PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9933935-B2
Application Number: US-201113335838-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Device, method, and graphical user interface for editing videos

Abstract:
An electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface automatically crops a video content item in an editing mode of a video application; displays an automatically cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application; and, while displaying the cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application: detects a gesture on the touch-sensitive surface; and, in response to detecting the gesture on the touch-sensitive surface: overrides automatic cropping of the video content item by modifying the cropped area of the video content item in accordance with the gesture; and displays the modified cropped area of the video content item on the display.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device, comprising: a display;
 a touch-sensitive surface; 
 one or more processors; 
 memory; and 
 one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
 displaying an initial video content item having a first dimension, a first resolution, and a first aspect ratio in an editing mode of a video application; 
 adding a second video content item having a second dimension, a second resolution, and a second aspect ratio to the initial video content item, wherein at least one of the second dimension, second resolution, or second aspect ratio differs from the first dimension, first resolution, or first aspect ratio; 
 in response to adding the second video content item to the initial video content item, cropping the second video content item in the editing mode of a video application to generate a cropped area of the second video content item such that at least one of the second dimension, second resolution, or second aspect ratio of the second video content item matches the first dimension, first resolution, or first aspect ratio of the initial video content item; 
 displaying the cropped area of the second video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application within a cropping region; and, 
 while displaying the cropped area of the second video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application within the cropping region:
 detecting a gesture in a direction on the touch-sensitive surface at a location that corresponds to the cropped area of the second video content item within the cropping region; and, 
 in response to detecting the gesture in the direction on the touch-sensitive surface at the location that corresponds to the cropped area of the second video content item,
 shifting the second video content item within the cropping region in accordance with the direction of the gesture to display a modified cropped area of the second video content item on the display. 
 
 
 
 
     
     
       2. The device of  claim 1 , wherein the cropped area of the second video content item is displayed without displaying areas of the second video content item outside the cropped area. 
     
     
       3. The device of  claim 1 , including instructions for changing a position of the cropped area of the second video content item. 
     
     
       4. The device of  claim 1 , including instructions for resizing the cropped area of the second video content item. 
     
     
       5. The device of  claim 4 , wherein a size of the modified cropped area of the second video content item is at least a predefined minimum resolution. 
     
     
       6. The device of  claim 1 , including instructions for rotating the cropped area of the second video content item. 
     
     
       7. The device of  claim 1 , wherein the gesture is a multi-finger gesture. 
     
     
       8. The device of  claim 1 , wherein the second video content item is a first video clip in a sequence of video clips in the video application, the device including instructions for:
 maintaining the modified cropped area until an end of the first video clip, and automatically cropping a next video clip after the first video clip in the sequence of video clips. 
 
     
     
       9. The device of  claim 1 , including instructions for:
 exiting the editing mode of the video application; 
 entering a playback mode of the video application; and, 
 while in the playback mode of the video application, playing back the second video content item with the modified cropped area. 
 
     
     
       10. A method, comprising:
 at an electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface:
 displaying an initial video content item having a first dimension, a first resolution, and a first aspect ratio in an editing mode of a video application; 
 adding a second video content item having a second dimension, a second resolution, and a second aspect ratio to the initial video content item, wherein at least one of the second dimension, second resolution, or second aspect ratio differs from the first dimension, first resolution, or first aspect ratio; 
 in response to adding the second video content item to the initial video content item, cropping the second video content item in the editing mode of a video application to generate a cropped area of the second video content item such that at least one of the second dimension, second resolution, or second aspect ratio of the second video content item matches the first dimension, first resolution or first aspect ratio of the initial video content item; 
 displaying the cropped area of the second video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application within a cropping region; and, 
 while displaying the cropped area of the second video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application within the cropping region:
 detecting a gesture in a direction on the touch-sensitive surface at a location that corresponds to the cropped area of the second video content item within the cropping region; and, 
 in response to detecting the gesture in the direction on the touch-sensitive surface at the location that corresponds to the cropped area of the second video content item,
 shifting the second video content item within the cropping region in accordance with the direction of the gesture to display a modified cropped area of the second video content item on the display within the cropping region. 
 
 
 
 
     
     
       11. The method of  claim 10 , wherein the cropped area of the second video content item is displayed without displaying areas of the second video content item outside the cropped area. 
     
     
       12. The method of  claim 10 , including changing a position of the cropped area of the second video content item. 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 10 , including resizing the cropped area of the second video content item. 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 13 , wherein a size of the modified cropped area of the second video content item is at least a predefined minimum resolution. 
     
     
       15. The method of  claim 10 , including rotating the cropped area of the second video content item. 
     
     
       16. The method of  claim 10 , wherein the gesture is a multi-finger gesture. 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 10 , wherein the second video content item is a first video clip in a sequence of video clips in the video application, the method including: maintaining the modified cropped area until an end of the first video clip, and automatically cropping a next video clip after the first video clip in the sequence of video clips. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 10 , including:
 exiting the editing mode of the video application; entering a playback mode of the video application; and, 
 while in the playback mode of the video application, playing back the second video content item with the modified cropped area. 
 
     
     
       19. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by an electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, cause the device to:
 display an initial video content item having a first dimension, a first resolution, and a first aspect ratio in an editing mode of a video application; 
 add a second video content item having a second dimension, a second resolution, and a second aspect ratio to the initial video content item, wherein at least one of the second dimension, second resolution, or second aspect ratio differs from the first dimension, first resolution, or first aspect ratio; 
 in response to adding the second video content item to the initial video content item, crop the second video content item in the editing mode of a video application to generate a cropped area of the second video content item such that at least one of the second dimension, second resolution, or second aspect ratio of the second video content item matches the first dimension, first resolution, or first aspect ratio of the initial video content item; 
 display the cropped area of the second video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application within a cropping region; and 
 while displaying the cropped area of the second video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application within the cropping region:
 detect a gesture in a direction on the touch-sensitive surface at a location that corresponds to the cropped area of the second video content item within the cropping region; and, 
 in response to detecting the gesture in the direction on the touch-sensitive surface at the location that corresponds to the cropped area of the second video content item, 
 shifting the second video content item within the cropping region in accordance with the direction of the gesture to display a modified cropped area of the second video content item on the display within the cropping region. 
 
 
     
     
       20. The storage medium of  claim 19 , wherein the cropped area of the second video content item is displayed without displaying areas of the second video content item outside the cropped area. 
     
     
       21. The storage medium of  claim 19 , including instructions which cause the device to change a position of the cropped area of the second video content item. 
     
     
       22. The storage medium of  claim 19 , including instructions which cause the device to resize the cropped area of the second video content item. 
     
     
       23. The storage medium of  claim 22 , wherein a size of the modified cropped area of the second video content item is at least a predefined minimum resolution. 
     
     
       24. The storage medium of  claim 19 , including instructions which cause the device to rotate the cropped area of the second video content item. 
     
     
       25. The storage medium of  claim 19 , wherein the gesture is a multi-finger gesture. 
     
     
       26. The storage medium of  claim 19 , wherein the second video content item is a first video clip in a sequence of video clips in the video application, the storage medium including instructions which cause the device to: maintain the modified cropped area until an end of the first video clip, and automatically crop a next video clip after the first video clip in the sequence of video clips. 
     
     
       27. The storage medium of  claim 19 , including instructions which cause the device to:
 exit the editing mode of the video application; entering a playback mode of the video application; and, 
 while in the playback mode of the video application, play back the second video content item with the modified cropped area. 
 
     
     
       28. A graphical user interface on an electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, a memory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programs stored in the memory, the graphical user interface comprising:
 an initial video content item having a first dimension, a first resolution, and a first aspect ratio; 
 a second video content item that has a second dimension, a second resolution, and a second aspect ratio wherein at least one of the second dimension, second resolution, or second aspect ratio differs from the first dimension, first resolution, or first aspect ratio; 
 a cropped area of the second video content item added to the initial video content item, such that at least one of the second dimension second resolution, or second aspect ratio of the second video content item that matches the first dimension, first resolution, or first aspect ratio of the initial video content item displayed in an editing mode of a video application within a cropping region; 
 wherein, while displaying the cropped area of the second video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application within the cropping region: 
 in response to detection of a gesture in a direction on the touch-sensitive surface at a location that corresponds to the cropped area of the second video content item, 
 shifting the second video content item within the cropping region in accordance with the direction of the gesture to display a modified cropped area of the second video content item is displayed on the display within the cropping region.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/527,981, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Editing Videos,” filed Aug. 26, 2011, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This relates generally to electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces, including but not limited to electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces that edit videos. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The use of touch-sensitive surfaces as input devices for computers and other electronic computing devices has increased significantly in recent years. Exemplary touch-sensitive surfaces include touch pads and touch screen displays. Such surfaces are widely used to manipulate user interface objects on a display. 
     Exemplary user interface objects include video content items. Exemplary manipulations include video editing operations such as resizing, rotating, and panning. A user may need to perform such manipulations on video content items (e.g., video clips) in a video and sound (e.g., music) player/editor application (e.g., QuickTime Player from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.). 
     But existing methods for editing video content items (“videos”) are cumbersome and inefficient, particularly for novice users. For example, editing a video to a desired resolution size or cropping area is tedious and creates a significant cognitive burden on a user. In addition, existing methods take longer than necessary, thereby wasting energy. This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, there is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for editing videos. Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for editing videos. Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges. 
     The above deficiencies and other problems associated with user interfaces for electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces are reduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices. In some embodiments, the device is a desktop computer. In some embodiments, the device is portable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handheld device). In some embodiments, the device has a touchpad. In some embodiments, the device has a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or “touch screen display”). In some embodiments, the device has a graphical user interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or more modules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory for performing multiple functions. In some embodiments, the user interacts with the GUI primarily through finger contacts and gestures on the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the functions may include image and video editing, drawing, presenting, word processing, website creating, disk authoring, spreadsheet making, game playing, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging, workout support, digital photographing, digital videoing, web browsing, digital music playing, and/or digital video playing. Executable instructions for performing these functions may be included in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface. The method includes: automatically cropping a video content item in an editing mode of a video application; displaying an automatically cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application; and, while displaying the cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application: detecting a gesture on the touch-sensitive surface; and, in response to detecting the gesture on the touch-sensitive surface: overriding automatic cropping of the video content item by modifying the cropped area of the video content item in accordance with the gesture; and displaying the modified cropped area of the video content item on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display, a touch-sensitive surface, one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs. The one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors. The one or more programs include instructions for: automatically cropping a video content item in an editing mode of a video application; displaying an automatically cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application; and, while displaying the cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application: detecting a gesture on the touch-sensitive surface; and, in response to detecting the gesture on the touch-sensitive surface: overriding automatic cropping of the video content item by modifying the cropped area of the video content item in accordance with the gesture; and displaying the modified cropped area of the video content item on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions which when executed by an electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, cause the device to: automatically crop a video content item in an editing mode of a video application; display an automatically cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application; and, while displaying the cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application: detect a gesture on the touch-sensitive surface; and, in response to detecting the gesture on the touch-sensitive surface: override automatic cropping of the video content item by modifying the cropped area of the video content item in accordance with the gesture; and display the modified cropped area of the video content item on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a graphical user interface on an electronic device with a display, a touch-sensitive surface, a memory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programs stored in the memory includes an automatically cropped area of a video content item displayed in an editing mode of a video application; wherein, while displaying the cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application: in response to detection of a gesture on the touch-sensitive surface: automatic cropping of the video content item is overridden by modifying the cropped area of the video content item in accordance with the gesture; and the modified cropped area of the video content item is displayed on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a display; a touch-sensitive surface; means for automatically cropping a video content item in an editing mode of a video application; means for displaying an automatically cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application; and, means, enabled while displaying the cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application, including: means for detecting a gesture on the touch-sensitive surface; and, means, enabled in response to detecting the gesture on the touch-sensitive surface, including: means for overriding automatic cropping of the video content item by modifying the cropped area of the video content item in accordance with the gesture; and means for displaying the modified cropped area of the video content item on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus for use in an electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface includes: means for automatically cropping a video content item in an editing mode of a video application; means for displaying an automatically cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application; and, means, enabled while displaying the cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application, including: means for detecting a gesture on the touch-sensitive surface; and, means, enabled in response to detecting the gesture on the touch-sensitive surface, including: means for overriding automatic cropping of the video content item by modifying the cropped area of the video content item in accordance with the gesture; and means for displaying the modified cropped area of the video content item on the display. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit, a touch-sensitive surface unit configured to receive gestures, and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the touch-sensitive surface unit. The processing unit is configured to: automatically crop a video content item in an editing mode of a video application; enable display of an automatically cropped area of the video content item on the display unit in the editing mode of the video application; and, while displaying the cropped area of the video content item on the display unit in the editing mode of the video application: detect a gesture on the touch-sensitive surface unit; and, in response to detecting the gesture on the touch-sensitive surface unit: override automatic cropping of the video content item by modifying the cropped area of the video content item in accordance with the gesture; and enable display of the modified cropped area of the video content item on the display unit. 
     Thus, electronic devices with displays and touch-sensitive surfaces are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for editing videos, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices. Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for editing videos. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a better understanding of the aforementioned embodiments of the invention as well as additional embodiments thereof, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures. 
         FIG. 1A  is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 1B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 5A-5I  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for editing videos in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 6A-6B  are flow diagrams illustrating a method of editing videos in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Video editing may include combining videos clips of different resolutions and aspect ratios into a sequence that forms the final video. If the video clips do not conform to a single resolution and aspect ratio, transitions between portions in the final video may be jarring and unpleasing to viewers. Some video editing applications attempt to make the process for conforming resolutions and aspect ratios more user-friendly by automatically cropping and scaling video clips. However, the automatic cropping and scaling may not yield the results that a user desires. The embodiments described below facilitate overriding of the automatic cropping and scaling of videos, so that a user can quickly and easily edit a video to get the desired results. The overriding of the automatic cropping and scaling include gestures to activate various manual overrides, such as repositioning of the cropped video area, resizing of the cropped video area, and/or rotation of the cropped video area. The capability to override the automatic cropping and scaling provides the user flexibility to modify the result of the automatic cropping and scaling when the automatic result is undesirable. This is particularly useful for novice users, who want to make simple adjustments to the video clips in their videos and do not have the time or patience to learn complex editing procedures. 
     Below,  FIGS. 1A-1B, 2, 3, and 7  provide a description of exemplary devices.  FIGS. 4A-4B and 5A-5I  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for editing videos.  FIGS. 6A-6B  are flow diagrams illustrating a method of editing videos. The user interfaces in  FIGS. 5A-5I  are used to illustrate the processes in  FIGS. 6A-6B . 
     Exemplary Devices 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments. 
     It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact, without departing from the scope of the present invention. The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact. 
     The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     As used herein, the term “resolution” of a video content item (e.g., a video clip, a movie file, streaming video, etc.) refers to the number of pixels along each axis or in each dimension of the video content item. For example, a video content item may have a resolution of 640×480 pixels. That is, each frame in the video content item has the same resolution of 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high. Further, as used herein, the term “aspect ratio” of the video content item refers to a ratio of the width of the video content item to its height. For example, the 640×480 video content item has a 4:3 aspect ratio. A video content item of one resolution may be changed to another resolution by removing or adding pixels and/or by resolution scaling. For example, a video content item of one resolution may be changed to a lower resolution by removing pixels (e.g., by cropping), resolution scaling, or a combination of both. As another example, a video content item of one resolution may be changed to a higher resolution by resolution scaling, adding pixels (e.g., letterboxing, pillarboxing, or the like) to make up any difference, or a combination of both. 
     Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touch pads), may also be used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touch pad). 
     In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device may include one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick. 
     The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that may be executed on the device may use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device may be adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device may support the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user. 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.  FIG. 1A  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  100  with touch-sensitive displays  112  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display  112  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and may also be known as or called a touch-sensitive display system. Device  100  may include memory  102  (which may include one or more computer readable storage mediums), memory controller  122 , one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  120 , peripherals interface  118 , RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , input/output (I/O) subsystem  106 , other input or control devices  116 , and external port  124 . Device  100  may include one or more optical sensors  164 . These components may communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  103 . 
     It should be appreciated that device  100  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  100  may have more or fewer components than shown, may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG. 1A  may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  102  may include high-speed random access memory and may also include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory  102  by other components of device  100 , such as CPU  120  and the peripherals interface  118 , may be controlled by memory controller  122 . 
     Peripherals interface  118  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU  120  and memory  102 . The one or more processors  120  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  102  to perform various functions for device  100  and to process data. 
     In some embodiments, peripherals interface  118 , CPU  120 , and memory controller  122  may be implemented on a single chip, such as chip  104 . In some other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  108  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  may include well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry  108  may communicate with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wireless communication may use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , and microphone  113  provide an audio interface between a user and device  100 . Audio circuitry  110  receives audio data from peripherals interface  118 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  111 . Speaker  111  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  113  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  118  for processing. Audio data may be retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  102  and/or RF circuitry  108  by peripherals interface  118 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  110  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  212 ,  FIG. 2 ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  110  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     I/O subsystem  106  couples input/output peripherals on device  100 , such as touch screen  112  and other input control devices  116 , to peripherals interface  118 . I/O subsystem  106  may include display controller  156  and one or more input controllers  160  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  160  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices  116 . The other input control devices  116  may include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  160  may be coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  208 ,  FIG. 2 ) may include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  111  and/or microphone  113 . The one or more buttons may include a push button (e.g.,  206 ,  FIG. 2 ). 
     Touch-sensitive display  112  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  156  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen  112 . Touch screen  112  displays visual output to the user. The visual output may include graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output may correspond to user-interface objects. 
     Touch screen  112  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen  112  and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen  112  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     Touch screen  112  may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  may detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     Touch screen  112  may have a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user may make contact with touch screen  112  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  100  may include a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad may be a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen  112  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  100  also includes power system  162  for powering the various components. Power system  162  may include a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more optical sensors  164 .  FIG. 1A  shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller  158  in I/O subsystem  106 . Optical sensor  164  may include charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor  164  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), optical sensor  164  may capture still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112  on the front of the device, so that the touch screen display may be used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image may be obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more proximity sensors  166 .  FIG. 1A  shows proximity sensor  166  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, proximity sensor  166  may be coupled to input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen  112  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  100  may also include one or more accelerometers  168 .  FIG. 1A  shows accelerometer  168  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, accelerometer  168  may be coupled to an input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device  100  optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s)  168 , a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  102  include operating system  126 , communication module (or set of instructions)  128 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  130 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  132 , text input module (or set of instructions)  134 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  135 , and applications (or sets of instructions)  136 . Furthermore, in some embodiments memory  102  stores device/global internal state  157 , as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 3 . Device/global internal state  157  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display  112 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and input control devices  116 ; and location information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  126  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  128  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  124  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  108  and/or external port  124 . External port  124  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the 30-pin connector used on iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices. 
     Contact/motion module  130  may detect contact with touch screen  112  (in conjunction with display controller  156 ) and other touch sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  130  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  130  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, may include determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations may be applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  and display controller  156  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     Contact/motion module  130  may detect a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns. Thus, a gesture may be detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event. 
     Graphics module  132  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen  112  or other display, including components for changing the intensity of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  132  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic may be assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  132  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  156 . 
     Text input module  134 , which may be a component of graphics module  132 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  137 , e-mail  140 , IM  141 , browser  147 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     GPS module  135  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  138  for use in location-based dialing, to camera  143  as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Applications  136  may include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         contacts module  137  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   telephone module  138 ;   video conferencing module  139 ;   e-mail client module  140 ;   instant messaging (IM) module  141 ;   workout support module  142 ;   camera module  143  for still and/or video images;   image management module  144 ;   browser module  147 ;   calendar module  148 ;   widget modules  149 , which may include one or more of: weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , dictionary widget  149 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   widget creator module  150  for making user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   search module  151 ;   video and music player/editor module  152 , which may be made up of a video player/editor module and a music player/editor module;   notes module  153 ;   map module  154 ; and/or   online video module  155 .       

     Examples of other applications  136  that may be stored in memory  102  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , contacts module  137  may be used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state  192  of contacts module  137  in memory  102  or memory  370 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  138 , video conference  139 , e-mail  140 , or IM  141 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , telephone module  138  may be used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in address book  137 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication may use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , contact list  137 , and telephone module  138 , videoconferencing module  139  includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140  includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module  144 , e-mail client module  140  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  143 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the instant messaging module  141  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages may include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , map module  154 , and music player module  146 , workout support module  142  includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor(s)  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and image management module  144 , camera module  143  includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  102 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory  102 . 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and camera module  143 , image management module  144  includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , browser module  147  includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , calendar module  148  includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , widget modules  149  are mini-applications that may be downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , and dictionary widget  149 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  149 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , the widget creator module  150  may be used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , search module  151  includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  102  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , and browser module  147 , video and music player/editor module  152  includes executable instructions that allow the user to download, play back, and/or edit recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, play back, and/or edit videos (e.g., on touch screen  112  or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ). In some embodiments, device  100  may include the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , notes module  153  includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , and browser module  147 , map module  154  may be used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location; and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , online video module  155  includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module  141 , rather than e-mail client module  140 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. 
     Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  102  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  100  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  100 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  100  may be reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that may be performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  100  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that may be displayed on device  100 . In such embodiments, the touchpad may be referred to as a “menu button.” In some other embodiments, the menu button may be a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
       FIG. 1B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  (in  FIG. 1A ) or  370  ( FIG. 3 ) includes event sorter  170  (e.g., in operating system  126 ) and a respective application  136 - 1  (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications  137 - 151 ,  155 ,  380 - 390 ). 
     Event sorter  170  receives event information and determines the application  136 - 1  and application view  191  of application  136 - 1  to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter  170  includes event monitor  171  and event dispatcher module  174 . In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes application internal state  192 , which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch sensitive display  112  when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state  157  is used by event sorter  170  to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state  192  is used by event sorter  170  to determine application views  191  to which to deliver event information. 
     In some embodiments, application internal state  192  includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application  136 - 1  resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application  136 - 1 , a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application  136 - 1 , and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user. 
     Event monitor  171  receives event information from peripherals interface  118 . Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display  112 , as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface  118  transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem  106  or a sensor, such as proximity sensor  166 , accelerometer(s)  168 , and/or microphone  113  (through audio circuitry  110 ). Information that peripherals interface  118  receives from I/O subsystem  106  includes information from touch-sensitive display  112  or a touch-sensitive surface. 
     In some embodiments, event monitor  171  sends requests to the peripherals interface  118  at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface  118  transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripheral interface  118  transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration). 
     In some embodiments, event sorter  170  also includes a hit view determination module  172  and/or an active event recognizer determination module  173 . 
     Hit view determination module  172  provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views, when touch sensitive display  112  displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display. 
     Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected may correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected may be called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs may be determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture. 
     Hit view determination module  172  receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module  172  identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (i.e., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view. 
     Active event recognizer determination module  173  determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views. 
     Event dispatcher module  174  dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer  180 ). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module  173 , event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module  173 . In some embodiments, event dispatcher module  174  stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module  182 . 
     In some embodiments, operating system  126  includes event sorter  170 . Alternatively, application  136 - 1  includes event sorter  170 . In yet other embodiments, event sorter  170  is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory  102 , such as contact/motion module  130 . 
     In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes a plurality of event handlers  190  and one or more application views  191 , each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application&#39;s user interface. Each application view  191  of the application  136 - 1  includes one or more event recognizers  180 . Typically, a respective application view  191  includes a plurality of event recognizers  180 . In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers  180  are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application  136 - 1  inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler  190  includes one or more of: data updater  176 , object updater  177 , GUI updater  178 , and/or event data  179  received from event sorter  170 . Event handler  190  may utilize or call data updater  176 , object updater  177  or GUI updater  178  to update the application internal state  192 . Alternatively, one or more of the application views  191  includes one or more respective event handlers  190 . Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a respective application view  191 . 
     A respective event recognizer  180  receives event information (e.g., event data  179 ) from event sorter  170 , and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer  180  includes event receiver  182  and event comparator  184 . In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  also includes at least a subset of: metadata  183 , and event delivery instructions  188  (which may include sub-event delivery instructions). 
     Event receiver  182  receives event information from event sorter  170 . The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch the event information may also include speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device. 
     Event comparator  184  compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  includes event definitions  186 . Event definitions  186  contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event  1  ( 187 - 1 ), event  2  ( 187 - 2 ), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event  187  include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event  1  ( 187 - 1 ) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event  2  ( 187 - 2 ) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display  112 , and lift-off of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers  190 . 
     In some embodiments, event definition  187  includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display  112 , when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display  112 , event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler  190 , the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler  190  should be activated. For example, event comparator  184  selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test. 
     In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event  187  also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer&#39;s event type. 
     When a respective event recognizer  180  determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions  186 , the respective event recognizer  180  enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  includes metadata  183  with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers may interact with one another. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  activates event handler  190  associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  delivers event information associated with the event to event handler  190 . Activating an event handler  190  is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler  190  associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process. 
     In some embodiments, event delivery instructions  188  include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process. 
     In some embodiments, data updater  176  creates and updates data used in application  136 - 1 . For example, data updater  176  updates the telephone number used in contacts module  137 , or stores a video file used in video player module  145 . In some embodiments, object updater  177  creates and updates objects used in application  136 - 1 . For example, object updater  176  creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater  178  updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater  178  prepares display information and sends it to graphics module  132  for display on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In some embodiments, event handler(s)  190  includes or has access to data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178 . In some embodiments, data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a single module of a respective application  136 - 1  or application view  191 . In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules. 
     It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices  100  with input-devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens, e.g., coordinating mouse movement and mouse button presses with or without single or multiple keyboard presses or holds, user movements taps, drags, scrolls, etc., on touch-pads, pen stylus inputs, movement of the device, oral instructions, detected eye movements, biometric inputs, and/or any combination thereof, which may be utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device  100  having a touch screen  112  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen may display one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  200 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user may select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  202  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  203  (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture may include one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward) and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device  100 . In some embodiments, inadvertent contact with a graphic may not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon may not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  204 . As described previously, menu button  204  may be used to navigate to any application  136  in a set of applications that may be executed on device  100 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen  112 . 
     In one embodiment, device  100  includes touch screen  112 , menu button  204 , push button  206  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  208 , Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card slot  210 , head set jack  212 , and docking/charging external port  124 . Push button  206  may be used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device  100  also may accept verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone  113 . 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device  300  need not be portable. In some embodiments, device  300  is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child&#39;s learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device  300  typically includes one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  310 , one or more network or other communications interfaces  360 , memory  370 , and one or more communication buses  320  for interconnecting these components. Communication buses  320  may include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device  300  includes input/output (I/O) interface  330  comprising display  340 , which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface  330  also may include a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)  350  and touchpad  355 . Memory  370  includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices; and may include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory  370  may optionally include one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s)  310 . In some embodiments, memory  370  stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1 ), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory  370  may store additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100 . For example, memory  370  of device  300  may store drawing module  380 , presentation module  382 , word processing module  384 , website creation module  386 , disk authoring module  388 , and/or spreadsheet module  390 , while memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1 ) may not store these modules. 
     Each of the above identified elements in  FIG. 3  may be stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above identified modules or programs (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  370  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  370  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) that may be implemented on portable multifunction device  100 . 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device  100  in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces may be implemented on device  300 . In some embodiments, user interface  400  includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:
         Signal strength indicator(s)  402  for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;   Time  404 ;   Bluetooth indicator  405 ;   Battery status indicator  406 ;   Tray  408  with icons for frequently used applications, such as:
           Phone  138 , which may include an indicator  414  of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages;   E-mail client  140 , which may include an indicator  410  of the number of unread e-mails;   Browser  147 ; and   Video and music player/editor  152 ; and   
           Icons for other applications, such as:
           IM  141 ;   Image management  144 ;   Camera  143 ;   Weather  149 - 1 ;   Stocks  149 - 2 ;   Workout support  142 ;   Calendar  148 ;   Alarm clock  149 - 4 ;   Map  154 ;   Notes  153 ;   Settings  412 , which provides access to settings for device  100  and its various applications  136 ; and   Online video module  155 , also referred to as YouTube (trademark of Google Inc.) module  155 .   
               

       FIG. 4B  illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device  300 ,  FIG. 3 ) with a touch-sensitive surface  451  (e.g., a tablet or touchpad  355 ,  FIG. 3 ) that is separate from the display  450  (e.g., touch screen display  112 ). In some embodiments the touch sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG. 4B ) has a primary axis (e.g.,  452  in  FIG. 4B ) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g.,  453  in  FIG. 4B ) on the display (e.g.,  450 ). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g.,  460  and  462  in  FIG. 4B ) with the touch-sensitive surface  451  at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in  FIG. 4B, 460  corresponds to  468  and  462  corresponds to  470 ). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts  460  and  462 , and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG. 4B ) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g.,  450  in  FIG. 4B ) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should be understood that similar methods may be used for other user interfaces described herein. 
     Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse based input or stylus input). For example, a swipe gesture may be replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). As another example, a tap gesture may be replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice may be used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts may be used simultaneously. 
     User Interfaces and Associated Processes 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) and associated processes that may be implemented on an electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, such as device  300  or portable multifunction device  100 . 
       FIGS. 5A-5I  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for editing videos in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS. 6A-6B . 
       FIG. 5A  depicts a video editor interface  500  displayed on display  340  of device  300 . In some embodiments, video editor interface  500  may be displayed as an interface of a video application (e.g., QuickTime Player from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.) while in editing mode. Device  300  also includes touchpad  355 , which may be used to interact with video editor interface  500  in an analogous manner as with touch-sensitive surface  451  described above with reference to  FIG. 4B . It should be appreciated that the description below may be applied to embodiments where video editor interface  500  is displayed on touch screen  112  of device  100  and gestures performed on touchpad  355  are performed on touch screen  112 . 
     Video editor interface  500  includes video  502  being edited by the user. Video  502  may be made up of one or more video clips, hereinafter referred to as “Clips.” For example, video  502  includes Clips  1  thru  4  in sequence. Video editor interface  500  includes video clip previews  504  corresponding to the video clips in video  502 . For example, clip preview  504 - 1  corresponds to Clip  1  and shows a frame from Clip  1 ; clip preview  504 - 2  corresponds to Clip  2  and shows a frame from Clip  2 ; and so on. In some embodiments, clip previews  504  are displayed in a timeline sequence corresponding to the order of the corresponding Clips in video  502 . If there are more clip previews  504  than can be displayed at once, the user may scroll through the sequence of clip previews  504  to see more clip previews  504  corresponding to video clips in video  502 . In some embodiments, the user may select a clip preview  504  (e.g., by a tap gesture on a touch screen, mouse click, or similar input) to open the corresponding video clip for playback and/or editing. 
     In some embodiments, Clips  1  thru  4  are added to video  502  in accordance with user inputs. The user inputs may include, for example, selecting a clip to become video  502  in its initial incarnation (i.e., the selected clip is the initial clip in video  502 , to which a user adds additional clips), dragging a representation of a Clip into video  502  in video editor interface  500 , selecting a menu option to add a Clip into video  502 , and so on. 
     Video  502  has a video resolution (e.g., 640×480) and an aspect ratio (e.g., 4:3). In some embodiments, the video resolution and aspect ratio of video  502  is set to the same video resolution and aspect ratio as the initial clip in video  502 . In some other embodiments, the video resolution and aspect ratio of video  502  is specified by a user when video  502  is first generated. 
     A video clip that is added to video  502  may have a different resolution and/or aspect ratio than video  502  (e.g., a different resolution and/or aspect ratio than the initial clip in video  502 , with the initial clip setting the resolution and/or aspect ratio for video  502 ). In some embodiments, a video clip that has a different resolution and/or aspect ratio different than video  502  is automatically modified to conform to the resolution and aspect ratio of video  502 . The modification may include scaling and/or cropping. For example,  FIG. 5A  illustrates video area  514  corresponding to Clip  2 . Clip  2  has a larger video resolution and a different aspect ratio than video  502 , as shown by video  502  overlaid on video area  514 . For example, for purposes of description, it is assumed below that, unless otherwise specified, video  502  has a 640×480 resolution and a 4:3 aspect ratio (e.g., the resolution and aspect ratio of Clip  1 , the initial clip in video  502 ), and Clip  2  has a 1280×720 resolution and a 16:9 aspect ratio. 
     When Clip  2  is added to video  502 , Clip  2  is automatically scaled and/or cropped to conform to the resolution and aspect ratio of video  502 . In some embodiments, the automatic scaling and/or cropping includes first cropping Clip  2  to yield a cropped video area in Clip  2  that matches the aspect ratio of video  502 . For example, areas  516  (shaded with diagonal black and white lines in the figures) are removed from video area  514  to yield cropped video area  518  (shaded with light gray in the figures) that has a 960×720 resolution (preserving the height of video area  514 ) and a 4:3 aspect ratio. Cropped video area  518  has the same aspect ratio as video  502  but not necessarily the same resolution. The resolution of cropped video  518  may be scaled to conform to the resolution of video  502 . For example, the resolution of cropped video area  518  may be changed from 960×720 to 640×480. The result is that video  502  includes a portion of video area  514 , as defined by cropped video area  518 , which includes person  506  that is depicted in a frame in Clip  2 . In this modification, content at the top and bottom of video area  514  is preserved in cropped video area  518  at the expense of some loss in video quality due to changing the resolution of cropped video area  518  from 960×720 to 640×480. 
     An alternative automatic modification strategy may be cropping video area  514  to a 640×480, 4:3 cropped area without any resolution scaling. That is, video area  514  is cropped to an area that matches the dimensions and resolution of video  502  without any resolution scaling. In this case, more portions of video area  514  are cropped off. 
     In some circumstances, the automatic modification may include scaling and/or adding pixels (e.g., adding letterboxing, pillarboxing, windowboxing). For example, if video  502  is instead a 16:9 video and Clip  2  is instead a 4:3 video with the same pixel height as video  502 , Clip  2  may be modified to conform to video  502  by adding pillarboxing to make up the difference in pixel width. 
     In some embodiments, the automatic modification that is used depends on whether a clip mismatches video  502  in resolution (dimensions), aspect ratio, or both. For example, if both the aspect ratio and the dimensions (both height and width) differ between the clip and video  502 , then the clip is cropped and scaled. If both dimensions differ between the clip and video  502  but the aspect ratios match, the clip is scaled. If the aspect ratios differ, but the clip and video  502  match in one dimension, the clip is cropped. 
     In some embodiments, the user may specify preferences regarding criteria for choice of automatic modification strategies that device  300  elects to deploy. For example, the user may specify a preference for quality preservation, as opposed to content preservation, and this preference affects which strategies device  300  deploys. In some embodiments, this preference may be expressed in a sliding scale. 
     In some embodiments, the automatic modification is smart. That is, the modification is performed to preserve objects of interest (e.g., person  506 , objects, etc.) in the video clip, as well as to conform the resolution and aspect ratio. Further details about automatic and smart modification of videos to conform resolutions and aspect ratios are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/016,930, titled “Smart Scaling and Cropping,” filed Jan. 28, 2011, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     It should be appreciated that, in the figures, video area  514 , removed areas  516 , and cropped video area  518  (which are illustrated in the figures as overlaid with video  502 ) are not actually displayed to the user in video editor interface  500 . They are included in the figures with video  502  overlaid on them merely to help describe the cropping modifications to video area  514 . The result of the modifications to video area  514  is displayed to the user in video  502 . This should not be read to preclude the displaying of video area  514 , removed areas  516 , and cropped video area  518  elsewhere in video editor interface  500 . Further, it should be appreciated that video  502 , video area  514 , removed areas  516 , and cropped video area  518  are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
     A user who is not satisfied with the result of the automatic modification of a video may override the automatic modification by performing particular gestures. One way to override the automatic modification is by repositioning the cropped video area.  FIG. 5B  depicts gesture  520  being detected on touchpad  355 . Gesture  520  includes finger contacts  520 -A thru  520 -C moving in direction  522 . Gesture  520  corresponds to interaction  524 , moving in direction  526 , with video  502 . In some embodiments, gesture  520  is a flicking or swiping gesture. In some other embodiments, gesture  520  is a dragging gesture. 
     In response to detection of gesture  520 , cropped video area  518  becomes left-justified within video area  514 , as shown in  FIG. 5C . In other words, rather than, say, removing equal parts from the left and right sides of video area  514  to automatically generate cropped video area  518 , an area is removed just from the right side of video area  514 . The user perceives the result of the override as the view in video Clip  2 , for the same frame, moved leftward, as if the movie camera moved leftward, resulting in objects of interest from Clip  2  (e.g., person  506 ) that are in video  502  being perceived as shifted rightward compared to the result of the automatic modification (e.g., the frame as depicted in  FIG. 5C  compared to the same frame as depicted in  FIG. 5A ). 
     In some embodiments, gesture  520  is a flick or swipe gesture; the user may flick or swipe in a direction to justify cropped video area  518  to the left, to the right, to the top, to the bottom, to a corner, or to the center of video area  514  in accordance with the direction of the flick or swipe. In some embodiments, gesture  520  may be a dragging gesture; the user may pan video  502  in any direction using the dragging gesture, as if dragging cropped video area  518  within video area  514  to reposition cropped video area  518  within video area  514 . 
     Another way to override the automatic modification is by resizing the cropped video area.  FIG. 5D  depicts, continuing from  FIG. 5A , gesture  530  being performed on touchpad  355 . Gesture  530  includes finger contacts  530 -A and  530 -B moving apart in a depinch gesture. Gesture  530  corresponds to interaction  532  on video  502 . 
     In response to detection of gesture  530 , video  502  is zoomed in from the perspective of the user, as shown in  FIG. 5E . In  FIG. 5E , person  506  in Clip  2  is larger (i.e., zoomed in) compared to  FIG. 5D . With respect to cropped video area  514  and video area  518 , the effect of gesture  530  is that a larger area  516  is removed from video area  514 , yielding a smaller cropped video area  518  than cropped video area  518  as depicted in  FIG. 5D . The smaller cropped video area  518  requires less or no resolution scaling down to a smaller resolution (and may even require scaling up to a higher resolution and/or adding letterboxing/pillarboxing/windowboxing) to conform to the resolution of video  502 . As a result, the smaller cropped video area  518 , when displayed as part of video  502 , appears, compared to automatically cropped video area  518  as shown in  FIG. 5D , zoomed-in from the user&#39;s perspective. 
       FIG. 5D  depicts a depinch gesture being detected on touchpad  355 , and the result (smaller cropped video area  518 ) is depicted in  FIG. 5E . Vice versa, a pinch gesture may be detected on touchpad  355 . In response to detection of the pinch gesture on touchpad  355 , cropped video area  518  is enlarged, making the portion of video  502  that includes cropped video area  518  look zoomed-out from the user&#39;s perspective. 
       FIGS. 5D and 5E  above describe depinch gesture  530  that causes zooming in of video  502  from the user&#39;s perspective, by making cropped video area  518  smaller; the gesture corresponds to the direct manipulation effect expected on Clip  2  from the user&#39;s perspective, as opposed to an effect on cropped video area  518 . Conversely, in some other embodiments, the gesture corresponds to direct manipulation of cropped video area  518 . For example, a depinch gesture would enlarge cropped video area  518 , and as a result zoom out on video  502  from the user&#39;s perspective. A pinch gesture would shrink cropped video area  518 , and as a result zoom in on video  502  from the user&#39;s perspective. 
     In some embodiments, the size of cropped video area  518  as a result of automatic modification or manual resizing (overriding an automatic modification) is (at least prior to any scaling) a predefined minimum resolution. Such a minimum is set in order to ensure that the portion of video  502  that includes cropped video area  518  is not overly pixilated due to enlarging a video clip with a low resolution. In some embodiments, the minimum resolution is 640×480. In some other embodiments, the minimum resolution is a minimum relative to video  502 . For example, the minimum resolution may be some multiple of the resolution of video  502 . 
     In some embodiments, the amount of scaling of cropped video area  518  from one resolution to a larger resolution is restricted to a maximum level. This is also to ensure that the portion of video  502  that includes cropped video area  518  is not overly pixilated. In some embodiments, the maximum scaling is two times the original resolution (i.e., the resolution of cropped video area  518 , after any cropping as needed, but prior to any scaling). This also effectively sets a minimum resolution for cropped video area  518  relative to video  502 . For example, for video  502 , the minimum resolution for cropped video area  518  is 320×240; a cropped video area  518  that is any smaller violates the maximum scaling of 2× the original resolution. 
     Yet another way to override the automatic modification is by rotating the cropped video area.  FIG. 5F  depicts, continuing from  FIG. 5A , gesture  538  being performed on touchpad  355 . Gesture  538  includes finger contacts  538 -A and  538 -B revolving around an axis perpendicular to the surface of touchpad  355  in rotational movements  543 ; gesture  538  is a rotation gesture. Gesture  538  corresponds to interaction  540  on video  502 . 
     In response to detection of gesture  538 , Cropped video area  518  is rotated, as shown in  FIG. 5G . The rotated cropped video area  518  is reflected in video  502 , where person  506  (and the view in the frame) is rotated also. In some embodiments, detection of gesture  538  causes rotation by a predefined amount, such as 90° to change the orientation of a Clip from a landscape orientation to a portrait orientation, or vice versa. 
     In some embodiments, the overriding of automatic modification for one clip in video  502  does not carry over to other clips in video  502 . For example, continuing from  FIG. 5G ,  FIG. 5H  depicts video area  508  corresponding to Clip  3 , with cropped video area  510 . Tree  509  that is in Clip  3  is shown in video  502 . The rotation of cropped video area  518  does not carry over to cropped video area  510 ; cropped video area  510  is not rotated, and neither is tree  509  in video  502 . 
     When automatic modification is overridden for a clip in video  502 , and video  502  is saved with the override, video  502  with the override is displayed to the user when played outside of edit mode. For example, continuing from  FIG. 5G ,  FIG. 5I  depicts video  502  displayed in video player interface  541  of the video application while not in editing mode. In some embodiments, the video application may exit from video interface  500  to video player interface  541  in response to user command (e.g., activation of menu option, predefined gesture, or push of a corresponding virtual button). Video player interface  541  may include play/pause button  542 , forward button  546 , backward button  544 , and progress bar  548  and progress indicator  550 . When video  502  is played (e.g., by activating play/pause button  542  while video  502  is not playing), video  502  is played with the override from  FIG. 5G  (rotation of cropped video area  518 ) in effect, as shown by rotated person  506  in video  502 . 
       FIGS. 6A-6B  are flow diagrams illustrating a method  600  of editing videos in accordance with some embodiments. The method  600  is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device  300 ,  FIG. 3 , or portable multifunction device  100 ,  FIG. 1 ) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display. In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface. Some operations in method  600  may be combined and/or the order of some operations may be changed. 
     As described below, the method  600  provides an intuitive way to override automatic cropping of a video and to manually crop the video with simple gestures. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when editing videos, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to edit videos faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges. 
     The device automatically crops ( 602 ) a video content item in an editing mode of a video application. For example, in  FIG. 5A , when Clip  2  is added to video  502  in video editor interface  500 , Clip  2  is automatically cropped into cropped video area  518  that conforms to the resolution and aspect ratio of video  502  (e.g., the resolution and aspect ratio of Clip  1 , the initial clip in video  502 ). 
     The device displays ( 604 ) an automatically cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application. For example, in  FIG. 5A , the result of scaled, cropped video area  518  (e.g., frame(s) with person  506 ) is displayed in video  502 . 
     While displaying the cropped area of the video content item on the display in the editing mode of the video application ( 606 ), the device detects ( 608 ) a gesture on the touch-sensitive surface. For example, in  FIG. 5B , while video  502  is displayed, gesture  520  is detected on touchpad  355 . As another example, in  FIG. 5D , gesture  530  is detected on touchpad  355  while video  502  is displayed. As a further example, in  FIG. 5F , gesture  538  is detected on touchpad  355  while video  502  is displayed. 
     In some embodiments, the gesture is a multi-finger gesture ( 610 ). For example, a three-finger drag upward gesture moves the position of the cropped area down; a three-finger drag downward gesture moves the position of the cropped area up; a three-finger drag rightward gesture moves the position of the cropped area left; a three-finger drag leftward gesture moves the position of the cropped area right; a three-finger drag up-and-to-the-right gesture moves the position of the cropped area down and to the left; and so on. To a user, the displayed area moves in the same direction as the first gesture, whereas the cropped area of the video content item, relative to the entire area of the video content item, actually moves in the opposite direction, as illustrated in  FIGS. 5B-5C . Gesture  520  is a multi-finger gesture moving in rightward direction  522 . In response to detection of gesture  520 , cropped video area  518  is moved leftward, and displayed content in video  502  corresponding to cropped video area  518  (e.g., person  506 ) shifts rightward. 
     In response to detecting the gesture on the touch-sensitive surface ( 612 ), the device overrides ( 614 ) automatic cropping of the video content item by modifying the cropped area of the video content item in accordance with the gesture, and displays ( 624 ) the modified cropped area of the video content item on the display. For example, in  FIGS. 5B-5C , in response to detection of gesture  520 , cropped video area  518  is moved from its position as determined by the automatic modification of video area  514 . As another example, in response to detection of gesture  530 , cropped video area  518  is resized from its size as determined by the automatic modification of video area  514 . As a further example, in response to detection of gesture  538 , cropped video area  518  is rotated from its orientation as determined by the automatic modification of video area  514 . 
     In some embodiments, modifying the cropped area of the video content item includes changing a position of the cropped area of the video content item ( 616 ). Changing the position of the cropped area does not affect the magnification/zoom level of the cropped area. In other words, the magnification/zoom level of the cropped area is maintained while the position is changed. For example, the cropped area may be automatically center justified, and the first gesture changes the position of the cropped area to be right, left, top, or bottom justified, without changing the magnification/zoom level of the cropped area. In some embodiments, a three-finger drag upward gesture moves the position of the cropped area down; a three-finger drag downward gesture moves the position of the cropped area up; a three-finger drag rightward gesture moves the position of the cropped area left; a three-finger drag leftward gesture moves the position of the cropped area right; a three-finger drag up-and-to-the-right gesture moves the position of the cropped area down and to the left; and so on. To a user, the displayed area moves in the same direction as the first gesture, whereas the cropped area of the video content item, relative to the entire area of the video content item, actually moves in the opposite direction, as illustrated in  FIGS. 5B-5C . In response to detection of gesture  520 , cropped video area  518  is moved leftward, and displayed content in video  502  corresponding to cropped video area  518  (e.g., person  506 ) shifts rightward. In some embodiments, a two-finger gesture is used. 
     In some embodiments, modifying the cropped area of the video content item includes resizing the cropped area of the video content item ( 618 ). For example, a two-finger depinch gesture increases a magnification or zoom level of the cropped area, as shown in  FIGS. 5D-5E . In response to detection of gesture  530 , the contents of video  502  corresponding to cropped video area  518  (e.g., person  506 ) is magnified; the size of cropped video area  518  is reduced. Conversely, a two-finger pinch gesture decreases a magnification or zoom level of the cropped area (not shown). 
     In some embodiments, a size of the automatically cropped area or a size of the modified cropped area of the video content item is at least a predefined minimum resolution ( 620 ). Thus, for example, cropped video area  518  may not be resized below the predefined minimum resolution. In some other embodiments, the amount of scaling of cropped video area  518  from one resolution to a larger resolution is restricted to a maximum level. A minimum resolution or maximum scaling amount may be set to ensure that the content in video  502  corresponding to cropped video area  518  meets some threshold quality level. The minimum resolution may be an absolute amount or relative to video  502 . The maximum scaling amount effectively sets a minimum resolution relative to video  502 . 
     In some embodiments, modifying the cropped area of the video content item includes rotating the cropped area of the video content item ( 622 ). For example, a two-finger rotation gesture  538  rotates cropped video area  518 , as shown in  FIGS. 5F-5G . In some embodiments, the position, size, and rotation of the cropped area are concurrently adjusted in accordance with the movements in a two-finger gesture. For example, if gesture  538  includes vertical/horizontal movement and/or pinching/de-pinching movement as well as rotational movement, cropped video area  518  may be repositioned and/or resized as well as rotated. 
     In some embodiments, the cropped area of the video content item (for both the automatically cropped area and the modified crop area) is displayed without displaying areas of the video content item outside the cropped area ( 626 ). For example, the cropped off areas of video area  514 , such as removed areas  516 , are not displayed to the user. In some embodiments, a cropping rectangle that separates the cropped area from the uncropped area of the video item is not displayed. A user visually manipulates the displayed video content item, instead of manipulating a cropping rectangle superimposed on the displayed video content item, which makes editing more intuitive and simpler for some users (e.g., novice users). 
     In some embodiments, the video content item is a first video clip in a sequence of video clips in the video application ( 628 ). The device maintains ( 630 ) the modified cropped area until an end of the first video clip, and automatically crops ( 632 ) a next video clip after the first video clip in the sequence of video clips. In other words, the override of automatic cropping or automatic modification ends at the end of the first video clip. For example, the override rotation of cropped video area  518  corresponding to Clip  2 , as shown in  FIG. 5G , does not carry over to the content of video  502  corresponding to Clip  3  or other clips in video  502 , as shown in  FIG. 5H . 
     In some embodiments, the device exits ( 634 ) the editing mode of the video application; enters ( 636 ) a playback mode of the video application; and while in the playback mode of the video application, plays ( 638 ) back the video content item with the modified cropped area. For example, the video application may exit from video interface  500  to video player interface  541  in response to detecting a user command. Video  502  may be played in video player interface  541 , as shown in  FIG. 5I ; played video  502  has the override of the automatic modification (rotation of cropped video area  518 , as evidenced by person  506  rotated off from the upright position) in effect. 
     It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in  FIGS. 6A-6B  have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein. 
     In accordance with some embodiments,  FIG. 7  shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device  700  configured in accordance with the principles of the invention as described above. The functional blocks of the device may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the invention. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in  FIG. 7  may be combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the invention as described above. Therefore, the description herein may support any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , an electronic device  700  includes a display unit  702 , a touch-sensitive surface unit  704  configured to receive gestures, and a processing unit  706  coupled to the display unit  702  and the touch-sensitive surface unit  704 . In some embodiments, the processing unit  706  includes a automatic cropping unit  708 , a display enabling unit  710 , a detecting unit  712 , an overriding unit  714 , a maintaining unit  716 , an exiting unit  718 , an entering unit  720 , and a playing unit  722 . 
     The processing unit  706  is configured to: automatically crop a video content item in an editing mode of a video application (e.g., with the automatic cropping unit  708 ); enable display of an automatically cropped area of the video content item on the display unit  702  in the editing mode of the video application (e.g., with the display enabling unit  710 ); and, while displaying the cropped area of the video content item on the display unit  702  in the editing mode of the video application: detect a gesture on the touch-sensitive surface unit  704  (e.g., with the detecting unit  712 ); and, in response to detecting the gesture on the touch-sensitive surface unit  704 : override automatic cropping of the video content item by modifying the cropped area of the video content item in accordance with the gesture (e.g., with the overriding unit  714 ); and enable display of the modified cropped area of the video content item on the display unit  702  (e.g., with the display enabling unit  710 ). 
     In some embodiments, the cropped area of the video content item is displayed without displaying areas of the video content item outside the cropped area. 
     In some embodiments, modifying the cropped area of the video content item includes changing a position of the cropped area of the video content item. 
     In some embodiments, modifying the cropped area of the video content item includes resizing the cropped area of the video content item. 
     In some embodiments, a size of the automatic cropped area or a size of the modified cropped area of the video content item is at least a predefined minimum resolution. 
     In some embodiments, modifying the cropped area of the video content item includes rotating the cropped area of the video content item. 
     In some embodiments, the gesture is a multi-finger gesture. 
     In some embodiments, the video content item is a first video clip in a sequence of video clips in the video application. The processing unit  706  is configured to: maintain the modified cropped area until an end of the first video clip (e.g., with the maintaining unit  716 ), and automatically cropping a next video clip after the first video clip in the sequence of video clips (e.g., with the automatic cropping unit  708 ). 
     In some embodiments, the processing unit  706  is configured to: exiting the editing mode of the video application (e.g., with the exiting unit  718 ); entering a playback mode of the video application (e.g., with the entering unit  720 ); and, while in the playback mode of the video application, playing back the video content item with the modified cropped area (e.g., with the playing unit  722 ). 
     The operations in the information processing methods described above may be implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors or application specific chips. These modules, combinations of these modules, and/or their combination with general hardware (e.g., as described above with respect to  FIGS. 1A and 3 ) are all included within the scope of protection of the invention. 
     The operations described above with reference to  FIGS. 6A-6B  may be implemented by components depicted in  FIGS. 1A-1B . For example, detection operation  608 , override operation  614 , and displaying operation  624  may be implemented by event sorter  170 , event recognizer  180 , and event handler  190 . Event monitor  171  in event sorter  170  detects a contact on touch-sensitive display  112 , and event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to application  136 - 1 . A respective event recognizer  180  of application  136 - 1  compares the event information to respective event definitions  186 , and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface. When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer  180  activates an event handler  190  associated with the detection of the event or sub-event. Event handler  190  may utilize or call data updater  176  or object updater  177  to update the application internal state  192 . In some embodiments, event handler  190  accesses a respective GUI updater  178  to update what is displayed by the application. Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in  FIGS. 1A-1B . 
     The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20111222
Publication Date: 20180403
Grant Date: 20180403
Priority Date: 20110826
Inventors: FLINT GARY W.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/04883", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G11B27/034", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G11B27/34", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G11B27/034", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04883", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G11B27/34", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 46801315