PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9380507-B2
Application Number: US-201313913102-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: System and method for transitioning to a vehicle network resource

Abstract:
Systems and methods for transitioning between networks are disclosed. A multifunction device detects a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel. The vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle. Responsive to detecting the vehicle network beacon over the first communication channel, a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle is performed.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method, comprising:
 at a multifunction device:
 communicating with a first wireless network provided by a fixed-location base station using a first communication protocol; 
 detecting a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel, wherein
 the vehicle network advertisement beacon is transmitted by a mobile wireless networking device hosting a mobile wireless network in a vehicle, 
 the vehicle network advertisement beacon is transmitted using a second communication protocol different from the first communication protocol, and 
 the vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of the mobile wireless networking device; and 
 
 responsive to detecting the vehicle network advertisement beacon over the first communication channel, performing a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from the first wireless network to the mobile wireless network in the vehicle; and 
 communicating with the mobile wireless network in the vehicle using the first communication protocol. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the detecting the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel further comprises detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a USB connection. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the detecting the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel further comprises detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon using Bluetooth device recognition. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein
 the first wireless network is a wireless local area network; 
 the mobile wireless network is a wireless local area network; and 
 the first communication protocol is an 802.11 protocol. 
 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 1 , wherein performing the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further comprises:
 determining capabilities of the first wireless network; 
 querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle; 
 determining a set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle; and 
 responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle. 
 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 1 , wherein performing the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further comprises:
 determining capabilities of the first wireless network; 
 querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle; 
 querying entitlements of a set of other multifunction devices in the vehicle; 
 determining a set of conditions for allocating one or more resources of the vehicle; and 
 responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle, allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle. 
 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1 , wherein performing the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further comprises:
 providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle; and 
 automatically establishing communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle without user intervention. 
 
     
     
       8. A multifunction device, comprising:
 one or more processors; and 
 one or more memories storing instructions executable on the one or more processors to perform:
 communicate with a first wireless network provided by a fixed-location base station using a first communication protocol; 
 detect in the multifunction device a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel, wherein
 the vehicle network advertisement beacon is transmitted using a second communication protocol different from the first communication protocol; and 
 wherein the vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle; and 
 
 responsive to detecting the vehicle network beacon over the first communication channel, perform a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle; and 
 communicate with the wireless network in the vehicle using the first communication protocol. 
 
 
     
     
       9. The multifunction device of  claim 8 , wherein the instructions executable on the one or more processors to detect in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel further comprise instructions executable on the one or more processors to detect in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a near-field communication connection. 
     
     
       10. The multifunction device of  claim 8 , wherein the instructions executable on the one or more processors to detect in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel further comprise instructions executable on the one or more processors to detect in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon using Bluetooth device recognition. 
     
     
       11. The multifunction device of  claim 8 , wherein the instructions executable on the one or more processors to perform the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further comprise:
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to provide authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle; and 
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to establish communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle. 
 
     
     
       12. The multifunction device of  claim 8 , wherein the instructions executable on the one or more processors to perform the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further comprise:
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to determine capabilities of the first wireless network; 
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to query capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle; 
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to determine a set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle; and 
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to, responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, transition from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle. 
 
     
     
       13. The multifunction device of  claim 8 , wherein the instructions executable on the one or more processors to perform the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further comprise:
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to determine capabilities of the first wireless network; 
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to query capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle; 
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to query entitlements of a set of other multifunction devices in the vehicle; 
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to determine a set of conditions for allocating one or more resources of the vehicle; and 
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to, responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle, allocate the one or more resources of the vehicle. 
 
     
     
       14. The multifunction device of  claim 8 , wherein the instructions executable on the one or more processors to perform the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further comprise:
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to provide authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle; and 
 instructions executable on the one or more processors to automatically establish communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle without user intervention. 
 
     
     
       15. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium, storing program instructions executable on a computer to implement:
 communicating with a first wireless network provided by a fixed-location base station using a first communication protocol; 
 detecting in a multifunction device a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel, wherein
 the vehicle network advertisement beacon is transmitted using a second communication protocol different from the first communication protocol; and 
 wherein the vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle; and 
 
 responsive to detecting the vehicle network beacon over the first communication channel, performing a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle; and 
 communicating with the wireless network in the vehicle using the first communication protocol. 
 
     
     
       16. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of  claim 15 , wherein the program instructions executable on the computer to implement detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel further comprise program instructions executable on the computer to implement detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a USB connection. 
     
     
       17. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of  claim 15 , wherein the program instructions executable on the computer to implement detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel further comprise program instructions executable on the computer to implement detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon using Bluetooth device recognition. 
     
     
       18. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of  claim 15 , wherein the program instructions executable on the computer to implement performing the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further comprise:
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle; and 
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement establishing communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle. 
 
     
     
       19. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of  claim 15 , wherein the program instructions executable on the computer to implement performing the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further comprise:
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement determining capabilities of the first wireless network; 
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle; 
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement determining a set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle; and 
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement, responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle. 
 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of  claim 15 , wherein the program instructions executable on the computer to implement performing the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further comprise:
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement determining capabilities of the first wireless network; 
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle; 
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement querying entitlements of a set of other multifunction devices in the vehicle; and 
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement determining a set of conditions for allocating one or more resources of the vehicle; and 
 program instructions executable on the computer to implement responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle, allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     This disclosure relates generally to use of network resources, and, more specifically, to transitioning between networks. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Mobile computing devices (also called multifunction devices) frequently need to transition to use of a wireless network supplied by a vehicle from use of a wireless network previously (or contemporaneously) available from a fixed-location base station. For example, a user may desire transition from an airport terminal network to a network in an airplane, or from a network in a user&#39;s home to a network in a car. 
     Using current technology, this transition is frequently accomplished only when the network of the fixed base station is no longer reachable or, alternatively, requires crude manual interventions by the user to establish the transition. With the proliferation of devices available to users, the increase in services provided by those multifunction devices (e.g., music, video, phone personal assistant, navigation), and the increase in services provided by embedded systems (e.g., vehicle telemetry and control, navigation, phone, various configurations of radio, safety information), the need for less error prone and more efficient transition processes is steadily becoming more urgent. 
     SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Systems and methods for transitioning between networks are disclosed. A multifunction device detects a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel. The vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle. Responsive to detecting the vehicle network beacon over the first communication channel, a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle is performed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a multifunction device interacting with network resources of a vehicle in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a multifunction device interacting with network resources of a vehicle in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a multifunction device interacting with network resources of an aircraft in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a vehicle transition module for interacting with network resources of a vehicle, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7A  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. 
         FIG. 7B  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. 
         FIG. 8  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. 
         FIG. 11  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an example computer system configured to implement aspects of the system and method for negotiating control of a shared resource. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Introduction 
     Various embodiments of a system and method for transitioning to a wireless network of a vehicle are disclosed. In some embodiments, the network transition tools, sharing applications, vehicle transition modules and/or arbiter applications described herein may be implemented as part of various multifunction devices, including but not limited to mobile phones that have GPS functionality, tablet computing devices, and/or personal navigation devices. A user of such a multifunction device may, for example, be a driver or passenger of an automobile or other vehicle, and the network transitioning tools, sharing applications, and/or allocation applications described herein may allow network traffic of the multifunction device to be routed to the various network systems of the vehicle. In some embodiments, the transitioning tools, sharing applications, and/or allocation applications described herein may be implemented as part of various systems of a vehicle, such as the computers operating on an automobile, boat or airplane. 
     A method for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes detecting in a multifunction device a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel. The vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle. In some embodiments, the method further includes, responsive to detecting the vehicle network beacon over the first communication channel, performing a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle. In some embodiments, the detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel further includes detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a USB connection. While a wired connection using a USB interface is mentioned, one of skill in the art will readily realize, in light of having read the present specification, that a wide variety of wireless interfaces (e.g., Thunderbolt, Serial, Firewire, etc.) can be used in embodiments without departing from the scope and intent of the current specification. In some embodiments, the detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel further includes detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon using Bluetooth device recognition. In some embodiments, performing the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further includes providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle and establishing communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle. Examples of such authentication information include but are not limited to personal identification numbers (PINS) or quick response (QR) codes. Examples of such resources include but are not limited to human interface devices such as view screens, speakers, and touch controls. 
     In some embodiments, performing the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further includes determining capabilities of the first wireless network, querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle, determining a set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, and responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle. 
     In some embodiments, performing the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further includes determining capabilities of the first wireless network, querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle, querying entitlements of a set of other multifunction devices in the vehicle, determining a set of conditions for allocating one or more resources of the vehicle, and responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle, allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle. In some embodiments, performing the handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle further includes providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle and automatically establishing communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle without user intervention. 
     A method for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes detecting in a multifunction device a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel. Prior to detecting the vehicle network advertisement beacon, the multifunction device is communicating with a first wireless network provided by a fixed-location base station using a network communication protocol. The vehicle network advertisement beacon is transmitted by a vehicle over the first communication channel using a second communication protocol different from the network communication protocol. The vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a mobile wireless networking device hosting a mobile wireless network in the vehicle. Responsive to detecting the vehicle network advertisement beacon over the first communication channel, the method further includes performing a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from communicating with the first wireless network to communicating with the mobile wireless network in the vehicle. The communicating with the mobile wireless network in the vehicle further comprises communicating with the mobile wireless network in the vehicle using the network communication protocol. In some embodiments, the first wireless network is a wifi network, the mobile wireless network is a wifi network, and the network communication protocol is an 802.11 protocol. 
     A method for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes, at a multifunction device, communicating with a first wireless network provided by a fixed-location base station using a first communication protocol. The method further includes detecting a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel. The vehicle network advertisement beacon is transmitted by a mobile wireless networking device hosting a mobile wireless network in a vehicle. The vehicle network advertisement beacon is transmitted using a second communication protocol different from the first communication protocol. The vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of the mobile wireless networking device. Responsive to detecting the vehicle network advertisement beacon over the first communication channel, the method further includes performing a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from the first wireless network to the mobile wireless network in the vehicle. The method further includes communicating with the mobile wireless network in the vehicle using the first communication protocol. 
     Some embodiments may include a means for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. For example, a vehicle transition module may perform detecting in a multifunction device a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel, as described herein. The vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle. In some embodiments, the vehicle transition module may perform, responsive to detecting the vehicle network beacon over the first communication channel, performing a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, as described herein. 
     The vehicle transition module may in some embodiments be implemented by a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium and one or more processors (e.g., CPUs and/or GPUs) of a computing apparatus. The computer-readable storage medium may store program instructions executable by the one or more processors to cause the computing apparatus to perform detecting in a multifunction device a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel, as described herein. The vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle. In some embodiments, computer-readable storage medium may store program instructions executable by the one or more processors to cause the computing apparatus to perform, responsive to detecting the vehicle network beacon over the first communication channel, performing a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, as described herein. Other embodiments of a vehicle transition module may be at least partially implemented by hardware circuitry and/or firmware stored, for example, in a non-volatile memory. 
     This specification includes references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment.” The appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner consistent with this disclosure. 
     “Comprising.” This term is open-ended. As used in the appended claims, this term does not foreclose additional structure or steps. Consider a claim that recites: “An apparatus comprising one or more processor units . . . . ” Such a claim does not foreclose the apparatus from including additional components (e.g., a network interface unit, graphics circuitry, etc.). 
     “Configured To.” Various units, circuits, or other components may be described or claimed as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is used to connote structure by indicating that the units/circuits/components include structure (e.g., circuitry) that performs those task or tasks during operation. As such, the unit/circuit/component can be said to be configured to perform the task even when the specified unit/circuit/component is not currently operational (e.g., is not on). The units/circuits/components used with the “configured to” language include hardware—for example, circuits, memory storing program instructions executable to implement the operation, etc. Reciting that a unit/circuit/component is “configured to” perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, for that unit/circuit/component. Additionally, “configured to” can include generic structure (e.g., generic circuitry) that is manipulated by software and/or firmware (e.g., an FPGA or a general-purpose processor executing software) to operate in manner that is capable of performing the task(s) at issue. “Configure to” may also include adapting a manufacturing process (e.g., a semiconductor fabrication facility) to fabricate devices (e.g., integrated circuits) that are adapted to implement or perform one or more tasks. 
     “First,” “Second,” etc. As used herein, these terms are used as labels for nouns that they precede, and do not imply any type of ordering (e.g., spatial, temporal, logical, etc.). For example, a buffer circuit may be described herein as performing write operations for “first” and “second” values. The terms “first” and “second” do not necessarily imply that the first value must be written before the second value. 
     “Based On.” As used herein, this term is used to describe one or more factors that affect a determination. This term does not foreclose additional factors that may affect a determination. That is, a determination may be solely based on those factors or based, at least in part, on those factors. Consider the phrase “determine A based on B.” While in this case, B is a factor that affects the determination of A, such a phrase does not foreclose the determination of A from also being based on C. In other instances, A may be determined based solely on B. 
     Multifunction Device 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that some embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments. 
     It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact, without departing from the intended scope. The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact. 
     The terminology used in the description herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touch pads), may also be used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touch pad). In some embodiments, the device is a gaming computer with orientation sensors (e.g., orientation sensors in a gaming controller). 
     In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device may include one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick. 
     The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that may be executed on the device may use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device may be adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device may support the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user. 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices.  FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  100  with touch-sensitive displays  112  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display  112  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and may also be known as or called a touch-sensitive display system. Device  100  may include memory  102  (which may include one or more computer readable storage mediums), memory controller  122 , one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  120 , peripherals interface  118 , RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , input/output (I/O) subsystem  106 , other input or control devices  116 , and external port  124 . Device  100  may include one or more optical sensors  164 . These components may communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  103 . 
     It should be appreciated that device  100  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  100  may have more or fewer components than shown, may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG. 1  may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  102  may include high-speed random access memory and may also include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory  102  by other components of device  100 , such as CPU  120  and the peripherals interface  118 , may be controlled by memory controller  122 . 
     Peripherals interface  118  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU  120  and memory  102 . The one or more processors  120  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  102  to perform various functions for device  100  and to process data. 
     In some embodiments, peripherals interface  118 , CPU  120 , and memory controller  122  may be implemented on a single chip, such as chip  104 . In some other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  108  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  may include well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry  108  may communicate with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wireless communication may use any of a variety of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Near Field Communication (NFC) Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , and microphone  113  provide an audio interface between a user and device  100 . Audio circuitry  110  receives audio data from peripherals interface  118 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  111 . Speaker  111  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  113  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  118  for processing. Audio data may be retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  102  and/or RF circuitry  108  by peripherals interface  118 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  110  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  212 ,  FIG. 2 ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  110  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     I/O subsystem  106  couples input/output peripherals on device  100 , such as touch screen  112  and other input control devices  116 , to peripherals interface  118 . I/O subsystem  106  may include display controller  156  and one or more input controllers  160  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  160  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices  116 . The other input control devices  116  may include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  160  may be coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  208 ,  FIG. 2 ) may include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  111  and/or microphone  113 . The one or more buttons may include a push button (e.g.,  206 ,  FIG. 2 ). 
     Touch-sensitive display  112  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  156  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen  112 . Touch screen  112  displays visual output to the user. The visual output may include graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output may correspond to user-interface objects. 
     Touch screen  112  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen  112  and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen  112  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     Touch screen  112  may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  may detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a variety of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     The user may make contact with touch screen  112  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  100  may include a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad may be a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen  112  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  100  also includes power system  162  for powering the various components. Power system  162  may include a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more optical sensors  164 .  FIG. 1  shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller  159  in I/O subsystem  106 . Optical sensor  164  may include charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor  164  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), optical sensor  164  may capture still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112  on the front of the device, so that the touch screen display may be used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image may be obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. 
     Device  100  may also include one or more proximity sensors  166 .  FIG. 1  shows proximity sensor  166  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, proximity sensor  166  may be coupled to input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen  112  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  100  includes one or more orientation sensors  168 . In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more accelerometers (e.g., one or more linear accelerometers and/or one or more rotational accelerometers). In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more gyroscopes. In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more magnetometers. In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more of global positioning system (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), and/or other global navigation system receivers. The GPS, GLONASS, and/or other global navigation system receivers may be used for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device  100 . In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include any combination of orientation/rotation sensors.  FIG. 1  shows the one or more orientation sensors  168  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, the one or more orientation sensors  168  may be coupled to an input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more orientation sensors. 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  102  include operating system  126 , communication module (or set of instructions)  128 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  130 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  132 , text input module (or set of instructions)  134 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  135 , vehicle transition module  158  and applications (or sets of instructions)  136 . Device/global internal state  157  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display  112 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and input control devices  116 ; state information that indicates which processes control output of shared audio or visual resource of a vehicle; ownership transition conditions of the shared audio or visual resource; and location information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  126  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  128  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  124  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  108  and/or external port  124 . External port  124  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). 
     Contact/motion module  130  may detect contact with touch screen  112  (in conjunction with display controller  156 ) and other touch sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  130  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  130  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, may include determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations may be applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  and display controller  156  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     Contact/motion module  130  may detect a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns. Thus, a gesture may be detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event. 
     Graphics module  132  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen  112  or other display, including components for changing the intensity of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  132  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic may be assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  132  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  156 . 
     Text input module  134 , which may be a component of graphics module  132 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  137 , e-mail  140 , IM  141 , browser  147 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     GPS module  135  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  138  for use in location-based dialing, to camera  143  as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Applications  136  may include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         contacts module  137  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   telephone module  138 ;   video conferencing module  139 ;   e-mail client module  140 ;   instant messaging (IM) module  141 ;   workout support module  142 ;   camera module  143  for still and/or video images;   image management module  144 ;   browser module  147 ;   calendar module  148 ;   widget modules  149 , which may include one or more of: weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , dictionary widget  149 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   widget creator module  150  for making user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   search module  151 ;   video and music player module  152 , which may be made up of a video module and a music module;   notes module  153 ;   map module  154 ; and/or   online video module  155 .       

     Examples of other applications  136  that may be stored in memory  102  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , contacts module  137  may be used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state  192  of contacts module  137  in memory  102 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  138 , video conference  139 , e-mail  140 , or IM  141 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , telephone module  138  may be used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in address book  137 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication may use any of a variety of communications standards, protocols and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , and communication module  128 , vehicle transition module  158  negotiates control of a shared audio or visual resource of an automobile. A request for control of a shared audio or visual resource of the vehicle is received at vehicle transition module  158 . Vehicle transition module  158  maintains existing state information for ownership of the shared audio or visual resource and ownership transition conditions of the shared audio or visual resource. The request for control of the shared audio or visual resource of the vehicle is received from one of a plurality of processes including a process executing on an embedded system attached to the vehicle and a process executing on a mobile computing device (portable multifunction device  100 ) temporarily communicating with the vehicle. New state information regarding ownership of the shared audio or visual resource is determined by vehicle transition module  158  based at least in part on the request for control and the ownership transition conditions. The new state information indicates which of the processes controls output of the shared audio or visual resource of the vehicle. New ownership transition conditions of the shared audio or visual resource are determined by vehicle transition module  158  and communicated to a controller interface of the shared audio or visual resource. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor  164 , vehicle transition module  158 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , contact list  137 , and telephone module  138 , videoconferencing module  139  includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140  includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module  144 , e-mail client module  140  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  143 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the instant messaging module  141  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages may include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , map module  154 , and music player module  146 , workout support module  142  includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor(s)  164 , optical sensor controller  159 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and image management module  144 , camera module  143  includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  102 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory  102 . 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and camera module  143 , image management module  144  includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , browser module  147  includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , calendar module  148  includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , widget modules  149  are mini-applications that may be downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  1493 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , and dictionary widget  149 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  149 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , the widget creator module  150  may be used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , search module  151  includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  102  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , and browser module  147 , video and music player module  152  includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen  112  or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ). In some embodiments, device  100  may include the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , notes module  153  includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , and browser module  147 , map module  154  may be used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location; and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , online video module  155  includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module  141 , rather than e-mail client module  140 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. 
     Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  102  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  100  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  100 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  100  may be reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that may be performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  100  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that may be displayed on device  100 . In such embodiments, the touchpad may be referred to as a “menu button.” In some other embodiments, the menu button may be a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
     While a portable or mobile computing device is shown as one embodiment of a multifunction device, one of skill in the art will readily realize in light of having read the current disclosure that a desktop computer or other computing device may also perform many of the functions described herein without departing from the scope and intent of the present disclosure. Likewise, while touch screen devices are shown as one embodiment of a multifunction device, one of skill in the art will readily realize in light of having read the current disclosure that a desktop computer or other computing device without a touch screen may also perform many of the functions described herein without departing from the scope and intent of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device  100  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen may display one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  200 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user may select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  202  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  203  (not drawn to scale in the figure). 
     Device  100  may also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  204 . As described previously, menu button  204  may be used to navigate to any application  136  in a set of applications that may be executed on device  100 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen  112 . 
     In one embodiment, device  100  includes touch screen  112 , menu button  204 , push button  206  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  208 , Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card slot  210 , head set jack  212 , and docking/charging external port  124 . Push button  206  may be used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. 
     In an alternative embodiment, device  100  also may accept verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone  113 . 
     Automotive Integration 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a multifunction device interacting with network resources of a vehicle in accordance with some embodiments. A multifunction device  300  communicates over a first communication link  305  (connected e.g., via Bluetooth™ over RF circuitry  108  of  FIG. 1  or a wire to external port  124  of  FIG. 2 ) with an embedded computer system  310  of the vehicle  340 . The embedded computer system  310  may be a general or special purpose computing device with processing and memory features similar to those discussed below with respect to  FIG. 6 . Embedded computer system  310  is attached to display screens  315  and  320  as well as speakers  325  and  330 . A microphone  335  is likewise attached to embedded computer system  310 . Embedded computer system communicates with an external network using an external network antenna  355  and provides an internal network to multifunction device  300  over an internal network antenna. 
     Multifunction device performs a method for transitioning to a network resource (an internal network thrown by internal network antenna  345  of vehicle  340 . In some embodiments, multifunction device  300  detects a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel, such as first communication link  305 . The vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device, such as internal network antenna  345 , hosting a wireless network in vehicle  340 . Responsive to detecting the vehicle network beacon over the first communication channel, such as first communication link  305 , multifunction device  300  performs a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device  300  from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle  340 . 
     In some embodiments, multifunction device  300  performs detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a USB connection, which serves as first communication link  305 . In some embodiments, multifunction device  300  performs detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon using Bluetooth device recognition, which serves as first communication link  305 . In some embodiments, multifunction device  300  performs providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle and establishing communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle. Examples of such authentication information include but are not limited to personal identification numbers (PINs) or quick response (QR) codes. In some embodiments, examples of such resources include but are not limited to human interface devices such as view screens  315  and  320 , speakers  302  and  325 , and external network antenna  355 . 
     In some embodiments, multifunction device  300  performs determining capabilities of the first wireless network, querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle, determining a set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, and responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle. 
     In some embodiments, multifunction device  300  performs determining capabilities of the first wireless network, querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle, querying entitlements of a set of other multifunction devices in the vehicle, determining a set of conditions for allocating one or more resources of the vehicle, and responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle, allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle. In some embodiments, multifunction device  300  performs providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle and automatically establishing communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle without user intervention. 
     While embodiments are described with respect to an vehicle transition module or other arbiter executing on a multifunction device  300 , one of skill in the art will readily comprehend in light of having read the attached disclosure that the disclosure is not so limited, and that embodiments of the vehicle transition modules described herein may also execute on other devices, such as embedded computer system  310  or may control embedded systems of devices other than automobiles, such as home security systems, entertainment systems or appliances. In some embodiments, a shared resource is a motor or actuator or feature other than an audio or visual resource. 
     General Vehicle Integration 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a multifunction device interacting with network resources of a vehicle accordance with some embodiments. A multifunction device  470  communicates over a first communication link  405  (connected e.g., via Bluetooth™ over RF circuitry  108  of  FIG. 1  or a wire to external port  124  of  FIG. 2 ) with a hub  410  of a vehicle cabin automation system  440 . Hub  410  may be a general or special purpose computing device with processing and memory features similar to those discussed below with respect to  FIG. 6 . Hub  410  is attached to display screens  415  and  420  as well as speakers  425  and  430 . A microphone  475  is likewise attached to hub  410 . Hub  410  communicates with an external network using an external network connection (not shown, as it may or may not be radio-frequency based) and provides an internal network to multifunction device  400  over a router  455 . Some embodiments support wireline based external network communications. A near-field communication link  465  is provided for a multifunction device  400  to establish a first communication channel, as described below. 
     Multifunction device  400  performs a method for transitioning to a network resource (an internal network thrown by router  455  of vehicle cabin automation system  440 ). In some embodiments, multifunction device  400  detects a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel, such as first communication link  405  or near-field communication link  465 . The vehicle network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device, such as router  445 , hosting a wireless network in vehicle cabin automation system  440 . Responsive to detecting the vehicle network beacon over the first communication channel, such as first communication link  405 , multifunction device  400  performs a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device  400  from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle cabin automation system  440 . 
     In some embodiments, multifunction device  400  performs detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a USB connection, which serves as first communication link  405 . In some embodiments, multifunction device  400  performs detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon using Bluetooth device recognition, which serves as first communication link  405 . In some embodiments, multifunction device  400  performs providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle and establishing communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle. Examples of such authentication information include but are not limited to personal identification numbers (PINs) or quick response (QR) codes. In some embodiments, examples of such resources include but are not limited to human interface devices such as view screens  415  and  420 , speakers  402  and  425 , and external network antenna network connection. 
     In some embodiments, multifunction device  400  performs determining capabilities of the first wireless network, querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle, determining a set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, and responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle. 
     In some embodiments, multifunction device  400  performs determining capabilities of the first wireless network, querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle, querying entitlements of a set of other multifunction devices in the vehicle, determining a set of conditions for allocating one or more resources of the vehicle, and responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle, allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle. In some embodiments, multifunction device  400  performs providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle and automatically establishing communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle without user intervention. 
     While embodiments are described with respect to an vehicle transition module or other arbiter executing on a multifunction device  400 , one of skill in the art will readily comprehend in light of having read the attached disclosure that the disclosure is not so limited, and that embodiments of the vehicle transition modules described herein may also execute on other devices, such as embedded computer system  410  or may control embedded systems of devices other than automobiles, such as home security systems, entertainment systems or appliances. In some embodiments, a shared resource is a motor or actuator or feature other than an audio or visual resource. 
     Use in Public Spaces and Conveyances 
     A multifunction device  500  communicates over a first communication link  505  (connected e.g., via Bluetooth™ over RF circuitry  108  of  FIG. 1  or a wire to external port  124  of  FIG. 2 ) with an embedded computer system  510  of a public space  540 . The embedded computer system  510  may be a general or special purpose computing device with processing and memory features similar to those discussed below with respect to  FIG. 6 . Embedded computer system  510  is attached to display screens  515  and  520  as well as headphones  525  and  550 . Embedded computer system communicates with an external network using an external network (not shown) and provides an internal network to multifunction device  500  over a network router  555 . 
     Multifunction device performs a method for transitioning to a network resource (an internal network thrown by internal network antenna  555  of public space  540 . In some embodiments, multifunction device  500  detects a public space network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel, such as first communication link  505 . The public space network advertisement beacon indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device, such as router  555 , hosting a wireless network in public space  540 . Responsive to detecting the public space network beacon over the first communication channel, such as first communication link  505 , multifunction device  500  performs a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device  500  from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the public space  540 . 
     In some embodiments, multifunction device  500  performs detecting in the multifunction device the public space network advertisement beacon over a USB connection, which serves as first communication link  505 . In some embodiments, multifunction device  500  performs detecting in the multifunction device the public space network advertisement beacon using Bluetooth device recognition, which serves as first communication link  505 . In some embodiments, multifunction device  500  performs providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a public space and establishing communication with resources of the public space over the wireless network in a public space. Examples of such authentication information include but are not limited to personal identification numbers (PINs) or quick response (QR) codes. In some embodiments, examples of such resources include but are not limited to human interface devices such as view screens  515  and  520 , and headphones  502  and  525 . 
     In some embodiments, multifunction device  500  performs determining capabilities of the first wireless network, querying capabilities of the wireless network in the public space, determining a set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the public space, and responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the public space, transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the public space. 
     In some embodiments, multifunction device  500  performs determining capabilities of the first wireless network, querying capabilities of the wireless network in the public space, querying entitlements of a set of other multifunction devices in the public space, determining a set of conditions for allocating one or more resources of the public space, and responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for allocating the one or more resources of the public space, allocating the one or more resources of the public space. In some embodiments, multifunction device  500  performs providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a public space and automatically establishing communication with resources of the public space over the wireless network in a public space without user intervention. 
     While embodiments are described with respect to an public space transition module or other arbiter executing on a multifunction device  500 , one of skill in the art will readily comprehend in light of having read the attached disclosure that the disclosure is not so limited, and that embodiments of the public space transition modules described herein may also execute on other devices, such as embedded computer system  510  or may control embedded systems of devices other than automobiles, such as home security systems, entertainment systems or appliances. In some embodiments, a shared resource is a motor or actuator or feature other than an audio or visual resource. Examples of such shared audio or visual resources in public spaces and conveyances include shared viewing screens in gyms (e.g., the row of televisions in front of an array of elliptical machines), gaming pods (e.g., the screen, couch and speaker combinations in college student centers) and audiovisual systems aboard trains, planes and fairies. 
     While embodiments are described with respect to an vehicle transition module executing on a multifunction device  500 , one of skill in the art will readily comprehend in light of having read the attached disclosure that the disclosure is not so limited, and that embodiments of the vehicle transition modules described herein may also execute on other devices, such as embedded computer system  510  or circuitry built into communication link  505   
     Vehicle Transition Module 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a vehicle transition module for interacting with network resources of a vehicle, according to some embodiments. A vehicle transition module  600 , which performs or supervises other modules performing transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle, receives transition events  602 , such as a vehicle network advertisement beacon detected over a first communication channel. The vehicle transition module  600  sends authentication information  618  and transition instructions  620 , such as credentials and instructions for joining a network, respectively. Transition conditions  604  include rules for determining when to execute a network transition. Existing state information  606  details the status of connections of a multifunction device to a first wireless network and/or a wireless network in a vehicle. A detection module  614  performs or monitors other modules performing detecting in a multifunction device a vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel. An authentication module  608  generates authentication information  618  from authentication data  610 , such as stored tokens. A migration module  612  performs or supervises, responsive to detecting the vehicle network beacon over the first communication channel, a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle. 
     The vehicle network advertisement beacon received as part of transition events  602  indicates wireless network capabilities of a wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle. In some embodiments, the detection module  614  performs detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon over a USB connection. In some embodiments, the detection module  614  performs detecting in the multifunction device the vehicle network advertisement beacon using Bluetooth device recognition. In some embodiments, authentication module  608  performs providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle and establishing communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle. Examples of authentication information  618 , which may be stored as authentication data  610 , include but are not limited to personal identification numbers (PINs) or quick response (QR) codes. Examples of such resources include but are not limited to human interface devices such as view screens, speakers, and touch controls. 
     In some embodiments, migration module  612  performs determining capabilities of the first wireless network, querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle, determining a set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, and responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle. 
     In some embodiments, migration module  612  performs determining capabilities of the first wireless network, querying capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle, querying entitlements of a set of other multifunction devices in the vehicle, determining a set of conditions for allocating one or more resources of the vehicle, and responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle, allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle. 
     In some embodiments, authentication module  608  performs providing authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle and automatically establishing communication with resources of the vehicle over the wireless network in a vehicle without user intervention. 
     Example Operations 
       FIG. 7A  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. A vehicle network advertisement beacon over a first communication channel is detected by a multifunction device (block  700 ). A handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from a first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle is performed (block  710 ). 
       FIG. 7B  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. A multifunction device performs communicating with a first wireless network provided by a fixed-location base station using a first communication protocol (block  705 ). A vehicle network advertisement beacon is detected over a first communication channel (block  715 ). Responsive to detecting the vehicle network advertisement beacon over the first communication channel, a handoff process for migrating the multifunction device from the first wireless network to the mobile wireless network in the vehicle is performed (block  725 ). The multifunction device communicates with the mobile wireless network in the vehicle using the first communication protocol (block  735 ). 
       FIG. 8  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. Authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle is provided (block  800 ). Communication with resources of the vehicle is established over the wireless network in the vehicle (block  810 ). 
       FIG. 9  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. Capabilities of the first wireless network are determined (block  900 ). Capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle are queried (block  910 ). A set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle is determined (block  920 ). Responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for transitioning from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle, a transition from the first wireless network to the wireless network in the vehicle is executed (block  930 ). 
       FIG. 10  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. Capabilities of the first wireless network are determined (block  1000 ). Capabilities of the wireless network in the vehicle are queried (block  1010 ). A set of conditions for allocating one more resources of the vehicle is determined (block  1020 ). Responsive to an occurrence of one or more of the set of conditions for allocating the one or more resources of the vehicle, one or more resources of the vehicle are allocated (block  1030 ). 
       FIG. 11  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a operations for transitioning to a network resource of a vehicle. Authentication information for verifying the multifunction device as an authorized user of the wireless networking device hosting a wireless network in a vehicle is provided (block  1100 ). Communication with resources of the vehicle is automatically established over the wireless network in the vehicle without user intervention (block  1110 ). 
     Example Computer System 
       FIG. 12  illustrates computer system  1200  that is configured to execute any or all of the embodiments described above. In different embodiments, computer system  1200  may be any of various types of devices, including, but not limited to, a computer embedded in a vehicle, a computer embedded in an appliance, a personal computer system, desktop computer, laptop, notebook, tablet, slate, or netbook computer, mainframe computer system, handheld computer, workstation, network computer, a camera, a set top box, a mobile device, a consumer device, video game console, handheld video game device, application server, storage device, a television, a video recording device, a peripheral device such as a switch, modem, router, or in general any type of computing or electronic device. 
     Various embodiments of a system and method for negotiating control of a shared audio or visual resource, as described herein, may be executed on one or more computer systems  1200 , which may interact with various other devices. Note that any component, action, or functionality described above with respect to  FIGS. 1-5  may be implemented on one or more computers configured as computer system  1200  of  FIG. 12 , according to various embodiments. In the illustrated embodiment, computer system  1200  includes one or more processors  1210  coupled to a system memory  1220  via an input/output (I/O) interface  1230 . Computer system  1200  further includes a network interface  1240  coupled to I/O interface  1230 , and one or more input/output devices  1250 , such as cursor control device  1260 , keyboard  1270 , and display(s)  1280 . In some cases, it is contemplated that embodiments may be implemented using a single instance of computer system  1200 , while in other embodiments multiple such systems, or multiple nodes making up computer system  1200 , may be configured to host different portions or instances of embodiments. For example, in one embodiment some elements may be implemented via one or more nodes of computer system  1200  that are distinct from those nodes implementing other elements. 
     In various embodiments, computer system  1200  may be a uniprocessor system including one processor  1210 , or a multiprocessor system including several processors  1210  (e.g., two, four, eight, or another suitable number). Processors  1210  may be any suitable processor capable of executing instructions. For example, in various embodiments processors  1210  may be general-purpose or embedded processors implementing any of a variety of instruction set architectures (ISAs), such as the x86, PowerPC, SPARC, or MIPS ISAs, or any other suitable ISA. In multiprocessor systems, each of processors  1210  may commonly, but not necessarily, implement the same ISA. 
     System memory  1220  may be configured to store program instructions  1222  and/or existing state information and ownership transition condition data  1232  accessible by processor  1210 . In various embodiments, system memory  1220  may be implemented using any suitable memory technology, such as static random access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), nonvolatile/Flash-type memory, or any other type of memory. In the illustrated embodiment, program instructions  1222  may be configured to implement a mapping application  1224  incorporating any of the functionality described above. Additionally, existing state information and ownership transition condition data  1232  of memory  1220  may include any of the information or data structures described above. In some embodiments, program instructions and/or data may be received, sent or stored upon different types of computer-accessible media or on similar media separate from system memory  1220  or computer system  1200 . While computer system  1200  is described as implementing the functionality of functional blocks of previous Figures, any of the functionality described herein may be implemented via such a computer system. 
     In one embodiment, I/O interface  1230  may be configured to coordinate I/O traffic between processor  1210 , system memory  1220 , and any peripheral devices in the device, including network interface  1240  or other peripheral interfaces, such as input/output devices  1250 . In some embodiments, I/O interface  1230  may perform any necessary protocol, timing or other data transformations to convert data signals from one component (e.g., system memory  1220 ) into a format suitable for use by another component (e.g., processor  1210 ). In some embodiments, I/O interface  1230  may include support for devices attached through various types of peripheral buses, such as a variant of the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus standard or the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard, for example. In some embodiments, the function of I/O interface  1230  may be split into two or more separate components, such as a north bridge and a south bridge, for example. Also, in some embodiments some or all of the functionality of I/O interface  1230 , such as an interface to system memory  1220 , may be incorporated directly into processor  1210 . 
     Network interface  1240  may be configured to allow data to be exchanged between computer system  1200  and other devices attached to a network  1285  (e.g., carrier or agent devices) or between nodes of computer system  1200 . Network  1285  may in various embodiments include one or more networks including but not limited to Local Area Networks (LANs) (e.g., an Ethernet or corporate network), Wide Area Networks (WANs) (e.g., the Internet), wireless data networks, some other electronic data network, or some combination thereof. In various embodiments, network interface  1240  may support communication via wired or wireless general data networks, such as any suitable type of Ethernet network, for example; via telecommunications/telephony networks such as analog voice networks or digital fiber communications networks; via storage area networks such as Fibre Channel SANs, or via any other suitable type of network and/or protocol. 
     Input/output devices  1250  may, in some embodiments, include one or more display terminals, keyboards, keypads, touchpads, scanning devices, voice or optical recognition devices, or any other devices suitable for entering or accessing data by one or more computer systems  1200 . Multiple input/output devices  1250  may be present in computer system  1200  or may be distributed on various nodes of computer system  1200 . In some embodiments, similar input/output devices may be separate from computer system  1200  and may interact with one or more nodes of computer system  1200  through a wired or wireless connection, such as over network interface  1240 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , memory  1220  may include program instructions  1222 , which may be processor-executable to implement any element or action described above. In one embodiment, the program instructions may implement the methods described above, such as the methods illustrated by  FIG. 8 . In other embodiments, different elements and data may be included. Note that data  1232  may include any data or information described above. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that computer system  1200  is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of embodiments. In particular, the computer system and devices may include any combination of hardware or software that can perform the indicated functions, including computers, network devices, Internet appliances, PDAs, wireless phones, pagers, etc. Computer system  1200  may also be connected to other devices that are not illustrated, or instead may operate as a stand-alone system. In addition, the functionality provided by the illustrated components may in some embodiments be combined in fewer components or distributed in additional components. Similarly, in some embodiments, the functionality of some of the illustrated components may not be provided and/or other additional functionality may be available. 
     Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, while various items are illustrated as being stored in memory or on storage while being used, these items or portions of them may be transferred between memory and other storage devices for purposes of memory management and data integrity. Alternatively, in other embodiments some or all of the software components may execute in memory on another device and communicate with the illustrated computer system via inter-computer communication. Some or all of the system components or data structures may also be stored (e.g., as instructions or structured data) on a computer-accessible medium or a portable article to be read by an appropriate drive, various examples of which are described above. In some embodiments, instructions stored on a computer-accessible medium separate from computer system  1200  may be transmitted to computer system  1200  via transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wireless link. Various embodiments may further include receiving, sending or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a computer-accessible medium. Generally speaking, a computer-accessible medium may include a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium or memory medium such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or DVD/CD-ROM, volatile or non-volatile media such as RAM (e.g. SDRAM, DDR, RDRAM, SRAM, etc.), ROM, etc. In some embodiments, a computer-accessible medium may include transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as network and/or a wireless link. 
     The methods described herein may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof, in different embodiments. In addition, the order of the blocks of the methods may be changed, and various elements may be added, reordered, combined, omitted, modified, etc. Various modifications and changes may be made as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The various embodiments described herein are meant to be illustrative and not limiting. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible. Accordingly, plural instances may be provided for components described herein as a single instance. Boundaries between various components, operations and data stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in the context of specific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within the scope of claims that follow. Finally, structures and functionality presented as discrete components in the exemplary configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements may fall within the scope of embodiments as defined in the claims that follow.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20130607
Publication Date: 20160628
Grant Date: 20160628
Priority Date: 20130607
Inventors: BRADLEY BOB
ROSARIO DANIEL DE ROCHA
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W84/005", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/24", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W48/12", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/24", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W48/12", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W84/005", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L67/12", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W48/12", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W84/005", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/0016", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W36/24", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 52005858