PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-8629841-B2
Application Number: US-24261308-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Multi-touch sensor patterns and stack-ups

Abstract:
Capacitive multi-touch sensor panels in which both row and column traces may be formed on a single conducting surface are disclosed. These stack-ups may be made thinner and more flexible allowing them to be particularly well-suited for curved or other non-flat touch sensor panels, such as those that might be present on a mouse or other device designed to be grasped by a user&#39;s hand. Curved sensor panel arrays that may be formed from flat substrates are also disclosed. These sensor panel configurations may include channels around the periphery of the array. These channels allow the flat array to lie flat when applied to a curved surface, such as the inside of the curved surface. The pattern of the touch sensor elements may be adjusted across the array to avoid the channels.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A touch sensor array comprising:
 at least one conducting layer forming touch sensor traces comprising a plurality of row traces and a plurality of column traces disposed in an active region of the touch sensor array; 
 a webbed ground plane having a webbed pattern disposed in at least the active area, wherein the webbed pattern:
 has a plurality of openings aligned with respect to the touch sensor traces, 
 is grounded, and 
 is distinct from the at least one conducting layer; 
 
 a routing layer, distinct from the at least one conducting layer forming the touch sensor traces, the routing layer having routing lines aligned with respect to the active region of the touch sensor array, the routing lines disposed with respect to the webbed pattern such that the routing lines follow the webbed pattern, the routing layer distinct from the webbed ground plane; and 
 wherein the webbed ground plane is disposed between the routing layer and the at least one conducting layer and shields the touch sensor traces from the routing lines. 
 
     
     
       2. The touch sensor array of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one conducting layer comprises a first conducting layer having one of the plurality of row traces or the plurality of column traces disposed thereon and a second conducting layer having the other of the plurality of row traces or the plurality of column traces disposed thereon. 
     
     
       3. The touch sensor array of  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of row traces or the plurality of column traces have a comb pattern. 
     
     
       4. The touch sensor array of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one conducting layer comprises a first layer and wherein one of the plurality of row traces and the plurality of column traces are arranged on the first layer in pairs of opposing and spaced apart comb pattern configurations having opposing fingers facing one another; and
 the other of the plurality of row traces and the plurality of column traces arranged on the first layer and comprising cross elements substantially perpendicularly disposed with respect to the opposing fingers of the comb pattern configurations. 
 
     
     
       5. The touch sensor array of  claim 4 , wherein the other of the plurality of row traces and the plurality of column traces further has a plurality of conductors arranged perpendicular to the cross elements. 
     
     
       6. The touch sensor array of  claim 5 , the cross elements being disposed between the spaced apart comb pattern configurations and the plurality of conductors being arranged perpendicular to the cross elements are disposed between and parallel to the opposing fingers of the comb pattern configurations; and
 wherein the cross elements are continuous elements extending across the first layer of the touch sensor array. 
 
     
     
       7. The touch sensor array of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one conducting layer is a single conducting layer with the plurality of row and column traces disposed substantially on the single layer, and the single conducting layer has one or more vias routing ones of the column or row traces to at least one different layer. 
     
     
       8. The touch sensor array of  claim 7 , wherein the different layer is an insulating layer and the vias are positioned to prevent electrical contact between the column and row traces. 
     
     
       9. The touch sensor array of  claim 7 , wherein one of a plurality of row traces and a plurality of column traces are arranged in pairs of opposing and spaced apart comb pattern configurations having opposing fingers facing one another; and
 the other of the plurality of row traces and the plurality of column traces comprising cross elements arranged between the pairs of opposing fingers and substantially perpendicularly disposed with respect to the opposing fingers on the comb pattern configurations. 
 
     
     
       10. The touch sensor array of  claim 9 , wherein the other of the plurality of row traces and the plurality of column traces further has a plurality of conductors arranged perpendicular to the cross elements. 
     
     
       11. The touch sensor array of  claim 10 , wherein the conductors arranged perpendicular to the cross elements are disposed between and parallel to the opposing fingers of the comb pattern configurations; and
 wherein the cross elements are continuous elements extending across the single conducting layer of the touch sensor array. 
 
     
     
       12. The touch sensor array of  claim 1 , wherein the first conducting layer comprise conducting ink. 
     
     
       13. The touch sensor array of  claim 1 , wherein the array comprising one or more channels configured to allow the array to conform to a curved surface. 
     
     
       14. The touch sensor array as recited in  claim 11 , wherein the at least one different layer comprises the webbed ground plan having vias therein to prevent the routed ones of the column or row traces from coming in contact with the webbed ground plane. 
     
     
       15. The touch sensor array of  claim 7 , wherein the at least one different layer comprises the webbed ground plan having vias therein to prevent the routed ones of the column or row traces from coming in contact with the webbed ground plane. 
     
     
       16. The touch sensor array of  claim 8 , wherein the at least one different layer comprises the webbed ground plan having vias therein to prevent the routed ones of the column or row traces from coming in contact with the webbed ground plane. 
     
     
       17. The touch sensor array of  claim 9 , wherein each pair of opposing and spaced apart comb pattern configuration substantially overlaps one web opening. 
     
     
       18. A multi-touch mouse comprising a touch sensor array, the touch sensor array comprising:
 at least one conducting layer forming touch sensor traces comprising a plurality of row traces and a plurality of column traces disposed in an active region of the touch sensor array; 
 a webbed ground plane having a webbed pattern disposed in at least the active area, wherein the webbed pattern:
 has a plurality of openings aligned with respect to the touch sensor traces, 
 is grounded, and 
 is distinct from the at least one conducting layer; 
 
 a routing layer, distinct from the at least one conducting layer forming the touch sensor traces, the routing layer having routing lines aligned with respect to the active region of the touch sensor array, the routing lines disposed with respect to the webbed pattern such that the routing lines follow the webbed pattern, the routing layer distinct from the webbed ground plane; and 
 wherein the webbed ground plane is disposed between the routing layer and the at least one conducting layer and shields the touch sensor traces from the routing lines. 
 
     
     
       19. The multi-touch mouse as recited in  claim 18 , wherein the one or more layers comprises a first layer and the mouse further comprises:
 one of a plurality of row traces or column traces arranged on the first layer in pairs of opposing and spaced apart comb pattern configurations having opposing fingers facing one another; and 
 the other of the plurality of row traces or column traces arranged on the first layer and comprising a plurality of cross elements substantially perpendicularly disposed with respect to the opposing fingers on the comb pattern configurations, with each cross element having perpendicularly disposed traces corresponding to the opposing fingers of the comb pattern configuration; and 
 wherein the cross elements are continuous elements extending across the first layer of the sensor arrays. 
 
     
     
       20. A touch sensor array comprising:
 a first conducting layer comprising a plurality of rows of row elements, a plurality of columns of column elements, and column traces that connect the plurality of columns of column elements; 
 a second conducting layer comprising one or more groups of row traces, each group having a plurality of row traces having a first portion that extends continuously along a column direction across plural rows of row elements and a second portion that extends along a row direction for connection to ones of the row elements within the plurality of rows, each first portion overlying row elements on the first conducting layer such that the row elements of the first conducting layer shield the first conducting layer from the first portions; and 
 one or more channels disposed in the first and second conducting layers and extending from a periphery portion of the array to a predetermined distance toward, but not extending to, the center of the array from the periphery portion. 
 
     
     
       21. The touch sensor array of  claim 20 , wherein the touch sensor array is configured for use on a curved surface. 
     
     
       22. The touch sensor array of  claim 20 , wherein the one or more channels are configured to allow the array to conform to a curved surface. 
     
     
       23. The touch sensor array of  claim 20 , wherein the plurality of row elements comprise row elements of different shapes and the plurality of column elements comprise column elements of different shapes. 
     
     
       24. The touch sensor array of  claim 20 , wherein the second conducting layer further comprises a ground plane. 
     
     
       25. A multi-touch mouse comprising a touch sensor array, the touch sensor array comprising:
 a first conducting layer comprising a plurality of rows of row elements, a plurality of column elements, and column traces that connect the plurality of columns of column elements; and 
 a second conducting layer comprising one or more groups of row traces, each group having a plurality of row traces having a first portion that extends continuously along a column direction across plural rows of row elements and a second portion that extends along a row direction for connection to ones of the elements within the plurality of rows, each first portion overlying row elements on the first conducting layer such that the row elements of the first conducting layer shield the first conducting layer from the first portions. 
 
     
     
       26. The multi-touch mouse of  claim 25 , wherein the touch sensor array is configured for use on a curved surface. 
     
     
       27. The multi-touch mouse of  claim 25 , wherein the array comprising one or more channels configured to allow the array to conform to a curved surface of the multi-touch mouse, the one or more channels extending from a periphery portion of the array to a predetermined distance toward, but not extending to, the center of the array from the periphery portion. 
     
     
       28. The multi-touch mouse of  claim 25 , wherein the plurality of row elements comprise row elements of different shapes and the plurality of column elements comprise column elements of different shapes. 
     
     
       29. The multi-touch mouse of  claim 25  wherein the second conducting layer further comprises a ground plane.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application U.S. Ser. No. 61/049,332, filed Apr. 30, 2008, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to touch sensor panels, and more particularly, to capacitive multi-touch sensor patterns and stack-ups. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Many types of input devices are presently available for performing operations in a computing system, such as buttons or keys, mice, trackballs, touch panels, joysticks, touch screens and the like. Touch screens, in particular, are becoming increasingly popular because of their ease and versatility of operation as well as their declining price. Touch screens can include a touch panel, which can be a clear panel with a touch-sensitive surface. The touch panel can be positioned in front of a display screen so that the touch-sensitive surface covers the viewable area of the display screen. Touch screens can allow a user to make selections and move a cursor by simply touching the display screen via a finger or stylus. In general, the touch screen can recognize the touch and position of the touch on the display screen, and the computing system can interpret the touch and thereafter perform an action based on the touch event. 
     Touch panels can include an array of touch sensors capable of detecting touch events (the touching of fingers or other objects upon a touch-sensitive surface). Some touch panels may be able to detect multiple touches (the touching of fingers or other objects upon a touch-sensitive surface at distinct locations at about the same time) and near touches (fingers or other objects within the near-field detection capabilities of their touch sensors), and identify and track their locations. Examples of multi-touch panels are described in Applicant&#39;s U.S. application Ser. No. 10/842,862 entitled “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed on May 6, 2004 and published as U.S. Published Application No. 2006/0097991 on May 11, 2006, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     Capacitive touch sensor panels can be formed from rows and columns of traces on opposite sides of a dielectric. At the “intersections” of the traces, where the traces pass above and below each other (but do not make direct electrical contact with each other), the traces essentially form two electrodes. Conventional touch panels for use over display devices have typically utilized a top layer of glass upon which transparent column traces of indium tin oxide (ITO) or antimony tin oxide (ATO) have been etched, and a bottom layer of glass upon which row traces of ITO have been etched. However, the use of transparent traces is not required if the conductors are thin enough (on the order of 30 microns). In addition, if panel transparency is not required (e.g. the touch panel is not being used over a display device), the conductors can be made out of an opaque material such as copper. The top and bottom glass layers are separated by a clear polymer spacer that acts as a dielectric between the row and column traces. 
     To scan a touch sensor panel, a stimulus can be applied to one row with all other rows held at DC voltage levels. When a row is stimulated, a modulated output signal can be capacitively coupled onto the columns of the touch sensor panel. The columns can be connected to analog channels (also referred to herein as event detection and demodulation circuits). For every row that is stimulated, each analog channel connected to a column generates an output value representative of an amount of change in the modulated output signal due to a touch or hover event occurring at the touch sensor located at the intersection of the stimulated row and the connected column. After analog channel output values are obtained for every column in the touch sensor panel, a new row is stimulated (with all other rows once again held at DC voltage levels), and additional analog channel output values are obtained. When all rows have been stimulated and analog channel output values have been obtained, the touch sensor panel is said to have been “scanned,” and a complete “image” of touch or hover can be obtained over the entire touch sensor panel. This image of touch or hover can include an analog channel output value for every pixel (row and column) in the panel, each output value representative of the amount of touch or hover that was detected at that particular location. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This relates to touch sensor panels, and more particularly, to capacitive multi-touch sensor patterns and stack-ups in which both row and column traces may be formed on a single conducting surface. These stack-ups may be made thinner and more flexible allowing them to be particularly well-suited for curved or other non-flat touch sensor panels, such as those that might be present on a mouse or other device designed to be grasped by a user&#39;s hand. This also relates to curved sensor panel arrays that may be formed from flat substrates. 
     The touch sensor panel may include rows of traces that include a series of perpendicular cross elements that are perpendicular to the direction of the row. The touch sensor panel may also include columns of traces that are in a comb configuration. The comb traces include finger elements that run parallel to the direction of the column. The finger elements are arranged between the perpendicular cross elements of the row traces. The interlocking fingers of the row and column traces can increase the amount of capacitance and the electric fields as compared to typical trace configurations. 
     The column and row traces may be formed on different layers. However, in some touch sensor arrangements it may be desirable to decrease the thickness of the touch sensor array in the z direction. This may be accomplished by consolidating layers of the touch sensor. The column and row traces may be located on the same layer except where they intersect. At these intersection points a via may be used that route either the column or row trace to the layer below. If the layer below includes the ground plane, a hole in the ground plane can be made at the location of the intersection to prevent the trace coming down from contacting the ground plane. 
     A thinner touch sensor configuration allows the touch sensor to be made more pliable. This allows the touch sensor to conform to other mechanical pieces in an electronic device. For example, the touch sensor can be made to conform to non planar/curved surfaces. 
     Touch sensor arrays are typically made in a flat layered configuration. Applying a typical flat array configuration to a curved surface may cause problems such as wrinkling, buckling, or snapping. Further, if the array contains many layers, it may be difficult to bend to apply to the curved surface. Accordingly, flat touch sensor panel configurations that may be formed around a curved surface are described. 
     The sensor panel configurations may include channels around the periphery of the array. These channels allow the flat array to lie flat when applied to a curved surface, such as the inside of the curved surface. The pattern of the touch sensor elements may be adjusted across the array to avoid the channels. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary computing system operable with a capacitive multi-touch sensor panel according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 2   a  illustrates an exemplary capacitive multi-touch panel according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 2   b  is a side view of exemplary pixel in a steady-state (no-touch) condition according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 2   c  is a side view of exemplary pixel in a dynamic (touch) condition according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 3  is an exploded perspective view of an exemplary capacitive touch sensor panel formed from a top layer of glass upon which transparent column traces of ITO have been etched, and a bottom layer of glass upon which row traces of ITO have been etched. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary capacitive touch sensor panel fabricated using a double-sided ITO (DITO) substrate having column and row ITO traces formed on either side of the substrate, and bonded between a cover and an LCD using transparent adhesive according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 5  is an exploded perspective view of an exemplary DITO substrate (with its thickness greatly exaggerated for purposes of illustration only) with columns and rows formed on either side according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary flex circuit according to some embodiments of this invention, including flex circuit portions for connecting to the row and column traces, respectively, on either side of a DITO substrate, and a flex circuit portion for connecting to a host processor. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary three conducting layer touch sensor array configuration according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary two layer touch sensor configuration including a layer with both column and row touch sensor traces and a ground plane layer. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary cross section view of the two layer touch sensor configuration shown in  FIG. 8  according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary two layer touch sensor configuration without a ground plane according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an exemplary three layer touch sensor configuration that includes a routing layer according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor configuration that includes a webbed ground plane according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an exemplary four layer touch sensor configuration including a layer including an integrated circuit or other digital component according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary terraced three layer touch sensor array configuration in which the second substrate layer is smaller than the first substrate layer according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates an exemplary curved surface for a touch sensor array according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 16A  illustrates an exemplary first conducting layer of a touch sensor array that may be adhered to a curved surface according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 16B  illustrates an exemplary second conducting layer of a touch sensor array that may be adhered to a curved surface according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 17  is a detailed view of an exemplary first conducting layer superimposed over second conducting layer of a touch sensor array according to some embodiments of this invention 
         FIG. 18  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor array configuration according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 19A  illustrates an exemplary “butterfly” pattern for a touch sensor array according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 19B  illustrates an exemplary two strip touch sensor array pattern according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 19C  illustrates an exemplary three strip touch sensor array pattern according to some embodiments of this invention. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates an exemplary flat touch sensor pattern in a “snail” pattern that can be applied to a curved surface according to some embodiments of this invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In the following description of preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which it is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the preferred embodiments of the present invention. 
     This relates to touch sensor panels, and more particularly, to capacitive multi-touch sensor patterns and stack-ups in which both row and column traces may be formed on a single conducting surface. These stack-ups may be made thinner and more flexible allowing them to be particularly well-suited for curved or other non-flat touch sensor panels, such as those that might be present on a mouse or other device designed to be grasped by a user&#39;s hand. This also relates to curved sensor panel arrays that may be formed from flat substrates. 
     Multi-touch sensor panels and their associated touch sensor panel circuitry may be able to detect multiple touches (touch events or contact points) that occur at about the same time, and identify and track their locations.  FIG. 1  illustrates exemplary computing system  100  operable with capacitive multi-touch sensor panel  124  according to embodiments of this invention. Multi-touch sensor panel  124  can be created using a substrate with column and row traces formed on either side of the substrate using a novel fabrication process. Flex circuits can be used to connect the column and row traces on either side of the touch sensor panel to its associated touch sensor panel circuitry. Traces made of copper or other highly conductive metals running along the edge of the substrate can be used to bring the row traces to the same edge of the substrate as the column traces so that the flex circuits can be bonded to the same edge of the substrate on directly opposing sides of the substrate, minimizing the area needed for connectivity and reducing the overall size of the touch sensor panel. A single flex circuit can be fabricated to connect to the rows and columns on directly opposing sides at the same edge of the substrate. Furthermore, the row traces can be widened to shield the column traces from a modulated Vcom layer. 
     Computing system  100  can include one or more panel processors  102  and peripherals  104 , and panel subsystem  106 . The one or more processors  102  can include, for example, an ARM968 processors or other processors with similar functionality and capabilities. However, in other embodiments, the panel processor functionality can be implemented instead by dedicated logic such as a state machine. Peripherals  104  can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) or other types of memory or storage, watchdog timers and the like. 
     Panel subsystem  106  can include, but is not limited to, one or more analog channels  108 , channel scan logic  110  and driver logic  114 . Channel scan logic  110  can access RAM  112 , autonomously read data from the analog channels and provide control for the analog channels. This control can include multiplexing columns of multi-touch panel  124  to analog channels  108 . In addition, channel scan logic  110  can control the driver logic and stimulation signals being selectively applied to rows of multi-touch panel  124 . In some embodiments, panel subsystem  106 , panel processor  102  and peripherals  104  can be integrated into a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). 
     Driver logic  114  can provide multiple panel subsystem outputs  116  and can present a proprietary interface that drives high voltage driver, which is comprised of decoder  120  and subsequent level shifter and driver stage  118 , although level-shifting functions could be performed before decoder functions. Level shifter and driver  118  can provide level shifting from a low voltage level (e.g. CMOS levels) to a higher voltage level, providing a better signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio for noise reduction purposes. Decoder  120  can decode the drive interface signals to one out of N outputs, whereas N is the maximum number of rows in the panel. Decoder  120  can be used to reduce the number of drive lines needed between the high voltage driver and panel  124 . Each panel row input  122  can drive one or more rows in panel  124 . In some embodiments, driver  118  and decoder  120  can be integrated into a single ASIC. However, in other embodiments driver  118  and decoder  120  can be integrated into driver logic  114 , and in still other embodiments driver  118  and decoder  120  can be eliminated entirely. 
     Computing system  100  can also include host processor  128  for receiving outputs from panel processor  102  and performing actions based on the outputs that can include, but are not limited to, moving an object such as a cursor or pointer, scrolling or panning, adjusting control settings, opening a file or document, viewing a menu, making a selection, executing instructions, operating a peripheral device connected to the host device, answering a telephone call, placing a telephone call, terminating a telephone call, changing the volume or audio settings, storing information related to telephone communications such as addresses, frequently dialed numbers, received calls, missed calls, logging onto a computer or a computer network, permitting authorized individuals access to restricted areas of the computer or computer network, loading a user profile associated with a user&#39;s preferred arrangement of the computer desktop, permitting access to web content, launching a particular program, encrypting or decoding a message, and/or the like. Host processor  128  can also perform additional functions that may not be related to panel processing, and can be coupled to program storage  132  and display device  130  such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) for providing a UI to a user of the device. 
     As mentioned above, multi-touch panel  124  can in some embodiments include a capacitive sensing medium having a plurality of row traces or driving lines and a plurality of column traces or sensing lines (although other sensing media may also be used) separated by a dielectric. In some embodiments, the dielectric material can be transparent, such as glass, or can be formed from other materials such as Mylar, Polyimide, and other PCB materials. The row and column traces can be formed from a transparent conductive medium such as ITO or ATO, although other transparent or non-transparent materials such as copper or conductive ink can also be used. In some embodiments, the row and column traces can be perpendicular to each other, although in other embodiments other non-orthogonal and non-Cartesian orientations are possible. For example, in a polar coordinate system, the sensing lines can be concentric circles and the driving lines can be radially extending lines (or vice versa). It should be understood, therefore, that the terms “row” and “column,” “first dimension” and “second dimension,” or “first axis” and “second axis” as may be used herein are intended to encompass not only orthogonal grids, but the intersecting traces of other geometric configurations having first and second dimensions (e.g. the concentric and radial lines of a polar-coordinate arrangement). 
     At the “intersections” of the traces, where the traces pass above and below each other (but do not make direct electrical contact with each other), the traces essentially form two electrodes (although more than two traces could intersect as well). Each intersection of row and column traces can represent a capacitive sensing node and can be viewed as picture element (pixel)  126 , which can be particularly useful when multi-touch panel  124  is viewed as capturing an “image” of touch. (In other words, after multi-touch subsystem  106  has determined whether a touch event has been detected at each touch sensor in the multi-touch panel, the pattern of touch sensors in the multi-touch panel at which a touch event occurred can be viewed as an “image” of touch (e.g. a pattern of fingers touching the panel).) The capacitance between row and column electrodes appears as a stray capacitance on all columns when the given row is held at DC and as a mutual capacitance Csig when the given row is stimulated with an AC signal. The presence of a finger or other object near or on the multi-touch panel can be detected by measuring changes to Csig. The columns of multi-touch panel  124  can drive one or more analog channels  108  (also referred to herein as event detection and demodulation circuits) in multi-touch subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, each column is coupled to one dedicated analog channel  108 . However, in other embodiments, the columns may be couplable via an analog switch to a fewer number of analog channels  108 . 
       FIG. 2   a  illustrates exemplary capacitive multi-touch panel  200 .  FIG. 2   a  indicates the presence of a stray capacitance Cstray at each pixel  202  located at the intersection of a row  204  and a column  206  trace (although Cstray for only one column is illustrated in  FIG. 2  for purposes of simplifying the figure). Note that although  FIG. 2   a  illustrates rows  204  and columns  206  as being substantially perpendicular, they need not be so aligned, as described above. In the example of  FIG. 2   a , AC stimulus Vstim  214  is being applied to one row, with all other rows connected to DC. The stimulus causes a charge to be injected into the column electrodes through mutual capacitance at the intersecting points. This charge is Qsig=Csig×Vstm. Each of columns  206  may be selectively connectable to one or more analog channels (see analog channels  108  in  FIG. 1 ). 
       FIG. 2   b  is a side view of exemplary pixel  202  in a steady-state (no-touch) condition. In  FIG. 2   b , an electric field of electric field lines  208  of the mutual capacitance between column  206  and row  204  traces or electrodes separated by dielectric  210  is shown. 
       FIG. 2   c  is a side view of exemplary pixel  202  in a dynamic (touch) condition. In  FIG. 2   c , finger  212  has been placed near pixel  202 . Finger  212  is a low-impedance object at signal frequencies, and has an AC capacitance Cfinger from the column trace  204  to the body. The body has a self-capacitance to ground Cbody of about 200 pF, where Cbody is much larger than Cfinger. If finger  212  blocks some electric field lines  208  between the row and column electrodes (those fringing fields that exit the dielectric and pass through the air above the row electrode), those electric field lines are shunted to ground through the capacitance path inherent in the finger and the body, and as a result, the steady state signal capacitance Csig is reduced by ΔCsig. In other words, the combined body and finger capacitance act to reduce Csig by an amount ΔCsig (which can also be referred to herein as Csig_sense), and can act as a shunt or dynamic return path to ground, blocking some of the electric fields as resulting in a reduced net signal capacitance. The signal capacitance at the pixel becomes Csig-ΔCsig, where Csig represents the static (no touch) component and ΔCsig represents the dynamic (touch) component. Note that Csig-ΔCsig may always be nonzero due to the inability of a finger, palm or other object to block all electric fields, especially those electric fields that remain entirely within the dielectric material. In addition, it should be understood that as a finger is pushed harder or more completely onto the multi-touch panel, the finger can tend to flatten, blocking more and more of the electric fields, and thus ΔCsig can be variable and representative of how completely the finger is pushing down on the panel (i.e. a range from “no-touch” to “full-touch”). 
     Referring again to  FIG. 2   a , as mentioned above, Vstim signal  214  can be applied to a row in multi-touch panel  200  so that a change in signal capacitance can be detected when a finger, palm or other object is present. Vstim signal  214  can be generated as one or more pulse trains  216  at a particular frequency, with each pulse train including a number of pulses. Although pulse trains  216  are shown as square waves, other waveshapes such as sine waves can also be employed. A plurality of pulse trains  216  at different frequencies can be transmitted for noise reduction purposes to detect and avoid noisy frequencies. Vstim signal  214  essentially injects a charge into the row, and can be applied to one row of multi-touch panel  200  at a time while all other rows are held at a DC level. However, in other embodiments, the multi-touch panel can be divided into two or more sections, with Vstim signal  214  being simultaneously applied to one row in each section and all other rows in that region section held at a DC voltage. 
     Each analog channel coupled to a column measures the mutual capacitance formed between that column and the row. This mutual capacitance is comprised of the signal capacitance Csig and any change Csig_sense in that signal capacitance due to the presence of a finger, palm or other body part or object. These column values provided by the analog channels may be provided in parallel while a single row is being stimulated, or may be provided in series. If all of the values representing the signal capacitances for the columns have been obtained, another row in multi-touch panel  200  can be stimulated with all others held at a DC voltage, and the column signal capacitance measurements can be repeated. Eventually, if Vstim has been applied to all rows, and the signal capacitance values for all columns in all rows have been captured (i.e. the entire multi-touch panel  200  has been “scanned”), a “snapshot” of all pixel values can be obtained for the entire multi-touch panel  200 . This snapshot data can be initially saved in the multi-touch subsystem, and later transferred out for interpretation by other devices in the computing system such as the host processor. As multiple snapshots are obtained, saved and interpreted by the computing system, it is possible for multiple touches to be detected, tracked, and used to perform other functions. 
     As described above, because the rows may be either stimulated with an AC signal or held at a DC voltage level, and because the columns need to be connected to analog channels so that modulated output signals can be detected, demodulated and converted to output values, electrical connections must be formed with the rows and columns on either side of the dielectric of the touch sensor panel. 
       FIG. 3  is an exploded perspective view of an exemplary capacitive touch sensor panel  300  formed from a top layer of glass  302  upon which transparent column traces of ITO  304  have been etched, and a bottom layer of glass  306  upon which row traces of ITO  308  have been etched. The top and bottom glass layers  302  and  306  are separated by a clear polymer spacer  310  that acts as a dielectric between the row and column traces. Because the rows and columns are perpendicular to each other, the most straightforward way to connect to these rows and columns is to bond flex circuit  312  at one edge of the touch sensor panel, and bond another flex circuit  314  on an adjacent edge of the touch sensor panel. However, because the connection areas for these flex circuits  312  and  314  are not on the same edge of touch sensor panel  300  and are not on directly opposing sides of dielectric  310 , the touch sensor panel must be made larger to accommodate these two non-overlapping connection areas. 
     Capacitive touch sensor panels typically form the row and column traces on two pieces of glass as shown in  FIG. 3  because it has not been practical to form column and row traces on either side of a single substrate. Conventional methods for forming ITO traces on one side of a substrate require that the substrate be placed on rollers during the fabrication process. However, if the substrate is then flipped over to form ITO traces on the second side, the rollers will damage any traces previously formed on the first side of the substrate. Furthermore, when etching is used to etch away part of the ITO to form traces on one side of the substrate, the entire substrate is conventionally placed in an etching bath, which will etch away any traces previously formed on the other side of the substrate. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary capacitive touch sensor panel  400  fabricated using a double-sided ITO (DITO) substrate  402  having column and row ITO traces  404  and  406 , respectively, formed on either side of the substrate, and bonded between cover  408  and LCD  410  using transparent adhesive  412  according to embodiments of this invention. Substrate  402  can be formed from glass, plastic, hybrid glass/plastic materials, and the like. Cover  408  can be formed from glass, acrylic, sapphire, and the like. To connect to column and row traces  404  and  406 , respectively, two flex circuit portions  414  can be bonded to directly opposing sides at the same edge of DITO  402 , although other bonding locations may also be employed. 
       FIG. 5  is an exploded perspective view of an exemplary DITO substrate  500  (with its thickness greatly exaggerated for purposes of illustration only) with columns  502  and rows  508  formed on either side according to embodiments of this invention. Some of column ITO traces  502  on the top side are routed to a necked-down connector area  504 , where they are brought off the panel by a flex circuit portion  506  that can be conductively bonded to the top of DITO substrate  500 . In some embodiments, row ITO traces  508  on the bottom side can be connected to thin metal traces  510  that run alongside the edges of the bottom side. Metal traces  510  can be routed to connector area  512 , which can be directly opposing connector area  504 , or at least on the same edge of DITO substrate  500  as connector area  504 . Providing connector areas  504  and  512  at the same edge of DITO substrate  500  can allow the substrate and therefore the product to be smaller. Another flex circuit portion  514  can be used to bring row ITO traces  508  off the panel. 
     Column and row ITO traces  502  and  508  can be formed on both sides of DITO substrate  500  using several fabrication methods. In one embodiment, a substrate can be placed on the rollers of the fabrication machinery and a layer of ITO can be sputtered onto a first side of DITO substrate  500  and etched (e.g. using photolithography techniques) to form column traces  502 . A protective coating of photoresist (e.g. two layers of photoresist) can then be applied over the column traces  502 , and DITO substrate  500  can be flipped over so that the rollers make contact only with the applied photoresist on the first side and not the formed column traces. Another layer of ITO can then be sputtered onto the now-exposed back side of DITO substrate  500  and etched to form row traces  508 . 
     If no metal traces  510  are required, the photoresist on the first side can be stripped off to complete the process. However, if metal traces  510  are required at the edges to connect to row traces  508  and bring them to a particular edge of the substrate, a protective coating of photoresist (e.g. two layers of photoresist) can be applied over row traces  508 , leaving the edges exposed. A metal layer can then be sputtered over the photoresist and exposed edges, and the metal layer can then be etched to form metal traces  510  at the edges. Finally, all remaining layers of photoresist can be stripped off. 
     Minor variations to the process described above can also be made. For example, the second side of the DITO substrate patterning may be formed by first patterning a photoresist using very simple geometry to cover only the interior region of the second side of the DITO substrate while leaving the edge regions exposed. For this variation, metal is sputtered first and then the photoresist with simple geometry is then stripped off to leave metal in the edge regions only. Then the ITO is sputtered over the entire second side of the DITO substrate. A second photoresist is applied and patterned to form the mask for the electrode patterns. A series of etching steps is then used to form the electrode pattern in the topmost ITO layer and metal layer underneath. The first etching steps etches the ITO only, and the second etch steps etches the metal layer only which produces the desired electrode geometry. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary flex circuit  600  according to embodiments of this invention, including flex circuit portions  606  and  614  for connecting to the row and column traces, respectively, on either side of a DITO substrate, and flex circuit portion  608  for connecting to a host processor. Flex circuit  600  includes a circuit area  602  upon which the multi-touch subsystem, multi-touch panel processor, the high voltage driver and decoder circuitry (see  FIG. 1 ), an EEPROM and some essential small components such as bypass capacitors can be mounted and connected to save space. Circuit area  602  may be shielded by an EMI can (not shown) which encloses circuit area  602  using top and bottom shield portions. The bottom can may be adhered to a structure of the device to secure the circuit area. From this circuit area  602 , flex circuit  600  may connect to the top of the DITO substrate via flex circuit portion  606 , to the bottom of the DITO substrate via flex circuit portion  614 , and to a host processor via flex circuit portion  608 . 
       FIGS. 7(   a ),  7 ( b ) and  7 ( c ) illustrate an exemplary three conducting layer touch sensor array configuration according to some embodiments of this invention. The three conducting layers shown in  FIGS. 7(   a ),  7 ( b ) and  7 ( c ) can each be separated by, for example, a dielectric substrate. The first conducting layer shown in  FIG. 7(   a ) may include rows of traces. The rows of traces may include a series of perpendicular cross elements that are perpendicular to the direction of the row. The second conducting layer as shown in  FIG. 7(   b ) may include columns of traces that are in a comb configuration. The comb traces include finger elements that run parallel to the direction of the column. The finger elements are arranged between the perpendicular cross elements of the row traces. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7(   b ), the comb traces may be arranged so that the fingers on one comb trace extend toward the fingers of another neighboring comb trace. The interlocking fingers in the first conducting layer and the second conducting layer can increase the amount of capacitance and the electric fields as compared to typical trace configurations. Note that it will be appreciated that what is labeled as a row trace and what is labeled as a column trace may be switched simply by rotating the substrate. 
     The third layer shown in  FIG. 7(   c ) is a dedicated ground plane. The ground plane may be used to shield the touch sensor layers from other aggressors, for example, routing lines and other connections and components. For example, without the ground layer mutual capacitance between a routing line and one of the rows or columns may occur and generate additional undesirable mutual capacitance. The ground layer may also prevent or minimize interference from objects on the side of the touch sensor array opposite the side configured to be sensed. This may particularly be a problem if there is relative movement between these objects and the touch sensor array. 
     Additional layers, for example, routing layers and component layers may be located under the ground plane. 
     The conducting layers may, for example, be etched, deposited, printed or placed on a variety of substrates. These substrates may include, for example, fiberglass, glass, or plastic (including Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide, and FR4) substrates. In one embodiment, the conducting traces may be deposited on a PET layer utilizing conducting ink. The thickness of these substrates may range, for example, from 0.025 mm-5 mm. 
     In some touch sensor arrangements it may be desirable to decrease the thickness of the touch sensor array in the z direction. This may be accomplished by consolidating layers of the touch sensor. The column and row traces may be located on the same layer except where they intersect. At these intersection points a via may be used that route either the column or row trace to the layer below. A via can then be used to via back up after the intersection. If the layer below includes the ground plane, a hole in the ground plane can be made at the location of the intersection to prevent the trace coming down from contacting the ground plane. 
       FIGS. 8(   a ) and  8 ( b ) illustrate an exemplary two layer touch sensor configuration including a layer shown in  FIG. 8(   a ) with both column and row touch sensor traces and a ground plane layer shown in  FIG. 8(   b ). Vias are located in the center of the comb patterns to route one of the trace patterns under the other trace pattern. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary cross section view of the two layer touch sensor configuration shown in  FIGS. 8(   a ) and  8 ( b ) according to some embodiments of this invention.  FIG. 9  shows that at the intersection point for the two touch sensor trace patterns, one of the traces is routed to another layer using a via. In some embodiments, the trace may be routed to a ground plane. The ground plane may have a hole at the intersection point where the trace is routed. This configuration allows for a full capacitive touch sensor to be made using two layers instead of three. In addition, the distance from the trace wire to the ground layer may be prioritized, allowing for a greater separation between layers using the same z thickness. 
     By forming the sense and drive touch sensor traces on the same layer, the sense and drive patterns may be aligned to one another more precisely. For example, these traces can be formed at the same time allowing for precise reference between them. 
     A thinner touch sensor configuration also allows the touch sensor to be made more pliable. This allows the touch sensor to conform to other mechanical pieces in an electronic device. For example, the touch sensor can be made to conform to non planar/curved surfaces. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary two layer touch sensor configuration without a ground plane according to some embodiments of this invention. In  FIG. 10 , the second layer only includes traces at the intersection point. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an exemplary three layer touch sensor configuration that includes a routing layer according to some embodiments of this invention. In  FIG. 11  vias are located on an edge of the substrate and connect the touch sensor layer to a routing layer below the ground plane. In addition to having vias at the edge of the substrate, one or more vias can also be located throughout internal portions of the substrate layer and can via down through the ground plane to the routing layer. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor configuration that includes a webbed ground plane according to some embodiments of this invention. The view in  FIG. 12  shows an overhead view of three layers. The first layer includes the sense and drive traces, the second layer includes the webbed ground plane and may include traces that have via&#39;d down from the first layer at the intersection points. The third layer may be a routing layer. The routing may be configured to follow the webbed ground plane so that the ground plane can shield the touch sensor traces from the routing. 
     By webbing the ground plane, the thickness of the layers may be further reduced. The ground plane may reduce signal capacitance the closer it gets to the layers that include the touch sensor traces. Accordingly, to achieve sufficient signal capacitance using the ground plane the dielectric thickness between these layers may need to be kept sufficiently large, for example, to 200 microns plus or minus 20 microns. 
     By webbing the ground plane, with for example 20% coverage area versus a full 100% coverage area, the effect of the ground plane can be reduced. The thickness of the dielectric layer and the tolerance for this layer may then be reduced to, for example, 100 microns plus or minus 20 microns. 
     The ground plane may be webbed in such a way that each touch pixel corresponds with one web so each touch pixel sees effectively the same amount of ground. Signal routing may be located beneath the webbed ground layer so as to be shielded by the ground webbing. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates an exemplary four layer touch sensor configuration with a layer including an integrated circuit or other digital component according to some embodiments of this invention. In  FIG. 13 , the first layer includes a the touch sensor trace patterns, the second layer includes crossovers at the intersection of the touch sensor trace patterns, the third layer includes the ground plane and the fourth layer includes the routing and may include an integrated circuit or other digital component. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary terraced three layer touch sensor array configuration in which the second substrate layer is shorter than the first substrate layer according to some embodiments of this invention. This configuration allows for a dedicated routing layer that is smaller than total size of the touch sensor array. The terraced configuration allows the device to be stiffer than a configuration using only a single substrate layer while utilizing less space than a typical two substrate layer configuration. In addition, the terraced configuration provides a lip that may be used to lock the touch sensor array into a position on a device. 
     Touch sensor arrays are typically made in a flat layered configuration. Applying a typical flat array configuration to a curved surface may cause problems.  FIG. 15  illustrates an exemplary curved surface for a touch sensor array according to embodiments of this invention. A typical flex circuit touch sensor array applied to the inside of this surface would tend to wrinkle, buckle, or may snap. Further, if the array contains many layers, it may be difficult to bend to apply to the curved surface. Accordingly, a two layer one piece flat touch sensor array that may be utilized on a curved surface is shown in  FIGS. 16A and 16B . 
       FIG. 16A  is an embodiment of a first conducting layer  1600  of a touch sensor array that may be adhered to a curved surface.  FIG. 16B  is an embodiment of a second conducting layer  1602  of the touch sensor array that may be adhered to a curved surface. 
     The touch sensor array shown in  FIGS. 16A and 16B  includes channels  1604  around the periphery of the array. These channels allow the flat array to lie flat when applied to a curved surface, such as the inside of the curved surface shown in  FIG. 15 . When applied to such a surface, channels  1604  around the sides of the array come together a little and channels  1604  around the bottom middle of the array spread out a little. This allows the array to lay more flat than a typical array and may prevent air bubbles and non-continuities from forming between the curved substrate and the array. 
     The touch sensor pattern shown in  FIG. 16A  includes touch sensor row elements  1606 ,  1608 , and  1610 . The touch sensor pattern also includes touch sensor columns elements  1612 ,  1614 , and  1616 . Instead of a typical touch sensor array in which all the touch sensor row elements are the same and all the touch sensor column elements are the same, the patterns of touch sensor row elements  1606 ,  1608 , and  1610  are adjusted across the array to avoid the channels  1604 , to allow column traces  1620  to run through the array on first conducting layer  1600 , and to shield the array from row traces  1618  that appear on second conducting layer  1602 . 
     The column traces  1620  are routed on the first conducting layer  1600  around the touch sensor rows elements  1606 ,  1608 , and  1610 . The row traces  1618  are routed on second conducting layer  1602 . A ground plane  1626  surrounds row traces  1618  on second conducting layer  1602 . 
     The configuration of the touch sensor row elements  1608  allows for the routing  1618  of the rows to be inside the active region of the touch sensor array. This is because the L shaped of the touch sensor row elements  1608  are over and cover up the row traces  1618 , and the touch sensor column elements  1612 ,  1614 ,  1616 , do not cross over the row traces  1618 . When touch sensor elements cross over the traces, capacitive coupling between the elements and the traces can occur. This coupling may decrease the performance of the array if it is between row elements and column elements or between column elements and row elements. However, it is acceptable to have capacitance coupling between the row elements and the row traces and column elements and column traces. 
     Second touch sensor layer  1602  includes a tale tail portion  1622  that includes both the row traces  1618  and column traces  1620 . The column traces  1620  have been via&#39;d down from the first conducting layer  1600  at pads  1624 . This tail portion  1622  can be connected to systems for controlling and monitoring the touch sensor array. 
       FIG. 17  shows a more detailed view of first conducting layer  1600  superimposed over second conducting layer  1602 . As shown in  FIG. 17 , row traces  1618  are located under row elements  1618  and row traces  1618  do not cross under column elements  1612 ,  1614 , and  1616 . In  FIG. 17 , C marks the center line of symmetry of the touch sensor element pattern, and R marks the routing channel line of symmetry. The shape of the row elements  1606  and column elements  1612  in rows  1  and  2  are different to allow for routing around channels  1604 . 
       FIG. 18  is another embodiment of a touch sensor array pattern. In  FIG. 18 , row traces  1702  are located under row elements  1706  and row traces  1702  do not cross under column elements  1708 ,  1710 ,  1712 . In  FIG. 17 , C marks the center line of symmetry of the touch sensor element pattern, and R marks the routing channel line of symmetry. The shape of the row elements  1704 , in column  1  have been adjusted to allow routing around channels  1604 . The shape of the cross shaped portion of the row elements  1704  and  1706  may be adjusted to fine tune capacitance. 
       FIGS. 19A ,  19 B,  19 C, and  20 , show alternative touch sensor array configurations that may be configured for use on curved surfaces. 
       FIG. 19A  illustrates an exemplary “butterfly” pattern for a touch sensor array according to some embodiments of this invention. The butterfly pattern may include a substrate including one or more channels that separate portions of the substrate. The channels do not run the full length of the substrate and the substrate portions are connected to one another at an interior location of the substrate portions. The channels allow a flat touch sensor array to be formed around a curved surface curved surface without wrinkling. 
       FIG. 19B  illustrates an exemplary two strip touch sensor array pattern according to some embodiments of this invention. The two strips may be electrically connected but may be formed on different substrate strips.  FIG. 19C  illustrates an exemplary three strip touch sensor array pattern according to some embodiments of this invention. The three strips may be electrically connected but may be formed on different substrate strips. These patterns can also be formed from a flat array and can be applied to a curved surface. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates an exemplary flat touch sensor pattern formed on a substrate in a “snail” pattern that can be applied to a curved surface according to some embodiments of this invention. 
     In another embodiment, the touch sensor array can be formed on a thermal plastic substrate material that can be reformed with heat. In this configuration the touch sensor array may be draped across a mold and then heated to form a curved touch sensor array shape. Alternatively, the substrate may be vacuum formed inside a cavity. The traces in the array, which may for example be made out of copper, may be made flexible enough to withstand this type of reshaping. 
     The curved or 3-d shaped touch sensor patterns may be placed under or over a curved substrate, for example, a glass or plastic cover. These touch sensors patterns can be used in a variety of multi-touch devices, for example a multi-touch mouse, a personal computer touch pad, a media player, or mobile telephone. 
     Although the present invention has been fully described in connection with embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20080930
Publication Date: 20140114
Grant Date: 20140114
Priority Date: 20080430
Inventors: DEGNER BRETT WILLIAM
STATON KENNETH LAWRENCE
HOTELLING STEVE PORTER
CHOI SHIN JOHN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/047", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04107", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04111", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0443", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/03543", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04107", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/1692", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04111", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 40791178