PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11504057-B2
Application Number: US-201816118254-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Optical sensor subsystem adjacent a cover of an electronic device housing

Abstract:
A watch having a cover is described. An optical sensor subsystem is attached adjacent to or directly on an interior surface of the cover. In some cases, the optical sensor subsystem includes a substrate to which a light emitter and a light receiver are attached. The light receiver is configured to receive light emitted by the light emitter and reflected from the skin of a person that wears the watch. In some cases, the light emitter and light receiver are separated by a light-blocking wall that abuts the interior surface of the cover. In some cases, a light filter is attached adjacent or directly on the interior surface of the cover, between the cover and the light receiver.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic watch, comprising:
 a housing defining a peripheral side of the electronic watch; 
 a backside housing member coupled to the housing, the backside housing member defining a first portion of a back side of the electronic watch and a first hole extending through the backside housing member; 
 a sensor subassembly positioned in the first hole and comprising:
 a cover formed of a unitary piece of a transparent material and attached to the backside housing member, the cover having a convex exterior surface defining second portion of the back side of the electronic watch and an interior surface opposite the exterior side; 
 a first electrode having a first exterior portion extending along a first portion of the convex exterior surface of the cover, a first interior portion extending along a first portion of the interior surface of the cover, and a first edge portion electrically coupling the first exterior portion and the first interior portion and positioned along an edge surface of the cover; 
 a second electrode, different from the first electrode, having a second exterior portion extending along a second portion of the convex exterior surface of the cover, a second interior portion extending along a second portion of the interior surface of the cover, and a second edge portion electrically coupling the second exterior portion and the second interior portion and positioned along the edge surface of the cover, wherein the first portion of the convex exterior surface of the cover and the first portion of the interior surface of the cover are different from the second portion of the convex exterior surface of the cover and the second portion of the interior surface of the cover, respectively; 
 a substrate; 
 a first light-blocking wall at least partially surrounding a central region of the sensor subassembly; 
 a second light-blocking wall extending at least partially around the first light-blocking wall to define, between the first light-blocking wall and the second light-blocking wall, a peripheral region of the sensor subassembly; 
 a set of light emitters positioned on the substrate and configured to emit light through the cover; 
 a set of photodetectors positioned on the substrate and configured to receive a reflected portion of the light through the cover; and 
 a processor conductively coupled to the set of light emitters and the set of photodetectors and configured to determine a biological parameter using the reflected portion of the light, and conductively coupled to the first electrode via the first interior portion and to the second electrode via the second interior portion and configured to determine an electrocardiograph using signals from the first and second electrodes; 
 
 a printed circuit board defining a second hole; and 
 a magnet positioned in the second hole and attached to the substrate. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic watch of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the biological parameter is a heart rate; 
 the electronic watch further comprises an opaque mask defining a first aperture over the central region of the sensor subassembly and a second aperture over the peripheral region of the sensor subassembly; 
 the first aperture and the second aperture are positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; 
 the set of light emitters comprises:
 a first set of light emitters configured to emit light having a first wavelength; and 
 a second set of light emitters configured to emit light having a second wavelength; 
 
 the electronic watch further comprises a lens aligned with the first aperture; 
 the electronic watch further comprises a light filter comprising a light control film covering the second aperture; and 
 the first light-blocking wall prevents at least one of the set of photodetectors from receiving a non-reflected portion of the light. 
 
     
     
       3. The electronic watch of  claim 1 , further comprising a magnetic shield attached to the magnet and configured to direct magnetic flux associated with the magnet through the cover. 
     
     
       4. The electronic watch of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a display at least partially within the housing; and 
 a crown extending through the housing and configured to provide an input; wherein: 
 the biological parameter is a heart rate; and 
 the display is configured to display a graphic of the heart rate in response to the input. 
 
     
     
       5. The electronic watch of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a crown extending through the housing; and 
 a display at least partially positioned in the housing; wherein: 
 the crown is configured to rotate and translate; 
 the display shows a graphic; and 
 the display is configured to change the graphic in response to at least one of the crown rotating or translating. 
 
     
     
       6. The electronic watch of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a crown extending through the housing and configured to provide an input; wherein 
 the set of light emitters is configured to emit the light through the cover in response to the input. 
 
     
     
       7. The electronic watch of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the first electrode is a first arc-shaped electrode at least partially encircling the peripheral region of the sensor subassembly; and 
 the second electrode is a second arc-shaped electrode at least partially encircling the peripheral region of the sensor subassembly. 
 
     
     
       8. The electronic watch of  claim 1 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are electrically insulated from the backside housing member by a non-conductive material. 
     
     
       9. The electronic watch of  claim 8 , wherein the non-conductive material is a non-conductive adhesive. 
     
     
       10. The electronic watch of  claim 2 , wherein the light filter at least partially overlaps the opaque mask. 
     
     
       11. The electronic watch of  claim 2 , wherein the first light-blocking wall and the second light-blocking wall are positioned below the opaque mask. 
     
     
       12. An electronic device, comprising:
 a housing formed from a conductive material and defining a peripheral side of the electronic device; 
 a backside housing member coupled to the housing, the backside housing member defining a first portion of a back side of the electronic device and a first hole extending through the backside housing member; 
 a sensor subassembly positioned in the first hole and comprising:
 a cover formed of a unitary piece of a transparent material and attached to the backside housing member, the cover defining:
 a first surface interior to the electronic device; and 
 a convex second surface exterior to the electronic device; 
 
 a first electrode having a first exterior portion extending along a first portion of the convex second surface of the cover, a first interior portion extending along a first portion of the first surface of the cover, and a first edge portion electrically coupling the first exterior portion and the first interior portion and positioned along an edge surface of the cover; 
 a second electrode, different from the first electrode, having a second exterior portion extending along a second portion of the convex second surface of the cover different from the first portion of the convex second surface of the cover, a second interior portion extending along a second portion of the first surface of the cover different from the first portion of the first surface of the cover, and a second edge portion electrically coupling the second exterior portion and the second interior portion and positioned along the edge surface of the cover; 
 a substrate; 
 a first light-blocking wall at least partially surrounding a central region of the sensor subassembly and attached to the cover along the first surface of the cover and to a first surface of the substrate to attach the substrate to the cover; 
 a second light-blocking wall extending at least partially around the first light-blocking wall to define, between the first light-blocking wall and the second light-blocking wall, a peripheral region of the sensor subassembly, the second light-blocking wall attached to the cover along the first surface of the cover and to the first surface of the substrate to attach the substrate to the cover; 
 a light emitter attached to the substrate in the central region of the sensor subassembly; 
 a photodetector attached to the substrate in the peripheral region of the optical sensor subassembly and configured to receive light emitted by the light emitter and reflected from a medium adjacent the second surface of the cover; and 
 a processor operationally connected to the photodetector and configured to determine a heart rate from the light received by the photodetector; 
 
 a printed circuit board defining a second hole; and 
 a magnet positioned in the second hole and attached to the substrate. 
 
     
     
       13. The electronic device of  claim 12 , further comprising a crown configured to rotate and translate; wherein the processor is configured to determine the heart rate in response to at least one of the crown rotating or translating. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device of  claim 12 , wherein:
 the first light-blocking wall is a first circular wall; and 
 the second light-blocking wall is a second circular wall. 
 
     
     
       15. The electronic device of  claim 12 , wherein:
 the photodetector is one of a set of photodetectors; and 
 the set of photodetectors is attached to the substrate and defines a radial array of light emitters. 
 
     
     
       16. The electronic device of  claim 12 , wherein the optical sensor subassembly comprises:
 a set of light emitters including the light emitter; and 
 a set of photodetectors including the photodetector; wherein 
 the light emitter is configured to emit light having a first wavelength; and 
 a second light emitter of the set of light emitters is configured to emit light having a second wavelength that differs from the first wavelength; and 
 the set of photodetectors are attached to the substrate and positioned in a radial array. 
 
     
     
       17. A wearable electronic device, comprising:
 a housing defining:
 a peripheral side surface of the wearable electronic device; 
 a first opening along a front portion of the housing; and 
 a second opening along a rear portion of the housing; 
 
 a frontside housing member positioned in the front opening of the housing and defining a front surface of the wearable electronic device; 
 a backside housing member positioned in the second opening and defining a first portion of a back surface of the wearable electronic device and a first hole extending through the backside housing member; 
 a sensor subassembly positioned in the first hole and comprising:
 a cover formed of a unitary piece of a transparent material and attached to the backside housing member, the cover having a convex exterior surface and an interior surface opposite the convex exterior surface; 
 a first electrode wrapped around a peripheral edge of the cover and defining:
 a first exterior portion extending along a first portion of the convex exterior surface of the cover; and 
 a first interior portion extending along a first portion of the interior surface of the cover; 
 
 a second electrode, different from the first electrode, wrapped around the peripheral edge of the cover and defining:
 a second exterior portion extending along a second portion of the convex exterior surface of the cover, the second portion of the convex exterior surface different from the first portion of the convex exterior surface; and 
 a second interior portion extending along a second portion of the interior surface of the cover, the second portion of the interior surface of the cover different from the first portion of the interior surface of the cover; 
 
 an opaque mask on the interior side of the cover, the opaque mask defining a first aperture and a second aperture that are each located between the first electrode and the second electrode; 
 a substrate; 
 a first light-blocking wall at least partially surrounding a central region of the sensor subassembly and attached to a first portion of the opaque mask on the interior side of the cover and to a first surface of the substrate to attach the substrate to the cover; 
 a second light-blocking wall extending at least partially around the first light-blocking wall to define, between the first light-blocking wall and the second light-blocking wall, a peripheral region of the sensor subassembly, the second light-blocking wall attached to a second portion of the opaque mask on the interior side of the cover and to the first surface of the substrate to attach the substrate to the cover; 
 a light emitter positioned on the substrate and in the central region of the sensor subassembly and configured to emit light through the cover; 
 a photodetector positioned on the substrate and in the peripheral region of the sensor subassembly and configured to receive a reflected portion of the light through the cover; and 
 a processor coupled to the substrate and conductively coupled to the light emitter and the photodetector and configured to determine a biological parameter using the reflected portion of the light; 
 
 a printed circuit board defining a second hole; and 
 a magnet positioned in the second hole and attached to the substrate. 
 
     
     
       18. The wearable electronic device of  claim 17 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are electrically insulated from the backside housing member. 
     
     
       19. The wearable electronic device of  claim 17 , wherein:
 the photodetector is positioned below the first aperture in the opaque mask; and 
 the wearable electronic device further includes a light filter attached to the cover in the first aperture. 
 
     
     
       20. The wearable electronic device of  claim 17 , wherein:
 the light emitter is positioned below the second aperture in the opaque mask; and 
 the wearable electronic device further includes a lens attached to the cover in the second aperture.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/563,529, filed on Sep. 26, 2017, and entitled “Optical Sensor Subsystem Adjacent a Crystal Surface of an Electronic Device Housing,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully disclosed herein. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The described embodiments relate generally to a watch or other electronic device (e.g., another type of wearable electronic device). More particularly, the described embodiments relate to techniques for mounting an optical sensor subsystem adjacent a cover of a watch or other electronic device housing. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A watch or other electronic device may include a set of sensors for determining a set of biological parameters of a user that wears the device. The set of sensors may include an optical sensor, which optical sensor may include a light emitter and a light receiver. The light emitter may emit light toward the user (e.g., toward the skin of the user). A portion of the light may be absorbed by the user, and another portion of the light may be reflected from the user (e.g., reflected from an interior or exterior layer of the user&#39;s skin). The reflected portion of the light may be received by the light receiver. Circuitry associated with the light receiver may generate electrical signals (or values) corresponding to an amount, frequency, and/or intensity of the reflected light, or may generate electrical signals (or values) corresponding to changes in the amount or intensity of the reflected light over time. The amount, intensity, or changes in the reflected light may be correlated to, or used to derive, various biological parameters of the user, such as a heart rate of the user. 
     The optical sensor may be protected from contaminants (e.g., dust or moisture) by a transparent or translucent surface that forms part of the housing for the device. The manner in which the components of the device are manufactured or assembled can affect the degree to which the optical sensor is protected from contaminants, the performance of the optical sensor, the amount of power required to operate the optical sensor, the size or thickness of the device, and so on. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the systems, devices, methods, and apparatus described in the present disclosure are directed to a watch or other electronic device (e.g., another type of wearable electronic device) that may be used to determine a set of biological parameters of a user that wears the device. The biological parameters may include, for example, a heart rate of a user that wears the device. 
     In a first aspect, the present disclosure describes a watch, comprising: a housing; a cover attached to the housing; a substrate; a set of light emitters adjacent a central portion of the cover and configured to emit light through the cover; a set of light receivers substantially surrounding the set of light emitters and positioned to receive a reflected portion of the light through the cover; and a set of light-blocking walls attaching the substrate to the cover; a lens attached to the cover and positioned between the set of light emitters and the cover; a light filter attached to the surface of the cover and positioned between at least one of the light receivers and the cover; a magnet attached to the substrate; and a processor configured to determine a biological parameter using the reflected portion of the light. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure describes an electronic device, comprising: a housing; a cover attached to the housing and defining: a first surface interior to the electronic device; and a second surface exterior to the electronic device; an optical sensor subsystem attached to the first surface of the cover and comprising: a substrate; a light emitter attached to the substrate; a light receiver attached to the substrate and configured to receive light emitted by the light emitter and reflected from a medium adjacent the second surface of the cover; and a processor operationally connected to the light receiver and configured to determine a heart rate from the light received by the light receiver. 
     In still another aspect of the disclosure, a wearable electronic device is described. The wearable electronic device includes a housing, first and second electrodes, a lens, and a light filter. The housing includes a cover having a first surface interior to the electronic device and a second surface exterior to the electronic device. The first and second electrodes are on the second surface of the cover. An ink mask is also on the cover. The ink mask defines a first aperture and a second aperture between the first electrode and the second electrode. The lens is on the first surface of the cover and aligned with the first aperture, and the light filter is on the first surface of the cover and aligned with the second aperture. 
     In addition to the aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference to the drawings and by study of the following description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows an example of a watch that may incorporate an optical sensor subsystem adjacent a cover; 
         FIG. 2  shows an exploded view of components that may be attached to a cover attached to a backside housing member of a watch body; 
         FIG. 3  shows the exterior surfaces (e.g., the skin-facing surfaces) of the backside housing member and cover shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  shows another view of the exterior surfaces of the backside housing member and cover shown in  FIG. 2 , with a central portion of the dark mask removed to show components of the optical sensor subsystem adjacent the cover; 
         FIG. 5  shows a sample cross-section of an optical sensor subsystem adjacent a cover of a watch housing; 
         FIG. 6  shows an enlarged view of a portion of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  shows an example of a light filter; 
         FIG. 8  shows an example cover, optical sensor subsystem, and housing member of an electronic device; 
         FIG. 9  shows an example portion of a watch body adjacent skin of a user; 
         FIG. 10  shows another example portion of a watch body adjacent skin of a user; 
         FIG. 11  shows still another example portion of a watch body adjacent skin of a user; 
         FIG. 12  shows an example method of determining a biological parameter of a user wearing a watch or other wearable electronic device; 
         FIGS. 13A-15B  generally depict examples of manipulating graphics displayed on an electronic device through inputs provided by force and/or rotational inputs to a crown of the device; and 
         FIG. 16  shows a sample electrical block diagram of an electronic device such as a watch or other suitable electronic device. 
     
    
    
     The use of cross-hatching or shading in the accompanying figures is generally provided to clarify the boundaries between adjacent elements and also to facilitate legibility of the figures. Accordingly, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shading conveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particular materials, material properties, element proportions, element dimensions, commonalities of similarly illustrated elements, or any other characteristic, attribute, or property for any element illustrated in the accompanying figures. 
     Additionally, it should be understood that the proportions and dimensions (either relative or absolute) of the various features and elements (and collections and groupings thereof) and the boundaries, separations, and positional relationships presented therebetween, are provided in the accompanying figures merely to facilitate an understanding of the various embodiments described herein and, accordingly, may not necessarily be presented or illustrated to scale, and are not intended to indicate any preference or requirement for an illustrated embodiment to the exclusion of embodiments described with reference thereto. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following description is not intended to limit the embodiments to one preferred embodiment. To the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by the appended claims. 
     The following disclosure relates to techniques for mounting an optical sensor subsystem adjacent (e.g., directly on or abutting) a cover of a watch body or other electronic device housing. The optical sensor subsystem may function as, for example, an optical heart rate detector. An optical sensor or sensors of the optical sensor subsystem may be used to emit and receive light through the cover, and to measure, for example, properties of light reflected from a user of a device or other surface. Such measurements may be used by a processor of the electronic device to determine a biological parameter of a person, such as a person wearing or holding the electronic device. Sample properties that can be measured include amounts, intensities, or patterns of light. As one non-limiting example, the optical sensor subsystem may measure an amount of light reflected from the skin of the user; as the heart beats, blood is pumped into the skin. When blood pumps, the skin distends slightly and so more light is reflected from the skin than when the heart expands. Thus, as the optical sensor subsystem shines light onto the user&#39;s skin and receives reflected light, the amount of reflected light increases when the heart contracts and decreases when the heart increases. Thus, changes in a detected amount of reflected light may be directly correlated to, or otherwise used to determine, a heart rate (e.g., pulse). Further, insofar as the amplitude of reflected light is proportional to blood pressure of the pulse, such data may be used to determine blood pressure. 
     Measurements provided by the optical sensor subsystem may be converted to electrical signals or values (e.g., digital or analog values), for example. A processor may determine, from the measurements, signals, or values, a set of biological parameters of the user for which the measurements were obtained. The biological parameter(s) may include, for example, a heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygenation, glucose level, and so on. Generally, the processor is operationally connected to the optical sensor, or at least to the light receiver. 
     In some embodiments, an optical sensor subsystem (such as an optical heart rate detector) may be attached directly on an interior surface of a cover, with a light-blocking wall abutting the cover between a light emitter and a light receiver of the optical sensor subsystem. The light-blocking wall may block a portion of light, emitted by the light emitter, which would otherwise impinge on the light receiver before passing through the cover. In some examples, the optical sensor subsystem may be at least partly attached to the cover via the light-blocking wall. In some embodiments, one or more discrete optical sensor subsystems may be attached to the surface of the cover. In some embodiments, the light-blocking wall may form a closed wall or boundary around the light emitter (or around a set of multiple light emitters) and block light emitted by the light emitter(s) from impinging on the light receiver(s) before passing through the cover. In other embodiments, the light-blocking wall may form a closed wall or boundary around the light receiver (or around a set of multiple light receivers) and block light emitted by the light emitter(s) from impinging on the light receiver(s) before passing through the cover. 
     The term “attached,” as used herein, refers to two elements, structures, objects, parts or the like that are physically affixed to one another. The term “coupled,” as used herein, refers to two elements, structures, objects, parts or the like that are physically attached to one another, operate with one another, communicate with one another, are in electrical connection with one another, or otherwise interact with one another. Accordingly, while two elements attached to one another are coupled to one another, the reverse is not required. 
     In the same or alternative embodiments, a light filter may be attached to the interior surface of the cover. The light filter may include one or more of a light control film, a light polarizer, an anti-reflective film, a reflective film, or a light absorber. The light filter may absorb, block, reflect, or otherwise limit the light receiver&#39;s receipt of a portion of light, emitted by the light emitter, which is reflected toward the light receiver at a high angle, which is typically greater than 45 degrees as measured with respect to a line perpendicular to the interior surface of the cover (and plane of the light filter). High angle light typically includes light that reflects from a surface other than an intended sample surface (e.g., from skin adjacent the exterior surface of the cover). The portion of light that is absorbed, blocked, or reflected by the light filter may include, for example, light emitted by the light emitter that reflects from the exterior surface of the cover or imperfections within the cover. In some embodiments, the light filter may be attached to the optical sensor subsystem, instead of to the interior surface of the cover, and may abut the cover or be positioned near but not on the cover when the optical sensor subsystem is attached to or otherwise positioned adjacent the interior surface of the cover. (In some embodiments the light filter may be considered part of the optical sensor subsystem.) The light passing through the filter may be received and properties of the light may be used by a processor to determine the biological parameter. Sample properties include light intensity, frequency, amplitude, an amount of received light, and so on. 
     Also in the same or alternative embodiments, a dark mask or ink mask (which ink mask may be a dark mask) may be applied to the interior or exterior surface of the cover. In some examples, the mask(s) may define apertures to limit what light emitted by the light emitter can propagate either out or in through the cover. In some examples, part or all of the mask(s) may allow certain wavelengths of light to pass, such as infrared wavelengths, while absorbing, blocking, or reflecting other wavelengths of light, such as visible wavelengths. In some examples, a mask may appear dark or opaque, but allow particular wavelengths of light to pass. In some examples, part or all of the mask(s) may absorb, block, or reflect all wavelengths of light. In some examples, part or all of the mask may prevent a user of the device from viewing components interior to the device. 
     Still further in the same or alternative embodiments, circuitry, a processing subsystem (such as a processor and/or associated substrate), a magnet (e.g., for inductive charging of the device), or other components may be attached to the optical sensor subsystem, and thereby to the interior surface of the cover. This processing subsystem may use properties of the light passing through the mask and/or filter to determine the biological parameter. For example, amounts, intensities, amplitudes, and/or wavelengths of light passing through the mask and/or filter, and received by the light receiver, may be used to determine a user&#39;s heart rate. Changes in such properties may correspond to, or otherwise indicate, changes in quantities blood flowing through a user&#39;s veins or arteries, and thus a user&#39;s heart rate. 
     The techniques and embodiments described herein can in some cases improve the degree to which the components of an optical sensor subsystem (e.g., a light emitter and a light receiver) are protected from contaminants. The techniques can also or alternatively improve the performance of the optical sensor, for example by enabling the optical sensor to be positioned closer to the cover, by enabling the optical sensor to be better aligned with the cover, or by limiting the impingement of unwanted light on the light receiver. Techniques and embodiments described herein also may reduce the amount of power required to effectively operate the optical sensor and thus optically determine a wearer&#39;s heart rate, for example by enabling the light emitter to be positioned closer to the light receiver while limiting the impingement of unwanted light on the light receiver. The techniques and/or embodiments can also or alternatively decrease the size or thickness of the device, for example by enabling a reduction in layer count or component count in the optical sensor subsystem, by enabling the optical sensor to be positioned closer to (such as directly on) the interior surface of the cover, or by enabling the optical sensor subsystem and in some cases other components to be attached to the interior surface of the cover. 
     These and other embodiments are discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 1-16 . However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 1 , an example of an electronic watch  100  that incorporates an optical sensor subsystem (which may function as an optical heart rate detector) adjacent a cover is shown. The watch may include a watch body  102  and a watch band  104 . Other devices that may incorporate an optical sensor subsystem adjacent a cover include other wearable electronic devices, other timekeeping devices, other health monitoring or fitness devices, other portable computing devices, mobile phones (including smart phones), tablet computing devices, digital media devices, personal digital assistants, or the like. 
     The watch body  102  may include a housing  106 . The housing  106  may include a front side housing member that faces away from a user&#39;s skin when the watch  100  is worn by a user, and a backside housing member that faces toward the user&#39;s skin when worn. Alternatively, the housing  106  may include a singular housing member, or more than two housing members. The one or more housing members may be metallic, plastic, ceramic, crystal, or other types of housing members (or combinations of such materials). 
     A cover  108  may be attached to a front side of the watch body  102  (i.e., facing away from a user&#39;s skin) and may protect a display at least partially within the housing  106 . The display may be viewable by a user through the cover  108 . In some cases, the cover  108  may be part of a display stack, which display stack may include a touch sensing or force sensing capability. The display may be configured to depict a graphical output of the watch  100 , and a user may interact with the graphical output (e.g., using a finger or stylus). As one example, the user may select (or otherwise interact with) a graphic, icon, or the like presented on the display by touching or pressing on the display at the location of the graphic. The cover  108  may form a part of or be attached to the housing  106 . In some examples, the cover  108  may be crystal, such as a sapphire crystal. The cover  108  may alternatively be formed of glass, plastic, or other materials. The cover  108  may be transparent or translucent to some or all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation or light, which terms are used synonymously in this description. 
     The watch body  102  may include at least one input device or selection device, such as a crown, scroll wheel, knob, dial, button, or the like, which input device may be operated by a user of the watch  100 . For example, the housing  106  may include an aperture through which a shaft of a crown  110  extends. The crown  110  may also include a crown body attached to the shaft, and may be accessible by a user exterior to the housing  106 . The crown  110  may be manipulated by a user to rotate or translate the shaft (e.g., to provide an input to the watch  100 ). The shaft may be mechanically, electrically, magnetically, and/or optically coupled to components within the housing  106 , for example. A user input through the crown  110  may be used, in turn, to manipulate or select various graphics displayed on the display, to adjust a volume of a speaker, to turn the watch  100  on or off, and so on. As another example, a user may use the crown  110  to initiate optical detection of a biological parameter such as a heart rate or blood pressure. In response to an input on or through the crown  110 , a display of the electronic watch  100  may show a graphic representing the user&#39;s heart rate, blood pressure, or other biological parameter. 
     The housing  106  may also include an aperture through which a button  112  protrudes. The button  112  may likewise be used to provide input to the electronic device  100 . 
     The housing  106  may include structures for attaching the watch band  104  to the watch body  102 . In some cases, the structures may include elongate recesses or apertures through which ends of the watch band  104  may be inserted and attached to the watch body  102 . In other cases (not shown), the structures may include indents (e.g., dimples or depressions) in the housing  106 , which indents may receive ends of spring pins that are attached to or threaded through ends of a watch band to attach the watch band to the watch body. 
     The watch band  104  may be used to secure the watch  100  to a user, another device, a retaining mechanism, and so on. 
     In some examples, the watch  100  may lack the cover  108 , the display, the crown  110 , or the button  112 . For example, the watch  100  may include an audio input or output interface, a touch input interface, a haptic (force) input or output interface, or other input or output interface that does not require the display, crown  110 , or button  112 . The watch  100  may also include the afore-mentioned input or output interfaces in addition to the display, crown  110 , or button  112 . When the watch  100  lacks the display, the front side of the watch  100  may be covered by a housing member that is opaque. 
       FIG. 2  shows an exploded view of components that may be attached to a cover  204  attached to, and positioned within, a backside housing member of a watch body. In some examples, the components may be part of the watch body  102  shown in  FIG. 1 , and may be attached to, and positioned within, the housing  106  shown in  FIG. 1 . By way of example,  FIG. 2  shows the components in relation to a backside housing member  202  (i.e., a skin-facing housing member) of a watch body such as the watch body  102 . Also by way of example, the backside housing member  202  includes apertures  240  through which ends of a watch band may be inserted and attached to a watch body including the backside housing member  202 . 
     A second cover  204  (e.g., a skin-facing cover) may be attached to the backside housing member  202  and form a part of (or be attached to) the housing of a watch body (e.g., a part of the watch body  102 ). The cover  204  may have a first surface that is interior to the watch body and a second surface that is exterior to the watch body. By way of example, the cover  204  has a round perimeter  206  and is fitted to a round aperture in the backside housing member  202 . In other examples, the cover  204  may have a perimeter that is square, oval, or some other shape. Similarly, the aperture in the backside housing member  202  may be square, oval, or some other shape. The perimeter  206  of the cover  204  and the perimeter of the aperture need not have the same shape (e.g., the perimeter of the aperture in the backside housing member  202  may be smaller and differently shaped than the perimeter  206  of the cover  204 ). In some examples, the cover  204  may be a crystal, such as a sapphire crystal. The cover  204  may alternatively be formed of glass, plastic, or other materials. The cover  204  may be transparent or translucent to some or all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation or light. 
     The exterior surface of the cover  204  may have a set of electrodes  242  thereon. The electrodes  242  may be positioned at the periphery of the cover  204  to enable optical communication in the region between the electrodes  242 . 
     In some cases, the interior components shown in  FIG. 2  may be attached to (and in some cases attached directly on) the first or interior surface of the cover  204 . The components may include a lens  208 , a light filter  210 , one or more adhesives  212 ,  214 , an optical sensor subsystem  216  (which includes one or more light emitters and one or more light receivers as discussed below with respect to  FIG. 4 ), circuitry or a processing subsystem  218 , a magnet  220 , or a magnetic shield  222 . 
     The lens  208  may abut, be attached to, or formed on the first or interior surface of the cover  204 . By way of example, the lens  208  is aligned with the center of the cover  204 . In some cases, the inner or exterior surface of the cover  204  may have a dark mask  224  (e.g., an ink mask) thereon. The dark mask  224  may define an aperture  226  (e.g., a first aperture or central aperture) that allows light of at least one wavelength to pass through the cover  204 , and the lens  208  may be aligned with the aperture  226 . In some cases, the lens  208  may be or include a Fresnel lens, a spherical lens, a diffuser film, or the like. 
     In some cases, the light filter  210  may include one or more segments  228 , and each segment  228  may be attached to (e.g., laminated to) the interior surface of the cover  204  and positioned on the interior surface (e.g., adjacent or around the lens  208 ) to prevent a set of one or more light receivers on the optical sensor subsystem  216  from receiving a portion of the light that is emitted by a set of one or more light emitters on the optical sensor subsystem  216 . The set of light emitters and set of light receivers are not shown in  FIG. 2 , and may be attached to an underside of the optical sensor subsystem  216 . When the cover  204  includes the dark mask  224 , the dark mask  224  may further define a second aperture  230   a , or a set of apertures  230  including the second aperture  230   a . The second aperture  230   a  or set of apertures  230  may be positioned adjacent or around the first aperture  226 . In these embodiments, the segments  228  of the light filter  210  (or a light filter ring or other light filter configuration) may be aligned with (e.g., may cover) each of the apertures in the set of apertures  230 . 
     As an example,  FIG. 2  shows a dark mask  224  that defines a set of eight radial apertures  230  around a central aperture  226 . Each segment  228  of the light filter  210  may block (e.g., absorb) a portion of light emitted by a set of light emitters that is part of the optical sensor subsystem  216 , which portion of light reflects from a surface too close to (or within) the cover  204  (e.g., the exterior surface of the cover  204 , imperfections within the cover  204 , or a medium too close to the cover  204 ), such that the reflected light is not useful in a sensing operation for which the optical sensor subsystem  216  is designed. For example, when the optical sensor subsystem  216  and/or associated processor is configured to determine a biological parameter of a user, light reflected from the cover  204 , or from the outer layer of skin of the user, may not have any relation to the biological parameter being determined and may not be useful. In some examples, the light filter  210  or segments  228  thereof may include at least one of a light control film, a light polarizer, an anti-reflective film, a reflective film, or a light absorber. 
     The optical sensor subsystem  216  may include a substrate  232  on which the set of one or more light emitters (e.g., LEDs) and the set of one or more light receivers (e.g., photodetectors, such as photodiodes) are attached. The light emitter(s) and light receiver(s) may be attached to or positioned on the substrate  232  to emit and receive light through the cover  204  and are part of the optical sensor subsystem  216 . Generally, the optical sensor subsystem  216  includes light emitter(s) and light receiver(s) as discussed below with respect to  FIG. 4 , and may include the substrate  232 . In some embodiments the optical sensor subsystem  216  may be defined to include one or more filters and/or masks, as discussed elsewhere herein. The optical sensor subsystem  216  may be attached to the cover  204  by one or more adhesives  212 / 214 , such as pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) or heat-activated films (HAFs). In some cases, the set of light emitters may be centrally attached to the substrate  232 , and a first wall may be attached to (e.g., formed on or bonded to) an underside of the substrate  232  surrounding the set of light emitters. The first wall may be attached to the interior surface of the cover  204  using a first ring of adhesive  212 . The set of light receivers may be attached to the substrate  232  around the set of light emitters, between the first wall and a second wall attached to (e.g., formed on or bonded to) the underside of the substrate  232 . The second wall may be attached to the interior surface of the cover  204  using a second ring of adhesive  214 . 
     The substrate  232  of the optical sensor subsystem  216  may include various contacts, pads, traces, or other conductive structures  234  that enable the processing subsystem  218  to be electrically coupled to the set of light emitters and set of light receivers of the optical sensor subsystem  216 . In some embodiments, the processing subsystem  218  includes a processor as described herein, which may be mounted to a substrate  236 . The processing subsystem  218  may include substrate  236  (e.g., a printed circuit board (PCB)) that is attached to the optical sensor subsystem  216  and/or the processor, and thereby to the cover  204 , via the conductive structures  234  and/or additional adhesive between the substrates  232 ,  236  of the optical sensor subsystem  216  and the processing subsystem  218 . The substrates  232 ,  236  may also or alternatively be connected using mechanical fasteners (e.g., screws). The processing subsystem  218 , and in particular its processor, may activate the light emitters and light receivers to perform a sensor function and may use data from the light receivers (and/or emitters) to determine a biological function such as a heart rate and/or blood pressure. As an example, light may be emitted from the light emitter, pass through the cover  204 , be reflected from the user&#39;s skin and/or skin subsurface (potentially including veins, arteries, and/or capillaries), pass back through the cover  204  and a light filter (and, optionally, a mask defined in or on the cover) to be received by the light receiver. The processing subsystem  218  may use properties of the received light, such as an amount and/or amplitude of received light, to determine a user&#39;s heart rate, blood pressure, and so on. In some cases, the processing subsystem  218  may be attached to another structure within the watch body, and may be electrically connected to the conductive structures  234  of the optical sensor subsystem  216  by a flex circuit or other conductors. 
     In some embodiments, the substrate  236  of the processing subsystem  218  may have a hole  238  therein, and the magnet  220  may be aligned with the hole  238  and abut (or attached to) a surface of the substrate  232  opposite the cover  204 . In some cases, the magnet  220  may be adhesively bonded to the substrate  232  of the optical sensor subsystem  216 . The magnet  220  may inductively couple to a battery charger used for charging a battery included within the watch body, which battery may power components of the watch including the components of the optical sensor subsystem  216  and the processing subsystem  218 . 
     The magnetic shield  222  may abut (or be attached to) the magnet  220 . In some cases, the magnetic shield  222  may be adhesively bonded to the magnet  220 . The magnetic shield may direct magnetic flux associated with the magnet  220  toward and out the cover  204  to improve inductive battery charging performance for a battery included within the watch body. 
     Direct or indirect mounting of the components shown in  FIG. 2  to the interior surface of the cover  204  can reduce the height of the components when stacked. 
       FIG. 3  shows the exterior surfaces (e.g., the skin-facing surfaces) of the backside housing member  202  and cover  204  (e.g., a crystal, glass, or plastic cover) shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     The exterior surface of the cover  204  may have a first electrode  300  and a second electrode  302  formed thereon. In some cases, the first and second electrodes  300 ,  302  may be semi-circle-shaped, and may be positioned around the central aperture  226  and set of apertures  230  formed in the dark mask  224 . The first and second electrodes  300 ,  302  may extend to the edge of the cover  204 , and in some cases may wrap around the perimeter of the cover  204  to the interior surface of the cover  204 , or be connected to conductive vias formed in the cover  204 , or otherwise electrically connect to elements within a watch body that apply a signal to, or receive a signal sensed by, one or both of the first and second electrodes  300 ,  302 . In some cases, the first and second electrodes  300 ,  302  may be electrically insulated from the backside housing member  202  (e.g., by a non-conductive gasket or adhesive), or the backside housing member  202  may be non-conductive. In some cases, the first and second electrodes  300 ,  302  may include a metallic material. The first and second electrodes  300 ,  302  may be configured to provide and/or measure data used by the processing subsystem  218  (and in particular a processor thereof) to determine a second biological parameter, such as an electrocardiogram. 
       FIG. 4  shows another view of the exterior surfaces of the backside housing member  202  and cover  204  (e.g., a crystal, glass, or plastic cover) shown in  FIG. 2 . However, in contrast to the view shown in  FIG. 3 , a central portion of the dark mask  224 , in addition to the lens  208 , has been removed to show components of the optical sensor subsystem  216  adjacent the cover  204 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4  the optical sensor subsystem  216  may include one or more light emitters  400 ,  402  (e.g., LEDs), one or more light receivers  404  (e.g., photodetectors), a set of one or more walls  406 ,  408 , and a substrate  410 . The light emitter(s)  400 ,  402 , light receiver(s)  404 , and set of one or more walls  406 ,  408  may be attached to the substrate  410 , and the substrate  410  (with light emitter(s)  400 ,  402 , light receiver(s)  404 , and walls  406 ,  408  thereon) may be attached to the interior surface of the cover  204  by the set of one or more walls  406 ,  408 . By way of example, the set of one or more walls may include a closed form inner wall  406  having a circular shape, and a closed form outer wall  408  having an octagonal shape. In other examples, one or both of the walls  406 ,  408  may have one or more openings therein, or may be replaced by a plurality of discrete walls, or have a shape other than the shape shown. In some cases, the set of one or more walls  406 ,  408  may only include the inner wall  406 , or may include more than two walls. The inner wall  406 , and in some cases the outer wall  408 , may be light-blocking walls. Light-blocking walls can help to limit the light received by the light receiver(s)  404  to light that is reflected from a medium (e.g., skin) adjacent the exterior surface of the cover  204 . 
     By way of example, the set of one or more light emitters  400 ,  402  may include a first set of one or more light emitters  400  configured to emit light having a first wavelength (e.g., a set of visible light emitters, such as a set of four green light emitters) and a second set of one or more light emitters  402  configured to emit light having a second wavelength that differs from the first wavelength (e.g., a set of two infrared (IR) light emitters). Alternatively, the set of light emitters may include light emitters configured to emit the same wavelength of light, or one or more light emitters that are tunable to emit different wavelengths of light. The light emitters  400 ,  402  may be attached to the substrate  410 , and the optical sensor subsystem  216  may be attached to the cover  204 , such that the set of one or more light emitters  400 ,  402  is positioned below the interior surface of the cover  204 . In some cases light emitters that emit different wavelengths may be activated at different times or for different purposes. For example, IR light emitters may be operated at a lower power and may be used for background heart rate detection, blood pressure detection, and/or watch “off-wrist” detection. 
     Also by way of example, the set of one or more light receivers  404  includes eight rectangular photodetectors. In other examples, the optical sensor subsystem  216  may include more or fewer light receivers  404 , and/or light receivers having different shapes. In some cases, the light receivers  404  may be defined along the perimeter of a ring of photosensitive material. 
     The light emitters  400 ,  402  may be operated individually, or may be grouped and operated within two or more channels of operation. Similarly, the light receivers  404  may be operated individually, or may be grouped and operated within two or more channels of operation. 
     In some cases, the one or more light emitters  400 ,  402  and one or more light receivers  404  of the optical sensor subsystem  216  may be positioned interior from a perimeter  412  defined by the first and second electrodes  300 ,  302  (i.e., between the electrodes  300 ,  302 ). In some cases, the mounting of the light emitter(s)  400 ,  402  (i.e., the set of light emitters) and light receiver(s)  404  (i.e., the set of light receivers) to the substrate  410 , and the attachment of the substrate  410  to the interior surface of the cover  204 , may position the light emitter(s)  400 ,  402  adjacent a central portion of the cover  204  and position the light receiver(s)  404  radially further from the central portion of the cover  204  than the light emitter(s)  400 ,  402  (i.e., the light receiver(s)  404  may be positioned adjacent a portion of the cover  204  that is radial outward from the central portion). The central portion may have a circular boundary defined by a radius, r. In other cases, the central portion may have a boundary of another shape. In some cases, the inner wall  406  may define the boundary of the central portion of the cover  204 . When the light receiver(s)  404  include multiple light receivers, or when the light receiver(s) include one or more elongate arced or rectangular segments, the light receiver(s)  404  may substantially surround the light emitter(s)  400 ,  402 . For example, discrete light receivers may be positioned at four or more locations around the light emitter(s)  400 ,  402 , or one or more elongate arced or rectangular segments may occupy at least half of a circumference or perimeter surrounding the light emitter(s)  400 ,  402 . 
       FIG. 5  shows a cross-section of an optical sensor subsystem  500  adjacent a cover  502  (e.g., a crystal, glass, or plastic cover) of a watch body housing (or other electronic device housing). In some examples, the cross-section may be a cross-section of the optical sensor subsystem  216  and cover  204  shown in  FIGS. 2-4 . The optical sensor subsystem  500  includes a substrate  504  on which a set of light emitters  506  (e.g., LEDs) and a set of light receivers  508  (e.g., photodetectors, such as photodiodes) are attached. The light emitters  506  may be attached to or positioned on the substrate  504  to project light through the cover  502 , and the light receivers  508  may be attached to or positioned on the substrate  504  to receive light emitted by the light emitters  506  and reflected from a medium (e.g., a user&#39;s wrist) adjacent the exterior surface  510  of the cover  502 . In some examples, and as shown, the light emitters  506  and light receivers  508  may be attached to a surface  512  of the substrate  504  facing an interior surface  514  of the cover  502 . Alternatively, the light emitters  506  or light receivers  508  may be attached to a surface of the substrate  504  facing away from the cover  502 , and the light emitters  506  or light receivers  508  may emit or receive light through apertures in the substrate  504 . 
     The optical sensor subsystem  500  may be attached (e.g., bonded) to the cover  502  by an adhesive  600 ,  602  such as a PSA or HAF, as shown in  FIG. 6 , which shows an enlarged view of a portion of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 5 . In some cases, the set of light emitters  506  may be centrally attached to the substrate  504 , and a first wall  516  (e.g., a circular-shaped wall) may be attached to (e.g., be attached to or formed on) the substrate  504  surrounding the set of light emitters  506  (e.g., the first wall  516  may be positioned between the set of light emitters  506  and the set of light receivers). The first wall  516  may be positioned around the set of light emitters  506  and attached (e.g., bonded) to the interior surface  514  of the cover  502  using an adhesive (e.g., a first ring of adhesive  600 ; see  FIG. 6 ). The set of light receivers  508  may be attached to the substrate  504  around the light emitters  506 , between the first wall  516  and a second wall  518  (e.g., an octagonal-shaped wall) that is positioned around the set of light receivers  508  and attached to (e.g., be attached to or formed on) the substrate  504 . The second wall  518  may also be attached (e.g., bonded) to the interior surface  514  of the cover  502  using an adhesive  602  (e.g., a second ring of adhesive). In some cases, the interior surface  514  of the cover  502 , or at least the portion of the interior surface  514  over which the optical sensor subsystem  500  is attached, may be flat. In an alternative embodiment, the set of light receivers  508  could be attached to the substrate  504  within the first wall  516 , and the set of light emitters  506  could be attached to the substrate  504  between the first and second walls  516 ,  518 . 
     In some embodiments, the walls  516  and  518  may be made of high-temperature plastic. In some cases, the walls  516  and  518  may be injection molded as separate components and placed on (and bonded to) the substrate  504  before the optical sensor subsystem  500  is attached to the cover  502  via the walls  516 ,  518 . In some examples, the walls  516 ,  518  may be bonded to the substrate  504  using a thermoset adhesive. In some embodiments, one or both of the walls  516  and  518  (and in particular, the outer wall  518 ) may be formed by layers of the substrate  504  (e.g., by additional FR4 layers of a printed circuit board). In some cases, one or both of the walls  516 ,  518  may be light-blocking walls. The outer wall  518  may be less light-blocking than the inner wall  516  (or non-light blocking), in some examples, because the outer wall  518  may not need to form an optical barrier between the light emitters  506  and the light receivers  508 . When the walls  516  and  518  are made of different materials or are otherwise subject to small differences in height, an HAF or other flowable adhesive may be used to attach the walls  516 ,  518  to the interior surface  514  of the cover, because a flowable adhesive may better account for non-planar wall heights. 
     An optional lens  520  (e.g., a Fresnel lens, a spherical lens, a diffuser film, or the like) may be attached to the interior surface  514  of the cover  502 , between the light emitters  506  and cover  502 . An optional light filter  522  (e.g., a light control film, a light polarizer, an anti-reflective film, a reflective film, or a light absorber) may be attached to the interior surface  514  of the cover  502 , between the light receivers  508  and cover  502 . By mounting the optical sensor subsystem  500  directly on the cover  502  and sealing the light emitters  506  and light receivers  508  within cavities formed by the substrate  504 , walls  516  and  518 , and interior surface  514  of the cover  502 , lower cost and/or lower height light emitters  506  and light receivers  508  (i.e., emitters and receivers without encapsulants applied directly thereto) can be used, potentially reducing the cost and height of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 5 . Also, by mounting the lens  520  and light filter  522  to the interior surface  514  of the cover  502 , the lens  520  and light filter  522  may be attached to the cover  502  in one set of operations, and the walls  516 ,  518  of the optical sensor subsystem  500  may be aligned with the cover  502 , the lens  520 , and the light filter  522  and attached to the cover  502  in a separate operation, with the lens  520  and light filter  522  extending into cavities defined by the optical sensor subsystem  500  to reduce the height of the apparatus (e.g., compared to allocating a separate layer to optics components including the lens  520  and light filter  522 ). 
     In some embodiments, a processing subsystem  524  may be electrically or mechanically coupled to the bottom side of the optical sensor subsystem  500 . The processing subsystem may be electrically coupled to the light emitters  506  and light receivers  508  of the optical sensor subsystem  500 . The processing subsystem  524  may include a substrate  526  (e.g., a PCB) that is attached to the optical sensor subsystem  500 , and thereby to the cover  502 , via conductive or non-conductive structures  532 , including metallic bonds, adhesive, or mechanical fasteners (e.g., screws). The processing subsystem  524  may activate the light emitters and light receivers to perform a sensor function (e.g., to optically determine a heart rate and/or blood pressure). 
     In some embodiments, the substrate  526  of the processing subsystem  524  may have a hole therein, and a magnet  528  may be aligned with the hole and abutted to (or attached to) the substrate  526 . In some cases, the magnet  528  may be adhesively bonded to the substrate  504  of the optical sensor subsystem  500 . The magnet  220  may be adhesively bonded to the substrate  504  using, for example, a PSA and/or liquid adhesive  534 . In some cases, the magnet  220  may be bonded to the substrate  504  below the wall  516 , to reduce the likelihood that the magnet  220  will cause the substrate  504  to bend (which may interfere with operation of the optical sensor components). The magnet  528  may be inductively couple to a battery charger used for charging a battery included within the watch body, which battery may power components of the watch including the components of the optical sensor subsystem  500  and the processing subsystem  524 . 
     A magnetic shield  530  may abut (or be attached to) the magnet  528 . In some cases, the magnetic shield  530  may be adhesively bonded to the magnet  528  using an adhesive  536 . The magnetic shield  530  may direct magnetic flux associated with the magnet  528  toward the optical sensor subsystem  500  and out the cover  502 , to improve inductive battery charging performance for a battery included within the watch body. 
     Referring in more detail to  FIG. 6 , a dark mask  604  may be applied to the interior surface  514  of the cover  502 , between the lens  520  and the light filter  522 . In some cases, the dark mask  604  may partially overlap the light filter  522  or light receiver  508 . In some cases, an inner ring of the dark mask  604  may have a width (e.g., along a radius of the cover  502 ) that is greater than a width of the first wall  516 , with the first wall  516  being positioned below the dark mask  604 . In some cases, the width of the inner ring of the dark mask  604  may be approximately 0.8-1.0 millimeter (mm). The width of the inner ring of the dark mask  604  may be selected, prior to manufacture, to limit which rays of light emitted by the light emitter  506  are received by the light receiver  508  (e.g., only those rays that reflect from a medium (e.g., a user&#39;s skin) at a desired distance from the exterior surface  510  of the cover  502 ) and enter the cover  502  at a low angle with respect to perpendicular to the interior surface  514  of the cover  502 . In some cases, the inner ring of the dark mask  604  may be considered part of the first wall  516  (e.g., a cap of the first wall  516 ). Alternatively, the first wall  516  may be considered to be a separate component positioned under the dark mask  604 . In further examples, the first wall  516  may have a same width as the inner ring of the dark mask  604 , or the inner ring of the dark mask  604  may not be positioned above the first wall  516  (or may not be applied to the cover  502  at all). 
     After the dark mask  604  is applied to the cover  502 , or when the dark mask  604  is not applied to the cover  502 , an adhesive  606  may be applied to the cover  502  for attaching the light filter  522  to the cover  502 , or the light filter  522  may have an adhesive applied to one side thereof for attachment of the light filter  522  to the cover  502 , or an adhesive may be applied to surfaces of the cover  502  and the light filter  522 , or the light filter  522  may be formed directly on the cover  502  (but in some cases, partially over the dark mask  604 ). 
       FIG. 7  shows an example of a light filter  700 , such as an example of any of the light filters shown in  FIGS. 2-6 . As shown, the light filter  700  may include first portions  702  that are translucent to one or more wavelengths of light, and second portions  704  that are opaque to the one or more wavelengths of light. The translucent portions  702  and opaque portions  702  may be interleaved. In some examples, the opaque portions  704  may be oriented perpendicular to first and second opposing surfaces  706 ,  708  of the cover. In other examples, the opaque portions  704  may be oriented at an angle between 0 and 90 degrees with respect to the first and second opposing surfaces  706 ,  708  (and to the interior surface of a cover). In some cases, the translucent portions  702  may be wider than the opaque portions  704 . In some examples, the opaque portions  704  may be oriented in lines that are tangent to a radius of a cover, or in concentric arcs with respect to an axis perpendicular to the interior surface of a cover. In some examples, the opaque portions  704  may absorb, block, not reflect, or reflect particular (or all) wavelengths of light. 
       FIG. 8  shows an example cover  800  (e.g., a crystal, glass, or plastic cover), optical sensor subsystem  802 , and housing member  804  of an electronic device. As shown, the interior surface  806  of the cover  800  may be attached to a shelf  808  of a carrier member  810  using an adhesive  812 . A gasket  814  may be fitted around a perimeter of the carrier member  810  (e.g., in a recess around the perimeter of the carrier member  810 ). The carrier member  810  with attached cover  800  and gasket  814  may then be inserted into an aperture within the housing member  804 . In other embodiments, a cover with attached optical sensor subsystem may be attached to a housing member of an electronic device in other ways, including before the optical sensor subsystem is attached to the cover, or using various types of adhesives, gaskets, and the like. 
       FIG. 9  shows an example portion of a watch body adjacent skin  900  of a user (e.g., while a watch including the watch body is worn by the user). The portion of the watch body includes a portion of an optical sensor subsystem  902  adjacent a cover  904  (e.g., a crystal, glass, or plastic cover), as described for example with reference to  FIGS. 2-6 and 8 . The watch body may be oriented such that an exterior surface  906  of the cover  904  is adjacent skin  900  of the user&#39;s wrist. 
     A control system, included in the optical sensor subsystem  902  or otherwise connected to the optical sensor subsystem  902  and housed within the watch body, may simultaneously or sequentially activate a light emitter (or set of light emitters  908 ) and a light receiver  910  (or set of light receivers) to cause the light emitter(s)  908  to emit light and the light receiver  910  to receive light. The emitted light may pass through the interior surface  912  of the cover  904  and travel partially or wholly through the cover  904 . 
     In some cases, a first portion of the light  932  emitted by a light emitter  908  may pass through the interior and exterior surfaces  912 ,  906  of the cover  904  and be reflected by a layer of the skin  900 . As examples,  FIG. 9  shows the first portion of light  932  as including a first ray of light  914  that reflects from a second layer  916  of the skin  900  and a second ray of light  918  that reflects from a fourth layer  920  of the skin  900 . More than one ray of light may reflect from each of these (and other) layers of the skin  900 . In some examples, the light emitter  908  may be configured to emit light that penetrates 0-2 millimeter (mm) of the skin  900 . The light emitter  908  may be configured to emit light having a particular wavelength (e.g., frequency), intensity, or other preconfigured or programmable parameter. The rays of light  914 ,  918  of the first portion of light  932  may be reflected toward the light receiver  910  and pass through the cover  904  at a low enough angle with respect to perpendicular to the interior surface  912  of the cover  904  (and plane of a light filter  922 ) that the rays of light  914 ,  918  pass through the light filter  922  and are received by the light receiver  910 . 
     A second portion of the light  934  emitted by a light emitter  908  may travel toward the cover  904  at a high angle (typically substantially greater than 45 degrees, as measured with respect to a line perpendicular to the interior surface  912  of the cover  904 , such that the light may not penetrate the cover  904 . To prevent the second portion of light  934  from reflecting off the interior surface  912  of the cover  904  and toward the light receiver  910 , a light-blocking wall  924  may be positioned between the light emitter  908  and light receiver  910 , abutting the interior surface  912  of the cover  904 . The light-blocking wall  924  may prevent the light receiver  910  from receiving the second portion of light  934 . In some cases, the second portion of light  934 , including a ray of light  926 , may be absorbed by the light-blocking wall  924 . Because the second portion of light  934  is not reflected from the cover  904  or the skin  900 , the second portion of light  934  may be referred to herein as non-reflected light. 
     A third portion of the light  936  emitted by a light emitter  908  may reflect from the exterior surface  906  of the cover  904 , or from imperfections within the cover  904 , or in some cases a layer of the skin  900  (e.g., an outer layer of the skin  900 ). By way of example,  FIG. 9  shows the third portion of light  936  as including a ray of light  928  that reflects from the exterior surface  906  of the cover  904 . Because the ray of light  928  is reflected from a location closer to the light receiver  910  and light filter  922 , and because the ray of light  928  is reflected toward the light receiver  910  at a high angle (typically greater than 45 degrees, as measured with respect to a line perpendicular to the interior surface  912  of the cover  904  (and plane of the light filter  922 )), the ray of light  928  is blocked from reaching the light receiver  910  by the light filter  922 . In some cases, the ray of light  928  may be absorbed by the light filter  922 . 
     A lens  930  may redirect the first and third portions of light  932 ,  936  as the portions of light travel from a light emitter  908  toward the skin  900  of the user. In some cases (e.g., when the lens  930  includes a Fresnel lens), the lens  930  may collimate the first and third portions of light  932 ,  936  (or redirect the first and third portions of light  932 ,  936  to move rays of the light closer to a collimated form). 
       FIG. 10  shows another example portion of a watch body adjacent skin  1000  of a user (e.g., while a watch including the watch body is worn by the user). The portion of the watch body includes a portion of an optical sensor subsystem  1002  adjacent a cover  1004  (e.g., a crystal, glass, or plastic cover), as described for example with reference to  FIGS. 2-6 and 8 . The watch body may be oriented such that an exterior surface  1006  of the cover  1004  is adjacent skin  1000  of the user&#39;s wrist. 
     A control system, included in the optical sensor subsystem  1002  or otherwise connected to the optical sensor subsystem  1002  and housed within the watch body, may simultaneously or sequentially activate a light emitter  1008  and a light receiver  1010  to cause the light emitter  1008  to emit light and the light receiver  1010  to receive light. The emitted light may pass through the interior surface of the cover  1004  and travel partially or wholly through the cover  1004 . 
     Similarly to the example described with reference to  FIG. 9 , a first portion of the light  1026  emitted by the light emitter  1008 , including a ray of light  1012 , may pass through the interior and exterior surfaces of the cover  1004  and be reflected by a layer of the skin  1000 . The first portion of light  1026  may be reflected toward the light receiver  1010  and pass through the cover  1004  at a low enough angle with respect to perpendicular to the interior surface of the cover  1004  (and plane of a light filter  1014 ) that the light passes through the light filter  1014  and is received by the light receiver  1010 . 
     A second portion of the light  1028  emitted by the light emitter  1008 , including a ray of light  1016 , may travel toward the cover  1004  at a high angle (typically substantially greater than 45 degrees, as measured with respect to a line perpendicular to the interior surface of the cover  1004 ), such that the light may not penetrate the cover  1004 . To prevent the second portion of light  1028  from reflecting off the interior surface of the cover  1004  and toward the light receiver  1010 , a light-blocking wall  1018  may be positioned between the light emitter  1008  and light receiver  1010 , abutting the interior surface of the cover  1004 . The light-blocking wall  1018  may prevent the light receiver  1010  from receiving the second portion of light  1028 . In some cases, the second portion of light  1028  may be absorbed by the light-blocking wall  1018 . Because the second portion of light  1028  is not reflected from the cover  1004  or the skin  1000 , the second portion of light  1028  may be referred to herein as non-reflected light. 
     A third portion of the light  1030  emitted by the light emitter  1008 , including a ray of light  1020 , may reflect from the exterior surface  1006  of the cover  1004 , or from imperfections within the cover  1004 , or in some cases a layer of the skin  1000  (e.g., an outer layer of the skin  1000 ). Because the third portion of light  1030  is reflected from a location closer to the light receiver  1010  and light filter  1014 , and because the third portion of light  1030  is reflected toward the light receiver  1010  at a high angle (typically greater than 45 degrees, as measured with respect to a line perpendicular to the interior surface of the cover  1004  (and plane of the light filter  1014 )), the third portion of light  1030  is blocked from reaching the light receiver  1010  by the light filter  1014 . In some cases, the third portion of light  1030  may be absorbed by the light filter  1014 . 
     A lens  1022  may redirect the first and third portions of light  1026 ,  1030  as the portions of light travel from the light emitter  1008  toward the skin  1000  of the user. In some cases (e.g., when the lens  1022  includes a Fresnel lens), the lens  1022  may collimate the first and third portions of light  1026 ,  1030  (or redirect the first and third portions of light  1026 ,  1030  to move rays of the light closer to a collimated form). In contrast to other optical sensor subsystem embodiments shown in the present disclosure, the embodiment shown in  FIG. 10  shows the lens  1022  attached and/or positioned between walls  1018 ,  1024  of the optical sensor subsystem  1002  (instead of to the interior surface of the cover  1004 ). In this configuration, the lens  1022  may be separated from the interior surface of the cover  1004 , as shown, or abutted to the interior surface of the cover  1004  (not shown). 
       FIG. 11  shows another example portion of a watch body adjacent skin  1100  of a user (e.g., while a watch including the watch body is worn by the user). The portion of the watch body includes a portion of an optical sensor subsystem  1102  adjacent a split cover  1104  (i.e., a cover formed of two or more separate pieces, or a cover having an elongate slit therein). The watch body may be oriented such that an exterior surface of the split cover  1104  is adjacent skin  1100  of the user&#39;s wrist. 
     A control system  1106 , included in the optical sensor subsystem  1102  or otherwise connected to the optical sensor subsystem  1102  and housed within the watch body, may simultaneously or sequentially activate a light emitter  1108  and a light receiver  1110  to cause the light emitter  1108  to emit light and the light receiver  1110  to receive light. The emitted light may pass through the interior surface of the split cover  1104  and travel partially or wholly through the split cover  1104 . 
     Similarly to the examples described with reference to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , portions  1120 ,  1122  of the light emitted by the light emitter  1108  may pass through the interior and/or exterior surfaces of the split cover  1104 , and reflections thereof may or may not be received at the light receiver  1110 . 
     In contrast to other embodiments shown in the present disclosure, the optical sensor subsystem  1102  includes a substrate  1112  on which components such as the light emitter  1108  and light receiver  1110  are attached, and the substrate  1112  is attached to a housing member  1114  of the watch body instead of being attached to the interior surface of the split cover  1104 . The split cover  1104  may also be attached to the housing member  1114 . 
     Also in contrast to other embodiments shown in the present disclosure, the optical sensor subsystem  1102  is positioned adjacent a split cover  1104 . The split cover  1104  enables a light-blocking wall  1116  to extend through the split in the split cover  1104 , which wall  1116  may block more unwanted portions of light (e.g., portions of light that are not reflected by the skin  1100  of the user) from being received at the light receiver  1110 . However, the light-blocking wall  1116  may need to be wider than other light-blocking walls described herein, to provide a surface  1118  that may be sealed to the interior surface of the split cover  1104 . The greater width of the light-blocking wall  1116  may increase the distance that light emitted by the light emitter  1108  travels to reach the light receiver  1110 , and may in some cases necessitate operating the light emitter  1108  at a higher transmit power (e.g., higher intensity). The seal between the surface  1118  and the interior surface of the split cover  1104  may be provided, for example, by an adhesive or gasket. 
     Still further in contrast to other embodiments shown in the present disclosure, there may be no lens above the light emitter  1108  and/or no light filter above the light receiver  1110 , because the height and width of the light-blocking wall  1116  may be sufficient to limit what portions of light emitted by the light emitter  1108  are reflected toward the light receiver  1110 . 
       FIG. 12  shows an example method  1200  of operation of an optical heart rate detector. The method  1200  may provide data that is used by a processing subsystem of an electronic device to determine a biological parameter of a user wearing a watch or other wearable electronic device, such as a watch or wearable electronic device described herein. 
     At block  1202 , the method includes emitting light from a light emitter within the watch, toward the skin of the user. At least a portion of the light may travel through a cover that forms part of a housing of the watch. The operation(s) at  1202  may be performed, for example, by the light emitter described with reference to  FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 . 
     At block  1204 , a first portion of the light, reflected from the skin of the user, may be received by a light receiver within the watch. The operation(s) at  1204  may be performed, for example, by the light receiver described with reference to  FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 . 
     At block  1206 , a second portion of the light may be blocked by a light-blocking wall positioned between the light emitter and the light receiver. The second portion of light may include light that does not travel through the cover or light that reflects from a surface of the cover before passing into the cover. The operation(s) at  1206  may be performed, for example, by the light-blocking wall described with reference to  FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 . 
     At block  1208 , a third portion of the light may be received at a light filter that is attached to (directly or otherwise) the cover. The third portion of light may be prevented from being received at the light receiver by the light filter. The third portion of light may include light that is reflected toward the light receiver before passing into (or sufficiently into) the skin of the user. The operation(s) at  1208  may be performed, for example, by the light filter described with reference to  FIGS. 2-7 and 9-11 . 
     The processing subsystem (and particularly, its processor) of the electronic device may use one or more properties of the light received by the light filter to determine a biological parameter, as discussed above. For example, the amount of light and/or amplitude of light received by the emitter(s) may be used by the processing subsystem to determine a wearer&#39;s blood pressure and heart rate. 
     As discussed above, graphics displayed on the electronic devices herein may be manipulated through inputs provided to a crown.  FIGS. 13A-13B  generally depict examples of changing a graphical output displayed on an electronic device through inputs provided by force and/or rotational inputs to a crown assembly of the device. This manipulation (e.g., selection, acknowledgement, motion, dismissal, magnification, and so on) of a graphic may result in changes in operation of the electronic device and/or graphical output displayed by the electronic device. Although specific examples are provided and discussed, many operations may be performed by rotating and/or applying force to a crown such as the examples described above. Accordingly, the following discussion is by way of example and not limitation. 
       FIG. 13A  depicts an example electronic device  1300  (shown here as an electronic watch) having a crown  1302 . The crown  1302  may be similar to the examples described above, and may receive force inputs along a first lateral direction, a second lateral direction, or an axial direction of the crown. The crown  1302  may also receive rotational inputs. A display  1306  provides a graphical output (e.g., shows information and/or other graphics). In some embodiments, the display  1306  may be configured as a touch-sensitive display capable of receiving touch and/or force input. In the current example, the display  1306  depicts a list of various items  1361 ,  1362 ,  1363 , all of which are example indicia. 
       FIG. 13B  illustrates how the graphical output shown on the display  1306  changes as the crown  1302  rotates, partially or completely (as indicated by the arrow  13 ). Rotating the crown  1302  causes the list to scroll or otherwise move on the screen, such that the first item  1361  is no longer displayed, the second and third items  1362 ,  1363  each move upwards on the display, and a fourth item  1364  is now shown at the bottom of the display. This is one example of a scrolling operation that can be executed by rotating the crown  1302 . Such scrolling operations may provide a simple and efficient way to depict multiple items relatively quickly and in sequential order. In some examples, the items may be used to trigger various aspects of the optical sensor subsystems described herein, or to select various outputs of the optical sensor subsystems for further review. A speed of the scrolling operation may be controlled by the amount of rotational force applied to the crown  1302  and/or the speed at which the crown  1302  is rotated. Faster or more forceful rotation may yield faster scrolling, while slower or less forceful rotation yields slower scrolling. The crown  1302  may receive an axial force (e.g., a force inward toward the display  1306  or watch body) to select an item from the list, in certain embodiments. 
       FIGS. 14A and 14B  illustrate an example zoom operation. The display  1406  depicts a picture  1466  at a first magnification, shown in  FIG. 14A ; the picture  1466  is yet another example of an indicium. A user may apply a lateral force (e.g., a force along the x-axis) to the crown  1402  of the electronic device  1400  (illustrated by arrow  1465 ), and in response the display may zoom into the picture  1466 , such that a portion  1467  of the picture is shown at an increased magnification. This is shown in  FIG. 14B . The direction of zoom (in vs. out) and speed of zoom, or location of zoom, may be controlled through force applied to the crown  1402 , and particularly through the direction of applied force and/or magnitude of applied force. Applying force to the crown  1402  in a first direction may zoom in, while applying force to the crown  1402  in an opposite direction may zoom out. Alternately, rotating or applying force to the crown  1402  in a first direction may change the portion of the picture subject to the zoom effect. In some embodiments, applying an axial force (e.g., a force along the z-axis) to the crown  1402  may toggle between different zoom modes or inputs (e.g., direction of zoom vs. portion of picture subject to zoom). In yet other embodiments, applying force to the crown  1402  along another direction, such as along the y-axis, may return the picture  1466  to the default magnification shown in  FIG. 14A . 
       FIGS. 15A and 15B  illustrate possible use of the crown  1502  to change an operational state of the electronic device  1500  or otherwise toggle between inputs. Turning first to  FIG. 15A , the display  1506  depicts a question  1568 , namely, “Activate optical sensor subsystem?” As shown in  FIG. 15B , a lateral force may be applied to the crown  1502  (illustrated by arrow  1570 ) to answer the question. Applying force to the crown  1502  provides an input interpreted by the electronic device  1500  as “yes,” and so “YES” is displayed as a graphic  1569  on the display  1506 . Applying force to the crown  1502  in an opposite direction may provide a “no” input. Both the question  1568  and graphic  1569  are examples of indicia. As one non-limiting example, a graphic or indicium of a heart rate, blood pressure, or the like may be shown on the display  1506  in response to the user selecting “YES,” for example by rotating, translating, or touching the crown  1502 . 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 15A and 15B , the force applied to the crown  1502  is used to directly provide the input, rather than select from options in a list (as discussed above with respect to  FIGS. 13A and 13B ). 
     As mentioned previously, force or rotational input to a crown of an electronic device may control many functions beyond those listed here. The crown may receive distinct force or rotational inputs to adjust a volume of an electronic device, a brightness of a display, or other operational parameters of the device. A force or rotational input applied to the crown may rotate to turn a display on or off, or turn the device on or off. A force or rotational input to the crown may launch or terminate an application on the electronic device. Further, combinations of inputs to the crown may likewise initiate or control any of the foregoing functions, as well. 
     In some cases, the graphical output of a display may be responsive to inputs applied to a touch-sensitive display (e.g., displays  1306 ,  1406 ,  1506 , and the like) in addition to inputs applied to a crown. The touch-sensitive display may include or be associated with one or more touch and/or force sensors that extend along an output region of a display and which may use any suitable sensing elements and/or sensing techniques to detect touch and/or force inputs applied to the touch-sensitive display. The same or similar graphical output manipulations that are produced in response to inputs applied to the crown may also be produced in response to inputs applied to the touch-sensitive display. For example, a swipe gesture applied to the touch-sensitive display may cause the graphical output to move in a direction corresponding to the swipe gesture. As another example, a tap gesture applied to the touch-sensitive display may cause an item to be selected or activated. In this way, a user may have multiple different ways to interact with and control an electronic watch, and in particular the graphical output of an electronic watch. Further, while the crown may provide overlapping functionality with the touch-sensitive display, using the crown allows for the graphical output of the display to be visible (without being blocked by the finger that is providing the touch input). 
       FIG. 16  shows a sample electrical block diagram of an electronic device  1600 , which electronic device may in some cases take the form of any of the watches or other wearable electronic devices described with reference to  FIGS. 1-6, 8-11, and 13A-15B , or other portable or wearable electronic devices. The electronic device  1600  can include a display  1605  (e.g., a light-emitting display), a processor  1610 , a power source  1615 , a memory  1620  or storage device, a sensor  1625 , and an input/output (I/O) mechanism  1630  (e.g., an input/output device, input/output port, or haptic input/output interface). The processor  1610  can control some or all of the operations of the electronic device  1600 . The processor  1610  can communicate, either directly or indirectly, with some or all of the components of the electronic device  1600 . For example, a system bus or other communication mechanism  1635  can provide communication between the processor  1610 , the power source  1615 , the memory  1620 , the sensor  1625 , and the input/output mechanism  1630 . 
     The processor  1610  can be implemented as any electronic device capable of processing, receiving, or transmitting data or instructions. For example, the processor  1610  can be a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or combinations of such devices. As described herein, the term “processor” is meant to encompass a single processor or processing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, or other suitably configured computing element or elements. 
     It should be noted that the components of the electronic device  1600  can be controlled by multiple processors. For example, select components of the electronic device  1600  (e.g., a sensor  1625 ) may be controlled by a first processor and other components of the electronic device  1600  (e.g., the display  1605 ) may be controlled by a second processor, where the first and second processors may or may not be in communication with each other. 
     The power source  1615  can be implemented with any device capable of providing energy to the electronic device  1600 . For example, the power source  1615  may be one or more batteries or rechargeable batteries. Additionally or alternatively, the power source  1615  can be a power connector or power cord that connects the electronic device  1600  to another power source, such as a wall outlet. 
     The memory  1620  can store electronic data that can be used by the electronic device  1600 . For example, the memory  1620  can store electrical data or content such as, for example, audio and video files, documents and applications, device settings and user preferences, timing signals, control signals, and data structures or databases. The memory  1620  can be configured as any type of memory. By way of example only, the memory  1620  can be implemented as random access memory, read-only memory, Flash memory, removable memory, other types of storage elements, or combinations of such devices. 
     The electronic device  1600  may also include one or more sensors  1625  positioned almost anywhere on the electronic device  1600 . The sensor(s)  1625  can be configured to sense one or more type of parameters, such as but not limited to, pressure, light, touch, heat, movement, relative motion, biometric data (e.g., biological parameters), and so on. For example, the sensor(s)  1625  may include a heat sensor, a position sensor, a light or optical sensor, an accelerometer, a pressure transducer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a health monitoring sensor, and so on. Additionally, the one or more sensors  1625  can utilize any suitable sensing technology, including, but not limited to, capacitive, ultrasonic, resistive, optical, ultrasound, piezoelectric, and thermal sensing technology. 
     The  110  mechanism  1630  can transmit and/or receive data from a user or another electronic device. An  110  device can include a display, a touch sensing input surface, one or more buttons (e.g., a graphical user interface “home” button), one or more cameras, one or more microphones or speakers, one or more ports such as a microphone port, and/or a keyboard. Additionally or alternatively, an  110  device or port can transmit electronic signals via a communications network, such as a wireless and/or wired network connection. Examples of wireless and wired network connections include, but are not limited to, cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IR, and Ethernet connections. 
     As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources, including the gathering and use of biological parameters of a user (or data indicative of, or facilitating determining, a biological parameter), to monitor or improve the user&#39;s health or fitness. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies a specific person, or can be used to contact, locate, or identify a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, twitter ID&#39;s, home addresses, data or records relating to a user&#39;s health or level of fitness (e.g., vital sign measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying or personal information. 
     The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For example, the personal information data can be used to aid a user in monitoring or improving their health or fitness (e.g., biological parameters or health and fitness data may be used to provide insights into a user&#39;s general wellness, or may be used as positive feedback to individuals using technology to pursue wellness goals). 
     The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of or access to certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country. 
     Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, in the case of biological parameters or conditions identified therefrom, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In another example, users can select not to provide health or fitness-associated data to the providers of applications or services, or can prevent the transmission of such data from the device on which it is collected or outside a collection of devices that are personal to a user from which the data is obtained. In yet another example, a user can select to limit the length of time health or fitness data, or biological parameters from which such data is derived, is maintained. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app. 
     Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including in certain health related applications, data de-identification can be used to protect a user&#39;s privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth, etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data at a city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users), and/or other methods. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing at least some personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of a portion of such personal information data. For example, biological parameters can be ascertained or stored without associating the biological parameters with information identifying a particular user from which they are obtained, or with a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as non-personal information already available to service providers or publicly available information. 
     The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, uses specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the specific embodiments described herein are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not targeted to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20180830
Publication Date: 20221122
Grant Date: 20221122
Priority Date: 20170926
Inventors: CLAVELLE, Adam T.
HARRISON-NOONAN, TOBIAS J.
DE JONG, ERIK G.
BLOCK, UEYN L.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "A61B2560/0468", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G21/025", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/185", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/681", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02427", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/185", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G21/025", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G9/0088", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/0238", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1455", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/25", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/681", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/7475", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G21/025", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/0238", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/25", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1455", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2560/0468", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G9/0088", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/7475", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/743", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02438", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02438", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2560/0468", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1455", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02427", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/743", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/185", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02438", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/185", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/25", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/681", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/743", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G9/0088", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02427", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/0238", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02438", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G04G21/025", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/7475", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2560/0468", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/1455", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B2562/0238", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/02427", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "A61B5/681", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 63642487