PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11984661-B2
Application Number: US-202017026974-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Electronic devices having millimeter wave and ultra-wideband antenna modules

Abstract:
An electronic device may include first and second phased antenna arrays and a triplet of first, second, and third ultra-wideband antennas. An antenna module in the device may include a dielectric substrate. The first and second arrays and the triplet may be formed on the dielectric substrate. The third and second ultra-wideband antennas may be separated by a gap. The first array may be laterally interposed between the third and second ultra-wideband antennas within the gap. The third ultra-wideband antenna may be laterally interposed between the first phased antenna array and at least some of the second array. An integrated circuit may be mounted to the dielectric substrate using an interposer. The antenna module may occupy a minimal amount of space within the device and may be less expensive to manufacture relative to scenarios where the arrays and the ultra-wideband antennas are formed on separate substrates.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic device comprising:
 peripheral conductive housing structures; 
 a display mounted to the peripheral conductive housing structures; 
 a housing wall mounted to the peripheral conductive housing structures opposite the display; 
 a dielectric substrate; 
 a phased antenna array on the dielectric substrate and configured to radiate at a frequency greater than 10 GHz through the housing wall; 
 a first ultra-wideband antenna on the dielectric substrate and configured to radiate in a first ultra-wideband frequency band through the housing wall; 
 a second ultra-wideband antenna on the dielectric substrate and configured to radiate through the housing wall in a second ultra-wideband frequency band that is different from the first ultra-wideband frequency band, wherein the phased antenna array is laterally interposed between the first and second ultra-wideband antennas; and 
 a third ultra-wideband antenna on the dielectric substrate, wherein the third ultra-wideband antenna is configured to radiate through the housing wall in the first ultra-wideband frequency band. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the second ultra-wideband frequency band comprises an 8.0 GHz ultra-wideband frequency band and the first ultra-wideband frequency band comprises a 6.5 GHz ultra-wideband frequency band. 
     
     
       3. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the second ultra-wideband antenna comprises a dual-arm planar inverted-F antenna and the first and third ultra-wideband antennas comprise patch antennas. 
     
     
       4. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the phased antenna array comprises a first set of stacked patch antennas configured to radiate at the frequency, the frequency is between 24 GHz and 30 GHz, the phased antenna array comprises a second set of stacked patch antennas configured to radiate at an additional frequency, and the additional frequency is between 37 GHz and 41 GHz. 
     
     
       5. The electronic device of  claim 4 , further comprising:
 an additional phased antenna array on the dielectric substrate, wherein the additional phased antenna array comprises a third set of stacked patch antennas configured to radiate at the frequency and a fourth set of stacked patch antennas configured to radiate at the additional frequency. 
 
     
     
       6. The electronic device of  claim 5 , wherein the second ultra-wideband antenna is laterally interposed on the dielectric substrate between the second set of stacked patch antennas and the third set of stacked patch antennas. 
     
     
       7. The electronic device of  claim 6 , wherein there are more stacked patch antennas in the first set than the third set and there are more stacked patch antennas in the second set than the fourth set, the electronic device further comprising:
 control circuitry, wherein the control circuitry is configured to perform beam steering operations using the phased antenna array and is configured to perform beam steering operations using the additional phased antenna array instead of the phased antenna array in response to detection of an external object covering the phased antenna array. 
 
     
     
       8. The electronic device of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) mounted to the dielectric substrate, wherein the RFIC comprises phase and magnitude controllers for the phased antenna array. 
 
     
     
       9. The electronic device of  claim 8 , wherein the dielectric substrate comprises a printed circuit board having routing layers, antenna layers, and ground traces that separate the routing layers from the antenna layers, the radiating elements of the phased antenna array and the radiating element of the ultra-wideband antenna being disposed on the antenna layers, and the RFIC being mounted to the routing layers. 
     
     
       10. The electronic device of  claim 9 , further comprising:
 an interposer mounted to the routing layers using solder balls, the RFIC being mounted to the interposer. 
 
     
     
       11. The electronic device of  claim 8 , further comprising:
 a board-to-board connector on the dielectric substrate; and 
 a flexible printed circuit coupled to the board-to-board connector, wherein the RFIC is mounted to the flexible printed circuit. 
 
     
     
       12. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the phased antenna array is configured to convey radio-frequency signals with a first polarization and a second polarization orthogonal to the first polarization. 
     
     
       13. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the dielectric substrate comprises a flexible printed circuit. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device of  claim 13 , wherein the flexible printed circuit is layered onto the housing wall. 
     
     
       15. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the dielectric substrate is pressed against the housing wall. 
     
     
       16. The electronic device of  claim 1 , wherein the first and second ultra-wideband antennas are aligned along a first axis and the phased antenna array comprises first antennas that are aligned along a second axis orthogonal to the first axis. 
     
     
       17. The electronic device of  claim 16 , wherein the first antennas aligned along the second axis are configured to radiate in a first frequency band and the phased antenna array further comprises second antennas aligned along a third axis parallel to the second axis, the second antennas being configured to radiate in a second frequency band higher than the first frequency band. 
     
     
       18. The electronic device of  claim 17 , further comprising:
 an additional phased antenna array on the dielectric substrate, wherein the additional phased antenna array comprises third antennas configured to radiate in the first frequency band and aligned along a fourth axis parallel to the second axis, the second ultra-wideband antenna being interposed between the second antennas and the third antennas. 
 
     
     
       19. The electronic device of  claim 17 , wherein the first and third ultra-wideband antennas comprise dual band patch antennas, the second ultra-wideband antenna comprises a dual-arm planar inverted-F antenna with a first antenna resonating element arm configured to radiate in the first ultra-wideband frequency band and a second antenna resonating element arm configured to radiate in the second ultra-wideband frequency band, the first antennas aligned along the second axis comprise stacked patch antennas, the second antennas aligned along the third axis comprise stacked patch antennas, and fences of conductive vias extend through the dielectric substrate and surround at least one of the first antennas, the second antennas, or the ultra-wideband antennas. 
     
     
       20. The electronic device of  claim 19 , further comprising:
 one or more processors configured to generate, based on signals received by the first and second ultra-wideband antennas, a first angle of arrival within a first plane, and configured to generate, based on signals received by the first and third ultra-wideband antennas, a second angle of arrival within a second plane orthogonal to the first plane, wherein the first and third ultra-wideband antennas are aligned along a fourth axis parallel to the second and third axes and the second and third axes are interposed between the fourth axis and the second ultra-wideband antenna.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to electronic devices and, more particularly, to electronic devices with wireless communications capabilities. 
     Electronic devices such as portable computers and cellular telephones are often provided with wireless communications capabilities. To satisfy consumer demand for small form factor wireless devices, manufacturers are continually striving to implement wireless communications circuitry such as antenna components using compact structures. At the same time, there is a desire for wireless devices to cover a growing number of communications bands. 
     Because antennas have the potential to interfere with each other and with components in a wireless device, care must be taken when incorporating antennas into an electronic device. Moreover, care must be taken to ensure that the antennas and wireless circuitry in a device are able to exhibit satisfactory performance over a range of operating frequencies and with satisfactory efficiency bandwidth. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide improved wireless communications circuitry for wireless electronic devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device may be provided with wireless circuitry and a housing. The housing may have a housing wall. The wireless circuitry may include antennas that radiate through the housing wall. The antennas may include first and second phased antenna arrays and a triplet of first, second, and third ultra-wideband antennas. The first and second phased antenna arrays may radiate at first and second frequencies greater than 10 GHz. The first and second phased antenna arrays and the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas may be formed on the same antenna module. 
     The antenna module may have a dielectric substrate. The first and second phased antenna arrays and the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas may be formed on the dielectric substrate. The third and second ultra-wideband antennas may be separated by a gap. The first phased antenna array may be laterally interposed between the third and second ultra-wideband antennas within the gap. The third ultra-wideband antenna may be laterally interposed between the first phased antenna array and at least some of the second phased antenna array. 
     A radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) may be mounted to the dielectric substrate using an interposer. The RFIC may include phase and magnitude controllers for the first and second phased antenna arrays. When configured in this way, the antenna module may occupy a minimal amount of space within the device. The antenna module may also require fewer interconnects and may be easier and less expensive to manufacture than in scenarios where the phased antenna arrays and the ultra-wideband antennas are formed on separate antenna modules. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram of illustrative circuitry in an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram of illustrative wireless circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram of an illustrative electronic device in wireless communication with an external node in a network in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram showing how the location (e.g., range and angle of arrival) of an external node in a network may be determined relative to an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram showing how illustrative ultra-wideband antennas in an electronic device may be used for detecting angle of arrival in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is a diagram of an illustrative phased antenna array that may be adjusted using control circuitry to direct a beam of signals in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    is a bottom view of an illustrative antenna module having ultra-wideband antennas and phased antenna arrays in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    is a side view of an illustrative antenna module having a radio-frequency integrated circuit mounted to routing layers using an interposer in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  10    is a side view of an illustrative antenna module having a radio-frequency integrated circuit mounted to routing layers using a flexible integrated circuit in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An electronic device such as electronic device  10  of  FIG.  1    may be provided with wireless circuitry that includes antennas. The antennas may be used to transmit and/or receive wireless radio-frequency signals. 
     Device  10  may be a portable electronic device or other suitable electronic device. For example, device  10  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, headphone device, earpiece device, headset device, or other wearable or miniature device, a handheld device such as a cellular telephone, a media player, or other small portable device. Device  10  may also be a set-top box, a desktop computer, a display into which a computer or other processing circuitry has been integrated, a display without an integrated computer, a wireless access point, a wireless base station, an electronic device incorporated into a kiosk, building, or vehicle, or other suitable electronic equipment. 
     Device  10  may include a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as a case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of these materials. In some situations, parts of housing  12  may be formed from dielectric or other low-conductivity material (e.g., glass, ceramic, plastic, sapphire, etc.). In other situations, housing  12  or at least some of the structures that make up housing  12  may be formed from metal elements. 
     Device  10  may, if desired, have a display such as display  14 . Display  14  may be mounted on the front face of device  10 . Display  14  may be a touch screen that incorporates capacitive touch electrodes or may be insensitive to touch. The rear face of housing  12  (i.e., the face of device  10  opposing the front face of device  10 ) may have a substantially planar housing wall such as rear housing wall  12 R (e.g., a planar housing wall). Rear housing wall  12 R may have slots that pass entirely through the rear housing wall and that therefore separate portions of housing  12  from each other. Rear housing wall  12 R may include conductive portions and/or dielectric portions. If desired, rear housing wall  12 R may include a planar metal layer covered by a thin layer or coating of dielectric such as glass, plastic, sapphire, or ceramic (e.g., a dielectric cover layer). Housing  12  may also have shallow grooves that do not pass entirely through housing  12 . The slots and grooves may be filled with plastic or other dielectric materials. If desired, portions of housing  12  that have been separated from each other (e.g., by a through slot) may be joined by internal conductive structures (e.g., sheet metal or other metal members that bridge the slot). 
     Housing  12  may include peripheral housing structures such as peripheral structures  12 W. Conductive portions of peripheral structures  12 W and conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R may sometimes be referred to herein collectively as conductive structures of housing  12 . Peripheral structures  12 W may run around the periphery of device  10  and display  14 . In configurations in which device  10  and display  14  have a rectangular shape with four edges, peripheral structures  12 W may be implemented using peripheral housing structures that have a rectangular ring shape with four corresponding edges and that extend from rear housing wall  12 R to the front face of device  10  (as an example). In other words, device  10  may have a length (e.g., measured parallel to the Y-axis), a width that is less than the length (e.g., measured parallel to the X-axis), and a height (e.g., measured parallel to the Z-axis) that is less than the width. Peripheral structures  12 W or part of peripheral structures  12 W may serve as a bezel for display  14  (e.g., a cosmetic trim that surrounds all four sides of display  14  and/or that helps hold display  14  to device  10 ) if desired. Peripheral structures  12 W may, if desired, form sidewall structures for device  10  (e.g., by forming a metal band with vertical sidewalls, curved sidewalls, etc.). 
     Peripheral structures  12 W may be formed of a conductive material such as metal and may therefore sometimes be referred to as peripheral conductive housing structures, conductive housing structures, peripheral metal structures, peripheral conductive sidewalls, peripheral conductive sidewall structures, conductive housing sidewalls, peripheral conductive housing sidewalls, sidewalls, sidewall structures, or a peripheral conductive housing member (as examples). Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be formed from a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, alloys, or other suitable materials. One, two, or more than two separate structures may be used in forming peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. 
     It is not necessary for peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W to have a uniform cross-section. For example, the top portion of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may, if desired, have an inwardly protruding ledge that helps hold display  14  in place. The bottom portion of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may also have an enlarged lip (e.g., in the plane of the rear surface of device  10 ). Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may have substantially straight vertical sidewalls, may have sidewalls that are curved, or may have other suitable shapes. In some configurations (e.g., when peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W serve as a bezel for display  14 ), peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may run around the lip of housing  12  (i.e., peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may cover only the edge of housing  12  that surrounds display  14  and not the rest of the sidewalls of housing  12 ). 
     Rear housing wall  12 R may lie in a plane that is parallel to display  14 . In configurations for device  10  in which some or all of rear housing wall  12 R is formed from metal, it may be desirable to form parts of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W as integral portions of the housing structures forming rear housing wall  12 R. For example, rear housing wall  12 R of device  10  may include a planar metal structure and portions of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W on the sides of housing  12  may be formed as flat or curved vertically extending integral metal portions of the planar metal structure (e.g., housing structures  12 R and  12 W may be formed from a continuous piece of metal in a unibody configuration). Housing structures such as these may, if desired, be machined from a block of metal and/or may include multiple metal pieces that are assembled together to form housing  12 . Rear housing wall  12 R may have one or more, two or more, or three or more portions. Peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and/or conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R may form one or more exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., surfaces that are visible to a user of device  10 ) and/or may be implemented using internal structures that do not form exterior surfaces of device  10  (e.g., conductive housing structures that are not visible to a user of device  10  such as conductive structures that are covered with layers such as thin cosmetic layers, protective coatings, and/or other coating/cover layers that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and/or conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R from view of the user). 
     Display  14  may have an array of pixels that form an active area AA that displays images for a user of device  10 . For example, active area AA may include an array of display pixels. The array of pixels may be formed from liquid crystal display (LCD) components, an array of electrophoretic pixels, an array of plasma display pixels, an array of organic light-emitting diode display pixels or other light-emitting diode pixels, an array of electrowetting display pixels, or display pixels based on other display technologies. If desired, active area AA may include touch sensors such as touch sensor capacitive electrodes, force sensors, or other sensors for gathering a user input. 
     Display  14  may have an inactive border region that runs along one or more of the edges of active area AA. Inactive area IA of display  14  may be free of pixels for displaying images and may overlap circuitry and other internal device structures in housing  12 . To block these structures from view by a user of device  10 , the underside of the display cover layer or other layers in display  14  that overlap inactive area IA may be coated with an opaque masking layer in inactive area IA. The opaque masking layer may have any suitable color. Inactive area IA may include a recessed region such as notch  24  that extends into active area AA. Active area AA may, for example, be defined by the lateral area of a display module for display  14  (e.g., a display module that includes pixel circuitry, touch sensor circuitry, etc.). The display module may have a recess or notch in upper region  20  of device  10  that is free from active display circuitry (i.e., that forms notch  24  of inactive area IA). Notch  24  may be a substantially rectangular region that is surrounded (defined) on three sides by active area AA and on a fourth side by peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. 
     Display  14  may be protected using a display cover layer such as a layer of transparent glass, clear plastic, transparent ceramic, sapphire, or other transparent crystalline material, or other transparent layer(s). The display cover layer may have a planar shape, a convex curved profile, a shape with planar and curved portions, a layout that includes a planar main area surrounded on one or more edges with a portion that is bent out of the plane of the planar main area, or other suitable shapes. The display cover layer may cover the entire front face of device  10 . In another suitable arrangement, the display cover layer may cover substantially all of the front face of device  10  or only a portion of the front face of device  10 . Openings may be formed in the display cover layer. For example, an opening may be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate a button. An opening may also be formed in the display cover layer to accommodate ports such as speaker port  16  in notch  24  or a microphone port. Openings may be formed in housing  12  to form communications ports (e.g., an audio jack port, a digital data port, etc.) and/or audio ports for audio components such as a speaker and/or a microphone if desired. 
     Display  14  may include conductive structures such as an array of capacitive electrodes for a touch sensor, conductive lines for addressing pixels, driver circuits, etc. Housing  12  may include internal conductive structures such as metal frame members and a planar conductive housing member (sometimes referred to as a conductive support plate or backplate) that spans the walls of housing  12  (e.g., a substantially rectangular sheet formed from one or more metal parts that is welded or otherwise connected between opposing sides of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W). The conductive support plate may form an exterior rear surface of device  10  or may be covered by a dielectric cover layer such as a thin cosmetic layer, protective coating, and/or other coatings that may include dielectric materials such as glass, ceramic, plastic, or other structures that form the exterior surfaces of device  10  and/or serve to hide the conductive support plate from view of the user (e.g., the conductive support plate may form part of rear housing wall  12 R). Device  10  may also include conductive structures such as printed circuit boards, components mounted on printed circuit boards, and other internal conductive structures. These conductive structures, which may be used in forming a ground plane in device  10 , may extend under active area AA of display  14 , for example. 
     In regions  22  and  20 , openings may be formed within the conductive structures of device  10  (e.g., between peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W and opposing conductive ground structures such as conductive portions of rear housing wall  12 R, conductive traces on a printed circuit board, conductive electrical components in display  14 , etc.). These openings, which may sometimes be referred to as gaps, may be filled with air, plastic, and/or other dielectrics and may be used in forming slot antenna resonating elements for one or more antennas in device  10 , if desired. 
     Conductive housing structures and other conductive structures in device  10  may serve as a ground plane for the antennas in device  10 . The openings in regions  22  and  20  may serve as slots in open or closed slot antennas, may serve as a central dielectric region that is surrounded by a conductive path of materials in a loop antenna, may serve as a space that separates an antenna resonating element such as a strip antenna resonating element or an inverted-F antenna resonating element from the ground plane, may contribute to the performance of a parasitic antenna resonating element, or may otherwise serve as part of antenna structures formed in regions  22  and  20 . If desired, the ground plane that is under active area AA of display  14  and/or other metal structures in device  10  may have portions that extend into parts of the ends of device  10  (e.g., the ground may extend towards the dielectric-filled openings in regions  22  and  20 ), thereby narrowing the slots in regions  22  and  20 . Region  22  may sometimes be referred to herein as lower region  22  or lower end  22  of device  10 . Region  20  may sometimes be referred to herein as upper region  20  or upper end  20  of device  10 . 
     In general, device  10  may include any suitable number of antennas (e.g., one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, etc.). The antennas in device  10  may be located at opposing first and second ends of an elongated device housing (e.g., at lower region  22  and/or upper region  20  of device  10  of  FIG.  1   ), along one or more edges of a device housing, in the center of a device housing, in other suitable locations, or in one or more of these locations. The arrangement of  FIG.  1    is merely illustrative. 
     Portions of peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be provided with peripheral gap structures. For example, peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be provided with one or more dielectric-filled gaps such as gaps  18 , as shown in  FIG.  1   . The gaps in peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W may be filled with dielectric such as polymer, ceramic, glass, air, other dielectric materials, or combinations of these materials. Gaps  18  may divide peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W into one or more peripheral conductive segments. The conductive segments that are formed in this way may form parts of antennas in device  10  if desired. Other dielectric openings may be formed in peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W (e.g., dielectric openings other than gaps  18 ) and may serve as dielectric antenna windows for antennas mounted within the interior of device  10 . Antennas within device  10  may be aligned with the dielectric antenna windows for conveying radio-frequency signals through peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W. Antennas within device  10  may also be aligned with inactive area IA of display  14  for conveying radio-frequency signals through display  14 . 
     In order to provide an end user of device  10  with as large of a display as possible (e.g., to maximize an area of the device used for displaying media, running applications, etc.), it may be desirable to increase the amount of area at the front face of device  10  that is covered by active area AA of display  14 . Increasing the size of active area AA may reduce the size of inactive area IA within device  10 . This may reduce the area behind display  14  that is available for antennas within device  10 . For example, active area AA of display  14  may include conductive structures that serve to block radio-frequency signals handled by antennas mounted behind active area AA from radiating through the front face of device  10 . It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide antennas that occupy a small amount of space within device  10  (e.g., to allow for as large of a display active area AA as possible) while still allowing the antennas to communicate with wireless equipment external to device  10  with satisfactory efficiency bandwidth. 
     In a typical scenario, device  10  may have one or more upper antennas and one or more lower antennas. An upper antenna may, for example, be formed in upper region  20  of device  10 . A lower antenna may, for example, be formed in lower region  22  of device  10 . Additional antennas may be formed along the edges of housing  12  extending between regions  20  and  22  if desired. An example in which device  10  includes three or four upper antennas and five lower antennas is described herein as an example. The antennas may be used separately to cover identical communications bands, overlapping communications bands, or separate communications bands. The antennas may be used to implement an antenna diversity scheme or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna scheme. Other antennas for covering any other desired frequencies may also be mounted at any desired locations within the interior of device  10 . The example of  FIG.  1    is merely illustrative. If desired, housing  12  may have other shapes (e.g., a square shape, cylindrical shape, spherical shape, combinations of these and/or different shapes, etc.). 
     A schematic diagram of illustrative components that may be used in device  10  is shown in  FIG.  2   . As shown in  FIG.  2   , device  10  may include control circuitry  38 . Control circuitry  38  may include storage such as storage circuitry  30 . Storage circuitry  30  may include hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid-state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. 
     Control circuitry  38  may include processing circuitry such as processing circuitry  32 . Processing circuitry  32  may be used to control the operation of device  10 . Processing circuitry  32  may include on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, host processors, baseband processor integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits, central processing units (CPUs), etc. Control circuitry  38  may be configured to perform operations in device  10  using hardware (e.g., dedicated hardware or circuitry), firmware, and/or software. Software code for performing operations in device  10  may be stored on storage circuitry  30  (e.g., storage circuitry  30  may include non-transitory (tangible) computer readable storage media that stores the software code). The software code may sometimes be referred to as program instructions, software, data, instructions, or code. Software code stored on storage circuitry  30  may be executed by processing circuitry  32 . 
     Control circuitry  38  may be used to run software on device  10  such as internet browsing applications, voice-over-internet-protocol (VOIP) telephone call applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, etc. To support interactions with external equipment, control circuitry  38  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using control circuitry  38  include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as WiFi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol or other WPAN protocols, IEEE 802.11ad protocols, cellular telephone protocols, MIMO protocols, antenna diversity protocols, satellite navigation system protocols, antenna-based spatial ranging protocols (e.g., radio detection and ranging (RADAR) protocols or other desired range detection protocols for signals conveyed at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies), etc. Each communication protocol may be associated with a corresponding radio access technology (RAT) that specifies the physical connection methodology used in implementing the protocol. 
     Device  10  may include input-output circuitry  26 . Input-output circuitry  26  may include input-output devices  28 . Input-output devices  28  may be used to allow data to be supplied to device  10  and to allow data to be provided from device  10  to external devices. Input-output devices  28  may include user interface devices, data port devices, sensors, and other input-output components. For example, input-output devices may include touch screens, displays without touch sensor capabilities, buttons, joysticks, scrolling wheels, touch pads, key pads, keyboards, microphones, cameras, speakers, status indicators, light sources, audio jacks and other audio port components, digital data port devices, light sensors, gyroscopes, accelerometers or other components that can detect motion and device orientation relative to the Earth, capacitance sensors, proximity sensors (e.g., a capacitive proximity sensor and/or an infrared proximity sensor), magnetic sensors, and other sensors and input-output components. 
     Input-output circuitry  26  may include wireless circuitry such as wireless circuitry  34  for wirelessly conveying radio-frequency signals. While control circuitry  38  is shown separately from wireless circuitry  34  in the example of  FIG.  2    for the sake of clarity, wireless circuitry  34  may include processing circuitry that forms a part of processing circuitry  32  and/or storage circuitry that forms a part of storage circuitry  30  of control circuitry  38  (e.g., portions of control circuitry  38  may be implemented on wireless circuitry  34 ). As an example, control circuitry  38  may include baseband processor circuitry or other control components that form a part of wireless circuitry  34 . 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas, transmission lines, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Wireless circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  for handling transmission and/or reception of radio-frequency signals in various radio-frequency communications bands. For example, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may handle wireless local area network (WLAN) communications bands such as the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi® (IEEE 802.11) bands, wireless personal area network (WPAN) communications bands such as the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band, cellular telephone communications bands such as a cellular low band (LB) (e.g., 600 to 960 MHz), a cellular low-midband (LMB) (e.g., 1400 to 1550 MHz), a cellular midband (MB) (e.g., from 1700 to 2200 MHz), a cellular high band (HB) (e.g., from 2300 to 2700 MHz), a cellular ultra-high band (UHB) (e.g., from 3300 to 5000 MHz, or other cellular communications bands between about 600 MHz and about 5000 MHz (e.g., 3G bands. 4G LTE bands, 5G New Radio Frequency Range 1 (FR1) bands below 10 GHz. 5G New Radio Frequency Range 2 (FR2) bands at millimeter and centimeter wavelengths between 20 and 60 GHz, etc.), a near-field communications (NFC) band (e.g., at 13.56 MHz), satellite navigations bands (e.g., an L1 global positioning system (GPS) band at 1575 MHz, an L5 GPS band at 1176 MHz, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) band, a BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) band, etc.), ultra-wideband (UWB) communications band(s) supported by the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and/or other UWB communications protocols (e.g., a first UWB communications band at 6.5 GHz and/or a second UWB communications band at 8.0 GHz), and/or any other desired communications bands. The communications bands handled by radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may sometimes be referred to herein as frequency bands or simply as “bands,” and may span corresponding ranges of frequencies. 
     The UWB communications handled by radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may be based on an impulse radio signaling scheme that uses band-limited data pulses. Radio-frequency signals in the UWB frequency band may have any desired bandwidths such as bandwidths between 499 MHz and 1331 MHz, bandwidths greater than 500 MHz, etc. The presence of lower frequencies in the baseband may sometimes allow ultra-wideband signals to penetrate through objects such as walls. In an IEEE 802.15.4 system, for example, a pair of electronic devices may exchange wireless time stamped messages. Time stamps in the messages may be analyzed to determine the time of flight of the messages and thereby determine the distance (range) between the devices and/or an angle between the devices (e.g., an angle of arrival of incoming radio-frequency signals). 
     Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include respective transceivers (e.g., transceiver integrated circuits or chips) that handle each of these frequency bands or any desired number of transceivers that handle two or more of these frequency bands. In scenarios where different transceivers are coupled to the same antenna, filter circuitry (e.g., duplexer circuitry, diplexer circuitry, low pass filter circuitry, high pass filter circuitry, band pass filter circuitry, band stop filter circuitry, etc.), switching circuitry, multiplexing circuitry, or any other desired circuitry may be used to isolate radio-frequency signals conveyed by each transceiver over the same antenna (e.g., filtering circuitry or multiplexing circuitry may be interposed on a radio-frequency transmission line shared by the transceivers). Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may include one or more integrated circuits (chips), integrated circuit packages (e.g., multiple integrated circuits mounted on a common printed circuit in a system-in-package device, one or more integrated circuits mounted on different substrates, etc.), power amplifier circuitry, up-conversion circuitry, down-conversion circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive radio-frequency components, switching circuitry, transmission line structures, and other circuitry for handling radio-frequency signals and/or for converting signals between radio-frequencies, intermediate frequencies, and/or baseband frequencies. 
     In general, radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may cover (handle) any desired frequency bands of interest. As shown in  FIG.  2   , wireless circuitry  34  may include antennas  40 . Radio-frequency transceiver circuitry  36  may convey radio-frequency signals using one or more antennas  40  (e.g., antennas  40  may convey the radio-frequency signals for the transceiver circuitry). The term “convey radio-frequency signals” as used herein means the transmission and/or reception of the radio-frequency signals (e.g., for performing unidirectional and/or bidirectional wireless communications with external wireless communications equipment). Antennas  40  may transmit the radio-frequency signals by radiating the radio-frequency signals into free space (or to freespace through intervening device structures such as a dielectric cover layer). Antennas  40  may additionally or alternatively receive the radio-frequency signals from free space (e.g., through intervening devices structures such as a dielectric cover layer). The transmission and reception of radio-frequency signals by antennas  40  each involve the excitation or resonance of antenna currents on an antenna resonating element in the antenna by the radio-frequency signals within the frequency band(s) of operation of the antenna. 
     Antennas  40  in wireless circuitry  34  may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas  40  may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from stacked patch antenna structures, loop antenna structures, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, waveguide structures, monopole antenna structures, dipole antenna structures, helical antenna structures, Yagi (Yagi-Uda) antenna structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. In another suitable arrangement, antennas  40  may include antennas with dielectric resonating elements such as dielectric resonator antennas. If desired, one or more of antennas  40  may be cavity-backed antennas. Two or more antennas  40  may be arranged in a phased antenna array if desired (e.g., for conveying centimeter and/or millimeter wave signals). Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. 
     In one suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, antennas  40  include a first set of antennas for conveying radio-frequency signals in UWB frequency band(s) and a second set of antennas that form one or more phased antenna arrays. The first set of antennas may include a triplet or doublet of antennas for conveying radio-frequency signals in UWB frequency bands (sometimes referred to herein as UWB antennas). The phased antenna arrays may convey radio-frequency signals using millimeter and/or centimeter wave signals. Millimeter wave signals, which are sometimes referred to as extremely high frequency (EHF) signals, propagate at frequencies above about 30 GHz (e.g., at 60 GHz or other frequencies between about 30 GHz and 300 GHz). Centimeter wave signals propagate at frequencies between about 10 GHz and 30 GHz. In one suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, each phased antenna array may convey radio-frequency signals in a first 5G NR FR2 frequency band around 24-30 GHz and a second 5G NR FR2 frequency band around 37-43 GHz. Each phased antenna array may include a first set of antennas that convey radio-frequency signals in the first 5G NR FR2 frequency band and a second set of antennas that convey radio-frequency signals in the second 5G NR FR2 frequency band, for example. 
     A schematic diagram of wireless circuitry  34  is shown in  FIG.  3   . As shown in  FIG.  3   , wireless circuitry  34  may include transceiver circuitry  36  that is coupled to a given antenna  40  using a radio-frequency transmission line path such as radio-frequency transmission line path  50 . 
     To provide antenna structures such as antenna  40  with the ability to cover different frequencies of interest, antenna  40  may be provided with circuitry such as filter circuitry (e.g., one or more passive filters and/or one or more tunable filter circuits). Discrete components such as capacitors, inductors, and resistors may be incorporated into the filter circuitry. Capacitive structures, inductive structures, and resistive structures may also be formed from patterned metal structures (e.g., part of an antenna). If desired, antenna  40  may be provided with adjustable circuits such as tunable components that tune the antenna over communications (frequency) bands of interest. The tunable components may be part of a tunable filter or tunable impedance matching network, may be part of an antenna resonating element, may span a gap between an antenna resonating element and antenna ground, etc. 
     Radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may include one or more radio-frequency transmission lines (sometimes referred to herein simply as transmission lines). Radio-frequency transmission line path  50  (e.g., the transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path  50 ) may include a positive signal conductor such as positive signal conductor  52  and a ground signal conductor such as ground conductor  54 . 
     The transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may, for example, include coaxial cable transmission lines (e.g., ground conductor  54  may be implemented as a grounded conductive braid surrounding signal conductor  52  along its length), stripline transmission lines (e.g., where ground conductor  54  extends along two sides of signal conductor  52 ), a microstrip transmission line (e.g., where ground conductor  54  extends along one side of signal conductor  52 ), coaxial probes realized by a metalized via, edge-coupled microstrip transmission lines, edge-coupled stripline transmission lines, waveguide structures (e.g., coplanar waveguides or grounded coplanar waveguides), combinations of these types of transmission lines and/or other transmission line structures, etc. In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may include a stripline transmission line coupled to transceiver circuitry  36  and a microstrip transmission line coupled between the stripline transmission line and antenna  40 . 
     Transmission lines in radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may be integrated into rigid and/or flexible printed circuit boards. In one suitable arrangement, radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may include transmission line conductors (e.g., signal conductors  52  and ground conductors  54 ) integrated within multilayer laminated structures (e.g., layers of a conductive material such as copper and a dielectric material such as a resin that are laminated together without intervening adhesive). The multilayer laminated structures may, if desired, be folded or bent in multiple dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and may maintain a bent or folded shape after bending (e.g., the multilayer laminated structures may be folded into a particular three-dimensional shape to route around other device components and may be rigid enough to hold its shape after folding without being held in place by stiffeners or other structures). All of the multiple layers of the laminated structures may be batch laminated together (e.g., in a single pressing process) without adhesive (e.g., as opposed to performing multiple pressing processes to laminate multiple layers together with adhesive). 
     A matching network may include components such as inductors, resistors, and capacitors used in matching the impedance of antenna  40  to the impedance of radio-frequency transmission line path  50 . Matching network components may be provided as discrete components (e.g., surface mount technology components) or may be formed from housing structures, printed circuit board structures, traces on plastic supports, etc. Components such as these may also be used in forming filter circuitry in antenna(s)  40  and may be tunable and/or fixed components. 
     Radio-frequency transmission line path  50  may be coupled to antenna feed structures associated with antenna  40 . As an example, antenna  40  may form an inverted-F antenna, a planar inverted-F antenna, a patch antenna, or other antenna having an antenna feed  44  with a positive antenna feed terminal such as positive antenna feed terminal  46  and a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal  48 . Positive antenna feed terminal  46  may be coupled to an antenna resonating element for antenna  40 . Ground antenna feed terminal  48  may be coupled to an antenna ground for antenna  40 . 
     Signal conductor  52  may be coupled to positive antenna feed terminal  46  and ground conductor  54  may be coupled to ground antenna feed terminal  48 . Other types of antenna feed arrangements may be used if desired. For example, antenna  40  may be fed using multiple feeds each coupled to a respective port of transceiver circuitry  36  over a corresponding transmission line. If desired, signal conductor  52  may be coupled to multiple locations on antenna  40  (e.g., antenna  40  may include multiple positive antenna feed terminals coupled to signal conductor  52  of the same radio-frequency transmission line path  50 ). Switches may be interposed on the signal conductor between transceiver circuitry  36  and the positive antenna feed terminals if desired (e.g., to selectively activate one or more positive antenna feed terminals at any given time). The illustrative feeding configuration of  FIG.  3    is merely illustrative. 
     During operation, device  10  may communicate with external wireless equipment. If desired, device  10  may use radio-frequency signals conveyed between device  10  and the external wireless equipment to identify a location of the external wireless equipment relative to device  10 . Device  10  may identify the relative location of the external wireless equipment by identifying a range to the external wireless equipment (e.g., the distance between the external wireless equipment and device  10 ) and the angle of arrival (AoA) of radio-frequency signals from the external wireless equipment (e.g., the angle at which radio-frequency signals are received by device  10  from the external wireless equipment). 
       FIG.  4    is a diagram showing how device  10  may determine a distance D between device  10  and external wireless equipment such as wireless network node  60  (sometimes referred to herein as wireless equipment  60 , wireless device  60 , external device  60 , or external equipment  60 ). Node  60  may include devices that are capable of receiving and/or transmitting radio-frequency signals such as radio-frequency signals  56 . Node  60  may include tagged devices (e.g., any suitable object that has been provided with a wireless receiver and/or a wireless transmitter), electronic equipment (e.g., an infrastructure-related device), and/or other electronic devices (e.g., devices of the type described in connection with  FIG.  1   , including some or all of the same wireless communications capabilities as device  10 ). 
     For example, node  60  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, headphone device, earpiece device, headset device (e.g., virtual or augmented reality headset devices), or other wearable or miniature device, a handheld device such as a cellular telephone, a media player, or other small portable device. Node  60  may also be a set-top box, a camera device with wireless communications capabilities, a desktop computer, a display into which a computer or other processing circuitry has been integrated, a display without an integrated computer, or other suitable electronic equipment. Node  60  may also be a key fob, a wallet, a book, a pen, or other object that has been provided with a low-power transmitter (e.g., an RFID transmitter or other transmitter). Node  60  may be electronic equipment such as a thermostat, a smoke detector, a Bluetooth® Low Energy (Bluetooth LE) beacon, a Wi-Fi® wireless access point, a wireless base station, a server, a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system (sometimes referred to as a temperature-control system), a light source such as a light-emitting diode (LED) bulb, a light switch, a power outlet, an occupancy detector (e.g., an active or passive infrared light detector, a microwave detector, etc.), a door sensor, a moisture sensor, an electronic door lock, a security camera, or other device. Device  10  may also be one of these types of devices if desired. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , device  10  may communicate with node  60  using wireless radio-frequency signals  56 . Radio-frequency signals  56  may include Bluetooth® signals, near-field communications signals, wireless local area network signals such as IEEE 802.11 signals, millimeter wave communication signals such as signals at 60 GHz. UWB signals, other radio-frequency wireless signals, infrared signals, etc. In one suitable arrangement that is described herein by example, radio-frequency signals  56  are UWB signals conveyed in multiple UWB communications bands such as the 6.5 GHz and 8 GHz UWB communications bands. Radio-frequency signals  56  may be used to determine and/or convey information such as location and orientation information. For example, control circuitry  38  in device  10  ( FIG.  2   ) may determine the location  58  of node  60  relative to device  10  using radio-frequency signals  56 . 
     In arrangements where node  60  is capable of sending or receiving communications signals, control circuitry  38  ( FIG.  2   ) on device  10  may determine distance D using radio-frequency signals  56  of  FIG.  4   . The control circuitry may determine distance D using signal strength measurement schemes (e.g., measuring the signal strength of radio-frequency signals  56  from node  60 ) or using time-based measurement schemes such as time of flight measurement techniques, time difference of arrival measurement techniques, angle of arrival measurement techniques, triangulation methods, time-of-flight methods, using a crowdsourced location database, and other suitable measurement techniques. This is merely illustrative, however. If desired, the control circuitry may use information from Global Positioning System receiver circuitry, proximity sensors (e.g., infrared proximity sensors or other proximity sensors), image data from a camera, motion sensor data from motion sensors, and/or using other circuitry on device  10  to help determine distance D. In addition to determining the distance D between device  10  and node  60 , the control circuitry may determine the orientation of device  10  relative to node  60 . 
       FIG.  5    illustrates how the position and orientation of device  10  relative to nearby nodes such as node  60  may be determined. In the example of  FIG.  5   , the control circuitry on device  10  (e.g., control circuitry  38  of  FIG.  2   ) uses a horizontal polar coordinate system to determine the location and orientation of device  10  relative to node  60 . In this type of coordinate system, the control circuitry may determine an azimuth angle θ and/or an elevation angle φ to describe the position of nearby nodes  60  relative to device  10 . The control circuitry may define a reference plane such as local horizon  64  and a reference vector such as reference vector  68 . Local horizon  64  may be a plane that intersects device  10  and that is defined relative to a surface of device  10  (e.g., the front or rear face of device  10 ). For example, local horizon  64  may be a plane that is parallel to or coplanar with display  14  of device  10  ( FIG.  1   ). Reference vector  68  (sometimes referred to as the “north” direction) may be a vector in local horizon  64 . If desired, reference vector  68  may be aligned with longitudinal axis  62  of device  10  (e.g., an axis running lengthwise down the center of device  10  and parallel to the longest rectangular dimension of device  10 , parallel to the Y-axis of  FIG.  1   ). When reference vector  68  is aligned with longitudinal axis  62  of device  10 , reference vector  68  may correspond to the direction in which device  10  is being pointed. 
     Azimuth angle θ and elevation angle (may be measured relative to local horizon  64  and reference vector  68 . As shown in  FIG.  5   , the elevation angle φ (sometimes referred to as altitude) of node  60  is the angle between node  60  and local horizon  64  of device  10  (e.g., the angle between vector  67  extending between device  10  and node  60  and a coplanar vector  66  extending between device  10  and local horizon  64 ). The azimuth angle θ of node  60  is the angle of node  60  around local horizon  64  (e.g., the angle between reference vector  68  and vector  66 ). In the example of  FIG.  5   , the azimuth angle θ and elevation angle φ of node  60  are greater than 0°. 
     If desired, other axes besides longitudinal axis  62  may be used to define reference vector  68 . For example, the control circuitry may use a horizontal axis that is perpendicular to longitudinal axis  62  as reference vector  68 . This may be useful in determining when nodes  60  are located next to a side portion of device  10  (e.g., when device  10  is oriented side-to-side with one of nodes  60 ). 
     After determining the orientation of device  10  relative to node  60 , the control circuitry on device  10  may take suitable action. For example, the control circuitry may send information to node  60 , may request and/or receive information from  60 , may use display  14  ( FIG.  1   ) to display a visual indication of wireless pairing with node  60 , may use speakers to generate an audio indication of wireless pairing with node  60 , may use a vibrator, a haptic actuator, or other mechanical element to generate haptic output indicating wireless pairing with node  60 , may use display  14  to display a visual indication of the location of node  60  relative to device  10 , may use speakers to generate an audio indication of the location of node  60 , may use a vibrator, a haptic actuator, or other mechanical element to generate haptic output indicating the location of node  60 , and/or may take other suitable action. 
     In one suitable arrangement, device  10  may determine the distance between the device  10  and node  60  and the orientation of device  10  relative to node  60  using two or more ultra-wideband antennas. The ultra-wide band antennas may receive radio-frequency signals from node  60  (e.g., radio-frequency signals  56  of  FIG.  4   ). Time stamps in the wireless communication signals may be analyzed to determine the time of flight of the wireless communication signals and thereby determine the distance (range) between device  10  and node  60 . Additionally, angle of arrival (AoA) measurement techniques may be used to determine the orientation of electronic device  10  relative to node  60  (e.g., azimuth angle θ and elevation angle φ). 
     In angle of arrival measurement, node  60  transmits a radio-frequency signal to device  10  (e.g., radio-frequency signals  56  of  FIG.  4   ). Device  10  may measure a delay in arrival time of the radio-frequency signals between the two or more ultra-wideband antennas. The delay in arrival time (e.g., the difference in received phase at each ultra-wideband antenna) can be used to determine the angle of arrival of the radio-frequency signal (and therefore the angle of node  60  relative to device  10 ). Once distance D and the angle of arrival have been determined, device  10  may have knowledge of the precise location of node  60  relative to device  10 . 
       FIG.  6    is a schematic diagram showing how angle of arrival measurement techniques may be used to determine the orientation of device  10  relative to node  60 . Device  10  may include multiple antennas  40  for conveying radio-frequency signals in one or more UWB frequency bands (sometimes referred to herein as ultra-wideband antennas  40 U). As shown in  FIG.  6   , the ultra-wideband antennas  40 U in device  10  may include at least a first ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and a second ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 . Ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  may be coupled to transceiver circuitry  36  over respective radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  (e.g., a first radio-frequency transmission line path  50 A and a second radio-frequency transmission line path  50 B). Transceiver circuitry  36  and ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  may operate at UWB frequencies (e.g., transceiver circuitry  36  may convey UWB signals using ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2 ). 
     Ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  may each receive radio-frequency signals  56  from node  60  ( FIG.  5   ). Ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  may be laterally separated by a distance d 1 , where ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  is farther away from node  60  than ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2  (in the example of  FIG.  6   ). Therefore, radio-frequency signals  56  travel a greater distance to reach ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  than ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 . The additional distance between node  60  and ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  is shown in  FIG.  6    as distance d 2 .  FIG.  6    also shows angles a and b (where a+b=90°). 
     Distance d 2  may be determined as a function of angle a or angle b (e.g., d 2 =d 1 *sin(a) or d 2 =d 1 *cos(b)). Distance d 2  may also be determined as a function of the phase difference between the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2  (e.g., d 2 =(PD)*λ/(2*π)), where PD is the phase difference (sometimes written “Δϕ”) between the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 , and λ is the wavelength of radio-frequency signals  56 . Device  10  may include phase measurement circuitry coupled to each antenna to measure the phase of the received signals and to identify phase difference PD (e.g., by subtracting the phase measured for one antenna from the phase measured for the other antenna). The two equations for d 2  may be set equal to each other (e.g., d 1 *sin(a)=(PD)*λ/(2*π)) and rearranged to solve for the angle a (e.g., a=sin −1 ((PD)*λ/(2*π*d 1 )) or the angle b. Therefore, the angle of arrival may be determined (e.g., by control circuitry  38  of  FIG.  2   ) based on the known (predetermined) distance d 1  between ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2 , the detected (measured) phase difference PD between the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 , and the known wavelength (frequency) of the received radio-frequency signals  56 . Angles a and/or b of  FIG.  6    may be converted to spherical coordinates to obtain azimuth angle θ and elevation angle φ of  FIG.  5   , for example. Control circuitry  38  ( FIG.  2   ) may determine the angle of arrival of radio-frequency signals  56  by calculating one or both of azimuth angle θ and elevation angle φ. 
     Distance d 1  may be selected to ease the calculation for phase difference PD between the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  and the signal received by ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 . For example, d 1  may be less than or equal to one half of the wavelength (e.g., effective wavelength) of the received radio-frequency signals  56  (e.g., to avoid multiple phase difference solutions). 
     With two antennas for determining angle of arrival (as in  FIG.  6   ), the angle of arrival within a single plane may be determined. For example, ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  in  FIG.  6    may be used to determine azimuth angle θ of  FIG.  5   . A third ultra-wideband antenna may be included to enable angle of arrival determination in multiple planes (e.g., azimuth angle θ and elevation angle φ of  FIG.  5    may both be determined). The three ultra-wideband antennas in this scenario may form a so-called triplet of ultra-wideband antennas, where each antenna in the triplet is arranged to approximately lie on a respective corner of a right triangle (e.g., the triplet may include ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  of  FIG.  6    and a third antenna located at distance d 1  from ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1  in a direction perpendicular to the vector between ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2 ) or using some other predetermined relative positioning. Triplets of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U may be used to determine angle of arrival in two planes (e.g., to determine both azimuth angle θ and elevation angle (p of  FIG.  5   ). Triplets of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U and/or doublets of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U (e.g., a pair of antennas such as ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  of  FIG.  6   ) may be used in device  10  to determine angle of arrival. If desired, different doublets of antennas may be oriented orthogonally with respect to each other in device  10  to recover angle of arrival in two dimensions (e.g., using two or more orthogonal doublets of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U that each measure angle of arrival in a single respective plane). 
     The antennas  40  in device  10  may also include two or more antennas  40  that convey radio-frequency signals at frequencies greater than 10 GHz. Due to the substantial signal attenuation at frequencies greater than 10 GHz, these antennas may be arranged into one or more corresponding phased antenna arrays.  FIG.  7    shows how antennas  40  for handling radio-frequency signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies may be formed in a corresponding phased antenna array  76 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  7   , phased antenna array  76  (sometimes referred to herein as array  76 , antenna array  76 , or array  76  of antennas  40 ) may be coupled to radio-frequency transmission line paths  50 . For example, a first antenna  40 - 1  in phased antenna array  76  may be coupled to a first radio-frequency transmission line path  50 - 1 , a second antenna  40 - 2  in phased antenna array  76  may be coupled to a second radio-frequency transmission line path  50 - 2 , an Nth antenna  40 -N in phased antenna array  76  may be coupled to an Nth radio-frequency transmission line path  50 -N, etc. While antennas  40  are described herein as forming a phased antenna array, the antennas  40  in phased antenna array  76  may sometimes also be referred to as collectively forming a single phased array antenna. 
     Antennas  40  in phased antenna array  76  may be arranged in any desired number of rows and columns or in any other desired pattern (e.g., the antennas need not be arranged in a grid pattern having rows and columns). During signal transmission operations, radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  may be used to supply signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals such as millimeter wave and/or centimeter wave signals) from transceiver circuitry  36  ( FIG.  2   ) to phased antenna array  76  for wireless transmission. During signal reception operations, radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  may be used to supply signals received at phased antenna array  76  (e.g., from external wireless equipment or transmitted signals that have been reflected off of external objects) to transceiver circuitry  36  ( FIG.  3   ). 
     The use of multiple antennas  40  in phased antenna array  76  allows beam steering arrangements to be implemented by controlling the relative phases and magnitudes (amplitudes) of the radio-frequency signals conveyed by the antennas. In the example of  FIG.  7   , antennas  40  each have a corresponding radio-frequency phase and magnitude controller  70  (e.g., a first phase and magnitude controller  70 - 1  interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  50 - 1  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 - 1 , a second phase and magnitude controller  70 - 2  interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  50 - 2  may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 - 2 , an Nth phase and magnitude controller  70 -N interposed on radio-frequency transmission line path  50 -N may control phase and magnitude for radio-frequency signals handled by antenna  40 -N, etc.). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  70  may each include circuitry for adjusting the phase of the radio-frequency signals on radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  (e.g., phase shifter circuits) and/or circuitry for adjusting the magnitude of the radio-frequency signals on radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  (e.g., power amplifier and/or low noise amplifier circuits). Phase and magnitude controllers  70  may sometimes be referred to collectively herein as beam steering circuitry (e.g., beam steering circuitry that steers the beam of radio-frequency signals transmitted and/or received by phased antenna array  76 ). 
     Phase and magnitude controllers  70  may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the transmitted signals that are provided to each of the antennas in phased antenna array  76  and may adjust the relative phases and/or magnitudes of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  76 . Phase and magnitude controllers  70  may, if desired, include phase detection circuitry for detecting the phases of the received signals that are received by phased antenna array  76 . The term “beam” or “signal beam” may be used herein to collectively refer to wireless signals that are transmitted and received by phased antenna array  76  in a particular direction. The signal beam may exhibit a peak gain that is oriented in a particular pointing direction at a corresponding pointing angle (e.g., based on constructive and destructive interference from the combination of signals from each antenna in the phased antenna array). The term “transmit beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to radio-frequency signals that are transmitted in a particular direction whereas the term “receive beam” may sometimes be used herein to refer to radio-frequency signals that are received from a particular direction. 
     If, for example, phase and magnitude controllers  70  are adjusted to produce a first set of phases and/or magnitudes for transmitted radio-frequency signals, the transmitted signals will form a transmit beam as shown by beam B 1  of  FIG.  7    that is oriented in the direction of point A. If, however, phase and magnitude controllers  70  are adjusted to produce a second set of phases and/or magnitudes for the transmitted signals, the transmitted signals will form a transmit beam as shown by beam B 2  that is oriented in the direction of point B. Similarly, if phase and magnitude controllers  70  are adjusted to produce the first set of phases and/or magnitudes, radio-frequency signals (e.g., radio-frequency signals in a receive beam) may be received from the direction of point A, as shown by beam B 1 . If phase and magnitude controllers  70  are adjusted to produce the second set of phases and/or magnitudes, radio-frequency signals may be received from the direction of point B, as shown by beam B 2 . 
     Each phase and magnitude controller  70  may be controlled to produce a desired phase and/or magnitude based on a corresponding control signal S received from control circuitry  38  (e.g., the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  70 - 1  may be controlled using control signal S 1 , the phase and/or magnitude provided by phase and magnitude controller  70 - 2  may be controlled using control signal S 2 , etc.). If desired, the control circuitry may actively adjust control signals S in real time to steer the transmit or receive beam in different desired directions over time. Phase and magnitude controllers  70  may provide information identifying the phase of received signals to control circuitry  38  if desired. 
     When performing wireless communications using radio-frequency signals at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies, the radio-frequency signals are conveyed over a line of sight path between phased antenna array  76  and external communications equipment. If the external object is located at point A of  FIG.  7   , phase and magnitude controllers  70  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards point A (e.g., to steer the pointing direction of the signal beam towards point A). Phased antenna array  76  may transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in the direction of point A. Similarly, if the external communications equipment is located at point B, phase and magnitude controllers  70  may be adjusted to steer the signal beam towards point B (e.g., to steer the pointing direction of the signal beam towards point B). Phased antenna array  76  may transmit and receive radio-frequency signals in the direction of point B. In the example of  FIG.  7   , beam steering is shown as being performed over a single degree of freedom for the sake of simplicity (e.g., towards the left and right on the page of  FIG.  7   ). However, in practice, the beam may be steered over two or more degrees of freedom (e.g., in three dimensions, into and out of the page and to the left and right on the page of  FIG.  7   ). Phased antenna array  76  may have a corresponding field of view over which beam steering can be performed (e.g., in a hemisphere or a segment of a hemisphere over the phased antenna array). If desired, device  10  may include multiple phased antenna arrays that each face a different direction to provide coverage from multiple sides of the device. 
     In one suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, the antennas  40  in device  10  include a triplet of ultra-wideband antennas and first and second phased antenna arrays for conveying radio-frequency signals at centimeter and millimeter wave frequencies. In some scenarios, the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas and the phased antenna arrays are formed on separate respective substrates or modules. However, space is often at a premium in devices such as device  10 . Forming the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas and the phased antenna arrays on separate respective substrates or modules may occupy an excessive amount of space in device  10 , can undesirably increase manufacturing cost and complexity for device  10 , and can introduce mechanical non-uniformities in device  10  over time. 
     In order to mitigate these issues, the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas and the first and second phased antenna arrays may both be formed as part of the same integrated antenna module.  FIG.  8    is a bottom view showing how the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas and the first and second phased antenna arrays may both be formed on the same antenna module. 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , device  10  may include an integrated antenna module such as antenna module  78 . Antenna module  78  may include a dielectric substrate such as dielectric substrate  80 . Dielectric substrate  80  may, for example, be a stacked dielectric substrate having two or more vertically-stacked dielectric layers. 
     Antenna module  78  may include a triplet of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U such as ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 , and  40 U- 3 . Ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 , and  40 U- 3  may convey radio-frequency signals in one or more ultra-wideband frequency bands. Each ultra-wideband antenna  40 U may have a corresponding antenna resonating element. The antenna resonating element may overlap an antenna ground formed from ground traces in dielectric substrate  80 . 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  8   , ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  may each have an antenna resonating element  86  formed from a patch of conductive traces on dielectric substrate  80 . Antenna resonating element  86  may therefore be a patch antenna resonating element (sometimes referred to herein as a patch element, patch resonating element, patch radiating element, or patch radiator). Corresponding positive antenna feed terminals  46  such as positive antenna feed terminals  46 U may be coupled to each antenna resonating element  86  for feeding ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2 . The length of antenna resonating element  86  (e.g., parallel to the X-axis of  FIG.  8   ) may be selected to configure ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  to radiate in a corresponding ultra-wideband frequency band (e.g., a 6.5 GHz UWB frequency band). This is merely illustrative. If desired, a return path may be coupled between antenna resonating element  86  and the ground traces to configure antenna resonating element  86  to form a planar inverted-F antenna resonating element. In general, antenna resonating element  86  may be formed using any other desired antenna resonating element structures (e.g., antenna resonating elements having any desired shape, any desired number of curved and/or straight edges, any desired feeding arrangement, etc.). 
     Ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  may have an antenna resonating element that includes a first antenna resonating element arm  88  and a second antenna resonating element arm  90 . Antenna resonating element arms  88  and  90  may be formed from conductive traces on dielectric substrate  80 . Antenna resonating element arms  88  and  90  may each be fed by a respective positive antenna feed terminal  46 U. Antenna resonating element arms  88  and  90  may be separated by a fence of conductive vias  92  that couple the conductive traces forming antenna resonating element arms  88  and  90  to the ground traces in dielectric substrate  80 . The fence of conductive vias  92  may form a return path for ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3 . The antenna resonating element for ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  may therefore be a dual-band planar-inverted-F antenna resonating element (e.g., antenna resonating element arms  88  and  90  may be planar inverted-F antenna resonating element arms extending from opposing sides of conductive vias  92 ). 
     The length of antenna resonating element arm  88  (e.g., parallel to the X-axis of  FIG.  8   ) may be selected to configure ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  to radiate in the first ultra-wideband frequency band (e.g., the 6.5 GHz UWB frequency band). The length of antenna resonating element arm  90  (e.g., parallel to the X-axis of  FIG.  8   ) may be selected to configure ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  to also radiate in a second ultra-wideband frequency band (e.g., the 8.0 GHz UWB frequency band). This is merely illustrative. If desired, ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  may be a single band antenna (e.g., similar to ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  of  FIG.  8   ). If desired, one or both of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  may be dual-band antennas (e.g., similar to ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  of  FIG.  8   ) for conveying radio-frequency signals in both the 6.5 GHz and 8.0 GHz UWB frequency bands. In general, ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  may be formed using any other desired antenna resonating element structures (e.g., antenna resonating elements having any desired shape, any desired number of curved and/or straight edges, any desired feeding arrangement, etc.). 
     The triplet of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 , and  40 U- 3  may be used to determine distance D of  FIG.  4    and/or to determine the angle of arrival of incident radio-frequency signals in one or both of the 6.5 GHz and 8.0 GHz UWB frequency bands. If desired, ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 1 , ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 2 , or ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  may be omitted (e.g., antenna module  78  may include a doublet of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U). 
     Antenna module  78  may also include multiple phased antenna arrays  76  such as first phased antenna array  76 A and second phased antenna array  76 B. First phased antenna array  76 A may include a first set of antennas  40 H that radiate in a relatively high 5G NR FR2 frequency band (e.g., at frequencies between about 37-43 GHz). First phased antenna array  76 A may include any desired number of antennas  40 H. In the example of  FIG.  8   , first phased antenna array  76 A includes four antennas  40 H such as antennas  40 H- 1 ,  40 H- 2 ,  40 H- 3 , and  40 H- 4 . Each antenna  40 H in first phased antenna array  76 A may be separated from one or two adjacent antennas  40 H in first phased antenna array  76 A by distance  82 . Distance  82  may be selected to allow the antennas  40 H in first phased antenna array  76 A to perform satisfactory beam forming operations (e.g., distance  82  may be approximately equal to one-half the effective wavelength of operation of antennas  40 H, where the effective wavelength is equal to a free space wavelength multiplied by a constant value that is selected based on the dielectric constant of dielectric substrate  80 ). 
     First phased antenna array  76 A may also include a second set of antennas  40 L that radiate in a relatively low 5G NR FR2 frequency band (e.g., at frequencies between about 24-30 GHz). First phased antenna array  76 A may include any desired number of antennas  40 L. In the example of  FIG.  8   , first phased antenna array  76 A includes four antennas  40 L such as antennas  40 L- 1 ,  40 L- 2 ,  40 L- 3 , and  40 L- 4 . Each antenna  40 L in first phased antenna array  76 A may be separated from one or two adjacent antennas  40 L in first phased antenna array  76 A by distance  84 . Distance  84  may be selected to allow the antennas  40 L in first phased antenna array  76 A to perform satisfactory beam forming operations (e.g., distance  84  may be approximately equal to one-half the effective wavelength of operation of antennas  40 L). 
     In the example of  FIG.  8   , first phased antenna array  76 A includes a first row of antennas  40 H and a second row of antennas  40 L. This is merely illustrative and, in general, the antennas  40 H and  40 L in first phased antenna array  76 A may be arranged in any desired pattern (e.g., antennas  40 H may be interleaved with antennas  40 L in a single row, antennas  40 H may be interleaved with antennas  40 L across two rows, etc.). Collectively, antennas  40 H and  40 L may allow first phased antenna array  76 A to convey radio-frequency signals (e.g., under a beam forming scheme) in both the relatively low 5G NR FR2 frequency band and the relatively high 5G NR FR2 frequency band. 
     Second phased antenna array  76 B may include a third set of antennas  40 H that radiate in the relatively high 5G NR FR2 frequency band (e.g., at frequencies between about 37-43 GHz). Second phased antenna array  76 B may include any desired number of antennas  40 H. In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, second phased antenna array  76 B includes fewer antennas  40 H than first phased antenna array  76 A (e.g., second phased antenna array  76 B may include two antennas  40 H such as antennas  40 H- 5  and  40 H- 6 ). Antennas  40 H- 5  and  40 H- 6  may be separated from each other by distance  82 . 
     Second phased antenna array  76 B may also include a fourth set of antennas  40 L that radiate in the relatively low 5G NR FR2 frequency band (e.g., at frequencies between about 24-30 GHz). Second phased antenna array  76 B may include any desired number of antennas  40 L. In one suitable arrangement that is sometimes described herein as an example, second phased antenna array  76 B includes fewer antennas  40 L than first phased antenna array  76 B (e.g., second phased antenna array  76 B may include two antennas  40 L such as antennas  40 L- 5  and  40 L- 6 ). Antennas  40 L- 5  and  40 L- 6  may be separated from each other by distance  84 . 
     The antennas in second phased antenna array  76 B may be located on portions (regions) of dielectric substrate  80  that are not occupied by first phased antenna array  76 A and ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1 ,  40 U- 2 , and  40 U- 3 . For example, as shown in  FIG.  8   , antennas  40 H- 5  and  40 H- 6  may be arranged in a column and may be laterally interposed between ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  and antenna  40 H- 4  and the right edge of dielectric substrate  80 . At the same time, antennas  40 L- 5  and  40 L- 6  may be arranged in a row and may be laterally interposed between ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  and the upper edge of dielectric substrate  80 . This is merely illustrative and, in general, the antennas  40 H and  40 L in second phased antenna array  76 B may be arranged in any desired pattern. Collectively, antennas  40 H and  40 L may allow phased antenna array  76 B to convey radio-frequency signals (e.g., under a beam forming scheme) in both the relatively low 5G NR FR2 frequency band and the relatively high 5G NR FR2 frequency band. 
     If desired, second phased antenna array  76 B may be steered independently of first phased antenna array  76 A. For example, first phased antenna array  76 A may convey radio-frequency signals within a first signal beam whereas second phased antenna array  76 B conveys radio-frequency signals within a second signal beam. In one suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, first phased antenna array  76 A may be a primary phased antenna array for device  10  whereas second phased antenna array  76 B is a secondary or diversity phased antenna array for device  10 . 
     Control circuitry  38  ( FIG.  2   ) may, for example, gather sensor data, wireless performance metric data, or other data indicative of the radio-frequency performance of phased antenna arrays  76 A and  76 B over time. Control circuitry  38  may convey radio-frequency signals in the 5G NR FR2 frequency bands using first phased antenna array  76 A. When the gathered data indicates that first phased antenna array  76 A is being blocked by an external object (e.g., a user&#39;s hand, a table top, or other external objects) or is otherwise exhibiting unsatisfactory radio-frequency performance (e.g., when the gathered wireless performance metric data falls outside of a predetermined range of satisfactory wireless performance metric data values), control circuitry  38  may switch first phased antenna array  76 A out of use. Control circuitry  38  may subsequently switch second phased antenna array  76 B into use and may use second phased antenna array  76 B to convey radio-frequency signals in the 5G NR FR2 frequency bands until first phased antenna array  76 A is no longer being blocked or would otherwise exhibit satisfactory radio-frequency performance. In this way, antenna module  78  may continue to convey radio-frequency signals in the 5G NR FR2 frequency bands even if external objects occasionally block part of antenna module  78  over time. 
     Antennas  40 H and  40 L in phased antenna arrays  76 A and  76 B may be formed using any desired antenna structures. In one suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, antennas  40 H and  40 L are stacked patch antennas. For example, as shown in  FIG.  8   , each antenna  40 H may have an antenna resonating element  100  formed from a patch of conductive traces on dielectric substrate  80  (e.g., antenna resonating element  100  may be a patch antenna resonating element and may therefore sometimes be referred to herein as patch element  100 ). Antenna  40 H may have a parasitic element  102  formed from a patch of conductive traces that is stacked over patch element  100 . 
     Patch element  100  may be directly fed by one or more positive antenna feed terminals  46 H. For example, patch element  100  may be fed by a first positive antenna feed terminal  46 HH coupled to a first edge of patch element  100  and may be fed by a second positive antenna feed terminal  46 HV coupled to a second edge of patch element  100  (e.g., an edge orthogonal to the first edge). Feeding patch element  100  using multiple positive antenna feed terminals may allow antenna  40 H to convey radio-frequency signals with multiple polarizations. For example, first positive antenna feed terminal  46 HH may convey radio-frequency signals with a first linear (e.g., horizontal) polarization whereas second positive antenna feed terminal  46 HV conveys radio-frequency signals with a second linear (e.g., vertical) polarization. Circular or elliptical polarizations may also be used if desired. 
     The length of patch element  100  may be selected to radiate in the relatively high 5G NR FR2 frequency band. Parasitic element  102 , which is not directly connected to or fed by positive antenna feed terminals  46 HV and  46 HH, may have dimensions that vary slightly from the dimensions of patch element  100 . This may configure parasitic element  102  to broaden the bandwidth of antenna  40 H. If desired, parasitic element  102  may be a cross-shaped patch (e.g., having orthogonal arms overlapping positive antenna feed terminals  46 HV and  46 HH). This may configure parasitic element  102  to perform impedance matching for antenna  40 H, for example. This example is merely illustrative and, in general, antennas  40 H may be formed using any desired antenna structures. 
     Similarly, each antenna  40 L may have an antenna resonating element  94  formed from a patch of conductive traces on dielectric substrate  80  (e.g., antenna resonating element  94  may be a patch antenna resonating element and may therefore sometimes be referred to herein as patch element  94 ). Antenna  40 L may have a parasitic element  96  formed from a patch of conductive traces that is stacked over patch element  94 . 
     Patch element  94  may be directly feed by one or more positive antenna feed terminals  46 L. For example, patch element  94  may be fed by a first positive antenna feed terminal  46 LH coupled to a first edge of patch element  94  and may be fed by a second positive antenna feed terminal  46 LV coupled to a second edge of patch element  94  (e.g., an edge orthogonal to the first edge). Feeding patch element  94  using multiple positive antenna feed terminals may allow antenna  40 L to convey radio-frequency signals with multiple polarizations. For example, first positive antenna feed terminal  46 LH may convey radio-frequency signals with a first linear (e.g., horizontal) polarization whereas second positive antenna feed terminal  46 LV conveys radio-frequency signals with a second linear (e.g., vertical) polarization. If desired, additional parasitic elements  98  may laterally surround patch element  94  and/or parasitic element  96  (e.g., parasitic elements  98  may be formed from conductive traces on the same dielectric layer of dielectric substrate  80  as patch element  94  and/or from conductive traces on the same dielectric layer as parasitic element  96 ). Parasitic elements  98  may contribute to the radiative response of antenna  40 L (e.g., for broadening the bandwidth of antenna  40 L) and/or may help to isolate antenna  40 L from adjacent antennas and components in device  10 , for example. 
     The length of patch element  94  may be selected to radiate in the relatively low 5G NR FR2 frequency band. Parasitic element  96 , which is not directly connected to or fed by positive antenna feed terminals  46 HV and  46 HH, may have dimensions that vary slightly from the dimensions of patch element  94 . This may configure parasitic element  96  to broaden the bandwidth of antenna  40 L. Patch element  100  in antennas  40 H and patch element  94  in antennas  40 L may overlap ground traces in dielectric substrate  80  (e.g., the same ground traces used to form the antenna ground for ultra-wideband antennas  40 U, if desired). This example is merely illustrative and, in general, antennas  40 H may be formed using any desired antenna structures. If desired, fences of conductive vias extending through dielectric substrate  80  may laterally surround one or more (e.g., all) of the antennas in antenna module  78 . The fences of conductive vias may, for example, help to isolate each of the antennas from each other and/or from interference from other components in device  10 . 
     In general, ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  may be separated from ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2  by gap  81 . Selecting a relatively large gap  81  may allow control circuitry  38  ( FIG.  2   ) to resolve the angle of arrival of incoming radio-frequency signals with relatively high accuracy and/or precision, for example. In order to minimize space consumption within device  10 , first phased antenna array  76 A may be interleaved within the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas in antenna module  78 . 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  8   , first phased antenna array  76 A may be laterally interposed on dielectric substrate  80  between ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  and ultra-wideband antennas  40 U- 1  and  40 U- 2 . At the same time, ultra-wideband antenna  40 U- 3  may be laterally interposed on dielectric substrate  80  between the antennas  40 L in second phased antenna array  76 B and first phased antenna array  76 A. By taking advantage of the presence of gap  81  in the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U and the required distances  82  and  84  in phased antenna arrays  76 A and  76 B in this way, antenna module  78  may perform both ultra-wideband communications and communications at millimeter and centimeter wave frequencies within as small a lateral footprint as possible within device  10 . This may, for example, allow for as much space as possible within device  10  for forming other device components. 
     Antenna module  78  may be mounted at any desired location within device  10 . In one suitable arrangement that is described herein as an example, antenna module  78  may be pressed against or layered adjacent to rear housing wall  12 R of device  10  ( FIG.  1   ). This may configure phased antenna arrays  76 A and  76 B and the triplet of ultra-wideband antennas  40 U to radiate through rear housing wall  12 R. In scenarios where rear housing wall  12 R includes a conductive support plate, apertures in the conductive support plate may be aligned with the antennas in antenna module  78  to allow the antennas to radiate through rear housing wall  12 R. In other arrangements, the antennas in antenna module  78  may radiate through display  14  and/or peripheral conductive housing structures  12 W ( FIG.  1   ). 
     The example of  FIG.  8    is merely illustrative. The antennas in antenna module  78  may be implemented using any desired antenna structures having any desired shapes. Antenna module  78  may include more than two phased antenna arrays  76  or only one of phased antenna arrays  76 A and  76 B. Phased antenna arrays  76 A and  76 B may include any desired number of antennas that radiate in any desired frequency bands. Substrate  80  may have any desired shape. 
     One or more electrical components for supporting the operation of phased antenna arrays  76 A and  76 B such as a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) may be mounted to dielectric substrate  80 .  FIG.  9    is a side view of antenna module  78  showing how antenna module  78  may have an RFIC mounted to dielectric substrate  80 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  9   , dielectric substrate  80  may include stacked dielectric layers  104 . Dielectric layers  104  may be used to form antennas  40 H,  40 L, and  40 U (e.g., the antenna resonating elements for the antennas may be formed from conductive traces patterned onto one or more of dielectric layers  104 ). Dielectric layers  104  may sometimes be referred to herein as antenna layers  104 . Dielectric substrate  80  may include ground traces  103  that separate antenna layers  104  from stacked dielectric layers  101 . Stacked dielectric layers  101  may include ground traces and signal traces for the radio-frequency transmission line paths  50  ( FIG.  3   ) that are used to feed the antennas  40 H,  40 L, and  40 U in antenna module  78 . Dielectric layers  101  may therefore sometimes be referred to herein as routing layers  101 . Ground traces  103  may form part of the antenna ground for the antennas in antenna module  78 . Openings may be formed in ground traces  103  to accommodate conductive vias that extend from signal traces in routing layers  101  to the positive antenna feed terminals in antenna layers  104 . 
     An RFIC such as RFIC  110  may be mounted to routing layers  101 . If desired, RFIC  110  may be mounted to interposer  106 . Interposer  106  may be mounted to routing layers  101  using solder balls  108 . Interposer  106  may be used to help offload radio-frequency signal routing from routing layers  101  onto interposer  106 . This may, for example, reduce the size, cost, and complexity of manufacturing routing layers  101  and thus antenna module  78 . 
     RFIC  110  may include radio-frequency components that support the operation of antennas  40 H and  40 L in antenna module  78 . As an example, RFIC  110  may include at least phase and magnitude controllers  70  ( FIG.  7   ) for phased antenna arrays  76 A and  76 B. The phase and magnitude controllers may be coupled to the antennas in phased antenna array  76 A and  76 B using conductive traces and/or conductive vias in interposer  106 , routing layers  101 , and antenna layers  104 , as well as through solder balls  108 . A radio-frequency board-to-board connector  114  may also be mounted to routing layers  101 . A flexible printed circuit  112  may be coupled to routing layers  101  via board-to-board connector  114 . Board-to-board connector  114  and flexible printed circuit  112  may be used to convey radio-frequency signals between the ultra-wideband antennas  40 U on antenna module  78  and transceiver circuitry  36  ( FIG.  3   ), for example. In another suitable arrangement, interposer  106  may be omitted and RFIC  110  may be coupled to routing layers  101  via flexible printed circuit  112  and board-to-board connector  114 , as shown in the example of  FIG.  10   . 
     By integrating phased antenna arrays  76 A and  76 B and ultra-wideband antennas  40 U into the same antenna module  78 , space consumption may be minimized in device  10  without sacrificing radio-frequency performance. This arrangement is also more robust and less expensive to manufacture than arrangements where the phased antenna arrays and ultra-wideband antennas are formed on separate respective modules or substrates, as antenna module  78  requires less horizontal and vertical assembly tolerance and fewer board-to-board interconnects, for example. 
     Device  10  may gather and/or use personally identifiable information. It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20200921
Publication Date: 20240514
Grant Date: 20240514
Priority Date: 20200921
Inventors: JIANG, YI
WU, JIANGFENG
YONG, Siwen
XU, HAO
PAPIO TODA, ANA
DI NALLO, CARLO
QUINONES, MICHAEL D.
PASCOLINI, MATTIA
TAYEBI, AMIN
COOPER, AARON J.
HELANDER, PER JAKOB
AVENDAL, JOHAN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H01Q3/30", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/24", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0414", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0421", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/00", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0485", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q3/30", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q3/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/50", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/52", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/42", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0414", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q19/005", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q21/24", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/25", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q3/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q5/25", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q1/24", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0414", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01Q9/0421", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 80474018