PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11121469-B2
Application Number: US-201916584067-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Millimeter wave antennas having continuously stacked radiating elements

Abstract:
An electronic device may be provided with a phased antenna array. The array may convey signals greater than 10 GHz and may be formed on a substrate having transmission line layers and antenna layers. An antenna in the array may have a radiating element that includes first, second, and third overlapping patch elements on the antenna layers. The antenna may be fed using a differential transmission line coupled to a differential feed on the first patch element. The differential transmission line may include first and second signal traces. A first via may couple the first signal trace to the first, second, and third patch elements. A second via may couple the second signal trace to the first, second, and third patch elements. The patch elements may introduce capacitances to the radiating element that help to compensate for inductances associated with the distance between the radiating element and the signal traces.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device comprising:
 a dielectric substrate; 
 ground traces on the dielectric substrate; 
 a radio-frequency transmission line path having a signal trace on the dielectric substrate, the ground traces forming part of a ground conductor for the radio-frequency transmission line path; 
 an antenna radiating element on the substrate and overlapping the ground traces, wherein the antenna radiating element is operable to convey radio-frequency signals at a frequency greater than 10 GHz and comprises a first patch element, a second patch element overlapping the first patch element, and a third patch element overlapping the first and second patch elements; and 
 a conductive via that extends through the dielectric substrate and connects the signal trace of the radio-frequency transmission line path to the first, second, and third patch elements, wherein the first, second, and third overlapping patch elements exhibit a capacitance at the antenna radiating element for impedance matching with the radio-frequency transmission line path. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the radio-frequency transmission line path comprises a differential radio-frequency transmission line path. 
     
     
       3. The electronic device defined in  claim 2 , wherein the radio-frequency transmission line path further comprises an additional signal trace on the dielectric substrate, the electronic device further comprising:
 an additional conductive via that extends through the dielectric substrate and couples the additional signal trace of the radio-frequency transmission line path to the first, second, and third patch elements. 
 
     
     
       4. The electronic device defined in  claim 3 , wherein the conductive via contacts the first, second, and third patch elements at first locations on the first, second, and third patch elements, and the additional conductive via contacts the first, second, and third patch elements at second locations on the first, second, and third patch elements, the second locations being laterally offset from the first locations. 
     
     
       5. The electronic device defined in  claim 4 , wherein the differential radio-frequency transmission line path comprises a first stripline that includes the signal trace and a second stripline that includes the additional signal trace. 
     
     
       6. The electronic device defined in  claim 5 , further comprising:
 radio-frequency transceiver circuitry having a differential port coupled to the first and second striplines. 
 
     
     
       7. The electronic device defined in  claim 6 , wherein the radio-frequency transceiver circuitry is mounted to the dielectric substrate. 
     
     
       8. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the second patch element completely overlaps the first patch element and the third patch element completely overlaps the first and second patch elements. 
     
     
       9. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , wherein the antenna radiating element comprises parasitic elements formed from conductive traces coplanar with one of the first, second, and third patch elements. 
     
     
       10. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , further comprising fences of conductive vias coupled to the ground traces and extending through the dielectric substrate, wherein the fences of conductive vias laterally surround the antenna radiating element on the dielectric substrate. 
     
     
       11. The electronic device defined in  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a dielectric cover layer, wherein the dielectric substrate is mounted to the dielectric cover layer and the antenna radiating element is configured to convey the radio-frequency signals through the dielectric cover layer. 
 
     
     
       12. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the conductive via comprises a first portion that couples the signal trace to the first patch element, a second portion that couples the first patch element to the second patch element, and a third portion that couples the second patch element to the third patch element, and the radio-frequency transmission line path further comprises an additional signal trace on the dielectric substrate, the electronic device further comprising:
 an additional conductive via that extends through the dielectric substrate and couples the additional signal trace of the radio-frequency transmission line path to the first, second, and third patch elements, the additional conductive via being laterally offset from the conductive via. 
 
     
     
       13. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the conductive via includes a first portion that connects the first patch element to the second patch element, and a second portion that connects the second patch element to the third patch element. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the radio-frequency transmission line path has an additional signal trace on the dielectric substrate, the electronic device further comprising:
 an additional conductive via that extends through the dielectric substrate and connects the additional signal trace of the radio-frequency transmission line path to the first, second, and third patch elements. 
 
     
     
       15. An electronic device comprising:
 a dielectric substrate; 
 ground traces on the dielectric substrate; 
 a radio-frequency transmission line path having first and second signal traces on the dielectric substrate, the ground traces forming part of a ground conductor for the radio-frequency transmission line path; 
 an antenna radiating element on the substrate and overlapping the ground traces, wherein the antenna radiating element is operable to convey radio-frequency signals at a frequency greater than 10 GHz and comprises a first patch element, a second patch element overlapping the first patch element, and a third patch element overlapping the first and second patch elements; 
 a first conductive via that extends through the dielectric substrate, connects the first signal trace to the first, second, and third patch elements, and comprises a first portion that couples the signal trace to the first patch element, a second portion that couples the first patch element to the second patch element, and a third portion that couples the second patch element to the third patch element; and 
 a second conductive via that extends through the dielectric substrate and couples the second signal trace to the first, second, and third patch elements, the second conductive via being laterally offset from the first conductive via. 
 
     
     
       16. The electronic device of  claim 15 , wherein the second conductive via comprises a fourth portion that couples the second signal trace to the first patch element, a fifth portion that couples the first patch element to the second patch element, and a sixth portion that couples the second patch element to the third patch element. 
     
     
       17. An electronic device comprising:
 a dielectric substrate; 
 ground traces on the dielectric substrate; 
 a first radio-frequency transmission line path having a first signal trace on the dielectric substrate, the ground traces forming part of a ground conductor for the first radio-frequency transmission line path; 
 a second radio-frequency transmission line path having a second signal trace on the dielectric substrate; 
 first and second antenna radiating elements on the substrate and overlapping the ground traces, the first antenna radiating element comprising a first patch element, a second patch element overlapping the first patch element, and a third patch element overlapping the first and second patch elements, and the second antenna radiating element comprising a fourth patch element, a fifth patch element overlapping the fourth patch element, and a sixth patch element overlapping the fourth and fifth patch elements, wherein the first and second antenna radiating elements are operable to convey radio-frequency signals at a frequency greater than 10 GHz; 
 a first conductive via that extends through the dielectric substrate and connects the first signal trace to the first, second, and third patch elements; and 
 a second conductive via that extends through the dielectric substrate and couples the second signal trace to the fourth, fifth, and sixth patch elements. 
 
     
     
       18. The electronic device of  claim 17 , further comprising:
 a phased antenna array that includes the first and second antenna radiating elements; and 
 control circuitry configured to control the phased antenna array to convey radio-frequency signals within a signal beam oriented at a selected beam pointing angle. 
 
     
     
       19. The electronic device of  claim 18 , further comprising:
 a fence of conductive vias extending through the dielectric substrate, the fence of conductive vias being laterally interposed between the first antenna radiating element and the second antenna radiating element. 
 
     
     
       20. An electronic device comprising:
 a dielectric substrate; 
 ground traces on the dielectric substrate; 
 a radio-frequency transmission line path having a signal trace on the dielectric substrate, the ground traces forming part of a ground conductor for the radio-frequency transmission line path; 
 an antenna radiating element on the substrate and overlapping the ground traces, wherein the antenna radiating element is operable to convey radio-frequency signals at a frequency greater than 10 GHz and comprises a first patch element, a second patch element overlapping the first patch element, a third patch element overlapping the first and second patch elements, and parasitic elements formed from conductive traces coplanar with two of the first, second, and third patch elements; and 
 a conductive via that extends through the dielectric substrate and connects the signal trace of the radio-frequency transmission line path to the first, second, and third patch elements.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with wireless communications circuitry. 
     Electronic devices often include wireless communications circuitry. For example, cellular telephones, computers, and other devices often contain antennas and wireless transceivers for supporting wireless communications. 
     It may be desirable to support wireless communications in millimeter wave and centimeter wave communications bands. Millimeter wave communications, which are sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) communications, and centimeter wave communications involve communications at frequencies of about 10-300 GHz. In order to support millimeter and centimeter wave communications, an array of antennas is formed on a substrate. Transmission lines for the array are embedded within the substrate. 
     Operation at these frequencies may support high bandwidths but may raise significant challenges. For example, it can be difficult to ensure that transmission lines on the substrate are sufficiently isolated from each other, particularly as the number of antennas in the array increases. At the same time, manufacturers are continually striving to implement wireless communications circuitry such as antenna arrays using compact structures to satisfy consumer demand for small form factor wireless devices. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide electronic devices with improved wireless communications circuitry such as communications circuitry that supports millimeter and centimeter wave communications. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device may be provided with wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry and a phased antenna array. The phased antenna array may convey radio-frequency signals in a signal beam at a frequency greater than 10 GHz. 
     The phased antenna array may be formed on a dielectric substrate having vertically-stacked dielectric layers. The dielectric layers may include transmission line layers and antenna layers stacked on the transmission line layers. Ground traces may separate the transmission line layers from the antenna layers. The phased antenna array may include antennas having antenna radiating elements formed on the antenna layers. Fences of conductive vias may be used to isolate the antennas in the phased antenna array from each other. The phased antenna array may be mounted against a dielectric cover layer (e.g., a housing wall for the device) and may radiate through the dielectric cover layer. 
     An antenna in the phased antenna array may have an antenna radiating element that includes first, second, and third patch elements formed from overlapping conductive traces on the antenna layers. The first patch element may be interposed between the ground traces and the second patch element. The second patch element may be interposed between the first and third patch elements. The antenna may include parasitic elements that are formed from conductive traces coplanar with one or more of the first, second, and third patch elements. The antenna may be fed using a differential radio-frequency transmission line path coupled to a differential antenna feed on the first patch element. The differential radio-frequency transmission line path may include first and second strip lines having first and second signal traces, as an example. 
     A first conductive via may be used to couple the first signal trace to the first, second, and third patch elements. For example, the first conductive via may include a first portion that couples the first signal trace to the first patch element, a second portion that is laterally-aligned with the first portion and that couples the first patch element to the second patch element, and a third portion that is laterally-aligned with the first and second portions and that couples the second patch element to the third patch element. A second conductive via may similarly be used to couple the second signal trace to the first, second, and third patch elements. In another suitable arrangement, a single-ended antenna feed may be used. 
     The first, second, and third patch elements may introduce capacitances to the antenna radiating element that help to compensate for excessive inductances associated with the distance between the antenna radiating element and the signal traces of the radio-frequency transmission line path. This may ensure that the antenna is impedance matched to the radio-frequency transmission line path. If desired, the phased antenna array may include an additional antenna with an additional antenna radiating element that is fed using an additional radio-frequency transmission line path. The additional radio-frequency transmission line path may be located closer to the additional antenna radiating element in the transmission line layers than the radio-frequency transmission line path used to feed the antenna. The additional antenna radiating element may include only a single patch element formed from a single layer of conductive traces. By distributing the radio-frequency transmission line paths across multiple transmission line layers, the phased antenna array may include a large number of antennas, may cover a large number of frequencies, and/or may cover a large number of polarizations while also exhibiting sufficient electromagnetic isolation between the radio-frequency transmission line paths. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a front perspective view of an illustrative electronic device with wireless circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a rear perspective view of an illustrative electronic device with wireless circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device with wireless circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram of an illustrative phased antenna array that forms a radio-frequency signal beam at different beam pointing angles in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram of an illustrative transceiver circuit and antenna in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of an illustrative differentially-fed patch antenna in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative antenna module mounted to a dielectric cover layer in an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative antenna having a radiating element formed from stacked layers of conductive traces that are coupled together using conductive vias in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  is a top-down view of an illustrative antenna of the type shown in  FIG. 8  having parasitic elements for adjusting the frequency response of the antenna in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative phased antenna array having antennas with different numbers of stacked patch elements in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An electronic device such as electronic device  10  of  FIG. 1  may contain wireless circuitry. The wireless circuitry may include one or more antennas. The antennas may include phased antenna arrays that are used for performing wireless communications and/or spatial ranging operations using millimeter and centimeter wave signals. Millimeter wave signals, which are sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) signals, propagate at frequencies above about 30 GHz (e.g., at 60 GHz or other frequencies between about 30 GHz and 300 GHz). Centimeter wave signals propagate at frequencies between about 10 GHz and 30 GHz. If desired, device  10  may also contain antennas for handling satellite navigation system signals, cellular telephone signals, local wireless area network signals, near-field communications, light-based wireless communications, or other wireless communications. 
     Electronic device  10  may be a computing device such as a laptop computer, a computer monitor containing an embedded computer, a tablet computer, a cellular telephone, a media player, or other handheld or portable electronic device, a smaller device such as a wristwatch device, a pendant device, a headphone or earpiece device, a virtual or augmented reality headset device, a device embedded in eyeglasses or other equipment worn on a user&#39;s head, or other wearable or miniature device, a television, a computer display that does not contain an embedded computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, an embedded system such as a system in which electronic equipment with a display is mounted in a kiosk or automobile, a wireless access point or base station, a desktop computer, a portable speaker, a keyboard, a gaming controller, a gaming system, a computer mouse, a mousepad, a trackpad or touchpad, equipment that implements the functionality of two or more of these devices, or other electronic equipment. In the illustrative configuration of  FIG. 1 , device  10  is a portable device such as a cellular telephone, media player, tablet computer, portable speaker, or other portable computing device. Other configurations may be used for device  10  if desired. The example of  FIG. 1  is merely illustrative. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , device  10  may include a display such as display  8 . Display  8  may be mounted in a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as an enclosure or case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of any two or more of these materials. Housing  12  may be formed using a unibody configuration in which some or all of housing  12  is machined or molded as a single structure or may be formed using multiple structures (e.g., an internal frame structure, one or more structures that form exterior housing surfaces, etc.). 
     Display  8  may be a touch screen display that incorporates a layer of conductive capacitive touch sensor electrodes or other touch sensor components (e.g., resistive touch sensor components, acoustic touch sensor components, force-based touch sensor components, light-based touch sensor components, etc.) or may be a display that is not touch-sensitive. Capacitive touch sensor electrodes may be formed from an array of indium tin oxide pads or other transparent conductive structures. 
     Display  8  may include an array of display pixels formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic display pixels, an array of plasma display pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode display pixels, an array of electrowetting display pixels, or display pixels based on other display technologies. 
     Display  8  may be protected using a display cover layer such as a layer of transparent glass, clear plastic, sapphire, or other transparent dielectrics. Openings may be formed in the display cover layer. For example, openings may be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate one or more buttons, sensor circuitry such as a fingerprint sensor or light sensor, ports such as a speaker port or microphone port, etc. Openings may be formed in housing  12  to form communications ports (e.g., an audio jack port, a digital data port, charging port, etc.). Openings in housing  12  may also be formed for audio components such as a speaker and/or a microphone. 
     Antennas may be mounted in housing  12 . If desired, some of the antennas (e.g., antenna arrays that implement beam steering, etc.) may be mounted under an inactive border region of display  8  (see, e.g., illustrative antenna locations  6  of  FIG. 1 ). Display  8  may contain an active area with an array of pixels (e.g., a central rectangular portion). Inactive areas of display  8  are free of pixels and may form borders for the active area. If desired, antennas may also operate through dielectric-filled openings in the rear of housing  12  or elsewhere in device  10 . 
     To avoid disrupting communications when an external object such as a human hand or other body part of a user blocks one or more antennas, antennas may be mounted at multiple locations in housing  12 . Sensor data such as proximity sensor data, real-time antenna impedance measurements, signal quality measurements such as received signal strength information, and other data may be used in determining when one or more antennas is being adversely affected due to the orientation of housing  12 , blockage by a user&#39;s hand or other external object, or other environmental factors. Device  10  can then switch one or more replacement antennas into use in place of the antennas that are being adversely affected. 
     Antennas may be mounted at the corners of housing  12  (e.g., in corner locations  6  of  FIG. 1  and/or in corner locations on the rear of housing  12 ), along the peripheral edges of housing  12 , on the rear of housing  12 , under the display cover glass or other dielectric display cover layer that is used in covering and protecting display  8  on the front of device  10 , over a dielectric window on a rear face of housing  12  or the edge of housing  12 , over a dielectric cover layer such as a dielectric rear housing wall that covers some or all of the rear face of device  10 , or elsewhere in device  10 . 
       FIG. 2  is a rear perspective view of electronic device  10  showing illustrative locations  6  on the rear and sides of housing  12  in which antennas (e.g., single antennas and/or phased antenna arrays) may be mounted in device  10 . The antennas may be mounted at the corners of device  10 , along the edges of housing  12  such as edges formed by sidewalls  12 E, on upper and lower portions of rear housing wall  12 R, in the center of rear housing wall  12 R (e.g., under a dielectric window structure or other antenna window in the center of rear housing wall  12 R), at the corners of rear housing wall  12 R (e.g., on the upper left corner, upper right corner, lower left corner, and lower right corner of the rear of housing  12  and device  10 ), etc. 
     In configurations in which housing  12  is formed entirely or nearly entirely from a dielectric (e.g., plastic, glass, sapphire, ceramic, fabric, etc.), the antennas may transmit and receive antenna signals through any suitable portion of the dielectric. In configurations in which housing  12  is formed from a conductive material such as metal, regions of the housing such as slots or other openings in the metal may be filled with plastic or other dielectrics. The antennas may be mounted in alignment with the dielectric in the openings. These openings, which may sometimes be referred to as dielectric antenna windows, dielectric gaps, dielectric-filled openings, dielectric-filled slots, elongated dielectric opening regions, etc., may allow antenna signals to be transmitted to external wireless equipment from the antennas mounted within the interior of device  10  and may allow internal antennas to receive antenna signals from external wireless equipment. In another suitable arrangement, the antennas may be mounted on the exterior of conductive portions of housing  12 . 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  are merely illustrative. In general, housing  12  may have any desired shape (e.g., a rectangular shape, a cylindrical shape, a spherical shape, combinations of these, etc.). Display  8  of  FIG. 1  may be omitted if desired. Antennas may be located within housing  12 , on housing  12 , and/or external to housing  12 . 
     A schematic diagram of illustrative components that may be used in device  10  is shown in  FIG. 3 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , device  10  may include control circuitry  14 . Control circuitry  14  may include storage such as storage circuitry  20 . Storage circuitry  20  may include hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid-state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Control circuitry  14  may include processing circuitry such as processing circuitry  22 . Processing circuitry  22  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . Processing circuitry  22  may include on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, host processors, baseband processor integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits, central processing units (CPUs), etc. Control circuitry  14  may be configured to perform operations in device  10  using hardware (e.g., dedicated hardware or circuitry), firmware, and/or software. Software code for performing operations in device  10  may be stored on storage circuitry  20  (e.g., storage circuitry  20  may include non-transitory (tangible) computer readable storage media that stores the software code). The software code may sometimes be referred to as program instructions, software, data, instructions, or code. Software code stored on storage circuitry  20  may be executed by processing circuitry  22 . 
     Control circuitry  14  may be used to run software on device  10  such as internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, control circuitry  14  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using control circuitry  14  include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as WiFi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol or other WPAN protocols, IEEE 802.11ad protocols, cellular telephone protocols, MIMO protocols, antenna diversity protocols, satellite navigation system protocols, antenna-based spatial ranging protocols (e.g., radio detection and ranging (RADAR) protocols or other desired range detection protocols for signals conveyed at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies), etc. Each communication protocol may be associated with a corresponding radio access technology (RAT) that specifies the physical connection methodology used in implementing the protocol. 
     Device  10  may include input-output circuitry  16 . Input-output circuitry  16  may include input-output devices  18 . Input-output devices  18  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  18  may include user interface devices, data port devices, sensors, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices may include touch screens, displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, speakers, status indicators, light sources, audio jacks and other audio port components, digital data port devices, light sensors, gyroscopes, accelerometers or other components that can detect motion and device orientation relative to the Earth, capacitance sensors, proximity sensors (e.g., a capacitive proximity sensor and/or an infrared proximity sensor), magnetic sensors, and other sensors and input-output components. 
     Input-output circuitry  16  may include wireless circuitry such as wireless circuitry  24  for wirelessly conveying radio-frequency signals. While control circuitry  14  is shown separately from wireless circuitry  24  in the example of  FIG. 3  for the sake of clarity, wireless circuitry  24  may include processing circuitry that forms a part of processing circuitry  22  and/or storage circuitry that forms a part of storage circuitry  20  of control circuitry  14  (e.g., portions of control circuitry  14  may be implemented on wireless circuitry  24 ). As an example, control circuitry  14  may include baseband processor circuitry or other control components that form a part of wireless circuitry  24 . 
     Wireless circuitry  24  may include millimeter and centimeter wave transceiver circuitry such as millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28 . Millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may support communications at frequencies between about 10 GHz and 300 GHz. For example, millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may support communications in Extremely High Frequency (EHF) or millimeter wave communications bands between about 30 GHz and 300 GHz and/or in centimeter wave communications bands between about 10 GHz and 30 GHz (sometimes referred to as Super High Frequency (SHF) bands). As examples, millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may support communications in an IEEE K communications band between about 18 GHz and 27 GHz, a K a  communications band between about 26.5 GHz and 40 GHz, a K u  communications band between about 12 GHz and 18 GHz, a V communications band between about 40 GHz and 75 GHz, a W communications band between about 75 GHz and 110 GHz, or any other desired frequency band between approximately 10 GHz and 300 GHz. If desired, millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may support IEEE 802.11ad communications at 60 GHz and/or 5 th  generation mobile networks or 5 th  generation wireless systems (5G) communications bands between 27 GHz and 90 GHz. Millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may be formed from one or more integrated circuits (e.g., multiple integrated circuits mounted on a common printed circuit in a system-in-package device, one or more integrated circuits mounted on different substrates, etc.). 
     Millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  (sometimes referred to herein simply as transceiver circuitry  28  or millimeter/centimeter wave circuitry  28 ) may perform spatial ranging operations using radio-frequency signals at millimeter and/or centimeter wave frequencies that are transmitted and received by millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28 . The received signals may be a version of the transmitted signals that have been reflected off of external objects and back towards device  10 . Control circuitry  14  may process the transmitted and received signals to detect or estimate a range between device  10  and one or more external objects in the surroundings of device  10  (e.g., objects external to device  10  such as the body of a user or other persons, other devices, animals, furniture, walls, or other objects or obstacles in the vicinity of device  10 ). If desired, control circuitry  14  may also process the transmitted and received signals to identify a two or three-dimensional spatial location of the external objects relative to device  10 . 
     Spatial ranging operations performed by millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  are unidirectional. If desired, millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may also perform bidirectional communications with external wireless equipment such as external wireless equipment  10 ′ (e.g., over bi-directional millimeter/centimeter wave wireless communications link  31 ). External wireless equipment  10 ′ may include other electronic devices such as electronic device  10 , a wireless base station, wireless access point, a wireless accessory, or any other desired equipment that transmits and receives millimeter/centimeter wave signals. Bidirectional communications involve both the transmission of wireless data by millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  and the reception of wireless data that has been transmitted by external wireless equipment  10 ′. The wireless data may, for example, include data that has been encoded into corresponding data packets such as wireless data associated with a telephone call, streaming media content, internet browsing, wireless data associated with software applications running on device  10 , email messages, etc. 
     If desired, wireless circuitry  24  may include transceiver circuitry for handling communications at frequencies below 10 GHz such as non-millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  26 . Non-millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  26  may include wireless local area network (WLAN) transceiver circuitry that handles 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for Wi-Fi® (IEEE 802.11) communications, wireless personal area network (WPAN) transceiver circuitry that handles the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band, cellular telephone transceiver circuitry that handles cellular telephone communications bands from 700 to 960 MHz, 1710 to 2170 MHz, 2300 to 2700 MHz, and/or or any other desired cellular telephone communications bands between 600 MHz and 4000 MHz, GPS receiver circuitry that receives GPS signals at 1575 MHz or signals for handling other satellite positioning data (e.g., GLONASS signals at 1609 MHz), television receiver circuitry, AM/FM radio receiver circuitry, paging system transceiver circuitry, near field communications (NFC) circuitry, etc. Non-millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  26  and millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may each include one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive radio-frequency components, switching circuitry, transmission line structures, and other circuitry for handling radio-frequency signals. 
     Wireless circuitry  24  may include antennas  30 . Non-millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  26  may transmit and receive radio-frequency signals below 10 GHz using one or more antennas  30 . Millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may transmit and receive radio-frequency signals above 10 GHz (e.g., at millimeter wave and/or centimeter wave frequencies) using antennas  30 . 
     In satellite navigation system links, cellular telephone links, and other long-range links, radio-frequency signals are typically used to convey data over thousands of feet or miles. In Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® links at 2.4 and 5 GHz and other short-range wireless links, radio-frequency signals are typically used to convey data over tens or hundreds of feet. Millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  may convey radio-frequency signals over short distances that travel over a line-of-sight path. To enhance signal reception for millimeter and centimeter wave communications, phased antenna arrays and beam forming (steering) techniques may be used (e.g., schemes in which antenna signal phase and/or magnitude for each antenna in an array are adjusted to perform beam steering). Antenna diversity schemes may also be used to ensure that the antennas that have become blocked or that are otherwise degraded due to the operating environment of device  10  can be switched out of use and higher-performing antennas used in their place. 
     Antennas  30  in wireless circuitry  24  may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas  30  may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from stacked patch antenna structures, loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, monopole antenna structures, dipole antenna structures, helical antenna structures, Yagi (Yagi-Uda) antenna structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. If desired, one or more of antennas  30  may be cavity-backed antennas. Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a non-millimeter/centimeter wave wireless link for non-millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  26  and another type of antenna may be used in conveying radio-frequency signals at millimeter and/or centimeter wave frequencies for millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28 . Antennas  30  that are used to convey radio-frequency signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies may be arranged in one or more phased antenna arrays. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram showing how antennas  30  for handling radio-frequency signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies may be formed in a phased antenna array. As shown in  FIG. 4 , phased antenna array  36  (sometimes referred to herein as array  36 , antenna array  36 , or array  36  of antennas  30 ) may be coupled to radio-frequency transmission line paths  32 . For example, a first antenna  30 - 1  in phased antenna array  36  may be coupled to a first radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 1 , a second antenna  30 - 2  in phased antenna array  36  may be coupled to a second radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 2 , an Mth antenna  30 -M in phased antenna array  36  may be coupled to an Mth radio-frequency transmission line path  32 -M, etc. While antennas  30  are described herein as forming a phased antenna array, the antennas  30  in phased antenna array  36  may sometimes also be referred to as collectively forming a single phased array antenna (e.g., where each antenna  30  in the phased array antenna forms an antenna element of the phased array antenna). 
     Radio-frequency transmission line paths  32  may each be coupled to millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  of  FIG. 3 . Each radio-frequency transmission line path  32  may include one or more radio-frequency transmission lines, a positive signal conductor, and a ground signal conductor. The positive signal conductor may be coupled to a positive antenna feed terminal on an antenna resonating element of the corresponding antenna  30 . The ground signal conductor may be coupled to a ground antenna feed terminal on an antenna ground for the corresponding antenna  30 . 
     Radio-frequency transmission line paths  32  may include stripline transmission lines (sometimes referred to herein simply as striplines), coaxial cables, coaxial probes realized by metalized vias, microstrip transmission lines, edge-coupled microstrip transmission lines, edge-coupled stripline transmission lines, waveguide structures, conductive vias, combinations of these, etc. Multiple types of transmission lines may be used to couple the millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry to phased antenna array  36 . Filter circuitry, switching circuitry, impedance matching circuitry, phase shifter circuitry, amplifier circuitry, and/or other circuitry may be interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  32 , if desired. 
     Radio-frequency transmission lines in device  10  may be integrated into ceramic substrates, rigid printed circuit boards, and/or flexible printed circuits. In one suitable arrangement, radio-frequency transmission lines in device  10  may be integrated within multilayer laminated structures (e.g., layers of a conductive material such as copper and a dielectric material such as a resin that are laminated together without intervening adhesive) that may be folded or bent in multiple dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and that maintain a bent or folded shape after bending (e.g., the multilayer laminated structures may be folded into a particular three-dimensional shape to route around other device components and may be rigid enough to hold its shape after folding without being held in place by stiffeners or other structures). All of the multiple layers of the laminated structures may be batch laminated together (e.g., in a single pressing process) without adhesive (e.g., as opposed to performing multiple pressing processes to laminate multiple layers together with adhesive). 
     Antennas  30  in phased antenna array  36  may be arranged in any desired number of rows and columns or in any other desired pattern (e.g., the antennas need not be arranged in a grid pattern having rows and columns). During signal transmission operations, radio-frequency transmission line paths  32  may be used to supply signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals such as millimeter wave and/or centimeter wave signals) from millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  ( FIG. 3 ) to phased antenna array  36  for wireless transmission. During signal reception operations, radio-frequency transmission line paths  32  may be used to convey signals received at phased antenna array  36  (e.g., from external wireless equipment  10 ′ of  FIG. 3 ) to millimeter/centimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  ( FIG. 3 ). 
     The use of multiple antennas  30  in phased antenna array  36  allows radio-frequency beam forming arrangements (sometimes referred to herein as radio-frequency beam steering arrangements) to be implemented by controlling the relative phases and magnitudes (amplitudes) of the radio-frequency signals conveyed by the antennas. In the example of  FIG. 4 , the antennas  30  in phased antenna array  36  each have a corresponding radio-frequency phase and magnitude controller  33  (e.g., a first phase and magnitude controller  33 - 1  interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 1  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  30 - 1 , a second phase and magnitude controller  33 - 2  interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 2  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  30 - 2 , an Mth phase and magnitude controller  33 -M interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  32 -M may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  30 -M, etc.). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  33  may each include circuitry for adjusting the phase of the radio-frequency signals on radio-frequency transmission line paths  32  (e.g., phase shifter circuits) and/or circuitry for adjusting the magnitude of the radio-frequency signals on radio-frequency transmission line paths  32  (e.g., power amplifier and/or low noise amplifier circuits). Phase and magnitude controllers  33  may sometimes be referred to collectively herein as beam steering or beam forming circuitry (e.g., beam steering circuitry that steers the beam of radio-frequency signals transmitted and/or received by phased antenna array  36 ). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  33  may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the transmitted signals that are provided to each of the antennas in phased antenna array  36  and may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  36 . Phase and magnitude controllers  33  may, if desired, include phase detection circuitry for detecting the phases of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  36 . The term “beam,” “signal beam,” “radio-frequency beam,” or “radio-frequency signal beam” may be used herein to collectively refer to wireless signals that are transmitted and received by phased antenna array  36  in a particular direction. The signal beam may exhibit a peak gain that is oriented in a particular beam pointing direction at a corresponding beam pointing angle (e.g., based on constructive and destructive interference from the combination of signals from each antenna in the phased antenna array). The term “transmit beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to radio-frequency signals that are transmitted in a particular direction whereas the term “receive beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to radio-frequency signals that are received from a particular direction. 
     If, for example, phase and magnitude controllers  33  are adjusted to produce a first set of phases and/or magnitudes for transmitted radio-frequency signals, the transmitted signals will form a transmit beam as shown by beam B 1  of  FIG. 4  that is oriented in the direction of point A. If, however, phase and magnitude controllers  33  are adjusted to produce a second set of phases and/or magnitudes for the transmitted signals, the transmitted signals will form a transmit beam as shown by beam B 2  that is oriented in the direction of point B. Similarly, if phase and magnitude controllers  33  are adjusted to produce the first set of phases and/or magnitudes, radio-frequency signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals in a receive beam) may be received from the direction of point A, as shown by beam B 1 . If phase and magnitude controllers  33  are adjusted to produce the second set of phases and/or magnitudes, radio-frequency signals may be received from the direction of point B, as shown by beam B 2 . 
     Each phase and magnitude controller  33  may be controlled to produce a desired phase and/or magnitude based on a corresponding control signal S received from control circuitry  38  of  FIG. 4  over control paths  34  (e.g., the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  33 - 1  may be controlled using control signal  51  on control path  34 - 1 , the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  33 - 2  may be controlled using control signal S 2  on control path  34 - 2 , the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  33 -M may be controlled using control signal SM on control path  34 -M, etc.). If desired, control circuitry  38  may actively adjust control signals S in real time to steer the transmit or receive beam in different desired directions (e.g., to different desired beam pointing angles) over time. Phase and magnitude controllers  33  may provide information identifying the phase of received signals to control circuitry  38  if desired. 
     When performing wireless communications using radio-frequency signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies, the radio-frequency signals are conveyed over a line of sight path between phased antenna array  36  and external wireless equipment (e.g., external wireless equipment  10 ′ of  FIG. 3 ). If the external wireless equipment is located at point A of  FIG. 4 , phase and magnitude controllers  33  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards point A (e.g., to form a signal beam having a beam pointing angle directed towards point A). Phased antenna array  36  may then transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in the direction of point A. Similarly, if the external wireless equipment is located at point B, phase and magnitude controllers  33  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards point B (e.g., to form a signal beam having a beam pointing angle directed towards point B). Phased antenna array  36  may then transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in the direction of point B. In the example of  FIG. 4 , beam steering is shown as being performed over a single degree of freedom for the sake of simplicity (e.g., towards the left and right on the page of  FIG. 4 ). However, in practice, the beam may be steered over two or more degrees of freedom (e.g., in three dimensions, into and out of the page and to the left and right on the page of  FIG. 4 ). Phased antenna array  36  may have a corresponding field of view over which beam steering can be performed (e.g., in a hemisphere or a segment of a hemisphere over the phased antenna array). If desired, device  10  may include multiple phased antenna arrays that each face a different direction to provide coverage from multiple sides of the device. 
     Control circuitry  38  of  FIG. 4  may form a part of control circuitry  14  of  FIG. 3  or may be separate from control circuitry  14  of  FIG. 3 . Control circuitry  38  of  FIG. 4  may identify a desired beam pointing angle for the signal beam of phased antenna array  36  and may adjust the control signals S provided to phased antenna array  36  to configure phased antenna array  36  to form (steer) the signal beam at that beam pointing angle. Each possible beam pointing angle that can be used by phased antenna array  36  during wireless communications may be identified by a beam steering codebook such as codebook  40 . Codebook  40  may be stored at control circuitry  38 , elsewhere on device  10 , or may be located (offloaded) on external equipment and conveyed to device  10  over a wired or wireless communications link. 
     Codebook  40  may identify each possible beam pointing angle that may be used by phased antenna array  36 . Control circuitry  38  may store or identify phase and magnitude settings for phase and magnitude controllers  33  to use in implementing each of those beam pointing angles (e.g., control circuitry  38  or codebook  40  may include information that maps each beam pointing angle for phased antenna array  36  to a corresponding set of phase and magnitude values for phase and magnitude controllers  33 ). Codebook  40  may be hard-coded or soft-coded into control circuitry  38  or elsewhere in device  10 , may include one or more databases stored at control circuitry  38  or elsewhere in device  10  (e.g., codebook  40  may be stored as software code), may include one or more look-up-tables at control circuitry  38  or elsewhere in device  10 , and/or may include any other desired data structures stored in hardware and/or software on device  10 . Codebook  40  may be generated during calibration of device  10  (e.g., during design, manufacturing, and/or testing of device  10  prior to device  10  being received by an end user) and/or may be dynamically updated over time (e.g., after device  10  has been used by an end user). 
     Control circuitry  38  may generate control signals S based on codebook  40 . For example, control circuitry  38  may identify a beam pointing angle that would be needed to communicate with external wireless equipment  10 ′ of  FIG. 3  (e.g., a beam pointing angle pointing towards external wireless equipment  10 ′). Control circuitry  38  may subsequently identify the beam pointing angle in codebook  40  that is closest to this identified beam pointing angle. Control circuitry  38  may use codebook  40  to generate phase and magnitude values for phase and magnitude controllers  33 . Control circuitry  38  may transmit control signals S identifying these phase and magnitude values to phase and magnitude controllers  33  over control paths  34 . The beam formed by phased antenna array  36  using control signals S will be oriented at the beam pointing angle identified by codebook  40 . If desired, control circuitry  38  may sweep over some or all of the different beam pointing angles identified by codebook  40  until the external wireless equipment is found and may use the corresponding beam pointing angle at which the external wireless equipment was found to communicate with the external wireless equipment (e.g., over communications link  31  of  FIG. 3 ). 
     A schematic diagram of an antenna  30  that may be formed in phased antenna array  36  (e.g., as antenna  30 - 1 ,  30 - 2 ,  30 - 3 , and/or  30 -N in phased antenna array  36  of  FIG. 4 ) is shown in  FIG. 5 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , antenna  30  may be coupled to transceiver circuitry  42  (e.g., millimeter wave transceiver circuitry  28  of  FIG. 3 ). Transceiver circuitry  42  may be coupled to antenna feed  48  of antenna  30  using radio-frequency transmission line path  32 . Antenna feed  48  may include a positive antenna feed terminal such as positive antenna feed terminal  50  and may include a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal  52 . Radio-frequency transmission line path  32  may include a positive signal conductor such as signal conductor  44  that is coupled to positive antenna feed terminal  50  and a ground conductor such as ground conductor  46  that is coupled to ground antenna feed terminal  52 . 
     Any desired antenna structures may be used for implementing antenna  30 . In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, patch antenna structures may be used for implementing antenna  30 . Antennas  30  that are implemented using patch antenna structures may sometimes be referred to herein as patch antennas. An illustrative patch antenna that may be used in phased antenna array  36  of  FIG. 4  is shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , antenna  30  may have an antenna radiating element  64  (sometimes referred to herein as antenna resonating element  64 , patch antenna resonating element  64 , or patch antenna radiating element  64 ). Antenna radiating element  64  may include a patch element  60 . Patch element  60  (sometimes referred to herein as patch  60  or conductive patch  60 ) may be formed from conductive traces on an underlying substrate (not shown in  FIG. 6  for the sake of clarity) or from any other desired conductive materials. 
     Patch element  60  may be separated from and extend parallel to an antenna ground such as antenna ground  56  (sometimes referred to herein as antenna ground plane  56 ). Patch element  60  may lie within a plane such as the X-Y plane of  FIG. 6  (e.g., the lateral surface area of patch element  60  may lie in the X-Y plane). Antenna ground  56  may lie within a plane that is parallel to the plane of patch element  60 . Patch element  60  and antenna ground  56  may therefore lie in separate parallel planes that are separated by a fixed distance. Antenna ground  56  may be formed from conductive traces patterned on a dielectric substrate (e.g., the dielectric substrate used to support patch element  60 ) and/or any other desired conductive structures (e.g., conductive portions of the housing for device  10 , conductive portions of components in device  10 , etc.). 
     The length of the sides of patch element  60  may be selected so that antenna  30  resonates (radiates) at desired operating frequencies. In the arrangement of  FIG. 6 , for example, the length of the side (edge) of patch element  60  extending parallel to the X-axis may be selected to be approximately equal to half of the wavelength of the signals conveyed by antenna  30  (e.g., the effective wavelength given the dielectric properties of the materials surrounding patch element  60 ). In one suitable arrangement, this length may be between 0.8 mm and 1.2 mm (e.g., approximately 1.1 mm) for covering a millimeter wave frequency band between 57 GHz and 70 GHz, as just one example. 
     The example of  FIG. 6  is merely illustrative. Patch element  60  may have a square shape in which all of the sides of patch element  60  are the same length or may have a different rectangular shape. Patch element  60  may be formed in other shapes having any desired number of straight and/or curved edges. If desired, patch element  60  and antenna ground  56  may have different shapes and relative orientations. 
     In the example of  FIG. 6 , patch element  60  is differentially fed using a differential radio-frequency transmission line path such as differential radio-frequency transmission line path  32 D. For example, antenna feed  48  may be a differential feed having two positive antenna feed terminals (e.g., positive antenna feed terminals  50  of  FIG. 5 ) such as a first positive antenna feed terminal  50 A and a second positive antenna feed terminal  50 B coupled to different locations on patch element  60 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , transceiver circuitry  42  may include a differential signal port  54  coupled to differential radio-frequency transmission line path  32 D (e.g., a radio-frequency transmission line path such as radio-frequency transmission line path  32  of  FIG. 5  that has been configured to convey differential signals). Differential radio-frequency transmission line path  32 D may have a first signal trace  65  and a second signal trace  67  (e.g., differential signal traces). Differential radio-frequency transmission line path  32 D may include a first conductive via that couples first signal trace  65  to positive antenna feed terminal  50 A. Differential radio-frequency transmission line path  32 D may include a second conductive via that couples second signal trace  67  to positive antenna feed terminal  50 B. The first and second conductive vias may extend through respective holes or openings  58  in antenna ground  56 . The first and second conductive vias and signal traces  65  and  67  may collectively form the signal conductor for differential radio-frequency transmission line path  32 D (e.g., signal conductor  44  of  FIG. 5 ). Differential signal port  54  may, for example, be a 100 Ohm port whereas signal traces  65  and  67  are each 50 Ohm paths. 
     The radio-frequency signals conveyed by positive antenna feed terminal  50 A and radio-signal trace  65  may be out of phase (e.g., approximately 180 degrees out of phase) with the radio-frequency signals conveyed by positive antenna feed terminal  50 B and signal trace  67 . Transceiver circuitry  42  may, for example, include phase shifter circuitry that transmits, via differential signal port  54 , radio-frequency signals on signal trace  65  that are out of phase with the radio-frequency signals on signal trace  67 . Differentially feeding antenna  30  in this way may, for example, minimize cross polarization interference in phased antenna array  36  ( FIG. 4 ) and optimize the uniformity of the radiation pattern for antenna  30 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 6 , antenna  30  is differentially-fed and conveys radio-frequency signals  62  using a single linear polarization (e.g., where the electric field of radio-frequency signals  62  are aligned along a single axis). This example is merely illustrative. If desired, antenna  30  may be fed using single-ended signals (e.g., antenna feed  48  may include only a single positive antenna feed terminal  50 A that conveys single-ended radio-frequency signals). In scenarios where antenna  30  is fed using single-ended signals, antenna  30  may include multiple antenna feeds each coupled to patch element  60  and a respective port on transceiver circuitry  42  for covering other polarizations (e.g., both horizontal and vertical linear polarizations, a circular polarization, an elliptical polarization, etc.). If desired, antenna  30  may include one or more parasitic antenna resonating element formed from conductive traces that are stacked over (e.g., overlapping and/or aligned with) patch element  60  and/or that are coplanar with patch element  60 . The shape of the parasitic elements and/or the shape of patch element  60  may be selected to help match the impedance of antenna  30  to the impedance of the radio-frequency transmission line path(s) coupled to antenna  30 . The antenna structures shown in  FIG. 6  are merely illustrative and, in general, any desired types of antennas may be used in phased antenna array  36  of  FIG. 4 . If desired, phased antenna array  36  may be integrated with other circuitry such as a radio-frequency integrated circuit to form an integrated antenna module. 
       FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative antenna module for handling signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz in device  10 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , device  10  may be provided with an antenna module such as antenna module  68 . If desired, transceiver circuitry (e.g., transceiver  42  of  FIGS. 5 and 6 ) may be mounted to antenna module  68 . Antenna module  68  may include phased antenna array  36  of antennas  30  ( FIG. 4 ) formed on a dielectric substrate such as dielectric substrate  70 . Substrate  70  may be, for example, a rigid or printed circuit board or other dielectric substrate. Substrate  70  may be a stacked dielectric substrate that includes multiple stacked dielectric layers  72  (e.g., multiple layers of printed circuit board substrate such as multiple layers of fiberglass-filled epoxy, rigid printed circuit board material, flexible printed circuit board material, ceramic, plastic, glass, or other dielectrics). The phased antenna array may include any desired number of antennas arranged in any desired pattern on substrate  70 . 
     The antennas in the phased antenna array  36  may include elements such as patch element  60  ( FIG. 6 ), ground traces (e.g., conductive traces forming antenna ground  56  of  FIG. 6  for each of the antennas  30  in the phased antenna array), and/or other components such as parasitic elements that are interposed between or formed on dielectric layers  72  of substrate  70 . Substrate  70  may include a set  78  of dielectric layers  72  that are used to form radio-frequency transmission line paths (e.g., the differential radio-frequency transmission line path  32 D of  FIG. 6 ) for each of the antennas. The set  78  of dielectric layers  72  may therefore sometimes be referred to herein as transmission line layers  78 . Conductive traces used in forming the signal conductors (e.g., signal conductor  44  of  FIG. 5  and signal traces  65  and  67  of  FIG. 6 ) and/or the ground conductors (e.g., ground conductor  46  of  FIG. 5 ) may be formed on transmission line layers  78 . 
     Substrate  70  may also include a set  76  of dielectric layers  72  stacked over transmission line layers  78 . Conductive traces used in forming the antenna radiating element (e.g., patch element  60  in antenna radiating element  64  of  FIG. 6 ) for the antennas in the phased antenna array may be formed on the set  76  of dielectric layers  72 . The set  76  of dielectric layers  72  may therefore sometimes be referred to herein as antenna layers  76 . 
     If desired, substrate  70  may also include a set  74  of dielectric layers  72  stacked over antenna layers  76 . The set  74  of dielectric layers  72  may be free of conductive material and may therefore sometimes be referred to herein as cavity layers  74 . Cavity layers  74  may be omitted if desired. Cavity layers  74 , antenna layers  76 , and transmission line layers  78  may each include any desired number of dielectric layers  72  (e.g., one dielectric layer  72 , two dielectric layers  72 , four dielectric layers  72 , more than two dielectric layers  72 , twelve dielectric layers  72 , sixteen dielectric layers  72 , etc.). 
     Antenna module  68  may be mounted overlapping a dielectric cover layer for device  10  such as dielectric cover layer  66 . Dielectric cover layer  66  may form a housing wall for device  10  (e.g., sidewalls  12 E or rear housing wall  12 R of  FIG. 2 ), an antenna window in a housing wall for device  10 , a display cover layer for display  8  of  FIG. 1 , etc. Dielectric cover layer  66  may be formed from glass, ceramic, plastic, sapphire, or any other desired dielectric material. Antenna module  68  may be separated from dielectric cover layer  66  by a gap, may be placed in contact with dielectric cover layer  66 , may be pressed or biased against dielectric cover layer  66 , or may be adhered to dielectric cover layer  66  using adhesive. Cavity layers  74  may be used to help set a desired distance between the antenna radiating elements in antenna module  68  and dielectric cover layer  66  if desired (e.g., to minimize signal reflections at the interfaces of dielectric cover layer  66 ). The phased antenna array on antenna module  68  may convey radio-frequency signals  62  through dielectric cover layer  66 . 
     The phased antenna array on antenna module  68  (e.g., phased antenna array  36  of  FIG. 4 ) may include any desired number of antennas  30  (e.g., two antennas, three antennas, four antennas, twelve antennas, more than four antennas, sixteen antennas, twenty antennas, etc.). If desired, the phased antenna array may include different sets of antennas, where each set of antenna covers a respective frequency band and/or polarization. For example, the phased antenna array may include a first set of antennas that convey radio-frequency signals in a first frequency band that includes 40 GHz, a second set of antennas that convey radio-frequency signals in a second frequency band that includes 39 GHz, and a third set of antennas that convey radio-frequency signals in a third frequency band that includes 60 GHz. This example is merely illustrative and, in general, the phased antenna array may cover any desired number of frequency bands at any desired frequencies. 
     Each antenna in the phased antenna array is fed using at least one respective radio-frequency transmission line path (e.g., radio-frequency transmission line path  32  of  FIG. 5 ). In general, the greater the number of antennas in the phased antenna array, the greater the peak gain for the phased antenna array. As the number of frequency bands and polarizations covered by the phased antenna array increase, the number of radio-frequency transmission line paths formed in transmission line layers  78  of antenna module  68  increases. Differentially feeding the antennas (e.g., using positive antenna feed terminals  50 A and  50 B and signal traces  65  and  67  of  FIG. 6 ) further increases the number of radio-frequency transmission line paths formed in transmission line layers  78 . If care is not taken, it can be difficult to accommodate all of the required radio-frequency transmission line paths required for the phased antenna array in transmission line layers  78 , while still ensuring that there is satisfactory electromagnetic isolation between each of the radio-frequency transmission line paths. 
     In order to help increase electromagnetic isolation between each of the radio-frequency transmission line paths for the phased antenna array, the radio-frequency transmission line paths may be formed on different dielectric layers  72  of transmission line layers  78 . For example, some of the antennas in the phased antenna array may be fed using radio-frequency transmission line paths having signal traces patterned on a given dielectric layer  72 ′ located at distance  82  from bottom edge  80  of substrate  70 . At the same time, other antennas in the phased antenna array may be fed using radio-frequency transmission line paths having signal traces patterned on a different dielectric layer  72 ″ located at distance  86  from bottom edge  80  of substrate  70 . Distance  82  may, for example, be less than distance  86  (e.g., dielectric layer  72 ″ is closer to antenna layers  76  than dielectric layer  72 ′). This is merely illustrative and, if desired, the signal traces for the radio-frequency transmission line paths may be patterned on more than two dielectric layers  72  in transmission line layers  78 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the signal traces patterned on dielectric layer  72 ′ may be located at a relatively long distance  84  from antenna layers  76 . The signal traces patterned on dielectric layer  72 ″ may be located at a relatively short distance  88  from antenna layers  76 . Conductive vias may be used to couple the signal traces on dielectric layers  72 ′ and  72 ″ to corresponding antenna radiating elements on antenna layers  76 . Because distance  84  is longer than distance  88 , if care is not taken, the conductive vias used to couple the signal traces on dielectric layer  72 ′ to antenna layers  76  may introduce a greater amount of inductance to the radio-frequency transmission line paths than the conductive vias used to couple the signal traces on dielectric layer  72 ″ to antenna layers  76 . This non-uniform inductance may introduce undesirable impedance mismatches across the phased antenna array, thereby limiting the overall antenna efficiency for the phased antenna array. 
     In some scenarios, capacitors may be interposed on a radio-frequency transmission line to help compensate for excessive inductances on the radio-frequency transmission line. However, discrete capacitors such as capacitors formed from surface-mount technology (SMT) components may be unsuitable for relatively compact and relatively high-frequency structures such as antenna module  68 . In order to mitigate these excessive inductances without using discrete capacitors, the antenna radiating elements in then phased antenna array may be formed from stacked layers of conductive traces that are coupled together using conductive vias. 
       FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional side view of a given antenna  30  in the phased antenna array (e.g., phased antenna array  36  of  FIG. 4 ) having an antenna radiating element formed from stacked layers of conductive traces that are coupled together using conductive vias. As shown in  FIG. 8 , antenna radiating element  64  of antenna  30  is embedded within antenna layers  76  of dielectric substrate  70 . 
     Antenna radiating element  64  may include stacked layers of conductive traces formed on different dielectric layers  72  of antenna layers  76 . For example, antenna radiating element  64  may include a first patch element  60 - 1  formed from conductive traces on a first dielectric layer  72 , a second patch element  60 - 2  formed from conductive traces on a second dielectric layer stacked over the first dielectric layer, and a third patch element  60 - 3  formed from conductive traces on a third dielectric layer stacked over the second dielectric layer (e.g., patch element  60 - 2  may be vertically-interposed between patch elements  60 - 1  and  60 - 3 ). One or more than one dielectric layer  72  may separate patch element  60 - 1  from patch element  60 - 2 . One or more than one dielectric layer  72  may separate patch element  60 - 2  from patch element  60 - 3 . One or more than one dielectric layer  72  may separate patch element  60 - 1  from ground traces  98 . 
     Ground traces  98  may separate antenna layers  76  from transmission line layers  78  in substrate  70 . Transmission line layers  78  may also include ground traces  100  and ground traces  102 . Ground traces  98 , ground traces  100 , ground traces  102 , and/or any other ground traces in transmission line layers  78  may form part of antenna ground  56  of  FIG. 6 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 8 , antenna  30  is differentially-fed using first and second radio-frequency transmission lines such as striplines  107  and  109  (e.g., striplines that form part of a differential radio-frequency transmission line path such as differential radio-frequency transmission line path  32 D of  FIG. 6 ). Other types of radio-frequency transmission lines may be used to feed antenna  30  if desired. Stripline  107  may include signal trace  106  (e.g., signal trace  65  of  FIG. 6 ) and the portion of ground traces  100  and  102  overlapping signal trace  106 . Signal trace  106  may be coupled to conductive via  110 . If desired, there may also be ground traces laterally surrounding signal trace  106  (e.g., in the X-Y plane). Conductive via  110  may extend through transmission line layers  78 , a hole  58  in ground traces  98 , and some of antenna layers  76  to couple signal trace  106  to patch element  60 - 1  (e.g., to form a first positive antenna feed terminal for the antenna such as positive antenna feed terminal  50 A of  FIG. 6 ). 
     Stripline  109  may include signal trace  108  (e.g., signal trace  67  of  FIG. 6 ) and the portion of ground traces  100  and  102  overlapping signal trace  108 . Signal trace  108  may be coupled to conductive via  116 . If desired, there may also be ground traces laterally surrounding signal trace  108  (e.g., in the X-Y plane). Conductive via  116  may extend through transmission line layers  78 , a hole  58  in ground traces  98 , and some of antenna layers  76  to couple signal trace  108  to patch element  60 - 1  (e.g., to form a second positive antenna feed terminal for the antenna such as positive antenna feed terminal  50 B of  FIG. 6 ). Conductive vias  110  and  116  and signal traces  106  and  108  may collectively form the signal conductor (e.g., signal conductor  44  of  FIG. 5 ) for the differential radio-frequency transmission line coupled to antenna  30 . Ground traces  100  and  102  and/or other ground traces in transmission line layers  78  may collectively form the ground conductor (e.g., ground conductor  46  of  FIG. 5 ) for the differential radio-frequency transmission line coupled to antenna  30 . 
     Transmission line layers  78  may include additional routing layers  96  between ground traces  100  and  98 . Additional routing layers  96  may be used to form the radio-frequency transmission line paths for other antennas in antenna module  68  (e.g., signal traces  106  and  108  may be located at distance  82  whereas routing layers  96  are located at distance  86  or other distances greater than distance  82  from bottom edge  80  of antenna module  68  as shown in  FIG. 7 ). Conductive vias  110  and  116  of  FIG. 8  may extend through routing layers  96  to antenna radiating element  64 , such that the conductive vias extend across distance  84  from signal traces  106  and  108  to patch element  60 - 1 . Because distance  84  is relatively long, this may cause conductive vias  110  and  116  to exhibit relatively high inductances. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , conductive via  112  may be laterally aligned with conductive via  110  and may couple patch element  60 - 1  to patch element  60 - 2  (e.g., conductive via  112  may electrically (galvanically) connect patch element  60 - 1  to patch element  60 - 2 ). Conductive via  114  may be laterally aligned with conductive vias  112  and  110  and may couple patch element  60 - 2  to patch element  60 - 3  (e.g., conductive via  112  may electrically (galvanically) connect patch element  60 - 2  to patch element  60 - 3 ). Conductive vias  110  and  112  may, for example, be soldered to opposing sides of patch element  60 - 1 . Conductive vias  112  and  114  may, for example, be soldered to opposing sides of patch element  60 - 2 . 
     Similarly, conductive via  118  may be laterally aligned with conductive via  116  and may couple patch element  60 - 1  to patch element  60 - 2  (e.g., conductive via  118  may electrically (galvanically) connect patch element  60 - 1  to patch element  60 - 2 ). Conductive via  120  may be laterally aligned with conductive vias  118  and  116  and may couple patch element  60 - 2  to patch element  60 - 3  (e.g., conductive via  120  may electrically (galvanically) connect patch element  60 - 2  to patch element  60 - 3 ). Conductive vias  116  and  118  may, for example, be soldered to opposing sides of patch element  60 - 1 . Conductive vias  118  and  120  may, for example, be soldered to opposing sides of patch element  60 - 2 . Conductive vias  110 ,  112 , and  114  may sometimes be described herein as forming different portions of the same conductive via extending from signal trace  106  to patch element  60 - 3 . Similarly, conductive vias  116 ,  118 , and  120  may sometimes be described herein as forming different portions of the same conductive via extending from signal trace  108  to patch element  60 - 3 . 
     By forming antenna radiating element  64  from vertically-stacked patch elements  60 - 1 ,  60 - 2 , and  60 - 3  in this way, additional capacitances may be introduced to antenna  30  that help to compensate for the relatively high inductances of conductive vias  110  and  116 . For example, patch element  60 - 1  and ground traces  98  may exhibit a first capacitance C 1 , patch element  60 - 2  and patch element  60 - 1  may exhibit a second capacitance C 2 , and patch element  60 - 2  and patch element  60 - 3  may exhibit a third capacitance C 3 . Vertically interposing capacitances C 1 , C 2 , and C 3  on antenna radiating element  64  in this way may help to offset the relatively high inductances of conductive vias  110  and  116 , thereby helping to match the impedance of antenna  30  to the impedance of striplines  107  and  109 , despite signal traces  106  and  108  being located at the relatively long distance  84  from antenna radiating element  64 . This may allow for a relatively large number of radio-frequency transmission line paths to be integrated into antenna module  68  with satisfactory isolation without introducing undesirable impedance mismatches in the antenna module, thereby optimizing antenna efficiency for the phased antenna array. 
     The example of  FIG. 8  is merely illustrative. In the example of  FIG. 8 , patch elements  60 - 1 ,  60 - 2 , and  60 - 3  are all the same size and shape and are all completely overlapping. If desired, two or more of patch elements  60 - 1 ,  60 - 2 , and  60 - 3  may be different sizes and/or different shapes (e.g., for tweaking the frequency response, bandwidth, and/or impedance matching for the antenna). Two or more of patch elements  60 - 1 ,  60 - 2 , and  60 - 3  may be partially non-overlapping if desired. Antenna radiating element  64  may include only two patch elements (e.g., patch element  60 - 3  and conductive vias  114  and  120  may be omitted) or may include more than three patch elements (e.g., additional patch elements may be stacked over patch element  60 - 3  and coupled to patch element  60 - 3  using conductive vias). Antenna  30  need not be differentially fed and may, if desired, be fed using single-ended signals (e.g., using a single radio-frequency transmission line path coupled to antenna radiating element  64 ). 
     If desired, antenna radiating element  64  may include one or more parasitic elements that are not directly fed by conductive vias  110  and  116 . For example, antenna radiating element  64  may include parasitic elements  90  formed from conductive traces coplanar with patch element  60 - 3 , parasitic elements  92  formed from conductive traces coplanar with patch element  60 - 2 , and/or parasitic elements  94  formed from conductive traces coplanar with patch element  60 - 1 . Parasitic elements  90 ,  92 , and  94  may sometimes be referred to herein as parasitic antenna resonating elements, parasitic antenna radiating elements, or parasitics. One or more parasitic elements may be stacked over (e.g., overlapping) patch element  60 - 3  if desired. 
       FIG. 9  is a top-down view of the differentially-fed antenna  30  of  FIG. 8  (e.g., as taken in the direction of arrow  122  of  FIG. 8 ). In the example of  FIG. 9 , cavity layers  74  of substrate  70  have been omitted for the sake of clarity. As shown in  FIG. 9 , antenna radiating element  64  may include parasitic elements such as parasitic elements  124 . Parasitic elements  124  may include parasitic elements  90 ,  92 , and/or  94  of  FIG. 8 . Conductive via  114  may contact patch element  60 - 3  at a first location whereas conductive via  120  contacts patch element  60 - 3  at a second location. Differential radio-frequency signals may be provided to patch element  60 - 3  over conductive vias  114  and  120 . Corresponding antenna currents I may flow around the perimeter of patch element  60 - 3 . Similar antenna currents may also flow around the edges of the underlying patch elements  60 - 2  and  60 - 1  ( FIG. 8 ). 
     In the absence of parasitic elements  124 , length  126  of patch element  60 - 3  determines the response frequencies of antenna  30  (e.g., length  126  may be approximately half of the effective wavelength of operation for antenna  30 ). In the presence of parasitic elements  124 , antenna currents I may also flow on the parasitic elements, introducing an additional resonance associated with length  128  to the antenna. In this way, parasitic elements  124  may serve to increase the bandwidth of antenna  30 . 
     Each antenna  30  in the phased antenna array may be separated from the other antennas in the phased antenna array by vertical conductive structures such as conductive vias  130 . Sets or fences of conductive vias  130  may laterally surround antenna  30  (e.g., each antenna in the phased antenna array). Conductive vias  130  may extend through substrate  70  to the underlying ground traces (e.g., ground traces  98 ,  100 , and/or  102  of  FIG. 8 ). Conductive landing pads (not shown in  FIG. 9  for the sake of clarity) may be used to secure conductive vias  130  to each layer of substrate  70  as the conductive vias pass through the substrate. By shorting conductive vias  130  to ground traces in substrate  70 , conductive vias  130  may be held at the same ground or reference potential as the ground traces. Conductive vias  130  may be separated from one or more adjacent conductive vias by a relatively short distance so as to effectively appear as a solid conductive wall to radio-frequency signals at the frequencies of operation of antenna  30  (e.g., the conductive vias may be separated by one-eighth the shortest effective wavelength of antenna  30 , one-tenth the shortest effective wavelength, one-twelfth the shortest effective wavelength, one-fifteenth the shortest effective wavelength, less than one-eighth the shortest effective wavelength, etc.). 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the antenna radiating element  64  of antenna  30  may be mounted within a corresponding volume  125  (sometimes referred to herein as cavity  125 ). The edges of volume  125  for antenna  30  may be defined by conductive vias  130  and the underlying ground traces. In this way, conductive vias such as conductive vias  130  and the underlying ground traces may form a conductive cavity for each antenna in the phased antenna array (e.g., each antenna in the phased antenna array may be a cavity-backed antenna having a conductive cavity formed from conductive vias and ground traces). The conductive cavity may serve to enhance the gain of antenna  30  and/or may serve to isolate the antennas in the phased antenna array from each other (e.g., to minimize electromagnetic cross-coupling between the antennas). 
     The example of  FIG. 9  is merely illustrative. The fences of conductive vias  130  may follow any desired lateral outline (e.g., the fences of conductive vias  130  may follow any desired straight and/or curved paths). Patch element  60 - 3  and parasitic elements  124  may have other shapes (e.g., any desired shapes having any desired number of curved and/or straight edges). If desired, multiple antennas  30  may be mounted within cavity  125  (e.g., antennas for covering different frequency bands). 
       FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view showing how phased antenna array  36  may include multiple antennas having different numbers of stacked patch elements. As shown in  FIG. 10 , phased antenna array  36  may include at least antennas  30 - 1  and  30 - 2  embedded within substrate  70  of antenna module  68 . While transmission line layers  78  of substrate  70  may include any desired number of ground trace layers, only ground traces  102  are shown in  FIG. 10  for the sake of clarity. 
     Antenna  30 - 1  may be coupled to at least a first radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 1  in the additional routing layers  96  of transmission line layers  78 . Antenna  30 - 1  may include an antenna radiating element  64 - 1  coupled to the signal trace in radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 1  by conductive via  134 . In scenarios where antenna  30 - 1  is differentially fed, antenna radiating element  64 - 1  may be coupled to a differential radio-frequency transmission line path in additional routing layers  96  (e.g., a differential radio-frequency transmission line path such as differential radio-frequency transmission line paths  32 D of  FIG. 6 ) using multiple conductive vias. Antenna  30 - 1  may be located within a cavity  125 - 1  between fences of conductive vias  130  and ground traces  102 . 
     Antenna  30 - 2  may be coupled to at least a second radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 2  in transmission line layers  78  (e.g., dielectric layers of substrate  70  that are located closer to ground traces  102  than additional routing layers  96 ). Antenna  30 - 2  may include an antenna radiating element  64 - 2  coupled to the signal trace in radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 2  by conductive via  136 . In scenarios where antenna  30 - 2  is differentially fed, antenna radiating element  64 - 2  may be coupled to a differential radio-frequency transmission line path in transmission line layers  78  (e.g., a differential radio-frequency transmission line path such as differential radio-frequency transmission line paths  32 D of  FIG. 6 ) using multiple conductive vias. Antenna  30 - 2  may be located within a cavity  125 - 2  between fences of conductive vias  130  and ground traces  102 . Conductive vias  130  may extend from ground traces  102  (or other ground traces in transmission line layers  78 ) to conductive landing (contact) pads  132 . Conductive landing pads  132  may be coplanar with any desired portion of antenna radiating elements  64 - 1  and/or  64 - 2  or may be non-coplanar with antenna radiating elements  64 - 1  and  64 - 2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , antenna radiating element  64 - 1  is separated from radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 1  by a relatively short distance such as distance  88 . Because the signal trace for radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 2  is lower than the signal trace for radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 1 , antenna radiating element  64 - 2  is separated from radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 2  by a relatively long distance such as distance  84 . Conductive via  136  may thereby introduce more inductance to radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 2  than conductive via  134  introduces to radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 1 . 
     Antenna radiating element  64 - 1  may, for example, include a single patch element coupled to conductive via  134 . At the same time, antenna radiating element  64 - 2  may include multiple stacked patch elements such as patch elements  60 - 1 ,  60 - 2 , and  60 - 3  (e.g., antenna  30 - 2  may be formed using the structures of antenna  30  of  FIG. 8 ). This may introduce capacitances to antenna radiating element  64 - 2  (e.g., capacitances C 1 , C 2 , and C 3  of  FIG. 8 ) that help to compensate for the relatively high inductance associated with conductive via  136  and that thereby serve to match the impedance of antenna  30 - 2  to the impedance of radio-frequency transmission line path  32 - 2 . In this way, the impedance of antennas  30  in phased antenna array  36  may be sufficiently matched across the array (e.g., without using SMT capacitors) despite feeding the antennas using radio-frequency transmission line paths at different distances from the antenna radiating elements (e.g., as required to feed a relatively large number of antennas in antenna module  68  within a small volume while still exhibiting satisfactory electromagnetic isolation between the radio-frequency transmission line paths). 
     The example of  FIG. 10  is merely illustrative. Conductive vias  130  and conductive landing pads  132  may be omitted. Phased antenna array  36  may include any desired number of antennas having a single patch element (e.g., antennas such as antenna  30 - 1  of  FIG. 10  and antenna  30  of  FIG. 6 ) and any desired number of antennas having multiple stacked patch elements (e.g., antennas such as antenna  30 - 2  of  FIG. 10  and antenna  30  of  FIG. 8 ). Phased antenna array  36  may additionally or alternatively include other antennas having two stacked patch elements or more than three stacked patch elements. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190926
Publication Date: 20210914
Grant Date: 20210914
Priority Date: 20190926
Inventors: PAULOTTO, Simone
EDWARDS, JENNIFER M.
RAJAGOPALAN, HARISH
AVSER, BILGEHAN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H01Q21/065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/36", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0414", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/48", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/28", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/38", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0414", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/50", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q19/005", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/045", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/523", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/065", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/48", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0414", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 74873101