PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11824616-B2
Application Number: US-202217899178-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Receiving beam selection using hybrid channel based beamforming and codebook based beamforming

Abstract:
Some aspects relate to apparatuses and methods for selecting a receiving beam based on hybrid channel based beamforming and codebook based beamforming. A user equipment (UE) can determine, based on a first measurement related to signal to noise ratio (SNR) and predetermined threshold values, whether the UE is in a low SNR state. If the UE is in a low SRN state, the UE can derive an estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels at a set of antenna elements of the UE based on channel based beamforming (CHBF). Afterwards, a set of test beams {0, . . . N test −1} is selected based on the channel covariance matrix R CH , and a set of codebook measurement beams is further selected based on the set of test beams. A receiving beam is selected based on a set of measurements performed on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity for codebook based beamforming (CBBF).

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method of wireless communications by a user equipment (UE) with a base station in a wireless system, comprising:
 determining, based on a first measurement related to signal to noise ratio (SNR) and one or more predetermined threshold values, whether the UE is in a low SNR state; 
 in response to a determination that the UE is in the low SNR state, deriving, based on a second measurement, an estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels received by a set of antenna elements of the UE using channel based beamforming (CHBF); 
 selecting a set of test beams {0, . . . N test −1}, wherein test beam is an element of a codebook for communication between the UE and the base station, wherein the set of test beams is a subset of the codebook; 
 selecting a set of codebook measurement beams comprising a number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on a set of third measurements corresponding to the set of test beams calculated based on the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH , wherein the number N CB,max  is determined based on a number of beams that can be measured at a measurement opportunity; and 
 selecting a receiving beam of the UE having a best measurement among a set of fourth measurements performed on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity for codebook based beamforming (CBBF). 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the number N CB,max  is a maximum number of beams that can be measured at the measurement opportunity. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the set of fourth measurements on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity is a first set of fourth measurements on a first set of codebook measurement beams at a first measurement opportunity, and the method further comprises:
 selecting a second set of codebook measurement beams including the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on the calculated set of third measurements, wherein the second set of codebook measurement beams is disjoint from the first set of codebook measurement beams; 
 performing a second set of fourth measurements on the second set of codebook measurement beams at a second measurement opportunity for CBBF; and 
 selecting a second receiving beam of the UE having a best measurement among the second set of fourth measurements on the second set of codebook measurement beams. 
 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the selecting the set of codebook measurement beams including the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on the calculated set of third measurements comprises selecting the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams having N CB,max  highest calculated third measurements. 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the first measurement related to SNR includes a SNR measurement and a rotation measurement;
 wherein the second measurement includes a synchronization signal blocks (SSB) measurement or a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurement; 
 a third measurement includes a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP); and 
 a fourth measurement includes the RSRP. 
 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 5 , wherein the determining whether the UE is in the low SNR state comprises:
 determining whether the SNR measurement is below a SNR threshold; 
 determining whether the rotation measurement is below a rotation threshold; and 
 in response to a determination that the SNR measurement is below the SNR threshold, and a determination that the rotation measurement is below the rotation threshold, making a determination that the UE is in the low SNR state. 
 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the set of test beams {0, . . . , N test −1} is a first set of test beams, and the method further comprises:
 selecting a second set of test beams K test,0  from the first set of test beams, wherein the second set of test beams K test,0  includes a maximal test beam having a maximum calculated third measurement among the set of calculated third measurements corresponding to the first set of test beams, and a test beam is included in the second set of test beams when a difference between a third measurement associated with the test beam and the maximum calculated third measurement is within a threshold; and 
 selecting the set of codebook measurement beams including the number N CB,max  of beams from the second set of test beams K test,0  based on the calculated set of third measurements. 
 
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 in response to a determination that the UE is not in the low SNR state, performing the CHBF to select the receiving beam of the UE based on the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels at the set of antenna elements of the UE. 
 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the set of antenna elements is a first set of antenna elements of the UE, the receiving beam is a first receiving beam for the first set of antenna elements, and the UE further includes a second set of antenna elements to form a cross polarized antenna array for the UE with the first set of antenna elements, and the method further comprises:
 selecting a second receiving beam of the UE among the second set of antenna elements, based on a joint codebook for the first set antenna elements and the second set of antenna elements. 
 
     
     
       10. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 determining whether the selected receiving beam of the UE for CBBF is unreliable based on a tracking reliability indicator of the selected receiving beam. 
 
     
     
       11. A user equipment (UE), comprising:
 a transceiver configured to enable wireless communication with a base station; and 
 a processor communicatively coupled to the transceiver and configured to:
 determine, based on a first measurement related to signal to noise ratio (SNR) and one or more predetermined threshold values, whether the UE is in a low SNR state; 
 in response to a determination that the UE is in the low SNR state, derive, based on a second measurement, an estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels received by a set of antenna elements of the UE using channel based beamforming (CHBF); 
 select a set of test beams {0, . . . N test −1}, wherein test beam is an element of a codebook for communication between the UE and the base station, wherein the set of test beams is a subset of the codebook; 
 select a set of codebook measurement beams comprising a number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on a set of third measurements corresponding to the set of test beams calculated based on the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH , wherein the number N CB,max  is determined based on a number of beams that can be measured at a measurement opportunity; and 
 select a receiving beam of the UE having a best measurement among a set of fourth measurements performed on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity for codebook based beamforming (CBBF). 
 
 
     
     
       12. The UE of  claim 11 , wherein the number N CB,max  is a maximum number of beams that can be measured at the measurement opportunity. 
     
     
       13. The UE of  claim 11 , wherein to select the set of codebook measurement beams including the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on the calculated set of third measurements, the processor is configured to select the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams having N CB,max  highest calculated third measurements. 
     
     
       14. The UE of  claim 11 , wherein the first measurement related to SNR includes a SNR measurement and a rotation measurement;
 wherein the second measurement includes a synchronization signal blocks (SSB) measurement or a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurement; 
 a third measurement includes a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP); and 
 a fourth measurement includes the RSRP. 
 
     
     
       15. The UE of  claim 14 , wherein to determine whether the UE is in the low SNR state, the processor is configured to:
 determine whether the SNR measurement is below a SNR threshold; 
 determine whether the rotation measurement is below a rotation threshold; and 
 in response to a determination that the SNR measurement is below the SNR threshold, and a determination that the rotation measurement is below the rotation threshold, make a determination that the UE is in the low SNR state. 
 
     
     
       16. The UE of  claim 11 , wherein, in response to a determination that the UE is not in the low SNR state, the processor is configured to perform the CHBF to select the receiving beam of the UE based on the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels at the set of antenna elements of the UE. 
     
     
       17. The UE of  claim 11 , wherein the set of fourth measurements on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity is a first set of fourth measurements on a first set of codebook measurement beams at a first measurement opportunity, and the processor is further configured to:
 select a second set of codebook measurement beams including the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on the calculated set of third measurements, wherein the second set of codebook measurement beams is disjoint from the first set codebook measurement beams; 
 perform a second set of fourth measurements on the second set of codebook measurement beams at a second measurement opportunity for CBBF; and 
 select a second receiving beam of the UE having a best measurement among the second set of fourth measurements on the second set of codebook measurement beams. 
 
     
     
       18. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor of a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to perform operations, the operations comprising:
 determining, based on a first measurement related to signal to noise ratio (SNR) and one or more predetermined threshold values, whether the UE is in a low SNR state; 
 in response to a determination that the UE is in the low SNR state, deriving, based on a second measurement, an estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels received by a set of antenna elements of the UE using channel based beamforming (CHBF); 
 selecting a set of test beams {0, . . . N test −1}, wherein test beam is an element of a codebook for communication between the UE and a base station, wherein the set of test beams is a subset of the codebook; 
 selecting a set of codebook measurement beams comprising a number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on a set of third measurements corresponding to the set of test beams calculated based on the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH , wherein the number N CB,max  is determined based on a number of beams that can be measured at a measurement opportunity; and 
 selecting a receiving beam of the UE having a best measurement among a set of fourth measurements performed on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity for codebook based beamforming (CBBF). 
 
     
     
       19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of  claim 18 , wherein the operations further comprises:
 in response to a determination that the UE is not in the low SNR state, performing the CHBF to select the receiving beam of the UE based on the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels at the set of antenna elements of the UE. 
 
     
     
       20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of  claim 18 , wherein the number N CB,max  is a maximum number of beams that can be measured at the measurement opportunity,
 wherein the selecting the set of codebook measurement beams including the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on the calculated set of third measurements comprises selecting the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams having N CB,max  highest calculated third measurements.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 63/238,705, filed on Aug. 30, 2021, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The described aspects generally relate to the selection of receiving beams in a multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) wireless communication system. 
     Related Art 
     A user equipment (UE) communicates with a base station, such as an evolved Node B (eNB), a next generation node B (gNB), or other base station, in a wireless communication network or system. A wireless communication system can include a fifth generation (5G) system, a New Radio (NR) system, a long term evolution (LTE) system, a combination thereof, or some other wireless systems. In addition, a wireless communication system can support a wide range of use cases such as enhanced mobile broad band (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC), and enhanced vehicle to anything communications (eV2X). Multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) is an important technology for wireless systems. 
     SUMMARY 
     Some aspects of this disclosure relate to apparatuses and methods for implementing techniques for a user equipment (UE) or a base station to select a receiving beam based on hybrid channel based beamforming and codebook based beamforming in a multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) wireless system. Descriptions herein may be provided for the UE as examples. Techniques can be similarly applicable to a base station when beamforming is used by the base station. 
     Some aspects of this disclosure relate to a UE. The UE may include a set of antenna elements, a transceiver coupled to the set of antenna elements, and a processor communicatively coupled to the transceiver. The transceiver is configured to communicate with a base station. The processor is configured to perform operations to select a receiving beam based on hybrid channel based beamforming and codebook based beamforming when the UE is in a low signal to noise ratio (SNR) state. In detail, the processor can be configured to determine, based on a first measurement related to SNR, such as a SNR measurement and a rotation measurement, and one or more predetermined threshold values, whether the UE is in a low SNR state. In some embodiments, the processor can be configured to determine whether the SNR measurement is below a SNR threshold, and whether the rotation measurement is below a rotation threshold. In response to a determination that the SNR measurement is below the SNR threshold, and a determination that the rotation measurement is below the rotation threshold, the processor can be configured to make the determination that the UE is in the low SNR state. 
     In some embodiments, in response to a determination that the UE is in the low SNR state, the processor can be configured to derive, based on a second measurement such as a synchronization signal blocks (SSB) measurement or a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurement, an estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels at the set of antenna elements of the UE based on channel based beamforming (CHBF), and further select a receiving beam of the UE based on codebook based beamforming (CBBF). In some embodiments, in response to a determination that the UE is not in the low SNR state, the processor can be configured to perform CHBF to select the receiving beam of the UE based on the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels at the set of antenna elements of the UE. 
     In further detail, the processor can be configured to select a set of test beams {0, . . . N test −1}, where a test beam can be an element of a codebook (CB) for communication between the UE and the base station, and the set of test beams can be a smaller subset of the codebook. Based on the set of test beams and the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH , the processor can be configured to calculate a set of third measurements such as a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) corresponding to the set of test beams, where a test beam has an associated third measurement included in the set of third measurements. In addition, the processor can be configured to select a set of codebook measurement beams including a number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on the calculated set of third measurements, where the number N CB,max  is determined based on a number of beams that can be measured at a measurement opportunity. For example, the number N CB,max  can be a maximum number of beams that can be measured at the measurement opportunity. In some examples, the processor can be configured to select the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams having N CB,max  highest calculated third measurements. 
     Afterwards, the processor can be configured to perform a set of fourth measurements such as a set of RSRPs on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity for CBBF, and select a receiving beam of the UE having a best fourth measurement among the set of fourth measurements on the set of codebook measurement beams. In some embodiments, the processor can be configured to determine whether the selected receiving beam of the UE for CBBF is unreliable based on a tracking reliability indicator of the selected receiving beam. 
     In some embodiments, the set of antenna elements can be a first set of antenna elements of the UE, the receiving beam is a first receiving beam for the first set of antenna elements, and the UE further includes a second set of antenna elements to form a cross polarized antenna array for the UE with the first set of antenna elements. The processor can be further configured to select a second receiving beam of the UE among the second set of antenna elements, based on a joint codebook for the first set antenna elements and the second set of antenna elements. 
     In some embodiments, the set of fourth measurements on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity is a first set of fourth measurements on a first set of codebook measurement beams at a first measurement opportunity. The processor can be further configured to select a second set of codebook measurement beams including the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on the calculated set of third measurements, where the second set of codebook measurement beams can be disjoint from the first set codebook measurement beams. In addition, the processor can be configured to perform a second set of fourth measurements on the second set of codebook measurement beams at a second measurement opportunity for CBBF, and select a second receiving beam of the UE having a best fourth measurement among the second set of fourth measurements on the second set of codebook measurement beams. 
     In some embodiments, the set of test beams {0, . . . , N test −1} is a first set of test beams, and the processor can be further configured to select a second set of test beams K test,0  from the first set of test beams, wherein the second set of test beams K test,0  includes a maximal test beam having a maximum calculated third measurement among the set of calculated third measurements corresponding to the first set of test beams. A test beam is included in the second set of test beams when a difference between a third measurement associated with the test beam and the maximum calculated third measurement is within a threshold. The processor can be configured to select the set of codebook measurement beams including the number N CB,max  of beams from the second set of test beams K test,0  based on the calculated set of third measurements. 
     This Summary is provided merely for purposes of illustrating some aspects to provide an understanding of the subject matter described herein. Accordingly, the above-described features are merely examples and should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the subject matter in this disclosure. Other features, aspects, and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent from the following Detailed Description, Figures, and Claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate the present disclosure and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the disclosure and enable a person of skill in the relevant art(s) to make and use the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  1 A- 1 B  illustrate an example wireless system for selecting a receiving beam based on hybrid channel based beamforming and codebook based beamforming in a wireless communication system, according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a block diagram of a UE implementing support for selecting a receiving beam based on hybrid channel based beamforming and codebook based beamforming in a wireless communication system, according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  3 - 4    illustrates example processes performed by a UE to select a receiving beam based on hybrid channel based beamforming and codebook based beamforming in a wireless communication system, according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    is an example computer system for implementing some aspects or portion(s) thereof of the disclosure provided herein. 
     
    
    
     The present disclosure is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, generally, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, generally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In a wireless communication network or system, a user equipment (UE) communicates with a base station, such as an evolved Node B (eNB), a next generation node B (gNB), or other base station. A wireless communication system can include a fifth generation (5G) system, a New Radio (NR) system, a long term evolution (LTE) system, a combination thereof, or some other wireless systems. In a 5G NR, 4G LTE wireless system, or any other wireless systems such as a 6G system, multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) transmission can be an important technology. A UE can include an antenna array or system having a plurality of antenna panels, where an antenna panel can include an array of antenna elements that can be located in close physical location to each other. In some examples, an antenna can be a smart antenna system, where all antenna elements are considered as pseudo-omni or quasi-sector-omni antenna elements including a phase shifter. A directional beam, such as a transmission (Tx) beam or a receiving (Rx) beam, can be formed by adjusting the phase shifter of the antenna element. Descriptions herein may use a receiving beam as an example, and the descriptions may be similarly applicable to a transmission beam. Descriptions herein may be provided for the UE as examples. Techniques can be similarly applicable to a base station when beamforming is used by the base station. 
     A transmission beam or a receiving beam can be formed based on the control of a beamforming component, which may apply channel based beamforming (CHBF) or codebook based beamforming (CBBF). In general, the selection of a receiving beam based on CHBF may be more efficient without multiple measurements performed at multiple measurement opportunities, but the result may be less accurate. However, the selection of a receiving beam based on CBBF may be more accurate based on multiple measurements performed at multiple measurement opportunities, but CBBF based selection may be less efficient. Embodiments herein present a process for hybrid CHBF and CBBF, which may be referred to as CHBF-assisted CBBF acquisition. The hybrid CHBF and CBBF applies an initial CHBF to derive the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH , further acquire the relevant beams based on the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH , followed by switching to CBBF to fine-select the receiving beam based on measurements on the relevant beams instead of measurements on all beams. Accordingly, the hybrid CHBF and CBBF can retain accurate results with improved efficiency. 
       FIGS.  1 A- 1 B  illustrate an example wireless system  100  for selecting a receiving beam based on hybrid channel based beamforming and codebook based beamforming in a wireless communication system, according to some aspects of the disclosure. The wireless system  100  is provided for the purpose of illustration only and does not limit the disclosed aspects. As shown in  FIG.  1 A , system  100  can include, but is not limited to, a network node (herein referred to as a base station)  101 , another base station  103 , and one or more UEs, such as a UE  102 . System  100  can further include additional components, not shown. 
     According to some aspects, a base station, such as base station  101  or base station  103 , can include a node configured to operate based on a wide variety of wireless communication techniques such as, but not limited to, techniques based on 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards. For example, base station  101  can include a node configured to operate using Rel-16, Rel-17, or others. Base station  101  can be a fixed station, and may also be called a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point (AP), a transmission/reception point (TRP), an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation node B (gNB), or some other equivalent terminology. System  100  can operate using both licensed cellular spectrum (known as in-band communication) and unlicensed spectrum (known as out-band communication). 
     According to some aspects, UE  102  can be configured to operate based on a wide variety of wireless communication techniques. These techniques can include, but are not limited to, techniques based on 3GPP standards. For example, UE  102  can be configured to operate using Rel-16, Rel-17 or later. UE  102  can include, but is not limited to, a wireless communication device, a smart phone, a laptop, a desktop, a tablet, a personal assistant, a monitor, a television, a wearable device, an Internet of Things (IoTs), a vehicle&#39;s communication device, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a remote terminal, a wireless terminal, a user device, or the like. 
     According to some aspects, UE  102  can include an antenna array or system  120  having a plurality of antenna panels. In general, an antenna system can include one or more antenna panels. An antenna panel can include an array of antenna elements that can be located in close physical location to each other. An antenna element can be an omnidirectional antenna element, a quasi-omnidirectional antenna element, a directional antenna element, or any other antenna element. In some examples, antenna can be a smart antenna system, where all antenna elements are considered as pseudo-omni or quasi-sector-omni antenna elements and include a phase shifter. A directional beam, such as a transmission (Tx) beam or a receiving (Rx) beam, can be formed by adjusting the phase shifter of one or more of the antenna elements. Accordingly, antenna system  120  can provide corresponding antenna beam (herein “beam”)  122 , beam  124 , beam  126 . In some examples, there can be more or fewer antenna panels, and an antenna panel can include 2, 4, 8, 16, or other number of antenna elements, which can include a dipole antenna element, a monopole antenna element, a patch antenna element, a loop antenna element, a microstrip antenna element, or any other type of antenna elements suitable for transmission of RF signals. 
     In some embodiments, more details of UE  102  and antenna system  120  are shown in  FIG.  1 B . Antenna system  120  can include a physical antenna array  130  having physical antenna ports  131  and multiple antenna elements, such as antenna element  133 , which can form an antenna architecture. In some embodiments, the antenna architecture of UE  102  can be a non-coherent antenna architecture, a fully coherent antenna architecture, or a partially coherent antenna architecture including multiple antenna panels. An antenna panel can be coherent within itself with one phase noise. 
     Antenna elements  133  can provide antenna beams, such as beam  122 , beam  124 , and beam  126  based on signal excitation through antenna ports  131 . In addition, UE  102  can include beamforming component  135  and resource mapper  137 . Furthermore, UE  102  can include a group of multiple logic antenna ports  139 , which may be simply refers to be “antenna ports” and stored in a memory of the UE, such as memory  201  in  FIG.  2   . Each antenna port  134  can be related to a function performed by UE  102 . Accordingly, the term “antenna port” is a logical concept related to physical layer (L1), but is distinct from the physical RF antenna which is visible and tangible. In other words, each individual downlink or uplink transmission can be carried out from a specific antenna port, the identity of which is known to the UE. In some embodiments, there can be a defined structure in the antenna port numbering such that the antenna ports used for different purposes can have numbers in different ranges. Accordingly, an “antenna port” can be a logical concept that is tied to particular function, but does not necessarily correspond to a specific physical antenna port, even though a physical antenna port is ultimately used signal transmission. There is no strict mapping of antenna ports  139  to physical antenna ports  131  in NR, as well as in LTE. There can be a one-to-one mapping between a particular antenna port  134  to a physical antenna port  131 . In some embodiments, there can be a multiple-to-one mapping between multiple antenna ports  134  to a physical antenna port  131 . The mapping of antenna port  134  to physical antenna ports  131  can be controlled by beam forming component  135  as a given beam may need to transmit the signal on one or more particular antenna ports to form a desired beam. 
     In some embodiments, such as in a NR system operating at frequency range 2 (FR2) from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz, various RX-beamforming can be applied. In some embodiments, as in state  161 , CBBF can be applied. CBBF operates by measuring Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) for RX-beams from a codebook on resources like synchronization signal blocks (SSB) (PSS, SSS, DMRS, PBCH), Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS), to acquire the best RX-beam and track the best RX-beam. One challenge with CBBF is that typically several measurement opportunities are needed for CBBF. For example, assuming a codebook with 11 beams, 3 RX-beams can be measured at a single SSB measurement opportunity, a total of 4 SSB measurement opportunities are needed to measure all 11 beams, corresponding to 120 ms in case of 40 ms SSB periodicity. If the best RX-beam is measured in the first out of the 4 measurement opportunities, it can already be outdated once all 4 measurement opportunities are used to measure all 11 beams. 
     In some embodiments, as in state  163 , CHBF can be applied on resources like SSB and CSI-RS. CHBF first estimates the channel at the RX antenna elements, computes the spatial RX estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  from the estimates, and then determines the best RX-beam from the estimates in a single step. When CHBF is applied, there is only a single measurement opportunity needed to directly derive the best beam, and the derived best beam is not outdated. 
     In some embodiments, as in state  165 , in case of low SNR, a hybrid of CHBF and CBBF can be applied, as shown in process  300  illustrated in  FIG.  3   . In low SNR, the covariance matrix R CH  determined by CHBF can be generally noisier, and thus the estimated best RX beam that is computed from the covariance matrix R CH  might not correspond to the best RX beam in reality. In such cases, the CBBF which directly measures RSRP on beams from a codebook can achieve better accuracy. On the other hand, the CHBF can react faster on updating the best beam in case of rotating scenarios. Embodiments herein, such as shown in  FIG.  3   , can intrinsically combine CHBF and CBBF into a hybrid RX-beamforming that can be understood as the performance envelope of CHBF and CBBF. Accordingly, in case of low SNR, CHBF has lower performance compared to CBBF, especially in static conditions, while in medium to high SNR conditions CHBF can have better performance. The hybrid of CHBF and CBBF can take advantage of both CHBF and CBBF, hence improving both CHBF and CBBF. 
     In some embodiments, antenna architecture may include cross polarized antenna arrays. Two arrays constituting the cross-polarized array may be referred to as a vertical V-array and a horizontal H-array. In case of CHBF, two covariance matrices, one for V-array and one for H-array, may be derived for a cross polarized antenna array. In case of CBBF, beamforming can be done per polarization V-array and H-array, or jointly for V-array and H-array. Accordingly, three codebooks may be maintained in total for CBBF: a VH-codebook where each entry contains beams for each of the two polarizations, a V-codebook that contains beams optimized for the V-array, and a H-codebook that contains beams optimized for the H-array. An entry of the joint VH-codebook can be selected by taking the sum of RSRP of the two constituting V-/H-arrays into account, while for the V-/H-codebooks the V-array RSRP or H-array RSRP is considered. In some embodiments, there can be two kinds of CBBF. When operating with the VH-codebook in a directionally linked way, the VH-codebook can be constructed in a way that the V-/H-beams are forced into the same spatial direction. When operating with the V-/H-codebooks in a directionally separated way, beams for V-/H-array can be selected independently. 
     According to some aspects, referring back to  FIG.  1 A , UE  102  can include a transceiver  121  and a processor  123  communicatively coupled to transceiver  121 . Transceiver  121  can be configured to wirelessly communicate with base station  101  and base station  103 . According to some aspects, processor  123  can be configured to perform various operations. In some embodiments, UE  102  or processor  123  can perform operations to select a receiving beam based on hybrid CHBF and CBBF when the UE is in a low SNR state  165  shown in  FIG.  1 B . 
     In some embodiments, UE  102  can be in a state  112 , where state  165  shown in  FIG.  1 B  can be an example of state  112 . Processor  123  can determine, based on a first measurement  111  related to SNR, such as a SNR measurement and a rotation measurement, and one or more predetermined threshold values, whether UE  102  is in a low SNR state. Various rotation measurements can be applied. For example, rotation measurements can be obtained via inertial measurement systems like gyroscope+accelerometer. Such a sensor delivers the relative 3D-orientation at a periodicity, such as 10 ms, which is lower than the typical measurement opportunity periodicity of 20 ms or 40 ms. Comparing an orientation delivered at measurement opportunity m0 with one delivered at measurement opportunity m0+1, one can compute the angle of rotation. If this is below a threshold, say 6 degrees for example, the rotation measurement can be determined to be below a predetermined threshold. In response to a determination that the SNR measurement is below the SNR threshold, and a determination that the rotation measurement is below the rotation threshold, processor  123  can make the determination that UE  102  is in the low SNR state, e.g., state  112  is in the low SNR state  165 . 
     In some embodiments, in response to a determination that UE  102  is in the low SNR state  165 , processor  123  can derive, based on a second measurement  113 , such as a SSB measurement or a CSI-RS measurement, an estimated channel covariance matrix R CH    141  for channels received by the set of antenna elements of UE  101  based on CHBF, and further select a receiving beam of UE  102  based on CBBF. In some embodiments, in response to a determination that UE  102  is not in the low SNR state, processor  123  can perform CHBF to select the receiving beam of the U E based on the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels at the set of antenna elements of UE  102 . 
     In further detail, processor  123  can select a set  143  of test beams {0, . . . N test −1}, where a test beam can be an element of a codebook (CB)  142  for communication between UE  102  and base station  101 , and the set  143  of test beams can be a smaller subset of the codebook  142 . Based on the set  143  of test beams and the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH , processor  123  can calculate a set  153  of third measurements such as a RSRP corresponding to the set  143  of test beams, where a test beam has an associated third measurement included in the set  153  of third measurements. In addition, processor  123  can select a set  145  of codebook measurement beams including a number N CB,max  of beams from the set  143  of test beams based on the calculated set  153  of third measurements, where the number N CB,max  is determined based on a number of beams that can be measured at a measurement opportunity. For example, the number N CB,max  can be a maximum number of beams that can be measured at the measurement opportunity. In some examples, the processor can be configured to select the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams, where the selected beams are among the N CB,max  highest calculated third measurements. 
     Afterwards, processor  123  can perform a set  155  of fourth measurements such as a set of RSRPs on the set  145  of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity for CBBF, and select a receiving beam  147  of the UE having a best fourth measurement among the set  155  of fourth measurements on the set  145  of codebook measurement beams. In addition, processor  123  can determine whether the selected receiving beam  147  for CBBF is unreliable based on a tracking reliability indicator of the selected receiving beam. 
     In some embodiments, the set  130  of antenna elements can be a first set of antenna elements of UE  102 , the receiving beam  147  can be a first receiving beam for the first set of antenna elements, and UE  102  can further include a second set of antenna elements to form a cross polarized antenna array for the UE with the first set of antenna elements. Processor  123  can select a second receiving beam of UE  102  among the second set of antenna elements, based on a joint codebook for the first set antenna elements and the second set of antenna elements. 
     According to some aspects, UE  102  can be implemented according to a block diagram as illustrated in  FIG.  2   . Referring to  FIG.  2   , UE  102  can have antenna system  120  including one or more antenna elements to form various beams, e.g., beam  122 , beam  124 , or beam  126 , coupled to transceiver  121  and controlled by processor  123 . Transceiver  121  and antenna system  120  can be configured to enable wireless communication in a wireless network, such as wireless system  100 , including wireless communication with base station  101 . In detail, transceiver  121  can include radio frequency (RF) circuitry  216 , transmission circuitry  212 , and reception circuitry  214  to enable wireless communication with other UEs and/or a base station as discussed for wireless system  100 . RF circuitry  216  can include multiple parallel RF chains for one or more of transmit or receive functions, each connected to one or more antenna elements of the antenna panel. In addition, processor  123  can be communicatively coupled to a memory  201 , which are further coupled to the transceiver  121 . Various data can be stored in memory  201 , as described for  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B . 
     In some embodiments, memory  201  can store instructions, that when executed by processor  123  perform or cause to perform operations described herein, e.g., operations for selecting a receiving beam based on hybrid channel based beamforming and codebook based beamforming in a wireless communication system. Alternatively, processor  123  can be “hard-coded” to perform the operations described herein. In some embodiments, processor  123  can be configured to perform operations described for  FIG.  3   . 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an example process  300  performed by UE  102  to select a receiving beam based on hybrid CHBF and CBBF in a wireless communication system, according to some aspects of the disclosure. Process  300  can be performed by UE  102 , which may be implemented as shown in  FIG.  2   . Process  300  may also be performed by a computer system  500  of  FIG.  5   . Descriptions herein may be provided for the UE as examples. Techniques can be similarly applicable to a base station when beamforming is used by the base station. Process  300  is not limited to the specific aspects depicted in those figures and other systems may be used to perform the method as will be understood by those skilled in the art. It is to be appreciated that not all operations may be needed, and the operations may not be performed in the same order as shown in process  300 . Process  300  for hybrid CHBF and CBBF, which may be referred to as CHBF-assisted CBBF acquisition, applies an initial CHBF to coarse select the relevant beams, followed by switching to CBBF to fine-select and then track the best beam based on the measurements performed on the selected relevant beams. 
     At  301 , processor  123  of UE  102  can determine, based on a first measurement related to SNR and one or more predetermined threshold values, whether the UE is in a low SNR state. For example, processor  123  can determine, based on the first measurement  111  related to SNR and one or more predetermined threshold values, whether state  112  of UE  102  is in a low SNR state. In some embodiments, the first measurement  111  can include a SNR measurement and a rotation measurement. Processor  123  can determine whether the SNR measurement is below a SNR threshold, and determine whether the rotation measurement is below a rotation threshold. In response to a determination that the SNR measurement is below the SNR threshold, and a determination that the rotation measurement is below the rotation threshold, processor  123  can make the determination that the UE is in the low SNR state. The SNR threshold may take into account the precision of the covariance matrix estimation, which may be the reason of degradations of CHBF versus CBBF. The rotation threshold may take into consideration that CBBF has a certain level of tracking capabilities once it acquired the best beam. 
     At  303 , in response to a determination that the UE is in the low SNR state, processor  123  of UE  102  can derive, based on a second measurement, an estimated channel covariance matrix R CH  for channels received by a set of antenna elements of the UE based on CHBF. In some embodiments, processor  123  of UE  102  can derive, based on the second measurement, such as a SSB measurement or a CSI-RS measurement, an estimated channel covariance matrix R CH    141  for channels received by the set of antenna elements of UE  101  based on CHBF. 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  4   , operations at  303  can be implemented at  401 . SSB measurements or CSI-RS measurements can be received as inputs  403  to perform CHBF to generate the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH    141 . The CHBF at  401  computes the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH ∈   N     AE     ×N     AE   , where N AE  denotes the number of antenna elements, N AE =4 for example. It also determines the best beam as an output  405  for operations at  401 . Accordingly, operations are performed before  401  to obtain the initial SSB/CSI-RS measurements, CHBF is then performed at  401  to determine the channel covariance matrix R CH    141 . 
     In some embodiments, operations after operations at  303  are CBBF processing operations to compute the RSRP for all configured CB-beams. The major steps involve a set of test beams selection operations at  305  based on test beam RSRP computation from CHBF channel covariance matrix R CH , where the test beams are selected as relevant beams for the CBBF refinement. Hence, CBBF is only performed on a subset of relevant beams instead of on all beams, leading to performance improvement over the conventional CBBF alone approach. The CBBF refinement works by selecting the best not yet measured test beams. In some embodiments, the best beam is always included into the CBBF refinement irrespective if it was measured already, plus the next-best-beams to always utilize the measurement capability of the CBBF per measurement opportunity. Once all relevant test beams are measured, the CBBF continues its normal operation tracking the best beam as in case of ordinary CBBF. 
     At  305 , processor  123  of UE  102  can select a set of test beams {0, . . . N test −1}, where a test beam is an element of a codebook (CB) for communication between the UE and the base station, and the set of test beams is a smaller subset of the codebook. At  307 , processor  123  of UE  102  can calculate, based on the estimated channel covariance matrix R CH , a set of third measurements corresponding to the set of test beams, where a test beam has an associated third measurement included in the set of third measurements. In some embodiments, operations at  305  and  307  can be implemented as operations performed at  411  and  421  shown in  FIG.  4   . 
     In some embodiments, a test beam may simply be an element from a code book (CB) that is a candidate for CBBF CB-beam in case of CHBF-assisted CBBF acquisition. The set of test beams may be constructed to cover sufficiently all relevant spatial directions. In some embodiments, there can be {0, . . . N test −1} test beams, N test =11 in case of N AE =4. Operations can be performed at  411  to calculate a set of third measurements, such as RSRP, corresponding to the set of test beams. From R CH , the RSRP    0 (n) for all n∈{0, . . . , N test −1} can be computed by    0 (n):=w n   H R CH w n . In addition, operations can be performed at  421 , where RSRP    0 (n) with n∈{0, . . . , N test −1} can be used to select the test beams to be used for the CBBF operation. In some embodiments, the selection can be performed by a configurable threshold    thresh , by defining K test,0  to be the set of all n∈{0, . . . , N test −1} such that    0 (n max )−   0 (n)≤   thresh , where n max  corresponds to the test beam with maximum RSRP. All RSRP    0 (n) with n∈{0, . . . , N test −1} and K test,0  are saved in a buffer  407  for future processing. Accordingly, the selection of the set of test beams {0, . . . N test −1} is based on the calculated RSRP    0 (n) with n∈{0, . . . , N test −1}, instead of performing real measurement on the transmission medium to obtain the measurement results. The calculation of RSRP    0 (n) with n∈{0, . . . , N test −1} based on CHBF channel covariance matrix R CH  can be more efficient than performing the actual measurements to obtain the RSRP measurements on the test beams. 
     At  309 , processor  123  of UE  102  can select a set of codebook measurement beams including a number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on the calculated set of third measurements, where the number N CB,max  can be determined based on a number of beams that can be measured at a measurement opportunity. In some embodiments, operations at  309  can be implemented as operations performed at  413  shown in  FIG.  4   . 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  4   , operations can be performed at  413  to read K test,i  and    i (n) with n∈{0, . . . , N test −1} from the buffer  407 . Afterwards, operations can be performed at  413  to determine the up to N CB,max −1 best beams in terms of    i (n) and n∈K test,i \{n best,i } and collect its indices together with n best,i  into the set S⊆K test,i /{n best,i }. Here, n best,i  corresponds to the beam with maximum RSRP from {0, . . . , N test −1}\K test,i  for i&gt;0, and to the beam with maximum RSRP from {0, . . . , N test −1} otherwise. Further, N CB,max  corresponds to the maximum number of beams the CBBF can measure at a measurement opportunity, N CB,max =3 in case of SSB for example. Accordingly, operations are performed to measure the up-to-date best beam together with the best test beams not measured yet. Further, the N CB,max −|S| best beams can be collected from {0, . . . , N test −1}\S into the set S′ to fully utilize the measurement capability of the CBBF. Furthermore, the set K CB,i+1 :=S∪S′ can be delivered as the selected CB beams to be measured at measurement opportunity i+1. 
     At  311 , processor  123  of UE  102  can perform a set of fourth measurements on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity for codebook based beamforming (CBBF). At  313 , processor  123  of UE  102  can select a receiving beam of the UE having a best fourth measurement among the set of fourth measurements on the set of codebook measurement beams. In some embodiments, operations at  311  and at  313  can be implemented as operations performed at  415  shown in  FIG.  4   . In some embodiments, operations performed at  415  can be used to transition into ordinary CBBF operation. 
     In some embodiments, operations can be performed at  413  to compute the RSRP    i+1 (k) for k∈K test,i+1  at measurement opportunity i+1 for i=0. Measurements, such as SSB or CSI-RS measurements can be performed and provided as inputs  417  to CBBF performed at  415 . In addition, CBBF performed at  415  can select the receiving beam  419  having a best fourth measurement among the set of fourth measurements on the set of codebook measurement beams. 
     In some embodiments, operations at  311  and at  313  for performing the fourth measurements on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity for CBBF can be an iterative process. The set of fourth measurements on the set of codebook measurement beams at the measurement opportunity can be a first set of fourth measurements on a first set of codebook measurement beams at a first measurement opportunity. Processor  123  of UE  102  can further select a second set of codebook measurement beams including the number N CB,max  of beams from the set of test beams based on the calculated set of third measurements, where the second set of codebook measurement beams can be disjoint from the first set codebook measurement beams. For the a second set of codebook measurement beams, processor  123  can perform a second set of fourth measurements on the second set of codebook measurement beams at a second measurement opportunity for CBBF, and select a second receiving beam of the UE having a best fourth measurement among the second set of fourth measurements on the second set of codebook measurement beams. In some embodiments, the iterative process of operations at  311  and at  313  can be implemented as operations performed at  423  and at  425  shown in  FIG.  4   . 
     In some embodiments, operations can be performed at  423  to compute the RSRP    i+1 (k) for k∈K test,i+1  at measurement opportunity i+1 to select a second set of codebook measurement beams that is different from the first set of codebook measurement beams at the first measurement opportunity performed at  413 . Measurements, such as SSB or CSI-RS measurements can be performed and provided as inputs  427  to CBBF performed at  425 . In addition, CBBF performed at  425  can select the receiving beam  429  having a best fourth measurement among the set of fourth measurements on the second set of codebook measurement beams. Accordingly, the receiving beam  429  is selected among the second set of codebook measurement beams and the receiving beam  419  is selected among the first set of codebook measurement beams. 
     In some embodiments, after CBBF is executed for measurement opportunity i+1, K test,i  can be replaced by K test,i+1 :=K test,i \K CB,i+1  in the buffer  407  to update the buffer. In embodiments, test beams that have already been measured by CHBF are not measured again at the next measurement opportunity,    i (k) can be replaced by    i+1 (k) for k∈K test,i+1  in the buffer  407 , and carry forward RSRP    i (n) for    i+1 (kn) for n∈K test,i+1 . In case of K test,i+1  is empty, ordinary CBBF operation can be performed to track the best beam selected as the receiving beam  419 . 
     In some embodiments, operations can be performed to determine whether the selected receiving beam of the UE for CBBF is unreliable based on a tracking reliability indicator of the selected receiving beam. If the selected receiving beam of the UE for CBBF is unreliable, UE  102  can enter CHBF-assisted CBBF acquisition again to re-acquire the best beam, assuming UE  102  is still in a low SNR state. 
     In some embodiments, there can be various ways to detect if the current best beam is unreliable in context of CBBF based on a tracking reliability indicator of the selected receiving beam. A tracking reliability indicator can provide a numerical qualitative indication of how non-ambiguous the identification of the currently recommended payload beam is, and how well beam-changes can be followed. A higher numerical value indicates a higher reliability. The indicator value is increased if any of the criteria given below is true by a value specific to each criteria and starting from an initial value of zero. Criteria used to determine the indicator value may include whether the currently recommended payload beam is based on tracking state information which indicates an uninterrupted history for at least a threshold. In some embodiments, the threshold can include N1 invocations of being able to follow beam switches, N2 invocations of being able to follow intended beam width changes, or N3 invocations of being currently on a beam which matches the intended beam width. If the tracking reliability indicator falls below a threshold, CHBF could be activated for re-acquisition of the best beam. 
     In some embodiments, CHBF-assisted CBBF acquisition can be extended to be performed for a UE having a joint V-/H-Array. In some embodiments, CHBF-assisted CBBF acquisition can be performed individually per V-/H-array. In some embodiments, different methods can be performed a UE having a joint V-/H-Array. At the initial CHBF run, the best beam and associated RSRP per V-/H-array can be computed. Assume without general restriction that the RSRP of the V-array is higher than the RSRP of the H-array. In this case, if the H-RSRP is below a certain threshold, it is expected that the best beam cannot be acquired at sufficient quality, also not in case of subsequent CBBF refinement. Thus, instead of selecting the beams independently from the V-/H-codebooks, the VH-codebook can be used for CBBF refinement. To do so, the CB-beams can be first determined on the V-array via CHBF, and process both the V- and H-array jointly in the subsequent CBBF refinement, computing the RSRP-sum of V-/H-array, using the V-array CB-beams to derive the associated H-array CB-beams according to the VH-codebook. Therefore, the VH-codebook can be fetched by a V-/H-beam pair with a V-beam index or H-beam index only, which can be done via two mapping tables for V-/H-array beams. 
     Various aspects can be implemented, for example, using one or more computer systems, such as computer system  500  shown in  FIG.  5   . Computer system  500  can be any computer capable of performing the functions described herein such as UE  102  or base station  101  in  FIG.  1   , for operations described for processor  123  or process  300 . Computer system  500  includes one or more processors (also called central processing units, or CPUs), such as a processor  504 . Processor  504  is connected to a communication infrastructure  506  (e.g., a bus). Computer system  500  also includes user input/output device(s)  503 , such as monitors, keyboards, pointing devices, etc., that communicate with communication infrastructure  506  through user input/output interface(s)  502 . Computer system  500  also includes a main or primary memory  508 , such as random access memory (RAM). Main memory  508  may include one or more levels of cache. Main memory  508  has stored therein control logic (e.g., computer software) and/or data. 
     Computer system  500  may also include one or more secondary storage devices or memory  510 . Secondary memory  510  may include, for example, a hard disk drive  512  and/or a removable storage device or drive  514 . Removable storage drive  514  may be a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, a compact disk drive, an optical storage device, tape backup device, and/or any other storage device/drive. 
     Removable storage drive  514  may interact with a removable storage unit  518 . Removable storage unit  518  includes a computer usable or readable storage device having stored thereon computer software (control logic) and/or data. Removable storage unit  518  may be a floppy disk, magnetic tape, compact disk, DVD, optical storage disk, and/any other computer data storage device. Removable storage drive  514  reads from and/or writes to removable storage unit  518  in a well-known manner. 
     According to some aspects, secondary memory  510  may include other means, instrumentalities or other approaches for allowing computer programs and/or other instructions and/or data to be accessed by computer system  500 . Such means, instrumentalities or other approaches may include, for example, a removable storage unit  522  and an interface  520 . Examples of the removable storage unit  522  and the interface  520  may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM or PROM) and associated socket, a memory stick and USB port, a memory card and associated memory card slot, and/or any other removable storage unit and associated interface. 
     In some examples, main memory  508 , the removable storage unit  518 , the removable storage unit  522  can store instructions that, when executed by processor  504 , cause processor  504  to perform operations for a UE, UE  102  or base station  101  in in  FIG.  1   , for operations described for processor  123  or process  300 . 
     Computer system  500  may further include a communication or network interface  524 . Communication interface  524  enables computer system  500  to communicate and interact with any combination of remote devices, remote networks, remote entities, etc. (individually and collectively referenced by reference number  528 ). For example, communication interface  524  may allow computer system  500  to communicate with remote devices  528  over communications path  526 , which may be wired and/or wireless, and which may include any combination of LANs, WANs, the Internet, etc. Control logic and/or data may be transmitted to and from computer system  500  via communication path  526 . 
     The operations in the preceding aspects can be implemented in a wide variety of configurations and architectures. Therefore, some or all of the operations in the preceding aspects may be performed in hardware, in software or both. In some aspects, a tangible, non-transitory apparatus or article of manufacture includes a tangible, non-transitory computer useable or readable medium having control logic (software) stored thereon is also referred to herein as a computer program product or program storage device. This includes, but is not limited to, computer system  500 , main memory  508 , secondary memory  510  and removable storage units  518  and  522 , as well as tangible articles of manufacture embodying any combination of the foregoing. Such control logic, when executed by one or more data processing devices (such as computer system  500 ), causes such data processing devices to operate as described herein. 
     Based on the teachings contained in this disclosure, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) how to make and use aspects of the disclosure using data processing devices, computer systems and/or computer architectures other than that shown in  FIG.  5   . In particular, aspects may operate with software, hardware, and/or operating system implementations other than those described herein. 
     It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not the Summary and Abstract sections, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more, but not all, exemplary aspects of the disclosure as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the disclosure or the appended claims in any way. 
     While the disclosure has been described herein with reference to exemplary aspects for exemplary fields and applications, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited thereto. Other aspects and modifications thereto are possible, and are within the scope and spirit of the disclosure. For example, and without limiting the generality of this paragraph, aspects are not limited to the software, hardware, firmware, and/or entities illustrated in the figures and/or described herein. Further, aspects (whether or not explicitly described herein) have significant utility to fields and applications beyond the examples described herein. 
     Aspects have been described herein with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined as long as the specified functions and relationships (or equivalents thereof) are appropriately performed. In addition, alternative aspects may perform functional blocks, steps, operations, methods, etc. using orderings different from those described herein. 
     References herein to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” or similar phrases, indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it would be within the knowledge of persons skilled in the relevant art(s) to incorporate such feature, structure, or characteristic into other aspects whether or not explicitly mentioned or described herein. 
     The breadth and scope of the disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary aspects, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 
     For one or more embodiments or examples, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section. 
     The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should only occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of, or access to, certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20220830
Publication Date: 20231121
Grant Date: 20231121
Priority Date: 20210830
Inventors: EDER, Franz J.
NAVARRO, ADRIAN CARLOS LOCH
JANSSEN, ANDRE
NEUHAUS, HOLGER
KOCAGOEZ, KENAN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04B7/0857", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0617", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0639", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/086", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/088", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0695", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0857", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0689", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0456", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/088", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/086", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0617", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/088", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/086", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/0639", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 85288501