PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11165487-B2
Application Number: US-201616084505-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Frame structures for beam switching and refinement in cellular systems

Abstract:
Technologies described herein provide mechanisms and formats to accomplish the beam switching. In one implementation, least one frame structure for both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) beam switching is provided. The UL beam switching and refinement may rely on 5G Physical Random Access Channel (xPRACH) or 5G Sounding Reference Signal (xSRS). The DL beam switching and refinement may be done based on a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS). In some embodiments, to accomplish the both UL and DL beam switching and refinement in one subframe, the BRRS and xPRACH or xSRS may be located in one subframe.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An apparatus for a base station, comprising:
 at least one memory; and 
 circuitry coupled to the at least one memory, the circuitry configured to:
 identify at least one 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) symbol or at least one 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS) symbol in a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) subframe, wherein the BRRS subframe includes:
 at least one BRRS symbol; 
 a first guard period (GP) associated with a first period of time for processing of a 5G physical downlink control channel (xPDCCH) and activation of receiving (Rx) beam switching; and 
 a second GP associated with a second period of time for processing of a BRRS and time to switch a transceiver chain from downlink (DL) to uplink (UL); and 
 
 refine an uplink (UL) receiving (Rx) beam based on the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The apparatus for the base station according to  claim 1 , wherein the second GP is between the xPRACH symbol or xSRS symbol and the at least one BRRS symbol. 
     
     
       3. The apparatus for the base station according to  claim 1 , wherein an xPRACH preamble index associated with the BRRS subframe is indicated in downlink control information (DCI). 
     
     
       4. The apparatus for the base station according to  claim 1 , wherein the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol is located after the at least one BRRS symbol in the BRRS subframe. 
     
     
       5. The apparatus for the base station of according to  claim 1 , wherein the circuitry is configure to determine the UL Rx beam based on a downlink (DL) transmit (Tx) beam of the BRRS symbol. 
     
     
       6. An apparatus for a base station, comprising:
 radio frequency (RF) circuitry configured to identify a subframe that includes:
 a 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) symbol or a 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS) symbol, 
 at least one beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) symbol, 
 a first guard period (GP) associated with a first period of time for processing of a 5G physical downlink control channel (xPDCCH) and activation of receiving (Rx) beam switching, and 
 a second GP associated with a second period of time for processing of a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) and time to switch a transceiver chain from downlink (DL) to uplink (UL); and 
 
 baseband circuitry coupled to the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry configured to:
 determine a value of the xPRACH symbol or the xSRS symbol within the subframe, and 
 refine an uplink (UL) receiving (Rx) beam based on the value of the xPRACH symbol or the xSRS symbol. 
 
 
     
     
       7. The apparatus for the base station according to  claim 6 , wherein the second GP is after which the subframe includes the BRRS symbol. 
     
     
       8. The apparatus for the base station according to  claim 6 , wherein an xPRACH resource index associated with the subframe is indicated in downlink control information (DCI). 
     
     
       9. The apparatus for the base station according to  claim 6 , wherein the xPRACH symbol or the xSRS symbol is located after the BRRS symbol in the subframe. 
     
     
       10. The apparatus for the base station according to  claim 6 , wherein the subframe further includes one 5G physical downlink control channel (xPDCCH) symbol. 
     
     
       11. The apparatus for the base station of according to  claim 6 , wherein the baseband circuitry is configure to determine the UL Rx beam based on a downlink (DL) transmit (Tx) beam of the BRRS symbol. 
     
     
       12. An apparatus for a user equipment (UE) device, comprising:
 radio frequency (RF) circuitry configured to identify a subframe that includes:
 a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) symbol, 
 a 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) symbol or a 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS) symbol, 
 a first guard period (GP) associated with a first period of time for process of a 5G physical downlink control channel (xPDCCH) and activation of receiving (Rx) beam switching, and 
 a second GP associated with a second period of time for processing of a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) and time to switch a transceiver chain from downlink (DL) to uplink (UL); and 
 
 baseband circuitry coupled to the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry configured to: 
 determine a value of the BRRS symbol, and 
 switch an uplink (UL) transmitting (Tx) beam based on the value of the BRRS symbol. 
 
     
     
       13. The apparatus for the UE device according to  claim 12 , wherein the baseband circuitry is further configured to refine a DL receiving (Rx) beam based on the value of the BRRS symbol. 
     
     
       14. The apparatus for the UE device according to  claim 12 , wherein DL data is received in the subframe that includes the BRRS symbol. 
     
     
       15. The apparatus for the UE device according to  claim 12 , wherein the baseband circuitry is configured to:
 determine the UL Tx beam based on a downlink (DL) receive (Rx) beam of the BRRS symbol; and 
 transmit the xPRACH symbol or the xSRS symbol using the UL Tx beam. 
 
     
     
       16. An apparatus for a user equipment (UE) device, comprising:
 at least one memory; and 
 circuitry coupled to the at least one memory, the circuitry configured to:
 identify a subframe that includes:
 a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) symbol, 
 a 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) symbol or a 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS) symbol, 
 a first guard period (GP) associated with a first period of time for processing of a 5G physical downlink control channel (xPDCCH) and activation of receiving (Rx) beam switching, and 
 a second GP associated with a second period of time for processing of a BRRS and time to switch a transceiver chain from downlink (DL) to uplink (UL); and 
 
 refine a downlink (DL) receiving (Rx) beam based on the value of the BRRS symbol. 
 
 
     
     
       17. The apparatus for the UE device according to  claim 16 , wherein the second GP is between the xPRACH symbol or xSRS symbol and the BRRS symbol. 
     
     
       18. The apparatus for the UE device according to  claim 16 , wherein an xPRACH preamble index associated with the subframe is indicated in downlink control information (DCI). 
     
     
       19. The apparatus for the UE device according to  claim 16 , wherein an xPRACH resource index associated with the subframe is indicated in downlink control information (DCI). 
     
     
       20. The apparatus for the UE device according to  claim 16 , wherein the xPRACH symbol or the xSRS symbol is located after the BRRS symbol in the subframe. 
     
     
       21. The apparatus for the UE device according to  claim 16 , wherein the circuitry is configured to:
 determine an uplink (UL) transmitting (Tx) beam based on the refined DL Rx beam; and 
 transmit the xPRACH symbol or the xSRS symbol using the UL Tx beam.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED CASE APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a national phase application claiming the benefit of and priority to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/040886, filed Jul. 1, 2016, which claims priority to International Patent Application Number PCT/CN2016/077731, filed Mar. 26, 2016, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Embodiments herein generally relate to transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) beam switching and refinement in network systems. In particular, the present disclosure relates to Tx and Rx beam switching and refinement in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and 5G network systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Wireless mobile communication technology uses various standards and protocols to transmit data between a node (e.g., a transmission station) and a wireless device (e.g., a mobile device). Standards and protocols that use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) for signal transmission include the third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 standard (e.g., 802.16e, 802.16m), which is commonly known to industry groups as WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access), and the IEEE 802.11 standard, which is commonly known to industry groups as WiFi. 
     In 3GPP radio access network (RAN) LTE systems, the node in an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) system is referred to as an eNode B (also commonly denoted as evolved Node Bs, enhanced Node Bs, eNodeBs, or eNBs), which communicates with the wireless device, known as a user equipment (UE). The downlink (DL) transmission can be a communication from the node (e.g., eNodeB) to the wireless device (e.g., UE), and the uplink (UL) transmission can be a communication from the wireless device to the node. 
     In LTE, data can be transmitted from the eNB to the UE via a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). A physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) can be used to acknowledge that data was received. Downlink and uplink channels or transmissions can use time-division duplexing (TDD) or frequency-division duplexing (FDD). 
     In a massive multiple-input multiple-putput (MIMO) system, a DL signal may be transmitted using transmitting (Tx) beamforming and received using receiving (Rx) beamforming. Additionally, a UL signal may be transmitted using Tx beamforming and received using Rx beamforming. As a result of user equipment (UE) rotation, movement, and Doppler frequency shift, the Tx beam, from a node (e.g., eNB), that is preferable at a given time may change (e.g., from one Tx beam to another Tx beam). In addition, an Rx beam, at the UE, that is preferable may also change (e.g., from one Rx beam to another Rx beam). Furthermore, as a result of UE rotation, movement, and Doppler frequency shift, a Tx beam, from the UE, that is preferable at a given time may change (e.g., from one Tx beam to another Tx beam). Still further, as a result of UE rotation, movement, and Doppler frequency shift, an Rx beam, at the node, that is preferable at a given time may change (e.g., from one Rx beam to another Rx beam). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the detailed description which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which together illustrate, by way of example, features of the disclosure; and, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a block diagram of a system, in accordance with some exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment where beamforming is utilized between a node and a mobile station through array antennas in a communication system. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a first example of a beam switching frame structure that provides both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) beam switching and refinement in one subframe. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a second example of a beam switching frame structure that provides for both UL and DL beam switching and refinement in one subframe. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a third example of a beam switching frame implementation that provides for both UL and DL beam switching and refinement in two subframes. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates example components of an electronic device. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an embodiment of a storage medium. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a first exemplary process. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a second exemplary process. 
     
    
    
     Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of is thereby intended. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Before some embodiments are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the claimed subject matter is not limited to the particular structures, process operations, or materials disclosed herein, but is extended to equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting. The same reference numerals in different drawings represent the same element. Numbers provided in flow charts and processes are provided for clarity in illustrating operations and do not necessarily indicate a particular order or sequence. 
     An initial overview of technology embodiments is provided below and then specific technology embodiments are described in further detail later. This initial summary is intended to aid readers in understanding the technology more quickly, but is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the technology nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     Various embodiments disclosed herein may relate to long term evolution-advanced (LTEa) and/or fifth generation (5G) system information (SI). A massive multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) may be applied in the 5G system to enhance the coverage and improve the spectrum efficiency. In the massive MIMO system, an eNodeB (eNB) may maintain a plurality of transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) beams. Meanwhile the user equipment (UE) may also maintain a plurality of Tx and Rx beams. Then after initial communication with an eNB, a UE may be able to find out the best downlink (DL) Tx-Rx beam pair. For uplink (UL), the eNB may find the best UL Rx beam by beam scanning based on extended (e.g., 5G) physical random access channel (xPRACH) or extended (e.g., 5G) sounding reference signal (xSRS). 
     As a result of UE movement, the optimum Tx-Rx beam pair for both UL and DL may change. A beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) may be utilized to switch the DL Tx beam and refine the DL Rx beam. The UL Tx beam may be similar or the same as DL Rx beam. The UL Rx beam may be trained or refined by xPRACH and xSRS. To accomplish the beam switching, at least one frame structure for both UL and DL beam switching is provided. The UL beam switching and refinement may rely on the xPRACH or xSRS. The DL beam switching and refinement may be done based on the BRRS. Hence, in some embodiments, to accomplish the both UL and DL beam switching and refinement in one subframe, the BRRS and xPRACH or xSRS may be located in one subframe. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 1 , which schematically illustrates a block diagram of a communication system  100 , in accordance with some exemplary embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 1 , in some exemplary embodiments, communication system  100  may include one or more wireless communication devices capable of communicating content, data, information and/or signals via a wireless medium. For example, communication system  100  may include one or more wireless communication nodes, e.g., node  110 , and one or more mobile devices, e.g., including mobile devices  120  and  130 . The wireless medium may include, for example, a radio channel, a cellular channel, an RF channel, a Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) channel, an IR channel, and the like. One or more elements of communication system  100  may optionally be capable of communicating over any suitable wired communication links. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, node  110 , mobile device  120  and/or mobile device  130  may be configured to communicate over one or more wireless communication frequency bands. For example, node  110 , mobile device  120  and/or mobile device  130  may communicate over a first frequency band and over a second frequency band, e.g., higher than the first frequency band. In some exemplary embodiments, node  110  may include or may perform the functionality of a Base Station (BS), an Access Point (AP), a WiFi node, a Wimax node, a cellular node, e.g., an eNB, a station, a hot spot, a network controller, and the like. In some exemplary embodiments, mobile devices  120  and/or  130  may include, for example, a UE, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, an Ultrabook™ computer, a mobile internet device, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a storage device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device, a mobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively small computing device, a non-desktop computer, an Ultra Mobile Device (UMD), an Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC), a Mobile Internet Device (MID), a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, a gaming device, a media player, a Smartphone, or the like. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, node  110 , mobile device  120  and/or mobile device  130  may include one or more wireless communication units to perform wireless communication over the one or more wireless communication frequency bands between node  110 , mobile device  120  and/or mobile device  130  and/or with one or more other wireless communication devices. For example, node  110  may include a first wireless communication unit  112  configured to communicate over the first frequency band, and a second wireless communication unit  114  configured to communicate over the second frequency band; mobile device  120  may include a first wireless communication unit  122  configured to communicate over the first frequency band, and a second wireless communication unit  124  configured to communicate over the second frequency band; and/or mobile device  130  may include a first wireless communication unit  132  configured to communicate over the first frequency band, and a second wireless communication unit  134  configured to communicate over the second frequency band. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, wireless communication units  112 ,  114 ,  122 ,  124 ,  132  and  134  may include, or may be associated with, one or more antennas. In one example, wireless communicate unit  112  may be associated with one or more antennas  108 ; wireless communication unit  114  may be associated with one or more antennas  107 ; wireless communication unit  122  may be associated with one or more antennas  128 ; wireless communication unit  124  may be associated with one or more antennas  127 ; wireless communication unit  132  may be associated with one or more antennas  138 ; and/or wireless communication unit  134  may be associated with one or more antennas  137 . 
     Antennas  108 ,  107 ,  128 ,  127 ,  138  and/or  137  may include any type of antennas suitable for transmitting and/or receiving wireless communication signals, blocks, frames, transmission streams, packets, messages and/or data. For example, antennas  108 ,  107 ,  128 ,  127 ,  138  and/or  137  may include any suitable configuration, structure and/or arrangement of one or more antenna elements, components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. Antennas  108 ,  107 ,  128 ,  127 ,  138  and/or  137  may include, for example, antennas suitable for directional communication, e.g., using beamforming techniques. For example, antennas  108 ,  107 ,  128 ,  127 ,  138  and/or  137  may include a phased array antenna, a multiple element antenna, a set of switched beam antennas, and/or the like. In some embodiments, antennas  108 ,  107 ,  128 ,  127 ,  138  and/or  137  may implement transmit and receive functionalities using separate transmit and receive antenna elements. In some embodiments, antennas  108 ,  107 ,  128 ,  127 ,  138  and/or  137  may implement transmit and receive functionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receive elements. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, mobile devices  120  and/or  130  may also include, for example, a processor  191 , an input unit  192 , an output unit  193 , a memory unit  194 , and a storage unit  195 ; and/or node  101  may also include, for example, one or more of a processor  111 , a memory unit  117 , and a storage unit  115 . Node  101 , mobile device  120  and/or mobile device  130  may optionally include other suitable hardware components and/or software components. In some exemplary embodiments, some or all of the components of node  101 , mobile device  120  and/or mobile device  130  may be enclosed in a common housing or packaging, and may be interconnected or operably associated using one or more wired or wireless links. In other embodiments, components of node  101  may be distributed among multiple or separate devices. Processor  111  and/or processor  191  include, for example, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), one or more processor cores, a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a multiple-core processor, a microprocessor, a host processor, a controller, a plurality of processors or controllers, a chip, a microchip, one or more circuits, circuitry, a logic unit, an Integrated Circuit (IC), an Application-Specific IC (ASIC), or any other suitable multi-purpose or specific processor or controller. For example, processor  111  executes instructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of node  110  and/or of one or more suitable applications. Memory unit  117  and/or memory unit  194  include, for example, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Synchronous DRAM (SD-RAM), a flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, a cache memory, a buffer, a short term memory unit, a long term memory unit, or other suitable memory units. Storage unit  115  and/or storage unit  195  include, for example, a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a Compact Disk (CD) drive, a CD-ROM drive, a DVD drive, or other suitable removable or non-removable storage units. For example, memory unit  117  and/or storage unit  115 , for example, may store data processed by node  101 . 
     Input unit  192  includes, for example, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch-screen, a touch-pad, a track-ball, a stylus, a microphone, or other suitable pointing device or input device. Output unit  193  includes, for example, a monitor, a screen, a touch-screen, a flat panel display, a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) display unit, a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) display unit, a plasma display unit, one or more audio speakers or earphones, or other suitable output devices. In some exemplary embodiments, mobile device  120  and node  110  may establish a wireless communication link  105  for communication between mobile device  120  and node  110  over a frequency band. For example, mobile device  120  and node  110  may establish link  105 , e.g., upon entering of mobile device  120  into a cell controlled by node  110 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, mobile device  130  and node  110  may establish a wireless communication link  135  for communication between mobile device  130  and node  110  over a frequency band. For example, mobile device  130  and node  110  may establish link  135 , e.g., upon entering of mobile device  130  into a cell controlled by node  110 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, node  110  may include a wireless communication controller  116  configured to control wireless communication unit  114  to communicate information over a frequency band, e.g., via antennas  107 . In some exemplary embodiments, mobile device  120  may include a wireless communication controller  126  configured to control wireless communication unit  124  to communicate information over a frequency band, e.g., via antennas  127 . In some exemplary embodiments, controller  116  may control wireless communication unit  114  to communicate information between node  110  and mobile device  120 , and to establish a link  103  between node  110  and mobile device  120 . In some exemplary embodiments, controller  126  may control wireless communication unit  124  to communicate information between mobile device  120  and node  110 , and to establish link  103  between node  110  and mobile device  120 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, mobile device  130  may include a wireless communication controller  136  configured to control wireless communication unit  134  to communicate information over a frequency band, e.g., via antennas  137 . In some exemplary embodiments, controller  136  may control wireless communication unit  134  to communicate information between mobile device  130  and node  110 , and to establish a link  133  between node  110  and mobile device  130 . In some exemplary embodiments, controller  116  may control wireless communication unit  114  to communicate information between node  110  and mobile device  130 , and to establish link  133  between node  110  and mobile device  130 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, controller  116  may control wireless communication unit  114  to communicate information between node  110  and mobile devices  120  and  130 ; and to control mobile devices  120  and  130  to establish a link  123  between mobile device  120  and mobile device  130 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, links  103 ,  123  and/or  133  may include a direct link, e.g., a P2P link, for example, to enable direct communication between node  110 , mobile device  120  and/or mobile device  130 . In some exemplary embodiments, links  103 ,  123  and/or  133  may include a wireless beamformed link. 
     In one example, the information communicated between node  110  and mobile device  120  may include information with respect to node  110 , e.g., supported transmission power levels of node  110 , one or more modulation orders of node  110 , a number of antennas of antennas  108 , a number of antenna elements per antenna of antennas  108 , and/or a beamforming capability of wireless communication unit  112 ; and/or capability information with respect to mobile device  120 , e.g., wireless communication unit  122 , supported transmission power levels of device  120 , one or more modulation orders of device  120 , a number of antennas of antennas  128 , a number of antenna elements per antenna of antennas  128 , and/or a beamforming capability of wireless communication unit  122 . 
     In another example, the information communicated between node  110  and mobile device  120 , e.g., via link  105 , and/or between node  110  and mobile device  130 , e.g., via link  135 , to establish link  123 , may include information with respect to mobile device  120 ; and/or information with respect to mobile device  130 , e.g., whether device  130  includes e.g., wireless communication unit  132 , supported transmission power levels of device  130 , one or more modulation orders of device  130 , a number of antennas of antennas  138 , a number of antenna elements per antenna of antennas  138 , and/or a beamforming capability of wireless communication unit  132 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the information with respect to a device may include location information corresponding to a location of the device. In one example, the information communicated between node  110  and mobile device  120  may include location information corresponding to a location of node  110 , e.g., a location Fix of node  110 ; and/or location information corresponding to a location of mobile device  120 , e.g., a location Fix of mobile device  120 . In one example, the information communicated between node  110  and mobile device  120  may include location information corresponding to a location of node  110 , e.g., a location Fix of node  110 ; and/or location information corresponding to a location of mobile device  120 , e.g., a location Fix of mobile device  120 . In another example, the information communicated between node  110  and mobile device  120 , and between node  110  and mobile device  130 , e.g., before establishing link  123 , may include location information corresponding to a location of device  120 , e.g., a location Fix of device  120 ; and/or location information corresponding to a location of mobile device  130 , e.g., a location Fix of mobile device  130 . 
     In one example, node  110  and mobile device  120  may communicate, e.g., before establishing link  103 , e.g., via link  105 , information including the transmission power levels of node  110  and/or device  120 ; the modulation orders of node  110  and/or device  120 ; the number of antennas of antennas  108  and/or  208 ; the number of antenna elements per antenna of antennas  108  and/or  208 ; the beamforming capability of wireless communication units  112  and/or  122 ; and/or the location information corresponding to the location of mobile device  120  and/or node  110 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, node  110  and/or mobile device  120  may utilize the information corresponding to node  110  and/or device  120  to configure preliminary beamforming settings of antennas  108  and/or  128  for performing the beamforming training between mobile device  120  and node  110 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, node  110  and/or mobile device  120  may utilize the location information corresponding to node  110  and/or mobile device  120  and an orientation of mobile device  120  to configure the preliminary beamforming settings of antennas  108  and/or  128 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, node  110  and/or mobile device  120  may configure the preliminary beamforming settings of antennas  108  and/or  128 , such that antennas  108  and  128  may form a directional beam at an estimated direction towards each other. 
     In one example, controller  116  may estimate a relative location of mobile device  120  with respect to node  110 , e.g., based on the location information corresponding to device  120 . Controller  116  may configure the beamforming settings of antennas  108  to initiate the beamforming training in a direction directed to the estimated location of mobile device  120 . In some exemplary embodiments, controller  126  may estimate a relative location of node  110  with respect to mobile device  120 , e.g., based on the location information corresponding to node  110 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, controller  126  may estimate an orientation of antennas  128  of mobile device  120 , e.g., utilizing a compass of mobile device  120 , a gyroscope of mobile device  120 , and/or any other devices and or methods of estimating the orientation of antennas  128 . Controller  126  may configure the beamforming settings of antennas  128  to initiate the beamforming training in a direction directed to the relative location of node  110  based on the relative location of node  110  and the orientation of antennas  128  of device  120 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, mobile device  130  and/or mobile device  120  may utilize the information corresponding to mobile devices  120  and  130  to configure preliminary beamforming settings of antennas  128  and/or  138  for performing beamforming training between mobile devices  120  and  130 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, mobile device  130  and/or mobile device  120  may configure the preliminary beam forming settings of antennas  138  and/or  128 , such that antennas  138  and  128  may form a directional beam towards each other. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, controller  126  may estimate a relative location of mobile device  130  with respect to mobile device  120 , e.g., based on the location information corresponding to mobile device  130 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, controller  126  may estimate an orientation of antennas  128  of mobile device  120 . Controller  126  may configure the beamforming settings of antennas  128  to initiate the beamforming training in a direction directed to the relative location of node  110  based on the relative location of node  110  and the orientation of device  120  and/or a relative direction of link  105 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, controller  136  may estimate the relative location of mobile device  120  with respect to mobile device  130 , e.g., based on the location information corresponding to mobile device  120 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, controller  136  may estimate an orientation of antennas  138  of mobile device  130 , e.g., based on a compass of mobile device  130 , a gyroscope of mobile device  130 , and/or any other devices and or methods of estimating the orientation of antennas  138 . Controller  136  may configure the beamforming settings of antennas  138  to initiate the beamforming training in a direction directed to the relative location of node  110  based on the relative location of node  110  and the orientation of device  120  and/or based on a relative direction of link  135 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, node  110 , mobile device  120  and/or mobile device  130  may utilize links  105  and/or  135  for communicating information corresponding to the beamforming training between node  110 , mobile device  120  and/or mobile device  130 . 
     In one example, node  110 , mobile device  120  and/or mobile device  130  may utilize links  105  and/or  135  for performing the beamforming training, for example, after configuring the preliminary beamforming settings of antennas  108 ,  128  and/or  138 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, controller  116  may control wireless communication unit  112  to use the Tx beamforming setting for transmitting to device  130  over link  133 . For example, controller  116  may adjust beamforming settings of antennas  108  according to the Tx beamforming settings to transmit to device  130  over link  133 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, controller  126  may control wireless communication unit  122  to use the Tx beamforming setting for transmitting to node  110  over link  103 . For example, controller  126  may adjust beamforming settings of antennas  128  according to the Tx beamforming setting to transmit to node  110  over link  103 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, controller  116  may control wireless communication unit  114  to transmit to mobile device  120  via link  105  an instruction to transmit the beamforming training signals to mobile device  130  according to the plurality of different TX beamforming settings of antennas  128 . In some exemplary embodiments, controller  116  may control wireless communication unit  114  to transmit to mobile device  130  via link  135  an instruction to receive the beamforming training signals transmitted by device  120 . In some exemplary embodiments, controller  116  may control wireless communication unit  114  to transmit to mobile device  120  via link  105  an instruction to use the Tx beamforming setting of antennas  128  received from mobile device  130 , for transmitting to device  130  over link  123 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, controller  126  may control wireless communication unit  122  to use the Tx beamforming setting of antennas  128  received from mobile device  130 . For example, controller  126  may adjust beamforming settings of antennas  128  according to the Tx beamforming settings to transmit to device  130  over link  123 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, control information corresponding to links  103 ,  123  and/or  133 , e.g., a link adaptation, error control, beamforming adjustments, signal quality feedback and/or the like may be communicated via links  103 ,  123  and/or  133 . 
     Some exemplary embodiments, e.g., the communication system  100 , may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, Radio Frequency (RF), Infra-Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth®, Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee™, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, Fifth Generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE advanced (LTEa), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices, systems and/or networks. 
     The communication system  100  and various exemplary embodiments may include logical channels that are classified into Control Channels and Traffic Channels. Logical control channels may include a broadcast control channel (BCCH), which is the downlink channel for broadcasting system control information, a paging control channel (PCCH), which is the downlink channel that transfers paging information, a multicast control channel (MCCH), which is a point-to-multipoint downlink channel used for transmitting multimedia broadcast and multicast service (MBMS) scheduling and control information for one or several multicast traffic channels (MTCHs). Generally, after establishing radio resource control (RRC) connection, MCCH is only used by the UE that receive MBMS. Dedicated control channel (DCCH) is another logical control channel that is a point-to-point bi-directional channel transmitting dedicated control information, such as user-specific control information used by the user equipment having an RRC connection. Common control channel (CCCH) is also a logical control channel that may be used for random access information. Logical traffic channels may comprise a dedicated traffic channel (DTCH), which is a point-to-point bi-directional channel dedicated to one user equipment for the transfer of user information. Also, a multicast traffic channel (MTCH) may be used for point-to-multipoint downlink transmission of traffic data. 
     Furthermore, the communication system  100  and various exemplary embodiments may additionally include logical transport channels that are classified DL and UL. The DL transport channels may include a broadcast channel (BCH), a downlink shared data channel (DL-SDCH), a multicast channel (MCH) and a Paging Channel (PCH). The UL transport channels may include a random access channel (RACH), a request channel (REQCH), an uplink shared data channel (UL-SDCH) and a plurality of physical channels. The physical channels may also include a set of downlink and uplink channels. 
     The DL physical channels may include at least one of a common pilot channel (CPICH), a synchronization channel (SCH), a common control channel (CCCH), a shared downlink control channel (SDCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), a shared uplink assignment channel (SUACH), an acknowledgement channel (ACKCH), a downlink physical shared data channel (DL-PSDCH), an uplink power control channel (UPCCH), a paging indicator channel (PICH), a load indicator channel (LICH), a physical broadcast channel (PBCH), a physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), a physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel (PHICH), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and a physical multicast channel (PMCH). The UL physical channels may include at least one of a physical random access channel (PRACH) and/or xPRACH, a channel quality indicator channel (CQICH), an acknowledgement channel (ACKCH), an antenna subset indicator channel (ASICH), a shared request channel (SREQCH), an uplink physical shared data channel (UL-PSDCH), a broadband pilot channel (BPICH), a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). 
     One or more embodiments may use a communication frame structure or subframe that includes one or more of the above-indicated DL physical channels and/or UL physical channels. Moreover, the communication frame structure or subframe may include additional parameters. Such parameters may include an xSRS, a BRRS, a guard period (GP), and the like. 
     The xSRS is used for the node (e.g., eNB) to estimate UL channel/beam quality. In one example, xSRS may be sent in the last of OFDM symbol of the subframe. The subframes that may carry the xSRS may be specified in a downlink broadcast message. 
     In order to achieve faster Rx beam refinement to improve a match of Tx and Rx beams according to the channel in a timely manner, the BRRS can be used. The BRRS can be inserted before a data channel such as a PDSCH or PUSCH. In this way, a receiver can refine an Rx beam based on the BRRS before data reception. In addition, an eNB or a UE can gradually update a Tx or Rx beam to support intra Transmission Point (TP) beam mobility. 
     In an OFDM system, the signal subcarrier spacing is inversely proportional to the signal time duration. The subcarrier spacing of the BRRS can be larger than that of the following data OFDM symbols (e.g., PDSCH or PUCCH) by a predefined factor so that the total length of the BRRS in the time domain is reduced by the predefined factor. This reduction in the total length or duration of the BRRS enables more Rx beam candidates to be scanned during the limited time period. 
     Various BRRS transmission formats are contemplated. In one example, a BRRS signal structure with a subcarrier spacing that is four times the sub-carrier spacing of the data OFDM symbols can be used (i.e., the predefined factor is 4). Four BRRS OFDM symbols can be used for the BRRS. One Tx beam can be applied to the four BRRS OFDM symbols. In another example, the BRRS signal structures can have a subcarrier spacing that is four times the sub-carrier spacing of the data OFDM symbols can be used (i.e., the predefined factor is 4). Eight BRRS OFDM symbols can be used for the BRRS. The eNB may use a first Tx beam for the first four OFDM symbols (of the eight BRRS OFDM symbols) and a second Tx beam for the second four OFDM symbols (of the eight BRRS OFDM symbols). The UE can refine the first Rx beam based on the first four OFDM symbols and the second Rx beam based on the second four 01-DM symbols. In another example, the BRRS signal structures can have a subcarrier spacing that is four times the sub-carrier spacing of the data OFDM symbols can be used (i.e., the predefined factor is 4). Eight BRRS OFDM symbols can be used for the BRRS. One Tx beam can be applied to the eight BRRS OFDM symbols. 
     A BRRS enabling/triggering field (e.g., using 1 or 2 bits) can be included in related downlink control information (DCI). A UE can start receiving the data samples (e.g., extended (e.g., 5G) PDSCH (xPDSCH) or extended (e.g., 5G) PUSCH (xPUSCH)) following an extended physical downlink control channel (xPDCCH) using the same reception beam that was used to receive the xPDCCH. At the same time, the UE can also attempt to decode the DCI. If a BRRS enabling/triggering field in the DCI indicates to the UE that there is a BRRS followed by data OFDM symbols, the UE can start Rx beam refinement using those BRRS symbols and the resulting refined Rx beam can be used to receive the data OFDM symbols. Otherwise, the UE can simply use the most current Rx beam to receive the data OFDM symbols. In one example, if the enabling of the BRRS is configured by the DCI of a previous subframe or upper layer signaling, the BRRS may be transmitted before a control channel (e.g., xPDCCH) and the UE can use the current Rx beam to receive control channel. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment where beamforming is utilized between the node  110  and the mobile device  120 , through an array antennas in the communication system  100 . As illustrated, the node  110  can transmit data while changing the direction of a downlink transmission beam (Tx 1 , Tx 2 , or Tx 3 ) by using a plurality of array antennas. The mobile device  120  can also receive data while changing the direction of a receive beam (Rx 1 , Rx 2 , or Rx 3 ). The number of transmission beams and receive beams may be merely temporary. 
     In the communication system  100  using beamforming, each of the node  110  and the mobile device  120  transmits and receives data by selecting the direction of a Tx beam and the direction of a Rx beam. Each of the node  110  and the mobile device  120  may select an appropriate Tx/Rx beam pair from among various directions of Tx beams and various directions of Rx beams. Selection or beam switching of the appropriate Tx/Rx beam pair may be based on a determination of an optimal channel environment. Beam switching is applicable not only to a DL channel over which data is transmitted from the node  110  to the mobile device  120 , but also to a UL channel over which data is transmitted from the mobile device  120  to the node  110 . 
     The UL beam switching and refinement may rely on the xPRACH or xSRS. The DL beam switching and refinement may be done based on the BRRS. Hence, in some embodiments, to accomplish the both UL and DL beam switching and refinement in one subframe, the BRRS and xPRACH or xSRS may be located in one subframe.  FIG. 3  illustrates a first example of a beam switching frame structure  300  that provides both UL and DL beam switching and refinement in one subframe. In one embodiment, the frame structure  300  includes an xPDCCH section  302 , a BRRS section  304 , and an xPRACH or xSRS section  306 . In a further embodiment, the frame structure  300  may further include a guard period (GP) section  308  and a GP section  310 . 
     In one embodiment, the xPDCCH section  302  includes one or more xPDCCH symbols. For example, the xPDCCH section  302  may include two xPDCCH symbols. In one embodiment, the xPDCCH section  304  includes one or more BRRS symbols. For example, the BRRS section  304  may include two BRRS symbols. In one embodiment, xPRACH or xSRS section  306  includes one or more xPRACH or xSRS symbols. For example, the xPRACH or xSRS section  306  may include three xPRACH or xSRS symbols. 
     The frame structure  300  may be a subframe that includes two slots. A first of the two slots may include sections of  302  and  308 . A second of the two slots may include sections  304 ,  306  and  310 . In one embodiment, the one or more BRRS symbols in the BRRS section  304  are at the head or beginning of the second slot of the frame structure  300 . 
     The UL Tx beam for xPRACH or xSRS may be the same as the refined DL Rx beam obtained after BRRS processing. In some embodiments, an eNB may assume that the same UL Tx beam as the DL Tx beam used for BRRS. In some embodiments, the sequence of xPRACH or xSRS may be transmitted repeatedly so that the eNB may scan multiple UL Rx beams. The GP section  308  may provide a time period for a UE to process the xPDCCH and activate Rx beam switching. The GP section  310  may provide a time period for a UE to process a BRRS and to switch the UE&#39;s transceiver chain from DL to UL. The GP section  310  may also provide a time period sufficient to allow the eNB to switch a transceiver chain from DL to UL, based on an amount of UE assigned to the frame structure  300 . In one embodiment, an eNB provides DCI that indicates an xPRACH preamble index. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a second example of a beam switching frame structure  400  that provides for both UL and DL beam switching and refinement in one subframe. In one embodiment, the frame structure  400  includes an xPDCCH section  402 , a BRRS section  404 , and an xPRACH or xSRS section  406 . In this example, the frame structure  400  further includes data samples in a section  408  (e.g., for extended (e.g., 5G) PDSCH (xPDSCH) or extended (e.g., 5G) PUSCH (xPUSCH)) following the xPDCCH section  402 . The section  408  may include eight xPDSCH symbols. 
     The beam switching frame structure  400  may further include a GP section  410 . The GP section  410  may provide a time period for a UE to process a BRRS and to switch the UE&#39;s transceiver chain from DL to UL. The GP section  410  may also provide a time period sufficient to allow the eNB to switch a transceiver chain from DL to UL, based on an amount of UE assigned to the frame structure  400 . Furthermore, the beam switching frame structure  400  may include a 5G physical uplink control channel (xPUCCH) section  412 . The xPUCCH section  412  may include one xPUCCH symbol. In one implementation, a hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) may be transmitted in the xPUCCH section  412 . 
     In one embodiment, xPRACH or xSRS section  406  and the symbols therein may be used for UL timing advance (TA) estimation and power control. Furthermore, following BRRS detection and processing, a new DL Tx beam may be used for xPRACH/xSRS/xPUCCH. A new channel cluster may be tracked, and a new UL Tx power adjustment due to equivalent channel gain change and TA estimation may occur. 
     In another embodiment, DL and UL beam refinement may be performed by two separate subframes.  FIG. 5  illustrates a third example of a beam switching frame implementation  500  that provides for both UL and DL beam switching and refinement in two subframes. 
     In one embodiment, the frame implementation  500  includes a first subframe  500 ′ that comprises an xPDCCH section  502 , a BRRS section  504 , and an xPDSCH section  508  (e.g., for xPDSCH or xPUSCH) following the xPDCCH section  502 . The section  508  may include eight xPDSCH symbols. Furthermore, first subframe  500 ′ may include an xPUCCH section  512 . The xPUCCH section  512  may include one xPUCCH symbol. In one implementation, a hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) may be transmitted in the xPUCCH section  512 . Furthermore, the xPUCCH section  512  may contain at least one or two beam quality indicators (BQI). The first subframe  500 ′ may further include a GP section  510 . The GP section  510  may provide a time period for a UE to process a BRRS and to switch the UE&#39;s transceiver chain from DL to UL. The GP section  510  may also provide a time period sufficient to allow the eNB to switch a transceiver chain from DL to UL, based on an amount of UE assigned to the first subframe  500 ′. The first subframe  500 ′ including the BRRS section  504  may be used to enable switching a DL Tx beam. 
     UL RX beam refining may occur subsequent to DL Tx beam switching and refinement. Therefore, a second subframe  500 ″ may be provided after the first subframe  500 ′ is provided. The second subframe  500 ″ may include one or more xPRACH or xSRS symbols. The xPRACH or xSRS preamble index may be indicated in the DCI. The xPRACH or xSRS resource index may be also indicated by the DCI. A delay for xPRACH or xSRS transmission may be predefined by the communication system  100  or indicated by the DCI. If the Rx beam and Tx beam have not significantly changed, the xPRACH or xSRS may not be transmitted. The xPUCCH section  512  may report one flag for xPRACH or xSRS transmission of the second subframe  500 ″. Specifically, the flag may indicate whether the UE will transmit the xPRACH or xSRS. 
     As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware. Embodiments described herein may be implemented into a system using any suitably configured hardware and/or software. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates example components of an electronic device  600 . In embodiments, the electronic device  600  may, implement, be incorporated into, or otherwise be a part of a user equipment (UE), an evolved NodeB (eNB), some other equipment capable of performing similar operations, or some combination thereof. In some embodiments, the UE device  600  may include application circuitry  602 , baseband circuitry  604 , Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry  606 , front-end module (FEM) circuitry  608  and one or more antennas  610 , coupled together at least as shown. 
     The application circuitry  602  may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry  602  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupled with and/or may include memory/storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications and/or operating systems to run on the system. 
     The baseband circuitry  604  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry  604  may include one or more baseband processors and/or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry  606  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  606 . Baseband processing circuitry  604  may interface with the application circuitry  602  for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry  606 . For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  604  may include a second generation (2G) baseband processor  604   a , third generation (3G) baseband processor  604   b , fourth generation (4G) baseband processor  604   c , and/or other baseband processor(s)  604   d  for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., fifth generation (5G), 6G, etc.). The baseband circuitry  604  (e.g., one or more of baseband processors  604   a - d ) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry  606 . The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry  604  may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, and/or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry  604  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, and/or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  604  may include elements of a protocol stack such as, for example, elements of an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) protocol including, for example, physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), and/or radio resource control (RRC) elements. A central processing unit (CPU)  604   e  of the baseband circuitry  604  may be configured to run elements of the protocol stack for signaling of the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP and/or RRC layers. In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may include one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP)  604   f . The audio DSP(s)  604   f  may be include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  604  and the application circuitry  602  may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC). 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  604  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  604  may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) and/or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry  604  is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry. 
     RF circuitry  606  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry  606  may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry  606  may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  608  and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry  604 . RF circuitry  606  may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  604  and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry  608  for transmission. In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  606  may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the RF circuitry  606  may include mixer circuitry  606   a , amplifier circuitry  606   b  and filter circuitry  606   c . The transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  606  may include filter circuitry  606   c  and mixer circuitry  606   a . RF circuitry  606  may also include synthesizer circuitry  606   d  for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  608  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry  606   d . The amplifier circuitry  606   b  may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry  606   c  may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry  604  for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry  606   d  to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry  608 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry  604  and may be filtered by filter circuitry  606   c . The filter circuitry  606   c  may include a low-pass filter (LPF), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and/or upconversion respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  may be arranged for direct downconversion and/or direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry  606  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry  604  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry  606 . 
     In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. 
     The synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  606   a  of the RF circuitry  606  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry  604  or the applications processor  602  depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the applications processor  602 . Synthesizer circuitry  606   d  of the RF circuitry  606  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle. 
     In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry  606   d  may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  606  may include an IQ/polar converter. 
     FEM circuitry  608  may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas  610 , amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry  606  for further processing. FEM circuitry  608  may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry  606  for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas  610 . 
     In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry  608  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FBM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  606 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  608  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  606 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas  610 . 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device  600  may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, and/or input/output (I/O) interface. 
     In embodiments where the electronic device  100  is, implements, is incorporated into, or is otherwise part of a user equipment (UE), the RF circuitry  606  may be to receive a subframe or long term evolution (LTE) subframe that includes a BRRS. The baseband circuitry  604  may be to determine a value of the BRRS and switch a DL Tx beam based on the value of the BRRS. In embodiments where the electronic device  600  is, implements, is incorporated into, or is otherwise part of a eNodeB (eNB), RF circuitry  606  may be to receive a long term evolution (LTE) subframe that includes x(e.g, 5G)PRACH or x(e.g, 5G)SRS. The baseband circuitry  604  may be to determine a value of the xPRACH or the xSRS within the LTE subframe and refine UL Rx beam based on the value of the xPRACH or the xSRS. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an embodiment of a storage medium  700 . The storage medium  1100  may comprise an article of manufacture. In one embodiment, the storage medium  700  may comprise any non-transitory computer readable medium or machine readable medium, such as an optical, magnetic or semiconductor storage. The storage medium may store various types of computer executable instructions, such as instructions  702  to implement one or more of logic flows described herein. Examples of a computer readable or machine readable storage medium may include any tangible media capable of storing electronic data, including volatile memory or non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable or non-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and so forth. Examples of computer executable instructions may include any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, object-oriented code, visual code, and the like. The embodiments are not limited in this context. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device of  FIG. 6  may be configured to perform one or more processes, techniques, and/or methods as described herein, or portions thereof. One such process is depicted in  FIG. 8 . For example, the process may include, at  802 , receiving or causing to receive a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) subframe that includes at least one xPRACH symbol or at least one xSRS symbol. The process may further include, at  804 , identifying or causing to identify the xPRACH symbol or the xSRS symbol within the BRRS subframe and, at  806 , refining or causing to refine a UL Rx beam based on the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device of  FIG. 6  may be configured to perform one or more processes, techniques, and/or methods as described herein, or portions thereof. One such process is depicted in  FIG. 9 . For example, the process may include, at  902 , receiving or causing to receive a BRRS subframe that includes at least one BRRS symbol. The process may further include, at  904 , identifying or causing to identify the at least one BRRS symbol within the BRRS subframe and, at  906 , switching or causing to switch a DL Tx beam based on the at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Various embodiments may be implemented using hardware elements, software elements, or a combination of both. Examples of hardware elements may include processors, microprocessors, circuits, circuit elements (e.g., transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic devices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), logic gates, registers, semiconductor device, chips, microchips, chip sets, and so forth. Examples of software may include software components, programs, applications, computer programs, application programs, system programs, machine programs, operating system software, middleware, firmware, software modules, routines, subroutines, functions, methods, procedures, software interfaces, application program interfaces (API), instruction sets, computing code, computer code, code segments, computer code segments, words, values, symbols, or any combination thereof. Determining whether an embodiment is implemented using hardware elements and/or software elements may vary in accordance with any number of factors, such as desired computational rate, power levels, heat tolerances, processing cycle budget, input data rates, output data rates, memory resources, data bus speeds and other design or performance constraints. 
     One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium which represents various logic within the processor, which when read by a machine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may be stored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabrication machines that actually make the logic or processor. Some embodiments may be implemented, for example, using a machine-readable medium or article which may store an instruction or a set of instructions that, if executed by a machine, may cause the machine to perform a method and/or operations in accordance with the embodiments. Such a machine may include, for example, any suitable processing platform, computing platform, computing device, processing device, computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like, and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware and/or software. The machine-readable medium or article may include, for example, any suitable type of memory unit, memory device, memory article, memory medium, storage device, storage article, storage medium and/or storage unit, for example, memory, removable or non-removable media, erasable or non-erasable media, writeable or re-writeable media, digital or analog media, hard disk, floppy disk, Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), optical disk, magnetic media, magneto-optical media, removable memory cards or disks, various types of Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), a tape, a cassette, or the like. The instructions may include any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, encrypted code, and the like, implemented using any suitable high-level, low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/or interpreted programming language. 
     Numerous specific details have been set forth herein to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. It will be understood by those skilled in the art, however, that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known operations, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the embodiments. It can be appreciated that the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein may be representative and do not necessarily limit the scope of the embodiments. Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. These terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. For example, some embodiments may be described using the terms “connected” and/or “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. 
     Unless specifically stated otherwise, it may be appreciated that terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” or the like, refer to the action and/or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and/or transforms data represented as physical quantities (e.g., electronic) within the computing system&#39;s registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computing system&#39;s memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. The embodiments are not limited in this context. 
     It should be noted that the methods described herein do not have to be executed in the order described, or in any particular order. Moreover, various activities described with respect to the methods identified herein can be executed in serial or parallel fashion. 
     Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. It is to be understood that the above description has been made in an illustrative fashion, and not a restrictive one. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. Thus, the scope of various embodiments includes any other applications in which the above compositions, structures, and methods are used. 
     What has been described above includes examples of the disclosed architecture, system, devices, processes, structure, and functions. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components and/or methodologies, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the novel architecture is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The detailed disclosure now turns to providing examples that pertain to further embodiments. The examples provided below are not intended to be limiting. 
     Example 1 
     An apparatus, comprising: at least one memory; and logic, at least a portion of which is implemented in circuitry coupled to the at least one memory, the logic to: identify at least one 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) symbol or at least one 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS) symbol in a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) subframe; and refine an uplink (UL) receiving (Rx) beam based on the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol. 
     Example 2 
     The apparatus according to Example 1, the BRRS subframe to include the at least one xPRACH symbol, and wherein the BRRS subframe is received a certain time period after transmission of another BRRS subframe that includes at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 3 
     The apparatus according to Example 2, the certain time period is pre-defined by a system or indicated by downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 4 
     The apparatus according to any of Examples 1 to 3, an xPRACH preamble index associated with the BRRS subframe is indicated in downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 5 
     The apparatus according to any of Examples 1 to 3, an xPRACH resource index associated with the BRRS subframe is indicated in downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 6 
     The apparatus according to any of Examples 1 to 3, the BRRS subframe further includes at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 7 
     The apparatus according to Example 6, the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol is located after the at least one BRRS symbol in the BRRS subframe. 
     Example 8 
     The apparatus according to Example 6, the BRRS subframe includes: a first guard period (GP) associated with a first period of time for processing of a 5G physical downlink control channel (xPDCCH) and activation of Rx beam switching; and a second GP associated with a second period of time for processing of a BRRS and time to switch a transceiver chain from downlink (DL) to UL. 
     Example 9 
     An apparatus, comprising: radio frequency (RF) circuitry to identify a received subframe that includes a 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) or a 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS); baseband circuitry coupled to the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry to: determine a value of the xPRACH or the xSRS within the received subframe; and refine an uplink (UL) receiving (Rx) beam based on the value of the xPRACH or the xSRS. 
     Example 10 
     The apparatus according to Example 9, the received subframe is a received long term evolution (LTE) subframe and the received LTE subframe includes the xPRACH, and wherein the received LTE subframe is received a certain time period after transmission of another LTE subframe that includes a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS). 
     Example 11 
     The apparatus according to Example 10, the certain time period is pre-defined by a communication system or indicated by downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 12 
     The apparatus according to any of Examples 9 to 11, an xPRACH resource index associated with the subframe is indicated in downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 13 
     The apparatus according to Example 9, the received subframe includes a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS). 
     Example 14 
     The apparatus according to Example 13, the xPRACH or the xSRS is located after the BRRS in the received subframe. 
     Example 15 
     The apparatus according to any of Examples 9 to 11, the received subframe includes: a first guard period (GP) associated with a first period of time for process of a 5G downlink control channel (xPDCCH) and activation of Rx beam switching; and a second GP associated with a second period of time for process of a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) and time to switch a transceiver chain from downlink (DL) to UL. 
     Example 16 
     The apparatus according to any of Examples 9 to 11, the received subframe includes one 5G physical uplink control channel (xPUCCH) symbol. 
     Example 17 
     An apparatus, comprising: radio frequency (RF) circuitry to identify a received subframe that includes a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS); baseband circuitry coupled to the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry to: determine a value of the BRRS; and switch a downlink (DL) transmitting (Tx) beam based on the value of the BRRS. 
     Example 18 
     The apparatus according to Example 17, the baseband circuitry is to refine a DL receiving (Rx) beam based on the value of the BRRS. 
     Example 19 
     The apparatus according to any of Examples 17 to 18, the received subframe further includes a 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) or a 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS). 
     Example 20 
     The apparatus according to any of Examples 17 to 18, DL data is transmitted in the received subframe that includes the BRRS. 
     Example 21 
     The apparatus according to Example 20, the DL data in the received subframe precedes the BRRS. 
     Example 22 
     At least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising instructions that when executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to: 
     identify at least one 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) symbol or the at least one 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS) symbol within a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) subframe; and 
     refine an uplink UL receiving (Rx) beam based on the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol. 
     Example 23 
     The least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of Example 22, the BRRS subframe includes the at least one xPRACH symbol, and wherein the BRRS subframe is received a certain time period after transmission of another BRRS subframe that includes at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 24 
     The least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium according to any of Examples 22 to 23, the BRRS subframe further includes at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 25 
     The least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of Example 24, the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol is located after the at least one BRRS symbol in the BRRS subframe. 
     Example 26 
     An apparatus, comprising: 
     at least one memory; and 
     logic, at least a portion of which is implemented in circuitry coupled to the at least one memory, the logic to: identify at least one 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) symbol or at least one 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS) symbol in a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) subframe; and refine an uplink (UL) receiving (Rx) beam based on the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol. 
     Example 27 
     The apparatus according to Example 26, the BRRS subframe to include the at least one xPRACH symbol, and wherein the BRRS subframe is received a certain time period after transmission of another BRRS subframe that includes at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 28 
     The apparatus according to Example 27, the certain time period is pre-defined by a system or indicated by downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 29 
     The apparatus according to Example 26, an xPRACH preamble index associated with the BRRS subframe is indicated in downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 30 
     The apparatus according to Example 26, an xPRACH resource index associated with the BRRS subframe is indicated in downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 31 
     The apparatus according to Example 26, the BRRS subframe further includes at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 32 
     The apparatus according to Example 31, the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol is located after the at least one BRRS symbol in the BRRS subframe. 
     Example 33 
     The apparatus according to Example 31, the BRRS subframe includes: a first guard period (GP) associated with a first period of time for processing of a 5G physical downlink control channel (xPDCCH) and activation of Rx beam switching; and a second GP associated with a second period of time for processing of a BRRS and time to switch a transceiver chain from downlink (DL) to UL. 
     Example 34 
     An apparatus, comprising: radio frequency (RF) circuitry to identify a received subframe that includes a 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) or a 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS); baseband circuitry coupled to the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry to: determine a value of the xPRACH or the xSRS within the received subframe; and refine an uplink (UL) receiving (Rx) beam based on the value of the xPRACH or the xSRS. 
     Example 35 
     The apparatus according to Example 34, the received subframe is a received long term evolution (LTE) subframe and the received LTE subframe includes the xPRACH, and wherein the received LTE subframe is received a certain time period after transmission of another LTE subframe that includes a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS). 
     Example 36 
     The apparatus according to Example 35, the certain time period is pre-defined by a communication system or indicated by downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 37 
     The apparatus according to Example 34, an xPRACH resource index associated with the subframe is indicated in downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 38 
     The apparatus according to Example 34, the received subframe includes a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS). 
     Example 39 
     The apparatus according to Example 38, the xPRACH or the xSRS is located after the BRRS in the received subframe. 
     Example 40 
     The apparatus according to Example 34, the received subframe includes: a first guard period (GP) associated with a first period of time for process of a 5G downlink control channel (xPDCCH) and activation of Rx beam switching; and a second GP associated with a second period of time for process of a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) and time to switch a transceiver chain from downlink (DL) to UL. 
     Example 41 
     The apparatus according to Example 34, the received subframe includes one 5G physical uplink control channel (xPUCCH) symbol. 
     Example 42 
     An apparatus, comprising: radio frequency (RF) circuitry to identify a received subframe that includes a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS); baseband circuitry coupled to the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry to: determine a value of the BRRS; and switch a downlink (DL) transmitting (Tx) beam based on the value of the BRRS. 
     Example 43 
     The apparatus according to Example 42, the baseband circuitry is to refine a DL receiving (Rx) beam based on the value of the BRRS. 
     Example 44 
     The apparatus according to Example 42, the received subframe further includes a 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) or a 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS). 
     Example 45 
     The apparatus according to Example 42, DL data is transmitted in the received subframe that includes the BRRS. 
     Example 46 
     The apparatus according to Example 45, the DL data in the received subframe precedes the BRRS. 
     Example 47 
     At least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising instructions that when executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to: identify at least one 5G physical random access channel (xPRACH) symbol or the at least one 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS) symbol within a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) subframe; and refine an uplink UL receiving (Rx) beam based on the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol. 
     Example 48 
     The least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of Example 47, the BRRS subframe includes the at least one xPRACH symbol, and wherein the BRRS subframe is received a certain time period after transmission of another BRRS subframe that includes at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 49 
     The least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium according to Example 47, the BRRS subframe further includes at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 50 
     The least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of Example 48, the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol is located after the at least one BRRS symbol in the BRRS subframe. 
     Example 51 
     An apparatus for uplink (UL) beam switching and refinement, comprising: means for receiving or causing to receive a beam refinement reference signal (BRRS) subframe that includes at least one fifth generation (5G) physical random access channel (xPRACH) symbol or at least one 5G sounding reference signal (xSRS) symbol; means for identifying or causing to identify the xPRACH symbol or the xSRS symbol within the BRRS subframe; and means for refining or causing to refine a UL receiving (Rx) beam based on the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol. 
     Example 52 
     The apparatus according to Example 51, the BRRS subframe includes the at least one xPRACH symbol, and wherein the BRRS subframe is received a certain time period after transmission of another BRRS subframe that includes at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 53 
     The apparatus according to Example 52, the certain time period is predefined by a system or indicated by downlink control information (DCI). 
     Example 54 
     The apparatus according to Example 52, an xPRACH preamble index associated with the BRRS subframe is indicated in DCI. 
     Example 55 
     The apparatus according to Example 52, an xPRACH resource index associated with the BRRS subframe is indicated in DCI. 
     Example 56 
     The apparatus according to Example 51, the BRRS subframe further includes at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 57 
     The apparatus according to Example 56, the at least one xPRACH symbol or the at least one xSRS symbol is located after the at least one BRRS symbol in the BRRS subframe. 
     Example 58 
     The apparatus according to Example 56, the BRRS subframe includes: a first guard period (GP) associated with a first period of time for process of a 5G physical downlink control channel (xPDCCH) and activation of Rx beam switching; and a second GP associated with a second period of time for process of a BRRS and time to switch a transceiver chain from downlink (DL) to UL. 
     Example 59 
     The apparatus according to Example 58, the second GP is further associated with a third period of time for time to switch the transceiver chain from DL to UL based on an amount of user equipment assigned to the BRRS subframe. 
     Example 60 
     The apparatus according to Example 56, the BRRS subframe includes two xPDCCH symbols, two BRRS symbols and three xPRACH symbols or three xSRS symbols. 
     Example 61 
     The apparatus according to Example 56, DCI indicates an xPRACH preamble index. 
     Example 62 
     The apparatus according to Example 56, DL data is transmitted in the at least one BRRS symbol. 
     Example 63 
     The apparatus according to Example 62, the DL data is included within 8 symbols of the BRRS subframe. 
     Example 64 
     The apparatus according to Example 56, the BRRS subframe includes one 5G physical uplink control channel (xPUCCH) symbol. 
     It is emphasized that the Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b), requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein,” respectively. Moreover, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. 
     Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20160701
Publication Date: 20211102
Grant Date: 20211102
Priority Date: 20160329
Inventors: ZHANG, YUSHU
CHANG, Wenting
ZHU, YUAN
XIONG, GANG
MONDAL, BISHWARUP
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H04W74/0833", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L27/2613", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L27/2613", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0094", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/088", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0094", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L25/0226", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0053", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W74/0833", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/2656", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0048", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0053", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L27/2607", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/088", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0048", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0048", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/088", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L27/2613", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0053", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L5/0094", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L27/2607", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04W74/0833", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04L25/0226", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04B7/2656", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 56555771