PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10798673-B2
Application Number: US-201616080559-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Autonomous resource selection for vehicle-to-vehicle sidelink communications

Abstract:
Methods, systems, and storage media for reporting geo-information in wireless communications networks are described. In embodiments, a roadside unit (RSU) may instruct or configure a user equipment (UE) to report its geo-information to other UEs and/or receive other geo-information from the other UEs over vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) sidelinks. In embodiments, the RSU or a core network element may allocate radio resources for V2V communications to geographic areas and/or based on reported geo-information. In embodiments, the UE may use its geo-information and/or the obtained geo-information to select resources from the allocation for transmission or receipt of V2V messages. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Claims:
The invention claimed is: 
     
       1. An apparatus to be implemented in a user equipment (“UE”), the apparatus comprising:
 decoding circuitry to decode a message, received from a base station and including an allocation of spectrum resources to one or more GSRs of a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”), to obtain the allocation of the spectrum resources to the plurality of GSRs; and 
 central processing circuitry to:
 determine, based at least on geo-information associated with one or more other UEs that are within a target communication range of the UE, a position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE; and 
 select a set of the spectrum resources for one or more vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions based at least on (i) a position of the UE relative to a GSR of the plurality of GSRs and (ii) the position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE, wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources that conform with reliability criteria. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a geo-information reporting type and one or more synchronization sources from which to identify a reference time, wherein each of the one or more synchronization sources is associated with a priority, and wherein the central processing circuitry is to:
 determine the reference time via synchronization with a highest priority synchronization source of the one or more synchronization sources; 
 determine individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information based on the geo-information reporting type, wherein the individual time instances are to indicate a time at which geo-information is to be collected with a corresponding timestamp; 
 collect geo-information of the UE, wherein the position of the UE is based on the collected geo-information; and 
 obtain a timestamp for the collected geo-information at each individual time instance according to the reference time. 
 
     
     
       3. The apparatus of  claim 2 , wherein the message is a first message, and the apparatus further comprises:
 encoding circuitry to encode a second message including the geo-information and the timestamp; and 
 interface circuitry to operate in a UE-autonomous mode or a base station-controlled mode, wherein in the UE-autonomous mode, the interface circuitry is to:
 control transmission of the second message over a physical sidelink control channel (“PSCCH”), a physical sidelink shared channel (“PSSCH”), or physical sidelink discovery channel (“PSDCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and 
 control receipt of a third message over the PSCCH, the PSSCH, or the PSDCH, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with the one or more other UEs that are within a target communication range of the UE; and 
 
 wherein in the base station-controlled mode, the interface circuitry is to:
 control transmission of the second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and 
 control receipt of the third message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”). 
 
 
     
     
       4. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the allocation includes an association a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”) to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs, and wherein selection of the set of the spectrum resources is based on the position of the UE relative to positions of the plurality of GRPs or positions of the plurality of RRPs associated with GRPs. 
     
     
       5. The apparatus of  claim 4 , wherein to select the set of the spectrum resources, the central processing circuitry is further to:
 determine a position of one or more GRPs relative to the position of the UE or determine a position of the UE relative to the position of the one or more GRPs; and 
 select the set of the spectrum resources based on a closest GRP of the one or more GRPs, wherein the closest GRP has a position closest to the position of the UE, and wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources of an RRP associated with the closest GRP. 
 
     
     
       6. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media including program code, that when executed by one or more processors of a user equipment (“UE”), cause the UE to:
 identify, based on a message received from a base station and including an allocation of spectrum resources to one or more GSRs of a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”), the allocation of the spectrum resources to the plurality of GSRs; 
 determine a reference time based at least on information received from a synchronization source; 
 obtain geo-information of the UE according to the reference time; 
 determine, based on geo-information associated with one or more other UEs that are within a target communication range of the UE, a position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE, wherein the position of the UE is based on the obtained geo-information of the UE; 
 select a set of the spectrum resources for vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions based on (i) a position of the UE relative to a GSR of the plurality of GSRs, and (ii) the position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE, wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources that conform with reliability criteria; and 
 transmit, on the selected set of spectrum resources, the geo-information of the UE. 
 
     
     
       7. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 6 , wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a geo-information reporting periodicity, a plurality of synchronization sources and a priority associated with each of the plurality of synchronization sources, and wherein the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to:
 determine, based on the configuration, a highest priority synchronization source of the plurality of synchronization sources; 
 synchronize with the highest priority synchronization source to identify the reference time; 
 determine individual time instances based on the geo-information reporting periodicity, wherein the individual time instances are to indicate a time at which a timestamp is to be obtained for collected geo-information; 
 collect geo-information of the UE, wherein the position of the UE is based on the collected geo-information; and 
 obtain a timestamp for the collected geo-information at each individual time instance according to the reference time. 
 
     
     
       8. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 7 , wherein the message is a first message, and the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to:
 encode a second message including the geo-information; and 
 control transmission of the second message and control receipt of a third message according to a UE-autonomous mode or a base station-controlled mode, 
 wherein in the UE-autonomous mode, the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: 
 control transmission of the second message over a physical sidelink control channel (“PSCCH”), a physical sidelink shared channel (“PSSCH”), or physical sidelink discovery channel (“PSDCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and 
 control receipt of the third message over the PSCCH, the PSSCH, or the PSDCH, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with one or more other UEs that are within a target communication range of the UE, and 
 wherein in the base station-controlled mode, the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: 
 control transmission of the second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and 
 control receipt of the third message over a physical downlink shared channel (“POSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”). 
 
     
     
       9. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 8 , wherein to select the set of the spectrum resources, the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to:
 determine a position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE based on the other geo-information; and 
 select the set of the spectrum resources based on the position of the one or more other UEs with relative to the UE, wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources that conform with reliability criteria. 
 
     
     
       10. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 6 , wherein the allocation includes an association a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”) to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs, and wherein the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to:
 select the set of the spectrum resources based on the position of the UE relative to positions of the plurality of GRPs or positions of the plurality of RRPs. 
 
     
     
       11. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 10 , wherein to select the set of the RF spectrum resources, the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to:
 determine a position of one or more GRPs relative to the position of the UE or determine a position of the UE relative to the position of the one or more GRPs; and 
 select the set of the spectrum resources based on a closest GRP of the one or more GRPs, wherein the closest GRP has a position closest to the position of the UE, and wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources of an RRP associated with the closest GRP. 
 
     
     
       12. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 6 , wherein each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding roadside unit (“RSU”) and wherein the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to:
 control receipt of the message from an RSU, wherein the RSU is collocated with a GRP of the plurality of GRPs. 
 
     
     
       13. An apparatus to be implemented in a base station, the apparatus comprising:
 central processing circuitry to identify an allocation of spectrum resources to one or more GSRs of a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”) for one or more vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions, wherein the allocation of the spectrum resources is based at least on associating sets of the spectrum resources to corresponding ones of a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and corresponding ones of a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”); and 
 encoding circuitry to encode a message for transmission to a user equipment (“UE”) wherein the message is to indicate the allocation of spectrum resources to the one or more GSRs, wherein the allocation is for selection of a set of the spectrum resources for one or more V2V sidelink transmissions by the UE based on a GSR of the plurality of GSRs in which the UE is located. 
 
     
     
       14. The apparatus of  claim 13 , wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration indicates one or more synchronization sources from which to identify a reference time, a priority associated with each of the one or more synchronization sources, and a geo-information reporting periodicity, wherein the geo-information reporting periodicity is to indicate individual time instances at which a timestamp for collected geo-information is to be obtained, and wherein collection of the geo-information is for determination of a position of the UE. 
     
     
       15. The apparatus of  claim 14 , wherein the message is a first message, and the apparatus further comprises:
 interface circuitry to:
 control receipt of a second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, wherein the second message includes geo-information associated with the UE, 
 control transmission, to another UE that is within a target communication range of the UE, of the second message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”), and 
 control transmission, to the UE, of a third message over the PDSCH, the PDCCH, or the PMCH, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with the other UE. 
 
 
     
     
       16. The apparatus of  claim 15 , wherein the apparatus further comprises:
 decoding circuitry to decode the second message to obtain the geo-information, and to decode the third message to obtain the other geo-information, wherein the central processing circuitry is to adjust the allocation of spectrum resources to the one or more GSRs based on the geo-information and the other geo-information. 
 
     
     
       17. The apparatus of  claim 13 , wherein each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding roadside unit (“RSU”) and wherein to allocate the spectrum resources, the central processing circuitry is to:
 determine a first RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a first GRP collocated with a first RSU; 
 map a set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the first GRP; 
 determine a second RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a second GRP collocated with a second RSU, wherein the first GRP and the second GRP are spaced apart by a spatial isolation region; and 
 map the set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the second GRP. 
 
     
     
       18. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media including program code, that when executed by one or more processors of a base station (“BS”), cause the BS to:
 identify a geographic region including a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”); 
 allocate spectrum resources to one or more GSRs of the plurality of GSRs for one or more vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions, wherein the allocation of spectrum resources includes assignment of a same set of the spectrum resources to a first GSR and a second GSR of the plurality of GSRs, wherein the first GSR and the second GSR are spaced apart by a spatial isolation region, and wherein the allocation of the spectrum resources is based at least on associating sets of the spectrum resources to corresponding ones of a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and corresponding ones of a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”); 
 encode a message for transmission to a user equipment (“UE”) wherein the message is to indicate the allocation of spectrum resources to the one or more GSRs, wherein the allocation is for selection of a set of the spectrum resources for the one or more V2V sidelink transmissions by the UE based on a position of the UE relative to a GSR of the plurality of GSRs; and 
 transmit the encoded message to the UE using radio resource control (RRC) signaling, medium access control (MAC) signaling, or system information block (SIB) signaling. 
 
     
     
       19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 18 , wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration indicates one or more synchronization sources from which to identify a reference time, a priority associated with each of the one or more synchronizations sources, and a geo-information reporting periodicity, wherein the geo-information reporting periodicity is to indicate individual time instances at which a timestamp for collected geo-information is to be obtained, and wherein collection of the geo-information is for determination of the position of the UE. 
     
     
       20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 19 , wherein the message is a first message, and the BS, in response to execution of the program code, is to:
 control receipt of a second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, wherein the second message includes geo-information associated with the UE; 
 control receipt of a third message over the PUSCH or the PUCCH at each individual time instance according to the reference time, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with another UE that is within a target communication range of the UE; 
 control transmission, to the other UE, of the second message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”); and 
 control transmission, to the UE, of the third message over the PDSCH, the PDCCH, or the PMCH. 
 
     
     
       21. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 20 , wherein the BS, in response to execution of the program code, is to:
 decode the second message to obtain the geo-information of the UE; 
 decode the third message to obtain the other geo-information of the other UE; and 
 adjust the allocation of spectrum resources to the one or more GSRs based on the geo-information of the UE and the other geo-information of the other UE. 
 
     
     
       22. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of  claim 18 , wherein each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding roadside unit (“RSU”), and wherein to allocate the spectrum resources, the BS, in response to execution of the program code, is to:
 determine a first RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a first GRP collocated with a first RSU; 
 map a set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the first GRP; 
 determine a second RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a second GRP collocated with a second RSU, wherein the first RRP and the second RRP are spaced apart by a spatial isolation region; and 
 map the set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the second GRP.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a national phase entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2016/045017, filed Aug. 1, 2016, entitled “AUTONOMOUS RESOURCE SELECTION FOR VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE SIDELINK COMMUNICATIONS”, which designates the United States of America, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/317,198 filed on Apr. 1, 2016, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Implementations of the claimed invention generally relate to the field of wireless communications, and in particular, to allocation and selection of radio frequency resources for vehicle-to-vehicle sidelink transmissions. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications is an emerging field in wireless communications. V2V allows vehicles to communicate with each other to support various V2V applications, such as safety applications and autonomous operation/driving applications. V2V applications typically require high reliability of packet delivery within a predefined target communication range, and typically require very low latency packet delivery. These requirements may be difficult to achieve due to the ad-hoc nature of V2V communications. 
     In many deployment scenarios, a network element may be used to allocate and schedule radio frequency transmissions in order to meet the aforementioned requirements. 
     However, using a network element for radio frequency allocation and transmission scheduling may be computationally intensive and may also increase signaling overhead resulting in non-efficient utilization of spectrum resources. Some wireless networks allow for user equipment to autonomously select resources V2V communications. In such networks, the resources for V2V communications may be selected either randomly or using a medium sensing operation, which may reduce some collision and co-channel interference problems. However, performance of random and medium sensing based resource selection mechanisms still significantly suffer from in-band emissions problems and these methods do not account for user equipment moving at relatively high speeds. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a cellular communications network in accordance with various example embodiments; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example deployment scenario wherein V2V messages may be exchanged between user equipment, in accordance with various example embodiments; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates example components of an electronic device for wireless communication, in accordance with various example embodiments; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates example V2V resource allocation schemes, in accordance with various example embodiments; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example resource allocation, in accordance with various example embodiments; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a synchronous geo-information reporting scheme, in accordance with various example embodiments; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates another example resource allocation, in accordance with various example embodiments; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a process for exchanging geo-information between user equipment, in accordance with various example embodiments; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates the process for selecting spectrum resources for V2V communications, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates the process for configuring user equipment to exchange geo-information, in accordance with various embodiments; and 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example computer-readable media, in accordance with various example embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of the claimed invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the invention claimed may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail. 
     Various aspects of the illustrative embodiments will be described using terms commonly employed by those skilled in the art to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that alternate embodiments may be practiced with only some of the described aspects. For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, materials, and configurations are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the illustrative embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that alternate embodiments may be practiced without the specific details. In other instances, well-known features are omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the illustrative embodiments. 
     Further, various operations will be described as multiple discrete operations, in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the illustrative embodiments; however, the order of description should not be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations need not be performed in the order of presentation. 
     The phrase “in various embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” and the like are used repeatedly. The phrase generally does not refer to the same embodiments; however, it may. The terms “comprising,” “having,” and “including” are synonymous, unless the context dictates otherwise. The phrase “A and/or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B). The phrases “A/B” and “A or B” mean (A), (B), or (A and B), similar to the phrase “A and/or B.” For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “at least one of A and B” means (A), (B), or (A and B). The description may use the phrases “in an embodiment,” “in embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” and/or “in various embodiments,” which may each refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments. Furthermore, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like, as used with respect to embodiments of the present disclosure, are synonymous. 
     Example embodiments may be described as a process depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations may be performed in parallel, concurrently, or simultaneously. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process may be terminated when its operations are completed, but may also have additional steps not included in the figure(s). A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, and the like. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination may correspond to a return of the function to the calling function and/or the main function. 
     As used herein, the term “circuitry” refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. Example embodiments may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes, being executed by one or more of the aforementioned circuitry. The program code, software modules, and/or functional processes may include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular data types. The program code, software modules, and/or functional processes discussed herein may be implemented using existing hardware in existing communication networks. For example, program code, software modules, and/or functional processes discussed herein may be implemented using existing hardware at existing network elements or control nodes. 
     As used herein, the term “processor circuitry” or “central processing circuitry” refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations; recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. As used herein, the term “interface circuitry” refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry providing for the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces (for example, buses, input/output (I/O) interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and the like). 
     As used herein, the term “user equipment” may be considered synonymous to, and may hereafter be occasionally referred to, as a V2V device, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) device, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, user equipment (UE), subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, etc., and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” may include any type of wireless/wired device such as consumer electronics devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) devices, an in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, a wireless phones or smartphones, laptop personal computers (PCs), tablet PCs, wearable computer devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, and/or any other physical device capable of recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data to/from other computer devices. 
     As used herein, the term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, radio access network device, gateway, server, and/or any other like device. The term “network element” may describe a physical computer device of a wired or wireless communication network and be configured to host a virtual machine. Furthermore, the term “network element” may describe equipment that provides radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a “base station.” As used herein, the term “base station” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a node B, an enhanced or evolved node B (eNB), base transceiver station (BTS), access point (AP), roadside unit (RSU), any new radio-interface technologies developed by 3GPP and/or other like organizations, etc., and may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. Furthermore, the term “RSU” may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity implemented in an eNB or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE. An RSU implemented in a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU” and an RSU implemented in an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU.” 
     It should also be noted that the term “channel” as used herein may refer to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. Additionally, the term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “sidelink,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. As used herein, the terms “vehicle-to-vehicle” and “V2V” may refer to any communication involving a vehicle as a source or destination of a message. Additionally, the terms “vehicle-to-vehicle” and “V2V” as used herein may also encompass or be equivalent to vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications, vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communications, or V2X communications. 
     Embodiments herein relate to mechanisms for autonomous selection of radio frequency (RF) resources (also referred to as “spectrum resources”) for V2V sidelink transmissions. Example embodiments provide that geo-information, such as vehicle coordinates, speed, acceleration or other telematics and kinematic information, may be used for autonomous resource selection in order to maintain spatial isolation of transmissions from different vehicles in distributed manner. Example embodiments for autonomous resource selection may include synchronization and/or timestamp mechanisms, mechanisms for geolocation information acquisition, mechanisms to associate spectrum resources with geolocation information, mechanisms to facilitate the exchange of geolocation information, and resource selection processes and/or procedures. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a cellular communications network  100  (also referred to as “network  100 ”), according to various example embodiments. Network  100  includes two UEs  105  (UE  105 - 1  and UE  105 - 2  are collectively referred to as “UE  105 ” or “UEs  105 ”), two eNBs  110  (eNB  110 - 1  and eNB  110 - 2  are collectively referred to as “eNB  110 ” or “eNBs  110 ”), two cells  115  (cell  115 - 1  and cell  115 - 2  are collectively referred to as “cell  115 ” or “cells  115 ”), and one or more servers  135  in a core network (CN)  140  that is connected to the internet  145 . The following description is provided for an example network  100  that operates in conjunction with the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard as provided by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) technical specifications (TS). However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that may benefit from the principles described herein, such as 3GPP fifth generation (5G) networks, WiFi or 
     Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMaX) networks, and the like. Furthermore, for illustrative purposes, the network  100  is shown and described as being deployed in a two dimensional (2D) freeway/highway/roadway environment wherein the UEs  105  are implemented in automobiles. However, the embodiments described herein are also applicable to three dimensional (3D) deployment scenarios where the UEs  105  are implemented in flying objects, such as aircraft, drones, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and the like. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , UEs  105  may be physical hardware devices capable of running one or more applications, capable of accessing network services via one or more radio links  120  (radio link  120 - 1  and radio link  120 - 2  are collectively referred to as “radio links  120 ” or “links  120 ”) with a corresponding eNB  110 , and capable of communicating with one another via sidelink  125 . Links  120  may allow the UEs  105  to transmit and receive data from an eNB  110  that provides the link  120 . Links  120  are described in more detail infra. The sidelink  125  may allow the UEs  105  to transmit and receive data from one another. The sidelink  125  between the UEs  105  may include one or more channels for transmitting information from UE  105 - 1  to UE  105 - 2  and vice versa and/or between UEs  105  and UE-type RSUs (not shown by  FIG. 1 ) and vice versa. The channels may include the Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH), Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH), Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), and/or any other like communications channels. The air interface between two or more UEs  105  and a UE  105  and a UE-type RSU (not shown by  FIG. 1 ) may be referred to as a PC5 interface. To transmit/receive data to/from one or more eNBs  110  or UEs  105 , the UEs  105  may include a transmitter/receiver (or alternatively, a transceiver), memory, one or more processors, and/or other like components that enable the UEs  105  to operate in accordance with one or more wireless communications protocols and/or one or more cellular communications protocols. The UEs  105  may have multiple antenna elements that enable the UEs  105  to maintain multiple links  120  and/or sidelinks  125  to transmit/receive data to/from multiple eNBs  110  and/or multiple UEs  105 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 1 , UE  105  may connect with eNB  110 - 1  via link  120 - 1  and simultaneously connect with UE  105 - 2  via sidelink  125 . An example deployment scenario where V2V messages may be exchanged between UEs  105  via sidelinks  125  is shown and described with regard to  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example deployment scenario  100 A wherein V2V messages may be exchanged between UEs  105  via sidelinks  125 , in accordance with various example embodiments. As shown by  FIG. 2 , V2V transmissions may be delivered to proximate UEs  105  within a target V2V communication range RT (also referred to as “target communication range RT” and the like). The target communication range RT may be smaller in comparison to an actual communication range RC. In embodiments, the size of the target communication range RT may be based on a distance at which a V2V message can be delivered due to channel propagation conditions, link budget, radio distance, and/or other like factors. Example embodiments provide spectrum resource selection procedures that allow a transmitting UE  105  to transmit V2V messages to receiving UEs  105  within the target communication range RT. The spectrum resource selection procedures of the example embodiments may help avoid half-duplex and co-channel interference. Co-channel interference may arise when two proximate UEs  105  select the same spectrum resource (for example, a same time-frequency channel) for transmission. Half-duplex problems may arise when a UE  105  cannot transmit and receive simultaneously or within the same time interval, and therefore, if several UEs  105  transmit at the same time instance they cannot hear each other thereby adversely affecting reliability of V2V transmissions if two UEs  105  are within target communication range RT of each other. 
     In order to maximize sharing of spectrum resources, as well as improve spectrum efficiency and V2V system capacity, example embodiments provide that spectrum resources may be reused by UEs  105  that are separated by a V2V spatial isolation range RI. For example a first UE  105  may be allowed to select the same spectrum resource that a second UE  105  has selected when the first UE  105  and the second UE  105  are separated by the V2V spatial isolation range RI. The V2V spatial isolation range RI is used to ensure that V2V messages from transmitting UEs  105  occupying the same spectrum resource are reliably delivered to target receiving UEs  105  within a corresponding target V2V communication range RT from the transmitting UEs  105 . 
     One issue that may arise is that transmitting UEs  105  occupying the same spectrum resource may create mutual interference for receiving UEs  105 . In addition, transmitting UEs  105  occupying the same spectrum resource may be out of communication range from each other, and thus, may not be able to detect collision on selected spectrum resources and/or estimate impact from collisions on reliability of message delivery to target receiving UEs  105  within their own communication range. In general, from a system perspective it may be desirable to increase target communication range RT such that it has a similar size as the communication range RC to reduce the likelihood of impacts from inter-UE interference. Another problem in V2V communication is the near-far or in-band emission problem. This problem may exist due to non-power controlled transmission toward a particular receiving UE  105  due to the broadcast nature of V2V operation. Therefore, even if two distant transmitting UEs  105  have selected an orthogonal frequency resource at the same time (or within a same transmission time interval), the receiving UEs  105  that are located close to a particular transmitting UE  105  may not be able to successfully receive a V2V message from a distant transmitting UE  105  due to near-far and in-band emission effects. The resource selection procedures of the example embodiments may resolve the previously mentioned problems. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1 , UEs  105  may be capable of collecting and/or determining geo-information, such as a geolocation, GNSS coordinates, or GPS coordinates or by tracking vehicle kinematic systems. In order to estimate its own geo-information, a UE  105  may utilize its GNSS circuitry and/or GPS circuitry, as well as location applications. In addition, the UEs  105  may determine their geo-information using network based positioning techniques and/or information from an internal onboard kinematic system including meters or sensors (for example, speedometers, accelerometers, altimeters, and/or other like sensors). Furthermore, the UEs  105  may be capable of measuring various cell-related criteria, such as channel conditions and signal quality (for example, reception-transmission time difference measurements, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measurements, channel occupancy measurements, RSRP/RSRQ measurements, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) measurements, Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) measurements, and the like), which may be signaled to an eNB  110  in a measurement report. 
     In various embodiments, the UEs  105  may provide a report including collected geo-information (also referred to as a “geo-information report” or “geo-information update”) to one or more other UEs  105 . The UEs  105  may use their own geo-information and geo-information exchanged among the UEs  105  to select spectrum resources for V2V communications. In some embodiments, the UEs  105  may provide a geo-information report to one or more eNBs  110 , which may be used by the eNB  110  for scheduling and/or spectrum allocation purposes. The UEs  105  may collect and report geo-information to other UEs  105  and/or eNBs  110  based on instructions or a geo-information configuration received from an eNB  110 . In embodiments, the geo-information configuration may indicate criteria and/or parameters for reporting geo-information to other UEs  105  and/or eNBs  110 , such as a report type that may indicate a coordinate system and/or message type of a geo-information report, a geo-information reporting type that may indicate whether geo-information reporting is periodic or based on an event and/or trigger, timestamp information that may indicate how and when to collect a timestamp for obtained geo-information (for example, explicit, implicit, or synchronous), trigger information that may indicate an event or condition for transmitting a geo-information report, a spectrum allocation, scheduling information, and the like. To these ends, UEs  105  may be capable of receiving radio frequency signals from the eNBs  110 , decoding these signals to obtain messages from the eNBs  110 , generating and encoding messages (for example, geo-information reports), and signaling such messages to the eNBs  110 . 
     As mentioned previously, UEs  105  may be capable of autonomously selecting RF spectrum resources for transmitting and receiving V2V communications. To autonomously select RF spectrum resources, each UE  105  may be capable of synchronizing itself with a synchronization source, which may be indicated to the UEs  105  in a geo-information configuration. The synchronization source may provide a timing reference, which may be used to organize V2V communications (in time and frequency) across the network  100  or a portion of the network  100 . Synchronizing the V2V communications across the network  100  or a portion of the network  100  may be used for enhanced resource allocation mechanisms based on partitioning overall spectrum resources on time-frequency sub-channels common across UEs  105  that can be selected for transmission to reduce co-channel interference, collisions, and in-band emissions issues. The synchronization source may be the network  100  or one or more external (or global) synchronization sources. For example, the UEs  105  may use a GNSS as a synchronization source in deployment scenarios where global synchronization is desired, or the UEs  105  may use a network time (or timing) as a synchronization source in deployment scenarios where network-based synchronization is desired. In some embodiments, UEs  105  may use GNSS as a primary synchronization source, and the UEs  105  may use the network time as a secondary or fallback synchronization source that is used when GNSS is unavailable. In other embodiments, each UE  105  may use a UE component or embedded device as a synchronization source. For example, the UEs  105  may include a relatively stable atomic clock, which can be used to derive an absolute timing for synchronization. In another example, the UEs  105  may derive an absolute timing for synchronization from a crystal oscillator of the GNSS or GPS circuitry. The atomic clock or crystal oscillator may be used as a primary or secondary synchronization source. Furthermore, the geo-information configuration may list of available synchronization sources and an associated priority (for example, using the GNSS as a synchronization source being a first or highest priority, using the network time as a synchronization source being a second or next highest priority, using an embedded device as a third or lowest priority, and the like). 
     Furthermore, each UE  105  may be capable of determining an association of spectrum resources designated for V2V communications with a reference time of a synchronization source, one or more geographic reference points (GRPs), and/or one or more reference spectrum resource points (RRPs). In this way, the UEs  105  may determine RF spectrum resources for V2V communications at any particular time instance at any particular geo-location. Processes and/or schemes for associating spectrum resources with synchronization sources, GRPs, and/or RRPs are shown and described with regard to  FIGS. 4-7 . Each UE  105  may also implement a spectrum resource selection procedure using its own geo-information, geo-information of neighboring UEs  105 , and the synchronization information to select appropriate RF spectrum resources for the V2V communications. Example spectrum resource selection procedures or process are shown and described with regard to  FIGS. 8-9 . 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1 , eNBs  110  may be hardware computer devices configured to provide wireless communication services to mobile devices (for example, UEs  105 ) within a coverage area or cell  115  associated with an eNB  110  (for example, cell  115 - 1  associated with eNB  110 - 1  and cell  115 - 2  associated with eNB  115 - 2 ). eNBs  110  may also be referred to as eNB-type RSUs. A cell  115  providing services to UEs  105  (or UE-type RSUs) may also be referred to as a “serving cell,” “cell coverage area,” and the like. Each eNB  110  may be part of a radio access network (RAN) or associated with a radio access technology (RAT). For example, the eNBs  110  may be associated with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) when employing LTE standards, or the eNBs  110  may be eMBB devices that are associated with a New Radio access technology (NR) (also referred to as “Next Generation Access Technologies”) of a fifth generation (5G) network. As discussed previously, eNBs  110  may provide wireless communication services to UE  105  via links  120 . The links  120  between the eNBs  110  (or eNB-type RSUs) and the UEs  105  (or UE-type RSUs) may include one or more downlink (or forward) channels for transmitting information from eNB  110  (or eNB-type RSUs) to UE  105  (or UE-type RSUs). Links  120  may also include one or more uplink (or reverse) channels for transmitting information from UEs  105  (or UE-type RSUs) to an eNBs  110  (or eNB-type RSUs). The channels may include the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARD) indicator channel (PHICH), physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physical multicast channel (PMCH), physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), physical random access channel (PRACH), and/or any other like communications channels. The air interface between a UE  105  (or a UE-type RSU) and an eNB  110  (or an eNB-type RSU) may be referred to as an LTE-Uu interface. 
     The eNBs  110  may include a transmitter/receiver (or alternatively, a transceiver) connected to one or more antennas, one or more memory devices, one or more processors, and/or other like components. The one or more transmitters/receivers may be configured to transmit/receive data signals to/from one or more UEs  105  within its cell  115  via one or more links that may be associated with a transmitter and a receiver. In embodiments where network  100  employs LTE or LTE-A standards, eNBs  110  may employ Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) protocols, for example, using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) for scheduling and transmitting downlink communications and single carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for scheduling and receiving uplink communications from UEs  105 . Furthermore, eNBs  110  may be capable of communicating with one another over a backhaul connection  130  and may communicate with the one or more servers  135  within a core network (CN)  140  over another backhaul connection  133 . The backhaul connection  130  may include a wired connection employing an X2 application protocol (AP) interface, which defines an interface for communicating data packets directly between eNBs  110 . The backhaul connection  133  may include a wired connection employing an S1-AP interface, which defines a protocol for the forwarding of packets to one or more mobility management entities (MMEs), one or more Serving Gateways (SGWs), and/or other like CN elements and protocols introduced to support V2X specific services and intelligent transportation system applications. 
     Each eNB  110  may allocate spectrum resources and/or schedule V2V sidelink transmissions (also referred to as “V2V communications”) over the PC5 air interface. In such embodiments, the eNBs  110  may schedule the V2V communications for the UEs  105  according to a semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) algorithm, and may provide scheduling information to the UEs  105 . In embodiments, the scheduling information may include a resource allocation that associates a spectrum resource grid with geo-information or geographic sub-regions (GSRs). The UEs  105  may use the scheduling information and obtained geo-information to select one or more RF spectrum resources (for example, time-orthogonal or time-frequency orthogonal spectrum resources) on which to transmit or receive V2V communications within a target communication range RT while preserving a spatial isolation range RI. In addition depending on the radio-interface technology in use, the UE physical layer transmission parameters can be associated with geo-location information (for example, demodulated reference signal (DMRS) sequence, spreading codes, transmission power, and the like) In various embodiments, the eNBs  110  may instruct UEs  105  how and when to determine or obtain their geo-information, how and when to report the geo-information to the eNB  110  and/or other UEs  105 , and how and when to timestamp the obtained geo-information. These instructions may be referred to as a “geo-information reporting configuration,” “geo-information updating configuration,” “geo-information configuration,” and the like. Such geo-information configurations may also include GRP configurations instructing the UEs  105  how and when to signal V2V communications using relative vehicle geo-information, and/or RRP configurations indicating how RRPs are associated with GRPs, which may also indicate how and when to signal V2V communications. Alternatively, in other embodiments this information may be at least partially provided by application layers to the UE. 
     CN  140  may include one or more hardware devices such as the one or more servers  135 . These servers may provide various telecommunications services to the UEs  105 . In embodiments where network  100  employs the LTE standards, the one or more servers  135  of the CN  140  may comprise components of the System Architecture Evolution (SAE) with an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) as described by 3GPP TSs. In such embodiments, the one or more servers  135  of the CN  140  may include components such as one or more MMES and/or one or more Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Nodes (SGSN) (each of which may be referred to as an “SGSN/MME”), one or more serving gateways (SGW), one or more packet data network (PDN) gateways (PGW), one or more home subscriber servers (HSS), one or more access network discovery and selection functions (ANDSF), one or more evolved packet data gateways (ePDGs), one or more MTC interworking functions (IWF), one or more ProSe functions, one or more SLPs, and/or other like components as are known. In embodiments, the CN  140  may include one or more dedicated core networks (DCNs), where each DCN includes one or more of the aforementioned CN elements that are dedicated to serve specific type(s) of subscriber or traffic. The various CN elements of the CN  140  may route phone calls from UE  105  to other mobile phones or landline phones, or provide the UE  105  with a connection to the internet  145  for communication with one or more applications servers and/or other computer devices. Because the components of the SAE core network and their functionality are generally well-known, a further detailed description of the SAE core network is omitted. It should also be noted that the aforementioned functions may be provided by the same physical hardware device or by separate components and/or devices. 
     Although  FIG. 1  shows two cell coverage areas (for example, cells  115 ), two base stations (for example, eNBs  110 ), and two mobile devices (for example, UEs  105 ), it should be noted that in various example embodiments, network  100  may include many more eNBs serving many more UEs than those shown in  FIG. 1 . However, it is not necessary that all of these generally conventional components be shown in order to understand the example embodiments as described herein. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates, for one embodiment, example components of an electronic device  300 . In various embodiments, the electronic device  300  may implemented in or by UE  105  and/or an eNB  110  as described previously with regard to  FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, the electronic device  300  may include application circuitry  302 , baseband circuitry  304 , radio frequency (RF) circuitry  306 , front-end module (FEM) circuitry  308  and one or more antennas  310 , coupled together at least as shown. In embodiments where the electronic device  300  is implemented in or by an eNB  110 , the electronic device  300  may also include network interface circuitry (not shown) for communicating over a wired interface (for example, an X2 interface, an S1 interface, and the like). 
     The application circuitry  302  may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry  302  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors  302   a . The processor(s)  302   a  may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors  302   a  may be coupled with and/or may include computer-readable media  302   b  (also referred to as “CRM  302   b ”, “memory  302   b ”, “storage  302   b ”, or “memory/storage  302   b ”) and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the CRM  302   b  to enable various applications and/or operating systems to run on the system. 
     The baseband circuitry  304  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry  304  may include one or more baseband processors and/or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry  306  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  306 . Baseband circuitry  304  may interface with the application circuitry  302  for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry  306 . For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  304  may include a second generation (2G) baseband processor  304   a , third generation (3G) baseband processor  304   b , fourth generation (4G) baseband processor  304   c , and/or other baseband processor(s)  304   d  for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (for example, 5G, 6G, etc.). The baseband circuitry  304  (e.g., one or more of baseband processors  304   a - d ) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry  306 . The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, and the like. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry  304  may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, and/or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding circuitry  304   h  and decoding circuitry  304   i  of the baseband circuitry  304  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, and/or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC), polar encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  304  may include elements of a protocol stack such as, for example, elements of an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) protocol including, for example, physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), and/or radio resource control (RRC) elements. A CPU  304   e  (also referred to as “central processing circuitry”) of the baseband circuitry  304  may be configured to run elements of the protocol stack for signaling of the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP and/or RRC layers. In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may include one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP)  304   f  The audio DSP(s)  304   f  may include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. The baseband circuitry  304  may further include computer-readable media  304   g  (also referred to as “CRM  304   g ”, “memory  304   g ”, “storage  304   g ”, or “CRM  304   g ”). The CRM  304   g  may be used to load and store data and/or instructions for operations performed by the processors of the baseband circuitry  104 . CRM  304   g  for one embodiment may include any combination of suitable volatile memory and/or non-volatile memory. The CRM  304   g  may include any combination of various levels of memory/storage including, but not limited to, read-only memory (ROM) having embedded software instructions (e.g., firmware), random access memory (e.g., dynamic random access memory (DRAM)), cache, buffers, etc. The memory/storage  304   g  may be shared among the various processors or dedicated to particular processors. Components of the baseband circuitry  304  may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  304  and the application circuitry  302  may be implemented together, such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SoC). 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  304  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  304  may support communication with an E-UTRAN and/or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry  304  is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry. 
     RF circuitry  306  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry  306  may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc., to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry  306  may include a receive signal path that may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  308  and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry  304 . RF circuitry  306  may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  304  and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry  308  for transmission. 
     In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  306  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the RF circuitry  306  may include mixer circuitry  306   a , amplifier circuitry  306   b  and filter circuitry  306   c . The transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  306  may include filter circuitry  306   c  and mixer circuitry  306   a . RF circuitry  306  may also include synthesizer circuitry  306   d  for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  308  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry  306   d . The amplifier circuitry  306   b  may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry  306   c  may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry  304  for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry  306   a  of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry  306   d  to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry  308 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry  304  and may be filtered by filter circuitry  306   c . The filter circuitry  306   c  may include a low-pass filter (LPF), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and/or upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and/or direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry  306  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry  304  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry  306 . 
     In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  306   d  may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect, as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry  306   d  may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. The synthesizer circuitry  306   d  may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  306   a  of the RF circuitry  306  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  306   d  may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry  304  or the application circuitry  302  depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry  302 . 
     Synthesizer circuitry  306   d  of the RF circuitry  306  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle. 
     In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry  306   d  may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  306  may include an IQ/polar converter. 
     FEM circuitry  308  may include a receive signal path that may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas  310 , amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry  306  for further processing. FEM circuitry  308  may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry  306  for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas  310 . In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry  308  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry  308  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  306 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  308  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  306 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas  310 ). 
     In embodiments where the electronic device is implemented in or by an eNB  110 , the electronic device  300  may include network interface circuitry  312 . The network interface circuitry  312  may be one or more computer hardware components that connect electronic device  300  to one or more network elements, such as one or more servers within a core network or one or more other eNBs via a wired connection. To this end, the network interface circuitry  312  may support one or more data link layer standards, such as X2 application protocol (AP), S1 AP, Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), Ethernet, Point-to-Point (PPP), Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and/or any other suitable data link layer protocol. Furthermore, the network interface circuitry  312  may include, or may be associated with processing circuitry, including one or more dedicated processors, logic circuits, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and the like, to provide processing techniques suitable to carry out communications according to the one or more data link layer standards used by the network interface circuitry  312 . 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device  300  may include additional elements such as, for example, a display, a camera, one or more sensors, input/output (I/O) interfaces, and/or buses (not shown). Furthermore, in various embodiments, the various components/elements depicted by  FIG. 3  may be rearranged, broken into additional components, combined, and/or omitted altogether. 
     In embodiments where the electronic device  300  is an eNB  110  or is incorporated into or otherwise part of an eNB  110 , processor circuitry of the eNB  110  (for example, one or more processors  302   a  or one or more processors  304   a - e ) may be to identify a geographic region including a plurality of GSRs, wherein each GSR of the plurality of GSRs is associated with a GRP of a plurality of GRPs and a RRP of a plurality of RRPs. The processor circuitry of the eNB  110  may also be to allocate RF spectrum resources to each GSR of the plurality of GSRs for one or more V2V sidelink transmissions. Encoding circuitry of the eNB  110  (for example, encoding circuitry  304   h ) may be to encode a message for transmission to a UE  105 . The message may indicate the allocation of RF spectrum resources to each GSR including an association of GRPs and RRPs to each GSR. The allocation may be for selection of a set of the RF spectrum resources for the one or more V2V sidelink transmissions by the UE based on a position of the UE relative to positions of the plurality of GRPs and positions of the plurality of RRPs. 
     In some embodiments where the electronic device  300  is implemented in an eNB  110 , CRM  302   b  may store program code, which when executed by the processors  302   a  of the application circuitry  302 , may cause the eNB  110  to allocate spectrum resources, configure UEs  105  for geo-information exchange, and/or perform any other method/procedure/process described herein. In other embodiments where the electronic device  300  is implemented in an eNB  110 , CRM  304   g  may store program code, which when executed by one or more processors  304   a - e  of the baseband circuitry  304 , may cause the eNB  110  to allocate spectrum resources, configure UEs  105  for geo-information exchange, and/or perform any other method/procedure/process described herein. Furthermore, the components of the electronic device  300  may be configured to perform the processes described herein, such as processes  1000  described with respect to  FIG. 10 . 
     In embodiments where the electronic device  300  is a UE  105  or is incorporated into or otherwise part of a UE  105 , decoding circuitry of the UE  105  (for example, decoding circuitry  304   i ) may be to decode a message to obtain an allocation of RF spectrum resources to each of a plurality of GSRs. The allocation may include an association a plurality of GRPs and a plurality of RRPs to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs. Processor circuitry of the UE  105  (for example, one or more processors  304   a - e ) may be to select a set of the RF spectrum resources for one or more V2V sidelink transmissions based on a position of the UE relative to positions of the plurality of GRPs or positions of the plurality of RRPs. Furthermore, the components of the electronic device  300  may be configured to perform the processes described herein (or parts thereof), such as processes  800 - 900  described with respect to  FIGS. 8-9 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates example V2V resource allocation schemes, in accordance with various example embodiments. As shown, the example V2V resource allocation schemes may include a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) sidelink resource allocation scheme  400 - 1  (also referred to as “scheme  400 - 1 ” or “spectrum resource grid  400 - 1 ”) and a Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and TDM sidelink resource allocation scheme  400 - 2  (also referred to as “scheme  400 - 2 ” or “spectrum resource grid  400 - 2 ”) (collectively referred to as “schemes  400 ”). The schemes  400  may be used by the UEs  105  that are synchronized and have the same timing reference, such that their transmission timing and transmission intervals are aligned in time (also referred to as “time-slotted communication”) and duration. As shown by  FIG. 4 , scheme  400 - 1  may include a plurality of time resources  405  (also referred to as “time sub-channels  405 ”), each of which having a width of a time granularity Δt (for example, in milliseconds (ms)) and a length of a frequency granularity Δf. In the scheme  400 - 1 , the frequency granularity Δf may be equal to a system bandwidth, which may be the amount of spectrum resources allocated for V2V sidelink transmissions or a subset thereof. Each time resource  405  may be assigned to an individual UE  105 , and each UE  105  may transmit V2V transmissions using selected RF spectrum resources within the system bandwidth during a time instant within its assigned time granularity Δt. The scheme  400 - 1  may be used in deployment scenarios where very high data packet reliability is required (for example, where a reliability requirement of 1-10-5=99.999% is needed). 
     Scheme  400 - 2  may include a plurality of time-frequency resource  410  (also referred to as “time-frequency sub-channels  410 ”), each of which having a width of time granularity Δt (for example, in ms) and a length of a frequency granularity Δf. In contrast to scheme  400 - 1 , scheme  400 - 2  may have a frequency granularity Δf that is equal to a predefined amount of spectrum resources. The predefined amount of spectrum resources of each frequency granularity M may include one or more subframes or one or more sub-carriers. Each of time-frequency resource(s)  410  may be assigned to an individual UE  105 , and each UE  105  may transmit or receive V2V transmissions using selected RF spectrum resource(s) on a frequency resource(s) within its allocated frequency granularity Δf during a time instant or time instances within its assigned time granularity Δt. In general, the scheme  400 - 2  may be used in deployment scenarios where reduction in co-channel interference is prioritized. In the examples shown by  FIG. 4 , the UEs  105  may have a common notion of time (for example, coordinated universal time (UTC) time or other reference timing) and subframe and/or slot boundaries that are aligned across all UEs  105  in time. This may provide relatively tight synchronization, which may be subject to synchronization errors within cyclic prefix duration (for example, in the order of microseconds or fractions thereof). 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example resource allocation  500 , in accordance with various example embodiments. The resource allocation  500  may also be referred to as a geo-based transmission schedule. In the example shown by  FIG. 5 , a roadway may be divided into geographic grid  505  including geographic sub-regions (GSRs)  510 . In 2D geometric deployment scenarios, each GSR  510  may have a size of an ΔX granularity by a ΔY granularity. In embodiments, the size and/or shape of the GSRs  510  may be determined by an associated eNB  110  or RSU. In such embodiments, the eNB  110  or RSU or V2X application layer may divide or partition an associated geographic region into the GSRs  510 . In some embodiments, the size of each GSR  510  may be the same or similar to the average size of a vehicle (for example, one or several meters in length and/or width) or larger. The grid  505  may be mapped to the resource allocation scheme  400 - 2  (shown and described with regard to  FIG. 4 ) such that each GSR  510  is mapped to a time-frequency spectrum resource  410  having a time granularity Δt and a frequency granularity Δf (also shown and described with regard to  FIG. 4 ). Although  FIG. 4  shows a one-to-one mapping, other types of mappings, such as one-to-many, many-to-one or many-to-many can be used in other embodiments. In some embodiments, spatial reuse may provide multiple spatially isolated geo-sub regions that can be mapped to the same spectrum resource(s). In this way, when a UE  105  (for example UE  105 - 1 ) would like to transmit a V2V message to another UE  105  (for example, UE  105 - 2 ), the UE  105  may determine its geolocation (for example, a GSR  510  in which UE  105 - 1  is located), select one or more associated spectrum resources (for example, a time-frequency sub-channel  410  associated with the GSR  510  in which the UE  105 - 1  is located), and the UE  105  may transmit the V2V message in the selected one or more resources. 
     This approach shown by  FIG. 5  may require a relatively large amount of spectrum resources to assign many unique resources within the V2V spatial isolation range (for example, the geographic grid of ΔX and ΔY granularity). In some deployment scenarios, the amount of spectrum resources allocated for V2V communications may not be sufficient to ensure that GSRs  510  have a size that is the same or similar to the average vehicle size to ensure required spatial isolation range and ensure reliable communication at the V2V target communication range. Therefore, in other embodiments, the size of each GSR  510  may be as large as several vehicles, and each UE  105  in a same GSR  510  may select the same or similar spectrum resources for transmitting V2V messages. However, such embodiments may increase the likelihood of packet collisions, which may require more robust resource selection procedures. 
     As discussed previously, V2V applications typically require high reliability of packet delivery within the target communication range R T  of a transmitting UE  105 . The resource allocation  500  may provide unique resource assignments within a spatial isolation range R I  to ensure packet delivery reliability. In various embodiments, the number of spectrum resources that are needed to enable unique resource assignments within the spatial isolation range R I  may be determined using a reliability criteria equation. Furthermore, the reliability equation may be used by UEs  105  to autonomously select spectrum resources. An example reliability criteria equation is shown by equation 1 below.
 
( R   I   ·W )/(Δ X·ΔY )≥ N   FT   =N   F   ·N   T   [Equation 1]
 
     In equation 1, W is a road width, which may be measured or expressed as a number of lanes or lane widths; R I  is the required spatial isolation range; ΔX·ΔY is the size of a GSR  510  associated with a time-frequency resource  410 ; NFT is a total amount of time-frequency resources  410  within the spectrum resource grid  400 - 2  (for example, a total number of time-frequency sub-channels  410 ) associated with GSRs  510  having a size RI·W; NT is an amount of time resources (for example, a number of slots or subframes) within spectrum resource grid  400 - 2  associated with GSRs  510  having a size RI·W; and NF is an amount of frequency resources (for example, frequency sub-channels  410  or a number of frequency granularities Δf) within spectrum resource grid  400 - 2  associated with GSRs  510  having a size RI·W. In embodiments, where TDM resource grid  400 - 1  is used instead of grid  400 - 2 , the variable NF may be equal to 1. In embodiments, RI·W may represent a square or rectangle of each GSR  510 . Furthermore, in some embodiments, spatial isolation region RI may equal KX·ΔX and the road width W may equal KY·ΔY, where KX and KY are constant values. 
     In embodiments, the reliability criteria may be met if ΔX by ΔY is similar to average vehicle dimensions and the number of the GSRs  510  exceeds an amount of associated spectrum resources of granularity Δf by Δt. For example, in a TDM deployment where the average vehicle length is 5 meters and the spatial isolation range RI is 900 meters, then 180 time resources may be needed to meet the reliability criteria. Assuming that each time resource occupies 1 ms (for example, one transmission time interval (TTI) in LTE systems), a latency requirement of 100 ms may not be satisfied with such time granularity. Therefore, instead of using hard or permanent geo-resource partitioning, in various embodiments, the spectrum resources and/or GSR  510  sizes/shapes may be partitioned or determined dynamically based on traffic density (for example, a number of occupied GSRs  510 , a number of UEs  105  occupying each GSR  510 , and the like), load conditions (for example, a number of V2V transmissions being transmitted or being schedule for transmission), and/or other like criteria. 
     In addition, many V2V applications require relatively low latency for packet delivery within the target communication range RT of a transmitting UE  105 . In some deployment scenarios, V2V applications may have very strict end-to-end latency constraints TL, for example 100 ms or less for road safety applications or less than 10 ms for some autonomous driving applications. Therefore, in various embodiments, the time granularity Δt and the number of time resources NT may be selected such that Δt·NT is less than the latency requirement TL to satisfy the latency requirements for various V2V applications. 
     Furthermore, some V2V applications may require a specific link budget or require a receiving UE  105  to be within a predetermined target communication range RT of a transmitting UE  105 . Therefore, in various embodiments, there may be an additional boundary equation determining a link budget of transmission. In such embodiments, the energy per information bit should be above predetermined threshold or value. In other words, the ratio of energy (calculated as the product of time granularity of transmission resource on received power ΔtPRX) per information bit of the packet size L to noise power spectral density (NO) should exceed the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per information bit that is required to meet PER requirement for given packet size. A required link budget may be calculated using equation 2 below.
 
(Δ tPRX/N 0/ L )&gt;SNR per information bit at target communication range  RT    [Equation 2]
 
     The aforementioned conditions may be used to determine the required resource allocation parameters and evaluate feasibility to meet the reliability requirement at a target communication range or estimate the communication range under fixed physical settings, for example, transmit power, packet size, channel propagation conditions, and/or other like settings. 
     The described embodiments may also be applicable to three dimensional (3D) coordinate systems, which may be used by UEs  105  that are implemented by flying drones or UAVs. For example, the reliability criteria for spectrum resource allocation and/or selection in 3D coordinate systems may be represented by equation 2.
 
[ f   i   ,t   i ]= F ({[ X   k   ,Y   k   ,Z   k ]}, R   I   ,N   T   ,N   F   ,RX  power,Δ X,ΔY,ΔZ )   [Equation 3]
 
     In equation 2, f i  may be a frequency resource index; t 1  may be a time resource index {[X k , Y k , Z k ]} may be a vector of coordinates in 3D space of multiple UEs  105 ; RI may be a spatial isolation range; ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ may be the size of the 3D GSRs associated with time-frequency resources; NT may be an amount of time resources (for example, a number of slots or subframes) within a 3D spectrum resource grid (e.g. time resource index, frequency resource index and code index or spatial beam index depending on the supported multiplexing types) associated with 3D GSRs having an area of ΔX×ΔY×ΔZ or having a radius of R; NF is an amount of frequency resources (for example, frequency sub-channels or a number of frequency granularities Δf) within the 3D spectrum resource grid associated with 3D GSRs having an area of ΔX×ΔY×ΔZ or having a radius of R; and RX power may represent a reception power level. In embodiments where a TDM resource allocation is used, the variable NF may be equal to 1. For 3D coordinate systems, the 3D GSRs may have any shape or size. For example, in some embodiments, ΔX×ΔY×ΔZ may represent a 3D GSR with a cube or box shape, while in other embodiments the 3D GSRs may be spheres each with a radius R. In embodiments where the 3D GSRs are spheres, the size of radius R may be based on the spatial isolation region RI, such that a sphere with a radius equal to the spatial isolation region RI may include a plurality of spherical GSRs with radius R. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a synchronous geo-information collection (acquisition) and reporting scheme  600 , in accordance with various example embodiments. The synchronous geo-information collection (acquisition) and reporting scheme  600  may indicate time instances for collection and reporting acquired geo-information (for example, reporting geo-information to an eNB  110  or other UEs  105 ). The synchronous geo-information collection (acquisition) and reporting scheme  600  may be indicated to UEs  105  using a timestamp configuration. 
     In various embodiments, a timestamp configuration may instruct a UE  105  to collect and report geo-information periodically with predefined interval. In most embodiments, the collection (acquisition) of geo-information and reporting/sharing can be done at different time instances and the timestamp of collected geo-information may need to be reported and known. However, it is possible to reduce overhead related to timestamp of geo-information collection in synchronous communication protocols. In such embodiments, the UE  105  may report the latest available geo-information at each period or reporting time instance, and use the reporting time instance as the timestamp for geo-information collection (implicit timestamp of geo-information collection) with possibly some predetermined offset to accommodate geo-information collection and processing time. This type of timestamp may be referred to as a “synchronous timestamp.” The synchronous timestamp may be based on a common reference timing of a synchronization source. In other embodiments, the time instances of collection and reporting geo-information may be different for each UE  105 . In such embodiments, the timestamp may be a time at which the geo-information was acquired, collected, or obtained and the UEs  105  may explicitly signal the timestamp of collected geo-information. This may be referred to as an “explicit timestamp.” As an alternative to explicit timestamping, a timestamp may be taken at a time instance when a geo-information update is to be signaled or at a time instance when generating the geo-information update. This may be referred to as an “implicit timestamp.” The reporting of timestamp information may not be needed at all if the timestamp of geo-information collection is predetermined across UEs  105 , so that a time-instance of geo-information collection is known to UEs (for example, when a common timestamp is used). 
     For example, in geo-information reporting scheme  600 , UEs  105  may synchronously collect their corresponding geo-information at time instances ti, ti+1, ti+2, and ti+N (where N is a number). The time instances may be defined by or derived from a geo-information update periodicity Tgeo_update, which may be expressed in milliseconds (for example, 100 ms, 500 ms, 640 ms, 1000 ms, and the like). At each time instance ti, ti+1, ti+2, through ti+N, individual UEs  105  may determine their geo-information. The individual UEs  105  may then use the geo-information to select an appropriate spectrum resource for transmission. Further, in embodiments where the UEs  105  provide the geo-information reports to an eNB  110 , the geo-information of each UE  105  may be used by an eNB  110  to reallocate spectrum resources to GSRs  510 , re-partition a geographic region into GSRs  510  of different shapes or sizes, adjust the length or timing of the geo-information update period Tgeo_update, and/or make other service parameter adjustments. 
     Furthermore, the time stamp configuration may indicate the geo-information update period Tgeo_update and a start time from which to derive the geo-information update period Tgeo_update. Embodiments may include associating the geo-information update periods Tgeo_update with a system frame number or subframe number (SFN) and reporting time-instance. In some embodiments, the timestamps of collected geo-information may also be associated with a UTC time. As an example, a UE  105  may use equations 4 and/or 5 shown below to determine the time instance for geo-information updates.
 
mod(SFN, T   geo_update )=geo-update subframe(relative start time)   [Equation 4]
 
mod(UTC time, T   geo_update )geo-update time instance(relative start time)   [Equation 5]
 
     In various embodiments, the timestamp configuration may be signaled by an eNB  110  using either radio resource control (RRC) signaling, medium access control (MAC) signaling, or system information block (SIB) signaling. In other embodiments, the timestamp configuration may be delivered to each UE  105  via a V2X application layer. The timestamp configuration may be included in or with a geo-information reporting configuration or may be provided to the UEs  105  separate from the geo-information reporting configuration. However, in other embodiments, UEs  105  may be preconfigured with timestamp requirements. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates another example resource allocation scheme  700 , in accordance with various example embodiments. The resource allocation scheme  700  (also referred to as “scheme  700 ”) may include GRPs  710 - 1  through  610 - 6  (collectively referred to as “GRPs  710 ” or “GRP  710 ”) and RRPs  715 - 11  through  715 - 32  (collectively referred to as “RRPs  715 ” or “RRP  715 ”). 
     The GRPs  710  may be used by the UEs  105  for calculation of relative geo-information. For example, the UE  105 - 1  may determine a distance between the UE  105 - 1  and GRP  710 - 5  and/or GRP  710 - 6 , and use the distance from the GRP  710 - 5  and/or GRP  710 - 6  as the relative geo-information. In some embodiments, the UEs  105  may calculate its own geolocation using a determined distance between a UE  105  and a GRP  710  and the known location of the GRP  710 . In other embodiments, the UEs  105  may simply determine a closest GRP  710  or a set of GRPs  710 , and use the closest GRP  710  and/or set of GRPs  710  as the relative geo-information. In embodiments, the GRPs  710  may be collocated with geographic coordinates of eNBs  110  or RSUs, such as UE-type RSUs, eNB-type RSUs, or any other type of RSU infrastructure. In other embodiments, the GRPs  710  may be associated with some roadside object, such as mile markers, traffic signs, or any other like object. In some embodiments, one or more of the GRPs  710  may be virtual geographic points that are used by a UE  105  to determine its relative geolocation with respect to a physical GRP  710  (for example, with respect to the nearest physical object designated as a GRP  710 ). The relative geo-information or set of nearest GRPs  710  may be signaled to an eNB  110 , a V2X/V2N application server or other suitable CN element, or may be exchanged between UEs  105  for autonomous spectrum resource selection as described herein. 
     In embodiments, RSUs or eNBs  110  may generate/configure a spectrum allocation by associating time and frequency resources with GRPs  710 , and may provide the spectrum allocation to UEs  105  in or with a GRP configuration. The GRP configuration may also indicate the location of the GRPs  710 . GRP configuration may be signaled to the UEs  105  by an eNB  110 , an RSU, a V2X/V2N network server or some other suitable CN element of CN  140 , or a V2X/V2N application or server outside of the CN  140 . In embodiments where an eNB  110  provides the GRP configuration to the UE  105 , MAC, RRC, or SIB signaling can be used to configure the GRPs  710 . The format of geographic coordinates may be in the form of WGS-84 reference coordinate system or any other format describing global or local (relative) geographic coordinates. In embodiments where RSUs or eNBs  110  are collocated with the GRPs  710 , then the GRP configuration may be signaled to the UEs  105  based on reported geo-information. 
     In addition (or alternatively) to providing a GRP configuration, in various embodiments, a UE  105  may also be provided with an RRP configuration, which may indicate time instances and frequency allocations associated with RRPs. The RRP configuration may be provided to the UEs  105  in a same or similar manner as the GRP configuration. In some embodiments, the GRP configuration and RRP configuration may be combined into a single configuration or message. In embodiments, RRPs  715  may be explicitly associated with a GRP  710 . As shown by  FIG. 7 , Resource allocation scheme  600  shows an association of reference geographic points with reference spectrum resources represented by synchronous time intervals and frequency allocations. For example, as shown by  FIG. 6 , RRP  715 - 11  may be associated with GRP  710 - 1 , RRP  715 - 21  may be associated with GRP  710 - 2 , RRP  715 - 31  may be associated with GRP  710 - 3 , RRP  715 - 12  may be associated with GRP  710 - 4 , RRP  715 - 22  may be associated with GRP  710 - 5 , and RRP  715 - 32  may be associated with GRP  710 - 6 . 
     Furthermore, scheme  700  may also indicate associations between GRPs  710  and time-frequency spectrum resources. For example, GRP  710 - 1  with coordinates {XR0,YR0} and GRP  710 - 4  with coordinates {XR3,YR3} may be associated with a subset of time resources (time intervals): . . . , {t0−TI−Δ, t0−TI+A}; {t0−Δ, t0+Δ}; {t0+TI−Δ,t0+TI+Δ}, . . . . A subset of frequency resources associated with GRP  710 - 1  and GRP  710 - 4  may be a whole system bandwidth or may be any subset of frequency resources providing different capabilities and combinations of time-frequency spectrum resource reuse configurations. 
     GRP  710 - 2  with coordinates {XR1,YR1} and GRP  710 - 5  with coordinates {XR4,YR4} may be associated with subset of time resources (time intervals): . . . , {t1−TI−Δ,t1−TI+Δ}; {t1−Δ, t1+Δ}; {t1+TI−Δ, t1+TI+Δ}; . . . . A subset of frequency resources associated with GRP  710 - 2  and GRP  710 - 5  may be a whole system bandwidth or may be any subset of frequency resources providing different capabilities and combinations of time-frequency spectrum resource reuse configurations. 
     GRP  710 - 3  with coordinates {XR2,YR2} and GRP  710 - 6  with coordinates {XR5,YR5} may be associated with subset of time resources (time intervals): . . . , {t2−TI−Δ,t2−TI+Δ}; {t2−Δ, t2+Δ}; {t2+TI−Δ, t2+TI+Δ}; . . . . A subset of frequency resources associated with GRP  710 - 3  and GRP  710 - 6  may be a whole system bandwidth or may be any subset of frequency resources providing different capabilities and combinations of time-frequency spectrum resource reuse configurations. 
     Once the coordinates of GRPs  710 , timestamps of geo-information updates, and association of GRPs  710  with spectrum resources are available, the UEs  105  may estimate relative position with respect to a nearest GRP  710  at each timestamp. This information, including the GRPs  710  may be signaled over the air between UEs  105  at designated resources allocated for geo-information exchange or jointly with any other information carrying V2X data. An example process for exchanging geo-information between UEs  105  is shown and described with regard to  FIG. 8 . 
       FIGS. 8-9  illustrate processes  800 - 900  for exchanging geo-information between UEs  105  and selection spectrum resources for exchanging geo-information, in accordance with various example embodiments. Processes  800 - 900  may be performed by a UE  105 , which may include one or more computer-readable media (for example, CRM  304   g  shown and described with regard to  FIG. 3 ) having instructions or program code, stored thereon, that when executed by one or more processors of the UE  105  (for example, one or more processors  304   a - e , encoding circuitry  304   h , and/or decoding circuitry  304   i  of the baseband circuitry  304  shown and described with regard to  FIG. 3 ), causes the UE  105  to perform processes  800 - 900 . For illustrative purposes, the operations of processes  800 - 900  are described as being performed by UE  105 - 1  or components of the UE  105 - 1  with elements of network  100 , which are described with respect to  FIGS. 1-7 . However, it should be noted that other similar devices/entities/implementations may operate processes  800 - 900 . While particular examples and orders of operations are illustrated in  FIGS. 8-9 , these operations may be re-ordered, broken into additional operations, combined, and/or omitted altogether. In some embodiments, the operations illustrated in  FIGS. 8-9  may be combined with operations described with regard to other example embodiments and/or one or more operations described with regard to the non-limiting examples provided herein. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a process  800  for exchanging geo-information between UEs  105 , in accordance with various example embodiments. Process  800  is described as being performed by a UE  105 - 1  to provide a geo-information report to another UE  105 . However, in various embodiments, process  800  may be performed by a UE  105  to signal/share other V2V messages over the air with another UE  105 . 
     At operation  805 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may synchronize with a synchronization source. In embodiments, the geo-information configuration may indicate the synchronization source to be used for synchronization (for example, a global synchronization source, network-based synchronization source, or local/embedded synchronization source). In such embodiments, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may identify and use a reference time of the synchronization source to obtain and/or timestamp geo-information. Furthermore, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may determine time instances for collecting and reporting geo-information (also referred to as “reporting time instances”) based on information contained in the geo-information configurations. The time instances may be based on a geo-update time instance or periodicity, such as a geo-information update period Tgeo_update as discussed previously. 
     At operation  810 , interface circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may control receipt of a first message including a geo-information configuration. The first message may be signaled to the UE  105 - 1  using RRC, MAC, or SIB signaling as discussed previously. At operation  815 , decoding circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may decode the first message to obtain the geo-information configuration. The geo-information configuration may include the reporting or timestamp configuration, GRP configuration, RRP configuration, spectrum resource allocation, scheduling information, and/or any other configurations discussed herein. In some embodiments, each of the aforementioned configurations may be combined into a single configuration or set of instructions. 
     At operation  820 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may determine whether a geo-information reporting trigger has occurred. In embodiments, the reporting trigger may be based on expiration of a timer, the occurrence of one or more events, and/or other conditions or criteria. If at operation  820  the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  determines that a geo-information reporting trigger has not occurred, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may loop back to operation  820  to monitor for a geo-information reporting time instance. If at operation  820  the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  determines that a reporting time instance has occurred, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may proceed to operation  825  to obtain the geo-information and/or timestamp the geo-information according to the geo-information configuration. 
     At operation  825 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may obtain geo-information of the UE  105 - 1  and timestamp the obtained geo-information according to the geo-information configurations. For example, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may obtain absolute coordinates or relative coordinates of the UE  105 - 1 &#39;s position. The relative coordinates may be a position of the UE  105 - 1  with respect to one or more GRPs  710 , or the relative coordinate may be represented by an identifier (ID) or geo-ID of a GRP  710  closest to the UE  105 - 1 . The reporting time instance of the UE  105 - 1  may also serve as a timestamp for geo-information acquisition. 
     At operation  830 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may determine whether the obtained geo-information is reliable. This determination may be based on environmental or channel conditions when the geo-information is collected. However, the information or data used to determine whether the geo-information is reliable may be implementation specific. If at operation  830  the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  determines that the obtained geo-information is unreliable, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may proceed to operation  835  to perform a fallback operation. In some embodiments, the fallback operation may include determining and reporting geo-information that is derived from the coordinates of proximate UEs  105 . In other embodiments, the UE  105 - 1  may perform a medium sensing operation or perform a random selection procedure to select spectrum resources for communication V2V messages. In embodiments where the fallback operation includes performing a medium sensing operation or performing a random selection procedure, process  800  may end once an unoccupied channel is selected. In embodiments where the fallback operation includes deriving geo-information based on proximity to other UEs  105 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may proceed to operation  840  (represented by the dashed line in  FIG. 8 ) to generate a geo-information report that includes the derived geo-information. Referring back to operation  830 , if at operation  830  the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  determines that the obtained geo-information is reliable, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may proceed to operation  840  to generate a geo-information report. 
     At operation  840 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may generate a geo-information report that includes the obtained geo-information, and in some embodiments, the timestamp. The content of the geo-information report may include the absolute coordinates or the relative coordinates. In some embodiments, the relative coordinates and the geo-ID of a closest GRP  710  may be included in the report. Alternatively, the report may only include the coordinates or geo-ID of the closest GRP  710 . In some embodiments, the report may include other information relevant for V2V communications, such as telematics or vehicle kinematic information, (for example, one or more data or states produced by different vehicle sensors), the timestamp of the collected information, reference timing information of the UE, and the like. 
     At operation  845 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may generate a second message that includes the geo-information report, and the encoding circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may encode the second message for transmission to one or more other UEs (for example, UE  105 - 2 ) or an eNB  110  (for example, eNB  110 - 1 ). When the second message is to be transmitted to one or more other UEs, the second message may be V2V message. When the second message is to be transmitted to an eNB, the second message may be a layer 3 (L3), layer 2 (L2), or layer 1 (L1) message. L3 reporting may include using common or dedicated RRC signaling to carry an RRC message over the PUSCH. L2 reporting may include using a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) carried by the PUSCH. L1 reporting may include using a reporting mechanism that is used for channel state information (CSI), channel quality indicator (CQI), rank indicator (RI), pre-coding matrix indicator (PMI), and the like. In embodiments where L1 reporting is used, the geo-information report may be signaled to an eNB  110  via link  120  using the PUCCH, PUSCH, or a power controlled transmission to the eNB  110  over PSDCH, PSCCH, and/or PSSCH. 
     At operation  850 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may determine or select one or more resources on which to transmit the second message and/or determine or select one or more resources on which to receive a third message. The third message may include a geo-information report associated with another UE  105 , which may have been obtained by the eNB  110 - 1  from the other UE  105 . In embodiments, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may determine the resources for transmitting the second message or receiving the third message based on the allocation and/or scheduling information indicated by the geo-information configuration, which may be applicable for signaling the geo-information report to/from another UE  105  via sidelink  125  or signaling the geo-information report to/from an eNB  110  via link  120 . The determination of the resources for transmitting the second message or receiving the third message may also be based on a current position of the UE  105 - 1 , a speed or velocity of the UE  105 - 1 , and/or other like criteria. 
     At operation  855 , the central processing circuitry or interface circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may control the RF circuitry  306  to transmit the second message to the other UE  105  over sidelink  125  or to eNB  110 - 1  over link  120 . In addition (or alternatively), at operation  855  the central processing circuitry or interface circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may control the RF circuitry  306  to receive a third message from the other UEs  105  over sidelink  125  or from eNB  110 - 1  over link  120 . In embodiments, the interface circuitry (or the central processing circuitry) may operate in a “UE-autonomous mode” or an “eNB-controlled mode.” In the UE-autonomous mode, the interface circuitry may control transmission of the second message to one or more other UEs  105  and control receipt of the third message from one or more other UEs  105 . In the eNB-controlled mode, the interface circuitry may control transmission of the second message to the eNB  110 - 1  and control receipt of the third message from the eNB  110 - 1 . 
     In the UE-autonomous mode, the second message and/or the third message may be broadcasted over the PC5 air-interface using different physical channels, such as the PSCCH, the PSSCH, or the PSDCH. In the eNB-controlled mode, the second message may be transmitted using L1, L2, or L3 signaling as discussed previously. Further, in the eNB-controlled mode, the third message may be received using L1, L2, or L3 signaling, which may include a physical layer, MAC, RRC, or SIB messages carried by the PDSCH, PDCCH, or PMCH. 
     In embodiments, the second message and/or the third message may be reported to an eNB  110  so that the eNB  110  can assign or schedule spectrum resources for the V2V communications and/or allocate/schedule spectrum resources (for example, time intervals) for geolocation information exchange among the UEs  105 . In other embodiments, the second message and/or the third message may be reported to an eNB  110  so that the eNB  110  may provide the reported geo-information to the UEs  105  in its serving cell. For example, eNB  110 - 1  may receive the second message including a geo-information report from UE  105 - 1  at operation  855 , and then forward the report to UE  105 - 2 , or provide UE  105 - 1 &#39;s geo-information to UE  105 - 2  in a different type of message. In another example, eNB  110 - 1  may receive the third message including a geo-information report from UE  105 - 2 , and then forward the third message to UE  105 - 1  at operation  855 , or provide UE  105 - 2 &#39;s geo-information to UE  105 - 1  in a different type of message. After completion of operation  845 , process  800  may repeat as necessary or end. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates the process  900  for selecting spectrum resources for V2V communications, in accordance with various embodiments. Process  900  is described as being performed by a UE  105 - 1  to autonomously select resources to use for V2V communication during a next resource selection period once geo-information has been exchanged between UEs  105 . In some embodiments, process  900  may be performed by a UE  105  to signal/share its geolocation information over the air with another UE  105 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , at operation  905 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may identify a resource allocation for V2V communications. The resource allocation may be the same or similar to the resource allocation schemes described with regard to  FIGS. 4-7 . At operation  910 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may determine a nearest GRP  710  by for example, determining a distance between its own position and a known coordinates of GRPs  710  in a vicinity of the UE  105 - 1 . 
     At operation  915 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may determine a proximity of the UE  105 - 1  to one or more GRPs  715  and/or one or more other UEs  105  based on the obtained geo-information. In embodiments, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may calculate the proximity using its own geolocation coordinates with the coordinates indicated by a geo-information report received from one or more other UEs  105 . In some embodiments, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may calculate the distance for each proximate UE  105  to the nearest GRP  710 . In addition, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may generate a list of proximate UEs  105  and sort the list according to proximity, for example, by listing proximate UEs  105  in order according to their distance from the UE  105 - 1  or their position with respect to nearest or selected GRP(s)  710 . This list may be used for resource selection at operation  930 . 
     In some embodiments, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may utilize signaling information to determine the proximity of other UEs  105 , determine a number of UEs  105 , and traffic demands in an area surrounding the UE  105 - 1 . For example, in some embodiments, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may perform an RSSI calculation of one or more signals broadcasted by the other UEs  105  and determine a position of the UE  105 - 1  relative to the other UEs  105  based on the strength of such signals. The central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may determine a position of the UE  105 - 1  relative to the other UEs  105  by way of triangulation. One method of triangulation may include performing an RSSI calculation of one or more signals broadcast/generated by a first other UE  105  and another RSSI calculation of one or more signals generated by another device, such as an eNB  110 , an RSU, or a second other UE  105 . Such RSSI calculations may be calculated according to known methods. Additionally, instead of, or in addition to using the RSSI, example embodiments may also utilize other information associated with the one or more signals, such as a path loss measurement, packet delay time, a signal to noise ratio, a measure of throughput, a jitter, latency, a round trip time (RTT), and/or other like parameters. Furthermore, any of the aforementioned triangulation methods may be combined to determine the position of the second vehicle  110 . Furthermore, such triangulation methods may be combined with return timing information obtained by an IR capture device or other like sensors implemented by the UE  105 - 1 , and/or combined with the geo-location information obtained by GNSS circuitry. In some embodiments, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may utilize previously obtained GNSS information shared over the air by one or more other UEs  105 . 
     At operation  920 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may determine whether the obtained geo-information associated with the other UEs  105  and/or the transmitting (TX) UEs  105  are reliable. If at operation  920  the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  determines that the geo-information is unreliable, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may proceed to operation  925  to perform a fallback operation. In some embodiments, if non-reliable geo-information is detected for a subset of the one or more other UEs  105 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may continue to operate using geo-information based transmissions (for example, by performing operations  930 - 945 ), while communicating with the other UEs  105  with non-reliable geo-information in accordance with the fallback operation of operation  925 . Operations  920  and  925  may be the same or similar to operations  830  and  835  discussed with regard to  FIG. 8 . 
     If at operation  920  the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  determines that the geo-information is reliable, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may proceed to operation  930  to select one or more resources for V2V communications according to a geo-transmission policy. In various embodiments, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may select spectrum resources based on a GSR  510  in which it is located in a same or similar manner as discussed with regard to  FIG. 5 . In various embodiments, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may select spectrum resources associated with nearest GRP  710  and/or associated RRP  715  in a same or similar manner as discussed with regard to  FIG. 7 . In addition, the selection of resources may be based on a geo-transmission policy, which may define rules, actions, and conditions under which resources are selected. The geo-transmission policy may be preconfigured at the UE  105 - 1  (for example, stored in a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) or embedded UICC of the UE  105 - 1 ) or it may be signaled to the UE  105 - 1  with the geo-information configuration. The specific rules, actions, and conditions of the geo-transmission policy may be set by network operators according to their policies and/or based on their infrastructure deployments. Furthermore, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may select spectrum resources based on the UE  105 - 1 &#39;s proximity to the one or more other UEs  105  and/or with respect to UE  105 - 1 &#39;s relative position with respect to the one or more GRP  710 . For example, using the list generated at operation  915 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may select spectrum resources having time-frequency sub-channels  410  that are less likely to be selected by UEs  105  that are relatively close to the UE  105 - 1 . Alternatively, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may select spectrum resources having time-frequency sub-channels  410  that are more similar to time-frequency sub-channels  410  selected by a relatively distant UE  105 , such as spectrum resources separated by a spatial isolation range RI. Moreover, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may take into account spatial beamforming degrees, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) information when using multi-antenna and/or MIMO communications techniques, and/or code degrees when space or code division multiple access schemes are used jointly with time-frequency reuse. 
     At operation  935 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may control the RF circuitry  306  to perform a medium sensing operation on the selected one or more resources. In embodiments, the medium sensing operation may be performed across all allocated V2V communication resources for the GSR  510  in which the UE  105 - 1  is located, or a subset of resources allocated for the GSR  510  where UE  105 - 1  is located. Operation  935  may be used a contingency to ensure that the selected resources are not currently occupied by another V2V transmission due to, for example lack of spectrum resources, lack of reliable geo-information, or its misdetection of geo-information caused by current environmental conditions. At operation  940 , the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may determine whether the selected resources are occupied based on the medium sensing operation. If at operation  940  the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  determines that the selected resources are occupied, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may proceed to operation  925  to perform a fallback operation, such as performing a resource reselection procedure, performing another medium sensing operation to identify unoccupied resources, or selecting resources using a random selection procedure. If at operation  940  the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  determines that the selected resources are not occupied, the central processing circuitry of the UE  105 - 1  may proceed to operation  945  and to transmit a V2V message on the selected one or more resources according to the geo-transmission policy. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates the process  1000  for configuring a UE  105  for exchange of geo-information, in accordance with various embodiments. Process  1000  may be performed by an eNB  110 , which may include one or more computer-readable media (for example, CRM  302   b  or CRM  304   g  shown and described with regard to  FIG. 3 ) having instructions or program code, stored thereon, that when executed by one or more processors of the eNB  110  (for example, one or more processors  302   a  or one or more of processors  304   a - e , encoding circuitry  304   h , and/or decoding circuitry  304   i  shown and described with regard to  FIG. 3 ), causes the eNB  110  to perform process  1000 . For illustrative purposes, the operations of process  1000  are described as being performed by eNB  110 - 1  or components of the eNB  110 - 1  with elements of network  100 , which are described with respect to  FIGS. 1-7 . However, it should be noted that other similar devices/entities/implementations may operate process  1000 . While particular examples and orders of operations are illustrated in  FIG. 10 , these operations may be re-ordered, broken into additional operations, combined, and/or omitted altogether. In some embodiments, the operations illustrated in  FIG. 10  may be combined with operations described with regard to other example embodiments and/or one or more operations described with regard to the non-limiting examples provided herein. 
     At operation  1005 , the eNB  110 - 1  may generate and encode a first message to instruct a UE  105  to perform geo-information reporting. The first message may be a geo-information configuration as discussed previously. In embodiments, processor circuitry (or central processing circuitry) of the eNB  110 - 1  may generate the first message, and encoding circuitry of the eNB  110 - 1  may encode the first message for transmission to the UE  105 - 1 . At operation  1010 , the eNB  110 - 1  may transmit the first message to the UE  105 - 1 . In embodiments, interface circuitry of the eNB  110 - 1  may provide data representative of the first message to the RF circuitry  306 , and from the data representative of the first message, the RF circuitry  306  may generate signals for a transmit path. In other embodiments, at least some of the content of the geo-information configuration of the first message may be preconfigured at the UE  105 - 1  or provided to the UE  105 - 1  by an application layer (for example, from one or more CN elements). 
     At operation  1015 , the eNB  110 - 1  may receive a second message including a geo-information report, and at operation  1020 , the eNB  110 - 1  may decode the second message to obtain the geo-information report. In embodiments, the RF circuitry  306  may receive RF signaling from the UE  105 - 1 , and the RF circuitry  306  may pass data representative of the signaling to decoding circuitry of the eNB  110 - 1  via the interface circuitry of the eNB  110 - 1 . The decoding circuitry of the eNB  110 - 1  may decode the second message to obtain the geo-information report. The geo-information report may include geo-information (for example, an absolute coordinate or relative coordinate) and timestamp as discussed previously, and/or other vehicle telematics and kinematic information. The second message may be signaled to the eNB  110 - 1  using L1, L2, and/or L3 signaling. 
     At operation  1025 , the eNB  110 - 1  may adjust a resource allocation for V2V communications based on the geo-information contained in the geo-information report. In embodiments, adjusting the resource allocation may include adjusting a size and/or shape of GSRs  510 , adjusting a reporting periodicity, adjusting a location of GRPs  710  and/or RRPs  715 , altering a number of resources associated with one or more GSRs  510 , GRPs  710 , and/or RRPs  715 , changing the spectrum resources used for V2V transmissions, and the like. In embodiments, processor circuitry (or central processing circuitry) of the eNB  110 - 1  may also take into consideration other criteria when adjusting the resource allocation, such as loading information, a number of UEs  105  in the geographic region, traffic demands, and/or other like criteria. 
     At operation  1030 , the eNB  110 - 1  may generate and encode a third message to include the resource allocation, and at operation  1035 , the eNB  110 - 1  may transmit the third message to the UE  105 - 1 . In embodiments, the third message may be provided to the UE  105 - 1  using physical layer signaling (for example, sidelink control information signaling), MAC, RRC or SIB signaling as discussed previously. The third message may be generated and encoded in a similar manner as discussed previously with regard to operation  1005 , and the third message may be transmitted to the UE  105 - 1  in a same or similar manner as discussed above with regard to operation  1010 . In some embodiments, the third message may also include a transmission interval during which the UE  105 - 1  may select and transmit V2V messages, while in other embodiments, such a transmission interval may be preconfigured at the UE  105 - 1 . Furthermore, in some embodiments the third message may also include another geo-information configuration that is different than the geo-information configuration received with the first message. In some embodiments, the eNB  110 - 1  may also send the third message to one or more other eNBs  110  (e.g., eNB  110 - 2 ) or one or more RSUs for inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) purposes, network-wide V2V coordination, or other like purposes. After completion of operation  1045 , process  1000  may end or repeat as necessary. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an example computer-readable media  1104  that may be suitable for use to store instructions that cause an apparatus, in response to execution of the instructions by the apparatus, to practice selected aspects of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the computer-readable media  1104  may be non-transitory. In some embodiments, computer-readable media  1104  may correspond to CRM  302   b , CRM  304   g , and/or any other computer-readable media discussed herein. As shown, computer-readable storage medium  1104  may include programming instructions  1108 . Programming instructions  1108  may be configured to enable a device, for example, electronic device  300 , a UE such as UEs  105 , an eNB such as eNBs  110 , or some other suitable device, in response to execution of the programming instructions  1108 , to implement (aspects of) any of the methods or elements described throughout this disclosure related to geo-information reporting and/or V2V sidelink communications. In some embodiments, programming instructions  1108  may be disposed on computer-readable media  1104  that is transitory in nature, such as signals. 
     Any combination of one or more computer-usable or computer-readable media may be utilized. The computer-usable or computer-readable media may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable media would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, RAM, ROM, an erasable programmable read-only memory (for example, EPROM, EEPROM, or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a transmission media such as those supporting the Internet or an intranet, or a magnetic storage device. Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable media could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory. In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readable media may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The computer-usable media may include a propagated data signal with the computer-usable program code embodied therewith, either in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. The computer-usable program code may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, radio frequency, etc. 
     Computer program code for carrying out operations of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). 
     The present disclosure is described with reference to flowchart illustrations or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the disclosure. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart or block diagram block or blocks. 
     These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that implement the function/act specified in the flowchart or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart or block diagram block or blocks. 
     Some non-limiting examples are provided below. 
     Example 1 may include an apparatus to be implemented in a user equipment (“UE”) the apparatus comprising: decoding circuitry to decode a message to obtain an allocation of spectrum resources to each of a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”); and central processing circuitry to select a set of the spectrum resources for one or more vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions based on a position of the UE relative to a GSR of the plurality of GSRs. 
     Example 2 may include the apparatus of example 1 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a geo-information reporting type and one or more synchronization sources from which to identify a reference time, wherein each of the one or more synchronization sources is associated with a priority, and wherein the central processing circuitry is to: determine the reference time via synchronization with a highest priority synchronization source of the one or more synchronization sources; determine individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information based on the geo-information reporting type, wherein the individual time instances are to indicate a time at which geo-information is to be collected with a corresponding timestamp; collect geo-information of the UE, wherein the position of the UE is based on the collected geo-information; and obtain a timestamp for the collected geo-information at each individual time instance according to the reference time. 
     Example 3 may include the apparatus of example 2 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message is a first message, and the apparatus further comprises: encoding circuitry to encode a second message including the geo-information and the timestamp; and interface circuitry to operate in a UE-autonomous mode or an evolved nodeB (eNB)-controlled mode, wherein in the UE-autonomous mode, the interface circuitry is to: control transmission of the second message over a physical sidelink control channel (“PSCCH”), a physical sidelink shared channel (“PSSCH”), or physical sidelink discovery channel (“PSDCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and control receipt of a third message over the PSCCH, the PSSCH, or the PSDCH, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with one or more other UEs that are within a target communication range of the UE; and wherein in the eNB-controlled mode, the interface circuitry is to: control transmission of the second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and control receipt of the third message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”). 
     Example 4 may include the apparatus of examples 1-3 and/or some other examples herein, wherein to select the set of the spectrum resources, the central processing circuitry is further to: determine, based on the other geo-information, a position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE; and select the set of the spectrum resources based on the position of the one or more other UEs with relative to the UE, wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources that conform with reliability criteria. 
     Example 5 may include the apparatus of example 4 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the allocation includes an association a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”) to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs, and wherein selection of the set of the spectrum resources is based on the position of the UE relative to positions of the plurality of GRPs or positions of the plurality of RRPs associated with GRPs. 
     Example 6 may include the apparatus of example 5 and/or some other examples herein, wherein to select the set of the spectrum resources, the central processing circuitry is further to: determine a position of one or more GRPs relative to the position of the UE or determine a position of the UE relative to the position of the one or more GRPs; and select the set of the spectrum resources based on a closest GRP of the one or more GRPs, wherein the closest GRP has a position closest to the position of the UE, and wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources of an RRP associated with the closest GRP. 
     Example 7 may include the apparatus of example 6 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a report type, a geo-information reporting type, timestamp information, and trigger information. 
     Example 8 may include the apparatus of example 7 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the central processing circuitry is to: determine the individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information to be a periodicity within a predefined interval when the geo-information reporting type indicates periodic reporting; or determine the individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information to be occurrences of a predetermined event or condition when the geo-information reporting type indicates trigger-based reporting, wherein the trigger information is to indicate the event or condition. 
     Example 9 may include the apparatus of example 8 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the central processing circuitry is to: obtain the timestamp upon collection of the geo-information when the timestamp information indicates to explicitly timestamp the geo-information; obtain the timestamp at a time of reporting collected geo-information when the timestamp information indicates to implicitly timestamp the geo-information; or obtain the timestamp at the individual time instances when the timestamp information indicates to synchronously timestamp the geo-information. 
     Example 10 may include the apparatus of example 9 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the central processing circuitry is to select the set of the spectrum resources based on one or more of a spatial isolation region; the position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE; a number of orthogonal time resources of the Spectrum resources; a number of orthogonal frequency resources of the Spectrum resources; a measured received power of each RF resource; or multiple input multiple output (“MIMO”) beamforming information. 
     Example 11 may include the apparatus of example 10 and/or some other examples herein, wherein, when the geo-information of the UE is unavailable or unreliable, the central processing circuitry is to: derive geo-information of the UE from the other geo-information associated with the one or more other UEs. 
     Example 12 may include the apparatus of example 11 and/or some other examples herein, wherein, when the other geo-information of the one or more other UEs is also unavailable or unreliable, the central processing circuitry is to: select the set of the Spectrum resources based on a medium sensing operation; or randomly select the set of the Spectrum resources. 
     Example 13 may include the apparatus of example 12 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the interface circuitry is to: control receipt of the message from a roadside unit (“RSU”), wherein the RSU is collocated with a GRP of the plurality of GRPs when each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding RSU; or control receipt of the message from a server via an application layer, wherein the server is an application server or a server that implements a core network element. 
     Example 14 may include the apparatus of example 13 and/or some other examples herein, wherein a first set of Spectrum resources are allocated to a first GSR and a second GSR, and the first GSR and the second GSR are separated by a spatial isolation region. 
     Example 15 may include the apparatus of example 14 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the Spectrum resources comprise time resources and frequency resources, and each of the plurality of RRPs are associated with a corresponding set of the time resources and a corresponding set of the frequency resources. 
     Example 16 may include one or more computer-readable media including program code, that when executed by one or more processors of a user equipment (“UE”), cause the UE to: identify, based on an obtained message, an allocation of spectrum resources to each of a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”); determine a reference time; obtain geo-information of the UE according to the reference time; select a set of the spectrum resources for vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions based on a position of the UE relative to a GSR of the plurality of GSRs, wherein the position of the UE is based on the geo-information; and transmit, on the selected set of spectrum resources, the geo-information of the UE. The one or more computer-readable media may be non-transitory computer-readable media. 
     Example 17 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 16 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a geo-information reporting periodicity, a plurality of synchronization sources and a priority associated with each of the plurality of synchronization sources, and wherein the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: determine, based on the configuration, a highest priority synchronization source of the plurality of synchronization sources; synchronize with the highest priority synchronization source to identify the reference time; determine individual time instances based on the geo-information reporting periodicity, wherein the individual time instances are to indicate a time at which a timestamp is to be obtained for collected geo-information; collect geo-information of the UE, wherein the position of the UE is based on the collected geo-information; and obtain a timestamp for the collected geo-information at each individual time instance according to the reference time. 
     Example 18 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 17 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message is a first message, and the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: encode a second message including the geo-information; and control transmission of the second message and control receipt of a third message according to a UE-autonomous mode or an eNB-controlled mode, wherein in the UE-autonomous mode, the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: control transmission of the second message over a physical sidelink control channel (“PSCCH”), a physical sidelink shared channel (“PSSCH”), or physical sidelink discovery channel (“PSDCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and control receipt of the third message over the PSCCH, the PSSCH, or the PSDCH, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with one or more other UEs that are within a target communication range of the UE, and wherein in the eNB-controlled mode, the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: control transmission of the second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and control receipt of the third message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”). 
     Example 19 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 18 and/or some other examples herein, wherein to select the set of the spectrum resources, the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: determine a position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE based on the other geo-information; and select the set of the spectrum resources based on the position of the one or more other UEs with relative to the UE, wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources that conform with reliability criteria. 
     Example 20 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 19 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the allocation includes an association a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”) to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs, and wherein the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: select the set of the spectrum resources based on the position of the UE relative to positions of the plurality of GRPs or positions of the plurality of RRPs. 
     Example 21 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 20 and/or some other examples herein, wherein to select the set of the RF spectrum resources, the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: determine a position of one or more GRPs relative to the position of the UE or determine a position of the UE relative to the position of the one or more GRPs; and select the set of the spectrum resources based on a closest GRP of the one or more GRPs, wherein the closest GRP has a position closest to the position of the UE, and wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources of an RRP associated with the closest GRP. 
     Example 22 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 16 and/or some other examples herein, wherein each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding roadside unit (“RSU”) and wherein the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: control receipt of the message from an RSU, wherein the RSU is collocated with a GRP of the plurality of GRPs. 
     Example 23 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 21 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a report type, a geo-information reporting type, timestamp information, and trigger information. 
     Example 24 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 23 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: determine the individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information to be a periodicity within a predefined interval when the geo-information reporting type indicates periodic reporting; or determine the individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information to be occurrences of a predetermined event or condition when the geo-information reporting type indicates trigger-based reporting, wherein the trigger information is to indicate the event or condition. 
     Example 25 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 24 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: obtain the timestamp upon collection of the geo-information when the timestamp information indicates to explicitly timestamp the geo-information; obtain the timestamp at a time of reporting collected geo-information when the timestamp information indicates to implicitly timestamp the geo-information; or obtain the timestamp at the individual time instances when the timestamp information indicates to synchronously timestamp the geo-information. 
     Example 26 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 25 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: select the set of the spectrum resources based on one or more of a spatial isolation region; the position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE; a number of orthogonal time resources of the Spectrum resources; a number of orthogonal frequency resources of the Spectrum resources; a measured received power of each RF resource; or multiple input multiple output (“MIMO”) beamforming information. 
     Example 27 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 26 and/or some other examples herein, wherein, when the geo-information of the UE is unavailable or unreliable, the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: derive geo-information of the UE from the other geo-information associated with the one or more other UEs. 
     Example 28 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 27 and/or some other examples herein, wherein, when the other geo-information of the one or more other UEs is also unavailable or unreliable, the UE, in response to execution of the program code, is to: select the set of the Spectrum resources based on a medium sensing operation; or randomly select the set of the spectrum resources. 
     Example 29 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 28 and/or some other examples herein, wherein a first set of spectrum resources are allocated to a first GSR and a second GSR, and the first GSR and the second GSR are separated by a spatial isolation region. 
     Example 30 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 29 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the spectrum resources comprise time resources and frequency resources, and each of the plurality of RRPs are associated with a corresponding set of the time resources and a corresponding set of the frequency resources. 
     Example 31 may include an apparatus to be implemented in a base station, the apparatus comprising: central processing circuitry to identify an allocation of spectrum resources to each of a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”) for one or more vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions; and encoding circuitry to encode a message for transmission to a user equipment (“UE”) wherein the message is to indicate the allocation of spectrum resources to each GSR, wherein the allocation is for selection of a set of the spectrum resources for the one or more V2V sidelink transmissions by the UE based on a GSR of the plurality of GSRs in which the UE is located. 
     Example 32 may include the apparatus of example 31 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration indicates one or more synchronization sources from which to identify a reference time, a priority associated with each of the one or more synchronization sources, and a geo-information reporting periodicity, wherein the geo-information reporting periodicity is to indicate individual time instances at which a timestamp for collected geo-information is to be obtained, and wherein collection of the geo-information is for determination of a position of the UE. 
     Example 33 may include the apparatus of example 32 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message is a first message, and the apparatus further comprises: interface circuitry to: control transmission of the first message; control receipt of a second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, wherein the second message includes geo-information associated with the UE, control transmission, to another UE that is within a target communication range of the UE, of the second message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”), and control transmission, to the UE, of a third message over the PDSCH, the PDCCH, or the PMCH, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with the other UE. 
     Example 34 may include the apparatus of example 33 and/or some other examples herein, wherein to identify the allocation of spectrum resources, the central processing circuitry is to: identify an association of sets of the spectrum resources to corresponding ones of a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and corresponding ones of a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”). 
     Example 35 may include the apparatus of example 34 and/or some other examples herein, wherein each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding roadside unit (“RSU”), and wherein to identify the allocation of spectrum resources, the central processing circuitry is to: determine a first RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a first GRP collocated with a first RSU; map a set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the first GRP; determine a second RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a second GRP collocated with a second RSU, wherein the first GRP and the second GRP are spaced apart by a spatial isolation region; and map the set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the second GRP. 
     Example 36 may include the apparatus of example 35 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the apparatus further comprises: decoding circuitry to decode the second message to obtain the geo-information, and to decode the third message to obtain the other geo-information, wherein the central processing circuitry is to adjust the allocation of spectrum resources to each GSR based on the geo-information and the other geo-information. 
     Example 37 may include the apparatus of example 36 and/or some other examples herein, wherein to adjust the allocation of spectrum resources, the central processing circuitry is to: adjust a size and/or shape of each GSR; adjust the geo-information reporting periodicity; adjust a location of one or more GRPs and/or one or more RRPs; or alter a number of spectrum resources associated with one or more GSRs, one or more GRPs, and/or one or more RRPs. 
     Example 38 may include the apparatus of example 37 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a report type to indicate a coordinate system and message format for a geo-information report, a geo-information reporting type to indicate periodic or trigger-based reporting, timestamp information to indicate how and when to report the geo-information report, and trigger information to indicate an event or condition for transmission of the geo-information report. 
     Example 39 may include the apparatus of example 38 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the interface circuitry is to: control receipt of the message from a server via an application layer, wherein the server is an application server or a server that implements a core network element, and wherein the central processing circuitry is to identify the allocation from the message and control storage of the allocation. 
     Example 40 may include the apparatus of example 39 and/or some other examples herein, wherein a first set of spectrum resources are allocated to a first GSR and a second GSR, and the first GSR and the second GSR are separated by a spatial isolation region, and wherein the spectrum resources comprise time resources and frequency resources, and each of the plurality of RRPs are associated with a corresponding set of the time resources and a corresponding set of the frequency resources. 
     Example 41 may include one or more computer-readable media including program code, that when executed by one or more processors of a base station (“BS”), cause the BS to: identify a geographic region including a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”); allocate spectrum resources to each GSR of the plurality of GSRs for one or more vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions, wherein the allocation of spectrum resources includes assignment of a same set of the spectrum resources to a first GSR and a second GSR of the plurality of GSRs, wherein the first GSR and the second GSR are spaced apart by a spatial isolation region; encode a message for transmission to a user equipment (“UE”) wherein the message is to indicate the allocation of spectrum resources to each GSR, wherein the allocation is for selection of a set of the spectrum resources for the one or more V2V sidelink transmissions by the UE based on a position of the UE relative to a GSR of the plurality of GSRs; and transmit the encoded message to the UE using radio resource control (“RRC”) signaling, medium access control (“MAC”) signaling, or system information block (“SIB”) signaling. The one or more computer-readable media may be non-transitory computer-readable media. 
     Example 42 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 41 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration indicates one or more synchronization sources from which to identify a reference time, a priority associated with each of the one or more synchronizations sources, and a geo-information reporting periodicity, wherein the geo-information reporting periodicity is to indicate individual time instances at which a timestamp for collected geo-information is to be obtained, and wherein collection of the geo-information is for determination of the position of the UE. 
     Example 43 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 42 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message is a first message, and the BS, in response to execution of the program code, is to: control receipt of a second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, wherein the second message includes geo-information associated with the UE; control receipt of a third message over the PUSCH or the PUCCH at each individual time instance according to the reference time, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with another UE that is within a target communication range of the UE; control transmission, to the other UE, of the second message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”); and control transmission, to the UE, of the third message over the PDSCH, the PDCCH, or the PMCH. 
     Example 44 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 43 and/or some other examples herein, wherein to allocate the spectrum resources, the BS, in response to execution of the program code, is to: associate sets of the spectrum resources to corresponding ones of a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and corresponding ones of a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”). 
     Example 45 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 44 and/or some other examples herein, wherein each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding roadside unit (“RSU”), and wherein to allocate the spectrum resources, the BS, in response to execution of the program code, is to: determine a first RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a first GRP collocated with a first RSU; map a set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the first GRP; determine a second RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a second GRP collocated with a second RSU, wherein the first RRP and the second RRP are spaced apart by a spatial isolation region; and map the set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the second GRP. 
     Example 46 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 43 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the BS, in response to execution of the program code, is to: decode the second message to obtain the geo-information of the UE; decode the third message to obtain the other geo-information of the other UE; and adjust the allocation of spectrum resources to each GSR based on the geo-information of the UE and the other geo-information of the other UE. 
     Example 47 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 46 and/or some other examples herein, wherein to adjust the allocation of spectrum resources, the BS, in response to execution of the program code, is to: adjust a size and/or shape of each GSR; adjust the geo-information reporting periodicity; adjust a location of one or more GRPs and/or one or more RRPs; or alter a number of spectrum resources associated with one or more GSRs, one or more GRPs, and/or one or more RRPs. 
     Example 48 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 47 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a report type to indicate a coordinate system and message format for a geo-information report, a geo-information reporting type to indicate periodic or trigger-based reporting, timestamp information to indicate how and when to report the geo-information report, and trigger information to indicate an event or condition for transmission of the geo-information report. 
     Example 49 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 48 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the BS, in response to execution of the program code, is to: control receipt of the message from a server via an application layer, wherein the server is an application server or a server that implements a core network element; identify the allocation from the message; and control storage of the allocation. 
     Example 50 may include the one or more computer-readable media of example 49 and/or some other examples herein, wherein a first set of spectrum resources are allocated to a first GSR and a second GSR, and the first GSR and the second GSR are separated by a spatial isolation region. 
     Example 51 may include an apparatus to be implemented in a user equipment (“UE”), the apparatus comprising: means for identifying an allocation of spectrum resources to each of a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”); and means for selecting a set of the spectrum resources for one or more vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions based on a position of the UE relative to a GSR of the plurality of GSRs. 
     Example 52 may include the apparatus of example 51 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a geo-information reporting type and one or more synchronization sources from which to identify a reference time, wherein each of the one or more synchronization sources is associated with a priority, and wherein the apparatus further comprises: means for determining the reference time via synchronization with a highest priority synchronization source of the one or more synchronization sources; means for determining individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information based on the geo-information reporting type, wherein the individual time instances are to indicate a time at which geo-information is to be collected with a corresponding timestamp; means for collecting geo-information of the UE, wherein the position of the UE is based on the collected geo-information; and means for timestamping the collected geo-information at each individual time instance according to the reference time. 
     Example 53 may include the apparatus of example 52 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message is a first message, and the apparatus further comprises: means for generating and encoding a second message including the geo-information and the timestamp; and means for communicating the one or more V2V transmissions according to a UE-autonomous mode or an evolved nodeB (eNB)-controlled mode, wherein in the UE-autonomous mode, the means for communicating is for: transmitting the second message over a physical sidelink control channel (“PSCCH”), a physical sidelink shared channel (“PSSCH”), or physical sidelink discovery channel (“PSDCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and receiving a third message over the PSCCH, the PSSCH, or the PSDCH, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with one or more other UEs that are within a target communication range of the UE; and wherein in the eNB-controlled mode, the means for communicating is for: transmitting the second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and receiving the third message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”). 
     Example 54 may include the apparatus of example 51 and/or some other examples herein, wherein to select the set of the spectrum resources, the means for selecting is further for: determining, based on the other geo-information, a position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE; and selecting the set of the spectrum resources based on the position of the one or more other UEs with relative to the UE, wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources that conform with reliability criteria. 
     Example 55 may include the apparatus of example 54 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the allocation includes an association a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”) to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs, and wherein selection of the set of the spectrum resources is based on the position of the UE relative to positions of the plurality of GRPs or positions of the plurality of RRPs associated with GRPs. 
     Example 56 may include the apparatus of example 55 and/or some other examples herein, wherein to select the set of the spectrum resources, the means for selecting is further for: determining a position of one or more GRPs relative to the position of the UE or determine a position of the UE relative to the position of the one or more GRPs; and selecting the set of the spectrum resources based on a closest GRP of the one or more GRPs, wherein the closest GRP has a position closest to the position of the UE, and wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources of an RRP associated with the closest GRP. 
     Example 57 may include the apparatus of example 56 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a report type, a geo-information reporting type, timestamp information, and trigger information. 
     Example 58 may include the apparatus of example 57 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: means for determining the individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information to be a periodicity within a predefined interval when the geo-information reporting type indicates periodic reporting; or means for determining the individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information to be occurrences of a predetermined event or condition when the geo-information reporting type indicates trigger-based reporting, wherein the trigger information is to indicate the event or condition. 
     Example 59 may include the apparatus of example 58 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: means for obtaining the timestamp upon collection of the geo-information when the timestamp information indicates to explicitly timestamp the geo-information; means for obtaining the timestamp at a time of reporting collected geo-information when the timestamp information indicates to implicitly timestamp the geo-information; or means for obtaining the timestamp at the individual time instances when the timestamp information indicates to synchronously timestamp the geo-information. 
     Example 60 may include the apparatus of example 59 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the means for selecting is further for selecting the set of the spectrum resources based on one or more of a spatial isolation region; the position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE; a number of orthogonal time resources of the Spectrum resources; a number of orthogonal frequency resources of the Spectrum resources; a measured received power of each RF resource; or multiple input multiple output (“MIMO”) beamforming information. 
     Example 61 may include the apparatus of example 60 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: means for deriving or determining geo-information of the UE from the other geo-information associated with the one or more other UEs when the geo-information of the UE is unavailable or unreliable. 
     Example 62 may include the apparatus of example 61 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: means for selecting the set of the Spectrum resources based on a medium sensing operation when the other geo-information of the one or more other UEs is also unavailable or unreliable; or means for randomly selecting, according to a random selection procedure, the set of the spectrum resources when the other geo-information of the one or more other UEs is also unavailable or unreliable. 
     Example 63 may include the apparatus of example 62 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the means for communicating is further for: receiving the message from a roadside unit (“RSU”), wherein the RSU is collocated with a GRP of the plurality of GRPs when each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding RSU; or receiving the message from a server via an application layer, wherein the server is an application server or a server that implements a core network element. 
     Example 64 may include the apparatus of example 63 and/or some other examples herein, wherein a first set of spectrum resources are allocated to a first GSR and a second GSR, and the first GSR and the second GSR are separated by a spatial isolation region. 
     Example 65 may include the apparatus of example 64 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the spectrum resources comprise time resources and frequency resources, and each of the plurality of RRPs are associated with a corresponding set of the time resources and a corresponding set of the frequency resources. 
     Example 66 may include an apparatus to be implemented in a base station, the apparatus comprising: means for identifying an allocation of spectrum resources to each of a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”) for one or more vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions; and means for generating and encoding a message for transmission to a user equipment (“UE”), wherein the message is to indicate the allocation of spectrum resources to each GSR, wherein the allocation is for selection of a set of the spectrum resources for the one or more V2V sidelink transmissions by the UE based on a GSR of the plurality of GSRs in which the UE is located. 
     Example 67 may include the apparatus of example 66 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration indicates one or more synchronization sources from which to identify a reference time, a priority associated with each of the one or more synchronization sources, and a geo-information reporting periodicity, wherein the geo-information reporting periodicity is to indicate individual time instances at which a timestamp for collected geo-information is to be obtained, and wherein collection of the geo-information is for determination of a position of the UE. 
     Example 68 may include the apparatus of example 67 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message is a first message, and the apparatus further comprises: means for communicating comprising: means for transmitting the first message; means for receiving a second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, wherein the second message includes geo-information associated with the UE, means for transmitting, to another UE that is within a target communication range of the UE, of the second message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”), and means for transmitting, to the UE, of a third message over the PDSCH, the PDCCH, or the PMCH, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with the other UE. 
     Example 69 may include the apparatus of example 68 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: means for allocating the spectrum resources to each of the plurality of GSRs. 
     Example 70 may include the apparatus of example 69 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the means for allocating the spectrum resources is further for: associating sets of the spectrum resources to corresponding ones of a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and corresponding ones of a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”). 
     Example 71 may include the apparatus of example 70 and/or some other examples herein, wherein each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding roadside unit (“RSU”), and wherein the means for allocating the spectrum resources is further for: determining a first RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a first GRP collocated with a first RSU; mapping a set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the first GRP; determining a second RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a second GRP collocated with a second RSU, wherein the first GRP and the second GRP are spaced apart by a spatial isolation region; and mapping the set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the second GRP. 
     Example 72 may include the apparatus of example 71 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: means for obtaining the geo-information from the second message, and for obtaining the other geo-information from the third message, wherein the means for allocating the spectrum resources is further for adjusting the allocation of spectrum resources to each GSR based on the geo-information and the other geo-information. 
     Example 73 may include the apparatus of example 72 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the means for allocating the spectrum resources is further for: adjusting a size and/or shape of each GSR; adjusting the geo-information reporting periodicity; adjusting a location of one or more GRPs and/or one or more RRPs; and/or altering a number of spectrum resources associated with one or more GSRs, one or more GRPs, and/or one or more RRPs. 
     Example 73 may include the apparatus of example 72 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a report type to indicate a coordinate system and message format for a geo-information report, a geo-information reporting type to indicate periodic or trigger-based reporting, timestamp information to indicate how and when to report the geo-information report, and trigger information to indicate an event or condition for transmission of the geo-information report. 
     Example 74 may include the apparatus of example 68 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the means for communicating is further for receiving the message from a server via an application layer, wherein the server is an application server or a server that implements a core network element, and the apparatus further comprises: means for storing the allocation. 
     Example 75 may include the apparatus of example 74 and/or some other examples herein, wherein a first set of spectrum resources are allocated to a first GSR and a second GSR, and the first GSR and the second GSR are separated by a spatial isolation region, and wherein the spectrum resources comprise time resources and frequency resources, and each of the plurality of RRPs are associated with a corresponding set of the time resources and a corresponding set of the frequency resources. 
     Example 76 may include a method to be performed by a user equipment (“UE”), the method comprising: identifying, by the UE based on an obtained message, an allocation of spectrum resources to each of a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”); determining, by the UE, a reference time; obtaining, by the UE, geo-information of the UE according to the reference time; selecting, by the UE, a set of the spectrum resources for vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions based on a position of the UE relative to a GSR of the plurality of GSRs, wherein the position of the UE is based on the geo-information; and transmit, by the UE on the selected set of spectrum resources, the geo-information of the UE. 
     Example 77 may include the method of example 76 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a geo-information reporting periodicity, a plurality of synchronization sources and a priority associated with each of the plurality of synchronization sources, and the method further comprises: determining, based on the configuration, a highest priority synchronization source of the plurality of synchronization sources; synchronizing with the highest priority synchronization source to identify the reference time; determining individual time instances based on the geo-information reporting periodicity, wherein the individual time instances are to indicate a time at which a timestamp is to be obtained for collected geo-information; collecting geo-information of the UE, wherein the position of the UE is based on the collected geo-information; and obtaining a timestamp for the collected geo-information at each individual time instance according to the reference time. 
     Example 78 may include the method of example 77 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message is a first message, and the method further comprises: including or inserting the geo-information in a second message; and communicating the second message and a third message according to a UE-autonomous mode or an eNB-controlled mode, wherein in the UE-autonomous mode, the method comprises: transmitting the second message over a physical sidelink control channel (“PSCCH”), a physical sidelink shared channel (“PSSCH”), or physical sidelink discovery channel (“PSDCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and receiving the third message over the PSCCH, the PSSCH, or the PSDCH, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with one or more other UEs that are within a target communication range of the UE, and wherein in the eNB-controlled mode, the method comprises: transmitting the second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, and receiving the third message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”). 
     Example 79 may include the method of example 78 and/or some other examples herein, wherein selecting the set of the spectrum resources comprises: determining a position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE based on the other geo-information; and selecting the set of the spectrum resources based on the position of the one or more other UEs with relative to the UE, wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources that conform with reliability criteria. 
     Example 80 may include the method of example 79 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the allocation includes an association a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”) to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs, and the method further comprises: select the set of the spectrum resources based on the position of the UE relative to positions of the plurality of GRPs or positions of the plurality of RRPs. 
     Example 81 may include the method of example 80 and/or some other examples herein, wherein selecting the set of the spectrum resources comprises: determining a position of one or more GRPs relative to the position of the UE or determine a position of the UE relative to the position of the one or more GRPs; and selecting the set of the spectrum resources based on a closest GRP of the one or more GRPs, wherein the closest GRP has a position closest to the position of the UE, and wherein the set of spectrum resources are spectrum resources of an RRP associated with the closest GRP. 
     Example 82 may include the method of example 76 and/or some other examples herein, wherein each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding roadside unit (“RSU”), and wherein the method further comprises: receiving the message from an RSU, wherein the RSU is collocated with a GRP of the plurality of GRPs. 
     Example 83 may include the method of example 81 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a report type, a geo-information reporting type, timestamp information, and trigger information. 
     Example 84 may include the method of example 83 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: determining the individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information to be a periodicity within a predefined interval when the geo-information reporting type indicates periodic reporting; or determining the individual time instances for collection and reporting of geo-information to be occurrences of a predetermined event or condition when the geo-information reporting type indicates trigger-based reporting, wherein the trigger information is to indicate the event or condition. 
     Example 85 may include the method of example 84 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: obtaining the timestamp upon collection of the geo-information when the timestamp information indicates to explicitly timestamp the geo-information; obtaining the timestamp at a time of reporting collected geo-information when the timestamp information indicates to implicitly timestamp the geo-information; or obtaining the timestamp at the individual time instances when the timestamp information indicates to synchronously timestamp the geo-information. 
     Example 86 may include the method of example 85 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the selecting comprises selecting the set of the spectrum resources based on one or more of a spatial isolation region; the position of the one or more other UEs relative to the position of the UE; a number of orthogonal time resources of the spectrum resources; a number of orthogonal frequency resources of the Spectrum resources; a measured received power of each RF resource; or multiple input multiple output (“MIMO”) beamforming information. 
     Example 87 may include the method of example 86 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: determining whether the geo-information of the UE is unavailable or unreliable; and determining geo-information of the UE from the other geo-information associated with the one or more other UEs when the geo-information of the UE is unavailable or unreliable. 
     Example 88 may include the method of example 87 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: determining whether the other geo-information of the one or more other UEs is unavailable or unreliable; and when the other geo-information of the one or more other UEs is unavailable or unreliable, selecting the set of the spectrum resources based on a medium sensing operation; or randomly selecting the set of the spectrum resources. 
     Example 89 may include the method of example 88 and/or some other examples herein, wherein a first set of spectrum resources are allocated to a first GSR and a second GSR, and the first GSR and the second GSR are separated by a spatial isolation region. 
     Example 90 may include the method of example 89 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the spectrum resources comprise time resources and frequency resources, and each of the plurality of RRPs are associated with a corresponding set of the time resources and a corresponding set of the frequency resources. 
     Example 101 may include a computer-implemented method comprising: identifying, by a computer device, a geographic region including a plurality of geographical sub-regions (“GSRs”); allocating, by the computer device, spectrum resources to each GSR of the plurality of GSRs for one or more vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) sidelink transmissions, wherein the allocation of spectrum resources includes assignment of a same set of the spectrum resources to a first GSR and a second GSR of the plurality of GSRs, wherein the first GSR and the second GSR are spaced apart by a spatial isolation region; encoding, by the computer device, a message for transmission to a user equipment (“UE”) wherein the message is to indicate the allocation of spectrum resources to each GSR, wherein the allocation is for selection of a set of the spectrum resources for the one or more V2V sidelink transmissions by the UE based on a position of the UE relative to a GSR of the plurality of GSRs; and sending, by the computer device the encoded message to the UE. 
     Example 102 may include the method of example 101 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration indicates one or more synchronization sources from which to identify a reference time, a priority associated with each of the one or more synchronizations sources, and a geo-information reporting periodicity, wherein the geo-information reporting periodicity is to indicate individual time instances at which a timestamp for collected geo-information is to be obtained, and wherein collection of the geo-information is for determination of the position of the UE. 
     Example 103 may include the method of example 102 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message is a first message, and the method further comprises: receiving a second message over a physical uplink shared channel (“PUSCH”) or a physical uplink control channel (“PUCCH”) at each individual time instance according to the reference time, wherein the second message includes geo-information associated with the UE; receiving a third message over the PUSCH or the PUCCH at each individual time instance according to the reference time, wherein the third message includes other geo-information associated with another UE that is within a target communication range of the UE; transmitting, to the other UE, of the second message over a physical downlink shared channel (“PDSCH”), a physical downlink control channel (“PDCCH”), or a physical multicast channel (“PMCH”); and transmitting, to the UE, of the third message over the PDSCH, the PDCCH, or the PMCH. 
     Example 104 may include the method of example 103 and/or some other examples herein, wherein allocating the spectrum resources comprises: associating sets of the spectrum resources to corresponding ones of a plurality of geographical reference points (“GRPs”) and corresponding ones of a plurality of reference spectrum resource points (“RRPs”). 
     Example 105 may include the method of example 104 and/or some other examples herein, wherein each of the plurality of GRPs are collocated with a corresponding roadside unit (“RSU”), and allocating the spectrum resources comprises: determining a first RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a first GRP collocated with a first RSU; mapping a set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the first GRP; determining a second RRP of the plurality of RRPs associated with a second GRP collocated with a second RSU, wherein the first RRP and the second RRP are spaced apart by a spatial isolation region; and mapping the set of the spectrum resources associated with the first RRP to corresponding ones of the plurality of GSRs surrounding the second GRP. 
     Example 106 may include the method of example 103 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: obtaining the geo-information of the UE from the second message; obtaining the other geo-information of the other UE from the third message; and adjusting the allocation of spectrum resources to each GSR based on the geo-information of the UE and the other geo-information of the other UE. 
     Example 107 may include the method of example 106 and/or some other examples herein, wherein adjusting the allocation of spectrum resources comprises: adjusting a size and/or shape of each GSR; adjusting the geo-information reporting periodicity; adjusting a location of one or more GRPs and/or one or more RRPs; or altering a number of spectrum resources associated with one or more GSRs, one or more GRPs, and/or one or more RRPs. 
     Example 108 may include the method of example 107 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the message further includes a configuration, wherein the configuration is to indicate a report type to indicate a coordinate system and message format for a geo-information report, a geo-information reporting type to indicate periodic or trigger-based reporting, timestamp information to indicate how and when to report the geo-information report, and trigger information to indicate an event or condition for transmission of the geo-information report. 
     Example 109 may include the method of example 108 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising: receiving the message from a server via an application layer, wherein the server is an application server or a server that implements a core network element; identifying the allocation from the message; and storing the allocation in a memory associated with the computer device. 
     Example 110 may include the method of example 109 and/or some other examples herein, wherein a first set of spectrum resources are allocated to a first GSR and a second GSR, and the first GSR and the second GSR are separated by a spatial isolation region. 
     Example 111 may include one or more non-transitory computer readable media including program code, which when executed by one or more processors, causes a computer device to perform the method of any one of examples 76-110 and/or some other examples or processes, or portions thereof, as discussed herein. 
     The foregoing description of the above Examples provides illustration and description for the example embodiments disclosed herein, but the above Examples are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings and/or may be acquired from practice of various implementations of the invention.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20160801
Publication Date: 20201006
Grant Date: 20201006
Priority Date: 20160401
Inventors: KHORYAEV, ALEXEY
PANTELEEV, Sergey
SOSNIN, SERGEY
CHERVYAKOV, ANDREY
BELOV, DMITRY
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W72/51", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/51", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/70", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/70", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/46", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/027", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W56/001", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/46", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/02", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W76/14", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W56/001", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/027", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/021", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/021", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W64/006", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/02", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/027", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/048", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/70", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W72/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W64/006", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W76/14", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/021", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W56/001", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W4/46", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 56618278