PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11995272-B2
Application Number: US-202318326743-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Systems and methods of false gesture mitigation in capacitive touch sensors using negative temperature coefficient dielectric layers

Abstract:
Touch sensor panels/screens can include negative temperature coefficient materials in the stack-up and routing traces with expanded areas to reduce thermal drift and minimize the detection of false touches. In some examples, the touch sensor panels/screens can include a plurality of touch electrodes in a first layer. In some examples, the sensor panels/screens can include one or more dielectric materials in a second layer, the one or more dielectric materials including a negative temperature coefficient material. In some examples, the touch sensor panels/screens can include a plurality of routing traces in a third layer, the plurality of routing traces routing the plurality of touch electrodes to a touch controller chip.

Claims:
The invention claimed is: 
     
       1. A touch sensor panel, comprising:
 a plurality of touch electrodes in a first layer, the plurality of touch electrodes including a first touch electrode and a second touch electrode; 
 one or more dielectric materials in a second layer, the one or more dielectric materials including a negative temperature coefficient material; and 
 a plurality of routing traces in a third layer separated from the first layer by the second layer, the plurality of routing traces routing the plurality of touch electrodes to a touch controller chip, and the plurality of routing traces including a first routing trace routing the first touch electrode to the touch controller chip and a second routing trace routing the second touch electrodes to the touch controller chip. 
 
     
     
       2. The touch sensor panel of  claim 1 , wherein a width of the first routing trace is greater than a width of the second routing trace. 
     
     
       3. The touch sensor panel of  claim 1 , wherein the first routing trace includes a routing portion and a trace expansion portion, wherein the routing portion extends beyond a first boundary of the first touch electrode to a connection point, and wherein the trace expansion portion extends beyond the connection point, and wherein a surface area of the trace expansion portion is greater than a surface area of the routing portion. 
     
     
       4. The touch sensor panel of  claim 3 , wherein the trace expansion portion extends beyond a second boundary of the first touch electrode, different than the first boundary of the first touch electrode and into a boundary of the second touch electrode that is adjacent to the first touch electrode. 
     
     
       5. The touch sensor panel of  claim 3 , wherein a width of the trace expansion portion is greater than a width of the routing portion. 
     
     
       6. The touch sensor panel of  claim 3 , wherein the trace expansion portion extends into a boundary of a third touch electrode that is adjacent to the first touch electrode or the second touch electrode. 
     
     
       7. The touch sensor panel of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more dielectric materials in the second layer includes a positive temperature coefficient material, and a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is greater than a thickness of the positive temperature coefficient material. 
     
     
       8. The touch sensor panel of  claim 7 , wherein the positive temperature coefficient material and the negative temperature coefficient material are separated by a corresponding routing trace of the plurality of routing traces. 
     
     
       9. The touch sensor panel of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more dielectric materials in the second layer include a positive temperature coefficient material, and a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is less than or equal to a thickness of the positive temperature coefficient material. 
     
     
       10. The touch sensor panel of  claim 1 , wherein the negative temperature coefficient material includes an adhesive or a polymer. 
     
     
       11. The touch sensor panel of  claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is increased at select regions of the plurality of touch electrodes that are identified as exceeding a thermal drift threshold to cause a reduction in said thermal drift at said select regions. 
     
     
       12. The touch sensor panel of  claim 1 , wherein a surface area of the plurality of routing traces is increased at select regions of the plurality of touch electrodes that are identified as exceeding a thermal drift threshold to cause a reduction in thermal drift at said select regions. 
     
     
       13. The touch sensor panel of  claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material and a surface area of one or more of the plurality of routing traces are tuned such that a thermal drift for the touch sensor panel is less than a threshold. 
     
     
       14. A touch sensor panel, comprising:
 a plurality of touch electrodes in a first layer, the plurality of touch electrodes including a first touch electrode and a second touch electrode; 
 one or more dielectric materials in a second layer, the one or more dielectric materials including a negative temperature coefficient material; and 
 a plurality of routing traces in a third layer separated from the first layer by the second layer, the plurality of routing traces routing the plurality of touch electrodes to a touch controller chip, and the plurality of routing traces including a first routing trace routing the first touch electrode to the touch controller chip and a second routing trace routing the second touch electrodes to the touch controller chip; 
 wherein the first routing trace includes a routing portion and a trace expansion portion, the routing portion extends beyond a first boundary of the first touch electrode to a connection point, and wherein the trace expansion portion extends beyond the connection point beyond a second boundary of the first touch electrode, different than the first boundary of the first touch electrode and into a boundary of the second touch electrode that is adjacent to the first touch electrode. 
 
     
     
       15. The touch sensor panel of  claim 14 , wherein a width of the first routing trace is greater than a width of the second routing trace. 
     
     
       16. The touch sensor panel of  claim 14 , wherein a surface area of the trace expansion portion is greater than a surface area of the routing portion. 
     
     
       17. The touch sensor panel of  claim 14 , wherein the one or more dielectric materials in the second layer includes a positive temperature coefficient material, and a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is greater than a thickness of the positive temperature coefficient material. 
     
     
       18. The touch sensor panel of  claim 14 , wherein a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is increased at select regions of the plurality of touch electrodes that are identified as exceeding a thermal drift threshold to cause a reduction in said thermal drift at said select regions. 
     
     
       19. The touch sensor panel of  claim 14 , wherein a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material and a surface area of one or more of the plurality of routing traces are tuned such that a thermal drift for the touch sensor panel is less than a threshold. 
     
     
       20. The touch sensor panel of  claim 14 , wherein the negative temperature coefficient material includes an adhesive or a polymer.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/367,476, filed Jun. 30, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This relates generally to touch sensor panels/screens, and more particularly to touch sensor panels/screens including negative temperature coefficient materials in the stack-up and routing traces with expanded areas. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Many types of input devices are presently available for performing operations in a computing system, such as buttons or keys, mice, trackballs, joysticks, touch sensor panels, touch screens and the like. Touch screens, in particular, are popular because of their ease and versatility of operation as well as their declining price. Touch screens can include a touch sensor panel, which can be a clear panel with a touch-sensitive surface, and a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED) display or organic light emitting diode (OLED) display that can be positioned partially or fully behind the panel so that the touch-sensitive surface can cover at least a portion of the viewable area of the display device. Touch screens can allow a user to perform various functions by touching the touch sensor panel using a finger, stylus or other object at a location often dictated by a user interface (UI) being displayed by the display device. In general, touch screens can recognize a touch and the position of the touch on the touch sensor panel, and the computing system can then interpret the touch in accordance with the display appearing at the time of the touch, and thereafter can perform one or more actions based on the touch. In the case of some touch sensing systems, a physical touch on the display is not needed to detect a touch. For example, in some capacitive-type touch sensing systems, fringing electrical fields used to detect touch can extend beyond the surface of the display, and objects approaching near the surface may be detected near the surface without actually touching the surface. In some examples, a touch screen or touch sensor panel can detect touches by or proximity of multiple objects (e.g., one or more fingers or other touch objects), and such interactions can be used to perform various inputs using multiple objects. Such a touch screen or touch sensor panel may be referred to as a “multi-touch” touch screen or touch sensor panel and may accept “multi-touch gestures” as inputs. 
     Capacitive touch sensor panels can be formed by a matrix of transparent, semi-transparent or non-transparent conductive plates (e.g., touch electrodes) made of materials such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). In some examples, the conductive plates can be formed from other materials including conductive polymers, metal mesh, graphene, nanowires (e.g., silver nanowires) or nanotubes (e.g., carbon nanotubes). In some implementations, due in part to their substantial transparency, some capacitive touch sensor panels can be overlaid on a display to form a touch screen, as described above. Some touch screens can be formed by at least partially integrating touch sensing circuitry into a display pixel stack-up (i.e., the stacked material layers forming the display pixels). 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This relates generally to touch sensor panels/screens, and more particularly to touch sensor panels/screens including negative temperature coefficient materials in the stack-up and routing traces with expanded areas. In some examples, thermal drift in a touch sensor panel (e.g., due to heat generated by a touch chip or a finger of a user) can cause false touches to be detected at various regions of the touch sensor panel. The false touches detected at a first region of a touch sensor can result in a diminished user experience during the operation of the touch sensor panel due to the unintended triggering of device functions even in the absence of a touch at the first region of the touch sensor panel. In some examples, to mitigate or to reduce false touches, the touch sensor panel stack-up can be adjusted to replace certain dielectric layers such as positive temperature coefficient materials with negative temperature coefficient materials. In some examples, instead of replacing the positive temperature coefficient materials, negative temperature coefficient materials can be added to the dielectric layers of the touch sensor panel to counterbalance drift due to positive temperature coefficient materials. In some examples, dimensions of specific regions of the touch sensor panel can be adjusted to reduce the overall thermal drift by tuning the thickness and area (length and or width) of the negative temperature coefficient material. In some examples, in regions where touch electrodes on the touch sensor panel and their routing traces (e.g., for electrically connecting the electrodes to a touch controller chip) are susceptible to thermal drift, the routing traces can be tuned by increasing their surface area (e.g., increasing width) at the specific regions where false touches are more likely to occur. In this way, the increase in the surface area of the routing traces and the negative temperature coefficient material can work in conjunction to reduce the overall thermal drift in the touch sensor panel. In some examples, additionally or alternatively, the routing trace can extend beyond the boundary of its corresponding touching electrode and into the boundary of adjacent touch electrodes to further reduce the overall thermal drift. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS.  1 A- 1 H  illustrate touch sensing devices or systems that can include a touch screen or touch sensor panel according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a computing system including a touch screen according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates a touch sensor circuit corresponding to a self-capacitance measurement of a touch node electrode and sensing circuit according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates a touch sensor circuit corresponding to a mutual-capacitance drive line and sense line and sensing circuit according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates a touch screen or touch sensor panel with touch electrodes arranged in rows and columns according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates a touch screen or touch sensor panel with touch node electrodes arranged in a pixelated touch node electrode configuration according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5 A  illustrates an example partial perspective view of a touch sensor panel illustrating a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer of the touch sensor panel according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an example touch sensor panel stack-up including negative temperature coefficient materials according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  6 A- 6 C  illustrate cross-sectional views of various examples of dielectric layers of a touch sensor panel which includes a negative drift dielectric material according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 B  illustrate cross-sectional views of various examples of dielectric layers and electrode conducting plates of a touch sensor panel according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  8 A- 8 B  illustrate cross-sectional views of an example configuration of a flex circuit stack-up which includes a positive temperature coefficient material, and an alternative configuration of a flex circuit stack-up, which include negative temperature coefficient materials, according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  9 A  illustrates a hybrid perspective view schematic of an example touch sensor panel system including a plurality of routing traces routing a plurality of touch electrodes to a touch controller chip according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  9 B  illustrates an enlarged partial view of a section of the touch sensor panel system shown in  FIG.  9 A  according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates another example touch sensor panel system including a plurality of routing traces routing a plurality of touch electrodes to a touch controller chip according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates a plot of temperature versus dielectric constant for a negative temperature coefficient material and positive temperature coefficient material according to examples of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description of examples, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which it is shown by way of illustration specific examples that can be practiced. It is to be understood that other examples can be used, and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosed examples. 
     This relates generally to touch sensor panels/screens, and more particularly to touch sensor panels/screens including negative temperature coefficient materials in the stack-up and routing traces with expanded areas. In some examples, thermal drift in a touch sensor panel (e.g., due to heat generated by a touch chip or a finger of a user) can cause false touches to be detected at various regions of the touch sensor panel. The false touches detected at a first region of a touch sensor can result in a diminished user experience during the operation of the touch sensor panel due to the unintended triggering of device functions even in the absence of a touch at the first region of the touch sensor panel. In some examples, to mitigate or to reduce false touches, the touch sensor panel stack-up can be adjusted to replace certain dielectric layers such as positive temperature coefficient materials with negative temperature coefficient materials. In some examples, instead of replacing the positive temperature coefficient materials, negative temperature coefficient materials can be added to the dielectric layers of the touch sensor panel to counterbalance drift due to positive temperature coefficient materials. In some examples, dimensions of specific regions of the touch sensor panel can be adjusted to reduce the overall thermal drift by tuning the thickness and area (length and or width) of the negative temperature coefficient material. In some examples, in regions where touch electrodes on the touch sensor panel and their routing traces (e.g., for electrically connecting the electrodes to a touch controller chip) are susceptible to thermal drift, the routing traces can be tuned by increasing their surface area (e.g., increasing width) at the specific regions where false touches are more likely to occur. In this way, the increase in the surface area of the routing traces and the negative temperature coefficient material can work in conjunction to reduce the overall thermal drift in the touch sensor panel. In some examples, additionally, or alternatively, the routing trace can extend beyond the boundary of its corresponding touching electrode and into the boundary of adjacent touch electrodes to further reduce the overall thermal drift. 
       FIGS.  1 A- 1 H  illustrate touch sensing devices or systems that can include a touch screen or touch sensor panel according to examples of the disclosure. The touch screen or touch sensor panel can include dielectric layers which include negative temperature coefficient materials and/or routing traces with expanded surface areas to help minimize the overall thermal drift on the touch sensor panel.  FIG.  1 A  illustrates an example mobile telephone  136  that can include a touch screen  124  according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 B  illustrates an example digital media player  140  that can include a touch screen  126  and/or a touch sensor panel according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 C  illustrates an example personal computer  144  that can include a touch screen  128  and a track pad with a touch sensor panel according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 D  illustrates an example tablet computing device  148  that can include a touch screen  130  according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 E  illustrates an example wearable device  150  that includes a touch screen  132  and can be attached to a user using a strap  152  according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 F  illustrates an example remote control device  154  that can include a touch sensor panel  138  according to examples of the disclosure. The touch sensor panel  138  can have different geometries or sizes. In some examples, the touch sensor panel  138  is a rectangular touch sensor panel. In some examples, the touch sensor panel  138  is a circular touch sensor panel. For example,  FIG.  10    illustrates a circular touch sensor panel  1000  shown in  FIG.  10    that can be implemented as touch sensor panel  138  for remote control device  154 . As shown in  FIG.  10   , the circular touch sensor panel can be implemented the surface area as a ring between two concentric circles.  FIG.  1 G  illustrates an example earbud  156  (or other audio device) that can include one or more a touch sensor panels  160 ,  161  according to examples of the disclosure. For example, touch sensor panel  160  is optionally used to for touch input from a user&#39;s finger (e.g., inputs to adjust volume or media playback) and touch sensor panel  161  is optionally used to detect that earbud  156  is touching or proximate to the user (e.g., for in-ear detection).  FIG.  1 H  illustrates an example stylus  158  that can include a touch sensor panel  162  according to examples of the disclosure. It is understood that a touch screen (which can include a touch sensor panel) or a touch sensor panel (without a touch screen, such as in a trackpad) can be implemented in other devices as well, and that the example systems of  FIGS.  1 A- 1 H  can further include touch sensor panels on surfaces not shown in the figures. Touch screens or touch sensor panels  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130 ,  132 ,  134 ,  138 ,  160 ,  161  and  162  can be single-touch or multi-touch touch screens or touch sensor panels that can detect one object or multiple objects. 
     In some examples, touch screens or touch sensor panels  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130 ,  132 ,  134 ,  138 ,  160 ,  161  and  162  can be based on self-capacitance. A self-capacitance based touch system can include a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material or groups of individual plates of conductive material forming larger conductive regions that can be referred to as touch electrodes or as touch node electrodes (as described below with reference to  FIG.  4 B ). For example, a touch screen or touch sensor panel can include a plurality of individual touch electrodes, each touch electrode identifying or representing a unique location (e.g., a touch node) on the touch screen or touch sensor panel at which touch or proximity is to be sensed, and each touch node electrode being electrically isolated from the other touch node electrodes in the touch screen/panel. Such a touch screen/panel can be referred to as a pixelated self-capacitance touch screen/panel, though it is understood that in some examples, the touch node electrodes on the touch screen/panel can be used to perform scans other than self-capacitance scans on the touch screen/panel (e.g., mutual capacitance scans). During operation, a touch node electrode can be stimulated with an alternating current (AC) waveform, and the self-capacitance to ground of the touch node electrode can be measured. As an object approaches the touch node electrode, the self-capacitance to ground of the touch node electrode can change (e.g., increase). This change in the self-capacitance of the touch node electrode can be detected and measured by the touch sensing system to determine the positions of multiple objects when they touch, or come in proximity to, the touch screen/panel. In some examples, the touch node electrodes of a self-capacitance based touch system can be formed from rows and columns of conductive material, and changes in the self-capacitance to ground of the rows and columns can be detected, similar to above. In some examples, a touch screen/panel can be multi-touch, single touch, projection scan, full-imaging multi-touch, capacitive touch, etc. 
     In some examples, touch screens or touch sensor panels  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  and  132 ,  134 ,  138 ,  160 ,  161  and  162  can be based on mutual capacitance. A mutual capacitance based touch system can include electrodes arranged as drive and sense lines that may cross over each other on different layers (in a double-sided configuration), or may be adjacent to each other on the same layer (e.g., as described below with reference to  FIG.  4 A ). The crossing or adjacent locations can form touch nodes. During operation, the drive line can be stimulated with an AC waveform and the mutual capacitance of the touch node can be measured. As an object approaches the touch node, the mutual capacitance of the touch node can change (e.g., decrease). This change in the mutual capacitance of the touch node can be detected and measured by the touch sensing system to determine the positions of multiple objects when they touch, or come in proximity to, the touch screen/panel. As described herein, in some examples, a mutual capacitance based touch system can form touch nodes from a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material. 
     In some examples, touch screens or touch sensor panels  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  and  132 ,  134 ,  138 ,  160 ,  161  and  162  can be based on mutual capacitance and/or self-capacitance. The electrodes can be arranged as a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material (e.g., as in touch node electrodes  408  in touch screen/panel  402  in  FIG.  4 B ) or as drive lines and sense lines (e.g., as in row touch electrodes  404  and column touch electrodes  406  in touch screen/panel  400  in  FIG.  4 A ), or in another pattern. The electrodes can be configurable for mutual capacitance or self-capacitance sensing or a combination of mutual and self-capacitance sensing. For example, in one mode of operation electrodes can be configured to sense mutual capacitance between electrodes and in a different mode of operation electrodes can be configured to sense self-capacitance of electrodes. In some examples, some of the electrodes can be configured to sense mutual capacitance therebetween and some of the electrodes can be configured to sense self-capacitance thereof. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example computing system including a touch screen according to examples of the disclosure, although it should be understood that the illustrated touch screen  220  (which includes a touch sensor panel) could instead be only a touch sensor panel. Computing system  200  can be included in, for example, a mobile phone, tablet, touchpad, portable or desktop computer, portable media player, wearable device or any mobile or non-mobile computing device that includes a touch screen or touch sensor panel. Computing system  200  can include a touch sensing system including one or more touch processors  202 , peripherals  204 , a touch controller  206  (also referred to herein as a touch controller chip), and touch sensing circuitry (described in more detail below). Peripherals  204  can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) or other types of memory or storage, watchdog timers and the like. Touch controller  206  can include, but is not limited to, one or more sense channels  208 , channel scan logic  210  and driver logic  214 . Channel scan logic  210  can access RAM  212 , autonomously read data from the sense channels and provide control for the sense channels. In addition, channel scan logic  210  can control driver logic  214  to generate stimulation signals  216  at various frequencies and/or phases that can be selectively applied to drive regions of the touch sensing circuitry of touch screen  220 , as described in more detail below. In some examples, touch controller  206 , touch processor  202  and peripherals  204  can be integrated into a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and in some examples can be integrated with touch screen  220  itself. The example computing system  200  of  FIG.  2    can be configured to implement and perform any of the scans and comparisons described below. 
     It should be apparent that the architecture shown in  FIG.  2    is only one example architecture of computing system  200 , and that the system could have more or fewer components than shown, or a different configuration of components. In some examples, computing system  200  can include an energy storage device (e.g., a battery) to provide a power supply and/or communication circuitry to provide for wired or wireless communication (e.g., cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.). The various components shown in  FIG.  2    can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Computing system  200  can include a host processor  228  for receiving outputs from touch processor  202  and performing actions based on the outputs. For example, host processor  228  can be connected to program storage  232  and a display controller/driver  234  (e.g., a Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD) driver). It is understood that although some examples of the disclosure may be described with reference to LCD displays, the scope of the disclosure is not so limited and can extend to other types of displays, such as Light-Emitting Diode (LED) displays, including Organic LED (OLED), Active-Matrix Organic LED (AMOLED) and Passive-Matrix Organic LED (PMOLED) displays. Display driver  234  can provide voltages on select (e.g., gate) lines to each pixel transistor and can provide data signals along data lines to these same transistors to control the pixel display image. 
     Host processor  228  can use display driver  234  to generate a display image on touch screen  220 , such as a display image of a user interface (UI), and can use touch processor  202  and touch controller  206  to detect a touch on or near touch screen  220 , such as a touch input to the displayed UI. The touch input can be used by computer programs stored in program storage  232  to perform actions that can include, but are not limited to, moving an object such as a cursor or pointer, scrolling or panning, adjusting control settings, opening a file or document, viewing a menu, making a selection, executing instructions, operating a peripheral device connected to the host device, answering a telephone call, placing a telephone call, terminating a telephone call, changing the volume or audio settings, storing information related to telephone communications such as addresses, frequently dialed numbers, received calls, missed calls, logging onto a computer or a computer network, permitting authorized individuals access to restricted areas of the computer or computer network, loading a user profile associated with a user&#39;s preferred arrangement of the computer desktop, permitting access to web content, launching a particular program, encrypting or decoding a message, and/or the like. Host processor  228  can also perform additional functions that may not be related to touch processing. 
     Note that one or more of the functions described in this disclosure can be performed by firmware stored in memory (e.g., one of the peripherals  204  in  FIG.  2   ) and executed by touch processor  202 , or stored in program storage  232  and executed by host processor  228 . The firmware can also be stored and/or transported within any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” can be any medium (excluding signals) that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. In some examples, RAM  212  or program storage  232  (or both) can be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. One or both of RAM  212  and program storage  232  can have stored therein instructions, which when executed by touch processor  202  or host processor  228  or both, can cause the device including computing system  200  to perform one or more functions and methods of one or more examples of this disclosure. The computer-readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), a random access memory (RAM) (magnetic), a read-only memory (ROM) (magnetic), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) (magnetic), a portable optical disc such a CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW, or flash memory such as compact flash cards, secured digital cards, USB memory devices, memory sticks, and the like. 
     The firmware can also be propagated within any transport medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “transport medium” can be any medium that can communicate, propagate or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The transport medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic or infrared wired or wireless propagation medium. 
     Touch screen  220  can be used to derive touch information at multiple discrete locations of the touch screen, referred to herein as touch nodes. Touch screen  220  can include touch sensing circuitry that can include a capacitive sensing medium having a plurality of drive lines  222  and a plurality of sense lines  223 . It should be noted that the term “lines” is sometimes used herein to mean simply conductive pathways, as one skilled in the art will readily understand, and is not limited to elements that are strictly linear, but includes pathways that change direction, and includes pathways of different size, shape, materials, etc. Drive lines  222  can be driven by stimulation signals  216  from driver logic  214  through a drive interface  224 , and resulting sense signals  217  generated in sense lines  223  can be transmitted through a sense interface  225  to sense channels  208  in touch controller  206 . In this way, drive lines and sense lines can be part of the touch sensing circuitry that can interact to form capacitive sensing nodes, which can be thought of as touch picture elements (touch pixels) and referred to herein as touch nodes, such as touch nodes  226  and  227 . This way of understanding can be particularly useful when touch screen  220  is viewed as capturing an “image” of touch (“touch image”). In other words, after touch controller  206  has determined whether a touch has been detected at each touch nodes in the touch screen, the pattern of touch nodes in the touch screen at which a touch occurred can be thought of as an “image” of touch (e.g., a pattern of fingers touching the touch screen). As used herein, an electrical component “coupled to” or “connected to” another electrical component encompasses a direct or indirect connection providing electrical path for communication or operation between the coupled components. Thus, for example, drive lines  222  may be directly connected to driver logic  214  or indirectly connected to driver logic  214  via drive interface  224  and sense lines  223  may be directly connected to sense channels  208  or indirectly connected to sense channels  208  via sense interface  225 . In either case an electrical path for driving and/or sensing the touch nodes can be provided. 
       FIG.  3 A  illustrates an example touch sensor circuit  300  corresponding to a self-capacitance measurement of a touch node electrode  302  and sensing circuit  314  (e.g., corresponding to a sense channel  208 ) according to examples of the disclosure. Touch node electrode  302  can correspond to a touch electrode  404  or  406  of touch screen/panel  400  or a touch node electrode  408  of touch screen/panel  402 . Touch node electrode  302  can have an inherent self-capacitance to ground associated with it, and also an additional self-capacitance to ground that is formed when an object, such as finger  305 , is in proximity to or touching the electrode. The total self-capacitance to ground of touch node electrode  302  can be illustrated as capacitance  304 . Touch node electrode  302  can be coupled to sensing circuit  314 . Sensing circuit  314  can include an operational amplifier  308 , feedback resistor  312  and feedback capacitor  310 , although other configurations can be employed. For example, feedback resistor  312  can be replaced by a switched capacitor resistor in order to minimize a parasitic capacitance effect that can be caused by a variable feedback resistor. Touch node electrode  302  can be coupled to the inverting input (−) of operational amplifier  308 . An AC voltage source  306  (Vac) can be coupled to the non-inverting input (+) of operational amplifier  308 . Touch sensor circuit  300  can be configured to sense changes (e.g., increases) in the total self-capacitance  304  of the touch node electrode  302  induced by a finger or object either touching or in proximity to the touch screen/panel. Output  320  can be used by a processor to determine the presence of a proximity or touch event, or the output can be inputted into a discrete logic network to determine the presence of a proximity or touch event. 
       FIG.  3 B  illustrates an example touch sensor circuit  350  corresponding to a mutual-capacitance drive line  322  and sense line  326  and sensing circuit  314  (e.g., corresponding to a sense channel  208 ) according to examples of the disclosure. Drive line  322  can be stimulated by stimulation signal  306  (e.g., an AC voltage signal). Stimulation signal  306  can be capacitively coupled to sense line  326  through mutual capacitance  324  between drive line  322  and the sense line. When a finger  305  or object approaches the touch node created by the intersection of drive line  322  and sense line  326 , mutual capacitance  324  can change (e.g., decrease). This change in mutual capacitance  324  can be detected to indicate a touch or proximity event at the touch node, as described herein. The sense signal coupled onto sense line  326  can be received by sensing circuit  314 . Sensing circuit  314  can include operational amplifier  308  and at least one of a feedback resistor  312  and a feedback capacitor  310 .  FIG.  3 B  illustrates a general case in which both resistive and capacitive feedback elements are utilized. The sense signal (referred to as Vin) can be inputted into the inverting input of operational amplifier  308 , and the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier can be coupled to a reference voltage Vref. Operational amplifier  308  can drive its output to voltage Vo to keep Vin substantially equal to Vref, and can therefore maintain Vin constant or virtually grounded. A person of skill in the art would understand that in this context, equal can include deviations of up to 15%. Therefore, the gain of sensing circuit  314  can be mostly a function of the ratio of mutual capacitance  324  and the feedback impedance, comprised of resistor  312  and/or capacitor  310 . The output of sensing circuit  314  Vo can be filtered and heterodyned or homodyned by being fed into multiplier  328 , where Vo can be multiplied with local oscillator  330  to produce Vdetect. Vdetect can be inputted into filter  332 . One skilled in the art will recognize that the placement of filter  332  can be varied; thus, the filter can be placed after multiplier  328 , as illustrated, or two filters can be employed: one before the multiplier and one after the multiplier. In some examples, there can be no filter at all. The direct current (DC) portion of Vdetect can be used to determine if a touch or proximity event has occurred. Note that while  FIGS.  3 A- 3 B  indicate the demodulation at multiplier  328  occurs in the analog domain, output Vo may be digitized by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and blocks  328 ,  332  and  330  may be implemented in a digital fashion (e.g.,  328  can be a digital demodulator,  332  can be a digital filter, and  330  can be a digital NCO (Numerical Controlled Oscillator). 
     Referring back to  FIG.  2   , in some examples, touch screen  220  can be an integrated touch screen in which touch sensing circuit elements of the touch sensing system can be integrated into the display pixel stack-ups of a display. The circuit elements in touch screen  220  can include, for example, elements that can exist in LCD or other displays (LED display, OLED display, etc.), such as one or more pixel transistors (e.g., thin film transistors (TFTs)), gate lines, data lines, pixel electrodes and common electrodes. In a given display pixel, a voltage between a pixel electrode and a common electrode can control a luminance of the display pixel. The voltage on the pixel electrode can be supplied by a data line through a pixel transistor, which can be controlled by a gate line. It is noted that circuit elements are not limited to whole circuit components, such as a whole capacitor, a whole transistor, etc., but can include portions of circuitry, such as only one of the two plates of a parallel plate capacitor. 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates a touch screen or touch sensor panel  400  with touch electrodes  404  and  406  arranged in rows and columns according to examples of the disclosure. Specifically, touch screen/panel  400  can include a plurality of touch electrodes  404  disposed as rows, and a plurality of touch electrodes  406  disposed as columns. Touch electrodes  404  and touch electrodes  406  can be on the same or different material layers on touch screen/panel  400 , and can intersect with each other, as illustrated in  FIG.  4 A . In some examples, the electrodes can be formed on opposite sides of a transparent (partially or fully) substrate and from a transparent (partially or fully) semiconductor material, such as ITO, though other materials are possible. Electrodes displayed on layers on different sides of the substrate can be referred to herein as a double-sided sensor. In some examples, touch screen/panel  400  can sense the self-capacitance of touch electrodes  404  and  406  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen/panel  400 , and in some examples, touch screen/panel  400  can sense the mutual capacitance between touch electrodes  404  and  406  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  400 . 
       FIG.  4 B  illustrates a touch screen or touch sensor panel  402  with touch node electrodes  408  arranged in a pixelated touch node electrode configuration according to examples of the disclosure. Specifically, touch screen/panel  402  can include a plurality of individual touch node electrodes  408 , each touch node electrode identifying or representing a unique location on the touch screen/panel at which touch or proximity (i.e., a touch or proximity event) is to be sensed, and each touch node electrode being electrically isolated from the other touch node electrodes in the touch screen/panel, as previously described. Touch node electrodes  408  can be on the same or different material layers on touch screen/panel  402 . In some examples, touch screen/panel  402  can sense the self-capacitance of touch node electrodes  408  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen/panel  402 , and in some examples, touch screen/panel  402  can sense the mutual capacitance between touch node electrodes  408  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen/panel  402 . 
       FIG.  5 A  is an example partial perspective view of a touch sensor panel  500  illustrating a first layer  508 , a second layer  510 , and a third layer  512  of the touch sensor panel  500  according to examples of the disclosure. As shown, in some examples, a touch electrode  502  (e.g., corresponding to one of touch node electrodes  408 ) is located in the first layer  508  of the touch sensor panel  500 . The touch sensor panel  500  can further include one or more dielectric layers or a composite of dielectric layers located in the second layer  510 . In the illustrated example, a negative temperature coefficient material  504  is implemented in the stack-up, which can help minimize the thermal drift during the operation of the touch sensor panel  500  as described herein. In some examples, the touch sensor panel  500  includes a routing trace  506  that is located in the third layer  512  and is coupled to a connection point of the touch electrode  502  and configured to route the touch electrode  502  to a touch controller chip (not shown). False touches that might otherwise occur when a finger  305  or other object is in proximity to the touch electrode  502  can be eliminated or minimized by implementing the negative temperature coefficient material  504  within the dielectric layer of the touch sensor panel  500  to reduce thermal drift. Generally, the dielectric constant of negative temperature coefficient materials decreases with increasing temperature. Negative temperature coefficient materials include, but are not limited to, polymer (e.g., polyimide (PI)), carbon, silicon, and germanium. In the illustrated example, a ground shield is optionally implemented in a fourth layer  514 . 
     In some examples, specific regions of the touch sensor panel  500  may be more susceptible to thermal drift than other areas of the touch sensor panel  500 . In particular, relatively smaller area touch electrodes that receive relatively small touch signal compared with relatively larger area touch electrodes can be more susceptible to thermal drift (e.g., due to a larger calibration gain or higher ratio of baseline signal to touch signal). Accordingly, in some examples, the size of the routing trace  506  can be tuned at selected regions of the touch sensor panel so that the routing trace has a larger surface area at the selected regions compared to the surface area of other routing traces at other regions of the touch sensor panel. For example, as shown in  FIG.  5 A , the routing trace  506  may have a length (L) and a width (W). The length and width of the routing trace  506  can be adjusted to increase the surface area of the routing trace  506  at the region that is proximate to touch electrode  502 . Increasing the surface area of the routing trace  506  by adjusting its length and/or width within the region that is proximate to the touch electrode  502  can increase the negative drift caused by the negative temperature coefficient material  504  to have a greater influence on the reduction of thermal drift on the touch electrode  502  (e.g., to better counteract the drift from positive temperature coefficient materials and/or the touch controller chip). In some examples, the routing trace  506  can extend beyond the boundary or region of the touch electrode  502  (e.g., entering a first boundary of the touch electrode and exiting a second boundary of the touch electrode, such as the opposite boundary) and into the region of one or more other touch electrodes that are adjacent to the touch electrode  502 . Extending the routing trace  506  can further increase the area of the routing trace and further reduce the overall thermal drift. 
       FIG.  5 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an example touch sensor panel stack-up including negative temperature coefficient materials according to examples of the disclosure. The touch sensor panel stack-up  501  can include an upper dielectric layer  520   a  (e.g., Black Coverlay) and a lower dielectric layer  520   b  (e.g., Black Coverlay) on an upper layer (e.g., topmost layer) and a bottom layer (e.g., bottommost) of the stack-up. As shown, a touch electrode  502  (e.g., corresponding to one of touch node electrodes  408  and corresponding to the first layer  508  in FIG. is located between the upper dielectric layer  520   a  and a dielectric layer  504   a  (e.g., PI-Polyimide and corresponding to the second layer  510  in  FIG.  5 A ). The upper layer may include a positive temperature coefficient material and the dielectric layer  504   a  may include a negative temperature coefficient. The touch sensor panel stack-up  501  can also include one or more dielectric layers between the routing trace  506  (e.g., corresponding to the third layer  512  in  FIG.  5 A ). For example, the touch sensor panel stack-up  501  can include a dielectric layer  504   a  and dielectric layer  504   c  (optionally including a dielectric adhesive layer  504   b ) that separates the routing trace  506  (e.g., Cu) from ground layer  522  (e.g., areas filled with conductive material and corresponding to fourth layer  514 ). In particular, dielectric layer  504   a  and dielectric layer  504   c  are negative temperature coefficient materials (e.g., polyimide materials), and adhesive layer  504   b  is an adhesive that optionally also has a negative temperature coefficient. By including one or more negative temperature coefficient materials (e.g., adhesive and/or PI) in the touch sensor panel stack-up  501 , a reduction in thermal drift in the touch sensor panel can be achieved. In some examples, the touch sensor panel stack-up  501  of  FIG.  5 B  can be tuned to reduce thermal drift and optionally achieve a condition for substantially zero thermal drift as described below with reference to  FIGS.  6 B- 6 C  and  FIGS.  7 A- 7 B . 
       FIG.  6 A- 6 C  illustrate cross-sectional views of various examples of dielectric layers  602  of a touch sensor panel which includes a negative drift dielectric material according to examples of the disclosure. The negative drift dielectric material can counteract positive drift due to the touch controller chip or positive drift dielectric materials to help reduce net thermal drift and/or to reach a condition of substantially zero thermal drift (e.g., less than a threshold thermal drift rate such that the baseline adaptation rate in the touch sensing algorithm can capture and remove thermal drift as part of the baselining operation). As shown in  FIG.  6 A , the dielectric layer  602  of a touch sensor panel  600   a  includes a positive temperature coefficient material  604  having a thickness 2d that is located between a first electrode  606   a  and a second electrode  606   b . In some examples, the first electrode  606   a  corresponds to the touch electrode  502  in the first layer  508  and the second electrode  606   b  corresponds to the ground in the fourth layer  514  of the touch sensor panel  500 . In some examples, when the dielectric layer  602  of a touch sensor panel  600  incudes only a positive temperature coefficient material  604  without a negative temperature coefficient material  504 , thermal drift can cause false touches to be detected. The thermal drift may result in false touches occurring at various regions of the touch sensor panel when the thermal drift exceeds a threshold. In some examples, the false touches may occur in the absence of any actual finger or object touching the touch sensor panel  600   a , such as when a finger or other object is in close proximity to the touch sensor panel  600   a , or even after a finger is removed from the touch sensor panel  600   a . Accordingly, to mitigate the false touches, the stack-up of touch sensor panel  600   a  can be adjusted to replace a positive temperature coefficient material  604  with a negative temperature coefficient material  504 , or to supplement the dielectric layers  602  with a negative temperature coefficient material. 
     For example, referring to  FIG.  6 B , the dielectric layer  602  includes a positive temperature coefficient material  604  and a negative temperature coefficient material  504  located between a first electrode  606   a  and a second electrode  606   b . In the illustrated example, the positive temperature coefficient material  604  and the negative temperature coefficient material  504  have the same thickness where their respective thicknesses are defined by thickness d1. In some examples, for the configuration shown in  FIG.  6 B  to achieve a condition for substantially zero thermal drift, a negative temperature coefficient material  504  can be selected such that its temperature coefficient of dielectric constant (e.g., α2) meets the following condition: 
                 α   ⁢   2     =       -   α     ⁢   1   ⁢       (     ϵ20   ϵ10     )     2         ,         
where α1 is the temperature coefficient of dielectric constant for the positive temperature coefficient material  604 , ϵ20 is the electric permittivity of the negative temperature coefficient material  504 , and ϵ10 is the electric permittivity of the positive temperature coefficient material  604 . Accordingly, selecting a negative temperature coefficient material  504  having the noted material characteristics and incorporating it into the touch sensor panel  600   b  stack can help reduce thermal drift.
 
     In some examples, the thicknesses of the positive temperature coefficient material  604  and the negative temperature coefficient material  504  can be tuned to achieve a condition for substantially zero thermal drift. Referring to  FIG.  6 C , the dielectric layer  602  includes a positive temperature coefficient material  604  and a negative temperature coefficient material  504  located between a first electrode  606   a  and a second electrode  606   b . As shown, the positive temperature coefficient material  604  has a thickness d1 and the negative temperature coefficient material  504  has a thickness d2. To achieve a condition for substantially zero thermal drift, the thickness d2 of the negative temperature coefficient material  504  can be tuned so that it meets the following condition: 
                 d   ⁢   2     =       -   d     ⁢   1   ⁢     (       α   ⁢   1       α   ⁢   2       )     ⁢       (     ϵ20   ϵ10     )     2         ,         
where α1 is the temperature coefficient of dielectric constant for the positive temperature coefficient material  604 , α2 is the temperature coefficient of dielectric constant for the negative temperature coefficient material  504 , ϵ20 is the electric permittivity of the negative temperature coefficient material  504 , and ϵ10 is the electric permittivity of the positive temperature coefficient material  604 . Accordingly, to reduce the thermal drift in the touch sensor panel, the thicknesses of the positive temperature coefficient material  604  and the negative temperature coefficient material  504  can be tuned to meet the noted condition.
 
     As further illustrated in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 C , capacitance C 0  and capacitance C T  represent the capacitances between its respective pairs of electrodes  606   a - 606   b . In some examples, the capacitances between the pairs of electrodes can depend on factors such as the surface areas of the electrodes, the distance between the electrodes, and the dielectric materials between the electrodes. Accordingly, capacitance C 0  and capacitance C T  can differ based on the configuration of the touch sensor panel such as the surface area of the electrodes  606   a - 606   b  and the dielectric material between the electrodes. For example, capacitance C 0  has a different capacitance than capacitance C T  because the dielectric materials between the respective pairs of electrodes differ (e.g., touch sensor panel  600   a  includes a positive temperature coefficient material  604 ; and touch sensor panel  600   b  includes a positive temperature coefficient material  604  and a negative temperature coefficient material  504 ). 
       FIGS.  7 A- 7 B  illustrate cross-sectional views of various examples of dielectric layers and electrode conducting plates of a touch sensor panel  700   a  according to examples of the disclosure. The surface areas of the electrode conducting plates can be tuned to reduce thermal drift and optionally achieve a condition for substantially zero thermal drift. As shown in  FIG.  7 A , a portion of a touch sensor panel  700   a  includes a positive temperature coefficient material  604  and a negative temperature coefficient material  504  positioned between a first electrode  704   a  and a second electrode  704   b  and separated by a third electrode  704   c . In some examples, the first electrode  704   a  can correspond to a touch electrode (e.g., touch electrode  502 ), the second electrode  704   b  can correspond to a ground, and the third electrode  704   c  can be a routing trace  506  that separates the positive temperature coefficient material  604  and the negative temperature coefficient material  504 . In some examples, the positive temperature coefficient material  604  and the negative temperature coefficient material  504  have the same thickness where their respective thicknesses are defined by thickness d1. In some examples, the first electrode  704   a  has a surface area A1. In some examples, the second electrode  704   b  and the third electrode  704   c  have surface area A2. As illustrated in  FIGS.  7 A- 7 B , capacitance C 2  and capacitance C 1  represent the capacitances between its respective pairs of electrodes. For example, C 2  represents the capacitance between the first electrode  704   a  and the third electrode  704   c , and C 1  represents the capacitance between the third electrode  704   c  and the second electrode  704   b . In some examples, the capacitances between the pairs of electrodes depend on the surface areas of the electrodes, distance between the electrodes, and the dielectric materials between the electrodes. For example, the capacitance (C) is given by the following equation: 
               C   =       κϵ   o     (     A   d     )       ,         
where κ is the dielectric constant of the dielectric material, ε 0  is the permittivity of free space, A is the average surface area of the respective electrodes, and d is the distance between the respective electrodes. Accordingly, capacitance C 2  and capacitance C 1  can differ based on the configuration of the electrodes and the dielectric material between the electrodes.
 
     In some examples, for the configuration shown in  FIG.  7 A  to obtain a condition for substantially zero thermal drift, the surface areas of the electrode conducting plates  704   a - 704   c  can be tuned to achieve a condition for substantially zero thermal drift by meeting the following condition: 
                 A   ⁢   2     =       -   A     ⁢   1   ⁢     (       α   ⁢   1       α   ⁢   2       )         ,         
where A2 is the surface area of the second electrode  704   b  and the third electrode  704   c , A1 is the surface area of the first electrode  704   a, α 1 is the temperature coefficient of dielectric constant for the positive temperature coefficient material  604 , and α2 is the temperature coefficient of dielectric constant for the negative temperature coefficient material  504 .
 
     Referring to the configuration shown in  FIG.  7 B , a portion a touch sensor panel  700   b  is illustrated which includes a positive temperature coefficient material  604  and a negative temperature coefficient material  504  positioned between a first electrode  704   a  and a second electrode  704   b  and separated by a third electrode  704   c . Unlike the configuration shown in  FIG.  7 A , the positive temperature coefficient material  604  and a negative temperature coefficient material  504  have different thicknesses which are defined by d1 and d2, respectively. The first electrode  704   a  has a surface area A1. The second electrode  704   b  and the third electrode  704   c  have surface area A2. For the configuration shown in  FIG.  7 B  to obtain a condition for substantially zero thermal drift, the respective surface areas of the electrodes  704   a - 704   c  and the thicknesses of the dielectric materials can be tuned to meet the following condition: 
                 A   ⁢   2     =       -   A     ⁢   1   ⁢     (       α   ⁢   1       α   ⁢   2       )     ⁢     (       d   ⁢   2       d   ⁢   1       )         ,         
where A2 is the surface area of the second electrode  704   b  and the third electrode  704   c , A1 is the surface area of the first electrode  704   a, α 1 is the temperature coefficient of dielectric constant for the positive temperature coefficient material  604 , and α2 is the temperature coefficient of dielectric constant for the negative temperature coefficient material  504 , d1 is the thickness of the positive temperature coefficient material  604 , and d2 is the thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material  504 .
 
     As described above with reference to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 C and  7 A- 7 B , the various concepts are illustrative of the principles that can be used to tune the capacitance of portions of the touch sensor panel and in turn help reduce net thermal drift and/or to reach a condition of substantially zero thermal drift. For example, by tuning various parameters of the touch sensor panel stack-up, such as the respective surface areas of the electrodes, the thickness of the dielectric materials, the distance between the respective electrodes, and/or introducing a negative drift dielectric material with different coefficients, the net thermal drift can be reduced which in turn can mitigate false touches from occurring at various regions of the touch sensor panel. 
     As described herein, in some examples, the connection between the touch electrodes of the touch sensor panel and the touch controller chip can be made using a flexible circuit (also referred to herein as a flex circuit).  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B  illustrate cross-sectional views of an example configuration of a flex circuit  800  stack-up which includes a positive temperature coefficient material, and an alternative configuration of flex circuit  801  stack-up which includes negative temperature coefficient materials, according to examples of the disclosure. The flex circuits  800  or  801  can also include a routing trace  506  coupled (e.g., using an anisotropic conductive film bond) to the routing trace  506  of the touch sensor panel (e.g., routing trace  506  shown in  FIG.  5 A- 5 B . One or more additional layers of the flex circuits  800  or  801  stack-ups can be coupled to one or more additional layers of the touch sensor panel stack-up (e.g., the first dielectric layer  804   c  in  FIG.  8 B  can be coupled to the first dielectric layer  504   a  in  FIG.  5 B , adhesive layer  806  in  FIG.  8 B  can be coupled to the adhesive layer represented by adhesive layer  504   b  in  FIG.  5 B , the second dielectric layer  804   d  in  FIG.  8 B  can be coupled to the second dielectric layer  504   c  in  FIG.  5 B ). 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B , the stack-up of flex circuits  800  and  801  can include ground layers  802   a - 802   b  (e.g., areas filled with conductive material) on a top layer and a bottom layer of the stack-up. In some examples, the ground layers  802   a - 802   b  can shield the routing traces. In some examples, the ground layers  802   a - 802   b  comprise silver. In some examples, the ground layers comprise other conductive materials (e.g., copper, etc.). The stack-up of flex circuit  800  can also include one or more dielectric layers between routing trace  506  and the ground layers. For example, the stack-up of flex circuit  800  illustrated in  FIG.  8 A  can include a first dielectric layer  804   a  (e.g., PI) and second dielectric layer  804   b  (e.g., Black Coverlay) that separates the routing trace  506  (e.g., Cu) from the ground layers. The first dielectric layer may include a negative temperature coefficient and the second dielectric layer may include a positive temperature coefficient. In the illustrated example, Black Coverlay is a positive temperature coefficient material which is known to contribute to an increase in thermal drift which can cause false touches to be detected, whereas PI is a negative temperature coefficient material which can partially offset the thermal drift due to the positive temperature coefficient material (and/or due to the touch controller chip). Accordingly, to reduce or mitigate thermal drift measured by the touch sensor panel, the Black Coverlay can be replaced with one or more layers of a negative temperature coefficient material. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  8 B , the alternate configuration flex circuit  801  stack-up includes a negative temperature coefficient material that replaces the positive temperature coefficient material (e.g., Black Coverlay) shown in the stack-up of flex circuit  800  configuration. As shown, the stack-up of flex circuit  801  includes multiple dielectric layers including negative temperature coefficient materials. In particular, first dielectric layer  804   c  and second dielectric layer  804   d  are polyimide materials. Adhesive layer  806  is an adhesive that optionally also has a negative temperature coefficient. By substituting the positive temperature coefficient material (e.g., Black Coverlay) in the stack-up with one or more negative temperature coefficient materials (e.g., adhesive and/or PI), a reduction in thermal drift measured by the touch sensor panel can be achieved. 
     In some examples, as described herein, the area of the routing trace  506  (e.g., Copper) in the touch sensor panel and or in the flex circuit  801  stack-up can be expanded to have a greater surface area. In some examples, the length and width of the routing trace can vary and be tuned at specific regions within the touch sensor panel so that its surface area is larger for the touch electrodes that are more susceptible to thermal drift. As discussed above with respect to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 B , the area of the electrodes (e.g., routing trace  506 ) can be increased to reduce thermal drift or achieve a condition for substantially zero thermal drift. In this way, the larger surface area of the routing trace  506  can enhance the contribution of the negative temperature coefficient materials in the stack-up, which in turn can result in a decrease in thermal drift and a decrease in false touches for the touch sensor panel. 
       FIG.  9 A  illustrates a hybrid perspective view schematic of an example touch sensor panel system including a plurality of routing traces routing a plurality of touch electrodes to a touch controller chip according to examples of the disclosure (though not all routing traces and electrodes are shown in  FIG.  9 A  for purposes of simplifying the figure and description). As noted above, in some examples, a touch sensor panel can include touch electrodes (e.g., corresponding to touch electrode  502  or touch node electrode  408  of touch screen/panel  402 ). In the example shown in  FIG.  9 A , a plurality of touch electrodes  502   a - 502   i  having a rectangular shape are positioned in a first layer of the touch sensor panel  902  (as illustrated in the view of  FIG.  5 A ). In some examples, routing traces of a plurality of routing traces are positioned in a third layer of the touch sensor panel (as illustrated in the view of  FIG.  5 A ). In some examples, the routing traces are configured to connect to the respective touch electrodes  502   a - 502   i  at their respective connection points and route the touch electrodes to the touch controller chip  906  or touch sensing circuitry (e.g., touch controller  206 ). It is understood that although  FIG.  9 A  illustrates routing traces  506   a - 506   c  configured to connect the respective touch electrodes  502   a - 502   c , that additional routing traces (not shown) can be configured to connect the remaining respective touch electrodes  502   d - 502   i . The connection can be achieved using a flex circuit as described with reference to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B . In some examples, the widths and lengths of the routing traces can vary and be tuned to achieve a thermal drift within specification for the device (e.g., less that a threshold thermal drift). 
       FIG.  9 B  illustrates an enlarged partial view of a section of the touch sensor panel system shown in  FIG.  9 A  according to examples of the disclosure. As shown, the plurality of routing traces  506   a - 506   c  are connected to the respective touch electrodes  502   a - 502   c  at their corresponding connections points  904   a - 904   c  (e.g., using vias between the first layer and the third layer). In some examples, each of the routing traces may generally have a width that is constant until the connection point, but the length may generally vary (or can be constant) depending on the distance to the corresponding touch electrode. For example, routing traces  506   a - 506   c  generally have widths (e.g., Wa, Wb, Wc) that are constant until their respective connection points and lengths (e.g., D1, D2, D3) that vary and can be different from each another (or that can be the same). In some examples, within the touch sensor panel, most of the routing traces can have a uniform width, but the width may be increased for one or more routing traces to one or more touch electrodes susceptible to drift. In particular, routing trace  506   a  to touch electrode  502   a  has a trace expansion portion with a width that is larger than the respective widths (e.g., Wa′ is greater than Wa, Wb, Wc) of routing trace  506   b  and routing trace  506   c . In some examples, the routing traces can generally have a width that is less than a threshold for trace routing portions, and some routing traces can include a trace expansion portion with a width exceeding the threshold at or within a threshold distance of the connection point. As noted above, the width and the surface area of the routing traces (e.g., third electrode  704   c  as illustrated in view of  FIGS.  7 A- 7 B ) can be tuned at specific regions (e.g., trace expansion portions) within the touch sensor panel so that its surface area is greater which in turn can cause the negative temperature coefficient material to have a greater influence on the reduction of thermal drift on the touch electrode. In some examples, within the touch sensor panel, most of the routing traces can have a length that terminates at or within the area of the corresponding touch node electrodes, but the length may be increased for one or more routing traces to one or more touch electrodes susceptible to drift such that the corresponding routing trace traversing the touch node electrode and at least partially enters the area of a downstream touch node electrode to which the corresponding routing trace does not correspond. For example, as illustrated, routing trace  506   a  has a length D1 that is greater than the length necessary for routing to connection point  904   a  to corresponding touch electrode  502   a . In some examples, D1 and D2 can be the same by virtue of the expansion of routing trace  506   a  beyond the boundary of touch electrode  502   a  and into the boundary of touch electrode  502   b.    
     As described herein, in some examples, the plurality of routing traces may have a trace routing portion and some may include a trace expansion portion. For example, a routing trace  506  includes routing portion  506   a ′ that routes from the touch controller chip  906  to connection point  904   a . Routing trace  506   a  also includes a trace expansion portion  506   a ″ that is the portion of the expanded surface area beyond connection point  904   a . This trace expansion portion can represent surplus routing to provide for negative drift for the system (e.g., the additional surface area of the trace expansion portion amplifying the effect that the negative temperature coefficient material). In some examples, the surplus routing in the trace expansion portion can have a different width than the routing portion. In particular, as shown, the trace expansion portion  506   a ″ has a width Wa′ greater than the width Wa of the routing portion  506   a′.    
     Additionally, in some examples, the trace expansion portion can extend beyond a second boundary of the corresponding touch electrode and beyond a first boundary of a downstream touch electrode. For example, as illustrated, trace expansion portion  506   a ″ expands beyond the boundary associated with touch electrode  502   a  (different from the boundary crossed by routing trace  506   a ) and beyond the boundary associated with touch electrode  502   b . The dimensions of the trace expansion portion  506   a ″ can be tuned to reduce thermal drift and/or meet a condition for substantially zero thermal drift. 
     As described herein, in some examples, expanding the surface area of the trace expansion portion can be achieved by expanding beyond the boundaries of their respective touch electrodes and into the boundary or region of other adjacent touch electrodes. For example, referring to routing trace  506   a  in  FIG.  9 B , routing trace  506   a  is connected to touch electrode  502   a  at its corresponding connection point  904   a  (e.g., using a via through a second layer between the first and third layers). Instead of terminating the routing trace  506   a  at connection point  904   a , routing trace  506   a  extends beyond the area of touch electrode  502   a  (e.g., crossing a second boundary) and into the area of touch electrode  502   b  (e.g., crossing the boundary of another downstream touch electrode). By expanding the surface area of routing trace  506   a  using a trace expansion portion  506   a ″ extending it into the boundary of the touch electrode  502   b , the increase in surface area can magnify the effect that the negative temperature coefficient material has on the touch electrode  502   a , which in turn improves the reduction of thermal drift at the touch electrode  502   a . In other examples, the routing traces can connect to their corresponding touch electrodes using their corresponding connection points and stay within the boundaries of their corresponding touch electrodes (with or without a trace expansion portion). For example, referring to routing trace  506   b  in  FIG.  9 B , routing trace  506   b  is coupled to touch electrode  502   b  at its corresponding connection point  904   b , and does not expand beyond its area (e.g., after crossing a first boundary to enter the area of the touch electrode) and extend into downstream adjacent touch electrodes (e.g., touch electrode  502   c ). 
     In some examples, the dimensions of the routing traces in the flex circuit can be uniform (e.g., same width and same length for each of the routing traces). In some examples, the dimensions of the routing traces in the flex circuit can also be tuned for some routing traces (e.g., to have an increase width and/or length relative to the default routing traces. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates another example touch sensor panel system including a circular touch sensor panel  1000  and a plurality of routing traces  1006   a - 1006   n  routing a plurality of touch electrodes  1002   a - 1002   n  to a touch controller chip  906  according to examples of the disclosure (though not all traces and electrodes are shown in  FIG.  10    for purposes of simplifying the figure). The routing traces between the boundaries of the touch sensor panel and the touch controller chip can be implemented in a flex circuit (e.g., corresponding to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B ). The touch sensor panel  1000  includes a plurality of touch electrodes  1006   a - 1006   n  with corresponding connection points  1004   a - 1004   n  (e.g., vias). In some examples, each of the touch electrodes  1002   a - 1002   n  may have the same shape or have different geometries and sizes. Each of the plurality of routing traces  1006   a - 1006   n  is configured to route one of the plurality of touch electrodes  1006   a - 1006   n  to the touch controller chip  906 . For example, as illustrated, routing trace  1006   a  is coupled to connection point  1004   a  of touch electrode  1002   a  and is routed to the touch controller chip  906 . 
     In some examples, each of the plurality of routing traces  1006   a - 1006   n  may be made from a copper material or any other material or combination of materials that can provide efficient electrical conduction. In some examples, each of the plurality of routing traces  1006   a - 1006   n  may have the same shape or have different geometries and configurations. For example, as shown in  FIG.  10   , routing trace  1006   a  and  1006   n  both include trace expansion portions (trace expansion portions  1006   a ′ and  1006   n ′ shown with crosshatching) that provide a larger surface area compared to the other routing traces. By having an expanded surface area, thermal drift on the touch sensor panel  1000  that appears at some touch electrodes can be minimized, which can lead to a reduction in false touches being detected. In particular, routing trace  1006   a  including a trace routing portion (e.g., with width comparable to other routing traces) that is coupled to connection point  1004   a  of touch electrode  1002   a . Routing trace  1006   a  also includes a trace expansion portion  1006   a ′ with a surface area that is expanded beyond connection point  1004   a  (e.g., to form a conductive region wider than the remainder of the routing trace before connection point  1004   a ). The trace expansion portion  1006   a ′ (conductive region) can have a surface area greater than the surface area of the routing trace  1006   a  before connection point  1004   a , and optionally greater than the surface area of the other routing traces (e.g.,  1006   b ,  1006   c , etc.). As illustrated, routing trace  1006   a  includes a trace expansion portion  1006   a ′ that expands beyond the termination at connection point  1004   a  and into the boundary associated with an adjacent touch electrode (e.g., downstream touch electrode  1002   b ). In this way, the surface area of the routing trace can be expanded (particularly where the area of touch electrode  1002  may be partially occupied by other routing traces to downstream touch electrodes), and the larger surface area of the routing trace  1006   a  can enhance the contribution of the negative temperature coefficient materials in the stack-up, which in turn can result in a decrease in thermal drift and decrease in false touches on the touch sensor panel  1000 . 
     In some examples, the routing traces can be expanded into the boundaries of more than one adjacent touch electrodes. As further illustrated in  FIG.  10   , routing trace  1006   n  is coupled to connection point  1004   n  of touch electrode  1002   n  and includes a trace expansion portion expanding the surface area beyond connection point  1004   n  and the second boundary of touch electrode  1002   n . In particular, routing trace  1006   n  includes a trace expansion portion  1006   n ′ that expands beyond the connection point back into the boundary associated with touch electrode  1002   c  (after the trace routing portion of routing trace  1006   n  already crossed this boundary) and into the boundary associate with touch electrode  1002   d , which are adjacent to touch electrode  1002   n . Accordingly, the trace expansion region of routing trace  1006   n  is located within the regions of three touch electrodes (e.g.,  1002   c ,  1002   d ,  1002   n ). As noted above, the size and geometry of each of the routing traces may vary and can be tuned to reduce thermal drift and/or meet a condition for substantially zero thermal drift (e.g., less than a threshold drift). 
     In some examples, select boundaries and regions of the touch electrodes can be identified as exceeding a thermal drift threshold. In some examples, when a region is identified as exceeding its corresponding thermal drift threshold, a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material can be tuned (e.g., increased or decreased) at the regions where thermal drift is identified as exceeding the thermal drift threshold. In some examples, when the thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is increased or decreased to achieve a desired thermal drift condition, the overcall thickness of the touch sensor panel can be tuned so that the overall thickness is maintained, increased, or reduced. For example, the touch sensor panel  1000  may include one or more passivation layers. When the thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is increased, one or more passivation layers or adhesive layers can be reduced (to accommodate the increase in thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material) so that the overall thickness of the touch sensor panel is maintained. In some examples, when the thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is increased, the thickness of the positive temperature coefficient material can be reduced (to accommodate the increase in thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material) so that the overall thickness of the touch sensor panel is maintained. Accordingly, when tuning the thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material and/or the thickness of the positive temperature coefficient material, the overall thickness of the touch sensor panel can be maintained so the thickness throughout the various regions of the touch sensor panel is uniform. In some examples, a surface area of the plurality of routing traces can be tuned (e.g., increased) at the regions (and/or for routing traces corresponding to touch electrodes) where thermal drift is identified as exceeding the thermal drift threshold. In this way, the touch sensor panel may have areas where the thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material and/or surface area of the routing traces are larger at selected regions. For example, referring to  FIG.  10   , the regions associated with touch electrodes  1002   a  and  1002   n  are identified as areas where the thermal drift exceeds the thermal drift threshold. Accordingly, routing trace  1006   a  and routing trace  1006   n  have expanded surface areas and/or the thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material in those areas can be increased so that it can help reduce the thermal drift in the respective regions. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates a plot of temperature versus dielectric constant for a negative temperature coefficient material and positive temperature coefficient material according to examples of the disclosure. Generally, an increase in temperature affects the dielectric constant of dielectric materials. For example, the dielectric constant of negative temperature coefficient materials decreases with increasing temperature. Positive temperature coefficient materials can experience an increase in dielectric constant when their temperature is raised.  FIG.  11    illustrates how negative temperature coefficient material and positive temperature coefficient material respond to an increase in temperature. As shown, the dielectric constant of negative temperature coefficient materials (e.g., polyamide  1102 , adhesive  1104 ) decreases as its temperature is raised. As further illustrated, the resistance of a positive temperature coefficient material (e.g.,  1106 ) increases as its temperature is raised. 
     Therefore, according to the above, some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch sensor panel. The touch sensor panel can comprise: a plurality of touch electrodes in a first layer, the plurality of touch electrodes including a first touch electrode and a second touch electrode; one or more dielectric materials in a second layer, the one or more dielectric materials including a negative temperature coefficient material; and a plurality of routing traces in a third layer separated from the first layer by the second layer, the plurality of routing traces routing the plurality of touch electrodes to a touch controller chip, and the plurality of routing traces including a first routing trace routing the first touch electrode to the touch controller chip and a second routing trace routing the second touch electrodes to the touch controller chip. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a width of the first routing trace is greater than a width of the second routing trace. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the first routing trace includes a routing portion and a trace expansion portion. The routing portion extends beyond a first boundary of the first touch electrode to a connection point. The trace expansion portion extends beyond the connection point, and the surface area of the trace expansion portion is greater than the surface area of the routing portion. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the trace expansion portion extends beyond a second boundary of the first touch electrode, different than the first boundary of the first touch electrode and into a boundary of the second touch electrode that is adjacent to the first touch electrode. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a width of the trace expansion portion is greater than a width of the routing portion. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the trace expansion portion extends into a boundary of a third touch electrode that is adjacent to the first touch electrode or the second touch electrode. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the one or more dielectric materials in the second layer includes a positive temperature coefficient material, and a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is greater than a thickness of the positive temperature coefficient material. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the positive temperature coefficient material and the negative temperature coefficient material are separated by a corresponding routing trace of the plurality of routing traces. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the one or more dielectric materials in the second layer include a positive temperature coefficient material, and a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is less than or equal to a thickness of the positive temperature coefficient material. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the negative temperature coefficient material includes an adhesive or a polymer. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is increased at select regions of the plurality of touch electrodes that are identified as exceeding a thermal drift threshold to cause a reduction in said thermal drift at said select regions. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a surface area of the plurality of routing traces is increased at select regions of the plurality of touch electrodes that are identified as exceeding a thermal drift threshold to cause a reduction in thermal drift at said select regions. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material and a surface area of one or more of the plurality of routing traces are tuned such that a thermal drift for the touch sensor panel is less than a threshold. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch sensor panel. The touch sensor panel can comprise: a plurality of touch electrodes in a first layer, the plurality of touch electrodes including a first touch electrode and a second touch electrode; one or more dielectric materials in a second layer, the one or more dielectric materials including a negative temperature coefficient material; and a plurality of routing traces in a third layer separated from the first layer by the second layer, the plurality of routing traces routing the plurality of touch electrodes to a touch controller chip, and the plurality of routing traces including a first routing trace routing the first touch electrode to the touch controller chip and a second routing trace routing the second touch electrodes to the touch controller chip. The first routing trace includes a routing portion and a trace expansion portion, the routing portion extends beyond a first boundary of the first touch electrode to a connection point. The trace expansion portion extends beyond the connection point beyond a second boundary of the first touch electrode, different than the first boundary of the first touch electrode and into a boundary of the second touch electrode that is adjacent to the first touch electrode. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a width of the first routing trace is greater than a width of the second routing trace. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a surface area of the trace expansion portion is greater than a surface area of the routing portion. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the one or more dielectric materials in the second layer includes a positive temperature coefficient material, and a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is greater than a thickness of the positive temperature coefficient material. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material is increased at select regions of the plurality of touch electrodes that are identified as exceeding a thermal drift threshold to cause a reduction in said thermal drift at said select regions. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, a thickness of the negative temperature coefficient material and a surface area of one or more of the plurality of routing traces are tuned such that a thermal drift for the touch sensor panel is less than a threshold. Additionally or alternatively to one or more of the examples disclosed above, in some examples, the negative temperature coefficient material includes an adhesive or a polymer. 
     Although examples of this disclosure have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of examples of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20230531
Publication Date: 20240528
Grant Date: 20240528
Priority Date: 20220630
Inventors: POKHREL, SANTOSH
VENUGOPAL, NANDITA
DATTA, SUPRATIK
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/04186", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04107", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04186", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04186", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04107", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 89433104