flexible material reinforced by two metal reinforcing members  708  and  710 . This configuration can be desirable to increase a rigidity of loop  706 , where loop  706  wouldn&#39;t otherwise be able to provide a firm enough fit to keep earbud  200  firmly secured within the ear of a user of earbud  200 . By leaving a central portion of loop  706  free of reinforcing material a portion of loop  706  that contacts the concha of a user&#39;s ear can be substantially softer and provide a more comfortable fit and user experience.  FIG. 7C  shows a configuration in which reinforcing member  712  takes the form of a continuous length of reinforcing material embedded within loop  706 , which can provide a uniform stiffness and resistance for loop  706 . A thickness of and material used to construct reinforcing member  712  can be adjusted to achieve a desired amount of resistance in loop  706 . 
       FIG. 8A  shows how loop  802  in an undeformed configuration is incompatible with a shape of the ear of a user, and also depicts a direction in which a force F can be exerted upon loop  802  to deform loop  802  for positioning it within the ear of a user.  FIG. 8B  shows a configuration similar to that depicted in  FIG. 6B  and illustrates how the natural geometry of the ear causes this type of deformation to occur to loop  802 . Because hinge  606  is configured to accommodate rotation of the bottom end of the loop past a horizontal position any force exerted through hinge  606  doesn&#39;t tend to push housing  202  out of position but rather ends up exerting a force F with a downward component on housing  202  that tends to keep housing  202  firmly in position while being utilized. 
       FIG. 9  shows a configuration having wings similar to those depicted in  FIG. 7A ; however,  FIG. 9  is laid out to show how it may be desirable to have only an upper wing  902  as a lower wing  904  could interfere and be harder to position within the ear. In a single wing configuration, a user would be able to distinguish which ear to put each earbud in by choosing an earbud that fits within the ear in a way that arranges the wing in an orientation facing the upper portion of the ear of the user. Upper wing  902  can be formed of an elastomeric material and have blunt conformable end that can be positioned comfortably within the ear of a user. A width and resiliency of upper wing  902  can be tuned to provide a desired fit. 
       FIGS. 10A-10B  show a side view and a partial cross-sectional view respectively of a multi-sensor earbud  1000  disposed within the ear of a user.  FIG. 10A  points out sensing regions  1002  and  1004  of multi-sensor earbud  1000 . When sensors associated with sensing regions  1002  and  1004  are capable of identifying direct contact between an associated sensing region and a surface of the ear, then those sensors can be used to determine an orientation of the multi-sensor earbud  1000  within the ear. Both  FIGS. 10A and 10B  illustrate why this would be the case since regardless of which ear multi-sensor earbud  1000  is positioned in one of sensing regions  1002  and  1004  is in direct contact with the ear and the other sensing region is not. One type of sensor that can detect contact between a sensing region and the ear is a proximity sensor. The proximity sensor can take the form of an infrared light emitter and receiver. By transmitting infrared light and receiving the infrared light bounced back off the ear, the proximity sensor can determine a distance between the corresponding sensing region and the ear. By measuring a distance between the proximity sensor and the nearest object, a proximity sensor associated with sensing region  1004  could be able to confirm that multi-sensor earbud  1000  is situated in the right ear of a user. Another type of sensor that can accomplish the orientation determination would be a temperature sensor. If multi-sensor earbud  1000  included two temperature sensors, one associated with each sensing region, a controller or processor within multi-sensor earbud  1000  could be configured to compare the two temperature readings and determine from the temperature differential whether: (a) the earbud is inserted in an ear at all; and (b) what the orientation of multi-sensor earbud  1000  is within the ear. In addition to its use as a temperature sensor, a temperature sensor determined to be in direct contact with a user&#39;s ear could be used to provide core temperature information, while the second temperature sensor could be configured to provide an ambient temperature In the depicted embodiment, the temperature sensor associated with sensing region  1004  would experience a substantially higher temperature than the temperature associated with sensing region  1002 . A capacitive sensor could also be used to detect positive contact between the sensing regions and the ear of the user. 
     Any of the aforementioned sensor configurations could also be used to identify whether or not the earbud is inserted in the ear of a user at all. A power management utility can be adapted to manage an operational state of multi-sensor earbud  1000  in accordance with that information. Multi-sensor earbud  1000  can include many operational states including, for example, a media playback mode, a standby mode, a disabled mode and a noise cancelling mode. When the power management utility determines multi-sensor earbud  1000  is no longer being worn it can be configured to change the operational state from the playback or noise cancelling mode to the standby or disabled mode. While numerous examples of non-conventional orientation sensors have been discussed it should be appreciated that an inertial orientation sensor can also be used and is contemplated within the scope of this disclosure. As can be appreciated a basic orientation sensor would also be capable of distinguishing between two opposing orientations. 
       FIG. 11  shows an earbud  1100  positioned within an ear of a user. Housing  1102  of earbud  1100  includes numerous microphone openings through which audio signals can propagate to microphones disposed within housing  1102  of earbud  1100 .  FIG. 11  depicts two front microphone openings  1104  and  1106  and one rear microphone opening  1108 , the three openings being arranged in a triangular configuration. These microphone openings can be arranged in a symmetric configuration so that earbud  1100  can operate in a consistent manner regardless of which ear earbud  1100  is positioned in. Microphones positioned within earbud housing  1102  and behind each microphone opening can be configured for many different purposes. In some embodiments, an operational mode of each microphone can be adjusted in accordance with orientation data collected by an orientation sensor of earbud  1100  as described above in relation to  FIGS. 10A-10B . 
     Once an orientation sensor or sensors configured to provide orientation information provide orientation data to a controller within earbud  1100 , the controller can compare signals received from both microphones using a spatial filtering process that removes any audio information not arriving within a region 10-20 degrees on either side of a direction  1110  along which microphone openings  1106  and  1108  are both arranged. The spatial filtering can be conducted in many ways, but in one particular embodiment, a time difference of arrival technique can be used, which includes comparing a time at which audio signals are received at a first one of the microphones to a time at which the same audio signals are received at the second microphone to determine a time delay. While time difference of arrival calculations generally require three sampling points to determine a direction of arrival, because microphone openings  1106  and  1108  are aligned with a direction of the desired sampling source only two sampling sources are required in this type of configuration. 
     In some embodiments, all content arriving first at microphone opening  1108  can be disregarded while all content arriving at microphone opening  1106  first could be included and processed. This would allow only audio content arriving from a direction in which the user was facing to be recorded. In some embodiments, a delay associated with an audio signal traveling directly along direction  1110  can be known. To allow for an amount of variation in a direction of arrival of speech from the user to be accommodated any delay within 20% of the known delay period can be processed. In still other embodiments, the microphone array can be configured to collect only the top percentage of audio having the longest delay period where audio arrives first at microphone opening  1106 . This configuration could be desirable when a user wished to record ambient audio signals when not actively speaking. For example, the microphone array could switch between modes where only the user is being recorded to a mode where ambient audio is collected after a predetermined period of time passes with no speech being detected from the user. In some embodiments, any errors created by variation between a direction from which speech reaches the microphone array and an orientation of microphone openings  1106  and  1108  can be ameliorated by calibration software configured to adjust a collection window in accordance with the variations. In some embodiments, the calibration software can be hosted upon a device such as portable media device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, unused microphone opening  1104  can be configured to carry out other functions. For example, a controller within earbud  1100  can be configured to process audio content received by a microphone positioned behind microphone opening  1104  to provide noise cancellation capabilities to earbud  1100 . In some embodiments, the noise cancelling provided by earbud  1100  can be setup to provide selective noise cancelling which allows any audio received within the 10-20 degree window to be allowed through, while in other embodiments, substantially all audio can be screened out. In this way, during a conversation a person&#39;s own voice wouldn&#39;t prevent the speaker from being able to hear other speakers attempting to enter or participate in a conversation. In some embodiments, a microphone associated with microphone opening  1104  can be used in conjunction with other microphones to provide more detailed information upon a direction from which an audio signal originates. Alternatively, a microphone associated with microphone opening  1104  can just be disabled or turned off until orientation data is provided indicating a change in orientation of earbud  1100 . In some embodiments, a change in orientation data indicating earbud  1100  had been placed in the other ear of the user would result in functions carried out by microphones associated with microphone openings  1104  and  1106  being swapped. Alternatively, housing  1102  can only include two microphone openings, for example, just openings  1106  and  1108 . In such an embodiment, if a user was utilizing one earbud  1100  in each ear, only one of the earbuds would have microphone openings directed towards a mouth of a user. Orientation data or audio sampling processes could be used to determine which earbud had microphone openings aligned with the mouth of the user. 
     In addition to swapping functionality of microphones associated with microphone openings  1104  and  1106 , when a user is actively utilizing a set of earbuds  1100 , the microphones can periodically sample audio from both earbuds at which point a processor either within one or both of earbuds  1100  or a paired device along the lines of portable media device  100  can compare both samples and direct the earbud with better quality to be activated while leaving the other earbud microphones in a standby or periodic sampling mode. Furthermore, since operation of the microphones can consume battery power, microphones within an earbud can be activated when that earbud has a substantially greater battery charge than the other earbud. 
       FIG. 12  shows a flow chart illustrating a method for determining an orientation of an earbud within the ear of a user. In a first block  1202 , a signal is received at a processor or controller of the earbud from an orientation sensor of the earbud indicating an orientation of the earbud is consistent with a first audio channel of a multi-channel audio signal. The orientation sensor can take many forms including but not limited to a conventional inertial sensor, a temperature sensor, a proximity sensor, a capacitive sensor or the like. In a second block  1204 , the processor sends only the first audio signal of the multi-channel audio signal to a speaker unit. The first audio channel can represent one of a left or right channel of the multi-channel audio signal when the multi-channel audio signal is a stereo audio signal. Alternatively, orientation sensor information can be used to continuously update channel information. For example, if it is determined that only a single earbud is being used, the channels can be combined into a single channel or a combined channel creating virtual left and right channels within a single earbud can be carried out. In this way, a more consistent audio experience can be achieved by preventing content normally routed through the removed earbud from being missed. In block  1206 , an operating state of a sensor of the earbud is adjusted in accordance with orientation sensor data from the orientation sensor. In some embodiments, a biometric sensor can be arranged to focus its readings on a portion of the body most likely to provide high quality biometric parameters. For example, light emitted from a PPG sensor can be angled to focus on a portion of the tragus likely to be well-profused with blood. In another embodiment, orientation sensor data can be used in determining which sensors should be activated and/or deactivated. In some embodiments, roles or operational states for an array of sensors can be assigned based upon the orientation data. In these ways, orientation information can be utilized to optimize a user experience of one or more earbuds. 
     The various aspects, embodiments, implementations or features of the described embodiments can be used separately or in any combination. Various aspects of the described embodiments can be implemented by software, hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The described embodiments can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable medium for controlling manufacturing operations or as computer readable code on a computer readable medium for controlling a manufacturing line. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that can store data which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable medium include read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs, HDDs, DVDs, magnetic tape, and optical data storage devices. The computer readable medium can also be distributed over network-coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion. 
     The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the described embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20181130
Publication Date: 20191119
Grant Date: 20191119
Priority Date: 20150916
Inventors: QIAN, Phillip
SIAHAAN, EDWARD
WANG, ERIK L.
STRINGER, CHRISTOPHER J.
ROHRBACH, MATTHEW DEAN
STRONGWATER, DANIEL MAX
LEBLANC, JASON J.
Assignee: APPLE INC
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Family ID: 56853866