PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9523850-B2
Application Number: US-201414551113-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Beam scanning using an interference filter as a turning mirror

Abstract:
Scanning apparatus includes a scanner, which is configured to scan over a field of view falling within a predefined angular range. An interference filter is positioned between the scanner and the field of view and is configured to pass light within a predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range, while reflecting the light within the predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at an angle that is outside the predefined angular range. An ancillary optical element communicates optically with the scanner at a wavelength within the predefined wavelength range via a beam path that reflects from the interference filter at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range.

Claims:
The invention claimed is: 
     
       1. Scanning apparatus, comprising:
 a scanner, which is configured to scan over a field of view falling within a predefined angular range; 
 an interference filter, which is positioned between the scanner and the field of view and is configured to pass light within a predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range, while reflecting the light within the predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at an angle that is outside the predefined angular range; 
 a transmitter, which outputs a beam of light at an emission wavelength of the transmitter, which is within the predefined wavelength range, via a beam path that is angled from the transmitter to the interference filter so as to be incident on and reflect from the interference filter at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range, 
 wherein the interference filter is oriented so as to reflect the incident beam toward the scanner, which receives and scans the reflected beam over the field of view so that the scanned beam is transmitted through the interference filter; and 
 a receiver, which receives a further beam of light along the beam path that is transmitted through and then reflected from the interference filter. 
 
     
     
       2. The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the scanner comprises a rotating mirror, which directs the beam path over the predefined angular range as the mirror rotates. 
     
     
       3. The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the interference filter comprises a bandpass filter, having a passband that contains the predefined wavelength range for rays that are incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range. 
     
     
       4. The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the interference filter comprises a notch filter, having a stopband that contains the predefined wavelength range for rays that are incident on the interference filter at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range, while allowing the light within the predefined wavelength range to pass through the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range. 
     
     
       5. The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the interference filter comprises a high-pass filter, having a band edge at a first wavelength longer than a maximum wavelength value of the predefined wavelength range for rays that are incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range, wherein for incidence at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range, the band edge shifts to a second wavelength that is shorter than a minimum wavelength value of the predefined wavelength range. 
     
     
       6. A method for scanning, comprising:
 operating a scanner to scan over a field of view falling within a predefined angular range; 
 positioning between the scanner and the field of view an interference filter that is configured to pass light within a predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range, while reflecting the light within the predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at an angle that is outside the predefined angular range; 
 operating a transmitter to output a beam of light at an emission wavelength of the transmitter, which is within the predefined wavelength range, via a beam path that is angled from the transmitter to the interference filter so as to be incident on and reflect from the interference filter at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range, 
 wherein positioning the interference filter comprises orienting the interference filter so as to reflect the incident beam toward the scanner, which receives and scans the reflected beam over the field of view so that the scanned beam is transmitted through the interference filter; and 
 operating a receiver to receive a further beam of light along the beam path that is transmitted through and then reflected from the interference filter. 
 
     
     
       7. The method according to  claim 6 , wherein operating the scanner comprises rotating a mirror so as to direct the beam path over the predefined angular range as the mirror rotates. 
     
     
       8. The method according to  claim 6 , wherein the interference filter comprises a bandpass filter, having a passband that contains the predefined wavelength range for rays that are incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range. 
     
     
       9. The method according to  claim 6 , wherein the interference filter comprises a notch filter, having a stopband that contains the predefined wavelength range for rays that are incident on the interference filter at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range, while allowing the light within the predefined wavelength range to pass through the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range. 
     
     
       10. The method according to  claim 6 , wherein the interference filter comprises a high-pass filter, having a band edge at a first wavelength longer than a maximum wavelength value of the predefined wavelength range for rays that are incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range, wherein for incidence at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range, the band edge shifts to a second wavelength that is shorter than a minimum wavelength value of the predefined wavelength range. 
     
     
       11. A method for producing of an interference filter, the method comprising:
 defining an angular range over which a scanner is to scan over a field of view between zero and θ out   _   max  through the interference filter; 
 defining a wavelength range comprising wavelengths between λ L  and λ H  of an ancillary optical element for operation in conjunction with the scanner and an angle θ in  outside the defined angular range at which a beam path between the ancillary optical element and the scanner is to be incident on the interference filter; and 
 designing the interference filter with a center wavelength λ C  and an effective refractive index n eff  chosen such that: 
 
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         so as to pass light within the defined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at angles within the defined angular range, while reflecting the light within the defined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at the angle at which the beam path is to be incident on the interference filter. 
       
     
     
       12. The method according to  claim 11 , wherein the ancillary optical element comprises a beam transmitter, and wherein defining the wavelength range comprises specifying an emission range of the beam transmitter. 
     
     
       13. The method according to  claim 11 , wherein designing the interference filter comprises choosing the effective refractive index of the interference filter so as to provide a desired shift in transmission and reflection of the filter within the defined wavelength range as a function of the angle of incidence of the beam path on the filter. 
     
     
       14. The method according to  claim 11 , wherein the interference filter is of a type selected from a group of filter types consisting of a bandpass filter, a notch filter, and a high-pass filter.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/940,439, filed Feb. 16, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to methods and devices for projection and capture of optical radiation, and particularly to compact optical scanners. 
     BACKGROUND 
     U.S. Patent Application Publication 2013/0207970, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a scanning depth engine, which includes a transmitter, which emits a beam comprising pulses of light, and a scanner, which is configured to scan the beam, within a predefined scan range, over a scene. A receiver receives the light reflected from the scene and generates an output indicative of the time of flight of the pulses to and from points in the scene. A processor is coupled to control the scanner and to process the output of the receiver so as to generate a 3D map of the scene. 
     In one of the embodiments disclosed in the above-mentioned publication, the light from the transmitter reflects off a beamsplitter and is then directed by a turning mirror (also referred to as a folding mirror) toward a scanning micromirror. Light pulses returned from the scene strike the micromirror, which reflects the light via the turning mirror through the beamsplitter to the receiver. The beamsplitter may have a bandpass coating, to prevent light outside the emission band of the transmitter from reaching the receiver. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide improved methods and apparatus for optical scanning. 
     There is therefore provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, scanning apparatus, which includes a scanner, which is configured to scan over a field of view falling within a predefined angular range. An interference filter is positioned between the scanner and the field of view and is configured to pass light within a predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range, while reflecting the light within the predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at an angle that is outside the predefined angular range. An ancillary optical element communicates optically with the scanner at a wavelength within the predefined wavelength range via a beam path that reflects from the interference filter at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range. 
     In a disclosed embodiment, the scanner includes a rotating mirror, which directs the beam path over the predefined angular range as the mirror rotates. 
     In some embodiments, the ancillary optical element includes a transmitter, which outputs a beam of light along the beam path toward the interference filter, wherein the predefined wavelength range contains an emission range of the transmitter. Additionally or alternatively, the ancillary optical element includes a receiver, which receives a beam of light along the beam path from the interference filter. 
     In some embodiments, the interference filter includes a bandpass filter, having a passband that contains the predefined wavelength range for rays that are incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range. 
     In other embodiments, the interference filter includes a notch filter, having a stopband that contains the predefined wavelength range for rays that are incident on the interference filter at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range, while allowing the light within the predefined wavelength range to pass through the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range. 
     In still other embodiments, the interference filter includes a high-pass filter, having a band edge at a first wavelength longer than a maximum wavelength value of the predefined wavelength range for rays that are incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range, wherein for incidence at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range, the band edge shifts to a second wavelength that is shorter than a minimum wavelength value of the predefined wavelength range. 
     There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method for scanning, which includes operating a scanner to scan over a field of view falling within a predefined angular range. An interference filter is positioned between the scanner and the field of view. The interference filter is configured to pass light within a predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range, while reflecting the light within the predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at an angle that is outside the predefined angular range. An ancillary optical element is directed to communicate optically with the scanner at a wavelength within the predefined wavelength range via a beam path that reflects from the interference filter at the angle that is outside the predefined angular range. 
     There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method for producing of an interference filter. The method includes defining an angular range over which a scanner is to scan over a field of view through the interference filter. A wavelength range of an ancillary optical element is defined for operation in conjunction with the scanner and an angle outside the defined angular range at which a beam path between the ancillary optical element and the scanner is to be incident on the interference filter. The interference filter is designed so as to pass light within the defined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at angles within the defined angular range, while reflecting the light within the defined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at the angle at which the beam path is to be incident on the interference filter. 
     In a disclosed embodiment, the ancillary optical element includes a beam transmitter, and defining the wavelength range includes specifying an emission range of the beam transmitter. 
     In some embodiments, designing the interference filter includes choosing an effective refractive index of the interference filter so as to provide a desired shift in transmission and reflection of the filter within the defined wavelength range as a function of the angle of incidence of the beam path on the filter. 
     The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings in which: 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic top view of an optical scanner, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIGS. 2A-C ,  3 A-C, and  4 A-C are schematic representations of idealized filter spectral responses for use in embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The turning mirror in the scanning depth engine of the above-mentioned U.S. Patent Application Publication 2013/0207970 is useful in reducing the overall size of the engine. Embodiments of the present invention achieve a still more compact design and reduced component count by integrating this sort of beam-turning function into a bandpass filter element, and thus eliminating entirely the need for a separate turning mirror. This novel design is useful not only in scanning depth engines, but also in compact scanning optical projectors and receivers that may be used in other applications. 
     The disclosed embodiments make use of thin-film interference filters, which can be engineered to provide blocking and transmission in given wavelength ranges using techniques of design and manufacture that are known in the art. The wavelength response of such an interference filter changes as a function of the angle of incidence of light rays on the filter, wherein typically the spectral transmission band of the filter shifts toward shorter wavelengths as the angle of incidence increases. (The term “light” is used herein to refer broadly to optical radiation, which may be in the visible, ultraviolet, or infrared wavelength range.) This phenomenon of angular filter shift is described, for example, by Anderson et al., in “Angle-Tuned Thin-Film Interference Filters for Spectral Imaging,”  Optics  &amp;  Photonics News  (Jan., 2011), pages 12-13, which is incorporated herein by reference. MacLeod provides further information on this subject in  Thin - Film Optical Filters  (Fourth Edition, 2010), and particularly in section 8.4.1, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The magnitude of the angular shift of the spectral transmission of a given filter is controlled by the effective index of refraction of the filter, n eff . Typical values of n eff  are between 1.47 and 2. The lower the value of n eff , the greater will be the spectral shift relative to the angle of incidence. The dependence of the spectral shift of transmission wavelength λ as a function of angle of incidence θ is expressed by the following formula, given by Anderson et al.: 
     
       
         
           
             
               λ 
               ⁡ 
               
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                 θ 
                 ) 
               
             
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                         2 
                       
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                       n 
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     Embodiments of the present invention make use of this feature by applying the same interference coating on a single substrate to pass light of a given design wavelength when incident at low angles (i.e., angles near the normal to the substrate), while reflecting the light when incident at higher angles (farther from the normal). Thus, the coated substrate can serve both as the turning mirror for a beam of light that is directed toward it at a high angle, and as an effectively transparent plate for the same beam of light when scanned through the filter in a lower range of angles. As an added benefit, the bandpass filter reduces the reception of undesired stray light outside the wavelength range of interest. As noted earlier, this dual use of the coated substrate facilitates more compact scanner designs with a reduced component count relative to scanners that are known in the art. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic top view of a scanning engine  20  that makes use of the angular selectivity of an interference filter  22 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Filter  22  comprises a suitable substrate, such as a glass plate, with a coating of multiple thin-film layers that are chosen to give the desired behavior. A beam transmitter  24 , such as a laser, outputs a beam of light along a beam path  26 , which is incident on filter  22  at an angle of incidence θ in  (measured relative to the normal of the filter). The beam is reflected from the filter toward a scanner, such as a rotating mirror  28 , which directs the beam outward through interference filter  22  to scan over a field of view  30  within a predefined angular range. Mirror  28  scans the field of view over an angular range such that the maximal outgoing angle of incidence through the filter is θ out   _   max . 
     As explained above, interference filter  22 , which is positioned between scanning mirror  28  and field of view  30 , is configured to pass light within a predefined wavelength range when the light is incident on the interference filter at angles within the predefined angular range of the scanning mirror. At these angles, filter  22  reflects or otherwise blocks light outside the predefined wavelength range. Typically, as explained further hereinbelow, the predefined wavelength range corresponds to the operating wavelength range of scanning engine  20 , which may correspond, for example, to the emission band of transmitter  24 . 
     At the same time, filter  22  reflects the light within the predefined wavelength range that is incident on the interference filter at a certain angle θ in  (or practically speaking, in a range of angles around θ in , which can be of substantial width) outside the predefined angular range. An ancillary optical element, such as transmitter  24 , communicates optically with the scanner via beam path  26 , which reflects from the interference filter at the angle θ in , which is greater than θ out   _   max  and is thus outside the predefined angular range of filter  22 . 
     Scanning engine  20  may comprise other sorts of ancillary optical elements, such as a receiver  32 , in addition or alternatively to transmitter  24 . For example, in some applications, such as time-of-flight scanners used in depth mapping, light will be reflected back from field of view  30  toward filter  22  and scanning mirror  28  over roughly the range of angles that is defined by the rotation of the mirror, between 0° and θ out   _   max . Filter  22  will transmit this incoming beam toward scanning mirror  28 , and will then reflect the beam at a higher angle toward receiver  32  along beam path  26  as shown in  FIG. 1 , but in the reverse direction to the beam from transmitter  24 . 
     The design parameters of the coating of interference filter  22  are selected so that the wavelength of transmitter  24  falls within the filter passband for rays that are incident on filter  22  at angles from zero up to θ out   _   max . At the same time, at higher angles, in the vicinity of θ in , filter  22  reflects light at the transmitter wavelength. Typically, the emission wavelengths of common transmitters, such as semiconductor lasers, can vary within certain ranges, due to such factors as production tolerance and temperature, as well as due to modulation-related band widening. Therefore, filter  22  may be designed to exhibit the desired angle-dependent behavior over a range of wavelengths that contains the emission range of transmitter  24 , which extends between minimum and maximum wavelength values λ L  and λ H . 
     As illustrated by this embodiment, a major benefit of using a carefully-designed interference filter  22  in place of a separate turning mirror is that a given wavelength band (in this case, the emission band of transmitter  24 , tolerances and variations included) is reflected in a certain angular range and transmitted in another angular range. The reflection and transmission both take place through the same physical aperture of the filter, which thus breaks the inherent geometrical constraints of a conventional folding mirror. When a conventional folding mirror is used, the “internal” beam, reflected by the folding mirror prior to reflection from the scanning mirror, must be separate in space from the “external” beam reflected from the scanning mirror, for all orientations of the scanning mirror. Such separation imposes limitations on the positioning of the folding mirror, which result in a large physical size of the scanning engine. By contrast, when interference filter is applied as described herein, no such physical separation is required, resulting in a much more compact design. 
       FIGS. 2A-C ,  3 A-C, and  4 A-C are schematic representations of idealized filter spectral responses for use in embodiments of the present invention. The plots show transmission of filter  22  as function of wavelength at three different angles of incidence: normal incidence (θ=0°), θ out   _   max , and θ in , relative to an emission range  40  of transmitter  24 . The value T=1 corresponds to full transmission, while T=0 is full reflection. (Of course, actual filters will exhibit rounded curves, and will not fully reach T=1 or T=0, but designs approximating the responses shown in the figures can be achieved using techniques that are known in the art.) 
       FIGS. 2A-2C  show the response of filter  22  with a narrow passband  42 , while the filter is reflective outside this range. As explained above and shown in these figures, passband  42  shifts to shorter wavelength with increasing angle of incidence. For angles of incidence in the range between 0° and θ out   _   max , as shown respectively in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the filter passes light of wavelengths in range  40 , between λ L  and λ H . At the higher angle θ in , however, the shift of passband  42  to shorter wavelengths causes filter  22  to reflect wavelengths between λ L  and λ H , as shown in  FIG. 2C . 
       FIGS. 3A-3C  show the response of filter  22  when configured as a notch filter, with a narrow stopband  52  and passbands extending above and below the stopband. As in the preceding embodiment, stopband  52  shifts to shorter wavelength with increasing angle of incidence. The location and width of stopband  52  are chosen so that filter  22  passes wavelengths in range  40 , between λ L  and λ H , for angles in the range between 0° and θ out   _   max , as shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B . The wavelength shift of stopband  52  at higher angles, however, causes filter  22  to reflect wavelengths in range  40  for incidence at or near θ in , as shown in  FIG. 3C . 
       FIGS. 4A-4C  show the response of filter  22  configured as a high-pass filter, which passes radiation at wavelengths shorter than a certain band edge  62  and reflects radiation of longer wavelengths. Again, band edge  62  shifts to shorter wavelengths with increasing angle of incidence. The band edge in this case is chosen so that filter  22  passes wavelengths between λ L  and λ H  for angles in the range between 0° and θ out   _   max , as shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , but reflects these wavelengths for incidence at or near θ in , as shown in  FIG. 4C . 
     Referring to the above formula for wavelength shift as a function of angle, in order to achieve the filter behavior that is shown in  FIGS. 2A-C  and  3 A-C, the filter design parameters should be chosen so as to satisfy the relation: 
                 λ   H     -     λ   L       &lt;       λ   C     ⁡     [         1   -       (       sin   ⁢           ⁢     θ   in         n   eff       )     2         -       1   -       (       sin   ⁢           ⁢     θ     out   ⁢   _   ⁢   max           n   eff       )     2           ]             
wherein λ C  is the center wavelength of the filter. (A similar formula may be derived to define the band edge behavior of the high-pass filter illustrated in  FIGS. 4A-4C .)
 
     The above relation is approximate, and the actual filter behavior will depend on details of the filter design. For example, practical filter curves will generally deform with angle of incidence, and not just shift, and polarization splitting may occur, along with other deviations from ideal behavior. In practice, the filter layer structure may be optimized to yield optimal compliance with all requirements, using computer-based optimization techniques in common use by various vendors. 
     Although the formula above can serve as a guideline for filter design, in practice techniques of filter design, simulation and fabrication that are known in the art will be used to achieve the required transmission characteristics for angles in the range 0 to θ out   _   max , and reflection for angles around θ in  for all laser wavelengths. The value of n eff  can be chosen, by appropriate choice of filter layer materials and thicknesses, in order to tune the angular behavior of the filter so that the filter is reflective for the entire laser wavelength range at θ in  and (nearly) fully transmissive for incidence angles 0° and θ out   _   max . 
     Although the figures show a certain specific scanner geometry and filter characteristics, the principles of the present invention may also be applied, mutatis mutandis, in other scanner types and using other sorts of filters. For example, it is not necessary in all embodiments of the present invention that the transmission range of the interference filter be 0 to θ out   _   max  and reflection range include θ in  (with margins of angle tolerances). Rather, it is sufficient that there be two distinct angular ranges: the transmission range and the reflection range. Thus, in alternative embodiments (not shown in the figures), the geometry of the scanning engine may be modified so that an interference filter serves as a mirror for received radiation and as transparent cover glass for the transmitted radiation. Other embodiments that use an interference filter with disjoint transmit and receive ranges will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are considered to be within the scope of the present invention. 
     As another example, whereas liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCOS) scanners and other types of reflective arrays that are known in the art use polarized light, with beamsplitters and quarter-wave plates, to illuminate the array, these elements may be replaced by an interference filter designed in accordance with the principles explained above. In this manner, the polarization requirements and geometrical constraints associate with the array may be relaxed. 
     It will thus be appreciated that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20141124
Publication Date: 20161220
Grant Date: 20161220
Priority Date: 20140216
Inventors: SHPUNT ALEXANDER
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G02B5/28", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10T29/49", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N1/04", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B26/105", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B26/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B5/28", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "Y10T29/49", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B26/08", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H04N1/04", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G02B26/105", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 53797991