PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10816612-B2
Application Number: US-201815993528-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Cross-axis shield for out-of-plane magnetometer

Abstract:
Disclosed is a magnetometer architecture that uses a separate shield to minimize cross-axis sensitivity with low impact on main axis sensitivity. In an embodiment, a magnetometer with cross-axis shielding comprises: a ring shield; a magnetic yoke disposed within the ring shield; and one or more magnetic field sensors disposed between the ring shield and the magnetic yoke, the magnetic field sensors positioned relative to the ring shield and the magnetic yoke such that flux induced by a magnetic field is absorbed in a cross-axis direction of the magnetometer.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A magnetometer with cross-axis shielding, comprising:
 a ring shield; 
 a magnetic yoke disposed within the ring shield; and 
 one or more magnetic field sensors disposed between the ring shield and the magnetic yoke, the magnetic field sensors positioned relative to the ring shield and the magnetic yoke such that flux induced by a magnetic field is absorbed in a cross-axis direction of the magnetometer. 
 
     
     
       2. The magnetometer of  claim 1 , wherein the magnetic field sensors and magnetic yoke are positioned vertically at a midpoint of a height of the ring shield. 
     
     
       3. The magnetometer of  claim 1 , wherein the ring shield comprises soft magnetic material with permeability above a specified threshold. 
     
     
       4. The magnetometer of  claim 3 , wherein the ring shield comprises Permalloy. 
     
     
       5. The magnetometer of  claim 1 , wherein the ring shield further comprises two or more concentric rings of magnetic material. 
     
     
       6. The magnetometer of  claim 1 , wherein the magnetic field sensors are included in a single integrated circuit chip. 
     
     
       7. The magnetometer of  claim 1 , wherein the magnetic field sensors are coupled in a Wheatstone bridge configuration with each sensor arranged to maximize sensitivity and minimize temperature influences. 
     
     
       8. The magnetometer of  claim 1 , wherein the ring shield further comprises a first ring shield portion of magnetic material, a second ring shield portion of magnetic material and a non-magnetic spacer disposed between ends of the first and second ring field portions of magnetic material, forming a cavity for receiving the magnetic yoke and magnetic field sensors. 
     
     
       9. The magnetometer of  claim 8 , wherein the non-magnetic spacer includes one or more laminations of non-magnetic material that reduce permeability in an out-of-plane direction. 
     
     
       10. The magnetometer of  claim 9 , wherein a thickness of the one or more laminations allows shielding of in-plane magnetic fields. 
     
     
       11. An integrated circuit device, comprising:
 a ring shield; 
 a magnetic yoke disposed within the ring shield; and 
 one or more magnetic field sensors disposed between the ring shield and the magnetic yoke, the magnetic field sensors positioned relative to the ring shield and the magnetic yoke such that flux induced by a magnetic field is absorbed in a cross-axis direction. 
 
     
     
       12. The device of  claim 11 , wherein the magnetic field sensors and magnetic yoke are positioned vertically at a midpoint of a height of the ring shield. 
     
     
       13. The device of  claim 11 , wherein the ring shield comprises soft magnetic material with permeability above a specified threshold. 
     
     
       14. The device of  claim 13 , wherein the device is mounted on, and electrically coupled to, an application specific integrated circuit for processing sensor data output by the magnetic field sensors. 
     
     
       15. The device of  claim 11 , wherein the ring shield further comprises two or more concentric rings of magnetic material. 
     
     
       16. The device of  claim 11 , wherein the magnetic field sensors are coupled in a Wheatstone bridge configuration with each sensor arranged to maximize sensitivity and minimize temperature influences. 
     
     
       17. The device of  claim 11 , wherein the ring shield further comprises a first ring shield portion of magnetic material, a second ring shield portion of magnetic material and a non-magnetic spacer disposed between ends of the first and second ring field portions of magnetic material. 
     
     
       18. The device of  claim 17 , wherein the non-magnetic spacer includes one or more laminations of non-magnetic material that reduce permeability in an out-of-plane direction. 
     
     
       19. The device of  claim 18 , wherein a thickness of the one or more laminations allows shielding of in-plane magnetic fields. 
     
     
       20. An electronic device, comprising:
 a magnetometer comprising:
 a ring shield; 
 a magnetic yoke disposed within the ring shield; and 
 one or more magnetic field sensors disposed between the ring shield and the magnetic yoke, the magnetic field sensors positioned relative to the ring shield and the magnetic yoke such that flux induced by a magnetic field is absorbed in a cross-axis direction of the magnetometer; 
 
 one or more processors; 
 memory storing instructions that when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising:
 obtaining, by the one or more processors from the magnetometer, magnetometer output data; and 
 determining, by the one or more processors, a directional heading of the electronic device using the magnetometer output data.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates generally to magnetometers. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A magnetometer is a sensor that measures the direction, strength or relative change of a magnetic field (e.g., the earth&#39;s magnetic field) at a particular location. A digital compass found on many modern mobile devices uses a magnetometer to derive heading information to be used by a compass or navigation application. 
     SUMMARY 
     Disclosed is a magnetometer architecture that uses a separate shield to minimize cross-axis sensitivity with low impact on main axis sensitivity. 
     In an embodiment, a magnetometer with cross-axis shielding comprises: a ring shield; a magnetic yoke disposed within the ring shield; and one or more magnetic field sensors disposed between the ring shield and the magnetic yoke, the sensors positioned relative to the ring shield and the magnetic yoke such that flux induced by a magnetic field is absorbed in a cross-axis direction of the magnetometer. 
     In an embodiment, an electronic device comprises: a magnetometer comprising: a ring shield; a magnetic yoke disposed within the ring shield; and one or more magnetic field sensors disposed between the ring shield and the magnetic yoke, the magnetic field sensors positioned relative to the ring shield and the magnetic yoke such that flux induced by a magnetic field is absorbed in a cross-axis direction of the magnetometer; one or more processors; memory storing instructions that when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: obtaining, by the one or more processors from the magnetometer, magnetometer output data; and calculating, by the one or more processors, a directional heading of the electronic device using the magnetometer output data. 
     In an embodiment, an integrated circuit device comprises: a ring shield; a magnetic yoke disposed within the ring shield; and one or more magnetic field sensors disposed between the ring shield and the magnetic yoke, the magnetic field sensors positioned relative to the ring shield and the magnetic yoke such that flux induced by a magnetic field is absorbed in a cross-axis direction of the magnetometer. 
     Particular embodiments disclosed herein provided one or more of the following advantages. The disclosed embodiments optimize the performance of a magnetometer for magnetic fields that are perpendicular to the plane of a substrate of the magnetometer (e.g., out-of-plane fields). The embodiments also improve the rejection of in-plane (cross-axis) fields with minimal impact on out-of-plane (main axis) fields. These optimizations improve the accuracy of the magnetometer, which in turn, improves the accuracy of magnetometer readings used by various applications, such as compass applications, where the magnetometer is used to provide a compass heading for a mobile device. 
     The details of the disclosed implementations are set forth in the drawings and the description below. Other features, objects and advantages are apparent from the description, drawings and claims. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a magnetic yoke of an out-of-plane sensor that redirects flux to in-plane magnetic field sensors, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an integrated circuit package with a 3-axis magnetic field sensor, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3A  is a plan view of a ring shield and separate yoke configuration, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3B  is a cross-section view of a ring shield and separate yoke configuration, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4A  is a side view of an alternative ring shield configuration, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4B  is a cross-section view of an alternative ring shield configuration, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of an electronic device architecture that includes at least one magnetometer that uses the technology described in reference to  FIGS. 1-4 . 
     
    
    
     The same reference symbol used in various drawings indicates like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Example Magnetometer Operation 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a magnetic yoke of an out-of-plane sensor that redirects flux to in-plane magnetic field sensors, according to an embodiment. Magnetic yoke  101  is shown redirecting magnetic flux to in-plane magnetic field sensors  102   a ,  102   b . In an embodiment, the operation of magnetic field sensors  102   a ,  102   b  is based on the Anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect. However, the embodiments disclose here are applicable to any thin film sensor that responds to magnetic fields in the plane of the film. The AMR effect is the change of resistivity of a current carrying ferromagnetic material due to a magnetic field. The resistance depends on the angle formed by the internal magnetization vector of the ferromagnetic material and the direction of the current flow. Resistance is largest if the current flow and the internal magnetization vector are parallel. The resistance in ferromagnetic material is smallest if the angle is 90° between the current flow and the internal magnetization vector. 
     Most magnetic field sensors are sensitive only to fields in the plane of the thin film. This includes Anisotropic MR (AMR), Giant MR (GMR) and Tunnel MR (TMR) sensors. It is desired that a magnetometer respond to out-of-plane fields (main axis Z sensitivity) and not to in-plane fields (cross-axis XY sensitivity). One solution is to connect different magnetic field sensors with opposite responses in a Wheatstone bridge to cancel any in-plane fields. This is difficult to accomplish for both (XY) in-plane fields. Another solution uses magnetic yoke  101  as a shield for the cross-axis direction and to redirect the flux to in-plane magnetic field sensors  102   a ,  102   b , as shown in  FIG. 1 . The challenge of the second solution is to optimize the yoke/shield for both the main axis and cross axis. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an integrated circuit package with a 3-axis magnetic field sensor chip, according to an embodiment. In this example embodiment, package  200  includes application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)  201  and 3-axis magnetic field sensor chip  202  mounted on, and wire bonded to, ASIC  201 . Magnetic field sensor chip  202  includes magnetic field sensors  203   a - 203   c , one for each magnetic field axis (X, Y, Z). Magnetic field sensor  203   c  measures the out-of-plane magnetic field component (Z) and Magnetic field sensors  203   a ,  203   b  measure the in-plane magnetic field components (XY). In another embodiment, there may be separate chips for each magnetic field sensor. 
     In an embodiment, magnetic field sensors  203   a - 203   c  can be coupled in a Wheatstone bridge configuration with each sensor arranged to maximize sensitivity and minimize temperature influences. In the presence of an external magnetic field B z , the resistance values of sensors  203   a - 203   c  change, causing a bridge imbalance and generating an output voltage proportional to the magnetic field strength. 
     Example Cross Axis Shield Configurations 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  are plan and cross-section views of a ring shield and separate yoke configuration  300 , according to an embodiment. Configuration  300  includes ring shield  301  and magnetic yoke  302  disposed within ring shield  301 . Ring shield  301  provides a cross-axis shield that surrounds the magnetic field sensors (not shown) and yoke  302 . Ring shield  301  absorbs flux in the cross-axis (XY) directions and has a minimal effect on the flux in the main axis (Z) direction. In an embodiment, ring shield  301  includes a soft magnetic material with high permeability, such as Permalloy (e.g., Ni80Fe20). The magnetic field sensors and yoke  302  can be positioned vertically at a midpoint of a height of the ring shield  301  to maximize the cross-axis shielding effect. In another embodiment, multiple concentric rings can be used to reduce the cross-axis sensitivity further if necessary. A key advantage of configuration  300  is that yoke  302  and ring shield  301  can be optimized independently. 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  are side and cross-section views of an alternative ring shield configuration  400 , according to an embodiment. Configuration  400  includes ring shield  401  including ring shield portions  401   a ,  401   b , non-magnetic spacer  402  and yoke  403 . As in configuration  300 , ring shield  400  surrounds the magnetic field sensors (not shown) and yoke  403 . In this alternative embodiment, ring shield portions  401   a ,  401   b  are made of magnetic material with non-magnetic spacer  402  disposed between ring shield portions  401   a ,  401   b . Non-magnetic spacer  402  includes one or more non-magnetic laminations that reduce the effective permeability in the out-of-plane direction and redirect the out-of-plane field towards the magnetic field sensors (not shown) and yoke  403 . The one or more non-magnetic laminations are made thin (e.g., form 0.01 micron to 1 micron) for ring shield  400  to absorb the in-plane magnetic field components. The lamination thickness should not be more than the radial width of the ring to prevent magnetic flux from leaking through the lamination gap. The in-plane magnetic field component decays exponentially in the non-magnetic spacer  402  with a characteristic length proportional to gap  404 . Gap  404  is thinner than radial width  405  of ring shield  401 . 
     Example Electronic Device Architecture 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of an electronic device architecture  500  that includes at least one magnetometer that uses the technology described in reference to  FIGS. 1-4 . Architecture  500  includes processor(s)  501 , memory interface  502 , peripherals interface  503 , sensors  504   a  . . .  504   n , display device  505  (e.g., touch screen, LCD display, LED display), I/O interface  506  and input devices  507  (e.g., touch surface/screen, hardware buttons/switches/wheels, virtual or hardware keyboard, mouse). Memory  512  can include high-speed random access memory and/or non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical storage devices and/or flash memory (e.g., NAND, NOR). 
     Memory  512  stores operating system instructions  508 , sensor processing instructions  509  and application instructions  510 . Operating system instructions  508  include instructions for implementing an operating system on the device, such as iOS, Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks. Operating system instructions  508  may include instructions for handling basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks. Sensor-processing instructions  509  perform post-processing on sensor data (e.g., averaging, scaling, formatting, calibrating) and provide control signals to sensors. Application instructions  510  implement software programs that use data from one or more sensors  504   a  . . .  504   n , such as navigation, digital pedometer, tracking or map applications. At least one sensor  504   a  is a 3-axis magnetometer as described in reference to  FIGS. 1-4 . 
     For example, in a digital compass application executed on a smartphone, the magnetometer output data is provided to processor(s)  501  through peripheral interface  503 . Processor(s)  501  execute sensor-processing instructions  509 , to perform further processing (e.g., averaging, formatting, scaling) of the magnetometer output data. Processor(s)  501  execute instructions for various applications running on the smartphone. For example, a digital compass uses the magnetometer data to derive heading information to be used by a compass or navigation application. The more accurate the magnetometer data the more accurate the heading calculation for the electronic device. Other applications are also possible (e.g., navigation applications, gaming applications, calibrating other sensors). 
     While this document contains many specific implementation details, these details should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub combination or variation of a sub combination. Logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In addition, other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20180530
Publication Date: 20201027
Grant Date: 20201027
Priority Date: 20180530
Inventors: GIDER, SAVAS
GUO, JIAN
MUDIVARTHI, CHAITANYA
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G01R33/091", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C17/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01R33/091", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01R33/0076", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C17/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01R33/0082", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01R33/091", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01R33/0082", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C17/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 68694608