PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11803243-B2
Application Number: US-202217857922-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Electronic device having a haptic device with an actuation member and a restoration mechanism

Abstract:
A haptic device for an electronic device includes an actuation member formed from a shape-memory alloy (SMA) material that changes shape (e.g., expands or contracts) in response to an applied electrical current. In some cases, the haptic devices described herein also include a restoration mechanism that restores the actuation member to its original shape or to a similar shape. The change in the shape of the actuation member and the restoration of the shape of the actuation member may produce a haptic output at the electronic device.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic watch comprising:
 an enclosure; 
 a touch-sensitive display positioned at least partially within the enclosure; 
 a processing unit operably coupled to the touch-sensitive display; and 
 a haptic device positioned at least partially within the enclosure and configured to provide a haptic output along an external surface of the enclosure, the haptic device comprising: 
 a contact member positioned to rotate around an axle; 
 an actuation member that is attached to a connection point of the contact member, wherein the actuation member is formed from a shape-memory alloy material and configured to contract in response to a signal generated by the processing unit, wherein a contraction of the actuation member rotates the contact member in a direction to produce at least a portion of the haptic output; and 
 a restoration mechanism configured to elongate the actuation member after the contraction of the actuation member. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic watch of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the actuation member is a first actuation member formed from a first shape-memory alloy material; 
 the signal is a first signal; 
 the restoration mechanism comprises a second actuation member formed from a second shape-memory alloy material; and 
 the second actuation member is configured to contract in response to a second signal generated by the processing unit. 
 
     
     
       3. The electronic watch of  claim 2 , wherein:
 the direction is a first direction; and 
 contraction of the second actuation member in response to the second signal rotates the contact member in a second direction opposite the first direction. 
 
     
     
       4. The electronic watch of  claim 3 , wherein:
 the first actuation member is coupled to a first spring via a first block member; and 
 the second actuation member is coupled to a second spring via a second block member. 
 
     
     
       5. The electronic watch of  claim 4 , wherein:
 rotation of the contact member in the first direction compresses the second spring. 
 
     
     
       6. The electronic watch of  claim 2 , wherein:
 the restoration mechanism comprises a spring; and 
 the spring and the second actuation member are coupled in series. 
 
     
     
       7. The electronic watch of  claim 1 , wherein:
 a graphical output of the touch-sensitive display is visible along a front external surface; and 
 the haptic output is coordinated with a change in the graphical output. 
 
     
     
       8. The electronic watch of  claim 1 , wherein the axle is fixed with respect to the enclosure. 
     
     
       9. An electronic device comprising:
 an enclosure; 
 a display positioned at least partially within the enclosure; 
 a contact member; 
 an actuation member comprising a shape-memory alloy and positioned within the enclosure, wherein the actuation member is attached to a connection portion of the contact member and is configured to change from a first shape to a second shape in response to an electrical signal; 
 a restoration mechanism configured to restore the actuation member from the second shape to the first shape; and 
 a processing unit operably coupled to the actuation member and configured to cause the electrical signal to be applied to the actuation member, wherein: 
 changing the actuation member from the first shape to the second shape rotates the contact member in a first direction to produce a first portion of a haptic output; and 
 restoring the actuation member from the second shape to the first shape rotates the contact member in a second direction opposite the first direction to produce a second portion of the haptic output. 
 
     
     
       10. The electronic device of  claim 9 , wherein:
 the restoration mechanism comprises a torsion spring; wherein restoring the actuation member comprises exerting a torque on the contact member using the torsion spring. 
 
     
     
       11. The electronic device of  claim 9 , wherein:
 the restoration mechanism comprises a first spring and a second spring. 
 
     
     
       12. The electronic device of  claim 11 , wherein:
 the first spring is coupled to a first block member; 
 the second spring is coupled to a second block member; and 
 the actuation member contacts the first and second block members. 
 
     
     
       13. The electronic device of  claim 12 , wherein:
 changing the actuation member from the first shape to the second shape compresses the first spring until a support member stops movement of the first block member. 
 
     
     
       14. The electronic device of  claim 9 , wherein:
 the actuation member is a first actuation member; 
 the shape-memory alloy is a first shape-memory alloy; and 
 the restoration mechanism comprises a second actuation member formed from a second shape-memory alloy. 
 
     
     
       15. The electronic device of  claim 14 , wherein the restoration mechanism comprises a spring. 
     
     
       16. A method for producing a haptic output using an actuation member that is attached to a connection portion of a contact member and comprises a shape-memory alloy, the method comprising:
 detecting an input at an electronic device using a processing unit of the electronic device; 
 in response to the input, producing an output signal; 
 in response to the output signal, applying an electrical current to the actuation member thereby causing the actuation member to contract, such that contraction of the actuation member rotates the contact member in a first direction to produce a first portion of the haptic output; and 
 elongating the actuation member using a restoration mechanism, thereby rotating the contact member in a second direction opposite the first direction and producing a second portion of the haptic output. 
 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 16 , wherein said elongating the actuation member of the electronic device comprises applying a torsional force to the actuation member using the restoration mechanism. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 16 , wherein:
 the actuation member is a first actuation member; 
 the restoration mechanism comprises a second actuation member; and 
 said elongating the actuation member using the restoration mechanism comprises contracting the second actuation member. 
 
     
     
       19. The method of  claim 16 , wherein:
 said rotating the contact member in the first direction comprises rotating the contact member around an axle that is fixed with respect to a housing of the electronic device. 
 
     
     
       20. The method of  claim 16 , wherein:
 the method further comprises displaying a graphical output using a touch-sensitive display; and 
 said detecting the input comprises detecting a touch input along the touch-sensitive display.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/820,450, filed Mar. 16, 2020, which is a non-provisional application and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/832,860, filed Apr. 11, 2019, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The described embodiments relate generally to an electronic watch or other electronic device. More particularly, the described embodiments relate to providing haptic feedback using an actuation member formed from a shape-memory alloy. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Modern day electronic devices have a broad range of functionality and have become more portable and compact. Some portable electronic devices may be adapted to receive user input and, in response, provide an output or other response. Some portable electronic devices include a speaker or other type of output device that is adapted to provide an output to a user. However, some traditional output devices are bulky and may not be optimized for various user feedback scenarios. The systems and techniques described herein may be used to provide a compact output device for a portable electronic device that may provide advantages over some traditional systems. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the systems, devices, methods, and apparatuses described in the present disclosure are directed to an electronic watch or other electronic device having a haptic device with an actuation member formed from a shape-memory alloy and a restoration mechanism, and methods for providing haptic outputs using the haptic device. 
     The embodiments described herein include an electronic watch having an enclosure, a touch-sensitive display, a processing unit, and a haptic device. The touch-sensitive display may be positioned at least partially within the enclosure. The processing unit may be operably coupled to the touch-sensitive display. The haptic device may be positioned at least partially within the enclosure and configured to provide a haptic output along an external surface of the enclosure. The haptic device may include an actuation member formed from a shape-memory alloy material and configured to contract in response to a signal generated by the processing unit and produce at least a portion of the haptic output. The haptic device may further include a restoration mechanism coupled to the actuation member and configured to elongate the actuation member after a contraction of the actuation member. 
     In some embodiments, the actuation member is a first actuation member formed from a first shape-memory alloy material and the signal is a first signal. The restoration mechanism may include a second actuation member formed from a second shape-memory alloy material. The second actuation member may be configured to contract in response to a second signal generated by the processing unit. 
     In some cases, the enclosure includes a cover defining at least a part of a front external surface of the enclosure and a contact member defining at least a part of a rear external surface of the enclosure. A graphical output of the touch-sensitive display may be visible along the front external surface. The rear external surface may be configured to contact a body part of a user. The haptic device may be configured to produce the haptic output along the rear external surface by moving the contact member relative to the cover. In some cases, the haptic output may be coordinated with a change in the graphical output. In some cases, the haptic device is configured to rotate the contact member. In some cases, the haptic device is configured to translate the contact member along either a path that is parallel to the front external surface or a path that is perpendicular to the front external surface. 
     In some cases, the electronic watch additionally includes a crown that is configured to receive a rotational input, and the haptic output is provided in response to the rotational input. In some cases, the actuation member is configured to produce a first portion of the haptic output and the restoration mechanism is configured to produce a second portion of the haptic output. In some cases, the signal is a first signal, and the processing unit is further configured to produce a second signal after the restoration mechanism elongates the actuation member, and the actuation member is configured to produce a third portion of the haptic output in response to the second signal. 
     The embodiments described herein further include an electronic watch having an enclosure, a display, an actuation member, a restoration mechanism, and a processing unit. The display may be positioned at least partially within the enclosure. The actuation member may comprise a shape-memory alloy and may be positioned within the enclosure. The actuation member may be configured to change from a first shape to a second shape in response to an electrical current or electrical signal. The restoration mechanism may be coupled to the actuation member and may be configured to restore the actuation member from the second shape to the first shape. The processing unit may be operably coupled to the actuation member and configured to cause the electrical current or electrical signal to be applied to the actuation member. Changing the actuation member from the first shape to the second shape may produce a first portion of a haptic output along an external surface of the enclosure. Restoring the actuation member from the second shape to the first shape may produce a second portion of the haptic output along the external surface of the enclosure. 
     In some cases, the enclosure includes a cover positioned over the display, a housing member defining an opening, and a rear cover positioned in the opening and coupled to the actuation member. The actuation member may cause the rear cover to move relative to at least one of the cover or the housing member to produce the haptic output. In some cases, changing the actuation member from the first shape to the second shape causes the rear cover to move in a first direction and restoring the actuation member from the second shape to the first shape causes the rear cover to move in a second direction that is opposite to the first direction. In some cases, the actuation member causes the rear cover to rotate relative to at least one of the cover or the housing member. In some cases, the rear cover includes an electrode for determining an electrocardiogram and the haptic output is provided in response to determining the electrocardiogram. 
     In some cases, the actuation member is a first actuation member, and the restoration mechanism includes a second actuation member. In some cases, the restoration mechanism includes a spring. 
     The embodiments described herein further include a method for producing a haptic output using an actuation member comprising a shape-memory alloy. The method includes the steps of detecting an input at the electronic device, and in response to the input, determining, by a processing unit of the electronic device, an output to be produced by the electronic device. The method further includes the steps of outputting, by the processing unit, an output signal to provide a haptic output that corresponds to the determined output and, in response to the output signal, applying an electrical current or electrical signal to an actuation member of the electronic device to contract the actuation member. The method further includes the step of elongating the actuation member using a restoration mechanism of the electronic device. Contracting the actuation member produces a first portion of the haptic output and elongating the actuation member produces a second portion of the haptic output. 
     In some cases, the electrical current is a first electrical current and the method further includes contracting the actuation member after the actuation member is elongated by applying a second electrical current to the actuation member to produce a third portion of the haptic output. 
     In some cases, the method further includes displaying a graphical output using a touch-sensitive display and detecting the input comprises detecting a touch input along the touch-sensitive display. 
     In some cases, detecting the input includes determining an electrocardiogram using one or more voltages detected at the electronic device, and the haptic output is provided in response to determining the electrocardiogram. 
     In addition to the example aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference to the drawings and by study of the following description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which: 
         FIG.  1    shows a functional block diagram of an example electronic device that incorporates a haptic device with an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism; 
         FIGS.  2 A- 2 B  show an example of an electronic watch that may incorporate a haptic device with an actuation member formed from a shape-memory alloy material and a restoration mechanism; 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism installed in an example electronic device; 
         FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism installed in an example electronic device; 
         FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism installed in an example electronic device; 
         FIGS.  6 A- 6 F  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism installed in an example electronic device; 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism installed in an example electronic device; 
         FIGS.  8 A- 8 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism installed in an example electronic device; 
         FIGS.  9 A- 9 B  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism installed in an example electronic device; 
         FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism installed in an example electronic device; 
         FIG.  11    shows an example method for providing haptic feedback using a haptic device with an actuation member formed from a shape-memory alloy material; and 
         FIG.  12    shows a sample electrical block diagram of an electronic device that may incorporate a haptic device, as described herein. 
     
    
    
     The use of cross-hatching or shading in the accompanying figures is generally provided to clarify the boundaries between adjacent elements and also to facilitate legibility of the figures. Accordingly, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shading conveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particular materials, material properties, element proportions, element dimensions, commonalities of similarly illustrated elements, or any other characteristic, attribute, or property for any element illustrated in the accompanying figures. 
     Additionally, it should be understood that the proportions and dimensions (either relative or absolute) of the various features and elements (and collections and groupings thereof) and the boundaries, separations, and positional relationships presented therebetween, are provided in the accompanying figures merely to facilitate an understanding of the various embodiments described herein and, accordingly, may not necessarily be presented or illustrated to scale, and are not intended to indicate any preference or requirement for an illustrated embodiment to the exclusion of embodiments described with reference thereto. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following description is not intended to limit the embodiments to one preferred embodiment. To the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by the appended claims. 
     The following disclosure relates to an electronic device (e.g., an electronic watch) having a haptic device for providing haptic outputs to a user of the device. In various embodiments, the haptic device includes an actuation member formed at least partially from a shape-memory alloy (SMA) material that changes shape (e.g., expands or contracts) in response to an applied electrical current or electrical signal. The actuation member (referred to herein as an “SMA actuation member”) may produce a haptic output along a surface of the electronic device. In some cases, the haptic devices described herein also include a restoration mechanism that restores the SMA actuation member to its original shape or to a similar shape. The change in the shape of the SMA actuation member and the restoration of the shape of the SMA actuation member may combine to produce a haptic output at the electronic device. 
     As noted above, an SMA actuation member may contract from a first shape to a second shape in response to an applied electrical current or electrical signal. Once the electrical current ceases or is reduced below a threshold, the SMA actuation member may elongate (e.g., expand) from the second shape to the first shape or to a shape between the first and second shapes. In some cases, the SMA actuation member may be successively or repeatedly contracted several times to produce multiple portions of a haptic output. In many cases, the time required for elongation of the SMA actuation member is sufficiently long that it limits the number of successive contractions and elongations that can occur in a given time period. 
     The restoration mechanisms described herein may apply a tensile force to an SMA actuation member to increase the speed of elongation and reduce the time required for elongation. As a result, an SMA actuation member may be contracted and elongated more frequently, and can provide more haptic outputs or portions of haptic outputs in a given time period. 
     As used herein, the terms “haptic output” and “tactile output” may be used to refer to outputs produced by the electronic device that may be perceived through user touch. Examples of haptic outputs include vibrations, deflections, and other movements of a device enclosure, a device cover, and input device, or another device component that forms a portion of the external surface of the electronic device. In some cases, a haptic device may vibrate and/or deflect a device component (e.g., an enclosure, a cover, or an input device) to produce a haptic output at a portion of the external surface of the device defined by the device component. In some cases, haptic outputs may be produced by relative movement of one or more device components with respect to one or more additional device components. As one example, a haptic device may cause a first device component (e.g., a cover) to vibrate, oscillate, rotate, and/or translate relative to another device component (e.g., an enclosure) to produce a haptic output that may be perceived by a user. 
     In some cases, the haptic device is coupled to an enclosure of the electronic device, and the haptic device provides haptic outputs that may be tactilely perceived by the user along one or more portions of an external surface of the electronic device. In some cases, the haptic device is coupled to a contact member that moves (e.g., oscillates, vibrates, translates, or rotates) with respect to other components of the electronic device, such as a housing member, to provide haptic outputs. Translation may include inward and outward translation, lateral translation, and other movement of the contact member. In some cases, the haptic device provides haptic outputs by deflecting a portion of an enclosure of the electronic device. Different types of movement may be used to provide different haptic outputs. 
     In some cases, the haptic outputs described herein are localized haptic outputs. As used herein, the term “localized haptic output” may be used to refer to a haptic output that is primarily perceived along a particular location or region of the external surface of the electronic device. The particular location or region may correspond to a portion of the exterior of the electronic device that is likely to be contacted by the user and thereby more readily perceived without producing the output along an entirety of the exterior of the electronic device. The haptic devices described herein may produce localized haptic outputs causing vibration, deflection, or movement at particular locations or regions of the external surface of the electronic device. In some cases, a localized haptic output may be felt strongly at one or more locations or regions of the external surface and may be imperceptible or less perceptible at one or more other locations or regions of the external surface of the electronic device. 
     As suggested above, a localized haptic output may be provided at one or more locations that are configured to be contacted by a user. For example, localized haptic outputs may be provided at a rear surface of an electronic watch that is configured to contact a user&#39;s wrist while the watch is worn. In some cases, localized haptic outputs may provide feedback regarding inputs received at particular locations of the electronic device. For example, localized haptic outputs may be provided at and/or near an input device (e.g., a button, a crown, or a touchscreen) to provide feedback related to an input provided at the input device. In other cases, localized haptic outputs may provide other types of feedback or information to users. 
     In some cases, the haptic outputs described herein are global haptic outputs. As used herein, the term “global haptic output” may be used to refer to a haptic output that is caused by a moving mass or other inertial effect. As described herein, a haptic device may cause a mass or weighted member to move and, in some cases, oscillate, to produce a perceptible vibration or tactile effect along an external surface of the electronic device. In general, a global haptic output may be produced over a large area and, in some cases, substantially all of the external surfaces or a substantial entirety of an exterior of the electronic device. In general, global haptic outputs are not meant to be localized to any particular location or region of the external surface of the electronic device. In some cases, global haptic outputs may provide feedback that is not related to a specific location on the electronic device. For example, global haptic outputs may be provided for alerts received at the electronic device. In other cases, global haptic outputs may provide other types of feedback or information to users. 
     The term “attached,” as used herein, may be used to refer to two or more elements, structures, objects, components, parts or the like that are physically affixed, fastened, and/or retained to one another. The term “coupled,” as used herein, may be used to refer to two or more elements, structures, objects, components, parts, or the like that are physically attached to one another, operate with one another, communicate with one another, are in electrical connection with one another, and/or otherwise interact with one another. Accordingly, while elements attached to one another are coupled to one another, the reverse is not required. As used herein, “operably coupled” or “electrically coupled” may be used to refer to two or more devices that are coupled in any suitable manner for operation and/or communication, including wired, wirelessly, or some combination thereof. 
     As noted above, the actuation members described herein may be formed at least partially from one or more shape-memory alloy (SMA) materials that change shape (e.g., expands or contracts) in response to an applied electrical current. Examples of SMA materials include copper alloys (e.g., copper-aluminum-nickel), nickel alloys (e.g., nickel-titanium), zinc alloys (e.g., copper-zinc-aluminum), cobalt alloys (e.g., cobalt-nickel-gallium alloys), silver alloys (e.g., silver-cadmium), titanium alloys (e.g., titanium-niobium), gold alloys (e.g., gold-cadmium), iron alloys, and other alloy materials. 
     These and other embodiments are discussed with reference to  FIGS.  1 - 12   . However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. 
       FIG.  1    shows a functional block diagram of an example electronic device  100  that incorporates a haptic device  150  with an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism. In some examples, the device  100  may be an electronic watch. The electronic device  100  may include a device enclosure  116 , a haptic device  150 , a crown  121 , one or more input devices  130 , one or more output devices  132 , a display  134 , and a processing unit  111  positioned at least partially within the enclosure  116 . 
     In some cases, the electronic device  100  includes a haptic device  150  positioned at least partially within the enclosure  116  and configured to provide haptic outputs along an external surface of the electronic device  100 . As noted above, the haptic device may include an actuation member formed from a shape-memory alloy that changes shape (e.g., expands or contracts) in response to an applied current or other electrical signal. The SMA actuation member may be configured to contract in response to a signal generated by the processing unit  111  and produce at least a portion of a haptic output. As described herein, the processing unit may produce an electrical signal that is used to trigger the generation of an electrical current or other electrical signal that drives the SMA actuation member. The SMA actuation member is not typically driven directly by the signal produced by the processing unit. 
     In some cases, the haptic device  150  also includes a restoration mechanism that restores (e.g., elongates) the SMA actuation member to its original shape or to a similar shape. The changes in the shape of the SMA actuation member (e.g., contraction and/or elongation) may combine to produce a haptic output at the electronic device  100 . For example, the SMA actuation member may produce a first portion of a haptic output and the restoration mechanism may produce a second portion of a haptic output. As described herein, the restoration mechanism may include a spring, a mechanical restoring member, and/or another actuation member formed from the same or another SMA material. 
     The haptic device  150  may produce haptic outputs in response to receiving one or more signals from the processing unit  111 . In some cases, the haptic outputs may correspond to inputs received by the electronic device  100  (e.g., a rotational input received by the crown  121 ) and/or outputs provided by the electronic device (e.g., a graphical output provided by the display  134 ). The haptic outputs may correspond to operational states, events, or other conditions at the electronic device  100 , including inputs received at the electronic device (e.g., touch inputs, rotational inputs, translational inputs), outputs of the electronic device (e.g., graphical outputs, audio outputs, haptic outputs), applications and processes executing on the electronic device, predetermined sequences, user interface commands (e.g., volume, zoom, or brightness controls, audio or video controls, scrolling on a list or page, and the like), and the like. The haptic device  150  may be operably coupled to the processing unit  111  via a connector  136   a  and/or via one or more additional components of the electronic device  100 . 
     In various embodiments, the haptic device  150  is coupled to the enclosure  116  to provide the haptic output along one or more external surfaces of the electronic device  100  defined by the enclosure  116  or other components of the electronic device  100 . For example, the enclosure  116  may define a front external surface  190   a  and a rear external surface  190   b  of the device  100 . In some cases, the SMA actuation member and/or the restoration mechanism of the haptic device  150  may be coupled to the enclosure  116  and may deflect or otherwise move one or more portions of the enclosure  116  to produce a haptic output. 
     In some cases, the enclosure  116  includes one or more separate components. For example, as shown in  FIG.  1   , the enclosure  116  may include a cover  118 , a housing member  180 , and a contact member  182 . In some cases, the cover  118  defines at least part of the front external surface  190   a , and the housing member  180  and the contact member  182  cooperate to define at least part of the rear external surface  190   b . In some cases, the cover  118  is positioned at over and/or at least partially in an opening  110  defined by the housing member  180 . In some cases, the contact member  182  is positioned in an opening  181  defined by the housing member  180 . 
     In various embodiments, the haptic device  150  may provide local haptic outputs along the external surface of the electronic device  100  (e.g., one or more locations along the front external surface  190   a , the rear external surface  190   b , or elsewhere along the electronic device  100 ). In some cases, the haptic device  150  may provide global haptic outputs along the external surface of the electronic device. 
     In some cases, the haptic device  150  may provide a haptic output by moving a component of the enclosure  116  relative to other components of the enclosure or the electronic device  100 . For example, the haptic device  150  may oscillate, vibrate, translate, and/or rotate the contact member  182  relative to the housing member  180  and/or the cover  118  to provide a haptic output at the rear external surface  190   b . In some cases, the contact member  182  and/or the housing member  180  may be positioned so that they are likely to be in contact with a user when the device  100  is being used. Movement of the contact member  182  relative to the housing member  180  against the user&#39;s skin may produce a haptic output that can be perceived by the user. In some cases, the haptic device translates or oscillates the contact member  182  along a path that is parallel to an external surface of the electronic device (e.g., the front external surface  190   a  or the rear external surface  190   b ). In some cases, the haptic device translates or oscillates the contact member  182  along a path that is perpendicular to an external surface of the electronic device (e.g., the front external surface  190   a  or the rear external surface  190   b ). 
     In some cases, the contact member  182  is configured to rotate relative to the housing member  180  or the cover  118 . For example, the contact member  182  may have a round (e.g., circular) perimeter and the contact member  182  may be positioned in a round opening in the housing member  180 . The contact member  182  may rotate relative to the housing member  180 , for example as shown with respect to  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C . Rotation of the contact member  182  relative to the housing member  180  against the user&#39;s skin may produce a haptic output that can be perceived by the user. In some cases, the contact member  182  moving (e.g., rotating) relative to the housing member  180  produces a shear force on the user&#39;s skin, which may be perceived differently or give a different sensation than a vibration or translation of the contact member  182 . 
     In some cases, the haptic device  150  may provide a haptic output by deflecting a portion of the enclosure  116 . For example, the haptic device  150  may deflect a portion of the housing member  180  inward and/or outward to provide a haptic output at the rear external surface  190   b . In some cases, the enclosure  116  does not include the contact member  182 . For example, the contact member  182  shown in  FIG.  1    may be replaced with a portion of the housing member  180  that is continuous with the rest of the housing member  180 . The portion of the housing member  180  may be configured to deflect or otherwise provide a haptic output along the rear external surface  190   b . Deflection or other movement of the housing member  180  against the user&#39;s skin may produce a haptic output that can be perceived by the user. 
     In some cases, the haptic device  150  may provide a global haptic output by moving a mass or weighted member within the enclosure  116 . For example, the contact member  182  shown in  FIG.  1    may be a mass or weighted member positioned within the enclosure  116 . The haptic device  150  may cause the mass or weighted member to move and, in some cases, oscillate, to produce a perceptible vibration or tactile effect along an external surface of the electronic device  100 . 
     In some cases, the haptic device  150  may provide a haptic output at the front external surface  190   a  by translating and/or rotating the cover  118  relative to other components of the enclosure  116 , such as the housing member  180 . In some cases, the haptic device  150  may provide a haptic output along a portion of the external surface of the electronic device  100  defined by one or more input devices, such as a crown  121 , a button, or the like. In some cases, the haptic device  150  oscillates, vibrates, rotates, and/or translates an input device or a portion of an input device relative to one or more additional components of the electronic device  100 . 
     In various embodiments, the haptic device  150  may be directly connected to a component of the electronic device  100  that defines an external surface of the electronic device, including the enclosure  116 , an input device, or another component. In some cases, the haptic device  150  is coupled to the relevant component(s) defining the external surface by a connector  151 . The connector  151  may transfer motion from the haptic device  150  to the component(s) defining the external surface to produce the haptic output along the external surface. 
     In some cases, the electronic device  100  includes a crown  121  configured to receive translational inputs, rotational inputs, and/or touch inputs. Inputs received at the crown  121  may result in changes in outputs provided by the electronic device  100  such as a graphical output of the display  134 , and/or otherwise modify operations of the electronic device. In some cases, the crown  121  may be positioned along a side of the enclosure  116 , and may extend through an opening  123  defined in the enclosure. The crown  121  may include a user-rotatable crown body  120  and a shaft  122 . The crown body  120  may be positioned at least partially outside of the device enclosure  116  and may be coupled to the shaft  122 . In some cases, the shaft  122  extends from the crown body  120  and extends through the opening  123 . 
     In some cases, the device  100  may include a conductive portion that may be used to perform an ECG measurement. The crown body  120  or another input device  130  may define a conductive surface for receiving touch inputs. In some cases, the conductive surface functions as an electrode to sense voltages or signals indicative of one or more touch inputs and/or biological parameters, such as an electrocardiogram, of a user in contact with the conductive surface. The enclosure  116  may define a touch-sensitive or conductive surface that is electrically coupled to the processing unit  111  and also functions as an electrode. The processing unit  111  may determine an electrocardiogram using outputs of the electrodes of the crown body  120  and the enclosure  116 . In various embodiments, the crown  121  is electrically isolated from the enclosure  116 , for example to allow separate measurements at the electrodes. In various embodiments, the crown body  120  may be electrically coupled to the processing unit  111  or another circuit of the electronic device  100 , for example via a connector  136   b  and/or the shaft  122 . 
     In various embodiments, the display  134  may be positioned at least partially within the enclosure  116 . The display  134  provides a graphical output, for example associated with an operating system, user interface, and/or applications of the electronic device  100 . In one embodiment, the display  134  includes one or more sensors and is configured as a touch-sensitive (e.g., single-touch, multi-touch) and/or force-sensitive display to receive inputs from a user. The display  134  is operably coupled to the processing unit  111  of the electronic device  100 , for example by a connector  136   c . In some cases, the graphical output of the display  134  is visible along the front external surface  190   a.    
     In various embodiments, a graphical output of the display  134  is responsive to inputs provided at the crown  121 , the display, or another input device  130 . For example, the processing unit  111  may be configured to modify the graphical output of the display  134  in response to determining an electrocardiogram, receiving rotational inputs, receiving translational inputs, or receiving touch inputs. In some cases, a haptic output provided by the haptic device  150  corresponds to the graphical output of the display  134 . In some cases, the haptic device  150  may produce a haptic output that is coordinated with a change in the graphical output of the display  134 . For example, the haptic output may be produced at or near the same time as the change in the graphical output of the display  134 . In some cases, a time that the haptic output is produced overlaps a time that the graphical output of the display  134  changes. 
     The display  134  can be implemented with any suitable technology, including, but not limited to, liquid crystal display (LCD) technology, light emitting diode (LED) technology, organic light-emitting display (OLED) technology, organic electroluminescence (OEL) technology, or another type of display technology. In some cases, the display  134  is positioned beneath and viewable through the cover  118 . 
     Broadly, the input devices  130  may detect various types of input, and the output devices  132  may provide various types of output. The processing unit  111  may be operably coupled to the input devices  130  and the output devices  132 , for example by connectors  136   d  and  136   e . The processing unit  111  may receive input signals from the input devices  130 , in response to inputs detected by the input devices. The processing unit  111  may interpret input signals received from one or more of the input devices  130  and transmit output signals to one or more of the output devices  132 . The output signals may cause the output devices  132  to provide one or more outputs. Detected input at one or more of the input devices  130  may be used to control one or more functions of the device  100 . In some cases, one or more of the output devices  132  may be configured to provide outputs that are dependent on, or manipulated in response to, the input detected by one or more of the input devices  130 . The outputs provided by one or more of the output devices  132  may also be responsive to, or initiated by, a program or application executed by the processing unit  111  and/or an associated companion device. Examples of suitable processing units, input devices, output devices, and displays, are discussed in more detail below with respect to  FIG.  12   . 
       FIGS.  2 A- 2 B  show an example of an electronic watch  200  that may incorporate a haptic device with an actuation member formed from a shape-memory alloy material and a restoration mechanism. The structure and functionality of the electronic watch  200  may be similar to the structure and functionality of the electronic watch  100  discussed above with respect to  FIG.  1   . Other devices that may incorporate the haptic devices described herein include other wearable electronic devices, other timekeeping devices, other health monitoring or fitness devices, other portable computing devices, mobile phones (including smart phones), tablet computing devices, digital media players, virtual reality devices, audio devices (including earbuds and headphones), and the like. 
     The electronic watch  200  may include a watch body  212  and a watch band  214 . The watch body  212  may include an enclosure  216 . As noted above, in some cases, the haptic device of the electronic watch  200  provides haptic outputs that may be felt along one or more portions of the enclosure  216 . The enclosure  216  may contain one or more components of the electronic watch  200  and may define at least part of an external surface of the electronic watch. The haptic device may provide haptic outputs along one or more portions of the external surface defined by the enclosure  216 . 
     In some cases, the enclosure  216  defines a front external surface  290   a  (shown in  FIG.  2 A ) that faces away from a user&#39;s skin when the watch  200  is worn by a user and a rear external surface  290   b  (shown in  FIG.  2 B ) that faces toward the user&#39;s skin (e.g., opposite the front external surface  290   a ). In some cases, the haptic device of the electronic watch provides haptic outputs at an area  282  along the rear external surface  290   b  of the watch. 
     In some cases, the area  282  may be defined by a separate component that is capable of rotating and/or translating relative to other components of the electronic watch  200  (e.g., similar to contact member  182  above) to provide haptic outputs. Alternatively, the area  282  may be a portion of a larger component of the enclosure  216  that deflects or otherwise moves to provide haptic outputs. 
     In some cases, the enclosure  216  may include a housing member  280 . In some cases, at least a portion of the housing member  280  faces toward a user&#39;s skin when the watch  200  is worn. Alternatively, the enclosure  216  may include two or more housing members. For example, the enclosure  216  may include a front housing member that faces away from a user&#39;s skin when the watch  200  is worn by a user, and a rear housing member that faces toward the user&#39;s skin. In some cases, haptic outputs are provided at the housing member  280  and may be tactilely perceived by a body part of the user that is in contact with the electronic watch  200 . The one or more housing members may be metallic, plastic, ceramic, glass, or other types of housing members (or combinations of such materials). 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG.  2 B , the enclosure  216  may include a contact member (e.g., a rear cover  260 ). In some cases, the haptic device provides haptic outputs at the rear cover  260 . In some cases, the haptic device may cause the rear cover  260  to move relative to the housing member  280 , the cover  218 , and/or other components of the electronic watch  200 . 
     In some cases, the rear cover  260  is positioned over and/or within an opening defined in the housing member  280 . The rear cover  260  may be capable of rotating and/or translating relative to the housing member  280  to provide haptic outputs. 
     In some cases, the rear cover  260  is positioned over one or more additional components of the electronic watch  200 . For example, in some cases, the electronic watch  200  includes a wireless charging coil positioned beneath the rear cover  260 , and the rear cover  260  is capable of transmitting wireless charging signals from a wireless charger external to the enclosure  216  and through the rear cover  260  to the wireless charging coil. In some cases, the rear cover  260  is formed of a material that is suitable for transmitting wireless charging signals, including plastic, ceramic, or glass. 
     In some cases, the electronic watch  200  includes one or more biosensors positioned beneath the rear cover  260 , for example to detect a biological parameter (e.g., a heart rate) of a user. In some cases, the biosensors include optical heart rate sensors that transmit optical signals through the rear cover  260  to a user&#39;s skin, and receive reflected optical signals through the rear cover that may be processed to determine the biological parameter(s). In some cases, the rear cover  260  is formed of a material that is suitable for transmitting optical signals, including plastic, ceramic, or glass. 
     In some cases, the rear cover  260  may have one or more conductive electrodes positioned thereon. The one or more electrodes on the additional cover may be used to determine a biological parameter, such as a heart rate, an ECG, or the like. In some cases, the electrodes are used in combination with one or more additional electrodes, such as a surface of a crown or other input device. In some cases, the electronic watch  200  includes two electrodes positioned along a rear surface of the electronic watch  200  (e.g., along a surface of the rear cover  260 ) and the electrodes may be configured to contact a wrist of the user. A third conductive electrode may be positioned along another surface of the electronic watch  200  (e.g., along the enclosure  216 , the crown  221 , and/or the button  230 ) and may be configured to be contacted by a finger or other portion of the user&#39;s body in order to facilitate an ECG or other heart- or health-related measurement. 
     Returning to  FIG.  2 A , in some cases, the enclosure  216  may include a cover  218  facing away from a user&#39;s skin as the watch  200  is worn. In some cases, the cover  218  is mounted to or coupled to the housing member  280 . The cover  218  and/or portions of the housing member  280  may define the front external surface  290   a  of the electronic watch  200 . In some cases, the haptic device may be coupled to the cover  218  and may be capable of providing haptic outputs at the front external surface  290   a.    
     The cover  218  may be positioned over and protect a display mounted within the enclosure  216  (e.g., display  134  of  FIG.  1   ). The display may be viewable by a user through the cover  218 . In some cases, the cover  218  may be part of a display stack, which may include touch sensing or force sensing capability. The display may be configured to depict a graphical output of the watch  200 , and a user may interact with the graphical output (e.g., using a finger, stylus, or other pointer). As one example, the user may select (or otherwise interact with) a graphic, icon, or the like presented on the display by touching or pressing (e.g., providing touch input) on the display at the location of the graphic. In some cases, the haptic outputs provided by the haptic device correspond to the graphical output of the display and/or inputs received via the display. 
     As used herein, the term “cover” may be used to refer to any transparent, semi-transparent, or translucent surface made out of glass, a crystalline material (such as sapphire or zirconia), plastic, or the like. Thus, it should be appreciated that the term “cover,” as used herein, encompasses amorphous solids as well as crystalline solids. In some examples, the cover  218  may be a sapphire cover. The cover  218  may also be formed of glass, plastic, or other materials. 
     The watch body  212  may include at least one input device or selection device, such as a crown, scroll wheel, knob, dial, button, or the like, which may be operated by a user of the watch  200 . In some embodiments, the watch  200  includes a crown  221  that includes a crown body  220  and a shaft (not shown in  FIG.  2 A ). The enclosure  216  may define an opening through which the shaft extends. The crown body  220  may be attached and/or coupled to the shaft, and may be accessible to a user exterior to the enclosure  216 . 
     The crown body  220  may be user-rotatable, and may be manipulated (e.g., rotated, pressed) by a user to rotate or translate the shaft. The shaft may be mechanically, electrically, magnetically, and/or optically coupled to components within the enclosure  216 . A user&#39;s manipulation of the crown body  220  and shaft may be used, in turn, to manipulate or select various elements displayed on the display, to adjust a volume of a speaker, to turn the watch  200  on or off, and so on. The crown body  220  may be operably coupled to a circuit within the enclosure  216  (e.g., a processing unit), but electrically isolated from the enclosure  216 . As discussed above, the crown  221  may include a conductive electrode used to measure an ECG or other health-related measurement. 
     The enclosure  216  may also include an opening through which a button  230  protrudes. In some embodiments, the input devices (e.g., the crown body  220 , scroll wheel, knob, dial, button  230 , or the like) may be touch sensitive, conductive, and/or have a conductive surface, and a signal route may be provided between the conductive portion of the input device and a circuit within the watch body  212 . In some cases, the haptic device may be coupled to an input device and may be capable of providing haptic outputs at one or more portions of the external surface of the watch  200  defined by the input device. In some cases, the haptic outputs provided by the haptic device correspond to the inputs received via the input device. 
     The enclosure  216  may include structures for attaching the watch band  214  to the watch body  212 . In some cases, the structures may include elongate recesses or openings through which ends of the watch band  214  may be inserted and attached to the watch body  212 . In other cases (not shown), the structures may include indents (e.g., dimples or depressions) in the enclosure  216 , which indents may receive ends of spring pins that are attached to or threaded through ends of a watch band to attach the watch band to the watch body. 
     The watch band  214  may be used to secure the watch  200  to a user, another device, a retaining mechanism, and so on. In some cases, the haptic device may be coupled to the watch band  214  and may be capable of providing haptic outputs at one or more portions of the external surface of the watch  200  defined by the watch band. 
     In some cases, a haptic device of the electronic watch  200  may provide a global haptic output by moving a mass or weighted member within the enclosure  216 . The haptic device may cause the mass or weighted member to move and, in some cases, oscillate, to produce a perceptible vibration or tactile effect along an external surface of the electronic watch  200 . 
     In some examples, the watch  200  may lack any or all of the cover  218 , the display, the crown  221 , or the button  230 . For example, the watch  200  may include an audio input or output interface, a touch input interface, a force input or haptic output interface, or other input or output interface that does not require the display, crown  221 , or button  230 . The watch  200  may also include the aforementioned input or output interfaces in addition to the display, crown  221 , or button  230 . When the watch  200  lacks the display, the front side of the watch  200  may be covered by the cover  218 , or by a metallic or other type of housing member. 
     As noted above, the haptic devices discussed herein may include an actuation member formed at least partially from an SMA material that changes shape (e.g., expands or contracts) in response to an applied current and a restoration mechanism that restores the SMA actuation member to its original shape or to a similar shape. The change in the shape of the SMA actuation member and the restoration of the shape of the SMA actuation member may combine to produce a haptic output at the electronic watch  200 . 
       FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device  350  having an SMA actuation member  352   a  and a restoration mechanism  356 , installed in an example electronic device  300 . The example electronic device  300  of  FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  may have similar structure, components, and functionality as other electronic devices discussed herein.  FIG.  3 A  illustrates a contact member  382  positioned in an opening  381  of a housing member  380 . The contact member  382  and/or the housing member  380  may define an external surface of the electronic device. In some cases, the haptic device  350  causes the contact member  382  to translate or oscillate laterally (e.g., left to right and right to left with respect to  FIG.  3 A ) relative to the housing member  380 . In some cases, the lateral translation or oscillation is along a path that is parallel to an external surface of the electronic device (e.g., the front external surface or the rear external surface). The translation or oscillation may produce a vibration or tactile effect along the external surface of the electronic device  300 . 
     In some cases, the haptic device  350  includes an SMA actuation member  352   a  and a restoration mechanism  356 . The SMA actuation member  352   a  and the restoration mechanism  356  may couple the contact member  382  to other components of the electronic device. In some cases, the SMA actuation member  352   a  is positioned between and coupled to a first side of the contact member  382  and the housing member  380 . In some cases, the restoration mechanism  356  is positioned between and coupled to a second, opposite side of the contact member  382  and the housing member  380 . 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  352   a  contracts from a first shape having a first length to a second shape having a second, shorter length in response to a signal received from the processing unit  311 , and, after the contraction, the restoration mechanism  356  elongates the SMA actuation member  352   a  to the first shape or a similar shape (e.g., a third shape having a length between the length of the first shape and the length of the second shape). 
       FIG.  3 A  shows the contact member  382  in a first position. In some cases, the first position is a default position of the contact member  382 . In some cases, in the first position, the contact member  382  is evenly spaced between walls of the opening  381 . The contact member  382  may be flush with the external surface of the housing member  380 , or it may be recessed or protruding relative to the external surface. 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  352   a  is responsive to a signal from the processing unit  311 , which may cause a current or other electrical signal to be applied to the SMA actuation member  352   a , thereby causing the SMA actuation member  352   a  to contract. As shown in  FIG.  3 B , contraction of the SMA actuation member  352   a  may cause the contact member  382  to translate rightward from the first position shown in  FIG.  3 A  to a second position shown in  FIG.  3 B . The spring  354  may expand to allow the movement of the contact member  382  to the second position as shown in  FIG.  3 B . The rightward translation of the contact member  382  may produce a first portion of a haptic output. 
     As discussed previously, the restoration mechanism  356  may include an SMA member. In the present example, the restoration mechanism  356  includes a second SMA actuation member  352   b  and a spring  354  coupled together in series. The SMA actuation members  352   a  and  352   b  may be electrically coupled to a processing unit  311  (e.g., by connectors  336   a  and  336   b ) and configured to contract in response to receiving signals from the processing unit  311 . 
     In the present example and in many of the examples described herein, the restoration mechanism  356  may include both a spring  354  and a second SMA actuation member  352   b . Alternatively, the spring  354  may be omitted and the restoration mechanism  356  may rely primarily on the second SMA actuation member  352   b  to provide a restoration force to the first SMA actuation member  352   a.    
     As noted above, in many cases, the time required for elongation of the SMA actuation member  352   a  is sufficiently long that it limits the number of successive contractions and elongations that can occur in a given time period. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  356  elongates the SMA actuation member  352   a  after the contraction to prepare the SMA actuation member  352   a  for a subsequent contraction. Following the application of the current to the SMA actuation member  352   a , the applied current is ceased, which allows the SMA actuation member  352   a  to begin elongating back to the first shape or a similar shape. At this point, the spring  354  may also begin to contract, which exerts a tensile force on the SMA actuation member  352   a . In some cases, an additional signal is applied to the second SMA actuation member  352   b , causing the second SMA actuation member to contract, which exerts an additional tensile force on the first SMA actuation member  352   a . The tensile force(s) may accelerate or otherwise assist the elongation of the SMA actuation member  352   a , causing the SMA actuation member  352   a  to elongate faster and/or more completely than if no tensile force was applied. 
     As the restoration mechanism  356  elongates the SMA actuation member  352   a , the contact member  382  may move from right to left with respect to  FIG.  3 B . In some cases, the leftward translation of the contact member  382  may produce a second portion of the haptic output. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  356  returns the contact member  382  to the first position shown in  FIG.  3 A . In other cases, the restoration mechanism  356  may move the contact member  382  to a third position to the left of the first position, as shown in  FIG.  3 C . 
     In various embodiments, once the SMA actuation member  352   a  has been elongated (either partially or fully), it may be subsequently contracted in response to receiving another signal from the processing unit  311  and subsequently elongated by the restoration mechanism  356 . Contraction and elongation may be repeated to repeatedly move the contact member  382  in alternating directions (e.g., left to right and right to left with respect to  FIGS.  3 A- 3 C ) to produce one or more haptic outputs and/or portions thereof. 
     In various embodiments, a compliant member may be disposed between the contact member  382  and the housing member  380 . The compliant member may form a seal between the contact member  382  and the housing member  380  to exclude contaminants from the interior of the electronic device, while still allowing the contact member  382  to move relative to the housing member  380  to produce a haptic output. 
     In some cases, either of the spring  354  or the SMA actuation member  352   b  may be omitted from the restoration mechanism  356 . The directions of movement described with respect to  FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  are examples for illustrative purposes only. In various embodiments, the directions of movement may be different from those described. 
       FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device  450  having an SMA actuation member  452  and a restoration mechanism  456 , installed in an example electronic device  400 . The example electronic device  400  of  FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  may have similar structure, components, and functionality as other electronic devices discussed herein.  FIG.  4 A  illustrates a contact member  482  positioned in an opening  481  of a housing member  480 . In some cases, the haptic device  450  causes the contact member  482  to translate or oscillate in and out of the opening  481  (e.g., up and down with respect to  FIG.  4 A ) relative to the housing member  480  to provide a haptic output. In some cases, the translation or oscillation is along a path that is perpendicular to an external surface of the electronic device (e.g., the front external surface of the rear external surface). The translation may cause the contact member  482  to protrude from and/or be recessed with respect to the housing member  480 . The translation or oscillation may produce a vibration or tactile effect along the external surface of the electronic device  400 . 
     In some cases, the haptic device  450  includes an SMA actuation member  452  and a restoration mechanism  456 . The SMA actuation member  452  and the restoration mechanism  456  may couple the contact member  482  to other components of the electronic device. In some cases, the SMA actuation member  452  and the restoration mechanism  456  are positioned between and coupled to a first side of the contact member  482  and a support member  484 . The support member  484  may be a portion of the housing member  480  or may be attached to the housing member  480 . 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  452  is responsive to a signal produced by the processing unit  411 , which causes a current to be applied to the SMA actuation member  452 , thereby causing the SMA actuation member  452  to contract. As shown in  FIG.  4 B , contraction of the SMA actuation member  452  may cause the contact member  482  to translate upward from the first position shown in  FIG.  4 A  to a second position shown in  FIG.  4 B . The upward translation of the contact member  482  may produce a first portion of a haptic output.  FIG.  4 A  shows the contact member  482  in a first position. In some cases, the first position is a default position of the contact member  482 . 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  452  contracts from a first shape having a first length to a second shape having a second, shorter length in response to a signal received from the processing unit  411 , and, after the contraction, the restoration mechanism  456  elongates the SMA actuation member  452  to the first shape or a similar shape (e.g., a third shape having a length between the length of the first shape and the length of the second shape). The SMA actuation member  452  may be electrically coupled to a processing unit  411  (e.g., by connectors  436   a  and  436   b ) and configured to contract in response to receiving signals from the processing unit  411 . 
     As noted above, in many cases, the time required for elongation of the SMA actuation member  452  is sufficiently long that it limits the number of successive contractions and elongations that can occur in a given time period. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  456  elongates the SMA actuation member  452  after the contraction to prepare the SMA actuation member  452  for a subsequent contraction. Following the application of the current to the SMA actuation member  452 , the applied current is ceased, which allows the SMA actuation member to begin elongating back to the first shape or to a similar shape. 
     In some cases, the restoration mechanism  456  includes a spring that is compressed as the contact member  482  translates upward (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  4 B ). The spring may exert a downward force on the contact member  482 , which in turn applies a tensile force on the SMA actuation member. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  456  includes an SMA actuation member that expands or elongates in response to an applied current. The expansion of the SMA actuation member may exert a downward force on the contact member  482 , which in turn applies a tensile force on the SMA actuation member. The tensile force(s) may accelerate the elongation of the SMA actuation member  452 , causing the SMA actuation member to elongate faster and/or more completely than if no tensile force was applied. 
     In the present example and in many of the examples described herein, the restoration mechanism  456  may include a spring, a spring and a second SMA actuation member, or a second SMA actuation member without a spring. As discussed previously, the spring may be omitted and the restoration mechanism  456  may rely primarily the second SMA actuation member to provide a restoration force to the (first) SMA actuation member  452 . Similar to the (first) SMA actuation member  452 , a second SMA actuation member of the restoration mechanism  456  may be responsive to a signal produced by the processing unit  411 , which causes a drive current or other electrical signal to alter a shape and/or length of the second SMA actuation member. 
     As the restoration mechanism  456  elongates the SMA actuation member  452 , the contact member  482  may move downward with respect to  FIG.  4 B . In some cases, the downward translation of the contact member  482  may produce a second portion of the haptic output. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  456  returns the contact member  482  to the first position shown in  FIG.  4 A . In other cases, the restoration mechanism  456  may move the contact member  482  to a third position below the first position, as shown in  FIG.  4 C . 
     In various embodiments, once the SMA actuation member  452  has been elongated (either partially or fully), it may be subsequently contracted in response to receiving another signal from the processing unit  411  and subsequently elongated by the restoration mechanism  456 . Contraction and elongation may be repeated to repeatedly move the contact member  482  up and down to produce one or more haptic outputs and/or portions thereof. 
     In various embodiments, a compliant member may be disposed between the contact member  482  and the housing member  480 . The compliant member may form a seal between the contact member  482  and the housing member  480  to exclude contaminants from the interior of the electronic device, while still allowing the contact member  482  to move relative to the housing member  480  to produce a haptic output. 
     The directions of movement described with respect to  FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  are examples for illustrative purposes only. In various embodiments, the directions of movement may be different from those described. 
       FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device  550  having an SMA actuation member  552   a  and a restoration mechanism  556 , installed in an example electronic device  500 . The example electronic device  500  of  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  may have similar structure, components, and functionality as other electronic devices discussed herein.  FIG.  5 A  illustrates a contact member  582  positioned in an opening  581  of a housing member  580 . In some cases, the haptic device  550  causes the contact member  582  to rotate (e.g., clockwise and counter-clockwise with respect to  FIG.  5 A ) with respect to the housing member  580  to provide a haptic output. In some cases, the contact member  582  rotates around an axle  583  that is fixed with respect to the housing member  580 . The rotation may produce a vibration or tactile effect along the external surface of the electronic device  500 . 
     In some cases, the haptic device  550  includes an SMA actuation member  552   a  and a restoration mechanism  556 . The SMA actuation member  552   a  and the restoration mechanism  556  may couple the contact member  582  to other components of the electronic device. In some cases, the SMA actuation member  552   a  is coupled to and positioned between a support member  588   a  of the electronic device and a connection point  589  of the contact member  582 . In some cases, the restoration mechanism  556  is coupled to and positioned between a support member  588   b  and the connection point  589  of the contact member  582 . The support members  588   a  and  588   b  may be portions of the housing member  580  or may be attached to the housing member  580  or another component of the electronic device. 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  552   a  contracts from a first shape having a first length to a second shape having a second, shorter length in response to a signal received from the processing unit  511 , and, after the contraction, the restoration mechanism  556  elongates the SMA actuation member  552  to the first shape or a similar shape (e.g., a third shape having a length between the length of the first shape and the length of the second shape).  FIG.  5 A  shows the contact member  582  in a first position. In some cases, the first position is a default position of the contact member  582 . 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  552   a  is responsive to a signal produced by the processing unit  511 , which may cause a current or other electrical signal to be applied to the SMA actuation member  552   a , thereby causing the SMA actuation member  552   a  to contract. As shown in  FIG.  5 B , contraction of the SMA actuation member  552   a  may cause the contact member  582  to rotate counter-clockwise from the first position shown in  FIG.  5 A  to a second position shown in  FIG.  5 B . The spring  554  may expand to allow the movement of the contact member  582  to the second position as shown in  FIG.  5 B . The counter-clockwise rotation of the contact member  582  may produce a first portion of a haptic output. 
     The restoration mechanism  556  may include a second SMA actuation member  552   b  and a spring  554  coupled together in series. The SMA actuation members  552   a  and  552   b  may be electrically coupled to a processing unit  511  (e.g., by connectors  536   a  and  536   b ) and configured to contract in response to receiving signals from the processing unit  511 . 
     In the present example and in many of the examples described herein, the restoration mechanism  556  may include a spring  554 , a spring  554  and a second SMA actuation member  552   b , or a second SMA actuation member  552   b  without a spring. As discussed previously, the spring  554  may be omitted and the restoration mechanism  556  may rely primarily on the second SMA actuation  552   b  member to provide a restoration force to the first SMA actuation member  552   a . Similar to the first SMA actuation member  552   a , the second SMA actuation member  552   b  of the restoration mechanism  556  may be responsive to a signal produced by the processing unit  511 , which causes a drive current or other electrical signal to alter a shape and/or length of the second SMA actuation member  552   b.    
     As noted above, in many cases, the time required for elongation of the SMA actuation member  552   a  is sufficiently long that it limits the number of successive contractions and elongations that can occur in a given time period. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  556  elongates the SMA actuation member  552   a  after the contraction to prepare the SMA actuation member  552   a  for a subsequent contraction. Following the application of the current to the SMA actuation member  552   a , the applied current is ceased, which allows the SMA actuation member to begin elongating back to the first shape or a similar shape. 
     At this point, the spring  554  may also begin to contract, which exerts a tensile force on the SMA actuation member  552   a . In some cases, an additional signal is applied to the second SMA actuation member  552   b , causing the second SMA actuation member  552   b  to contract, which exerts an additional tensile force on the first SMA actuation member  552   a . The tensile force(s) may accelerate the elongation of the SMA actuation member  552   a , causing the SMA actuation member  552   a  to elongate faster and/or more completely than if no tensile force was applied. 
     As the restoration mechanism  556  elongates the SMA actuation member  552   a , the contact member  582  may rotate clockwise. In some cases, the clockwise rotation of the contact member  582  may produce a second portion of the haptic output. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  556  returns the contact member  582  to the first position shown in  FIG.  5 A . In other cases, the restoration mechanism  556  may rotate the contact member  582  to a third position, as shown in  FIG.  5 C . 
     In various embodiments, once the SMA actuation member  552   a  has been elongated (either partially or fully), it may be subsequently contracted in response to receiving another signal from the processing unit  511  and subsequently elongated by the restoration mechanism  556 . Contraction and elongation may be repeated to repeatedly move the contact member  582  in alternating directions (e.g., clockwise and counter-clockwise) to produce one or more haptic outputs and/or portions thereof. 
     In various embodiments, a compliant member may be disposed between the contact member  582  and the housing member  580 . The compliant member may form a seal between the contact member  582  and the housing member  580  to exclude contaminants from the interior of the electronic device, while still allowing the contact member  582  to move relative to the housing member  580  to produce a haptic output. 
     In some cases, either of the spring  554  or the SMA actuation member  552   b  may be omitted from the restoration mechanism  556 . The directions of movement described with respect to  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  are examples for illustrative purposes only. In various embodiments, the directions of movement may be different from those described. 
       FIGS.  6 A- 6 F  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device  650  having an SMA actuation member  652   a  and a restoration mechanism  656 , installed in an example electronic device  600 . The example electronic device  600  of  FIGS.  6 A- 6 F  may have similar structure, components, and functionality as other electronic devices discussed herein.  FIG.  6 A  illustrates a contact member  682  positioned in an opening  681  of a housing member  680 . In some cases, as shown in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 C , the haptic device  650  causes the contact member  682  to translate or oscillate laterally (e.g., left to right and right to left with respect to  FIG.  6 A ) relative to the housing member  680 . In some cases, the lateral translation or oscillation is along a path that is parallel to an external surface of the electronic device (e.g., the front external surface or the rear external surface). The translation or oscillation may produce a vibration or tactile effect along the external surface of the electronic device  600 . 
     In some cases, the haptic device  650  includes an SMA actuation member  652   a  and a restoration mechanism  656 . The SMA actuation member  652   a  and the restoration mechanism  656  may couple the contact member  682  to other components of the electronic device. In some cases, the SMA actuation member  652   a  is coupled to a support member  688   a . In some cases, a spring  654   a  couples the SMA actuation member  652   a  to the support member  688   a . The SMA actuation member  652   a  may be coupled to a connector  651  that is attached to the contact member  682 . 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  652   a  contracts from a first shape having a first length to a second shape having a second, shorter length in response to a signal received from the processing unit  611 , and, after the contraction, the restoration mechanism  656  elongates the SMA actuation member  652   a  to the first shape or a similar shape (e.g., a third shape having a length between the length of the first shape and the length of the second shape). 
       FIG.  6 A  shows the contact member  682  in a first position. In some cases, the first position is a default position of the contact member  682 . In some cases, in the first position, the contact member  682  is evenly spaced between walls of the opening  681 . The contact member  682  may be flush with the external surface of the housing member  680 , or it may be recessed or protruding relative to the external surface. 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  652   a  is responsive to a signal from the processing unit  611 , which may cause a current or other electrical signal to be applied to the SMA actuation member  652   a , thereby causing the SMA actuation member  652   a  to contract. As shown in  FIG.  6 B , contraction of the SMA actuation member  652   a  may cause the contact member  682  to translate rightward from the first position shown in  FIG.  6 A  to a second position shown in  FIG.  6 B . The spring  654   b  may expand to allow the movement of the contact member  682  to the second position as shown in  FIG.  6 B . The rightward translation of the contact member  682  may produce a first portion of a haptic output. As the contact member  682  moves rightward with respect to  FIG.  6 B , the block member  655  may engage support members  688   c  and  688   d  to stop or reduce the rightward movement. The support members  688   a - 688   d  may be portions of the housing member  680  or may be attached to the housing member  680  or another component of the electronic device. 
     The restoration mechanism  656  may include a second SMA actuation member  652   b  and a second spring  654   b  coupled together in series. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  656  includes a block member  655  positioned between the second SMA actuation member  652   b  and the second spring  654   b . The SMA actuation members  652   a  and  652   b  may be electrically coupled to a processing unit  611  (e.g., by connectors  636   a  and  636   b ) and configured to contract in response to signals from the processing unit  611 . As mentioned previously, the SMA actuation members  652   a  and  652   b  may be driven by drive circuitry that is configured to produce the electrical current or other electrical signal required to alter the shape and/or length of the SMA actuation members  652   a  and  652   b . Thus, it is not necessary that the SMA actuation members  652   a  and  652   b  be driven directly by the processing unit  611 . 
     In the present example and in many of the examples described herein, the restoration mechanism  656  may include a spring  654   b , a spring  654   b  and a second SMA actuation member  652   b , or a second SMA actuation member  652   b  without a spring  654   b . As discussed previously, the spring  654   b  may be omitted and the restoration mechanism  656  may rely primarily on the second SMA actuation  652   b  member to provide a restoration force to the first SMA actuation member  652   a . Similar to the first SMA actuation member  652   a , the second SMA actuation member  652   b  of the restoration mechanism  656  may be responsive to a signal produced by the processing unit  611 , which causes a drive current or other electrical signal to alter a shape and/or length of the second SMA actuation member  652   b.    
     As noted above, in many cases, the time required for elongation of the SMA actuation member  652   a  is sufficiently long that it limits the number of successive contractions and elongations that can occur in a given time period. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  656  elongates the SMA actuation member  652   a  after the contraction to prepare the SMA actuation member  652   a  for a subsequent contraction. 
     Following the application of the current to the SMA actuation member  652   a , the applied current is ceased, which allows the SMA actuation member  652   a  to begin elongating back to the first shape or a similar shape. At this point, the spring  654   b  may also begin to contract, which exerts a tensile force on the SMA actuation member  652   a . In some cases, an additional signal is applied to the second SMA actuation member  652   b , causing the second SMA actuation member to contract, which exerts an additional tensile force on the first SMA actuation member  652   a . The tensile force(s) may accelerate the elongation of the SMA actuation member  652   a , causing the SMA actuation member  652   a  to elongate faster and/or more completely than if no tensile force was applied. 
     As the restoration mechanism  656  elongates the SMA actuation member  652   a , the contact member  682  may move from right to left with respect to  FIG.  6 B . In some cases, the leftward translation of the contact member  682  may produce a second portion of the haptic output. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  656  returns the contact member  682  to the first position shown in  FIG.  6 A . In other cases, the restoration mechanism  656  may move the contact member  682  to a third position to the left of the first position, as shown in  FIG.  6 C . In some cases, a spring  654   a  is positioned between the SMA actuation member  652   a  and the support member  688   a . The spring  654   a  may expand as the second SMA actuation member  652   b  contracts to allow the contact member  682  to move farther to the left. In some cases, the spring  654   a  may exert a tensile force on the SMA actuation members  652   a  and  652   b  to elongate the SMA actuation members. 
     In various embodiments, once the SMA actuation member  652   a  has been elongated (either partially or fully), it may be subsequently contracted in response to receiving another signal from the processing unit  611  and subsequently elongated by the restoration mechanism  656 . Contraction and elongation may be repeated to repeatedly move the contact member  682  in alternating directions (e.g., left to right and right to left with respect to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 C ) to produce one or more haptic outputs and/or portions thereof. 
     In various embodiments, a compliant member may be disposed between the contact member  682  and the housing member  680 . The compliant member may form a seal between the contact member  682  and the housing member  680  to exclude contaminants from the interior of the electronic device, while still allowing the contact member  682  to move relative to the housing member  680  to produce a haptic output. 
       FIGS.  6 A- 6 C  show the contact member  682  translating or oscillating laterally, but in various embodiments, the haptic device  650  may cause the contact member  682  to move in other ways to produce a vibration or tactile effect along the external surface of the electronic device  600 , including rotating, rocking, or translating or oscillating in other directions. As shown in  FIGS.  6 D- 6 F , the haptic device  650  may cause the contact member to pivot or rock relative to the housing member  680 . 
     Turning to  FIG.  6 D , the contact member  682  and/or the connector  651  may be attached to a pivot point  690  about which the contact member and/or the connector rotate. As shown in  FIG.  6 E , as the SMA actuation member  652   a  contracts, the lower end  651   a  of the connector  651  moves to the right, which causes the connector  651  and the contact member  682  to pivot around the pivot point  690  in a counter-clockwise direction, thereby causing the contact member  682  to rock in a leftward direction. As shown in  FIG.  6 F , as the SMA actuation member  652   b  contracts, the bottom end  651   a  of the connector  651  moves to the left, which causes the connector  651  and the contact member  682  to pivot around the pivot point  690  in a clockwise direction, thereby causing the contact member  682  to rock in a rightward direction. 
     As discussed above with respect to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 C , contraction and elongation of the SMA actuation members may be repeated to repeatedly rock or pivot the contact member  682  in alternating directions (e.g., left to right and right to left with respect to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 C ) to produce one or more haptic outputs and/or portions thereof. 
     In some cases, either of the spring  654  or the SMA actuation member  652   b  may be omitted from the restoration mechanism  656 . The directions of movement described with respect to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 F  are examples for illustrative purposes only. In various embodiments, the directions of movement may be different from those described. 
       FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member  752   a  and a restoration mechanism  756 , installed in an example electronic device  700 . The example electronic device  700  of  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  may have similar structure, components, and functionality as other electronic devices discussed herein.  FIG.  7 A  illustrates a contact member  782  positioned in an opening  781  of a housing member  780 . In some cases, the haptic device  750  causes the contact member  782  to translate or oscillate laterally (e.g., up and down with respect to  FIG.  7 A ) relative to the housing member  780 . In some cases, the lateral translation or oscillation is along a path that is parallel to an external surface of the electronic device (e.g., the front external surface or the rear external surface). The translation or oscillation may produce a vibration or tactile effect along the external surface of the electronic device  700 . 
     In some cases, the haptic device  750  includes an SMA actuation member  752   a  and a restoration mechanism  756 . A first end of the SMA actuation member  752   a  may be coupled to the contact member  782 , and a second end of the SMA actuation member  752   a  may be engaged with a block member  755  of the restoration mechanism  756 . For example, a support member  788   d  may constrain upward movement of the block member  755 , and an engagement member  757  may retain the SMA actuation member  752   a  to the block member while allowing the block member to slide (e.g., left and right) with respect to the engagement member and the SMA actuation member. In some cases the contact member  782  is coupled to a support member  788   a . In some cases, a spring  754   a  couples the contact member  782  to the support member  788   a . The spring  754   a  may be coupled to the contact member  782  on a first side, and the SMA actuation member  752   a  may be coupled to the contact member on a second, opposite side. 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  752   a  contracts from a first shape having a first length to a second shape having a second, shorter length in response to a signal received from the processing unit  711 , and, after the contraction, the spring  754   a  elongates the SMA actuation member  752   a  to the first shape or a similar shape (e.g., a third shape having a length between the length of the first shape and the length of the second shape). 
       FIG.  7 A  shows the contact member  782  in a first position. In some cases, the first position is a default position of the contact member  782 . The contact member  782  may be flush with the external surface of the housing member  780 , or it may be recessed or protruding relative to the external surface. 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  752   a  is responsive to a signal from the processing unit  711 , which causes a current to be applied to the SMA actuation member  752   a , thereby causing the SMA actuation member  752   a  to contract. As shown in  FIG.  7 B , contraction of the SMA actuation member  752   a  may cause the contact member  782  to translate downward from the first position shown in  FIG.  7 A  to a second position shown in  FIG.  7 B . The spring  754   a  may expand to allow the movement of the contact member  782  to the second position as shown in  FIG.  7 B . The downward translation of the contact member  782  may produce a first portion of a haptic output. 
     The restoration mechanism  756  may include the block member  755  positioned between and coupled to a second spring  754   b  and a second SMA actuation member  752   b . The second spring  754   b  may be coupled to a support member  788   b , and the second SMA actuation member  752   b  may be coupled to a support member  788   c . The SMA actuation members  752   a  and  752   b  may be electrically coupled to a processing unit  711  (e.g., by connectors  736   a  and  736   b ) and configured to contract in response to receiving signals from the processing unit  711 . 
     In the present example and in many of the examples described herein, the restoration mechanism  756  may include a spring  754   b , a spring  754   b  and an additional SMA actuation member, or an additional SMA actuation member without a spring  754   b . As discussed previously, the spring  754   b  may be omitted and the restoration mechanism  756  may rely primarily on the additional SMA actuation member to provide a restoration force to the (second) SMA actuation member  752   b . Similar to the second SMA actuation member  752   b , the additional SMA actuation member of the restoration mechanism  756  may be responsive to a signal produced by the processing unit  711 , which causes a drive current or other electrical signal to alter a shape and/or length of the second SMA actuation member. 
     As noted above, in many cases, the time required for elongation of the SMA actuation member  752   a  is sufficiently long that it limits the number of successive contractions and elongations that can occur in a given time period. In some cases, the spring  754   a  elongates the SMA actuation member  752   a  after the contraction to prepare the SMA actuation member  752   a  for a subsequent contraction. 
     Following the application of the current to the SMA actuation member  752   a , the applied current is ceased, which allows the SMA actuation member  752   a  to begin elongating back to the first shape or a similar shape. At this point, the spring  754   a  may also begin to contract, which exerts a tensile force on the SMA actuation member  752   a . The tensile force(s) may accelerate the elongation of the SMA actuation member  752   a , causing the SMA actuation member  752   a  to elongate faster and/or more completely than if no tensile force was applied. 
     As the spring  754   a  elongates the SMA actuation member  752   a , the contact member  782  may move upward with respect to  FIG.  7 B . In some cases, an additional signal is applied to the second SMA actuation member  752   b , causing the second SMA actuation member to contract. This may cause the spring  754   b  to expand and the block member  755  to move rightward with respect to  FIG.  7 B , which allows the engagement member  757  to slide along a sloped surface of the block member  755 , thereby allowing the contact member  782  to move upward. 
     In some cases, the upward translation of the contact member  782  may produce a second portion of the haptic output. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  756  and/or the spring  754   a  return the contact member  782  to the first position shown in  FIG.  7 A . In other cases, the restoration mechanism  756  and/or the spring  754   a  may move the contact member  782  to a third position above the first position, as shown in  FIG.  7 C . 
     In various embodiments, once the SMA actuation member  752   a  has been elongated (either partially or fully), it may be subsequently contracted in response to receiving another signal from the processing unit  711  and subsequently elongated by the restoration mechanism  758 . Contraction and elongation may be repeated to repeatedly move the contact member  782  in alternating directions (e.g., up and down with respect to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C ) to produce one or more haptic outputs and/or portions thereof. 
     In various embodiments, a compliant member may be disposed between the contact member  782  and the housing member  780 . The compliant member may form a seal between the contact member  782  and the housing member  780  to exclude contaminants from the interior of the electronic device, while still allowing the contact member  782  to move relative to the housing member  780  to produce a haptic output. 
     In some cases, either of the spring  754   b  or the SMA actuation member  752   b  may be omitted from the restoration mechanism  756 . The directions of movement described with respect to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  are examples for illustrative purposes only. In various embodiments, the directions of movement may be different from those described. 
       FIGS.  8 A- 8 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member  852  and a restoration mechanism  856 , installed in an example electronic device  800 . The example electronic device  800  of  FIGS.  8 A- 8 C  may have similar structure, components, and functionality as other electronic devices discussed herein.  FIG.  8 A  illustrates a contact member  882  positioned in an opening  881  of a housing member  880 . In some cases, the haptic device  850  causes the contact member  882  to rotate (e.g., clockwise and counter-clockwise with respect to  FIG.  8 A ) with respect to the housing member  880  to provide a haptic output. In some cases, the contact member  882  rotates around an axle  883  that is fixed with respect to the housing member  880 . The rotation may produce a vibration or tactile effect along the external surface of the electronic device  800 . 
     In some cases, the haptic device  850  includes an SMA actuation member  852  and a restoration mechanism  856 . A first end of the SMA actuation member  852  may be coupled to a support member  888   a , and a second end of the SMA actuation member  852  may be coupled to a support member  888   b . In some cases, the SMA actuation member  852  contracts from a first shape having a first length to a second shape having a second, shorter length in response to a signal received from the processing unit  811 , and, after the contraction, the restoration mechanism  856  may elongate the SMA actuation member  852  to the first shape or a similar shape (e.g., a third shape having a length between the length of the first shape and the length of the second shape). 
     The restoration mechanism  856  may include block members  857   a  and  857   b  and springs  854   a  and  854   b . The SMA actuation member  852   a  may extend partially around and contact the block members  857   a  and  857   b , which are coupled by the springs  854   a  and  854   b  to a support member  888   d .  FIG.  8 A  shows the contact member  882  in a first position. In some cases, the first position is a default position of the contact member  882 . 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  852  is responsive to a signal produced by the processing unit  811 , causing a current to be applied to the SMA actuation member  852 , thereby causing the SMA actuation member  852  to contract. In some cases, a spring constant of the spring  854   a  is much lower than a spring constant of the spring  854   b , so contraction of the SMA actuation member  852  causes the spring  854   a  to compress significantly more than the spring  854   b . As shown in  FIG.  8 B , contraction of the SMA actuation member  852  and the resulting compression of the spring  854   a  causes the contact member  882  to rotate counter-clockwise from the first position shown in  FIG.  8 A  to a second position shown in  FIG.  8 B . The counter-clockwise rotation of the contact member  882  may produce a first portion of a haptic output. 
     The spring  854   a  may continue to compress until it reaches a support member  888   c , which stops movement of the block member  857 . At this point, contraction of the SMA actuation member  852  begins to compress the spring  854   b . As shown in  FIG.  8 C , contraction of the SMA actuation member  852  and the resulting compression of the spring  854   b  causes the contact member  882  to rotate clockwise. In some cases, the clockwise rotation of the contact member  882  may produce a second portion of the haptic output. In some cases, the clockwise rotation returns the contact member  882  to the first position shown in  FIG.  8 A . In other cases, the clockwise rotation may rotate the contact member  882  to a third position, as shown in  FIG.  8 C . 
     As noted above, in many cases, the time required for elongation of the SMA actuation member  852  is sufficiently long that it limits the number of successive contractions and elongations that can occur in a given time period. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  856  elongates the SMA actuation member  852  after the contraction to prepare the SMA actuation member  852  for a subsequent contraction. Following the application of the current to the SMA actuation member  852 , the applied current is ceased, which allows the SMA actuation member to begin elongating back to the first shape or a similar shape. 
     At this point, the springs  854   a  and  854   b  may exert tensile forces on the SMA actuation member  852 . The tensile force(s) may accelerate the elongation of the SMA actuation member  852 , causing the SMA actuation member to elongate faster and/or more completely than if no tensile force was applied. 
     In various embodiments, once the SMA actuation member  852  has been elongated (either partially or fully), it may be subsequently contracted in response to receiving another signal from the processing unit  811  and subsequently elongated by the restoration mechanism  856 . Contraction and elongation may be repeated to repeatedly move the contact member  882  in alternating directions (e.g., clockwise and counter-clockwise) to produce one or more haptic outputs and/or portions thereof. 
     In various embodiments, a compliant member may be disposed between the contact member  882  and the housing member  880 . The compliant member may form a seal between the contact member  882  and the housing member  880  to exclude contaminants from the interior of the electronic device, while still allowing the contact member  882  to move relative to the housing member  880  to produce a haptic output. 
     The directions of movement described with respect to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 C  are examples for illustrative purposes only. In various embodiments, the directions of movement may be different from those described. 
       FIGS.  9 A- 9 B  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device having an SMA actuation member  952  and a restoration mechanism  956 , installed in an example electronic device  900 . The example electronic device  900  of  FIGS.  9 A- 9 B  may have similar structure, components, and functionality as other electronic devices discussed herein.  FIG.  8 A  illustrates a contact member  982  positioned in an opening  981  of a housing member  980 . In some cases, the haptic device  950  causes the contact member  982  to rotate (e.g., clockwise and counter-clockwise with respect to  FIG.  9 A ) with respect to the housing member  980  to provide a haptic output. In some cases, the contact member  982  rotates around an axle  983  that is fixed with respect to the housing member  980 . The rotation may produce a vibration or tactile effect along the external surface of the electronic device  900 . 
     In some cases, the haptic device  950  includes an SMA actuation member  952  and a restoration mechanism  956 . A first end of the SMA actuation member  952  may be coupled to a support member  988 , and a second end of the SMA actuation member may be coupled to a connection point  955  of the contact member  982 . In some cases, the SMA actuation member  952  contracts from a first shape having a first length to a second shape having a second, shorter length in response to a signal received from the processing unit  911 , and, after the contraction, the restoration mechanism  956  may elongate the SMA actuation member  952  to the first shape or a similar shape (e.g., a third shape having a length between the length of the first shape and the length of the second shape).  FIG.  9 A  shows the contact member  982  in a first position. In some cases, the first position is a default position of the contact member  982 . 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  952  is responsive to a signal from the processing unit  911 , causing a current to be applied to the SMA actuation member  952 , thereby causing the SMA actuation member  952  to contract. As shown in  FIG.  9 B , contraction of the SMA actuation member  952  may cause the contact member  982  to rotate clockwise from the first position shown in  FIG.  9 A  to a second position shown in  FIG.  9 B . The clockwise rotation of the contact member  982  may produce a first portion of a haptic output. 
     As noted above, in many cases, the time required for elongation of the SMA actuation member  952  is sufficiently long that it limits the number of successive contractions and elongations that can occur in a given time period. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  956  elongates the SMA actuation member  952  after the contraction to prepare the SMA actuation member for a subsequent contraction. Following the application of the current to the SMA actuation member  952 , the applied current is ceased, which allows the SMA actuation member to begin elongating back to the first shape or a similar shape. 
     As the contact member  982  rotates clockwise in response to the contraction of the SMA actuation member  952 , a torsion spring  954  of the restoration mechanism  956  may be rotated. As the SMA actuation member  952  begins to elongate, the torsion spring  954  may unwind and exert a counter-clockwise torque on the contact member  982 , thereby exerting a tensile force on the SMA actuation member  952 . The tensile force may accelerate the elongation of the SMA actuation member  952 , causing the SMA actuation member to elongate faster and/or more completely than if no tensile force was applied. 
     As the restoration mechanism  956  elongates the SMA actuation member  952 , the contact member  982  may rotate counter-clockwise. In some cases, the counter-clockwise rotation of the contact member  982  may produce a second portion of the haptic output. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  956  returns the contact member  982  to the first position shown in  FIG.  9 A . 
     In various embodiments, once the SMA actuation member  952  has been elongated (either partially or fully), it may be subsequently contracted in response to receiving another signal from the processing unit  911  and subsequently elongated by the restoration mechanism  956 . Contraction and elongation may be repeated to repeatedly move the contact member  982  in alternating directions (e.g., clockwise and counter-clockwise) to produce one or more haptic outputs and/or portions thereof. 
     In various embodiments, a compliant member may be disposed between the contact member  982  and the housing member  980 . The compliant member may form a seal between the contact member  982  and the housing member  980  to exclude contaminants from the interior of the electronic device, while still allowing the contact member  982  to move relative to the housing member  980  to produce a haptic output. 
     The directions of movement described with respect to  FIGS.  9 A- 9 B  are examples for illustrative purposes only. In various embodiments, the directions of movement may be different from those described. 
       FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  show functional block diagrams of an example haptic device  1050  having an SMA actuation member  1052   a  and a restoration mechanism  1056 , installed in an example electronic device  1000 . The example electronic device  1000  of  FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  may have similar structure, components, and functionality as other electronic devices discussed herein.  FIG.  10 A  illustrates a contact member  1082  positioned in an opening  1081  of a housing member  1080 . In some cases, the haptic device  1050  causes the contact member  1082  to rotate (e.g., clockwise and counter-clockwise with respect to  FIG.  10 A ) with respect to the housing member  1080  to provide a haptic output. In some cases, the contact member  1082  rotates around an axle  1083  that is fixed with respect to the housing member  1080 . The rotation may produce a vibration or tactile effect along the external surface of the electronic device  1000 . 
     In some cases, the haptic device  1050  includes an SMA actuation member  1052   a  and a restoration mechanism  1056 . The SMA actuation member  1052   a  and the restoration mechanism  1056  may couple the contact member  1082  to other components of the electronic device. In some cases, a first end of the SMA actuation member  1052  is coupled to a support member  1088   a  via a spring  1054   a  and a block member  1055   a , and a second end is coupled to a connection point  1057  of the contact member  1082 . In some cases, a first end of the restoration mechanism  1056  is coupled to a support member  1088   b , and a second end is coupled to the connection point  1057  of the contact member  1082 . The support members  1088   a  and  1088   b  may be portions of the housing member  1080  or may be attached to the housing member  1080  or another component of the electronic device. 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  1052   a  contracts from a first shape having a first length to a second shape having a second, shorter length in response to a signal received from the processing unit  1011 , and, after the contraction, the restoration mechanism  1056  elongates the SMA actuation member  1052  to the first shape or a similar shape (e.g., a third shape having a length between the length of the first shape and the length of the second shape).  FIG.  10 A  shows the contact member  1082  in a first position. In some cases, the first position is a default position of the contact member  1082 . 
     In some cases, the SMA actuation member  1052   a  is responsive to a signal from the processing unit  1011 , causing a current to be applied to the SMA actuation member  1052   a , thereby causing the SMA actuation member  1052   a  to contract. As shown in  FIG.  10 B , contraction of the SMA actuation member  1052   a  may cause the contact member  1082  to rotate counter-clockwise from the first position shown in  FIG.  10 A  to a second position shown in  FIG.  10 B . The contraction of the SMA actuation member  1052   a  may cause the spring  1054   a  to compress. The counter-clockwise rotation of the contact member  1082  may produce a first portion of a haptic output. 
     The restoration mechanism  1056  may include a second SMA actuation member  1052   b , a second block member  1055   b , and a second spring  1054   b . The SMA actuation members  1052   a  and  1052   b  may be electrically coupled to a processing unit  1011  (e.g., by connectors  1036   a  and  1036   b ) and configured to contract in response to receiving signals from the processing unit  1011 . 
     As noted above, in many cases, the time required for elongation of the SMA actuation member  1052   a  is sufficiently long that it limits the number of successive contractions and elongations that can occur in a given time period. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  1056  elongates the SMA actuation member  1052   a  after the contraction to prepare the SMA actuation member  1052   a  for a subsequent contraction. Following the application of the current to the SMA actuation member  1052   a , the applied current is ceased, which allows the SMA actuation member to begin elongating back to the first shape or a similar shape. 
     At this point, the spring  1054   a  may also begin to expand, which exerts a tensile force on the SMA actuation member  1052   a . In some cases, an additional signal is applied to the second SMA actuation member  1052   b , causing the second SMA actuation member to contract, which exerts an additional tensile force on the first SMA actuation member  1052   a . The tensile force(s) may accelerate the elongation of the SMA actuation member  1052   a , causing the SMA actuation member  1052   a  to elongate faster and/or more completely than if no tensile force was applied. 
     As the restoration mechanism  1056  elongates the SMA actuation member  1052   a , the contact member  1082  may rotate clockwise. In some cases, the clockwise rotation of the contact member  1082  may produce a second portion of the haptic output. In some cases, the restoration mechanism  1056  returns the contact member  1082  to the first position shown in  FIG.  10 A . In other cases, the restoration mechanism  1056  may rotate the contact member  1082  to a third position, as shown in  FIG.  10 C . 
     In various embodiments, once the SMA actuation member  1052   a  has been elongated (either partially or fully), it may be subsequently contracted in response to receiving another signal from the processing unit  1011  and subsequently elongated by the restoration mechanism  1056 . Contraction and elongation may be repeated to repeatedly move the contact member  1082  in alternating directions (e.g., clockwise and counter-clockwise) to produce one or more haptic outputs and/or portions thereof. 
     In various embodiments, a compliant member may be disposed between the contact member  1082  and the housing member  1080 . The compliant member may form a seal between the contact member  1082  and the housing member  1080  to exclude contaminants from the interior of the electronic device, while still allowing the contact member  1082  to move relative to the housing member  1080  to produce a haptic output. 
     The directions of movement described with respect to  FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  are examples for illustrative purposes only. In various embodiments, the directions of movement may be different from those described. 
     In various embodiments, the haptic devices described herein (e.g., haptic devices  150 ,  350 ,  450 ,  650 ,  750 ,  850 ,  950 , and  1050 ) may be used to provide localized and/or global haptic outputs along an external surface of an electronic device. In some cases, the haptic devices described herein may move (e.g., rotate, translate, oscillate, or vibrate) the contact members described with respect to  FIGS.  1 - 10 C  may provide localized haptic outputs by producing a vibration or tactile effect along a portion of an external surface of an electronic device. In some cases, the haptic devices described herein may provide a global haptic output by moving a mass or weighted member within the enclosure. For example, the contact member of any of the electronic devices described herein may be a mass or weighted member positioned within a device enclosure instead of defining an external surface of the device. The haptic devices described herein may cause the mass or weighted member to move and, in some cases, oscillate, to produce a perceptible vibration or tactile effect along an external surface of the electronic device. 
       FIG.  11    shows an example method  1100  for providing haptic feedback using a haptic device with an actuation member formed from a shape-memory alloy material. At block  1102 , the electronic watch detects an input at the electronic device. For example, the input may be a rotational input at a crown detected by sensing rotational movement of the crown. As another example, the input may be a touch input detected along a touch-sensitive display. As still another example, detecting the input may include determining an electrocardiogram using one or more voltages detected at the electronic device. In some cases, the processing unit may determine whether the input exceeds a threshold level of movement (e.g., a threshold level of rotational movement, a threshold level of translation, etc.). In some cases, the method only proceeds if the input exceeds the threshold level of movement. 
     At block  1104 , the processing unit determines an output to be produced by the electronic device in response to the input received at block  1102 . In some cases, the output is determined in response to detecting the input at block  1102 . In some cases, the output corresponds to one or more characteristics of the input detected at block  1102 . For example, the output may correspond to a rotational speed or position of the crown, an output associated with a rotational input, a user interface command associated with the user input, or the like. The processing unit may determine one or more characteristics of the input. 
     At block  1106 , the processing unit outputs an output signal to provide a haptic output that corresponds to the output determined at block  1104 . The output signal may be transmitted to a haptic device of the electronic device to direct the haptic device to produce the haptic output. 
     In some cases, determining the output at block  1104  may include determining a strength, length, or other characteristics of a haptic output to be produced. For example, the processing unit may determine whether to provide a localized haptic output or a global haptic output based, at least in part, on a characteristic of the input. 
     At block  1108 , in response to receiving the output signal from the processing unit, the haptic device applies a current or other electrical signal to an SMA actuation member to contract the SMA actuation member. In some cases, contraction of the SMA actuation member produces a first portion of the haptic output. 
     At block  1110 , in response to contracting the SMA actuation member, the haptic device elongates the SMA actuation member using a restoration mechanism. In some cases, elongation of the SMA actuation member produces a second portion of the haptic output. As noted above, in some cases, elongating the SMA actuation member includes applying a tensile force to the SMA actuation member using the restoration mechanism. 
     In some cases, the elongation of the SMA actuation member may prepare the SMA actuation member for a subsequent contraction. In various embodiments, once the SMA actuation member has been elongated (either partially or fully), it may be subsequently contracted by applying an additional electrical current to the SMA actuation member (e.g., in response to receiving another output signal from the processing unit) to provide a third portion of the haptic output. The SMA actuation member may be subsequently elongated by the restoration mechanism, which may provide a fourth portion of the haptic output. Contraction and elongation may be repeated to repeatedly move the contact member in alternating directions to produce one or more haptic outputs and/or portions thereof. 
     In some cases, a first portion of a haptic output may be provided by causing the SMA actuation member to contract less than a total contraction amount and a second portion of a haptic output may be provided by causing the SMA actuation member to contract an additional amount. 
     The method  1100  is an example method for providing haptic outputs and is not meant to be limiting. Methods for providing haptic outputs may omit and/or add steps to the method  1100 . Similarly, steps of the method  1100  may be performed in different orders than the example order discussed above. 
       FIG.  12    shows a sample electrical block diagram of an electronic device  1200  that may incorporate a haptic device having an SMA actuation member and a restoration mechanism. The electronic device may in some cases take the form of any of the electronic watches or other wearable electronic devices described with reference to  FIGS.  1 - 11   , or other portable or wearable electronic devices. The electronic device  1200  can include a display  1212  (e.g., a light-emitting display), a processing unit  1202 , a power source  1216 , a memory  1204  or storage device, a sensor  1208 , an input device  1206  (e.g., a crown), and an output device  1210  (e.g., a crown, a haptic device). 
     The processing unit  1202  can control some or all of the operations of the electronic device  1200 . The processing unit  1202  can communicate, either directly or indirectly, with some or all of the components of the electronic device  1200 . For example, a system bus or other communication mechanism  1218  can provide communication between the processing unit  1202 , the power source  1216 , the memory  1204 , the sensor  1208 , and the input device(s)  1206  and the output device(s)  1210 . 
     The processing unit  1202  can be implemented as any electronic device capable of processing, receiving, or transmitting data or instructions. For example, the processing unit  1202  can be a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or combinations of such devices. As described herein, the term “processing unit” is meant to encompass a single processor or processing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, or other suitably configured computing element or elements. 
     It should be noted that the components of the electronic device  1200  can be controlled by multiple processing units. For example, select components of the electronic device  1200  (e.g., a sensor  1208 ) may be controlled by a first processing unit and other components of the electronic device  1200  (e.g., the display  1212 ) may be controlled by a second processing unit, where the first and second processing units may or may not be in communication with each other. In some cases, the processing unit  1202  may determine a biological parameter of a user of the electronic device, such as an ECG for the user. 
     The power source  1216  can be implemented with any device capable of providing energy to the electronic device  1200 . For example, the power source  1210  may be one or more batteries or rechargeable batteries. Additionally or alternatively, the power source  1210  can be a power connector or power cord that connects the electronic device  1200  to another power source, such as a wall outlet. 
     The memory  1204  can store electronic data that can be used by the electronic device  1200 . For example, the memory  1204  can store electrical data or content such as, for example, audio and video files, documents and applications, device settings and user preferences, timing signals, control signals, and data structures or databases. The memory  1204  can be configured as any type of memory. By way of example only, the memory  1204  can be implemented as random access memory, read-only memory, Flash memory, removable memory, other types of storage elements, or combinations of such devices. 
     The electronic device  1200  may also include one or more sensors  1208  positioned almost anywhere on the electronic device  1200 . The sensor(s)  1208  can be configured to sense one or more type of parameters, such as, but not limited to, pressure, light, touch, heat, movement, relative motion, biometric data (e.g., biological parameters), and so on. For example, the sensor(s)  1208  may include a heat sensor, a position sensor, a light or optical sensor, an accelerometer, a pressure transducer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a health monitoring sensor, and so on. Additionally, the one or more sensors  1208  can utilize any suitable sensing technology, including, but not limited to, capacitive, ultrasonic, resistive, optical, ultrasound, piezoelectric, and thermal sensing technology. In some examples, the sensors  1208  may include one or more of the electrodes described herein (e.g., one or more electrodes on an exterior surface of a cover that forms part of an enclosure for the electronic device  1200  and/or an electrode on a crown body, button, or other housing member of the electronic device  1200 ). 
     In various embodiments, the display  1212  provides a graphical output, for example associated with an operating system, user interface, and/or applications of the electronic device  1200 . In one embodiment, the display  1212  includes one or more sensors and is configured as a touch-sensitive (e.g., single-touch, multi-touch) and/or force-sensitive display to receive inputs from a user. For example, the display  12012  may be integrated with a touch sensor (e.g., a capacitive touch sensor) and/or a force sensor to provide a touch- and/or force-sensitive display. The display  1212  is operably coupled to the processing unit  1202  of the electronic device  1200 . 
     The display  1212  can be implemented with any suitable technology, including, but not limited to, liquid crystal display (LCD) technology, light emitting diode (LED) technology, organic light-emitting display (OLED) technology, organic electroluminescence (OEL) technology, or another type of display technology. In some cases, the display  1212  is positioned beneath and viewable through a cover that forms at least a portion of an enclosure of the electronic device  1200 . 
     In various embodiments, the input devices  1206  may include any suitable components for detecting inputs. Examples of input devices  1206  include audio sensors (e.g., microphones), optical or visual sensors (e.g., cameras, visible light sensors, or invisible light sensors), proximity sensors, touch sensors, force sensors, mechanical devices (e.g., crowns, switches, buttons, or keys), vibration sensors, orientation sensors, motion sensors (e.g., accelerometers or velocity sensors), location sensors (e.g., global positioning system (GPS) devices), thermal sensors, communication devices (e.g., wired or wireless communication devices), resistive sensors, magnetic sensors, electroactive polymers (EAPs), strain gauges, electrodes, and so on, or some combination thereof. Each input device  1206  may be configured to detect one or more particular types of input and provide a signal (e.g., an input signal) corresponding to the detected input. The signal may be provided, for example, to the processing unit  1202 . 
     As discussed above, in some cases, the input device(s)  1206  include a touch sensor (e.g., a capacitive touch sensor) integrated with the display  1212  to provide a touch-sensitive display. Similarly, in some cases, the input device(s)  1206  include a force sensor (e.g., a capacitive force sensor) integrated with the display  1212  to provide a force-sensitive display. 
     In some cases, the input devices  1206  include a set of one or more electrodes. An electrode may be a conductive portion of the device  1200  that contacts or is configured to be in contact with a user. The electrodes may be disposed on one or more exterior surfaces of the device  1200 , including a surface of an input device  1206  (e.g., a crown), a device enclosure, and the like. The processing unit  1202  may monitor for voltages or signals received on at least one of the electrodes. In some embodiments, one of the electrodes may be permanently or switchably coupled to a device ground. The electrodes may be used to provide an electrocardiogram (ECG) function for the device  1200 . For example, a 2-lead ECG function may be provided when a user of the device  1200  contacts first and second electrodes that receive signals from the user. As another example, a 3-lead ECG function may be provided when a user of the device  1200  contacts first and second electrodes that receive signals from the user, and a third electrode that grounds the user to the device  1200 . In both the 2-lead and 3-lead ECG embodiments, the user may press the first electrode against a first part of their body and press the second electrode against a second part of their body. The third electrode may be pressed against the first or second body part, depending on where it is located on the device  1200 . In some cases, an enclosure of the device  1200  may function as an electrode. In some cases, input devices, such as buttons, crowns, and the like, may function as an electrode. 
     The output devices  1210  may include any suitable components for providing outputs. Examples of output devices  1210  include audio output devices (e.g., speakers), visual output devices (e.g., lights or displays), tactile output devices (e.g., haptic output devices), communication devices (e.g., wired or wireless communication devices), and so on, or some combination thereof. Each output device  1210  may be configured to receive one or more signals (e.g., an output signal provided by the processing unit  1202 ) and provide an output corresponding to the signal. 
     In some cases, input devices  1206  and output devices  1210  are implemented together as a single device. For example, an input/output device or port can transmit electronic signals via a communications network, such as a wireless and/or wired network connection. Examples of wireless and wired network connections include, but are not limited to, cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IR, and Ethernet connections. 
     The processing unit  1202  may be operably coupled to the input devices  1206  and the output devices  1210 . The processing unit  1202  may be adapted to exchange signals with the input devices  1206  and the output devices  1210 . For example, the processing unit  1202  may receive an input signal from an input device  1206  that corresponds to an input detected by the input device  1206 . The processing unit  1202  may interpret the received input signal to determine whether to provide and/or change one or more outputs in response to the input signal. The processing unit  1202  may then send an output signal to one or more of the output devices  1210 , to provide and/or change outputs as appropriate. 
     As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources to provide haptic outputs, electrocardiograms, and the like. The present disclosure contemplates that, in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, twitter IDs, home addresses, data or records relating to a user&#39;s health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying or personal information. 
     The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For example, the personal information data can be used to provide electrocardiograms to the user and/or haptic outputs that are tailored to the user. Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure. For instance, health and fitness data may be used to provide insights into a user&#39;s general wellness, or may be used as positive feedback to individuals using technology to pursue wellness goals. 
     The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of or access to certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence, different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country. 
     Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, in the case of haptic feedback and electrocardiograms or other biometrics, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app. 
     Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including in certain health related applications, data de-identification can be used to protect a user&#39;s privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth, etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data at a city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users), and/or other methods. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, haptic outputs may be provided based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as events or states at the device associated with a user, other non-personal information, or publicly available information. 
     The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, uses specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the specific embodiments described herein are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not targeted to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20220705
Publication Date: 20231031
Grant Date: 20231031
Priority Date: 20190411
Inventors: JACKSON, Benjamin G.
BAUGH, BRENTON A.
MCCLAIN, MEGAN A.
TAYLOR, STEVEN J.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/016", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/015", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0447", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0488", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04106", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/016", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/016", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/016", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/163", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0412", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G21/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/011", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/681", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G21/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G17/04", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G13/023", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04C21/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/332", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/7455", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0488", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04106", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0447", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/015", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 72747870