PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-8294647-B2
Application Number: US-37138009-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: LCD pixel design varying by color

Abstract:
A liquid crystal display (LCD) having a plurality of pixels is provided. In one embodiment, the pixels of the LCD each include common and pixel electrodes formed on an insulating layer, and a liquid crystal layer responsive to electric fields generated by the electrodes. The plurality of pixels may include two or more sets of pixels each configured to transmit light of a different color, and the pixel electrodes of one set of pixels may be configured differently from those of another set. In other embodiments, the sizes of the pixels may differ. Various additional devices and methods are also provided.

Claims:
1. A liquid crystal display (LCD) panel comprising:
 a plurality of pixels, each pixel comprising:
 a common electrode formed on an insulating layer; 
 a pixel electrode formed on the insulating layer; and 
 a liquid crystal layer responsive to electric fields generated by the common and pixel electrodes; 
 
 wherein the plurality of pixels includes at least two sets of pixels that are each configured to emit a different color of light, and wherein the pixel electrodes of the pixels in a first set of the at least two sets of pixels are configured different than the pixel electrodes of the pixels in a second set of the at least two sets of pixels, wherein the plurality of pixels are configured to emit a substantially uniform respective peak transmittance at a common voltage. 
 
     
     
       2. The LCD panel of  claim 1 , wherein each of the pixel electrodes includes two or more elongated portions spaced apart from one another. 
     
     
       3. The LCD panel of  claim 2 , wherein the two or more elongated portions of the pixel electrodes of the pixels in the first set have different widths than the two or more elongated portions of the pixel electrodes in the second set. 
     
     
       4. The LCD panel of  claim 2 , wherein the two or more elongated portions of the pixel electrodes of the pixels in the first set are spaced at a greater distance apart than the two or more elongated portions of the pixel electrodes in the second set. 
     
     
       5. The LCD panel of  claim 1 , wherein the at least two sets of pixels include a set of red pixels, a set of green pixels, and a set of blue pixels. 
     
     
       6. The LCD panel of  claim 1 , wherein the common electrode and the pixel electrode are formed on opposite sides of the insulating layer. 
     
     
       7. An electronic device comprising:
 one or more input structures; 
 a storage structure encoding one or more executable routines; 
 a processor capable of receiving inputs from the one or more input structures and of executing the one or more executable routines when loaded in a memory; and 
 a liquid crystal display (LCD) capable of displaying an output of the processor, wherein the LCD includes a plurality of different-colored pixels, the different-colored pixels each comprising:
 a color filter enabling the pixel to output light having a wavelength associated with a respective color; 
 a liquid crystal layer; and 
 at least one electrode capable of controlling transmittance of the liquid crystal layer; 
 
 wherein the shape of the at least one electrode of each pixel associated with one color is different than the shape of the at least one electrode of each pixel associated with another color, wherein the shape of the electrodes are configured to provide a substantially uniform transmittance-voltage response of the plurality of different-colored pixels upon application of a common voltage. 
 
     
     
       8. The electronic device of  claim 7 , wherein the at least one electrode of each pixel includes an electrode having one or more slits. 
     
     
       9. The electronic device of  claim 8 , wherein the contours of the one or more slits are different for each pixel associated with one color than for each pixel associated with another color. 
     
     
       10. The electronic device of  claim 8 , wherein the number of slits varies according to the color associated with the respective pixel. 
     
     
       11. The electronic device of  claim 7 , wherein the LCD panel includes a fringe field switching LCD panel. 
     
     
       12. A liquid crystal display (LCD) panel comprising:
 a plurality of red pixels; 
 a plurality of green pixels; and 
 a plurality of blue pixels; 
 wherein the pluralities of red pixels, green pixels, and blue pixels are configured such that the transmittance response of each of the red, green, and blue pixels, upon application of a common voltage to each of the red, green, and blue pixels, is substantially uniform. 
 
     
     
       13. The LCD panel of  claim 12 , wherein the pixels of at least one of the pluralities of red, green, and blue pixels have different sizes than those of another of the pluralities of red, green, and blue pixels. 
     
     
       14. The LCD panel of  claim 13 , wherein the pixels of each of the pluralities of red, green, and blue pixels have different sizes than those of the other pluralities of red, green, and blue pixels. 
     
     
       15. The LCD panel of  claim 12 , wherein the pixels of each of the pluralities of red, green, and blue pixels have different cell gaps than those of the other pluralities of red, green, and blue pixels. 
     
     
       16. A liquid crystal display (LCD) panel including a pixel array comprising:
 a first column of pixels; 
 a second column of pixels adjacent the first column of pixels; and 
 a third column of pixels adjacent the second column of pixels; 
 wherein each pixel of the first, second, and third columns of pixels includes one or more electrodes configured to control orientation of molecules in a liquid crystal layer, and wherein the one or more electrodes of each pixel of the first, second, and third columns are substantially identical to the one or more electrodes of other pixels in its respective column, but different than the one or more electrodes of the pixels in the other two columns of the first, second, and third columns of pixels, wherein each pixel of the first, second, and third columns of pixels are configured to emit a substantially uniform respective peak transmittance at a common voltage. 
 
     
     
       17. The LCD panel of  claim 16 , wherein each of the first, second, and third columns of pixels includes pixels of a single respective color. 
     
     
       18. The LCD panel of  claim 16 , wherein the one or more electrodes of each pixel in one of the first, second, or third columns differ in at least one of shape or dimensions in comparison to the pixels in the other two columns. 
     
     
       19. An electronic device comprising:
 one or more input structures; 
 a storage structure encoding one or more executable routines; 
 a processor capable of receiving inputs from the one or more input structures and of executing the one or more executable routines when loaded in a memory; and 
 a liquid crystal display (LCD) capable of displaying an output of the processor, wherein the LCD includes respective pluralities of red, green, and blue pixels, each pixel comprising:
 a liquid crystal material; 
 first and second electrodes formed on opposite sides of an insulating layer, 
 
 wherein the first electrode includes a plurality of finger portions separated from one another by one or more respective slits in the first electrode; and
 a transistor configured to control generation of an electric field to vary the orientation of molecules within the liquid crystal layer; 
 
 wherein at least one of the finger portions or slits of the pixels within one of the pluralities of red, green, or blue pixels differ in at least one of length or width from those of the pixels of the other pluralities of red, green, or blue pixels, wherein the at least one of the finger portions or slits of the pixels within one of the pluralities of red, green, or blue pixels are configured to provide a substantially uniform transmittance-voltage response of each of the plurality of the pluralities of red, green, and blue pixels upon application of a common voltage. 
 
     
     
       20. The electronic device of  claim 19 , wherein at least one of the finger portions or slits of the pixels within one of the pluralities of red, green, or blue pixels differ in shape from those of the pixels of the other pluralities of red, green, or blue pixels. 
     
     
       21. The electronic device of  claim 19 , wherein the first electrodes of the pixels in one of the pluralities of red, green, or blue pixels have a greater number of finger portions than those of the pixels in another of the pluralities of red, green, or blue pixels. 
     
     
       22. The electronic device of  claim 19 , wherein at least one of the finger portions or slits of the pixels within each of the pluralities of red, green, or blue pixels differ in at least one of length or width from those of the pixels of the other pluralities of red, green, or blue pixels. 
     
     
       23. A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel, the method comprising:
 forming a plurality of pixels on a substrate, wherein forming the plurality of pixels comprises:
 forming a thin film transistor (TFT) for each pixel; and 
 forming an electrode in electrical communication with the TFT for each pixel, 
 
 wherein the electrodes of some pixels differ in configuration from those of other pixels, 
 wherein the electrodes are configured to provide a substantially uniform transmittance-voltage response of the plurality of pixels upon application of a common voltage. 
 
     
     
       24. The method of  claim 23 , comprising:
 coupling the substrate to an additional substrate having a plurality of color filters; and 
 providing a liquid crystal layer between the substrate and the additional substrate. 
 
     
     
       25. A liquid crystal display (LCD) panel comprising:
 a plurality of pixels including a first set of pixels associated with a first color and a second set of pixels associated with a second color, wherein the pixels of the first set include cell gaps different in magnitude than cell gaps of the pixels of the second set, wherein the cell gaps of the plurality of pixels are configured to provide a substantially uniform transmittance-voltage response of the plurality of pixels upon application of a common voltage. 
 
     
     
       26. The LCD display of  claim 25 , wherein the cell gaps of the pixels of the first and second sets are configured to reduce a difference in transmittance-voltage response between the pixels of the first set and the pixels of the second set. 
     
     
       27. The LCD display of  claim 25 , wherein the plurality of pixels includes a set of red pixels, a set of green pixels, and a set of blue pixels.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This relates generally to electronic display panels, such as liquid crystal displays. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present invention, which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art. 
     Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are commonly used as screens or displays for a wide variety of electronic devices, including such consumer electronics as televisions, computers, and handheld devices (e.g., cellular telephones, audio and video players, gaming systems, and so forth). Such LCD devices typically provide a flat display in a relatively thin package that is suitable for use in a variety of electronic goods. In addition, such LCD devices typically use less power than comparable display technologies, making them suitable for use in battery-powered devices or in other contexts where it is desirable to minimize power usage. 
     The performance of an LCD may be measured with respect to a variety of factors. For example, some characteristics of interest with respect to an LCD panel may include transmittance and color accuracy. Typically, an LCD panel includes a number of pixels having colors that differ from one another, such as red pixels, green pixels, and blue pixels. Each of these pixels generally includes identical liquid crystal layers, driving circuitry, and the like. Due to the different wavelengths of light associated with the various colors, however, the different-colored pixels often exhibit transmittance-voltage responses that vary with respect to one another, which may generally reduce color accuracy. Further, such variations may require different voltages to be applied to each color of pixel to achieve peak transmittance. 
     SUMMARY 
     Certain aspects of embodiments disclosed herein by way of example are summarized below. It should be understood that these aspects are presented merely to provide the reader with a brief summary of certain forms an invention disclosed and/or claimed herein might take, and that these aspects are not intended to limit the scope of any invention disclosed and/or claimed herein. Indeed, any invention disclosed and/or claimed herein may encompass a variety of aspects that may not be set forth below. 
     The present disclosure generally relates to increasing the transmittance and color accuracy of electronic display pixels and panels. In accordance with the present disclosure, a display panel may include pixels of different colors that are configured different than one another based on their respective colors. In some embodiments, the pixels may be configured such that the transmittance-voltage response is the same for pixels of two or more colors. The structural differences between the pixels of different colors may include one or more of electrode size or shape, pixel size, or the like. Moreover, in at least some embodiments, reducing or eliminating the differences in transmittance-voltage response across pixels of different colors may increase the color accuracy of an LCD including such pixels. 
     Various refinements of the features noted above may exist in relation to various aspects of the present invention. Further features may also be incorporated in these various aspects as well. These refinements and additional features may exist individually or in any combination. For instance, various features discussed below in relation to one or more of the illustrated embodiments may be incorporated into any of the above-described aspects of the present invention alone or in any combination. Again, the brief summary presented above is intended only to familiarize the reader with certain aspects and contexts of embodiments of the present invention without limitation to the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Advantages of the invention may become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of exemplary components of an electronic device, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  is a front view of a handheld electronic device in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a view of a computer in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  is an exploded view of exemplary layers of a pixel of an LCD panel, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram of switching and display circuitry of LCD pixels, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  is a general representation of a portion of an LCD pixel array in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view of a single pixel of the LCD pixel array of  FIG. 6  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  is a partial cross-section of the pixel of  FIG. 7 , depicting an electrode arrangement of the pixel in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  is a graph of the different transmittance responses of different colors of pixels in one embodiment in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  is a plan view of a group of pixels having different colors, in which the dimensions of elongated finger portions and slits differ between the pixels in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  is a plan view of a group of pixels having different colors, in which the contours of the electrodes differ between the pixels in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  depicts pixels having different numbers of fingers and slits in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a portion of a pixel array in which pixels are sized differently according to color in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14  is a partial cross-sectional view of a group of pixels of different colors, in which the pixels have differing cell gaps in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 15  is a graph depicting a universal transmittance response curve for pixels of different colors in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS 
     One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. These described embodiments are only exemplary of the present invention. Additionally, in an effort to provide a concise description of these exemplary embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present invention, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Moreover, while the term “exemplary” may be used herein in connection to certain examples of aspects or embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter, it will be appreciated that these examples are illustrative in nature and that the term “exemplary” is not used herein to denote any preference or requirement with respect to a disclosed aspect or embodiment. 
     The present application is generally directed to increasing transmittance and color accuracy of an LCD panel. In some embodiments, pixels of different colors are varied with respect to one another, which may, in further embodiments, more closely align the transmittance-voltage response characteristics of the pixels in an LCD panel. For example, in various embodiments the electrodes of the pixels are configured different than one another based on the colors of the pixels. The electrodes may include finger-like extensions separated from each other by slits in the electrodes. The dimensions of these extensions and slits, as well as their contour and even their numbers, may be varied based on the colors of the pixels. Additionally, the dimensions and shapes of the entire electrodes and the pixels themselves may also be varied. By varying the physical characteristics of the pixels and its components, the transmittance-voltage response of pixels of various colors may be more closely harmonized, allowing for improved transmittance of the different pixels at a single driving voltage and enhanced color reproduction accuracy. 
     With these foregoing features in mind, a general description of suitable electronic devices using such LCD displays is provided below. In  FIG. 1 , a block diagram depicting various components that may be present in electronic devices suitable for use with the present techniques is provided. In  FIG. 2 , one example of a suitable electronic device, here provided as a handheld electronic device, is depicted. In  FIG. 3 , another example of a suitable electronic device, here provided as a computer system, is depicted. These types of electronic devices, and other electronic devices providing comparable display capabilities, may be used in conjunction with the present techniques. 
     An example of a suitable electronic device may include various internal and/or external components that contribute to the function of the device.  FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating the components that may be present in such an electronic device  8  and which may allow the device  8  to function in accordance with the techniques discussed herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the various functional blocks shown in  FIG. 1  may comprise hardware elements (including circuitry), software elements (including computer code stored on a computer-readable medium) or a combination of both hardware and software elements. It should further be noted that  FIG. 1  is merely one example of a particular implementation and is merely intended to illustrate the types of components that may be present in a device  8 . For example, in the presently illustrated embodiment, these components may include a display  10 , I/O ports  12 , input structures  14 , one or more processors  16 , a memory device  18 , a non-volatile storage  20 , expansion card(s)  22 , a networking device  24 , and a power source  26 . 
     With regard to each of these components, the display  10  may be used to display various images generated by the device  8 . In one embodiment, the display  10  may be a liquid crystal display (LCD). For example, the display  10  may be an LCD employing fringe field switching (FFS), in-plane switching (IPS), or other techniques useful in operating such LCD devices. Additionally, in certain embodiments of the electronic device  8 , the display  10  may be provided in conjunction with a touch-sensitive element, such as a touchscreen, that may be used as part of the control interface for the device  8 . 
     The I/O ports  12  may include ports configured to connect to a variety of external devices, such as a power source, headset or headphones, or other electronic devices (such as handheld devices and/or computers, printers, projectors, external displays, modems, docking stations, and so forth). The I/O ports  12  may support any interface type, such as a universal serial bus (USB) port, a video port, a serial connection port, an IEEE-1394 port, an Ethernet or modem port, and/or an AC/DC power connection port. 
     The input structures  14  may include the various devices, circuitry, and pathways by which user input or feedback is provided to the processor  16 . Such input structures  14  may be configured to control a function of the device  8 , applications running on the device  8 , and/or any interfaces or devices connected to or used by the electronic device  8 . For example, the input structures  14  may allow a user to navigate a displayed user interface or application interface. Examples of the input structures  14  may include buttons, sliders, switches, control pads, keys, knobs, scroll wheels, keyboards, mice, touchpads, and so forth. 
     In certain embodiments, an input structure  14  and display  10  may be provided together, such an in the case of a touchscreen where a touch sensitive mechanism is provided in conjunction with the display  10 . In such embodiments, the user may select or interact with displayed interface elements via the touch sensitive mechanism. In this way, the displayed interface may provide interactive functionality, allowing a user to navigate the displayed interface by touching the display  10 . 
     User interaction with the input structures  14 , such as to interact with a user or application interface displayed on the display  10 , may generate electrical signals indicative of the user input. These input signals may be routed via suitable pathways, such as an input hub or bus, to the processor(s)  16  for further processing. 
     The processor(s)  16  may provide the processing capability to execute the operating system, programs, user and application interfaces, and any other functions of the electronic device  8 . The processor(s)  16  may include one or more microprocessors, such as one or more “general-purpose” microprocessors, one or more special-purpose microprocessors and/or ASICS, or some combination of such processing components. For example, the processor  16  may include one or more reduced instruction set (RISC) processors, as well as graphics processors, video processors, audio processors and/or related chip sets. 
     The instructions or data to be processed by the processor(s)  16  may be stored in a computer-readable medium, such as a memory  18 . Such a memory  18  may be provided as a volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM), and/or as a non-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM). The memory  18  may store a variety of information and may be used for various purposes. For example, the memory  18  may store firmware for the electronic device  8  (such as a basic input/output instruction or operating system instructions), various programs, applications, or routines executed on the electronic device  8 , user interface functions, processor functions, and so forth. In addition, the memory  18  may be used for buffering or caching during operation of the electronic device  8 . 
     The components may further include other forms of computer-readable media, such as a non-volatile storage  20 , for persistent storage of data and/or instructions. The non-volatile storage  20  may include flash memory, a hard drive, or any other optical, magnetic, and/or solid-state storage media. The non-volatile storage  20  may be used to store firmware, data files, software, wireless connection information, and any other suitable data. 
     The embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1  may also include one or more card or expansion slots. The card slots may be configured to receive an expansion card  22  that may be used to add functionality, such as additional memory, I/O functionality, or networking capability, to the electronic device  8 . Such an expansion card  22  may connect to the device through any type of suitable connector, and may be accessed internally or external to the housing of the electronic device  8 . For example, in one embodiment, the expansion card  22  may be a flash memory card, such as a SecureDigital (SD) card, mini- or microSD, CompactFlash card, Multimedia card (MMC), or the like. 
     The components depicted in  FIG. 1  also include a network device  24 , such as a network controller or a network interface card (NIC). In one embodiment, the network device  24  may be a wireless NIC providing wireless connectivity over any 802.11 standard or any other suitable wireless networking standard. The network device  24  may allow the electronic device  8  to communicate over a network, such as a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), or the Internet. Further, the electronic device  8  may connect to and send or receive data with any device on the network, such as portable electronic devices, personal computers, printers, and so forth. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the electronic device  8  may not include a network device  24 . In such an embodiment, a NIC may be added as an expansion card  22  to provide similar networking capability as described above. 
     Further, the components may also include a power source  26 . In one embodiment, the power source  26  may be one or more batteries, such as a lithium-ion polymer battery or other type of suitable battery. The battery may be user-removable or may be secured within the housing of the electronic device  8 , and may be rechargeable. Additionally, the power source  26  may include AC power, such as provided by an electrical outlet, and the electronic device  8  may be connected to the power source  26  via a power adapter. This power adapter may also be used to recharge one or more batteries if present. 
     With the foregoing in mind,  FIG. 2  illustrates an electronic device  8  in the form of a handheld device  30 , here a cellular telephone. It should be noted that while the depicted handheld device  30  is provided in the context of a cellular telephone, other types of handheld devices (such as media players for playing music and/or video, personal data organizers, handheld game platforms, and/or combinations of such devices) may also be suitably provided as the electronic device  8 . Further, a suitable handheld device  30  may incorporate the functionality of one or more types of devices, such as a media player, a cellular phone, a gaming platform, a personal data organizer, and so forth. 
     For example, in the depicted embodiment, the handheld device  30  is in the form of a cellular telephone that may provide various additional functionalities (such as the ability to take pictures, record audio and/or video, listen to music, play games, and so forth). As discussed with respect to the general electronic device of  FIG. 1 , the handheld device  30  may allow a user to connect to and communicate through the Internet or through other networks, such as local or wide area networks. The handheld electronic device  30 , may also communicate with other devices using short-range connections, such as Bluetooth and near field communication. By way of example, the handheld device  30  may be a model of an iPod® or iPhone® available from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     In the depicted embodiment, the handheld device  30  includes an enclosure or body that protects the interior components from physical damage and shields them from electromagnetic interference. The enclosure may be formed from any suitable material such as plastic, metal or a composite material and may allow certain frequencies of electromagnetic radiation to pass through to wireless communication circuitry within the handheld device  30  to facilitate wireless communication. 
     In the depicted embodiment, the enclosure includes user input structures  14  through which a user may interface with the device. Each user input structure  14  may be configured to help control a device function when actuated. For example, in a cellular telephone implementation, one or more of the input structures  14  may be configured to invoke a “home” screen or menu to be displayed, to toggle between a sleep and a wake mode, to silence a ringer for a cell phone application, to increase or decrease a volume output, and so forth. 
     In the depicted embodiment, the handheld device  30  includes a display  10  in the form of an LCD  32 . The LCD  32  may be used to display a graphical user interface (GUI)  34  that allows a user to interact with the handheld device  30 . The GUI  34  may include various layers, windows, screens, templates, or other graphical elements that may be displayed in all, or a portion, of the LCD  32 . Generally, the GUI  34  may include graphical elements that represent applications and functions of the electronic device. The graphical elements may include icons  36  and other images representing buttons, sliders, menu bars, and the like. The icons  36  may correspond to various applications of the electronic device that may open upon selection of a respective icon  36 . Furthermore, selection of an icon  36  may lead to a hierarchical navigation process, such that selection of an icon  36  leads to a screen that includes one or more additional icons or other GUI elements. The icons  36  may be selected via a touchscreen included in the display  10 , or may be selected by a user input structure  14 , such as a wheel or button. 
     The handheld electronic device  30  also may include various input and output (I/O) ports  12  that allow connection of the handheld device  30  to external devices. For example, one I/O port  12  may be a port that allows the transmission and reception of data or commands between the handheld electronic device  30  and another electronic device, such as a computer. Such an I/O port  12  may be a proprietary port from Apple Inc. or may be an open standard I/O port. 
     In addition to handheld devices  30 , such as the depicted cellular telephone of  FIG. 2 , an electronic device  8  may also take the form of a computer or other type of electronic device. Such computers may include computers that are generally portable (such as laptop, notebook, and tablet computers) as well as computers that are generally used in one place (such as conventional desktop computers, workstations and/or servers). In certain embodiments, the electronic device  8  in the form of a computer may be a model of a MacBook®, MacBook® Pro, MacBook Air®, iMac®, Mac® mini, or Mac Pro® available from Apple Inc. By way of example, an electronic device  8  in the form of a laptop computer  50  is illustrated in  FIG. 3  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The depicted computer  50  includes a housing  52 , a display  10  (such as the depicted LCD  32 ), input structures  14 , and input/output ports  12 . 
     In one embodiment, the input structures  14  (such as a keyboard and/or touchpad) may be used to interact with the computer  50 , such as to start, control, or operate a GUI or applications running on the computer  50 . For example, a keyboard and/or touchpad may allow a user to navigate a user interface or application interface displayed on the LCD  32 . 
     As depicted, the electronic device  8  in the form of computer  50  may also include various input and output ports  12  to allow connection of additional devices. For example, the computer  50  may include an I/O port  12 , such as a USB port or other port, suitable for connecting to another electronic device, a projector, a supplemental display, and so forth. In addition, the computer  50  may include network connectivity, memory, and storage capabilities, as described with respect to  FIG. 1 . As a result, the computer  50  may store and execute a GUI and other applications. 
     With the foregoing discussion in mind, it may be appreciated that an electronic device  8  in the form of either a handheld device  30  or a computer  50  may be provided with an LCD  32  as the display  10 . Such an LCD  32  may be utilized to display the respective operating system and application interfaces running on the electronic device  8  and/or to display data, images, or other visual outputs associated with an operation of the electronic device  8 . 
     In embodiments in which the electronic device  8  includes an LCD  32 , the LCD  32  may include an array or matrix of picture elements (i.e., pixels). In operation, the LCD  32  generally operates to modulate the transmission of light through the pixels by controlling the orientation of liquid crystal disposed at each pixel. In general, the orientation of the liquid crystals is controlled by a varying an electric field associated with each respective pixel, with the liquid crystals being oriented at any given instant by the properties (strength, shape, and so forth) of the electric field. 
     Different types of LCDs may employ different techniques in manipulating these electrical fields and/or the liquid crystals. For example, certain LCDs employ transverse electric field modes in which the liquid crystals are oriented by applying an in-plane electrical field to a layer of the liquid crystals. Example of such techniques include in-plane switching (IPS) and fringe field switching (FFS) techniques, which differ in the electrode arrangement employed to generate the respective electrical fields. 
     While control of the orientation of the liquid crystals in such displays may be sufficient to modulate the amount of light emitted by a pixel, color filters may also be associated with the pixels to allow specific colors of light to be emitted by each pixel. For example, in embodiments where the LCD  32  is a color display, each pixel of a group of pixels may correspond to a different primary color. For example, in one embodiment, a group of pixels may include a red pixel, a green pixel, and a blue pixel, each associated with an appropriately colored filter. The intensity of light allowed to pass through each pixel (by modulation of the corresponding liquid crystals), and its combination with the light emitted from other adjacent pixels, determines what color(s) are perceived by a user viewing the display. As the viewable colors are formed from individual color components (e.g., red, green, and blue) provided by the colored pixels, the colored pixels may also be referred to as unit pixels. 
     With the foregoing in mind, and turning once again to the figures,  FIG. 4  depicts an exploded view of different layers of a pixel of an LCD  32 . The pixel  60  includes an upper polarizing layer  64  and a lower polarizing layer  66  that polarize light emitted by a backlight assembly  68  or light-reflective surface. A lower substrate  72  is disposed above the polarizing layer  66  and is generally formed from a light-transparent material, such as glass, quartz, and/or plastic. 
     A thin film transistor (TFT) layer  74  is depicted as being disposed above the lower substrate  72 . For simplicity, the TFT layer  74  is depicted as a generalized structure in  FIG. 4 . In practice, the TFT layer may itself comprise various conductive, non-conductive, and semiconductive layers and structures which generally form the electrical devices and pathways which drive operation of the pixel  60 . For example, in an embodiment in which the pixel  60  is part of an FFS LCD panel, the TFT layer  74  may include the respective data lines, scanning or gate lines, pixel electrodes, and common electrodes (as well as other conductive traces and structures) of the pixel  60 . Such conductive structures may, in light-transmissive portions of the pixel, be formed using transparent conductive materials, such as indium tin oxide (ITO). In addition, the TFT layer  74  may include insulating layers (such as a gate insulating film) formed from suitable transparent materials (such as silicon oxide) and semiconductive layers formed from suitable semiconductor materials (such as amorphous silicon). In general, the respective conductive structures and traces, insulating structures, and semiconductor structures may be suitably disposed to form the respective pixel and common electrodes, a TFT, and the respective data and scanning lines used to operate the pixel  60 , as described in further detail below with regard to  FIG. 5 . The TFT layer  74  may also include an alignment layer (formed from polyimide or other suitable materials) at the interface with the liquid crystal layer  78 . 
     The liquid crystal layer  78  includes liquid crystal particles or molecules suspended in a fluid or gel matrix. The liquid crystal particles may be oriented or aligned with respect to an electrical field generated by the TFT layer  74 . The orientation of the liquid crystal particles in the liquid crystal layer  78  determines the amount of light transmission through the pixel  60 . Thus, by modulation of the electrical field applied to the liquid crystal layer  78 , the amount of light transmitted though the pixel  60  may be correspondingly modulated. 
     Disposed on the other side of the liquid crystal layer  78  from the TFT layer  74  may be one or more alignment and/or overcoating layers  82  interfacing between the liquid crystal layer  78  and an overlying color filter  86 . The color filter  86 , in certain embodiments, may be a red, green, or blue filter, such that each pixel  60  corresponds to a primary color when light is transmitted from the backlight assembly  68  through the liquid crystal layer  78  and the color filter  86 . 
     The color filter  86  may be surrounded by a light-opaque mask or matrix, e.g., a black mask  88  which circumscribes the light-transmissive portion of the pixel  60 . For example, in certain embodiments, the black mask  88  may be sized and shaped to define a light-transmissive aperture over the liquid crystal layer  78  and around the color filter  86  and to cover or mask portions of the pixel  60  that do not transmit light, such as the scanning line and data line driving circuitry, the TFT, and the periphery of the pixel  60 . In the depicted embodiment, an upper substrate  92  may be disposed between the black mask  88  and color filter  86  and the polarizing layer  64 . In such an embodiment, the upper substrate may be formed from light-transmissive glass, quartz, and/or plastic. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , an example of a circuit view of pixel driving circuitry found in an LCD  32  is provided. For example, such circuitry as depicted in  FIG. 5  may be embodied in the TFT layer  74  described with respect to  FIG. 4 . As depicted, the pixels  60  may be disposed in a matrix that forms an image display region of an LCD  32 . In such a matrix, each pixel  60  may be defined by the intersection of data lines  100  and scanning or gate lines  102 . 
     Each pixel  60  includes a pixel electrode  110  and thin film transistor (TFT)  112  for switching the pixel electrode  110 . In the depicted embodiment, the source  114  of each TFT  112  is electrically connected to a data line  100 , extending from respective data line driving circuitry  120 . Similarly, in the depicted embodiment, the gate  122  of each TFT  112  is electrically connected to a scanning or gate line  102 , extending from respective scanning line driving circuitry  124 . In the depicted embodiment, the pixel electrode  110  is electrically connected to a drain  128  of the respective TFT  112 . 
     In one embodiment, the data line driving circuitry  120  sends image signals to the pixels via the respective data lines  100 . Such image signals may be applied by line-sequence, i.e., the data lines  100  may be sequentially activated during operation. The scanning lines  102  may apply scanning signals from the scanning line driving circuitry  124  to the gate  122  of each TFT  112  to which the respective scanning lines  102  connect. Such scanning signals may be applied by line-sequence with a predetermined timing and/or in a pulsed manner. 
     Each TFT  112  serves as a switching element which may be activated and deactivated (i.e., turned on and off) for a predetermined period based on the respective presence or absence of a scanning signal at the gate  122  of the TFT  112 . When activated, a TFT  112  may store the image signals received via a respective data line  100  as a charge in the pixel electrode  110  with a predetermined timing. 
     The image signals stored at the pixel electrode  110  may be used to generate an electrical field between the respective pixel electrode  110  and a common electrode. Such an electrical field may align liquid crystals within the liquid crystal layer  78  ( FIG. 4 ) to modulate light transmission through the liquid crystal layer  78 . In some embodiments, a storage capacitor may also be provided in parallel to the liquid crystal capacitor formed between the pixel electrode  110  and the common electrode to prevent leakage of the stored image signal at the pixel electrode  110 . For example, such a storage capacitor may be provided between the drain  128  of the respective TFT  112  and a separate capacitor line. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 6 , an LCD pixel array  140  may include a plurality of pixels  60  arranged in rows  142  and columns  144 . In the presently illustrated embodiment, the array  140  includes alternating columns of red pixels  146 , green pixels  148 , and blue pixels  150 . It is noted, however, that these various colored pixels may be provided in other arrangements, such as those in which the order of columns associated with respective colors is different, or in which the columns include pixels  60  of different colors. Additionally, the pixels  60  may include other colors in addition to, or in place of, those noted above. 
     An exemplary pixel  60  of the array  140  is depicted in the partial plan and cross-sectional views of  FIGS. 7 and 8  in accordance with one embodiment. Although the pixel  60  is presently illustrated as a pixel of a fringe field switching (FFS) LCD panel, other display technologies may be used in full accordance with the presently disclosed techniques. In the presently illustrated embodiment, the pixel  60  includes a black mask  88  defining an aperture  90  through which light may pass. As will be appreciated from the discussion above with respect to  FIG. 4 , a liquid crystal layer  78  may include molecules whose orientation may be controlled through the application of an electric field to thereby control the amount of light allowed to pass from the pixel  60 . 
     To implement such control, the pixel  60  may include various conductive structures configured to apply an electric field to the liquid crystal layer  78 . In one embodiment, these conductive structures may include a pixel electrode  110 , a transistor  112 , and a common electrode  154 . The pixel electrode  110  may include a number of elongated extensions or portions  160 , also referred to herein as “fingers”, which are separated from one another by one or more openings in the electrode, such as slits  158 . Although only portions of a single pixel are illustrated in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , it is noted that the common electrode  154  may be a continuous electrode that spans a number of pixels  60 , such as multiple pixels along a common row  142  of the array  140 . 
     The pixel electrode  110  and the common electrode  154  may be formed on opposite sides of a passivation layer  162  that electrically isolates these two electrodes from one another. In the present embodiment, the pixel electrode  110  is formed on an upper surface of the passivation layer  162 , and the common electrode  154  is formed on a lower surface of the passivation layer  162 . In other embodiments, however, these relative positions may be reversed. Further, in some embodiments the pixel electrode  110  may include a generally continuous electrode disposed within a single pixel  60 , while the common electrode  154  may instead include the slits  158  and the elongated portions  160  described herein. 
     In one embodiment, each of the elongated portions or fingers  160  may have a width  164 , and the fingers  160  may be separated from one another by a distance  166  (i.e., the width of the slits  158 ). In other embodiments, the fingers  160  may have different widths, and may be spaced apart from one another by different distances. Also, while the embodiment of  FIGS. 7 and 8  is illustrated as having generally parallel and rectangular slits  158  and elongated portions  160 , it is noted that other embodiments may include numerous other shapes, sizes, contours, configurations, and the like. Indeed, as discussed below with respect to  FIGS. 10-13 , these and other characteristics of the slits  158 , the elongated portions  160 , and other aspects of the pixels  60  may differ from pixel to pixel. Moreover, the features of the slits  158  and elongated portions  160  may differ even within a single pixel  60 . 
     The transmittance of a pixel  60  varies in response to a driving voltage applied to the pixel  60 , and also varies depending on the wavelength (or color) of light that the pixel  60  is configured to output. In  FIG. 9 , a graph  174  generally depicting transmittance-voltage response curves for a plurality of pixels having different colors is provided in accordance with one embodiment. In the graph  174 , the transmittance level of pixels  60  are generally represented along the vertical axis  176  as a function of voltage, generally corresponding to the horizontal axis  178 . Curve  180  generally represents the manner in which the transmittance of a red pixel  146  may vary as a function of driving voltage, while curves  182  and  184  may generally represent the transmittance of green pixels  148  and blue pixels  150 , respectively, as functions of an applied voltage. 
     As indicated in the graph  174 , for each of the red pixels  146 , green pixels  148 , and blue pixels  150 , the transmittance of these pixels  60  increases as the driving voltage is increased to a certain threshold, and then decreases as the driving voltage is further increased beyond this threshold. While each of the curves  180 ,  182 , and  184  may have a similar contour, it may be observed that, for pixels  60  that are substantially uniform except for their color, pixels  60  of one color may not reach maximum transmittance at the same driving voltage as those of another color. 
     For example, as generally illustrated, red pixels  146  may achieve maximum transmittance at a driving voltage threshold  186 , while green pixels  148  and blue pixels  150  may reach peak transmittance at successively lower voltage thresholds  188  and  190 , respectively. As the colors perceived by a user from an LCD display are generated through combinations of the colors emitted by the pixels  60  (and, more particularly, by the red pixels  146 , green pixels  148 , and blue pixels  150  in some embodiments), these color-based transmittance differences may negatively impact gamma and color-neutrality of an LCD panel. To overcome the differences in transmittance-voltage response of the different-colored pixels  60 , it is possible to independently drive the red pixels  146 , green pixels  148 , and blue pixels  150  (i.e., applying three different voltages to pixels of the respective colors) to simulate uniform response. As will be appreciated, however, such a solution requires three different sets of voltage generators in the LCD, generally increasing the manufacturing costs and complexity of the panel. 
     As discussed below in greater detail with respect to  FIGS. 10-13 , the size and shape of the red pixels  146 , green pixels  148 , and blue pixels  150 , or of components thereof, may be configured to be physically different than one another to vary the transmittance properties of these pixels. In at least some embodiments, these configurations may result in the transmittance-voltage curve for one color of pixel to more closely approximate that of another color of pixel. More particularly, in some embodiments, the transmittance-voltage response may be substantially identical for all of the pixels  60  within an array  140 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 10 , a group  200  of pixels having slits  158  and elongated portions  160  of different widths and lengths is depicted in accordance with one embodiment. For explanatory purposes, only certain elements of the pixel electrodes  110  have been illustrated in  FIGS. 10-12 , though it will be appreciated that the various pixels depicted would also include a number of other elements, such as those described in greater detail above. The group  200  of pixels may include, for example, a red pixel  146 , a green pixel  148 , and a blue pixel  150 . Each of these pixels may include a pixel electrode  110  having slits  158  and elongated portions  160  as generally discussed above. In this embodiment, the pixel electrode  110  of the red pixel  146  may include slits  158  and elongated portions or fingers  160  having identical lengths  202 , while these slits  158  and fingers  160  may themselves have identical widths  204  and  206 , respectively. 
     The green pixel  148 , however, may include a pixel electrode  110  having finger portions  160  that vary in width from those of the other pixels, from themselves, or both. Particularly, in the presently illustrated embodiment, the green pixel  148  includes a central finger portion  160  having a width  208  and two outer finger portions  160  each having a width  210  that is less than the width  208 . In one embodiment, the width  208  may be greater than, and the width  210  may be less than, the width  206  of the finger portions  160  of the red pixel  146 . The slits  158  of the pixel electrode  110  of the green pixel  148  may have lengths  202  and widths  204  similar to those of the red pixel  146 , although other configurations are also envisaged. 
     The blue pixel  150 , in turn, includes slits  158  (and, accordingly, finger portions  160 ) having a length  214  less than the length  202  of the slits  158  in the red and green pixels  146  and  148 . The slits  158  of the blue pixel  150  may also be narrower, having widths  216  less than those of the slits  158  of the other illustrated pixels. The finger portions  160  of the blue pixel  150  may also have a uniform width  218 . It is noted, however, that the widths of the finger portions  160 , the slits  158 , or both, in any of the colored pixels may vary in a manner different than that illustrated in  FIG. 10  in full accordance with the present techniques. 
     As generally depicted in  FIG. 11  in accordance with another embodiment, the shapes or contours of the electrodes  110  or other components of a group  230  of pixels may also, or instead, be varied. In the presently illustrated embodiment, the slits  158  of the red pixel  146  may be generally rectangular with end portions  232 . In this configuration, each of the elongated portions  160  may also be substantially rectangular. 
     The green pixel  148  and the blue pixel  150  may have slits  158  and elongated portions  160  shaped different than those of the red pixel  146 . For example, the slits  158  of the green pixel  148  may instead have rounded end portions  234 , resulting also in differences between the respective elongated portions  160  of the red and green pixels  146  and  148 . Still further, the blue pixel  150  may, for example, include slits  158  having irregularly shaped end portions  238  and  240 , and fingers  160  that terminate in irregularly shaped end portions  242 ,  244 , and  246 , respectively. While certain shapes and profiles of the electrodes  110  and portions thereof have been depicted in  FIG. 11 , it is noted the present techniques are not limited to any particular shape or configuration. Rather, any suitable shape or profile may be employed. For instance, in some embodiments, the slots  158  and elongated portions  160  of one or more colors of pixels  60  may be generally linear, while those of another color may include undulations or have other non-linear features. 
     In another embodiment generally depicted in  FIG. 12 , a group  250  of pixels  60  may include electrodes  110  having different numbers of slits  158  or elongated portions  160 . For instance, a red pixel  146  may include a pixel electrode  110  having two slits  158  that define three elongated portions or fingers  160 . Further, the green pixel  148  may include a pixel electrode  110  having three slits  158  that generally define four elongated portions  160 , and the blue pixel  150  may have a single slit  158  that generally defines two finger portions  160 . In some embodiments, the total widths of the electrodes  110  may vary between the various pixels to accommodate a greater or lesser number of slits  158  and elongated portions  160 , although such variation in the number of such features may also or instead be accommodated by varying the widths of the slits  158  or elongated portions  160 . Additionally, although the pixels of group  250  are depicted as having between one and three slits  159 , and between two and four elongated portions  160 , any other number of such features may also be used in accordance with other embodiments. 
     Still further, altering the sizes of the pixels  60  themselves may also result in variation of the transmittance-voltage response of the pixels  60 . For instance, as generally depicted in  FIG. 13 , red pixels  146 , green pixels  148 , and blue pixels  150  may vary in relative size from one another. Particularly, in some embodiments, each column  144  of a pixel array  260  may be formed of a plurality of pixels having a uniform color. In the presently illustrated embodiment, the columns  144  include alternating columns of red pixels  146 , green pixels  148 , and blue pixels  150 , such that each row  142  of pixels includes a repeating pattern of colors. In one embodiment, red pixels  146  (and their respective columns  144 ) may have a width  262 . Green pixels  148 , in turn, may have a width  264  that may be greater than (as presently illustrated in  FIG. 13 ), equal to, or less than, the width  262 . Further, blue pixels  150  may have a width  266  that differs from either or both of the widths  262  and  264 . By controlling the size of the red, green, and blue pixels  146 , 148 , and  150 , respectively, the transmittance-voltage response of each of the pixels may be modified. 
     Additionally, the transmittance-voltage response of the pixels  60  may also be varied by modifying the width of the cell gaps of such pixels, as generally depicted in accordance with one embodiment in  FIG. 14 . It is noted that the cell gap of a pixel is the distance across the space in which liquid crystal material may be received between upper and lower panel assemblies. Further, the transmittance-voltage response characteristics of a pixel may be a function of its cell gap. 
     In the presently illustrated embodiment, a group of pixels  270  may include a red pixel  146 , a green pixel  148 , and a blue pixel  150  that have different cell gaps  272 ,  274 , and  276 , respectively. The cell gaps of these pixels (and of other pixels within a pixel array) may be varied in any suitable manner, such as by forming respective color filters  86  with different thicknesses. For example, as generally depicted, red pixels  146  may include red color filters  86  having a width  280 , while green and blue pixels  148  and  150  may respectively include green and blue color filters  86  having widths  282  and  284 . In some embodiments, one or more of the widths  280 ,  282 , and  284  may vary from the others, such that the corresponding cell gaps of the pixels also vary. 
     By way of further example, liquid crystal may have higher birefringence for some colors of light (e.g., blue) than for others (e.g., red and green). In one embodiment, the cell gap  276  of blue pixels  150  may be formed narrower than that of cell gaps  272  and  274  of red and green pixels  146  and  148  such that the transmittance-voltage response of the blue pixels  150  more closely approximate those of the different-colored pixels. Moreover, in one embodiment, the cell gaps of all of the colored pixels may be formed differently in accordance with their associated colors such that all of the pixels have a similar transmittance-voltage response. 
     In one embodiment, the transmittance-voltage response of each of the various colored pixels may be substantially identical, as generally represented in  FIG. 15 . In this depiction, the graph  290  includes vertical and horizontal axes  292  and  294 , corresponding to transmittance and voltage, respectively. A curve  296  may represent a substantially uniform transmittance-voltage response of multiple pixels having different colors. In this instance, peak transmittance for multiple, different-colored pixels may be achieved at a single voltage level  298 . Such response uniformity may be achieved by varying characteristics of the pixels based on their respective colors, and the varied characteristics may include, but are not limited to, the examples provided above. Additionally, such embodiments including pixels that are physically varied according to color to reduce the differences in transmittance-voltage responses of the different-colored pixels may result in LCD panels having improved white point and color reproduction. 
     While the preceding examples describe configurations of pixels for use in an FFS LCD device, it should be understood that these examples are not intended to be limiting in scope and, indeed, the present teachings may also be applicable to other types of LCDs or display panels, such as IPS LCDs or others. More generally, while the invention may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and have been described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20090213
Publication Date: 20121023
Grant Date: 20121023
Priority Date: 20090213
Inventors: CHEN CHENG
XU MING
GU MINGXIA
CHANG SHIH CHANG
GETTEMY SHAWN ROBERT
ZHONG JOHN Z.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G02F2201/52", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02F2201/52", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02F1/133514", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02F1/133514", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 42559436