PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10862216-B1
Application Number: US-201916457515-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B1

Title: Electronic devices having indirectly-fed slot antenna elements

Abstract:
An electronic device may include ground structures and peripheral conductive housing structures defining opposing edges of a slot element. A monopole element may overlap the slot element. The monopole element may be directly fed radio-frequency signals by an antenna feed coupled to the monopole element. The monopole element may radiate the radio-frequency signals in a first frequency band while indirectly feeding the radio-frequency signals to the slot element via near-field electromagnetic coupling. The slot element may radiate the radio-frequency signals in a second frequency band that is lower than the first frequency band. The monopole element and the slot element may collectively form a multi-band antenna that exhibits a relatively wide bandwidth.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device comprising:
 ground structures; 
 peripheral conductive housing structures that extend around the ground structures; 
 conductive interconnect structures that couple the peripheral conductive housing structures to the ground structures; 
 a slot element having edges defined by the ground structures, the peripheral conductive housing structures, and the conductive interconnect structures; 
 a resonating element arm overlapping the slot element; and 
 an antenna feed coupled to the resonating element arm and the ground structures, wherein the resonating element arm is configured to radiate in a first frequency band while indirectly feeding the slot element via near-field electromagnetic coupling, the slot element being configured to radiate, in response to being indirectly fed by the resonating element arm, in a second frequency band that is different from the first frequency band. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the second frequency band is lower than the first frequency band. 
     
     
       3. The electronic device defined in  claim 2 , wherein the first frequency band comprises a first frequency between 3300 MHz and 5000 MHz and the second frequency band comprises a second frequency between 3300 MHz and 5000 MHz. 
     
     
       4. The electronic device defined in  claim 3 , wherein the electronic device has opposing first and second ends and an edge extending between the first and second ends, the slot element is formed along the edge, and the electronic device further comprises:
 a first antenna at the first end that includes a first portion of the ground structures and a first additional resonating element arm formed from the peripheral conductive housing structures; and 
 a second antenna at the second end that includes a second portion of the ground structures and a second additional resonating element arm formed from the peripheral conductive housing structures. 
 
     
     
       5. The electronic device defined in  claim 4 , wherein the first and second antennas are configured to radiate in the first frequency band, the second frequency band, a third frequency band comprising a third frequency between 2300 MHz and 2700 MHz, and a fourth frequency band comprising a fourth frequency between 1710 MHz and 2170 MHz. 
     
     
       6. The electronic device defined in  claim 5 , further comprising:
 a third antenna at the first end that includes a third portion of the ground structures and a third additional resonating element arm formed from the peripheral conductive housing structures; and 
 a fourth antenna at the second end that includes a fourth portion of the ground structures and a fourth additional resonating element arm formed from the peripheral conductive housing structures, wherein the third and fourth antennas are configured to radiate in the first, second, third, and fourth frequency bands and in a fifth frequency band comprising a fifth frequency between 600 MHz and 960 MHz. 
 
     
     
       7. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the conductive interconnect structures comprise a structure selected from the group consisting of: conductive adhesive, sheet metal, an integral portion of the peripheral conductive housing structures, a conductive clip, conductive foam, metal foil, a conductive trace on an underlying substrate, and a conductive spring. 
     
     
       8. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the slot element has a length and a width that is less than the length, the resonating element arm having a first end coupled to the antenna feed and an opposing second end that extends parallel to the length of the slot element. 
     
     
       9. The electronic device defined in  claim 8 , wherein the second end of the resonating element arm is located within 20% of the length from the center of the slot element. 
     
     
       10. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , further comprising:
 an adjustable component coupled between the resonating element arm and the ground structures, the adjustable component being configured to tune the first frequency band. 
 
     
     
       11. The electronic device defined in  claim 10 , further comprising:
 an additional adjustable component coupled between the peripheral conductive housing structures and the ground structures across the slot element, the additional adjustable component being configured to tune the second frequency band. 
 
     
     
       12. The electronic device defined in  claim 11 , further comprising:
 a flexible printed circuit, wherein the adjustable component and the additional adjustable component are mounted to the flexible printed circuit; and 
 a signal conductor on the flexible printed circuit, wherein the signal conductor is coupled to the resonating element arm. 
 
     
     
       13. The electronic device defined in  claim 12 , further comprising:
 a conductive support plate that forms a part of the ground structures, wherein the conductive support plate defines an edge of the slot element; 
 a dielectric cover layer for the electronic device layered under the conductive support plate; and 
 a display mounted to the peripheral conductive housing structures. 
 
     
     
       14. The electronic device defined in  claim 13 , wherein the resonating element arm comprises a conductive trace on the flexible printed circuit and overlapping the slot element, the electronic device further comprising a dielectric spacer interposed between the dielectric cover layer and the conductive trace. 
     
     
       15. The electronic device defined in  claim 13 , further comprising:
 a dielectric support structure overlapping the slot element, wherein the dielectric support structure is configured to mechanically support the display and the resonating element arm is formed on the dielectric support structure. 
 
     
     
       16. The electronic device defined in  claim 15 , further comprising:
 a first conductive screw that extends through the flexible printed circuit and at least some of the dielectric support structure to electrically couple the signal conductor to the resonating element arm; and 
 a second conductive screw that extends through the flexible printed circuit and at least some of the dielectric support structure to electrically couple the additional adjustable component to the peripheral conductive housing structures. 
 
     
     
       17. An antenna comprising:
 conductive structures that define a closed slot; 
 a monopole element overlapping the closed slot; and 
 an antenna feed having a positive antenna feed terminal coupled to the monopole element, wherein the antenna feed is configured to convey radio-frequency signals to the monopole element, the monopole element is configured to radiate the radio-frequency signals in a first frequency band, the monopole element is configured to indirectly feed the radio-frequency signals to the closed slot via near-field electromagnetic coupling, and the closed slot is configured to radiate the radio-frequency signals in a second frequency band that is lower than the first frequency band. 
 
     
     
       18. The antenna defined in  claim 17 , wherein the closed slot has a length and a width that is less than the length, the monopole element has an end coupled to the positive antenna feed terminal and a tip that opposes the end, the tip extends parallel to the length of the closed slot, and the first and second frequency bands each comprise a respective frequency between 3300 MHz and 5000 MHz. 
     
     
       19. An electronic device having opposing front and rear faces, the electronic device comprising:
 a dielectric cover layer at the rear face; 
 a conductive support plate on the dielectric cover layer; 
 a display having a display cover layer at the front face; 
 peripheral conductive housing structures that extend from the dielectric cover layer to the display cover layer; 
 a slot antenna radiating element having opposing edges defined by the conductive support plate and the peripheral conductive housing structures, the slot antenna radiating element being configured to radiate in a first frequency band; 
 a monopole antenna radiating element overlapping the slot antenna radiating element, the monopole antenna radiating element being configured to radiate in a second frequency band that is higher than the first frequency band; and 
 an antenna feed configured to directly feed radio-frequency signals to the monopole antenna radiating element, the monopole antenna radiating element being configured to indirectly feed the radio-frequency signals to the slot antenna radiating element via near-field electromagnetic coupling. 
 
     
     
       20. The electronic device defined in  claim 19 , further comprising:
 a dielectric support structure overlapping the slot antenna radiating element, wherein the monopole antenna radiating element is formed on the dielectric support structure; 
 a flexible printed circuit having a signal conductor for a radio-frequency transmission line; and 
 a conductive screw that electrically couples the signal conductor to the monopole antenna radiating element.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This relates to electronic devices, and more particularly, to antennas for electronic devices with wireless communications circuitry. 
     Electronic devices often include wireless communications circuitry. For example, cellular telephones, computers, and other devices often contain antennas and wireless transceivers for supporting wireless communications. 
     To satisfy consumer demand for small form factor wireless devices, manufacturers are continually striving to implement wireless communications circuitry such as antenna components using compact structures. At the same time, there is a desire for wireless devices to cover a growing number of communications bands. For example, it may be desirable for a wireless device to cover many different cellular telephone communications bands at different frequencies. 
     Because antennas have the potential to interfere with each other and with components in a wireless device, care must be taken when incorporating antennas into an electronic device. Moreover, care must be taken to ensure that the antennas and wireless circuitry in a device are able to exhibit satisfactory performance over the desired range of operating frequencies. In addition, it is often difficult to perform wireless communications with a satisfactory data rate (data throughput), especially as software applications performed by wireless devices become increasingly data hungry. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide improved wireless communications circuitry for wireless electronic devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device may be provided with wireless circuitry and a housing having peripheral conductive housing structures. The electronic device may include ground structures. The ground structures and the peripheral conductive housing structures may define opposing edges of a slot element. Conductive interconnect structures may couple the peripheral conductive housing structures to the ground structures and may define additional edges of the slot element. 
     The electronic device may include a monopole element overlapping the slot element. The monopole element may be directly fed radio-frequency signals by an antenna feed coupled to the monopole element. The monopole element may radiate the radio-frequency signals in a first frequency band while indirectly feeding the radio-frequency signals to the slot element via near-field electromagnetic coupling. The slot element may radiate the radio-frequency signals in a second frequency band that is lower than the first frequency band. The monopole element and the slot element may collectively form a multi-band antenna that exhibits a relatively wide bandwidth (e.g., for covering a frequency band from 3300 MHz to 5000 MHz). 
     A dielectric support structure may overlap the slot element. The dielectric support structure may provide mechanical support for a display at a front face of the device. The multi-band antenna may be fed by a radio-frequency transmission line having a signal conductor on a flexible printed circuit. A conductive screw may extend through the flexible printed circuit and at least some of the dielectric support structure to electrically couple the signal conductor to the monopole element. Antenna tuning components may be mounted to the flexible printed circuit and may be coupled to the monopole element and/or the peripheral conductive housing structures using conductive screws. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device with wireless communications circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of illustrative circuitry in an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of illustrative wireless communications circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram of illustrative wireless circuitry including multiple antennas for performing multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) communications in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  is a top view of illustrative antennas formed from housing structures in an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  is a top view of an illustrative multi-band antenna having a monopole element that indirectly feeds a slot element in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is a plot of antenna performance (standing wave ratio) of an illustrative antenna of the type shown in  FIG. 6  in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  is a plot of antenna performance (antenna efficiency) of an illustrative antenna of the type shown in  FIG. 6  in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  is a top view showing how an illustrative antenna of the type shown in  FIG. 6  may be integrated into an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view showing how an illustrative antenna of the type shown in  FIG. 6  may be fed using a flexible printed circuit in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional side view showing how an illustrative antenna of the type shown in  FIG. 6  may include a conductive trace on a dielectric support structure in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional side view showing how an illustrative antenna of the type shown in  FIG. 6  may include a conductive trace on a flexible printed circuit that is pressed against a dielectric member in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional side view showing how an illustrative antenna of the type shown in  FIG. 6  may include a conductive path coupled between a flexible printed circuit and a conductive housing wall for tuning the antenna in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Electronic devices such as electronic device  10  of  FIG. 1  may be provided with wireless communications circuitry. The wireless communications circuitry may be used to support wireless communications in multiple wireless communications bands. 
     The wireless communications circuitry may include one or more antennas. The antennas of the wireless communications circuitry can include loop antennas, inverted-F antennas, strip antennas, planar inverted-F antennas, slot antennas, hybrid antennas that include antenna structures of more than one type, or other suitable antennas. Conductive structures for the antennas may, if desired, be formed from conductive electronic device structures. 
     The conductive electronic device structures may include conductive housing structures. The housing structures may include peripheral structures such as peripheral conductive structures that run around the periphery of the electronic device. The peripheral conductive structures may serve as a bezel for a planar structure such as a display, may serve as sidewall structures for a device housing, may have portions that extend upwards from an integral planar rear housing (e.g., to form vertical planar sidewalls or curved sidewalls), and/or may form other housing structures. 
     Gaps may be formed in the peripheral conductive structures that divide the peripheral conductive structures into peripheral segments. One or more of the segments may be used in forming one or more antennas for electronic device  10 . Antennas may also be formed using an antenna ground plane and/or an antenna resonating element formed from conductive housing structures (e.g., internal and/or external structures, support plate structures, etc.). 
     Electronic device  10  may be a portable electronic device or other suitable electronic device. For example, electronic device  10  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, headphone device, earpiece device, or other wearable or miniature device, a handheld device such as a cellular telephone, a media player, or other small portable device. Device  10  may also be a set-top box, a desktop computer, a display into which a computer or other processing circuitry has been integrated, a display without an integrated computer, a wireless access point, wireless base station, an electronic device incorporated into a kiosk, building, or vehicle, or other suitable electronic equipment. 
     Device  10  may include a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as a case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of these materials. In some situations, parts of housing  12  may be formed from dielectric or other low-conductivity material (e.g., glass, ceramic, plastic, sapphire, etc.). In other situations, housing  12  or at least some of the structures that make up housing  12  may be formed from metal elements. 
     Device  10  may, if desired, have a display such as display  14 . Display  14  may be mounted on the front face of device  10 . Display  14  may be a touch screen that incorporates capacitive touch electrodes or may be insensitive to touch. The rear face of housing  12  (i.e., the face of device  10  opposing the front face of device  10 ) may have a rear housing wall (e.g., a planar housing wall). The rear housing wall may have slots that pass entirely through the rear housing wall and that therefore separate housing wall portions (rear housing wall portions and/or sidewall portions) of housing  12  from each other. The rear housing wall may include conductive portions and/or dielectric portions. If desired, the rear housing wall may include a planar metal layer covered by a thin layer or coating of dielectric such as glass, plastic, sapphire, or ceramic. Housing  12  (e.g., the rear housing wall, sidewalls, etc.) may also have shallow grooves that do not pass entirely through housing  12 . The slots and grooves may be filled with plastic or other dielectric. If desired, portions of housing  12  that have been separated from each other (e.g., by a through slot) may be joined by internal conductive structures (e.g., sheet metal or other metal members that bridge the slot). 
     Display  14  may include pixels formed from light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic LEDs (OLEDs), plasma cells, electrowetting pixels, electrophoretic pixels, liquid crystal display (LCD) components, or other suitable pixel structures. A display cover layer such as a layer of clear glass or plastic may cover the surface of display  14  or the outermost layer of display  14  may be formed from a color filter layer, thin-film transistor layer, or other display layer. If desired, buttons may pass through openings in the cover layer. The cover layer may also have other openings such as an opening for speaker port  24 . 
     Housing  12  may include peripheral housing structures such as structures  16 . Structures  16  may run around the periphery of device  10  and display  14 . In configurations in which device  10  and display  14  have a rectangular shape with four edges, structures  16  may be implemented using peripheral housing structures that have a rectangular ring shape with four corresponding edges (as an example). Peripheral structures  16  or part of peripheral structures  16  may serve as a bezel for display  14  (e.g., a cosmetic trim that surrounds all four sides of display  14  and/or that helps hold display  14  to device  10 ). Peripheral structures  16  may, if desired, form sidewall structures for device  10  (e.g., by forming a metal band with vertical sidewalls, curved sidewalls, etc.). 
     Peripheral housing structures  16  may be formed of a conductive material such as metal and may therefore sometimes be referred to as peripheral conductive housing structures, conductive housing structures, peripheral metal structures, peripheral conductive housing sidewall structures, peripheral conductive housing sidewalls, peripheral conductive sidewalls, or a peripheral conductive housing member (as examples). Peripheral conductive housing structures  16  may be formed from a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, or other suitable materials. One, two, three, four, five, six, or more than six separate structures may be used in forming peripheral conductive housing structures  16 . 
     It is not necessary for peripheral conductive housing structures  16  to have a uniform cross-section. For example, the top portion of peripheral conductive housing structures  16  may, if desired, have an inwardly protruding lip that helps hold display  14  in place. The bottom portion of peripheral conductive housing structures  16  may also have an enlarged lip (e.g., in the plane of the rear surface of device  10 ). Peripheral conductive housing structures  16  may have substantially straight vertical sidewalls, may have sidewalls that are curved, or may have other suitable shapes. In some configurations (e.g., when peripheral conductive housing structures  16  serve as a bezel for display  14 ), peripheral conductive housing structures  16  may run around the lip of housing  12  (i.e., peripheral conductive housing structures  16  may cover only the edge of housing  12  that surrounds display  14  and not the rest of the sidewalls of housing  12 ). 
     If desired, housing  12  may have a conductive rear surface or wall. For example, housing  12  may be formed from a metal such as stainless steel or aluminum. The rear surface of housing  12  may lie in a plane that is parallel to display  14 . In configurations for device  10  in which the rear surface of housing  12  is formed from metal, it may be desirable to form parts of peripheral conductive housing structures  16  as integral portions of the housing structures forming the rear surface of housing  12 . For example, a conductive rear housing wall of device  10  may be formed from a planar metal structure and portions of peripheral conductive housing structures  16  on the sides of housing  12  may be formed as flat or curved vertically extending integral metal portions of the planar metal structure. Housing structures such as these may, if desired, be machined from a block of metal and/or may include multiple metal pieces that are assembled together to form housing  12 . The conductive rear wall of housing  12  may have one or more, two or more, or three or more portions. Peripheral conductive housing structures  16  and/or the conductive rear wall of housing  12  may form one or more exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., surfaces that are visible to a user of device  10 ) and/or may be implemented using internal structures that do not form exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., conductive housing structures that are not visible to a user of device  10  such as conductive structures that are covered with layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coating layers that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide structures  16  and/or the conductive rear wall of housing  12  from view of the user). 
     Display  14  may have an array of pixels that form an active area AA that displays images for a user of device  10 . An inactive border region such as inactive area IA may run along one or more of the peripheral edges of active area AA. 
     Display  14  may include conductive structures such as an array of capacitive electrodes for a touch sensor, conductive lines for addressing pixels, driver circuits, etc. Housing  12  may include internal conductive structures such as metal frame members and a planar conductive housing member (sometimes referred to as a backplate) that spans the walls of housing  12  (i.e., a substantially rectangular sheet formed from one or more metal parts that is welded or otherwise connected between opposing sides of member  16 ). The backplate may form an exterior rear surface of device  10  or may be covered by layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coatings that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide the backplate from view of the user. Device  10  may also include conductive structures such as printed circuit boards, components mounted on printed circuit boards, and other internal conductive structures. These conductive structures, which may be used in forming a ground plane in device  10 , may extend under active area AA of display  14 , for example. 
     In regions  22  and  20 , openings may be formed within the conductive structures of device  10  (e.g., between peripheral conductive housing structures  16  and opposing conductive ground structures such as conductive portions of the rear wall of housing  12 , conductive traces on a printed circuit board, conductive electrical components in display  14 , etc.). These openings, which may sometimes be referred to as gaps, may be filled with air, plastic, and/or other dielectrics and may be used in forming slot antenna resonating elements for one or more antennas in device  10 , if desired. 
     Conductive housing structures and other conductive structures in device  10  may serve as a ground plane for the antennas in device  10 . The openings in regions  20  and  22  may serve as slots in open or closed slot antennas, may serve as a central dielectric region that is surrounded by a conductive path of materials in a loop antenna, may serve as a space that separates an antenna resonating element such as a strip antenna resonating element or an inverted-F antenna resonating element from the ground plane, may contribute to the performance of a parasitic antenna resonating element, or may otherwise serve as part of antenna structures formed in regions  20  and  22 . If desired, the ground plane that is under active area AA of display  14  and/or other metal structures in device  10  may have portions that extend into parts of the ends of device  10  (e.g., the ground may extend towards the dielectric-filled openings in regions  20  and  22 ), thereby narrowing the slots in regions  20  and  22 . 
     In general, device  10  may include any suitable number of antennas (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, etc.). The antennas in device  10  may be located at opposing first and second ends of an elongated device housing (e.g., in regions  20  and  22  of device  10  of  FIG. 1 ), along one or more edges of a device housing, in the center of a device housing, in other suitable locations, or in one or more of these locations. The arrangement of  FIG. 1  is merely illustrative. 
     Portions of peripheral conductive housing structures  16  may be provided with peripheral gap structures. For example, peripheral conductive housing structures  16  may be provided with one or more gaps such as gaps  18 , as shown in  FIG. 1 . The gaps in peripheral conductive housing structures  16  may be filled with dielectric such as polymer, ceramic, glass, air, other dielectric materials, or combinations of these materials. Gaps  18  may divide peripheral conductive housing structures  16  into one or more peripheral conductive segments. There may be, for example, two peripheral conductive segments in peripheral conductive housing structures  16  (e.g., in an arrangement with two of gaps  18 ), three peripheral conductive segments (e.g., in an arrangement with three of gaps  18 ), four peripheral conductive segments (e.g., in an arrangement with four of gaps  18 ), six peripheral conductive segments (e.g., in an arrangement with six gaps  18 ), etc. The segments of peripheral conductive housing structures  16  that are formed in this way may form parts of antennas in device  10 . 
     If desired, openings in housing  12  such as grooves that extend partway or completely through housing  12  may extend across the width of the rear wall of housing  12  and may penetrate through the rear wall of housing  12  to divide the rear wall into different portions. These grooves may also extend into peripheral conductive housing structures  16  and may form antenna slots, gaps  18 , and other structures in device  10 . Polymer or other dielectric may fill these grooves and other housing openings. In some situations, housing openings that form antenna slots and other structure may be filled with a dielectric such as air. 
     In a typical scenario, device  10  may have one or more upper antennas and one or more lower antennas (as an example). An upper antenna may, for example, be formed at the upper end of device  10  in region  22 . A lower antenna may, for example, be formed at the lower end of device  10  in region  20 . The antennas may be used separately to cover identical communications bands, overlapping communications bands, or separate communications bands. The antennas may be used to implement an antenna diversity scheme or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna scheme. 
     Antennas in device  10  may be used to support any communications bands of interest. For example, device  10  may include antenna structures for supporting local area network communications, voice and data cellular telephone communications, global positioning system (GPS) communications or other satellite navigation system communications, Bluetooth® communications, near-field communications, etc. 
     A schematic diagram showing illustrative components that may be used in device  10  of  FIG. 1  is shown in  FIG. 2 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , device  10  may include control circuitry  28 . Control circuitry  28  may include storage such as storage circuitry  26 . Storage circuitry  26  may include hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid-state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. 
     Control circuitry  28  may include processing circuitry such as processing circuitry  30 . Processing circuitry  30  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . Processing circuitry  30  may include on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, host processors, baseband processor integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits, central processing units (CPUs), etc. Control circuitry  28  may be configured to perform operations in device  10  using hardware (e.g., dedicated hardware or circuitry), firmware, and/or software. Software code for performing operations in device  10  may be stored on storage circuitry  26  (e.g., storage circuitry  26  may include non-transitory (tangible) computer readable storage media that stores the software code). The software code may sometimes be referred to as program instructions, software, data, instructions, or code. Software code stored on storage circuitry  26  may be executed by processing circuitry  30 . 
     Control circuitry  28  may be used to run software on device  10  such as satellite navigation applications, internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, control circuitry  28  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using control circuitry  28  include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as Wi-Fi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol or other WPAN protocols, IEEE 802.11ad protocols, cellular telephone protocols, MIMO protocols, antenna diversity protocols, satellite navigation system protocols (e.g., global positioning system (GPS) protocols, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) protocols, etc.), or any other desired communications protocols. Each communications protocol may be associated with a corresponding radio access technology (RAT) that specifies the physical connection methodology used in implementing the protocol. 
     Device  10  may include input-output circuitry  32 . Input-output circuitry  32  may include input-output devices  38 . Input-output devices  38  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  38  may include user interface devices, data port devices, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices  38  may include touch screens, displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, buttons, speakers, status indicators, light sources, audio jacks and other audio port components, digital data port devices, light sensors, position and orientation sensors (e.g., sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and compasses), capacitance sensors, proximity sensors (e.g., capacitive proximity sensors, light-based proximity sensors, etc.), fingerprint sensors, etc. 
     Input-output circuitry  32  may include wireless communications circuitry such as wireless communications circuitry  34  (sometimes referred to herein as wireless circuitry  34 ) for wirelessly conveying radio-frequency signals. While control circuitry  28  is shown separately from wireless communications circuitry  34  in the example of  FIG. 2  for the sake of clarity, wireless communications circuitry  34  may include processing circuitry that forms a part of processing circuitry  30  and/or storage circuitry that forms a part of storage circuitry  26  of control circuitry  28  (e.g., portions of control circuitry  28  may be implemented on wireless communications circuitry  34 ). As an example, control circuitry  28  (e.g., processing circuitry  30 ) may include baseband processor circuitry or other control components that form a part of wireless communications circuitry  34 . 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas, transmission lines, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  for handling transmission and/or reception of radio-frequency signals in various radio-frequency communications bands. For example, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may handle 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for Wi-Fi® (IEEE 802.11) communications or communications in other wireless local area network (WLAN) bands. Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may handle the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band or other wireless personal area network (WPAN) bands. Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include cellular telephone transceiver circuitry for handling wireless communications in frequency ranges such as a cellular low band (LB) from 600 to 960 MHz, a cellular low-midband (LMB) from 1410 to 1510 MHz, a cellular midband (MB) from 1710 to 2170 MHz, a cellular high band (HB) from 2300 to 2700 MHz, a cellular ultra-high band (UHB) from 3300 to 5000 MHz, or other communications bands between 600 MHz and 5000 MHz or other suitable frequencies (as examples). 
     In one suitable arrangement, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may handle 4G frequency bands between 3300 and 5000 MHz such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) bands B42 (e.g., 3400 MHz-3600 MHz) and B48 (e.g., 3500-3700) as well as 5G frequency bands (e.g., 5G NR bands) below 6 GHz such as 5G bands N77 (e.g., 3300-4200 MHz), N78 (e.g., 3300-3800 MHz), and N79 (e.g., 4400-5000 MHz). If desired, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include a first transceiver integrated circuit (chip) for handling 4G communications and a second transceiver integrated circuit (chip) for handling 5G communications (e.g., the first transceiver integrated circuit may operate under a 4G radio access technology whereas the second transceiver integrated circuit may operate under a 5G radio access technology). Each transceiver integrated circuit may be coupled to one or of the same antennas over one or more radio-frequency transmission lines. For example, each transceiver integrated circuit may be coupled to the same antenna feeds or different antenna feeds of the same antenna via the same radio-frequency transmission line or via separate radio-frequency transmission lines. Filter circuitry (e.g., duplexer circuitry, diplexer circuitry, low pass filter circuitry, high pass filter circuitry, band pass filter circuitry, band stop filter circuitry, etc.), switching circuitry, multiplexing circuitry, or any other desired circuitry may be used to isolate radio-frequency signals conveyed by the first and second transceiver integrated circuits over the same antennas or antenna feeds (e.g., filtering circuitry or multiplexing circuitry may be interposed on a radio-frequency transmission line shared by the first and second transceiver integrated circuits). 
     Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may handle voice data and non-voice data. Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include circuitry for other short-range and long-range wireless links if desired. For example, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include 60 GHz transceiver circuitry (e.g., millimeter wave transceiver circuitry), circuitry for receiving television and radio signals, paging system transceivers, near field communications (NFC) circuitry, etc. Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include global positioning system (GPS) receiver circuitry for receiving GPS signals at 1575 MHz or for handling other satellite positioning data. In Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® links and other short-range wireless links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over tens or hundreds of feet. In cellular telephone links and other long-range links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over thousands of feet or miles. 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include antennas  40 . Antennas  40  may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas  40  may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, helical antenna structures, dipole antenna structures, monopole antenna structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a local wireless link antenna and another type of antenna may be used in forming a remote wireless link antenna. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  in wireless communications circuitry  34  may be coupled to antenna structures such as a given antenna  40  using paths such as path  50 . Wireless communications circuitry  34  may be coupled to control circuitry  28 . Control circuitry  28  may be coupled to input-output devices  38 . Input-output devices  38  may supply output from device  10  and may receive input from sources that are external to device  10 . 
     To provide antenna structures such as antenna  40  with the ability to cover communications frequencies of interest, antenna  40  may be provided with circuitry such as filter circuitry (e.g., one or more passive filters and/or one or more tunable filter circuits). Discrete components such as capacitors, inductors, and resistors may be incorporated into the filter circuitry. Capacitive structures, inductive structures, and resistive structures may also be formed from patterned metal structures (e.g., part of an antenna). If desired, antenna  40  may be provided with adjustable circuits such as tunable components  42  to tune the antenna over communications (frequency) bands of interest. Tunable components  42  may be part of a tunable filter or tunable impedance matching network, may be part of an antenna resonating element, may span a gap between an antenna resonating element and antenna ground, etc. 
     Tunable components  42  may include tunable inductors, tunable capacitors, or other tunable components. Tunable components such as these may be based on switches and networks of fixed components, distributed metal structures that produce associated distributed capacitances and inductances, variable solid-state devices for producing variable capacitance and inductance values, tunable filters, or other suitable tunable structures. During operation of device  10 , control circuitry  28  may issue control signals on one or more paths such as path  56  that adjust inductance values, capacitance values, or other parameters associated with tunable components  42 , thereby tuning antenna  40  to cover desired communications bands. Antenna tuning components that are used to adjust the frequency response of antenna  40  such as tunable components  42  may sometimes be referred to herein as antenna tuning components, tuning components, antenna tuning elements, tuning elements, adjustable tuning components, adjustable tuning elements, or adjustable components. 
     Path  50  may include one or more transmission lines. As an example, path  50  of  FIG. 3  may be a transmission line having a positive signal conductor such as signal conductor  52  and a ground signal conductor such as ground conductor  54 . Path  50  may sometimes be referred to herein as transmission line  50  or radio-frequency transmission line  50 . 
     Transmission line  50  may, for example, include a coaxial cable transmission line (e.g., ground conductor  54  may be implemented as a grounded conductive braid surrounding signal conductor  52  along its length), a stripline transmission line, a microstrip transmission line, coaxial probes realized by a metalized via, an edge-coupled microstrip transmission line, an edge-coupled stripline transmission line, a waveguide structure (e.g., a coplanar waveguide or grounded coplanar waveguide), combinations of these types of transmission lines and/or other transmission line structures, etc. 
     Transmission lines in device  10  such as transmission line  50  may be integrated into rigid and/or flexible printed circuit boards. In one suitable arrangement, transmission lines such as transmission line  50  may also include transmission line conductors (e.g., signal conductors  52  and ground conductors  54 ) integrated within multilayer laminated structures (e.g., layers of a conductive material such as copper and a dielectric material such as a resin that are laminated together without intervening adhesive). The multilayer laminated structures may, if desired, be folded or bent in multiple dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and may maintain a bent or folded shape after bending (e.g., the multilayer laminated structures may be folded into a particular three-dimensional shape to route around other device components and may be rigid enough to hold its shape after folding without being held in place by stiffeners or other structures). All of the multiple layers of the laminated structures may be batch laminated together (e.g., in a single pressing process) without adhesive (e.g., as opposed to performing multiple pressing processes to laminate multiple layers together with adhesive). 
     A matching network (e.g., an adjustable matching network formed using tunable components  42 ) may include components such as inductors, resistors, and capacitors used in matching the impedance of antenna  40  to the impedance of transmission line  50 . Matching network components may be provided as discrete components (e.g., surface mount technology components) or may be formed from housing structures, printed circuit board structures, traces on plastic supports, etc. Components such as these may also be used in forming filter circuitry in antenna  40  and may be tunable and/or fixed components. 
     Transmission line  50  may be coupled to antenna feed structures associated with antenna  40 . As an example, antenna  40  may form an inverted-F antenna, a slot antenna, a hybrid inverted-F slot antenna or other antenna having an antenna feed  44  with a positive antenna feed terminal such as positive antenna feed terminal  46  and a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal  48 . Signal conductor  52  may be coupled to positive antenna feed terminal  46  and ground conductor  54  may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal  48 . Other types of antenna feed arrangements may be used if desired. For example, antenna  40  may be fed using multiple feeds each coupled to a respective port of radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  over a corresponding transmission line. If desired, signal conductor  52  may be coupled to multiple locations on antenna  40  (e.g., antenna  40  may include multiple positive antenna feed terminals coupled to signal conductor  52  of the same transmission line  50 ). Switches may be interposed on the signal conductor between radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  and the positive antenna feed terminals if desired (e.g., to selectively activate one or more positive antenna feed terminals at any given time). The illustrative feeding configuration of  FIG. 3  is merely illustrative. 
     Control circuitry  28  may use information from a proximity sensor, wireless performance metric data such as received signal strength information, device orientation information from an orientation sensor, device motion data from an accelerometer or other motion detecting sensor, information about a usage scenario of device  10 , information about whether audio is being played through speaker port  24  ( FIG. 1 ), information from one or more antenna impedance sensors, information on desired frequency bands to use for communications, and/or other information in determining when antenna  40  is being affected by the presence of nearby external objects or is otherwise in need of tuning. In response, control circuitry  28  may adjust an adjustable inductor, adjustable capacitor, switch, or other tunable components such as tunable components  42  to ensure that antenna  40  operates as desired. Adjustments to tunable components  42  may also be made to extend the frequency coverage of antenna  40  (e.g., to cover desired communications bands that extend over a range of frequencies larger than antenna  40  would cover without tuning). 
     Antenna  40  may include antenna resonating element structures (sometimes referred to herein as radiating element structures), antenna ground plane structures (sometimes referred to herein as ground plane structures, ground structures, or antenna ground structures), an antenna feed such as feed  44 , and other components (e.g., tunable components  42 ). Antenna  40  may be configured to form any suitable type of antenna. With one suitable arrangement, which is sometimes described herein as an example, antenna  40  is used to implement a hybrid monopole-slot antenna that includes both monopole and slot antenna resonating elements. 
     If desired, multiple antennas  40  may be formed in device  10 . Each antenna  40  may be coupled to transceiver circuitry such as radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  over respective transmission lines such as transmission line  50 . If desired, two or more antennas  40  may share the same transmission line  50 .  FIG. 4  is a diagram showing how device  10  may include multiple antennas  40  for performing wireless communications. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , device  10  may include two or more antennas  40  such as a first antenna  40 - 1 , a second antenna  40 - 2 , a third antenna  40 - 3 , a fourth antenna  40 - 4 , a fifth antenna  40 - 5 , and a sixth antenna  40 - 6 . Antennas  40  may be provided at different locations within housing  12  of device  10 . For example, antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 2  may be formed within region  22  at a first (upper) end of housing  12  whereas antennas  40 - 3  and  40 - 4  are formed within region  20  at an opposing second (lower) end of housing  12 , antenna  40 - 5  is formed at a third (right) end (edge) of housing  12 , and antenna  40 - 6  is formed at a fourth (left) end (edge) of housing  12 . In the example of  FIG. 4 , housing  12  has a rectangular periphery (e.g., a periphery having four corners). This example is merely illustrative and, in general, housing  12  may have any desired shape and antennas  40  may be formed at any desired locations within or on housing  12 . 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include input-output ports such as port  60  for interfacing with digital data circuits in control circuitry (e.g., control circuitry  28  of  FIG. 3 ). Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include baseband circuitry such as baseband (BB) processor  62  and radio-frequency transceiver circuitry such as radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36 . 
     Port  60  may receive digital data from control circuitry that is to be transmitted by radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36 . Incoming data that has been received by radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  and baseband processor  62  may be supplied to control circuitry via port  60 . 
     Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers. For example, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include multiple remote wireless transceivers  61  such as a first transceiver  61 - 1 , a second transceiver  61 - 2 , a third transceiver  61 - 3 , a fourth transceiver  61 - 4 , a fifth transceiver  61 - 5 , and a sixth transceiver  61 - 6  (e.g., transceiver circuits for handling voice and non-voice&#39; cellular telephone communications in cellular telephone communications bands). Each transceiver  61  may be coupled to a respective antenna  40  over a corresponding transmission line  50  (e.g., a first transmission line  50 - 1 , a second transmission line  50 - 2 , a third transmission line  50 - 3 , a fourth transmission line  50 - 4 , a fifth transmission line  50 - 5 , and a sixth transmission line  50 - 6 ). For example, first transceiver  61 - 1  may be coupled to antenna  40 - 1  over transmission line  50 - 1 , second transceiver  61 - 2  may be coupled to antenna  40 - 2  over transmission line  50 - 2 , third transceiver  61 - 3  may be coupled to antenna  40 - 3  over transmission line  50 - 3 , fourth transceiver  61 - 4  may be coupled to antenna  40 - 4  over transmission line  50 - 4 , fifth transceiver  61 - 4  may be coupled to antenna  40 - 5  over transmission line  50 - 5 , and sixth transceiver  61 - 4  may be coupled to antenna  40 - 6  over transmission line  50 - 6 . This is merely illustrative and, if desired, two or more of antennas  40  may be coupled to different ports of the same transceiver. 
     Radio-frequency front end circuits  58  may be interposed on each transmission line  50  (e.g., a first front end circuit  58 - 1  may be interposed on transmission line  50 - 1 , a second front end circuit  58 - 2  may be interposed on transmission line  50 - 2 , a third front end circuit  58 - 3  may be interposed on transmission line  50 - 3 , etc.). Front end circuits  58  may each include switching circuitry, filter circuitry (e.g., duplexer and/or diplexer circuitry, notch filter circuitry, low pass filter circuitry, high pass filter circuitry, bandpass filter circuitry, etc.), impedance matching circuitry for matching the impedance of transmission lines  50  to the corresponding antenna  40 , networks of active and/or passive components such as tunable components  42  of  FIG. 3 , radio-frequency coupler circuitry for gathering antenna impedance measurements, amplifier circuitry (e.g., low noise amplifiers and/or power amplifiers) or any other desired radio-frequency circuitry. If desired, front end circuits  58  may include switching circuitry that is configured to selectively couple antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6  to different respective transceivers  61 - 1 ,  61 - 2 ,  61 - 3 ,  61 - 4 ,  61 - 5 , and  61 - 6  (e.g., so that each antenna can handle communications for different transceivers  61  over time based on the state of the switching circuits in front end circuits  58 ). 
     If desired, front end circuits  58  may include filtering circuitry (e.g., duplexers and/or diplexers) that allow the corresponding antenna  40  to transmit and receive radio-frequency signals at the same time (e.g., using a frequency domain duplexing (FDD) scheme). Antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6  may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals in respective time slots or two or more of antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6  may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals concurrently. In general, any desired combination of transceivers  61 - 1 ,  61 - 2 ,  61 - 3 ,  61 - 4 ,  61 - 5 , and  61 - 6  may transmit and/or receive radio-frequency signals using the corresponding antenna  40  at a given time. In one suitable arrangement, each of transceivers  61 - 1 ,  61 - 2 ,  61 - 3 ,  61 - 4 ,  61 - 5 , and  61 - 6  may receive radio-frequency signals while a given one of transceivers  61 - 1 ,  61 - 2 ,  61 - 3 ,  61 - 4 ,  61 - 5 , and  61 - 6  transmits radio-frequency signals at a given time. 
     Amplifier circuitry such as one or more power amplifiers may be interposed on transmission lines  50  and/or formed within radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  for amplifying radio-frequency signals output by transceivers  61  prior to transmission over antennas  40 . Amplifier circuitry such as one or more low noise amplifiers may be interposed on transmission lines  50  and/or formed within radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  for amplifying radio-frequency signals received by antennas  40  prior to conveying the received signals to transceivers  61 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 4 , separate front end circuits  58  are formed on each transmission line  50 . This is merely illustrative. If desired, two or more transmission lines  50  may share the same front end circuits  58  (e.g., front end circuits  58  may be formed on the same substrate, module, or integrated circuit). 
     Each of transceivers  61  may, for example, include circuitry for converting baseband signals received from baseband processor  62  over paths  63  into corresponding radio-frequency signals. For example, transceivers  61  may each include mixer circuitry for up-converting the baseband signals to radio-frequencies prior to transmission over antennas  40 . Transceivers  61  may include digital to analog converter (DAC) and/or analog to digital converter (ADC) circuitry for converting signals between digital and analog domains. Each of transceivers  61  may include circuitry for converting radio-frequency signals received from antennas  40  over transmission lines  50  into corresponding baseband signals. For example, transceivers  61  may each include mixer circuitry for down-converting the radio-frequency signals to baseband frequencies prior to conveying the baseband signals to baseband processor  62  over paths  63 . 
     Each transceiver  61  may be formed on the same substrate, integrated circuit, or module (e.g., radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may be a transceiver module having a substrate or integrated circuit on which each of transceivers  61  is formed) or two or more transceivers  61  may be formed on separate substrates, integrated circuits, or modules. Baseband processor  62  and front end circuits  58  may be formed on the same substrate, integrated circuit, or module as transceivers  61  or may be formed on separate substrates, integrated circuits, or modules from transceivers  61 . In another suitable arrangement, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include a single transceiver  61  having six ports, each of which is coupled to a respective transmission line  50 , if desired. Each transceiver  61  may include transmitter and receiver circuitry for both transmitting and receiving radio-frequency signals. In another suitable arrangement, one or more transceivers  61  may perform only signal transmission or signal reception (e.g., one or more of transceivers  61  may be a dedicated transmitter or dedicated receiver). 
     In the example of  FIG. 4 , antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 4  may occupy a larger space (e.g., a larger area or volume within device  10 ) than antennas  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6 . This may allow antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 4  to support communications at longer wavelengths (i.e., lower frequencies) than antennas  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6 . This is merely illustrative and, if desired, each of antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6  may occupy the same volume or may occupy different volumes. Antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and/or  40 - 6  may be configured to convey radio-frequency signals in at least one common frequency band. If desired, one or more of antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6  may handle radio-frequency signals in at least one frequency band that is not covered by one or more of the other antennas in device  10 . 
     If desired, each antenna  40  and each transceiver  61  may handle radio-frequency communications in multiple frequency bands (e.g., multiple cellular telephone communications bands). For example, transceiver  61 - 1 , antenna  40 - 1 , transceiver  61 - 4 , and antenna  40 - 4 , may handle radio-frequency signals in a first frequency band such as a cellular low band between 600 and 960 MHz, a second frequency band such as a cellular low-midband between 1410 and 1510 MHz, a third frequency band such as a cellular midband between 1700 and 2200 MHz, a fourth frequency band such as a cellular high band between 2300 and 2700 MHz, and/or a fifth frequency band such as a cellular ultra-high band between 3300 and 5000 MHz. Transceiver  61 - 2 , antenna  40 - 2 , transceiver  61 - 3 , antenna  40 - 3 , transceiver  61 - 5 , antenna  40 - 5 , transceiver  61 - 6 , and antenna  40 - 6  may handle radio-frequency signals in some or all of these bands. In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 4  may each convey radio-frequency signals in the cellular low band, the cellular low-midband, the cellular midband, the cellular high band, and the cellular ultra-high band, antennas  40 - 2  and  40 - 3  may each convey radio-frequency signals in the cellular midband, the cellular high band, and the cellular ultra-high band, and antennas  40 - 5  and  40 - 6  may each convey radio-frequency signals in the cellular ultra-high band (e.g., antennas  40 - 5  and  40 - 6  may occupy a smaller volume than antennas  40 - 2  and  40 - 3 ). 
     The example of  FIG. 4  is merely illustrative. In general, antennas  40  may cover any desired frequency bands. Housing  12  may have any desired shape. Antennas  40  may be formed at any desired locations within housing  12 . Forming each of antennas  40 - 1  through  40 - 6  at different corners and edges of housing  12  may, for example, maximize the multi-path propagation of wireless data conveyed by antennas  40  to optimize overall data throughput for wireless communications circuitry  34 . 
     When operating using a single antenna  40 , a single stream of wireless data may be conveyed between device  10  and external communications equipment (e.g., one or more other wireless devices such as wireless base stations, access points, cellular telephones, computers, etc.). This may impose an upper limit on the data rate (data throughput) obtainable by wireless communications circuitry  34  in communicating with the external communications equipment. As software applications and other device operations increase in complexity over time, the amount of data that needs to be conveyed between device  10  and the external communications equipment typically increases, such that a single antenna  40  may not be capable of providing sufficient data throughput for handling the desired device operations. 
     In order to increase the overall data throughput of wireless communications circuitry  34 , multiple antennas  40  may be operated using a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) scheme. When operating using a MIMO scheme, two or more antennas  40  on device  10  may be used to convey multiple independent streams of wireless data at the same frequency. This may significantly increase the overall data throughput between device  10  and the external communications equipment relative to scenarios where only a single antenna  40  is used. In general, the greater the number of antennas  40  that are used for conveying wireless data under the MIMO scheme, the greater the overall throughput of wireless communications circuitry  34 . 
     In order to perform wireless communications under a MIMO scheme, antennas  40  need to convey data at the same frequencies. If desired, wireless communications circuitry  34  may perform so-called two-stream (2×) MIMO operations (sometimes referred to herein as 2× MIMO communications or communications using a 2×MIMO scheme) in which two antennas  40  are used to convey two independent streams of radio-frequency signals at the same frequency. Wireless communications circuitry  34  may perform so-called four-stream (4×) MIMO operations (sometimes referred to herein as 4×MIMO communications or communications using a 4×MIMO scheme) in which four antennas  40  are used to convey four independent streams of radio-frequency signals at the same frequency. Performing 4×MIMO operations may support higher overall data throughput than 2×MIMO operations because 4×MIMO operations involve four independent wireless data streams whereas 2×MIMO operations involve only two independent wireless data streams. If desired, antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6  may perform 2×MIMO operations in some frequency bands and may perform 4× MIMO operations in other frequency bands (e.g., depending on which bands are handled by which antennas). Antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6  may perform 2×MIMO operations in some bands concurrently with performing 4×MIMO operations in other bands, for example. 
     As one example, antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 4  (and the corresponding transceivers  61 - 1  and  61 - 4 ) may perform 2×MIMO operations by conveying radio-frequency signals at the same frequency in a cellular low band between 600 MHz and 960 MHz. At the same time, antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and  40 - 4  may collectively perform 4×MIMO operations by conveying radio-frequency signals at the same frequency in a cellular midband between 1700 and 2200 MHz, at the same frequency in a cellular high band (HB) between 2300 and 2700 MHz, and/or at the same frequency in a cellular ultra-high band (UHB) between 3300 and 5000 MHz (e.g., antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 4  may perform 2×MIMO operations in the low band concurrently with performing 4×MIMO operations in the midband, high band, and/or ultra-high band). 
     In practice, there may be some scenarios where antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and  40 - 4  are not configured to convey radio-frequency signals in the cellular ultra-high band (e.g., when antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and  40 - 4  are tuned or switched to handle other frequency bands away from the cellular ultra-high band). In these scenarios, antennas  40 - 5  and  40 - 6  may perform 2× MIMO operations in the cellular ultra-high band. There may be other scenarios in which antennas  40 - 2  and  40 - 3  are covering the cellular ultra-high band whereas antennas  40 - 1  and  40 - 4  are not handling the cellular ultra-band. In these scenarios, antennas  40 - 5  and  40 - 6  may also cover the cellular ultra-high band so that antennas  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6  collectively perform 4×MIMO operations in the cellular ultra-high band. In other words, the presence of antennas  40 - 5  and  40 - 6  may help to ensure that device  10  is always able to perform at least 2× MIMO operations in the cellular ultra-high band regardless of the states of antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 , and  40 - 4 . This example is merely illustrative and, in general, any desired number of antennas may be used to perform any desired MIMO operations in any desired frequency bands. 
     If desired, wireless communications circuitry  34  may convey wireless data with multiple antennas on one or more external devices (e.g., multiple wireless base stations) in a scheme sometimes referred to as carrier aggregation. When operating using a carrier aggregation scheme, the same antenna  40  may convey radio-frequency signals with multiple antennas (e.g., antennas on different wireless base stations) at different respective frequencies (sometimes referred to herein as carrier frequencies, channels, carrier channels, or carriers). For example, antenna  40 - 1  may receive radio-frequency signals from a first wireless base station at a first frequency, from a second wireless base station at a second frequency, and a from a third base station at a third frequency. The received signals at different frequencies may be simultaneously processed (e.g., by transceiver  61 - 1 ) to increase the communications bandwidth of transceiver  61 - 1 , thereby increasing the data rate of transceiver  61 - 1 . Similarly, antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6  may perform carrier aggregation at two, three, or more than three frequencies within any desired frequency bands. This may serve to further increase the overall data throughput of wireless communications circuitry  34  relative to scenarios where no carrier aggregation is performed. For example, the data throughput of wireless communications circuitry  34  may increase for each carrier frequency that is used (e.g., for each wireless base station that communicates with each of antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and  40 - 6 ). 
     By performing communications using both a MIMO scheme and a carrier aggregation scheme, the data throughput of wireless communications circuitry  34  may be even greater than in scenarios where either a MIMO scheme or a carrier aggregation scheme is used. The data throughput of wireless communications circuitry  34  may, for example, increase for each carrier frequency that is used by antennas  40  (e.g., each carrier frequency may contribute 40 megabits per second (Mb/s) or some other throughput to the total throughput of wireless communications circuitry  34 ). The example of  FIG. 4  is merely illustrative. If desired, antennas  40  may cover any desired number of frequency bands at any desired frequencies. More than six antennas  40  or fewer than six antennas  40  may perform MIMO and/or carrier aggregation operations at non-near-field communications frequencies if desired. 
     A top interior view of an illustrative portion of device  10  that contains antennas  40 - 4  and  40 - 3  of  FIG. 4  is shown in  FIG. 5 . In the example of  FIG. 5 , antennas  40 - 3  and  40 - 4  are each formed using hybrid slot-inverted-F antenna structures. As shown in  FIG. 5 , peripheral conductive housing structures  16  may be segmented (divided) by dielectric-filled gaps  18  (e.g., plastic gaps) such as a first gap  18 - 1 , a second gap  18 - 2 , and a third gap  18 - 3 . Each of gaps  18 - 1 ,  18 - 2 , and  18 - 3  may be formed within peripheral structures  16  along respective sides of device  10 . For example, gap  18 - 1  may be formed at a first side of device  10  and may separate a first segment  16 - 1  of peripheral conductive housing structures  16  from a second segment  16 - 2  of peripheral conductive housing structures  16 . Gap  18 - 3  may be formed at a second side of device  10  and may separate second segment  16 - 2  from a third segment  16 - 3  of peripheral conductive housing structures  16 . Gap  18 - 2  may be formed at a third side of device  10  and may separate third segment  16 - 3  from a fourth segment  16 - 4  of peripheral conductive housing structures  16 . 
     The resonating element for antenna  40 - 4  may include an inverted-F antenna resonating element arm that is formed from segment  16 - 3 . The resonating element for antenna  40 - 3  may include an inverted-F antenna resonating element arm that is formed from segment  16 - 2 . Air and/or other dielectric may fill slot  68  between arm segments  16 - 2  and  16 - 3  and ground structures  64 . Ground structures  64  may include one or more planar metal layers such as a metal layer used to form a rear housing wall for device  10 , a metal layer that forms an internal support structure for device  10 , conductive traces on a printed circuit board, and/or any other desired conductive layers in device  10 . Ground structures  64  may extend from segment  16 - 1  to segment  16 - 4  of peripheral conductive housing structures  16 . Ground structures  64  may be coupled to segments  16 - 1  and  16 - 4  using conductive adhesive, solder, welds, conductive screws, conductive pins, and/or any other desired conductive interconnect structures. If desired, ground structures  64  and segments  16 - 1  and  16 - 4  may be formed from different portions of a single integral conductive structure (e.g., a conductive housing for device  10 ). 
     Ground structures  64  need not be confined to a single plane and may, if desired, include multiple layers located in different planes or non-planar structures. Ground structures  64  may include conductive (e.g., grounded) portions of other electrical components within device  10 . For example, ground structures  64  may include conductive portions of display  14  ( FIG. 1 ). Conductive portions of display  14  may include a metal frame for display  14 , a metal backplate for display  14 , shielding layers or shielding cans for display  14 , pixel circuitry in display  14 , touch sensor circuitry (e.g., touch sensor electrodes) for display  14 , and/or any other desired conductive structures in display  14  or used for mounting display  14  to the housing for device  10 . 
     Ground structures  64  and segments  16 - 1  and  16 - 4  may form portions of the antenna ground for antennas  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2 ,  40 - 3 ,  40 - 4 ,  40 - 5 , and/or  40 - 6  ( FIG. 4 ). If desired, slot  68  may be configured to form slot antenna resonating element structures that contribute to the overall performance of antennas  40 - 3  and/or  40 - 4 . Slot  68  may extend from gap  18 - 1  to gap  18 - 2  (e.g., the ends of slot  68  which may sometimes be referred to as open ends, may be formed by gaps  18 - 1  and  18 - 2 ). Slot  68  may have an elongated shape having any suitable length (e.g., about 4-20 cm, more than 2 cm, more than 4 cm, more than 8 cm, more than 12 cm, less than 25 cm, less than 10 cm, etc.) and any suitable width (e.g., approximately 2 mm, less than 2 mm, less than 3 mm, less than 4 mm, 1-3 mm, etc.). Gap  18 - 3  may be continuous with and extend perpendicular to a portion of slot  68  along the longitudinal axis of the longest portion of slot  68  (e.g., the portion of slot  68  extending parallel to the X-axis of  FIG. 7 ). If desired, slot  68  may include vertical portions  70  that extend parallel to longitudinal axis  66  (e.g., the Y-axis of  FIG. 7 ) and beyond gaps  18 - 1  and  18 - 2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , a portion  72  of ground structures  64  may protrude into slot  68  towards segment  16 - 3 . Portion  72  of ground structures  64  (sometimes referred to herein as protrusion  72 , ground protrusion  72 , extension  72 , or ground extension  72 ) may be located closer to segment  16 - 3  than other portions of ground structures  64  (e.g., ground extension  72  may extend parallel to longitudinal axis  66  towards segment  16 - 3 ). Ground extension  72  may, for example, support components for display  14  of  FIG. 1  (e.g., components that allow active area AA of display  14  to extend across substantially all of the front face of device  10 ). If desired, ground extension  72  may form a distributed capacitance with segment  16 - 3  that tunes the frequency response of antenna  40 - 4 . 
     Slot  68  may be filled with dielectric such as air, plastic, ceramic, or glass. For example, plastic may be inserted into portions of slot  68  and this plastic may be flush with the exterior of the housing for device  10 . Dielectric material in slot  68  may lie flush with dielectric material in gaps  18 - 1 ,  18 - 2 , and  18 - 3  at the exterior of the housing  12  if desired. The example of  FIG. 7  in which slot  68  has a U-shape is merely illustrative. If desired, slot  68  may have any other desired shapes (e.g., a rectangular shape, meandering shapes having curved and/or straight edges, etc.). 
     Antennas  40 - 5  and  40 - 6  ( FIG. 4 ) may be formed between segments  16 - 1  and  16 - 4  and ground structures  64  and may convey radio-frequency signals within the cellular ultra-high band. The presence of display  14  ( FIG. 1 ) may confine antennas  40 - 5  and  40 - 6  to relatively small volumes. It can therefore be challenging for antennas  40 - 5  and  40 - 6  to cover the entirety of the cellular ultra-high band with satisfactory antenna efficiency. In order to cover as much of the cellular ultra-high band as possible, antennas  40 - 5  and  40 - 6  may be multi-band antennas that have multiple resonances (response peaks) at different frequencies within the cellular ultra-high band. In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, antennas  40 - 5  and  40 - 6  may each include monopole antenna resonating elements and slot antenna resonating elements that exhibit different response peaks for covering the entire cellular ultra-high band. 
       FIG. 6  is a top view of an illustrative antenna  40 - 5  that includes both monopole and slot elements (e.g., at the right edge of device  10  as shown in  FIG. 4 ). Similar structures may also be used to form antenna  40 - 6  of  FIG. 4 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , antenna  40 - 5  may include an opening such as slot  74  that is formed between segment  16 - 4  of the peripheral conductive housing structures for device  10 , ground structures  64 , conductive interconnect structure  76 , and conductive interconnect structure  78  (e.g., a closed slot  74  having all edges defined by conductive material). Conductive interconnect structures  76  and  78  may couple ground structures  64  to segment  16 - 4 . Conductive interconnect structures  76  and  78  may include conductive portions of components for device  10 , conductive tape or other adhesives, sheet metal, integral portions of segment  16 - 4 , integral portions of ground structures  64 , conductive clips, conductive foam, conductive springs, solder, welds, conductive traces on underlying substrates, metal foil, conductive portions of display  14  ( FIG. 1 ), other conductive portions of the housing for device  10  (e.g., housing  12  of  FIG. 1 ), wire, and/or any other desired conductive structures that help to define edges of slot  74 . 
     Slot  74  may be filled with air, plastic, and/or other dielectrics. The shape of slot  74  may be straight or may have one or more bends (e.g., slot  74  may have an elongated shape following a meandering path). In the example of  FIG. 6 , slot  74  has a rectangular shape with a length L 1  and a perpendicular width (e.g., parallel to the X-axis) that is less than length L 1 . Slot  74  may sometimes be referred to herein as slot element  74 , slot antenna resonating element  74 , slot antenna radiating element  74 , or slot radiating element  74 . Slot-based radiating elements such as slot  74  of  FIG. 6  may give rise to an antenna resonance at frequencies in which the wavelength of the antenna signals is approximately equal to the perimeter of the slot (e.g., an effective wavelength that is modified by a constant value based on the dielectric properties of the material within slot  74 ). In narrow slots, the resonant frequency of the slot is associated with signal frequencies at which the slot length is approximately equal to a half of a wavelength of operation. 
     Antenna  40 - 5  may also include a monopole antenna resonating (radiating) element within slot  74  such as monopole element  80 . Monopole element  80  may include resonating element arm  82  (e.g., a monopole antenna resonating element arm) formed within and/or overlapping slot  74 . Monopole element  80  may include an antenna feed  44  coupled between ground structures  64  and resonating element arm  82 . For example, positive antenna feed terminal  46  of antenna feed  44  may be coupled to end  84  of resonating element arm  82 , whereas ground antenna feed terminal  48  is coupled to ground structures  64  (e.g., monopole element  82  may be directly fed by antenna feed  44 ). Resonating element arm  82  may sometimes also be referred to herein as monopole arm  82 , monopole radiating element  82 , radiating element  82 , or radiating arm  82 . 
     Resonating element arm  82  may extend from end  84  to tip  86 . Tip  86  may be located at or near (e.g., within 20% of length L 1  from) the center of slot  74 . Resonating element arm  82  may have a length L 2  that determines the resonant frequency of monopole element  80 . Length L 2  may, for example, be approximately equal to one-quarter of the wavelength of operation of monopole element  80  (e.g., an effective wavelength of operation that accounts for the dielectric material surrounding resonating element arm  82 ). 
     Monopole element  80  may radiate radio-frequency signals to contribute to the frequency response of antenna  40 - 5  and may serve as an indirect antenna feed for slot  74  (e.g., monopole element  80  may be directly fed radio-frequency signals via antenna feed  44  and may indirectly feed slot  74 ). For example, during signal transmission, radio-frequency signals may be provided to antenna feed  44  by radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  ( FIG. 3 ). The radio-frequency signals on antenna feed  44  may produce corresponding antenna currents I on resonating element arm  82 . Antenna currents I on resonating element arm  82  may radiate radio-frequency signals in a first frequency band associated with monopole element  80  (e.g., a frequency band as determined by length L 2 ). At the same time, antenna currents I may indirectly feed slot  74  by inducing antenna currents I′ to flow along the perimeter of slot  74  via near-field (e.g., capacitive) electromagnetic coupling  88 . Antenna currents I′ may flow through segment  16 - 4 , conductive interconnect structures  76  and  78 , and ground structures  64  and may radiate radio-frequency signals in a second frequency band associated with slot  74  (e.g., a frequency band as determined by the perimeter of slot  74  and/or length L 1 ). 
     During signal reception, radio-frequency signals in the second frequency band may be received by antenna  40 - 5  and may produce antenna currents I′ around slot  74 . Currents I′ may contribute to antenna currents I on monopole element  80  via near-field electromagnetic coupling  88 . At the same time, radio-frequency signals in the first frequency band may be received by antenna  40 - 5  and may contribute to antenna currents I on resonating element arm  82 . Radio-frequency signals corresponding to antenna currents I may be provided to radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  ( FIG. 3 ) via antenna feed  44 . 
     The electric field produced by slot  74  may extend parallel to the X-axis of  FIG. 6 . Placing tip  96  at or near the center of slot  74  may maximize near-field electromagnetic coupling between monopole element  80  and slot  74  (e.g., due to the high-magnitude electric field produced by monopole element  80  at tip  86  and the high-magnitude electric field produced by slot  74  at the center of the slot in its fundamental mode). Resonating element arm  82  and tip  86  may extend parallel to length L 1  of slot  74  (e.g., parallel to the Y-axis of  FIG. 6 ). This may serve to mitigate cancellation between currents I and I′, because resonating element arm  82  extends perpendicular to the direction of the electric field produced by slot  74 . 
     The dimensions of monopole element  80  and slot  74  may be selected to tune the frequency response of antenna  40 - 5 . For example, length L 2  may be selected to be approximately (e.g., within 20% of) one-quarter of a first (effective) wavelength of operation for antenna  40 - 5 . Length L 1  may be selected to be approximately (e.g., within 20% of) one-half of a second (effective) wavelength of operation for antenna  40 - 5 . The first and second wavelengths may be selected so that monopole element  80  and slot  74  collectively cover all of the cellular ultra-high band (e.g., so that antenna  40 - 5  conveys radio-frequency signals at frequencies between 3300 MHz and 5000 MHz with an antenna efficiency that exceeds a threshold antenna efficiency). 
     If desired, antenna  40 - 5  may include adjustable components  90  and/or  96  (e.g., tunable components such as tunable components  42  of  FIG. 3 ). As shown in  FIG. 6 , adjustable component  90  may have a first terminal  92  coupled to resonating element arm  82  and a second terminal  94  coupled to ground structures  64 . Adjustable component  96  may have a first terminal  98  coupled to segment  16 - 4  and a second terminal  100  coupled to ground structures  64  (e.g., adjustable component  96  may be coupled across slot  74 ). Adjustable component  90  may be adjusted (e.g., using control signals provided by control circuitry  28  over path  56  of  FIG. 3 ) to tune the first wavelength of operation of antenna  40 - 5 . Adjustable component  96  may be adjusted (e.g., using control signals provided by control circuitry  28  over path  56  of  FIG. 3 ) to tune the second wavelength of operation of antenna  40 - 5 . Adjusting components  96  and  90  may help antenna  40 - 5  to cover the entirety of the cellular ultra-high band in scenarios where monopole element  80  and slot  74  do not exhibit sufficient bandwidth on their own to cover all of the cellular ultra-high band. In another suitable arrangement, adjustable components  96  and  90  may include fixed tuning components that help tune the frequency response of antenna  40 - 5 . 
     The example of  FIG. 6  is merely illustrative. If desired, antenna  40 - 5  may include additional adjustable components coupled between any desired edges of slot  74  and/or between any desired edges of slot  74  and monopole element  80 . Slot  74  may have other shapes (e.g., shapes having any desired number of curved and/or straight edges). Similar structures may be used to form antenna  40 - 6  of  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 7  is a graph in which antenna performance (standing wave ratio) has been plotted as a function of operating frequency for antenna  40 - 5  of  FIG. 6 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , curve  102  plots an exemplary frequency response of antenna  40 - 5 . As shown by curve  102 , antenna  40 - 5  may exhibit a first response peak  110  at frequency F 1 . Response peak  110  may be produced by monopole element  80  of  FIG. 6  (e.g., frequency F 1  may be the frequency corresponding to the first wavelength of operation of antenna  40 - 5  and may be determined by length L 2  of resonating element arm  82 ). Antenna  40 - 5  may exhibit a second response peak  108  at frequency F 2 . Response peak  108  may be produced by slot  74  of  FIG. 6  (e.g., frequency F 2  may be the frequency corresponding to the second wavelength of operation of antenna  40 - 5  and may be determined by length L 1  of slot  74 ). 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , frequencies F 1  and F 2  lie within the cellular ultra-high band (UHB) between 3300 MHz and 5000 MHz. As shown by curve  102 , response peaks  108  and  110  may not exhibit sufficient bandwidth to cover each frequency within cellular ultra-high band. If desired, adjustable component  96  of  FIG. 6  may be adjusted to tune second response peak  108  from frequency F 2  to another frequency within cellular ultra-high band UHB such as frequency F 4  (e.g., as shown by dashed curve  106 ). Similarly, if desired, adjustable component  90  of  FIG. 6  may be adjusted to tune first response peak  110  from frequency F 1  to another frequency within cellular ultra-high band UHB such as frequency F 3  (e.g., as shown by dashed curve  104 ). In this way, antenna  40 - 5  may be adjusted to cover any desired frequencies within cellular ultra-high band UHB (e.g., to tune antenna  40 - 5  between different bands (channels) within frequency band UHB such as between the N77, N78, and N79 5G bands). 
     This may allow monopole element  80  and slot  74  (antenna  40 - 5 ) to collectively exhibit a satisfactory antenna efficiency across the cellular ultra-high band, as shown in  FIG. 8 . Curve  112  of  FIG. 8  plots the antenna efficiency of antenna  40 - 5  of  FIG. 6  as a function of frequency. As shown by curve  112 , antenna  40 - 5  may exhibit multiple response peaks at frequencies F 1  and F 2  (or any other frequencies within cellular ultra-high band UHB) from the contributions of both monopole element  80  and slot  74 . Collectively, monopole element  80  and slot  74  may exhibit an antenna efficiency that exceeds threshold value TH across the entirety of cellular ultra-high band UHB. 
     The examples of  FIGS. 7 and 8  are merely illustrative. In general, antenna  40 - 5  may cover any desired bands at any desired frequencies (e.g., antenna  40 - 5  may exhibit any desired number of response peaks extending over any desired frequency bands). Curves  102 ,  106 , and  104  of  FIG. 7  and curve  112  of  FIG. 8  may have other shapes if desired. 
       FIG. 9  is a top view showing how antenna  40 - 5  may be integrated within device  10 . In the example of  FIG. 9 , conductive interconnect structures  76  and  78  and ground structures  64  of  FIG. 6  have been omitted for the sake of clarity. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , resonating element arm  82  of monopole element  80  may be embedded within, formed on a surface of, or may otherwise overlap a dielectric substrate such as dielectric support structure  114 . Dielectric support structure  114  may include plastic, foam, ceramic, or any other desired dielectric materials. If desired, dielectric support structure  114  may help to provide mechanical support for segment  16 - 4  of the peripheral conductive housing structures for device  10  or for other components in device  10  (e.g., display  14  of  FIG. 1 ). Monopole element  80  may be fed using structures on a printed circuit such as flexible printed circuit  116 . 
     Antenna  40 - 5  may be fed using a transmission line (e.g., transmission line  50  of  FIG. 3 ) having signal conductor  52  on flexible printed circuit  116  (e.g., a printed circuit having a flexible printed circuit substrate such as a polyimide substrate). Impedance matching structures such as impedance matching structures  126  may be coupled to signal conductor  52  to help match the impedance of monopole element  80  to the impedance of the transmission line and/or to help tune the frequency response of antenna  40 - 5 . Ground traces such as ground traces  124  may be formed on one or more surfaces and/or may be embedded within flexible printed circuit  116 . Ground traces  124  may form part of ground structures  64  of  FIG. 6  if desired (e.g., ground traces  124  may form part of the antenna ground for antenna  40 - 5 ). Ground traces  124  may be grounded (shorted) to a metal support plate, conductive display structures, and/or any other desired ground structures in device  10  using conductive screws, pins, solder, welds, conductive adhesive, conductive clips, and/or any other desired conductive interconnect structures at any desired locations on ground traces  124  (e.g., at terminals  94  and/or  100 ). 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , signal conductor  52  on flexible printed circuit  116  may be coupled to resonating element arm  82  using conductive screw  128  (e.g., at positive antenna feed terminal  46  of  FIG. 6 ). Conductive screw  128  may extend through some, all, or none of dielectric support structure  114 . Solder, welds, conductive adhesive, a conductive screw boss, or other structures may additionally or alternatively be used to help couple signal conductor  52  to resonating element arm  82 . 
     Adjustable components  90  and  96  for antenna  40 - 5  may be formed on flexible printed circuit  116  (e.g., using surface mount technology, conductive traces in or on flexible printed circuit  116 , etc.). Terminal  94  of adjustable component  90  and terminal  100  of adjustable component  90  may be coupled to ground traces  124 . Adjustable component  90  may be coupled to resonating element arm  82  using conductive screw  130  (e.g., at terminal  92  of  FIG. 6 ). Conductive screw  130  may extend through some, all, or none of dielectric support structure  114 . Solder, welds, conductive adhesive, a conductive screw boss, or other structures may additionally or alternatively be used to help couple adjustable component  90  to resonating element arm  82 . 
     Adjustable component  96  may be coupled to segment  16 - 4  (e.g., across slot  74 ) using conductive screw  120  (e.g., at terminal  98  of  FIG. 6 ). Conductive screw  120  may extend through some, all, or none of dielectric support structure  114 . Conductive screw  120  may be received by threaded hole  122  on segment  16 - 4  or other receiving structures on segment  16 - 4 . Solder, welds, conductive adhesive, a conductive screw boss, or other structures may additionally or alternatively be used to help couple adjustable component  96  to segment  16 - 4 . Flexible printed circuit  116  may include an extension  118  that is interposed between the head of conductive screw  120  and dielectric support structure  114  if desired. Conductive traces for adjustable component  96  may be formed on extension  118  and may be shorted to segment  16 - 4  via conductive screw  120 . Conductive screws  120 ,  128 , and/or  130  may help to mechanically secure dielectric support structure  114  in place if desired. 
       FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view showing how flexible printed circuit  116  may be coupled to resonating element arm  82  of antenna  40 - 5  (e.g., as taken in the direction of line AA′ of  FIG. 9 ). As shown in  FIG. 10 , device  10  may include a conductive support plate such as conductive support plate  132 . Conductive support plate  132  may, for example, form a part of ground structures  64  ( FIG. 6 ) and housing  12  ( FIG. 1 ). Dielectric cover layer  134  may be layered under conductive support plate  132 . Dielectric cover layer  134  may be formed from plastic, glass, sapphire, ceramic, a dielectric coating, or any other dielectric material. Dielectric cover layer  134  and conductive support plate  132  may, for example form a rear housing wall for device  10 . 
     Display  14  may include display module  138  and display cover layer  136 . Display module  138  (sometimes referred to herein as display panel  138 ) may include pixel circuitry, touch sensor circuitry, force sensor circuitry, or any other circuitry that emits light through display cover layer  136  and/or that receives touch or force input through display cover layer  136  (e.g., display module  138  may form active area AA of  FIG. 1 ). Display cover layer  136  may be formed from sapphire, glass, plastic, or any other desired transparent material. Display cover layer  136  may extend across the length and width of device  10  and may cover substantially all of the front face of device  10 . Portions of display cover layer  136  may be provided with an opaque masking layer, ink, or pigment to help hide components within device  10  from view. Display  14  may include conductive display frame  140 . Conductive display frame  140  may help to hold display  14  in place on device  10 . Conductive display frame  140  and/or conductive portions of display module  138  may form part of ground structures  64  of  FIG. 6  if desired. 
     Segment  16 - 4  of the peripheral conductive housing structures for device  10  may extend from dielectric cover layer  134  to display cover layer  136 . Segment  16 - 4  may include conductive ledge  142  (sometimes referred to herein as conductive datum  142 ). Conductive display frame  140  may include fastening structures  141  (e.g., clips, snaps, pins, springs, etc.) that help to mechanically secure display  14  to conductive ledge  142  or other portions of segment  16 - 4 . Segment  16 - 4  may be separated from conductive support plate  132  by slot  74 . If desired, one or more openings may be formed in conductive display frame  140  and/or conductive ledge  142  overlapping slot  74  so that antenna  40 - 5  is able to convey radio-frequency signals through display  14  and the front face of device  10 . 
     Dielectric support structure  144  may be formed within and/or overlapping slot  74  and may extend from dielectric cover layer  134  to conductive display frame  140  and conductive ledge  142 . Dielectric support structure  144  may, for example, form some or all of dielectric support structure  114  of  FIG. 9 . Dielectric support structure  144  of  FIG. 10  may help to provide mechanical support for display  14  (e.g., conductive display frame  140 ), conductive ledge  142 , and/or segment  16 - 4  (e.g., upper surface  143  of dielectric support structure  144  may contact conductive ledge  142  and/or conductive display frame  140 ). Dielectric support structure  144  may, if desired, contact upper surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  134  within some or all of slot  74 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , a conductive screw boss such as screw boss  145  may be formed on or within dielectric support structure  144 . Dielectric support structure  144  may, for example, be molded over screw boss  145 . Resonating element arm  82  for antenna  40 - 5  may be coupled to screw boss  145 . Flexible printed circuit  116  may run along conductive support plate  132 . Conductive screw  128  may extend through flexible printed circuit  116  and may be received by a threaded screw hole on screw boss  145 . Conductive screw  128  may help to secure flexible printed circuit  116  in place and may electrically couple the signal conductor on flexible printed circuit (e.g., signal conductor  52  of  FIG. 9 ) to resonating element arm  82  via screw boss  145 . Similar structures may be used to couple adjustable component  90  of  FIG. 9  to resonating element arm  82 . Ground traces on flexible printed circuit  116  (e.g., ground traces  124  of  FIG. 9 ) may be shorted to conductive support plate  132  using screws or other interconnect structures at one or more locations (e.g., at ground antenna feed terminal  48  of  FIG. 6 , terminals  94  and  100  of  FIG. 9 , etc.). The ground traces on flexible printed circuit  116  may also be coupled to conductive display frame  140  at one or more locations (not shown in the example of  FIG. 10  for the sake of clarity). 
     In this way, flexible printed circuit  116  (e.g., signal conductor  52  of  FIG. 9 ) may convey radio-frequency signals to and from resonating element arm  82 . Antenna currents on resonating element arm  82  (e.g., antenna currents I of  FIG. 6 ) may induce antenna currents (e.g., antenna currents I′ of  FIG. 6 ) on conductive support plate  132  and segment  16 - 4 . Resonating element arm  82  and slot  74  may radiate the radio-frequency signals through the rear face of device  10  (e.g., through dielectric cover layer  134 ) and/or through the front face of device  10  (e.g., through display cover layer  136 ). 
       FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional side view showing how resonating element arm  82  of antenna  40 - 5  may be formed on a surface of dielectric support structure  144  (e.g., as taken in the direction of line BB′ of  FIG. 9 ). As shown in  FIG. 11 , resonating element arm  82  may be formed from a conductive trace patterned onto lower surface  148  of dielectric support structure  144  facing dielectric cover layer  134 . Lower surface  148  of dielectric support structure  144  may be separated from upper surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  134  by a gap (as shown in  FIG. 11 ) or may be pressed against upper surface  146  (e.g., resonating element arm  82  may be pressed against surface  146 ). In another suitable arrangement, a dielectric spacer (not shown) may fill the space between lower surface  148  of dielectric support structure  144  and upper surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  134 . In yet another suitable arrangement, resonating element arm  82  may be formed on other surfaces of dielectric support structure  144 . For example, resonating element arm  82  may be formed at location  152  on vertical surface  150  of dielectric support structure  144 . 
     These examples are merely illustrative. In general, dielectric support structure  144  may have any desired shape. Resonating element arm  82  may be formed at any desired location in or on dielectric support structure  144 . In another suitable arrangement, resonating element arm  82  may be formed on the flexible printed circuit for antenna  40 - 5  (e.g., flexible printed circuit  116  of  FIGS. 9 and 10 ). 
       FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional side view showing how resonating element arm  82  of antenna  40 - 5  may be formed on a surface of flexible printed circuit  116  (e.g., as taken in the direction of line BB′ of  FIG. 9 ). As shown in  FIG. 12 , resonating element arm  82  may be formed from a conductive trace patterned onto the bottom surface of flexible printed circuit  116  in a region of flexible printed circuit  116  overlapping slot  74 . In the example of  FIG. 12 , a dielectric member such as dielectric spacer  154  is mounted to upper surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  134  within slot  74  (e.g., lower surface  158  of dielectric spacer  154  may contact upper surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  134 ). Resonating element arm  82  is pressed against upper surface  156  of dielectric spacer  154  within slot  74 . This is merely illustrative and, if desired, dielectric spacer  154  may be omitted and flexible printed circuit  116  may be pressed against upper surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  134  (e.g., resonating element arm  82  may be pressed against upper surface  146  of dielectric cover layer  134 ). Dielectric support structure  144  may have a cavity that accommodates flexible printed circuit  116  or may be molded over flexible printed circuit  116 . In scenarios where dielectric spacer  154  is formed within slot  74 , both a portion of dielectric support structure  144  and dielectric spacer  154  may be formed within slot  74 . In scenarios where resonating element arm  82  is patterned onto flexible printed circuit  116 , conductive screws  128  and  130  of  FIG. 9  and screw boss  145  of  FIG. 10  may be omitted (e.g., adjustable component  90  and signal conductor  52  of  FIG. 9  may be coupled to resonating element arm  82  using conductive traces on flexible printed circuit  116 , conductive vias extending through flexible printed circuit  116 , etc.). Resonating element arm  82  may be embedded within dielectric spacer  154  if desired. 
       FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional side view showing how adjustable component  96  of  FIGS. 6 and 9  may be coupled to segment  16 - 4  (e.g., as taken in the direction of line CC′ of  FIG. 9 ). As shown in  FIG. 13 , adjustable component  96  may be mounted to flexible printed circuit  116 . Adjustable component  96  may include switches, inductors, capacitors, resistors, and/or any other desired tuning circuitry (e.g., tunable components  42  of  FIG. 3 ). Conductive traces for adjustable component  96  may be formed on extension  118 . Conductive screw  120  may extend through extension  118  and dielectric support structure  144  to screw hole  122  on segment  16 - 4 . Conductive screw  120  may short the conductive traces for adjustable component  96  on extension  118  to segment  16 - 4 . This may serve to couple adjustable component  96  across slot  74  (e.g., between terminals  100  and  98  of  FIG. 6 ) for tuning the frequency response of slot  74  and thus the frequency response of antenna  40 - 5 . Conductive screw  120  may extend through a vertical (side) surface of dielectric support structure  144  or through any other desired surface of dielectric support structure  144 . The example of  FIG. 13  is merely illustrative. 
     The examples of  FIGS. 9-13  are merely illustrative. If desired, multiple dielectric support structures may be insert molded around resonating element arm  82 . For example, resonating element arm  82  may be embedded (e.g., molded within) an additional dielectric support structure that is formed within slot  74  adjacent to dielectric support structure  144 . This may allow conductive screws  130  and  128  of  FIG. 9  and screw boss  145  of  FIG. 10  to be omitted. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190628
Publication Date: 20201208
Grant Date: 20201208
Priority Date: 20190628
Inventors: AYALA VAZQUEZ, ENRIQUE
IRCI, Erdinc
ATMATZAKIS, GEORGIOS
HU, HONGFEI
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H01Q13/106", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/48", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/38", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q13/10", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/307", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/28", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/24", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/50", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/48", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/36", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/28", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q13/103", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/42", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q13/103", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/145", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/145", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q13/103", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 73653853