PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9484961-B2
Application Number: US-201213631483-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Wireless electronic device with antenna switching circuitry

Abstract:
A wireless electronic device may include antennas formed at different locations on the device. The wireless electronic device may include transceivers that are used to wirelessly communicate in different frequency bands by transmitting and receiving radio-frequency signals in the frequency bands. The transceivers may include Wi-Fi® transceivers and cellular transceivers such as Long Term Evolution transceivers. The wireless electronic device may include antenna switching circuitry interposed between the transceivers and the antennas. The wireless electronic device may include control circuitry that controls the antenna switching circuitry to ensure that radio-frequency transmissions in adjacent frequency bands are routed to different antennas. By routing radio-frequency transmissions in adjacent frequency bands to different antennas, self-interference between communications in the adjacent frequency bands may be reduced. Self-interference may also be reduced by performing time division multiplexing to isolate radio-frequency signals that are transmitted in adjacent frequency bands.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method of operating a wireless electronic device having three antennas, the method comprising:
 with control circuitry, selecting a first antenna of the three antennas to use for radio-frequency transmissions in a first frequency band that is susceptible to intermodulation interference with a second frequency band; and 
 with switching circuitry, mitigating intermodulation interference between the first and second frequency bands by performing time division multiplexing between radio-frequency transmissions in the first frequency band and radio-frequency transmissions in the second frequency band, wherein performing the time division multiplexing comprises:
 periodically routing radio-frequency signals in the first frequency band to the selected first antenna for a first duration; 
 periodically routing radio-frequency signals in the second frequency band to the selected first antenna for a second duration subsequent to the first duration; and 
 while routing the respective radio-frequency signals in the first and second frequency bands to the selected first antenna, dynamically adjusting a ratio of the first duration to the second duration to provide increased bandwidth for communications in a given one of the first and second frequency bands. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The method defined in  claim 1  further comprising:
 with a first transceiver, providing the radio-frequency signals in the first frequency band to the switching circuitry; and 
 with a second transceiver, providing the radio-frequency signals in the second frequency band to the switching circuitry. 
 
     
     
       3. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein the first frequency band comprises a wireless local area network frequency band. 
     
     
       4. The method defined in  claim 3  wherein the second frequency band comprises a cellular telephone frequency band. 
     
     
       5. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein the first frequency band comprises a cellular telephone frequency band. 
     
     
       6. The method defined in  claim 5  wherein the cellular telephone frequency band comprises a Long Term Evolution (LTE) frequency band. 
     
     
       7. The method defined in  claim 6  wherein the LTE frequency band comprises LTE band  7 . 
     
     
       8. An electronic device, comprising:
 a conductive rectangular housing at an exterior surface of the electronic device that extends from a first face to an opposing second face of the electronic device, wherein the conductive rectangular housing has first and second opposing ends, a first portion at the first end, and a second portion at the second end; 
 first, second, and third antennas, wherein the first antenna is formed at least partially from the first portion and the second antenna is formed at least partially from the second portion; 
 first and second transceivers, wherein the first transceiver is operable to produce radio-frequency signals in a first frequency band of a plurality of frequency bands and the second transceiver is operable to produce radio-frequency signals in a second frequency band of the plurality of frequency bands; 
 switching circuitry operable in a first configuration in which the first transceiver is coupled to the first antenna and further operable in a second configuration in which the second transceiver is coupled to the first antenna; and 
 control circuitry that mitigates intermodulation interference between the first and second frequency bands by controlling the switching circuitry to operate in the first configuration during a first time period, by controlling the switching circuitry to operate in the second configuration during a second time period subsequent to the first time period, by controlling the switching circuitry to operate in the first configuration during a third time period subsequent to the second time period, and by controlling the switching circuitry to operate in the second configuration during a fourth time period subsequent to the third time period, wherein the duration of the third time period is different from the duration of the first time period and the duration of the fourth time period is different from the duration of the second time period. 
 
     
     
       9. The electronic device defined in  claim 8  wherein the first antenna is located at a first end of the electronic device and wherein the second antenna is located at a second end of the electronic device. 
     
     
       10. The electronic device defined in  claim 8  wherein the first transceiver comprises a cellular transceiver. 
     
     
       11. The electronic device defined in  claim 10  wherein the second transceiver comprises a Wi-Fi transceiver. 
     
     
       12. The electronic device defined in  claim 10  wherein the cellular transceiver comprises a Long-Term Evolution transceiver. 
     
     
       13. The electronic device defined in  claim 8  wherein the first frequency band comprises a wireless local area network frequency band. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device defined in  claim 13  wherein the second frequency band comprises a cellular telephone frequency band. 
     
     
       15. The electronic device defined in  claim 8  wherein the first frequency band comprises a cellular telephone frequency band. 
     
     
       16. A method of operating wireless communications circuitry in an electronic device, wherein the wireless communications circuitry includes a first transceiver that communicates using a plurality of frequency bands and a second transceiver that communicates using a Wi-Fi frequency band, the method comprising:
 selecting a frequency band between 2.5 and 2.57gigahertz (GHz) from the plurality of frequency bands for communications using the first transceiver; 
 selecting an antenna from one of first and second antennas for communications in the selected frequency band; 
 determining whether the communications in the selected frequency band using the first transceiver interferes with communications in the Wi-Fi frequency band; and 
 in response to determining that the communications in the selected frequency band interferes with the communications in the Wi-Fi frequency band, performing time division multiplexing using the switching circuitry between communications in the selected frequency band and communications in the Wi-Fi frequency band over the selected antenna, wherein performing the time division multiplexing comprises:
 periodically routing radio-frequency signals in the selected frequency band to the selected antenna for a first duration; 
 periodically routing radio-frequency signals in the Wi-Fi frequency band to the selected antenna for a second duration subsequent to the first duration; and 
 while routing the respective radio-frequency signals in the selected frequency band and the Wi-Fi frequency band to the selected antenna, dynamically adjusting a ratio of the first duration to the second duration to provide increased bandwidth for communications in a given one of the Wi-Fi and selected frequency bands. 
 
 
     
     
       17. The method defined in  claim 16  wherein the first transceiver comprises a cellular transceiver and wherein the second transceiver comprises a Wi-Fi transceiver, the method further comprising:
 with the cellular transceiver, transmitting radio-frequency signals in a LTE band  7  frequency band; and 
 with the Wi-Fi transceiver, transmitting radio-frequency signals in the Wi-Fi frequency band. 
 
     
     
       18. The method defined in  claim 17 , wherein the first and second antennas are formed at opposing ends of the electronic device, the method further comprising:
 with switching circuitry, routing the radio-frequency signals transmitted in the LTE band  7  frequency band to the first antenna; and 
 with the switching circuitry, mitigating interference in the LTE band  7  frequency band by routing the radio-frequency signals transmitted in the Wi-Fi frequency band to the second antenna. 
 
     
     
       19. A method of operating a wireless electronic device having a first transceiver that communicates using a plurality of cellular telephone frequency bands and a second transceiver that communicates using a given frequency band, the method comprising:
 selecting a cellular telephone frequency band that is different from given frequency band from the plurality of frequency bands for communications using the first transceiver; 
 selecting an antenna from first and second antennas for communications in the selected cellular telephone frequency band; 
 determining whether the communications in the selected cellular telephone frequency band interferes with communications in the given frequency band; and 
 in response to determining that the communications in the selected cellular telephone frequency band interferes with the communications in the given frequency band, performing time division multiplexing using the switching circuitry between communications in the selected cellular telephone frequency band and communications in the given frequency band, wherein performing the time division multiplexing comprises:
 with switching circuitry, routing communications in the selected cellular telephone frequency band between the first transceiver and the selected antenna during a first time period; and 
 with the switching circuitry, routing communications in the given frequency band between the second transceiver and the selected antenna during a second time period subsequent to the first time period; 
 with the switching circuitry, routing communications in the selected cellular telephone frequency band between the first transceiver and the selected antenna during a third time period subsequent to the second time period, wherein the duration of the third time period is different from the duration of the first time period; and 
 with the switching circuitry, routing communications in the given frequency band between the second transceiver and the selected antenna during a fourth time period subsequent to the third time period, wherein the duration of the fourth time period is different from the duration of the second time period. 
 
 
     
     
       20. The method defined in  claim 19  wherein the first transceiver comprises a Long-Term Evolution cellular transceiver and wherein the second transceiver comprises a Wi-Fi transceiver, the method further comprising:
 with the Long-Term Evolution cellular transceiver, transmitting radio-frequency signals in the selected cellular telephone frequency band over the selected antenna during the first time period; and 
 with the second transceiver, transmitting radio-frequency signals in the given frequency band over the selected antenna during the second time period. 
 
     
     
       21. The method defined in  claim 19  wherein the plurality of frequency bands comprises a plurality of cellular frequency bands, wherein the given frequency band comprises a Wi-Fi frequency band, and wherein determining whether the communications in the selected cellular telephone frequency band interferes with the communications in the given frequency band comprises:
 determining whether a LTE frequency band is adjacent to the Wi-Fi frequency band. 
 
     
     
       22. The method defined in  claim 19  wherein the plurality of frequency bands comprises a plurality of cellular frequency bands, wherein the given frequency band comprises a Bluetooth frequency band, and wherein determining whether the communications in the selected cellular telephone frequency band interferes with the communications in the given frequency band comprises:
 determining whether the selected cellular telephone frequency band is adjacent to the Bluetooth frequency band.

Description:
This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/569,641 filed Dec. 12, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This invention relates generally to electronic devices, and more particularly, to wireless electronic devices that wirelessly communicate in multiple frequency bands. 
     Electronic devices such as handheld electronic devices and other portable electronic devices are becoming increasingly popular. Examples of handheld devices include cellular telephones, handheld computers, media players, and hybrid devices that include the functionality of multiple devices of this type. Popular portable electronic devices that are somewhat larger than traditional handheld electronic devices include laptop computers and tablet computers. 
     Due in part to their mobile nature, portable electronic devices are often provided with wireless communications capabilities. For example, portable electronic devices may use long-range wireless communications to communicate with wireless base stations and may use short-range wireless communications links such as links for supporting the Wi-Fi® (IEEE 802.11) bands at 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz and the Bluetooth® band at 2.4 GHz. 
     Wireless electronic devices are often used for simultaneous communications using different technologies. For example, wireless electronic devices may be used to transmit data to a cellular network and to a Wi-Fi® network simultaneously. It may be challenging to design wireless electronic devices to accommodate simultaneous communications using different technologies. For example, filters with high isolation may be required to isolate cellular transceiver circuitry from WiFi® transceiver circuitry when the cellular and WiFi® transceiver circuitry transmit radio-frequency signals using the same antenna. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide electronic devices with improved wireless communications capabilities. 
     SUMMARY 
     A wireless electronic device may include antennas formed at different locations on the device. For example, the antennas may be formed at opposite ends of the device. The wireless electronic device may include transceivers that are used to wirelessly communicate in different frequency bands by transmitting and receiving radio-frequency signals in the frequency bands. The transceivers may include WiFi® transceivers and cellular transceivers such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) transceivers. The wireless electronic device may include antenna switching circuitry interposed between the transceivers and the antennas. The wireless electronic device may include control circuitry such as storage and processing circuitry and baseband circuitry that controls the antenna switching circuitry to ensure that radio-frequency transmissions in adjacent frequency bands are routed to different antennas. By routing radio-frequency transmissions in adjacent frequency bands to different antennas, interference between communications in the adjacent frequency bands may be reduced. 
     The wireless electronic device may be assigned a cellular frequency band by a base station. The wireless electronic device may perform antenna transmit diversity operations to determine which antenna is to be used for cellular communications in the assigned cellular frequency band. The wireless electronic device may identify whether the assigned cellular frequency band is adjacent to WiFi® frequency bands that are used by the device. In response to identifying that the assigned cellular frequency band is adjacent to the WiFi® frequency bands, the wireless electronic device may configure the antenna switching circuitry to route WiFi® communications to and from an antenna different from the antenna used for cellular communications. 
     The wireless electronic device may reduce interference between communications in adjacent frequency bands by partitioning wireless communications in time (e.g., by performing time division multiplexing). Radio-frequency signals in a first frequency band may be transmitted during time periods that alternate with time periods assigned to a second frequency band that is adjacent to the first frequency band. 
     Further features of the present invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device with antenna switching capabilities in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device with wireless communications circuitry in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram showing how radio-frequency transceiver circuitry may be coupled to one or more antennas within an electronic device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is an illustrative diagram showing two adjacent frequency bands in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is an illustrative diagram of wireless communications circuitry with antenna switching circuitry in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart of illustrative steps that may be performed to control antenna switching circuitry so that wireless communications in adjacent frequency bands are routed to different antennas in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is an illustrative diagram showing how Wi-Fi® and LTE communications may be partitioned in time to avoid self-interference in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to wireless electronic devices that perform antenna switching to ensure that radio-frequency signals in adjacent frequency bands are routed to different antennas. 
     The wireless electronic devices may be portable electronic devices such as laptop computers or small portable computers of the type that are sometimes referred to as ultraportables. Portable electronic devices may include tablet computing devices (e.g., a portable computer that includes a touch-screen display). Portable electronic devices may also be somewhat smaller devices. Examples of smaller portable electronic devices include wrist-watch devices, pendant devices, headphone and earpiece devices, and other wearable and miniature devices. With one suitable arrangement, the portable electronic devices may be handheld electronic devices. 
     The wireless electronic devices may be, for example, cellular telephones, media players with wireless communications capabilities, handheld computers (also sometimes called personal digital assistants), remote controllers, global positioning system (GPS) devices, tablet computers, and handheld gaming devices. The wireless electronic devices may also be hybrid devices that combine the functionality of multiple conventional devices. Examples of hybrid portable electronic devices include a cellular telephone that includes media player functionality, a gaming device that includes a wireless communications capability, a cellular telephone that includes game and email functions, and a portable device that receives email, supports mobile telephone calls, has music player functionality and supports web browsing. These are merely illustrative examples. 
     An illustrative wireless electronic device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 1 . Device  10  of  FIG. 1  may be, for example, a portable electronic device. 
     Device  10  may have housing  12 . Antennas for handling wireless communications may be housed within housing  12  (as an example). 
     Housing  12 , which is sometimes referred to as a case, may be formed of any suitable materials including, plastic, glass, ceramics, metal, or other suitable materials, or a combination of these materials. In some situations, housing  12  or portions of housing  12  may be formed from a dielectric or other low-conductivity material, so that the operation of conductive antenna elements that are located in proximity to housing  12  is not disrupted. Housing  12  or portions of housing  12  may also be formed from conductive materials such as metal. An illustrative housing material that may be used is anodized aluminum. Aluminum is relatively light in weight and, when anodized, has an attractive insulating and scratch-resistant surface. If desired, other metals can be used for the housing of device  10 , such as stainless steel, magnesium, titanium, alloys of these metals and other metals, etc. In scenarios in which housing  12  is formed from metal elements, one or more of the metal elements may be used as part of the antennas in device  10 . For example, metal portions of housing  12  may be shorted to an internal ground plane in device  10  to create a larger ground plane element for that device  10 . To facilitate electrical contact between an anodized aluminum housing and other metal components in device  10 , portions of the anodized surface layer of the anodized aluminum housing may be selectively removed during the manufacturing process (e.g., by laser etching). 
     Housing  12  may have a bezel  14 . The bezel  14  may be formed from a conductive material and may serve to hold a display or other device with a planar surface in place on device  10 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , for example, bezel  14  may be used to hold display  16  in place by attaching display  16  to housing  12 . 
     Display  16  may be a liquid crystal diode (LCD) display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or any other suitable display. The outermost surface of display  16  may be formed from one or more plastic or glass layers. If desired, touch screen functionality may be integrated into display  16  or may be provided using a separate touch pad device. An advantage of integrating a touch screen into display  16  to make display  16  touch sensitive is that this type of arrangement can save space and reduce visual clutter. 
     Display screen  16  (e.g., a touch screen) is merely one example of an input-output device that may be used with electronic device  10 . If desired, electronic device  10  may have other input-output devices. For example, electronic device  10  may have user input control devices such as button  19 , and input-output components such as port  20  and one or more input-output jacks (e.g., for audio and/or video). Button  19  may be, for example, a menu button. Port  20  may contain a 30-pin data connector (as an example). Openings  24  and  22  may, if desired, form microphone and speaker ports. In the example of  FIG. 1 , display screen  16  is shown as being mounted on the front face of portable electronic device  10 , but display screen  16  may, if desired, be mounted on the rear face of portable electronic device  10 , on a side of device  10 , on a flip-up portion of device  10  that is attached to a main body portion of device  10  by a hinge (for example), or using any other suitable mounting arrangement. 
     A user of electronic device  10  may supply input commands using user input interface devices such as button  19  and touch screen  16 . Suitable user input interface devices for electronic device  10  include buttons (e.g., alphanumeric keys, power on-off, power-on, power-off, and other specialized buttons, etc.), a touch pad, pointing stick, or other cursor control device, a microphone for supplying voice commands, or any other suitable interface for controlling device  10 . Although shown schematically as being formed on the top face of electronic device  10  in the example of  FIG. 1 , buttons such as button  19  and other user input interface devices may generally be formed on any suitable portion of electronic device  10 . For example, a button such as button  19  or other user interface control may be formed on the side of electronic device  10 . Buttons and other user interface controls can also be located on the top face, rear face, or other portion of device  10 . If desired, device  10  can be controlled remotely (e.g., using an infrared remote control, a radio-frequency remote control such as a Bluetooth remote control, etc.). 
     Electronic device  10  may have ports such as port  20 . Port  20 , which may sometimes be referred to as a dock connector, 30-pin data port connector, input-output port, or bus connector, may be used as an input-output port (e.g., when connecting device  10  to a mating dock connected to a computer or other electronic device). Device  10  may also have audio and video jacks that allow device  10  to interface with external components. Typical ports include power jacks to recharge a battery within device  10  or to operate device  10  from a direct current (DC) power supply, data ports to exchange data with external components such as a personal computer or peripheral, audio-visual jacks to drive headphones, a monitor, or other external audio-video equipment, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card port to authorize cellular telephone service, a memory card slot, etc. The functions of some or all of these devices and the internal circuitry of electronic device  10  can be controlled using input interface devices such as touch screen display  16 . 
     Components such as display  16  and other user input interface devices may cover most of the available surface area on the front face of device  10  (as shown in the example of  FIG. 1 ) or may occupy only a small portion of the front face of device  10 . Because electronic components such as display  16  often contain large amounts of metal (e.g., as radio-frequency shielding), the location of these components relative to the antenna elements in device  10  should generally be taken into consideration. Suitably chosen locations for the antenna elements and electronic components of the device will allow the antennas of electronic device  10  to function properly without being disrupted by the electronic components. 
     Examples of locations in which antenna structures may be located in device  10  include region  18  (e.g., a first antenna) and region  21  (e.g., a second antenna). Region  18  may be separated from region  21  by a distance D. These are merely illustrative examples. Any suitable portion of device  10  may be used to house antenna structures for device  10  if desired. 
     Wireless electronic devices such as device  10  of  FIG. 2  may be provided with wireless communications circuitry. The wireless communications circuitry may be used to support long-range wireless communications such as communications in cellular telephone frequency bands (e.g., ranges of frequencies associated with wireless standards or protocols). Examples of long-range (cellular telephone) bands that may be handled by device  10  include the 800 MHz band, the 850 MHz band, the 900 MHz band, the 1800 MHz band, the 1900 MHz band, the 2100 MHz band, the 700 MHz band, the 2500 MHz band, and other frequency bands. Each long-range band may be associated with a range of frequencies. For example, the 850 MHz band may be associated with frequency range 824-849 MHz and the 2500 MHz band may be associated with frequency range 2500-2570 MHz. Examples of wireless standards or protocols that are associated with the cellular telephone frequency bands include Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications standard, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard, and standards that use technologies such as Code Division Multiple Access, time division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, etc. The long-range bands used by device  10  may include the so-called LTE (Long Term Evolution) bands. The LTE bands are numbered (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.) and are sometimes referred to as E-UTRA operating bands. As an example, LTE band  7  corresponds to uplink frequencies between 2.5 GHz and 2.57 GHz (e.g., frequencies used to transmit wireless signals to a base station) and downlink frequencies between 2.62 GHz and 2.69 (e.g., frequencies used to receive wireless signals from a base station). 
     Long-range signals such as signals associated with satellite navigation bands may be received by the wireless communications circuitry of device  10 . For example, device  10  may use wireless circuitry to receive signals in the 1575 MHz band associated with Global Positioning System (GPS) communications. Short-range wireless communications may also be supported by the wireless circuitry of device  10 . For example, device  10  may include wireless circuitry for handling local area network links such as WiFi® links at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, Bluetooth links and Bluetooth Low Energy links at 2.4 GHz, etc. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , device  10  may include storage and processing circuitry  28 . Storage and processing circuitry  28  may include storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in storage and processing circuitry  28  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . This processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, application specific integrated circuits, etc. 
     Storage and processing circuitry  28  may be used to run software on device  10 , such as internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, functions related to radio-frequency transmission and reception such as selection of communications frequencies, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, storage and processing circuitry  28  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using storage and processing circuitry  28  include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as Wi-Fi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth protocol, cellular telephone protocols, MIMO (multiple input multiple output) protocols, antenna diversity protocols, etc. Wireless communications operations such as communications frequency selection operations may be controlled using software stored and running on device  10  (e.g., stored and running on storage and processing circuitry  28 ). 
     Electronic device  10  may include wireless communications circuitry  34  for communicating wirelessly with external equipment. Therefore, electronic device  10  may sometimes be referred to as a wireless device or a wireless electronic device. Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, baseband circuitry, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas, transmission lines, and other circuitry such as front-end circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry for handling various radio-frequency communications bands. For example, circuitry  34  may include transceiver circuitry that handles 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for WiFi (IEEE 802.11) communications and/or handles the 2.4 GHz band for Bluetooth communications. Circuitry  34  may include cellular telephone transceiver circuitry for handling wireless communications in cellular telephone bands such as at 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100 MHz, the LTE bands, and other bands (as examples). Circuitry  34  may handle voice data and non-voice data. If desired, wireless communications circuitry  34  may include global positioning system (GPS) receiver equipment for receiving GPS signals at 1575 MHz or for handling other satellite positioning data. 
     Wireless communications circuitry  34  may include one or more antennas  40 . Antennas  40  may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas  40  may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, helical antenna structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a local wireless link antenna and another type of antenna may be used in forming a remote wireless link antenna. 
     Antenna diversity schemes may be implemented in which multiple redundant antennas are used in handling communications for a particular band or bands. In an antenna diversity scheme, storage and processing circuitry  28  may select which antenna to use in real time based on signal strength measurements or other data. For example, storage and processing circuitry  28  may select which antenna to use for LTE communications with a base station. In multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) schemes, multiple antennas may be used to transmit and receive multiple data streams, thereby enhancing data throughput. 
     Illustrative locations in which antennas  40  may be formed in device  10  are shown in  FIG. 3 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , electronic device  10  may have a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12  may include plastic walls, metal housing structures, structures formed from carbon-fiber materials or other composites, glass, ceramics, or other suitable materials. Housing  12  may be formed using a single piece of material (e.g., using a unibody configuration) or may be formed from a frame, housing walls, and other individual parts that are assembled to form a completed housing structure. The components of device  10  that are shown in  FIG. 1  may be mounted within housing  12 . Antenna structures  40  may be mounted within housing  12  and may, if desired, be formed using parts of housing  12 . For example, housing  12  may include metal housing sidewalls, peripheral conductive members such as band-shaped members (with or without dielectric gaps), conductive bezels, and other conductive structures that may be used in forming antenna structures  40 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , antenna structures  40  may be coupled to transceiver circuitry  90  by paths such as paths  45 . Paths  45  may include transmission line structures such as coaxial cables, microstrip transmission lines, stripline transmission lines, etc. Paths  45  may also include impedance matching circuitry, filter circuitry, and switching circuitry. Impedance matching circuitry may be used to ensure that antennas  40  are efficiently coupled to transceiver circuitry  90  in communications bands of interest. Filter circuitry may be used to implement frequency-based multiplexing circuits such as diplexers, duplexers, and triplexers. Switching circuitry may be used to selectively couple antennas  40  to desired ports of transceiver circuitry  90 . For example, in one operating mode a switch may be configured to route one of paths  45  to a given antenna and in another operating mode the switch may be configured to route a different one of paths  45  to the given antenna. The use of switching circuitry between transceiver circuitry  90  and antennas  40  allows device  10  to support multiple communications bands of interest with a limited number of antennas. 
     In a device such as a cellular telephone that has an elongated rectangular outline, it may be desirable to place antennas  40  at one or both ends of the device. As shown in  FIG. 3 , for example, some of antennas  40  may be placed in upper end region  42  of housing  12  and some of antennas  40  may be placed in lower end region  44  of housing  12 . The antenna structures in device  10  may include a single antenna in region  42 , a single antenna in region  44 , multiple antennas in region  42 , multiple antennas in region  44 , or may include one or more antennas located elsewhere in housing  12 . 
     Antenna structures  40  may be formed within some or all of regions such as regions  42  and  44 . For example, an antenna such as antenna  40 T- 1  may be located within region  42 - 1  or an antenna such as antenna  40 T- 2  may be formed that fills some or all of region  42 - 1 . An antenna such as antenna  40 B- 1  may fill some or all of region  44 - 2  or an antenna such as antenna  40 B- 2  may be formed in region  44 - 1 . These types of arrangements need not be mutually exclusive. For example, region  44  may contain a first antenna such as antenna  40 B- 1  and a second antenna such as antenna  40 B- 2 . 
     Transceiver circuitry  90  may contain transmitters such as transmitters  48  and receivers such as receivers  50 . Transmitters  48  and receivers  50  may be implemented using one or more integrated circuits (e.g., cellular telephone communications circuits, wireless local area network communications circuits, circuits for Bluetooth® communications, circuits for receiving satellite navigation system signals). Transceiver circuitry  90  may be formed with associated power amplifier circuits for increasing transmitted signal power, low noise amplifier circuits for increasing signal power in received signals, other suitable wireless communications circuits, and combinations of these circuits. 
     Device  10  may communicate simultaneously using various wireless technologies (e.g., wireless standards and/or protocols).  FIG. 4  shows an illustrative example in which device  10  transmits radio-frequency signals using Wi-Fi® and LTE. The Wi-Fi® signals may be transmitted in the Wi-Fi® 2.4 GHz frequency band (e.g., frequencies ranging from about 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz). The LTE signals may be transmitted in LTE band  7  (e.g., frequencies between about 2.5 GHz to 2.57 GHz). The frequency bands may be adjacent to each other. 
     Wireless communications circuitry such as circuitry  34  in device  10  may include non-linear components such as transistors. Non-linear components through which radio-frequency signals (e.g., Wi-Fi® signals and LTE signals) pass through can potentially produce non-linear components that interfere with wireless communications. For example, non-linear operation of wireless communications circuitry may result in intermodulation between the Wi-Fi® signals and the LTE signals. The intermodulation may produce intermodulation products (e.g., undesired radio-frequency signals) at frequencies within the Wi-Fi® and LTE frequency bands. For example, third order intermodulation between signals at first and second frequencies may produce signals (e.g., intermodulation products) at frequencies of two times the first frequency minus the second frequency and at two times the second frequency minus the first frequency. 
     Consider the scenario in which signals transmitted at 2.48 GHz (e.g., Wi-Fi® signals) are simultaneously transmitted with signals at 2.5 GHz (e.g., LTE band  7  signals). In this scenario, third order intermodulation products  302  and  304  may be produced at 2.46 GHz and 2.52 GHz that lie within the Wi-Fi® 2.4 GHz band and LTE band  7 . Intermodulation products  302  and  304  may interfere with Wi-Fi® and LTE communications at 2.46 GHz and 2.52 GHz. This example is merely illustrative. Simultaneously transmitted signals at any two frequencies may potentially produce undesired signals associated with non-linear operation of components in device  10 . 
     To reduce the amount of interference between wireless communications in different frequency bands (e.g., between Wi-Fi® communications at 2.4 GHz and communications in LTE band  7 ), adjacent frequency bands may be simultaneously transmitted using antennas that are located at opposite ends of device  10 . For example, LTE communications may be assigned to an upper antenna such as antenna  40 T- 1  located in region  42  (e.g., an upper portion of device  10 ) whereas Wi-Fi® communications may be assigned to a lower antenna such as antenna  40 B- 1  of region  44  (e.g., a lower portion of device  10 ). By transmitting LTE signals using upper antenna  40 T- 1  and Wi-Fi® signals using lower antenna  40 B- 1 , interference between the LTE and Wi-Fi® signals may be reduced (e.g., because each antenna may receive radio-frequency signals from the other antenna at a reduced power, thereby reducing intermodulation effects). Adjacent frequency bands may be any two frequency bands that are sufficiently close in frequency that simultaneous transmissions in the two frequency bands can interfere with each other (e.g., due to non-linear operation of device  10 ). 
     Antenna diversity such as antenna transmit diversity may be performed to dynamically select which antenna is used for wireless communications. For example, antenna transmit diversity may be performed to optimize cellular communications (e.g., LTE communications) between device  10  and a base station such as base station  6 . In this scenario, cellular radio-frequency signals may be transmitted using a selected one of the upper or lower antennas based on the quality of a communications link between device  10  and the base station.  FIG. 5  shows an illustrative example in which device  10  is provided with antenna switching circuitry  102  that accommodates antenna transmit diversity while ensuring that wireless communications in adjacent frequency channels are routed to different antennas. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , antenna switching circuitry  102  may have ports T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 . Port T 3  may be coupled to a first antenna  40 A and port T 4  may be coupled to a second antenna  40 B. Antenna  40 A may be an upper antenna such as antennas  40 T- 1  and  40 T- 2  whereas antenna  40 B may be a lower antenna such as antennas  40 B- 1  and  40 B- 2 . Ports T 1  and T 2  may correspond to respective frequency bands that are adjacent to each other (e.g., sufficiently close in frequency to produce interfering intermodulation products during simultaneous radio-frequency transmissions). In the example of  FIG. 5 , port T 1  corresponds to communications in the Wi-Fi® 2.4 GHz frequency band whereas port T 2  corresponds to communications in LTE band  7  (e.g., a frequency band that is adjacent to the Wi-Fi® 2.4 GHz frequency band). This example is merely illustrative. If desired, switching circuitry  102  may be formed with any desired number of terminals. For example, switching circuitry  102  may be coupled to two or more antennas and may have ports associated with two or more adjacent frequency bands. 
     Switching circuitry  102  may be formed as part of radio-frequency front end  44 . Radio-frequency front-end may include filtering circuitry such as duplexer  54 . Duplexer  54  may be coupled to port T 2  of switching circuitry  102  and may partition signals at port T 2  of switching circuitry  102  into portions associated with LTE band  7  uplink and downlink frequencies. For example, duplexer  54  may include a high pass filter that passes LTE band  7  downlink (RX) frequencies (e.g., between 2.62 GHz and 2.69 GHz) and a low pass filter that passes LTE band  7  uplink (TX) frequencies (e.g., between 2.50 GHz and 2.57 GHz). 
     During signal transmission operations (e.g., operations associated with uplink frequencies), storage and processing circuitry  28  may provide data (e.g., one or more data streams) to baseband circuitry  46  for transmission. Baseband circuitry  46  may receive the transmission data and convert the data into corresponding baseband signals that are provided to transceiver circuitry  90 . Transceiver circuitry  90  may convert the baseband signals into radio-frequency signals and provide the radio-frequency signals to switching circuitry  102 . Switching circuitry  102  may select which antenna (e.g., antenna  40 A or  40 B) is to be used for transmitting the radio-frequency signals. The radio-frequency signals may be amplified by power amplifiers (PAs) such as power amplifier  52  before transmission via antennas  40 A and  40 B. 
     During signal reception operations (e.g., operations associated with downlink frequencies), antennas  40 A and  40 B may receive radio-frequency signals and provide the signals to switching circuitry  102  via ports T 3  and T 4 . Switching circuitry  102  may be configured to route the received signals to transceiver circuitry  90  via an appropriate port. For example, switching circuitry  102  may be configured to route Wi-Fi® signals from antenna  40 A to transceiver circuitry  90  via port T 1  and cellular signals from antenna  40 B to transceiver circuitry  90  via port T 2  (or vice versa). The received signals may be amplified via low noise amplifiers (LNAs) such as low noise amplifier  60  to provide transceiver circuitry  90  with radio-frequency signals of sufficient strength for processing. Transceiver circuitry  90  may receive the radio-frequency signals from switching circuitry  102  and provide corresponding baseband signals to baseband circuitry  46 . Baseband circuitry  46  may process the baseband signals to retrieve data from the baseband signals and provide the data to storage and processing circuitry  28 . 
     Switching circuitry  102  may be controlled via path  104  to route signals in adjacent frequency bands to appropriate antennas. For example, switching circuitry  102  may be configured via path  104  to route Wi-Fi® signals between transceiver circuitry  90  and antenna  40 A (e.g., by coupling port T 1  to port T 3 ) and to route LTE band  7  signals between transceiver circuitry  90  and antenna  40 B (e.g., by coupling port T 2  to port T 4 ). As another example, switching circuitry  102  may be configured to route Wi-Fi® signals between transceiver circuitry  90  and antenna  40 B and to route LTE band  7  signals between transceiver circuitry  90  and antenna  40 A (e.g., by coupling port T 1  to port T 4  and port T 2  to port T 3 ). 
     If desired, front-end circuitry  44  may be formed with optional filter and switching circuitry  106 . Optional filter and switching circuitry  106  may be interposed between switching circuitry  102  and antennas  40 A and  40 B. Filter and switching circuitry  106  may include components such as diplexers, duplexers, triplexers, solid-state switches, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switches or other filter and switching circuits. If desired, circuitry  106  may include passive components and matching circuitry. Filter and switching circuitry  106  may accommodate wireless communications in additional frequency bands. For example, filter and switching circuitry  106  may be coupled to transceiver circuitry  90  via optional path  110  and may accommodate wireless communications in frequency bands that are not adjacent to the Wi-Fi® 2.4 GHz band and/or LTE band 7 (e.g., other long range and short range frequency bands). 
     Switching circuitry  102  may be controlled by storage and processing circuitry  28  via path  104  to perform antenna transmit diversity for cellular wireless communications while ensuring that wireless communications in adjacent frequency bands are routed to different antennas (e.g., antennas located at opposite ends of device  10 ). Optionally, switching circuitry  102  may be controlled by baseband circuitry  46  via path  108  (e.g., instead of or in combination with storage and processing circuitry  28 ).  FIG. 6  shows a flowchart of illustrative steps that may be performed (e.g., by storage and processing circuitry  28  and/or baseband circuitry  46 ) to control switching circuitry  106  to ensure that wireless communications in adjacent frequency bands are routed to different antennas. 
     In step  202 , processing circuitry  28  may select a frequency band for cellular communications. The frequency band may be selected based on control information received from a base station such as base station  6 . For example, the control information may direct device  10  to communicate with the base station using a given frequency band. If LTE band  7  is selected (or any other frequency band that is adjacent to the Wi-Fi® 2.4 GHz frequency band), the operations of step  206  may be performed. If a frequency band that is not adjacent to the Wi-Fi® 2.4 GHz frequency band is selected, the operations of step  204  may be performed. 
     The example of  FIG. 6  in which selection of frequency bands that are adjacent to the Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz frequency band are used to trigger processing of step  206  is merely illustrative. In general, selection of any frequency band that may potentially cause interference with other wireless communications (e.g., selection of a frequency band for a first transceiver that is adjacent to a frequency band used by a second transceiver) used by may be used to trigger processing of steps  206  and  208 . For example, wireless communications circuitry  34  may be used for Bluetooth operations in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. In this scenario, cellular operations in adjacent frequency bands such as LTE band  7  can potentially interfere with Bluetooth communications in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and Bluetooth communications may be assigned to an opposite antenna to cellular communications (e.g., during step  208 , switching circuitry may be configured to select an opposite antenna for Bluetooth communications). 
     In step  204 , device  10  may operate normally. For example, device  10  may perform antenna transmit diversity operations to select an optimal antenna for cellular transmissions without modifying Wi-Fi® signal paths during step  204  (e.g., because interference between the selected cellular frequency band and the Wi-Fi® frequency band may be minimal). If processing circuitry  28  determines that a new frequency band should be used for cellular communications (e.g., if a base station instructs device  10  to communicate on a new frequency band), the process may return to step  202  via path  205 . 
     In step  206 , processing circuitry  28  may select an antenna for cellular communications (e.g., for communications in LTE band  7 ). For example, processing circuitry  28  may perform antenna transmit diversity operations to select an antenna for cellular communications based on received signal strengths or other indicators of communications link quality between device  10  and a base station. Switching circuitry  102  may be directed by processing circuitry  28  to route cellular communications between transceiver circuitry  90  and the selected antenna. 
     In step  208 , processing circuitry  28  may select an antenna for Wi-Fi® communications based on the antenna selected for cellular communications in step  206 . For example, if an upper antenna such as antenna  40 T- 1  was selected for cellular communications, processing circuitry  28  may select a lower antenna such as antenna  40 B- 1  for Wi-Fi® communications. In other words, an antenna located at an opposite end of device  10  (relative to the antenna selected for cellular communications) may be selected for Wi-Fi® communications. Processing circuitry  28  may provide control signals to switching circuitry  102  via path  104  to direct switching circuitry  102  to route Wi-Fi® communications between transceiver circuitry  90  and the antenna selected for Wi-Fi® communications. 
     Additional antenna transmit diversity operations may be performed by returning to step  206  via path  210  to re-select the antenna used for cellular communications. If processing circuitry  28  determines that a new frequency band should be used for cellular communications (e.g., if a base station instructs device  10  to communicate on a new frequency band), the process may return to step  202  via path  212 . 
     The example in which Wi-Fi® communications are routed to a different antenna from the antenna used for LTE band  7  communications is merely illustrative. If desired, self-interference associated with intermodulation between any two (or more) adjacent frequency bands may be reduced by assigning different antennas to each of the adjacent frequency bands. The antennas may be assigned by configuring switching circuitry to route radio-frequency signals of each frequency band to a selected antenna. 
     In another suitable embodiment, radio-frequency self-interference associated with simultaneous communications in adjacent frequency bands may be avoided by partitioning wireless communications in time (sometimes referred to as time division multiplexing).  FIG. 7  is an illustrative timing diagram showing how Wi-Fi® and LTE communications may be partitioned in time to avoid self-interference. As shown in  FIG. 7 , Wi-Fi® communications may be assigned to time slots  302 , whereas LTE communications may be assigned to time slots  304 . Time slots  302  and  304  may have associated lengths P 1  and P 2 . Times P 1  and P 2  may be selected dynamically (e.g., based on bandwidth requirements of the Wi-Fi® and LTE communications) or may be statically configured. For example, the duration of time P 1  may be increased (relative to the duration of time P 2 ) to provide increased bandwidth for Wi-Fi communications or the duration of time P 1  may be decreased to provide increased bandwidth for cellular communications. 
     During time slots  302 , antenna switching circuitry such as antenna switching circuitry  102  of  FIG. 5  may be configured to route Wi-Fi® communications between transceiver circuitry  90  and a selected antenna (e.g., an antenna selected during antenna transmit diversity operations). During time slots  304 , antenna switching circuitry  102  may be configured to route LTE communications between transceiver circuitry  90  and the selected antenna. 
     As an example, consider the scenario in which antenna  40 A of  FIG. 5  is selected for wireless communications. In this scenario, antenna switching circuitry  102  may be configured to couple port T 1  to port T 3  during time periods  302  and configured to couple port T 2  to port T 3  during time periods  304 . By separating Wi-Fi® and LTE communications in time, self-interference associated with non-linear operation of device  10  may be reduced (e.g., because radio-frequency signals in adjacent frequency bands may not be simultaneously transmitted at any given point in time). 
     Time division multiplexing to reduce self-interference may be performed instead of or in combination with the antenna switching of  FIG. 6 . For example, time division multiplexing such as shown in  FIG. 7  may be performed during step  208  of  FIG. 6  to reduce self-interference associated with radio-frequency signals that are transmitted in adjacent frequency bands such as LTE band 7 and the Wi-Fi®2.4 GHz frequency band. 
     The example of  FIG. 7  in which time division multiplexing is performed on LTE and Wi-Fi communications is merely illustrative. If desired, time division multiplexing may be performed on simultaneous communications in adjacent frequency bands. For example, time division multiplexing may be performed on LTE and Bluetooth communications to reduce self-interference. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this invention and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20120928
Publication Date: 20161101
Grant Date: 20161101
Priority Date: 20111212
Inventors: LUM NICHOLAS W.
DIMPFLMAIER RONALD W.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H01Q1/241", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/0067", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/0064", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/50", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/44", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/0064", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0404", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/0053", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/0053", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/241", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/0064", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0404", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B1/0067", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 48571933