PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10120478-B2
Application Number: US-201415032038-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Piezo based force sensing

Abstract:
Systems for detecting an amount and/or location of a force applied to a device using a piezoelectric film are provided. One example system can include a transparent piezoelectric film for generating an electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Electrodes positioned on opposite surfaces of the piezoelectric film can be used to detect the generated electric charge and determine an amount and/or location of force applied to the film based on the generated electric charge. In another embodiment, the system can include a capacitive touch sensor for determining a location of a touch event on the device.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A system comprising:
 a cover; 
 a piezoelectric layer disposed below the cover; 
 a first electrode layer disposed in a grid and coupled to a lower surface of the piezoelectric layer; 
 a second electrode layer disposed in a first pattern coupled to an upper surface of the piezoelectric layer; 
 a third electrode layer disposed in a second pattern oriented perpendicular to the first pattern and positioned between the cover and the piezoelectric layer; 
 a touch sensor coupled to the third electrode layer and the second electrode layer, the touch sensor operable to detect a change in capacitance between the third electrode layer and the second electrode layer corresponding to a touch or proximity input event provided to the cover; and 
 a sense circuitry coupled to the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, the sense circuitry operable to:
 detect an electric charge generated by the piezoelectric layer between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer; and 
 estimate a magnitude of force exerted on the cover based on the electric charge. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric layer comprises a transparent film. 
     
     
       3. The system of  claim 1 , further comprising a display disposed above or below the piezoelectric layer. 
     
     
       4. The system of  claim 3 , wherein:
 the display is coupled to the piezoelectric layer by a first layer of optically clear adhesive; and 
 the piezoelectric layer is coupled to the cover by a second layer of optically clear adhesive. 
 
     
     
       5. The system of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the first electrode layer is disposed to define a first pattern; 
 the second electrode layer is disposed to define a second pattern; and 
 the first and second patterns are different. 
 
     
     
       6. The system of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the first electrode layer comprises a first sheet of conductive material coupled to ground; and 
 the second electrode layer comprises a second sheet of conductive material coupled to the sense circuitry. 
 
     
     
       7. The system of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the sense circuitry comprises a plurality of sense circuits; 
 the first electrode layer comprises a sheet of conductive material coupled to ground; and 
 the second electrode layer comprises a plurality of discrete electrodes, each discrete electrode coupled to a different sense circuit of the plurality of sense circuits. 
 
     
     
       8. The system of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the sense circuitry comprises a plurality of sense circuits; 
 the first electrode layer comprises a first plurality of discrete electrodes, each discrete electrode of the first plurality of discrete electrodes coupled to ground; and 
 the second electrode layer comprises a second plurality of discrete electrodes, each discrete electrode of the second plurality of discrete electrodes coupled to a different sense circuit of the plurality of sense circuits. 
 
     
     
       9. The system of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the first electrode layer comprises a plurality of rows of conductive material; and 
 the second electrode layer comprises a plurality of columns of conductive material. 
 
     
     
       10. The system of  claim 9 , wherein the plurality of rows of conductive material is coupled to ground, and wherein the plurality of columns of conductive material is coupled to the sense circuitry. 
     
     
       11. The system of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the piezoelectric layer is located on a first side of a display; 
 the third electrode layer is located on a second side of a display; 
 a fourth electrode layer is separated from the third electrode layer and positioned further from the display than the third electrode layer; wherein 
 the third and fourth electrode layers are operably coupled to the cover and closer to the cover than the first and second sets of electrode layer. 
 
     
     
       12. A system comprising:
 a first piezoelectric layer; 
 a second piezoelectric layer coupled to the first piezoelectric layer; 
 a cover coupled to the second piezoelectric layer by a first layer of adhesive; 
 a first electrode layer coupled to the first piezoelectric layer and disposed in a first linear pattern; 
 a second electrode layer coupled between the first and second piezoelectric layers disposed in a grid pattern; 
 a third electrode layer coupled between the second piezoelectric layer and the cover, and disposed in a second linear pattern oriented perpendicular to the first linear pattern; and 
 a sense circuitry operable to detect an electric charge generated by the first and second piezoelectric layers in response to a deformation of the first and second piezoelectric layers and determine a magnitude and a location of an exerted force based on the electric charge. 
 
     
     
       13. The system of  claim 12 , further comprising a display coupled to the first piezoelectric layer by a second layer of adhesive. 
     
     
       14. A system comprising:
 a piezoelectric layer; 
 a touch sensor coupled to the piezoelectric layer by a first layer of adhesive; 
 a cover coupled to the piezoelectric layer by a second layer of adhesive; 
 a first electrode layer coupled to the piezoelectric layer and disposed in a first linear pattern; 
 a second electrode layer coupled between the piezoelectric layer and the touch sensor and disposed in a second linear pattern perpendicular to the first linear pattern; and 
 sense circuitry operable to detect an electric charge generated by the piezoelectric layer in response to a deformation of the piezoelectric layer and output an estimated magnitude of force exerted on the cover based on the electric charge. 
 
     
     
       15. The system of  claim 14 , further comprising a display coupled to the piezoelectric layer by a second layer of adhesive. 
     
     
       16. The system of  claim 14 , wherein the touch sensor comprises a plurality of drive electrode layer and a plurality of sense electrode layer. 
     
     
       17. The system of  claim 14 , wherein the first electrode layer comprises a first sheet of conductive material, and wherein the second electrode layer comprises a second sheet of conductive material. 
     
     
       18. The system of  claim 17 , wherein the first sheet of conductive material is coupled to ground, and wherein the second sheet of conductive material is coupled to the sense circuitry. 
     
     
       19. The system of  claim 17 , wherein the first sheet of conductive material is coupled to the sense circuitry, and wherein the second sheet of conductive material is coupled to ground.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 application of PCT/US2014/062739, filed on Oct. 28, 2014, and titled “Piezo Based Force Sensing,” which claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 61/896,647, filed Oct. 28, 2013, and titled “Piezo Based Force Sensing,” and U.S. provisional application No. 62/917,282, filed Dec. 17, 2013, and titled “Piezo Based Force Sensing,” the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This relates generally to sensing force, and more particularly to sensing force using piezoelectric films. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Various input devices, such as track pads, mice, touch sensitive displays, and the like, are available for use with computing systems. While these devices can be used to receive a physical input from a user, their ability to determine an amount of force exerted by user can be limited. 
     SUMMARY 
     Systems for detecting an amount and/or location of a force applied to a device using a piezoelectric film are provided. One example system can include a transparent piezoelectric film for generating an electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Electrodes positioned on opposite surfaces of the piezoelectric film can be used to detect the generated electric charge and determine an amount and/or location of force applied to the film based on the generated electric charge. In another embodiment, the system can further include a capacitive touch sensor for determining a location of a touch event on the device. 
     One embodiment may take the form of a system comprising: a cover material; a piezoelectric film operably coupled to the cover material; a first set of coplanar electrodes coupled to a first surface of the piezoelectric film; a second set of coplanar electrodes coupled to a second surface of the piezoelectric film; and a sense circuitry operable to detect an electric charge generated by the piezoelectric film in response to a deformation of the piezoelectric film; wherein at least one of the first and second sets of coplanar electrodes is patterned; and the sense circuitry is further operative to estimate a force exerted on the cover material from the electric charge. 
     Another embodiment may take the form of a system comprising: a first piezoelectric film; a second piezoelectric film coupled to the first piezoelectric film; a cover material coupled to the second piezoelectric film by a first layer of adhesive; a first set of electrodes coupled to the first piezoelectric film; a second set of electrodes coupled between the first and second piezoelectric films; a third set of electrodes coupled between the second piezoelectric film and the cover material; and sense circuitry operable to detect an electric charge generated by the first and second piezoelectric films in response to a deformation of the piezoelectric films and output an estimated force based on the electric charge. 
     Still another embodiment may take the form of a system comprising: a piezoelectric film; a touch sensor coupled to the piezoelectric film by a first layer of adhesive; a cover material coupled to the second piezoelectric film by a second layer of adhesive; a first set of electrodes coupled to the piezoelectric film; a second set of electrodes coupled between the piezoelectric film and the touch sensor; and sense circuitry operable to detect an electric charge generated by the piezoelectric film in response to a deformation of the piezoelectric films. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor panel according to various examples. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary touch signal sensing circuit according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 3-26  illustrate exemplary stackups for a device having a piezoelectric film for detecting force according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 27 and 28  illustrate an exemplary integrated touch display according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 29-58  illustrate exemplary stackups for a device having a piezoelectric film for detecting force according to various examples. 
         FIG. 59  illustrates exemplary patterned electrodes according to various examples. 
         FIG. 60  illustrates an exemplary computing system that can include a stackup for a device according to various examples. 
         FIGS. 61-64  illustrate exemplary personal devices that can include stackup for a device having a piezoelectric film for detecting force according to various examples. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description of examples, reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which it is shown by way of illustration specific examples that can be practiced. It is to be understood that other examples can be used and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the various examples. 
     This relates to systems for detecting an amount and/or location of a force applied to a device using a piezoelectric film. One example system can include a transparent piezoelectric film for generating an electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Electrodes positioned on opposite surfaces of the piezoelectric film can be used to detect the generated electric charge and determine an amount and/or location of force applied to the film based on the generated electric charge. In another embodiment, the system can include a capacitive touch sensor for determining a location of a touch event on the device. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor panel  100  according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Touch sensor panel  100  can include an array of touch nodes  106  that can be formed by a two-layer electrode structure separated by a dielectric material. One layer of electrodes can comprise a plurality of drive lines  102  positioned substantially perpendicular to another layer of electrodes which can comprise a plurality of sense lines  104 , with each of the nodes  106  having an associated mutual capacitance  114  (also referred to as coupling capacitance). The drive lines  102  and sense lines  104  cross over each other in different planes separated from one another by a dielectric. Alternatively, in other embodiments the drive lines  102  and sense lines  104  can be formed by a one-layer electrode structure. 
     Drive lines  102  (also referred to as rows, row traces, or row electrodes) can be activated by a stimulation signal provided by respective drive circuits  108 . Each of the drive circuits  108  can include an alternating current (AC) voltage source referred to as a stimulation signal source. To sense touch event(s) on the touch sensor panel  100 , one or more of the drive lines  102  can be stimulated by the drive circuits  108 , and the sense circuitry  110  can detect the resulting voltage values from the sense lines  104 . The voltage values can be indicative of a finger or object altering charge from the mutual capacitance signal. The detected voltage values can be representative of node touch output values, with changes to those output values indicating the node locations  106  where the touch events occurred and the amount of touch that occurred at those location(s). 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary sense circuit  200 , which is an example of the sense circuit  110  of  FIG. 1 . Drive circuit  108  can produce drive signals (also referred to as stimulation signals Vstim), which can be transmitted on drive lines  102  that contain a line resistance  218  and coupled onto sense lines  104  due to mutual capacitance  114  (referred to as Csig) between the drive and sense lines. The coupled signal can then be received by sense amplifier  214 . Sense amplifier  214  can include operational amplifier  202 , and at least one of a feedback resistor  206  and a feedback capacitor  204 .  FIG. 2  is shown for the general case in which both resistive and capacitive feedback elements are utilized. The signal can be inputted into the inverting input (referred to as Vin) of the operational amplifier  202 , and the non-inverting input can, in some embodiments, be tied to a reference voltage Vref at  208 . If Vstim is a sinusoidal signal (such as an AC signal), the output of the amplifier, Vout, should also be a sinusoid. Moreover, Vout should be a sinusoid that possesses the same frequency as Vstim with a phase shift. For example:
 
if  V stim= A  sin(ω t )→ V out= B  sin(ω t +Φ)
 
     where Φ=phase shift 
     The value of Φ can be influenced by many factors, including any parasitic capacitance  216  (Cpar) encountered by the sense circuit  200 . Parasitic capacitance  216  can be characterized as any capacitance other than the mutual capacitance  114  between the drive lines  102  and sense lines  104  which is the capacitance of interest. The parasitic capacitance may be connected in series with Csig as shown at  216   c  and  216   d  or may alternatively be connected in parallel as shown at  216   a  or  216   b . The number  216  is used to represent any one or more of the parasitic capacitances  216   a - 216   d . There can be multiple factors that contribute to the value of parasitic capacitance  216  including coupling with metallic elements within the display and variations in the air gap or other resilient members of the stack up. As shown in  FIG. 2 , Vout can then be heterodyned by being fed into a multiplier  210 , and multiplied with a local oscillator  212  to produce Vdetect  222 . The direct current (DC) portion of Vdetect  222  can be used to detect if a touch or proximity event has occurred. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  300  for a device. Stackup  300  can include a display  302 , such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode (LED) display, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  300  can further include a piezoelectric film  308  coupled to display  302  by optically clear adhesive  304 . Piezoelectric film  308  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  308  can further include a first set of electrodes  306  and a second set of electrodes  310  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. A set of electrodes can include a single electrode or multiple electrodes. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  316  and  318  show the shapes of electrodes  306  and  310 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  300 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  306  and  310  can both have a shape that substantially matches that of piezoelectric film  308  and display  302  and can extend along the surfaces of piezoelectric film  308 . Stackup  300  can further include cover material  314  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  308  by optically clear adhesive  312 . Since the materials above display  302  can be formed from transparent materials, images generated by display  302  can be viewed through the various layers of stackup  300 . 
     In some examples, electrode  306  can be coupled to ground and electrode  310  can be coupled to sense circuitry  320  capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  308 . Sense circuitry  320  can include an amplifier and capacitor, as shown in  FIG. 3 , or it can include sense circuitry similar or identical to that shown in  FIG. 2 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  314 , cover material  314  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  314  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  312  and piezoelectric film  308 . Piezoelectric film  308  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on the amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by sense circuitry  320  via electrode  310 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  308  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  314 , the amount of electric charge detected by sense circuitry  320  can be representative of the force applied to cover material  314 . In this way, sense circuitry  320  can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  314 . In other examples, electrode  310  can be coupled to ground and electrode  306  can be coupled to sense circuitry  320 . In these examples, sense circuitry  320  can be used to determine the amount of force applied to cover material  314  based on electric charge received from electrode  306 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  400  for a device. Stackup  400  can include a display  402 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  400  can further include a piezoelectric film  408  coupled to display  402  by optically clear adhesive  404 . Piezoelectric film  408  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  408  can include a first electrode  406  and a second electrode  410  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  416  and  418  show the shapes of electrodes  406  and  410 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  400 . In the illustrated example, electrode  406  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  408  and electrode  410  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  408 . Stackup  400  can further include cover material  414  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  408  by optically clear adhesive  412 . While  FIG. 4  shows electrode  410  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  410  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. 
     Electrode  410  can be separated into discrete electrodes to allow sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  410  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  414 . Additionally, separating electrode  410  into discrete electrodes allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  414  at the same time. For example, electrode  406  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  410  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  408  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  414 , cover material  414  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  414  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  412  and piezoelectric film  408 . Piezoelectric film  408  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location corresponding to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  410  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  408  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  414 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  414 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  410  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  414 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  410  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  414  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  410  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  408  and electrode  406  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  408 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrode  410  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  406  can be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  414  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  500  for a device. Stackup  500  can include a display  502 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  500  can further include a piezoelectric film  508  coupled to display  502  by optically clear adhesive  504 . Piezoelectric film  508  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  508  can include a first electrode  506  and a second electrode  510  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  516  and  518  show the shapes of electrodes  506  and  510 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  500 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  506  and  510  can both include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  508 . Stackup  500  can further include cover material  514  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  508  by optically clear adhesive  512 . While  FIG. 5  shows electrodes  506  and  510  each having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrodes  506  and  510  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern such that the electrodes of electrode  506  are positioned opposite the electrodes of electrode  510  on piezoelectric film  508 . 
     Electrodes  506  and  510  can be separated into discrete electrodes positioned opposite each other on piezoelectric film  508  to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  510  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  514 . Additionally, separating electrodes  506  and  510  allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  514  at the same time. For example, the electrodes of electrode  506  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  510  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  508  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  514 , cover material  514  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  514  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  512  and piezoelectric film  508 . Piezoelectric film  508  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  510  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  508  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  514 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  514 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  510  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  514 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  510  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  514 . In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  510  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  506  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  514  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  506 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  600  for a device. Stackup  600  can include a display  602 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  600  can further include a piezoelectric film  608  coupled to display  602  by optically clear adhesive  604 . Piezoelectric film  608  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  608  can include a first electrode  606  and a second electrode  610  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  616  and  618  show the shapes of electrodes  606  and  610 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  600 . In the illustrated example, electrode  606  can include multiple discrete columns of electrodes and electrode  610  can include multiple discrete rows of electrodes. Stackup  600  can further include cover material  614  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  608  by optically clear adhesive  612 . While  FIG. 6  shows electrodes  606  and  610  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  606  and  610  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     In some examples, the electrodes of electrode  606  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  610  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  608  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  614 , cover material  614  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  614  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  612  and piezoelectric film  608 . Piezoelectric film  608  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  610  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  608  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  614 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  614 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  610  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  614 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  610  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  614  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  610  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  606  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  614  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  606 . 
     In yet other examples, electrode  606  can be coupled to ground and electrode  610  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  610  of an applied force. Using, for example, switching circuitry coupled to electrodes  606  and  610 , electrode  606  can then be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  610  can then be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  606  of an applied force. The intersection of the determined row and column can be interpreted as a location of the force on cover material  614 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  700  for a device. Stackup  700  can include a display  702 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  700  can further include a first piezoelectric film  708  coupled to display  702  by optically clear adhesive  704 . Stackup  700  can further include a second piezoelectric film  712  coupled to first piezoelectric film  708 . The first and second piezoelectric films  708  and  712  can both include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. A first electrode  706  can be formed on the bottom of the first piezoelectric film  708 , a second electrode  710  can be formed between the first and second piezoelectric films  708  and  712 , and a third electrode  714  can be formed on the top of the second piezoelectric film  712 . The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  720 ,  722 , and  724  show the shapes of electrodes  706 ,  710 , and  714 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  700 . In the illustrated example, electrode  706  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes, electrode  710  can include an electrode extending along the surfaces of piezoelectric films  712  and  708 , and electrode  714  can include rows of multiple discrete electrodes. Stackup  700  can further include cover material  718  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  712  by optically clear adhesive  716 . While  FIG. 7  shows electrodes  706  and  714  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  706  and  714  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     Electrodes  706  and  714  can be separated into discrete columns and rows of electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrodes  706  and  714  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  718 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  718  can be detected at the same time using the electrodes of electrodes  706  and  714 . For example, electrode  710  can be coupled to ground while the electrodes of electrode  706  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  708  coupled to the electrode. The electrodes of electrode  714  can also be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  712  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  718 , cover material  718  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  718  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  716 , piezoelectric film  712 , and piezoelectric film  708 . Piezoelectric films  712  and  708  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  714  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  712  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Similarly the electrode of electrode  706  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  708  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric films  708  and  712  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the films and because the amount of deformation of the films can be representative of the force applied to cover material  718 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  718 . Additionally, since the location of the electrodes of electrodes  706  and  714  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. For example, electrode  714  can be used to determine the row at which the force was applied, while electrode  706  can be used to determine the column at which the force was applied. The intersection of the determined row and column can be the location of the applied force. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  718 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrodes  706  and  714  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  718  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  714  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  708  and electrode  706  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  712 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrodes  706  and  714  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  718  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  800  for a device. Stackup  800  can include a display  802 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  800  can further include a piezoelectric film  808  coupled to display  802  by optically clear adhesive  804 . Piezoelectric film  808  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  808  can further include a first electrode  806  and a second electrode  810  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  824  and  826  show the shapes of electrodes  806  and  810 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  800 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  806  and  810  can both extend along the surfaces of piezoelectric film  808 . 
     Stackup  800  can further include touch sensor substrate  816  coupled to piezoelectric film  808  by optically clear adhesive  812 . Touch sensor substrate  816  can include electrodes  814  and  818  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  828  and  830  show the shapes of electrodes  814  and  818 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  800 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  814  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  818  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  800  can further include cover material  822  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  816  by optically clear adhesive  820 . While  FIG. 8  shows three columns of electrodes  814  and three rows of electrodes  818 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  814  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  816  and electrode  818  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  816 . 
     In some examples, electrode  806  can be coupled to ground and electrode  810  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  808 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  822 , cover material  822  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  822  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  820 , touch sensor substrate  816 , optically clear adhesive  812 , and piezoelectric film  808 . Piezoelectric film  808  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via electrode  810 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  808  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  822 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  822 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  822 . In other examples, the electrode  810  can be coupled to ground and electrode  806  can be coupled to the sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount of force applied to cover material  822  based on electric charge received from electrode  806 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  816  and electrodes  814  and  818  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  822 ) on cover material  822  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  818  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  814 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  818  to the electrodes  814 . The crossing electrodes  814  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  822 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  818  and  814  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  818  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  814  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  814  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  808  and electrodes  806  and  810 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  822  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  814  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  818  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  822 . 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  900  for a device. Stackup  900  can include a display  902 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  900  can further include a piezoelectric film  908  coupled to display  902  by optically clear adhesive  904 . Piezoelectric film  908  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  908  can further include a first electrode  906  and a second electrode  910  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  924  and  926  show the shapes of electrodes  906  and  910 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  900 . In the illustrated example, electrode  906  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  908  and electrode  910  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  908 . While electrode  910  is shown as having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  910  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. 
     Stackup  900  can further include touch sensor substrate  916  coupled to piezoelectric film  908  by optically clear adhesive  912 . Touch sensor substrate  916  can include electrodes  914  and  918  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  928  and  930  show the shapes of electrodes  914  and  918 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  900 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  914  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  918  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  900  can further include cover material  922  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  916  by optically clear adhesive  920 . While  FIG. 9  shows three columns of electrodes  914  and three rows of electrodes  918 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  914  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  916  and electrode  918  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  916 . 
     Electrode  910  can be separated into discrete electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  910  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  922 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  922  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  910 . For example, electrode  906  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  910  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  908  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  922 , cover material  922  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  922  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  920 , touch sensor substrate  916 , optically clear adhesive  912 , and piezoelectric film  908 . Piezoelectric film  908  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  910  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  908  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  922 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  922 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  910  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  922 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  910  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  922  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  910  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  908  and electrode  906  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  908 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrode  910  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  906  can be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  922  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  916  and electrodes  914  and  918  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  922 ) on cover material  922  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  918  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  914 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  918  to the electrodes  914 . The crossing electrodes  914  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  922 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  918  and  914  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  918  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  914  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  914  and transmitted to the sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  908  and electrodes  906  and  910 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  922  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  914  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  918  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  922 . 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  1000  for a device. Stackup  1000  can include a display  1002 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  1000  can further include a piezoelectric film  1008  coupled to display  1002  by optically clear adhesive  1004 . Piezoelectric film  1008  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  1008  can further include a first electrode  1006  and a second electrode  1010  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1024  and  1026  show the shapes of electrodes  1006  and  1010 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1000 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1006  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes and electrode  1010  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 10  shows three columns of electrodes  1006  and three rows of electrodes  1010 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  1006  can be formed on the top of piezoelectric film  1008  and electrode  1010  can be formed on the bottom of piezoelectric film  1008 . 
     Stackup  1000  can further include touch sensor substrate  1016  coupled to piezoelectric film  1008  by optically clear adhesive  1012 . Touch sensor substrate  1016  can include electrodes  1014  and  1018  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1028  and  1030  show the shapes of electrodes  1014  and  1018 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1000 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  1014  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes and electrode  1018  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  1000  can further include cover material  1022  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  1016  by optically clear adhesive  1020 . While  FIG. 10  shows three columns of electrodes  1014  and three rows of electrodes  1018 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  1014  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  1016  and electrode  1018  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  1016 . 
     In some examples, the electrodes of electrode  1006  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  1010  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  1008  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  1022 , cover material  1022  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  1022  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  1020 , touch sensor substrate  1016 , optically clear adhesive  1012 , and piezoelectric film  1008 . Piezoelectric film  1008  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  1010  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  1008  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1022 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1022 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  1010  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  1022 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  1010  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1022  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  1010  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  1006  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  1022  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  1006 . 
     In yet other examples, electrode  1006  can be coupled to ground and electrode  1010  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  1010  of an applied force. Using, for example, switching circuitry coupled to electrodes  1006  and  1010 , electrode  1006  can then be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  1010  can then be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  1006  of an applied force. The intersection of the determined row and column can be interpreted as a location of the force on cover material  1014 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  1016  and electrodes  1014  and  1018  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  1022 ) on cover material  1022  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  1018  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  1014 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  1018  to the electrodes  1014 . The crossing electrodes  1014  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  1022 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  1018  and  1014  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  1018  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  1014  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  1014  and transmitted to the sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  1008  and electrodes  1006  and  1010 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  1022  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  1014  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  1018  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  1022 . 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  1100  for a device. Stackup  1100  can include a display  1102 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  1100  can further include a piezoelectric film  1108  coupled to display  1102  by optically clear adhesive  1104 . Piezoelectric film  1108  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  1108  can further include a first electrode  1106  and a second electrode  1110  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1124  and  1126  show the shapes of electrodes  1106  and  1110 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1100 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  1106  and  1110  can both include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  1108 . While  FIG. 11  shows electrodes  1106  and  1110  each having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrodes  1106  and  1110  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern such that the electrodes of electrode  1106  are positioned opposite the electrodes of electrode  1110  on piezoelectric film  1108 . 
     Stackup  1100  can further include touch sensor substrate  1116  coupled to piezoelectric film  1108  by optically clear adhesive  1112 . Touch sensor substrate  1116  can include electrodes  1114  and  1118  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1128  and  1130  show the shapes of electrodes  1114  and  1118 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1100 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  1114  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes and electrode  1118  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  1100  can further include cover material  1122  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  1116  by optically clear adhesive  1120 . While  FIG. 11  shows three columns of electrodes  1114  and three rows of electrodes  1118 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  1114  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  1116  and electrode  1118  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  1116 . 
     Electrodes  1106  and  1110  can be separated into discrete electrodes positioned opposite each other on piezoelectric film  1108  to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  1110  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  1122 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1122  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  1110 . For example, the electrodes of electrode  1106  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  1110  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  1108  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  1122 , cover material  1122  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  1122  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  1120 , touch sensor substrate  1116 , optically clear adhesive  1112 , and piezoelectric film  1108 . Piezoelectric film  1108  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  1110  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  1108  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1122 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1122 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  1110  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  1122 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  1110  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1122  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  1110  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  1106  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  1122  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  1106 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  1116  and electrodes  1114  and  1118  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  1122 ) on cover material  1122  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  1118  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  1114 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  1118  to the electrodes  1114 . The crossing electrodes  1114  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  1122 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  1118  and  1114  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  1118  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  1114  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  1114  and transmitted to the sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  1108  and electrodes  1106  and  1110 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  1122  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  1114  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  1118  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  1122 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  1200  for a device. Stackup  1200  can include a display  1202 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  1200  can further include a first piezoelectric film  1208  coupled to display  1202  by optically clear adhesive  1204 . Stackup  1200  can further include a second piezoelectric film  1212  coupled to first piezoelectric film  1208 . The first and second piezoelectric films  1208  and  1212  can both include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. A first electrode  1206  can be formed on the bottom of the first piezoelectric film  1208 , a second electrode  1210  can be formed between the first and second piezoelectric films  1208  and  1212 , and a third electrode  1214  can be formed on the top of the second piezoelectric film  1212 . The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1228 ,  1230 , and  1232  show the shapes of electrodes  1206 ,  1210 , and  1214 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1200 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1206  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes, electrode  1210  can include an electrode extending along the surfaces of piezoelectric films  1208  and  1212 , and electrode  1214  can include rows of multiple discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 12  shows electrodes  1206  and  1214  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  1206  and  1214  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     Stackup  1200  can further include touch sensor substrate  1220  coupled to piezoelectric film  1212  by optically clear adhesive  1216 . Touch sensor substrate  1220  can include electrodes  1218  and  1222  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1234  and  1236  show the shapes of electrodes  1218  and  1222 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1200 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  1218  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes and electrode  1222  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  1200  can further include cover material  1226  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  1220  by optically clear adhesive  1224 . While  FIG. 12  shows three columns of electrodes  1218  and three rows of electrodes  1222 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  1218  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  1220  and electrode  1222  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  1220 . 
     Electrodes  1206  and  1214  can be separated into discrete columns and rows of electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrodes  1206  and  1214  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  1226 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1226  can be detected using the electrodes of electrodes  1206  and  1214 . For example, electrode  1210  can be coupled to ground while the electrodes of electrode  1206  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  1208  coupled to the electrode. The electrodes of electrode  1214  can also be coupled to separate sense circuitry similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  capable of detecting an amount of electric (not shown) charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  1212  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  1226 , cover material  1226  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  1226  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  1224 , touch sensor substrate  1220 , optically clear adhesive  1216 , piezoelectric film  1212 , and piezoelectric film  1208 . Piezoelectric films  1212  and  1208  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  1214  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  1212  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Similarly the electrode of electrode  1206  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  1208  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric films  1208  and  1212  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the films and because the amount of deformation of the films can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1226 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1226 . Additionally, since the location of the electrodes of electrodes  1206  and  1214  receiving the generated charge are known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. For example, electrode  1214  can be used to determine the row at which the force was applied, while electrode  1206  can be used to determine the column at which the force was applied. The intersection of the determined row and column can be the location of the applied force. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  1226 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrodes  1206  and  1214  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1226 . In other examples, electrode  1214  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  1208  and electrode  1206  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  1212 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrodes  1206  and  1214  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  1226  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 12 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  1220  and electrodes  1218  and  1222  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  1226 ) on cover material  1226  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  1222  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  1218 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  1222  to the electrodes  1218 . The crossing electrodes  1218  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  1226 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  1222  and  1218  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  1222  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  1218  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  1218  and transmitted to the sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric films  1208  and  1212  and electrodes  1206 ,  1210 , and  1214 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  1226  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  1218  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  1222  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  1226 . 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  1300  for a device. Stackup  1300  can include a display  1302 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  1300  can further include a piezoelectric film  1308  coupled to display  1302  by optically clear adhesive  1304 . Piezoelectric film  1308  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  1308  can further include a first electrode  1306  and a second electrode  1310  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1324  and  1326  show the shapes of electrodes  1306  and  1310 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1300 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  1306  and  1310  can both extend along the surfaces of piezoelectric film  1308 . 
     Stackup  1300  can further include touch sensor substrate  1316  coupled to piezoelectric film  1308  by optically clear adhesive  1312 . Touch sensor substrate  1316  can include electrodes  1314  and  1318  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1328  and  1330  show the shapes of electrodes  1314  and  1318 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1300 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1318  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  1316  and electrode  1314  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  1316 . Stackup  1300  can further include cover material  1322  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  1316  by optically clear adhesive  1320 . While  FIG. 13  shows electrode  1318  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  1318  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  1314  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  1316  and electrode  1318  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  1316 . 
     In some examples, electrode  1306  can be coupled to ground and electrode  1310  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  1308 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  1322 , cover material  1322  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  1322  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  1320 , touch sensor substrate  1316 , optically clear adhesive  1312 , and piezoelectric film  1308 . Piezoelectric film  1308  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via electrode  1310 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  1308  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1322 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1322 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  1322 . In other examples, the electrode  1310  can be coupled to ground and electrode  1306  can be coupled to the sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount of force applied to cover material  1322  based on electric charge received from electrode  1306 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  1314  and  1318  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  1322 ) on cover material  1322  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  1318  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  1322 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  1318  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  1318 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  1308  and electrodes  1306  and  1310 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  1322  can be determined. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  1400  for a device. Stackup  1400  can include a display  1402 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  1400  can further include a piezoelectric film  1408  coupled to display  1402  by optically clear adhesive  1404 . Piezoelectric film  1408  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  1408  can further include a first electrode  1406  and a second electrode  1410  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1424  and  1426  show the shapes of electrodes  1406  and  1410 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1400 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1406  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  1408  and electrode  1410  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  1408 . While electrode  1410  is shown as having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  1410  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. 
     Stackup  1400  can further include touch sensor substrate  1416  coupled to piezoelectric film  1408  by optically clear adhesive  1412 . Touch sensor substrate  1416  can include electrodes  1414  and  1418  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1428  and  1430  show the shapes of electrodes  1414  and  1418 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1400 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1418  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  1416  and electrode  1414  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  1416 . Stackup  1400  can further include cover material  1422  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  1416  by optically clear adhesive  1420 . While  FIG. 14  shows electrode  1418  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  1418  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  1414  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  1416  and electrode  1418  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  1416 . 
     Electrode  1410  can be separated into discrete electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  1410  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  1422 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1422  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  1410 . For example, electrode  1406  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  1410  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  1408  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  1422 , cover material  1422  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  1422  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  1420 , touch sensor substrate  1416 , optically clear adhesive  1412 , and piezoelectric film  1408 . Piezoelectric film  1408  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  1410  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  1408  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1422 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1422 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  1410  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  1422 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  1410  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1422  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  1410  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  1408  and electrode  1406  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  1408 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrode  1410  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  1406  can be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  1422  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 14 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  1414  and  1418  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  1422 ) on cover material  1422  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  1418  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  1422 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  1418  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  1418 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  1408  and electrodes  1406  and  1410 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  1422  can be determined. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  1500  for a device. Stackup  1500  can include a display  1502 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  1500  can further include a piezoelectric film  1508  coupled to display  1502  by optically clear adhesive  1504 . Piezoelectric film  1508  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  1508  can further include a first electrode  1506  and a second electrode  1510  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1524  and  1526  show the shapes of electrodes  1506  and  1510 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1500 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1506  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes and electrode  1510  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 15  shows three columns of electrodes  1506  and three rows of electrodes  1510 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  1506  can be formed on the top of piezoelectric film  1508  and electrode  1510  can be formed on the bottom of piezoelectric film  1508 . 
     Stackup  1500  can further include touch sensor substrate  1516  coupled to piezoelectric film  1508  by optically clear adhesive  1512 . Touch sensor substrate  1516  can include electrodes  1514  and  1518  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1528  and  1530  show the shapes of electrodes  1514  and  1518 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1500 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1518  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  1516  and electrode  1514  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  1516 . Stackup  1500  can further include cover material  1522  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  1516  by optically clear adhesive  1520 . While  FIG. 15  shows electrode  1518  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  1518  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  1514  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  1516  and electrode  1518  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  1516 . 
     In some examples, the electrodes of electrode  1506  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  1510  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  1508  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  1522 , cover material  1522  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  1522  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  1520 , touch sensor substrate  1516 , optically clear adhesive  1512 , and piezoelectric film  1508 . Piezoelectric film  1508  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  1510  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  1508  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1522 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1522 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  1510  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  1522 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  1510  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1522  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  1510  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  1506  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  1522  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  1506 . 
     In yet other examples, electrode  1506  can be coupled to ground and electrode  1510  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  1510  of an applied force. Using, for example, switching circuitry coupled to electrodes  1506  and  1510 , electrode  1506  can then be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  1510  can then be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  1506  of an applied force. The intersection of the determined row and column can be interpreted as a location of the force on cover material  1514 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  1514  and  1518  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  1522 ) on cover material  1522  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  1518  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  1522 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  1518  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  1518 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  1508  and electrodes  1506  and  1510 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  1522  can be determined. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  1600  for a device. Stackup  1600  can include a display  1602 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  1600  can further include a piezoelectric film  1608  coupled to display  1602  by optically clear adhesive  1604 . Piezoelectric film  1608  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  1608  can further include a first electrode  1606  and a second electrode  1610  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1624  and  1626  show the shapes of electrodes  1606  and  1610 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1600 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  1606  and  1610  can both include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  1608 . While  FIG. 16  shows electrodes  1606  and  1610  each having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrodes  1606  and  1610  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern such that the electrodes of electrode  1606  are positioned opposite the electrodes of electrode  1610  on piezoelectric film  1608 . 
     Stackup  1600  can further include touch sensor substrate  1616  coupled to piezoelectric film  1608  by optically clear adhesive  1612 . Touch sensor substrate  1616  can include electrodes  1614  and  1618  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1628  and  1630  show the shapes of electrodes  1614  and  1618 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1600 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1618  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  1616  and electrode  1614  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  1616 . Stackup  1600  can further include cover material  1622  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  1616  by optically clear adhesive  1620 . While  FIG. 16  shows electrode  1618  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  1618  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  1614  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  1616  and electrode  1618  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  1616 . 
     Electrodes  1606  and  1610  can be separated into discrete electrodes positioned opposite each other on piezoelectric film  1608  to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  1610  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  1622 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1622  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  1610 . For example, the electrodes of electrode  1606  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  1610  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  1608  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  1622 , cover material  1622  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  1622  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  1620 , touch sensor substrate  1616 , optically clear adhesive  1612 , and piezoelectric film  1608 . Piezoelectric film  1608  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  1610  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  1608  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1622 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1622 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  1610  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  1622 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  1610  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1622  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  1610  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  1606  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  1622  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  1606 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  1614  and  1618  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  1622 ) on cover material  1622  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  1618  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  1622 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  1618  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  1618 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  1608  and electrodes  1606  and  1610 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  1622  can be determined. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  1700  for a device. Stackup  1700  can include a display  1702 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  1700  can further include a first piezoelectric film  1708  coupled to display  1702  by optically clear adhesive  1704 . Stackup  1700  can further include a second piezoelectric film  1712  coupled to first piezoelectric film  1708 . The first and second piezoelectric films  1708  and  1712  can both include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. A first electrode  1706  can be formed on the bottom of the first piezoelectric film  1708 , a second electrode  1710  can be formed between the first and second piezoelectric films  1708  and  1712 , and a third electrode  1714  can be formed on the top of the second piezoelectric film  1712 . The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1728 ,  1730 , and  1732  show the shapes of electrodes  1706 ,  1710 , and  1714 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1700 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1706  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes, electrode  1710  can include an electrode extending along the surfaces of piezoelectric films  1708  and  1712 , and electrode  1714  can include rows of multiple discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 17  shows electrodes  1706  and  1714  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  1706  and  1714  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     Stackup  1700  can further include touch sensor substrate  1720  coupled to piezoelectric film  1712  by optically clear adhesive  1716 . Touch sensor substrate  1720  can include electrodes  1718  and  1722  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1734  and  1736  show the shapes of electrodes  1718  and  1722 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1700 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1722  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  1720  and electrode  1718  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  1720 . Stackup  1700  can further include cover material  1726  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  1720  by optically clear adhesive  1724 . While  FIG. 17  shows electrode  1722  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  1722  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  1718  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  1720  and electrode  1722  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  1720 . 
     Electrodes  1706  and  1714  can be separated into discrete columns and rows of electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrodes  1706  and  1714  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  1726 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1726  can be detected using the electrodes of electrodes  1706  and  1714 . For example, electrode  1710  can be coupled to ground while the electrodes of electrode  1706  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  1708  coupled to the electrode. The electrodes of electrode  1714  can also be coupled to separate sense circuitry similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  capable of detecting an amount of electric (not shown) charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  1712  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  1726 , cover material  1726  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  1726  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  1724 , touch sensor substrate  1720 , optically clear adhesive  1716 , piezoelectric film  1712 , and piezoelectric film  1708 . Piezoelectric films  1712  and  1708  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  1714  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  1712  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Similarly the electrode of electrode  1706  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  1708  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric films  1708  and  1712  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the films and because the amount of deformation of the films can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1726 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1726 . Additionally, since the location of the electrodes of electrodes  1706  and  1714  receiving the generated charge are known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. For example, electrode  1714  can be used to determine the row at which the force was applied, while electrode  1706  can be used to determine the column at which the force was applied. The intersection of the determined row and column can be the location of the applied force. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  1726 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrodes  1706  and  1714  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1726 . In other examples, electrode  1714  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  1708  and electrode  1706  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  1712 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrodes  1706  and  1714  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  1726  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 17 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  1718  and  1722  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  1726 ) on cover material  1726  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  1722  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  1726 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  1722  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  1722 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric films  1708  and  1712  and electrodes  1706 ,  1710 , and  1714 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  1726  can be determined. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  1800  for a device. Stackup  1800  can include a display  1802 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  1800  can further include a piezoelectric film  1808  coupled to display  1802  by optically clear adhesive  1804 . Piezoelectric film  1808  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  1808  can further include a first electrode  1806  and a second electrode  1810  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1818  and  1820  show the shapes of electrodes  1806  and  1810 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1800 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1806  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  1808  and electrode  1810  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes. Stackup  1800  can further include cover material  1816  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  1808  by optically clear adhesive  1812 . Cover material  1816  can include a third electrode  1814  formed on the bottom surface of the material. Top view  1822  shows the shape of electrode  1814  as viewed from above stackup  1800 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1814  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 18  shows electrodes  1810  and  1814  each having four rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  1810  and  1814  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     In some examples, a portion of the electrodes of electrode  1810  can be used for touch detection, while the remaining electrodes can be used to determine an amount of force applied to cover material  1816 . To illustrate, the shaded electrodes of electrode  1810  shown in  FIG. 18  can be used for touch detection, while the white electrodes can be used for force detection. Specifically, the white electrodes of electrode  1810  can be coupled to ground and electrode  1806  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  1808 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  1816 , cover material  1816  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  1816  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  1812 , and piezoelectric film  1808 . Piezoelectric film  1808  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via electrode  1806 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  1808  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1816 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1816 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  1816 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  1810  and  1814  can be used to determine a position of the applied force on cover material  1816  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  1814  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of shaded electrodes of electrodes  1810 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  1814  to the shaded electrodes of electrodes  1810 . The crossing shaded electrodes of electrodes  1810  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  1816 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  1814  and the shaded electrodes of electrodes  1810  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  1814  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing shaded electrode of electrode  1810  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by shaded electrodes of electrodes  1810  and transmitted to the sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  1808 , electrode  1806 , and the white electrodes of electrode  1810 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  1816  can be determined. In other examples, the shaded electrodes of electrode  1810  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  1814  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  1816 . While electrode  1810  is shown with an alternating pattern of touch detection electrodes and force detection electrodes, it should be appreciated that any desired distribution of touch and force detection electrodes can be used. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  1900  for a device. Stackup  1900  can include a display  1902 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  1900  can further include a piezoelectric film  1908  coupled to display  1902  by optically clear adhesive  1904 . Piezoelectric film  1908  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  1908  can further include a first electrode  1906  and a second electrode  1910  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  1918  and  1920  show the shapes of electrodes  1906  and  1910 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  1900 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1906  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes and electrode  1910  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes. Stackup  1900  can further include cover material  1916  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  1908  by optically clear adhesive  1912 . Cover material  1916  can include a third electrode  1914  formed on the bottom surface of the material. Top view  1922  shows the shape of electrode  1914  as viewed from above stackup  1900 . In the illustrated example, electrode  1914  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 19  shows electrodes  1906 ,  1910 , and  1914  each having four rectangular electrodes, it should be appreciated that electrodes  1906 ,  1910 , and  1914  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes. Moreover, in other examples, the electrodes of electrodes  1906  and  1914  can be arranged in columns, while the electrodes of electrode  1910  can be arranged in rows. 
     In some examples, a portion of the electrodes of electrode  1910  can be used for touch detection, while the remaining electrodes can be used to determine an amount of force applied to cover material  1916 . To illustrate, the shaded electrodes of electrode  1910  shown in  FIG. 19  can be used for touch detection, while the white electrodes can be used for force detection. In some examples, the white electrodes of electrode  1910  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  1906  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  1908  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  1916 , cover material  1916  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  1916  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  1912  and piezoelectric film  1908 . Piezoelectric film  1908  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  1906  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  1908  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1916 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  1916 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  1906  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  1916 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  1906  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  1916  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  1906  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  1910  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  1916  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  1910 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrode  1914  and the shaded electrodes of electrode  1910  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  1916 ) on cover material  1916  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  1914  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of shaded electrodes of electrodes  1910 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  1914  to the shaded electrodes of electrodes  1910 . The crossing shaded electrodes of electrodes  1910  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  1916 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  1914  and the shaded electrodes of electrodes  1910  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  1914  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing shaded electrode of electrode  1910  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by shaded electrodes of electrodes  1910  and transmitted to the sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  1908 , electrodes  1906 , and the white electrodes of electrode  1910 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  1916  can be determined. In other examples, the shaded electrodes of electrode  1910  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  1914  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  1916 . 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  2000  for a device. Stackup  2000  can include a display  2002 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  2000  can further include a piezoelectric film  2008  coupled to display  2002  by optically clear adhesive  2004 . Piezoelectric film  2008  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  2008  can further include a first electrode  2006  and a second electrode  2010  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  2018  and  2020  show the shapes of electrodes  2006  and  2010 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  2000 . In the illustrated example, electrode  2006  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  2008  and electrode  2010  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes. Stackup  2000  can further include cover material  2016  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  2008  by optically clear adhesive  2012 . Cover material  2016  can include a third electrode  2014  formed on the bottom surface of the material. Top view  2022  shows the shape of electrode  2014  as viewed from above stackup  2000 . In the illustrated example, electrode  2014  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 20  shows electrodes  2010  and  2014  each having four rectangular electrodes, it should be appreciated that electrodes  2010  and  2014  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes. Additionally, while  FIG. 20  shows electrode  2006  having 16 square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  2006  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, the electrodes of electrodes  2010  can be arranged in rows, while the electrodes of electrode  2014  can be arranged in columns. 
     In some examples, a portion of the electrodes of electrode  2010  can be used for touch detection, while the remaining electrodes can be used to determine an amount of force applied to cover material  2016 . To illustrate, the shaded electrodes of electrode  2010  shown in  FIG. 20  can be used for touch detection, while the white electrodes can be used for force detection. Specifically the white electrodes of electrode  2010  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  2006  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  2008  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  2016 , cover material  2016  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  2016  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  2012  and piezoelectric film  2008 . Piezoelectric film  2008  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  2006  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  2008  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2016 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2016 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  2006  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  2016 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  2006  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  2016 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrode  2014  and the shaded electrodes of electrode  2014  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  2016 ) on cover material  2016  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  2014  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of shaded electrodes of electrodes  2010 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  2014  to the shaded electrodes of electrodes  2010 . The crossing shaded electrodes of electrodes  2010  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  2016 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  2014  and the shaded electrodes of electrodes  2010  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  2014  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing shaded electrode of electrode  2010  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by shaded electrodes of electrodes  2010  and transmitted to the sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  2008 , electrode  2006 , and the white electrodes of electrode  2010 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  2016  can be determined. In other examples, the shaded electrodes of electrode  2010  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  2014  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  2016 . Moreover, while electrode  2010  is shown with an alternating pattern of touch detection electrodes and force detection electrodes, it should be appreciated that any desired distribution of touch and force detection electrodes can be used. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  2100  for a device. Stackup  2100  can include a display  2102 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  2100  can further include a piezoelectric film  2108  coupled to display  2102  by optically clear adhesive  2104 . Piezoelectric film  2108  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  2108  can further include a first electrode  2106  and a second electrode  2110  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  2118  and  2120  show the shapes of electrodes  2106  and  2110 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  2100 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  2106  and  2110  can extend along opposite surfaces of piezoelectric film  2108 . Stackup  2100  can further include cover material  2116  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  2108  by optically clear adhesive  2112 . Cover material  2116  can include a third electrode  2114  formed on the bottom surface of the material. Top view  2122  shows the shape of electrode  2114  as viewed from above stackup  2100 . In the illustrated example, electrode  2114  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the bottom surface of cover material  2116 . While  FIG. 21  shows electrode  2114  having 16 square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  2114  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. For example, a bridge-type arrangement can be used. 
     In some examples, electrode  2110  can be coupled to ground and electrode  2106  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  2108 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  2116 , cover material  2116  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  2116  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  2112  and piezoelectric film  2108 . Piezoelectric film  2108  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via electrode  2106 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  2108  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2116 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2116 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  2116 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  2110  and  2114  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  2116 ) on cover material  2116  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  2114  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  2116 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  2114  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  2114 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  2108  and electrodes  2106  and  2110 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  2116  can be determined. 
       FIG. 22  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary stackup  2200  for a device. Stackup  2200  can include a display  2202 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  2200  can further include a piezoelectric film  2208  coupled to display  2202  by optically clear adhesive  2204 . Piezoelectric film  2208  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  2208  can further include a first electrode  2206  and a second electrode  2210  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  2218  and  2220  show the shapes of electrodes  2206  and  2210 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  2200 . In the illustrated example, electrode  2210  can extend along the top surface of piezoelectric film  2208  and electrode  2206  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  2208 . Stackup  2200  can further include cover material  2216  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  2208  by optically clear adhesive  2212 . Cover material  2216  can include a third electrode  2214  formed on the bottom surface of the material. Top view  2222  shows the shape of electrode  2214  as viewed from above stackup  2200 . In the illustrated example, electrode  2214  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the bottom surface of cover material  2216 . While  FIG. 22  shows electrodes  2206  and  2214  having 16 square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrodes  2206  and  2214  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. 
     Electrode  2210  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  2206  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  2208  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  2216 , cover material  2216  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  2216  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  2212  and piezoelectric film  2208 . Piezoelectric film  2208  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  2206  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  2208  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2216 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2216 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  2206  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  2216 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  2206  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  2216 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  2210  and  2214  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  2216 ) on cover material  2216  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  2214  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  2216 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  2214  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  2214 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  2208  and electrodes  2206  and  2210 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  2216  can be determined. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  2300  for a device. Stackup  2300  can include a display  2302 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  2300  can further include a piezoelectric film  2308  coupled to display  2302  by optically clear adhesive  2304 . Piezoelectric film  2308  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  2308  can include a first electrode  2306  and a second electrode  2310  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  2316  and  2318  show the shapes of electrodes  2306  and  2310 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  2300 . In the illustrated example, electrode  2306  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes and electrode  2310  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  2300  can further include cover material  2314  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  2308  by optically clear adhesive  2312 . While  FIG. 23  shows electrodes  2306  and  2310  each having four rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  2306  and  2310  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     In some examples, a portion of the electrodes of electrode  2306  and a portion of the electrodes of electrode  2310  can be used for touch detection, while the remaining electrodes of electrode  2306  and  2310  can be used to determine an amount of force applied to cover material  2314 . To illustrate, the shaded electrodes of electrode  2306  and  2310  shown in  FIG. 23  can be used for touch detection, while the white electrodes can be used for force detection. Specifically, the white electrodes of electrode  2306  can be coupled to ground and the white electrodes of electrode  2310  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  2308 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  2314 , cover material  2314  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  2314  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  2312 , and piezoelectric film  2308 . Piezoelectric film  2308  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via the white electrodes of electrode  2310 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  2308  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2314 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2314 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  2314 . In other examples, the white electrodes of electrode  2310  can be coupled to ground and the white electrodes of electrode  2306  can each be coupled to sense circuitry to detect a force applied to cover material  2314  in a manner similar to that described above with respect to  FIG. 23 . In yet other examples, using optional switching circuitry  2330 , white electrodes of electrode  2306  can be coupled to ground and white electrodes of electrode  2310  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry  2360  (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ). The sense circuitry  2360  can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the white electrodes of electrode  2310  of an applied force. Using switching circuitry  2330  coupled to white electrodes of electrodes  2306  and  2310 , white electrodes of electrode  2306  can then be coupled to separate sense circuitry  2340  (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) and white electrodes of electrode  2310  can then be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry  2340  can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the white electrodes of electrode  2306  of an applied force. The intersection of the determined row and column can be interpreted as a location of the force on cover material  2314 . 
     Additionally, during operation, the shaded electrodes of electrodes  2306  and  2310  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  2316 ) on cover material  2314  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, the shaded electrodes of electrode  2310  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of shaded electrodes of electrodes  2306 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  2310  to the shaded electrodes of electrodes  2306 . The crossing shaded electrodes of electrodes  2306  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  2314 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  2310  and the shaded electrodes of electrodes  2306  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  2310  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing shaded electrode of electrode  2306  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by shaded electrodes of electrodes  2306  and transmitted to the sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  2308  and the white electrodes of electrodes  2306  and  2310 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  2314  can be determined. In other examples, the shaded electrodes of electrode  2306  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  2310  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  2314 . 
       FIG. 24  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  2400  for a device. Stackup  2400  can include a display  2402 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup 
       2400  can further include a piezoelectric film  2408  coupled to display  2402  by optically clear adhesive  2404 . Piezoelectric film  2408  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  2408  can include a first electrode  2406  and a second electrode  2410  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  2416  and  2418  show the shapes of electrodes  2406  and  2410 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  2400 . In the illustrated example, electrode  2406  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  2408  and electrode  2410  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  2408 . Stackup  2400  can further include cover material  2414  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  2408  by optically clear adhesive  2412 . While  FIG. 24  shows electrode  2410  having 16 square electrodes arranged in columns and rows, it should be appreciated that electrode  2410  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  2406  can be formed on the top surface of piezoelectric film  2408  and electrode  2410  can be formed on the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  2406 . 
     In some examples, electrodes  2410  and  2406  can be used for both touch detection and determining an amount of force applied to cover material  2414 . In these examples, the use of electrodes  2410  and  2406  can be time multiplexed such that both electrodes  2406  and  2410  can alternatingly be used for touch and force detection. For example, during operation, electrode  2406  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  2410  can be coupled to switching circuitry  2430  operable to selectively couple the electrodes to either force sense circuitry  2440  (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) or touch sense circuitry  2450  (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  200 ). The switching circuitry  2430  can switch between the force sense circuitry  2440  and the touch sense circuitry  2450  periodically, intermittently, or at any desired intervals of time. In this way, the device can detect both touch events and determine an amount of force being applied to cover material  2414 . 
     During operation, when the switching circuitry  2430  couples the electrodes of electrode  2410  to the force sense circuitry  2440 , as a user applies a downward force on cover material  2414 , cover material  2414  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  2414  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  2412  and piezoelectric film  2408 . Piezoelectric film  2408  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the force sense circuitry  2440  via electrode  2410 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  2408  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2414 , the amount of electric charge detected by the force sense circuitry  2440  can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2414 . In this way, the force sense circuitry  2440  can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  2414 . 
     Additionally, during operation, when the switching circuitry  2430  couples the electrodes of electrode  2410  to the touch sense circuitry  2450 , each electrode of  2410  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry of the touch sense circuitry  2450  to perform a self capacitance sensing technique. The sense circuitry  2450  can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  2414 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  2410  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry  2450  can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  2410 . Thus, electrodes  2406  and  2410  can be used to both determine a location of a touch event and an amount of force applied to cover material  2414 . 
       FIG. 25  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  2500  for a device. Stackup  2500  can include a display  2502 , such as an LCD, LED display, OLED display, or the like, for generating images to be displayed by the device. Stackup  2500  can further include a piezoelectric film  2508  coupled to display  2502  by optically clear adhesive  2504 . Piezoelectric film  2508  can include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  2508  can include a first electrode  2506  and a second electrode  2510  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  2516  and  2518  show the shapes of electrodes  2506  and  2510 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  2500 . In the illustrated example, electrode  2506  can include multiple discrete columns of electrodes and electrode  2510  can include multiple discrete rows of electrodes. Stackup  2500  can further include cover material  2514  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to piezoelectric film  2508  by optically clear adhesive  2512 . While  FIG. 25  shows electrodes  2506  and  2510  having four rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  2506  and  2510  can include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     In some examples, electrodes  2510  and  2506  can be used for both touch detection and determining an amount of force applied to cover material  2514 . In these examples, the use of electrodes  2510  and  2506  can be time multiplexed such that both electrodes  2506  and  2510  can alternatingly be used for touch and force detection. For example, during operation, the electrodes of electrode  2510  can be coupled switching circuitry  2530  operable to selectively couple each electrode of electrode  2510  to drive circuitry  2535  (e.g., similar or identical to drive circuits  108 ) or to ground. The electrodes of electrode  2506  can be coupled to switching circuitry  2530  operable to couple each electrode of electrode  2506  to either force sense circuitry  2550  (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) or touch sense circuitry  2540  (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  200 ). The switching circuitry  2530  coupled to electrodes  2506  and  2510  can selectively switch periodically, intermittently, or at any desired intervals of time. In this way, the device can detect both touch events and determine an amount of force being applied to cover material  2514 . 
     During operation, when the switching circuitry  2530  coupled to electrode  2510  couples the electrodes to ground, the switching circuitry  2530  coupled to electrode  2506  can couple the electrodes of electrode  2506  to the force sense circuitry  2550 . During this time, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  2514 , cover material  2514  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  2514  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  2512  and piezoelectric film  2508 . Piezoelectric film  2508  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the force sense circuitry  2550  via electrode  2506 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  2508  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2514 , the amount of electric charge detected by the force sense circuitry  2550  can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2514 . In this way, the force sense circuitry  2550  can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  2514 . 
     Additionally, during operation, when the switching circuitry  2530  coupled to electrode  2510  couples the electrodes to drive circuitry  2535 , the switching circuitry  2530  coupled to electrode  2506  can couple the electrodes of electrode  2506  to the touch sense circuitry  2540  (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  200 ) to perform a mutual capacitance sensing technique. During this time, each electrode of  2510  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals from the drive circuitry  2535  to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes of electrodes  2506 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  2510  to the electrodes of electrodes  2506 . The crossing electrodes of electrodes  2506  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  2514 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  2510  and the shaded of electrodes  2506  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  2510  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode of electrode  2506  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes of electrodes  2506  and transmitted to the sense circuitry for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. Thus, electrodes  2506  and  2510  can be used to both determine a location of a touch event and an amount of force applied to cover material  2514 . 
     In some examples, any of the stackups shown in  FIGS. 13-25  can further include a polarizer between the display and piezoelectric film or between the cover material and piezoelectric film. 
     While the examples described above with respect to  FIGS. 8-25  include displays that are separate from the touch sensor and/or electrodes used for touch detection, it should be appreciated that the piezoelectric film can similarly be used with integrated touch displays capable of both generating a display and performing touch detection. For example,  FIG. 26  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  2600  for a device containing an integrated touch display. Stackup  2600  can include a piezoelectric film  2604  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  2604  can include a first electrode  2602  and a second electrode  2606  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Stackup  2600  can further include integrated touch/display  2610  coupled to piezoelectric film  2604  by adhesive  2608 . It should be appreciated that unlike the examples described above, electrodes  2602  and  2606 , piezoelectric film  2604 , and adhesive  2608  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind the integrated touch/display  2610 . Integrated touch/display  2610  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry. 
     For example,  FIG. 27  shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2724  of an integrated touch- and/or force-screen according to various examples. As shown in  FIG. 27 , each drive line  2722  may extend in a first common direction and each sense line  2724  in a second common direction. The presence of a finger or other capacitive object at or near a node  2726  (e.g., an overlap or intersection of a drive line and sense line) may change the capacitance between the drive line and sense line of that node. This change in capacitance may be used to detect a touch or near-touch event. Typically, such configurations as shown in  FIG. 27  place the drive and sense lines on separate planes. 
     In another embodiment, the drive and sense lines may be coplanar. For example, each drive line can be formed of one or more drive line segments that can be electrically connected by drive line links. Drive line links are not electrically connected to sense lines; rather, the drive line links can bypass the sense lines through bypasses. Drive lines and sense lines can interact capacitively to form touch nodes. Drive lines (e.g., drive line segments and corresponding drive line links) and sense lines can be formed of electrical circuit elements in touch screen. Each of touch nodes and can include at least a portion of one drive line segment, a portion of a sense line, and a portion of another drive line segment. For example, one touch pixel can include a right-half portion of a drive line segment on one side of a sense line, and a left-half portion of a drive line segment on the opposite side of the sense line. 
       FIG. 28  generally shows another sample embodiment of a touch- and force-sensitive display or screen. Here, each node takes the form of a pixel that may capacitively sense a touch or near-touch event and/or, in some applications, an exertion of force. Each pixel is separately routed to circuitry  2903  to measure changes in capacitance. Thus, each pixel has its own routing and electrical connection to the circuitry  2903 , rather than sharing a drive and/or sense line as adjacent nodes may in the embodiment of  FIG. 27 . 
     In some embodiments, common electrodes can form portions of the touch sensing circuitry of a touch sensing system. Common electrodes can be circuit elements of the display system circuitry in the stackup (e.g., the stacked material layers forming the display pixels) of the display pixels of some types of conventional LCD displays, e.g., fringe field switching (FFS) displays, that can operate as part of the display system to display an image. In one example, a common electrode can serve as a multi-function circuit element that can operate as display circuitry of the display system of touch screen and can also operate as touch sensing circuitry of the touch sensing system. In this example, common electrode can operate as a common electrode of the display circuitry of the touch screen, and can also operate together when grouped with other common electrodes as touch sensing circuitry of the touch screen. For example, a group of common electrodes can operate together as a capacitive part of a drive line or a sense line of the touch sensing circuitry during the touch sensing phase. Other circuit elements of touch screen can form part of the touch sensing circuitry by, for example, electrically connecting together common electrodes of a region, switching electrical connections, etc. In general, each of the touch sensing circuit elements may be either a multi-function circuit element that can form part of the touch sensing circuitry and can perform one or more other functions, such as forming part of the display circuitry, or may be a single-function circuit element that can operate as touch sensing circuitry only. Similarly, each of the display circuit elements may be either a multi-function circuit element that can operate as display circuitry and perform one or more other functions, such as operating as touch sensing circuitry, or may be a single-function circuit element that can operate as display circuitry only. Therefore, in some examples, some of the circuit elements in the display pixel stackups can be multi-function circuit elements and other circuit elements may be single-function circuit elements. In other embodiments, all of the circuit elements of the display pixel stackups may be single-function circuit elements. 
     As one further example, common electrodes may be grouped together to form drive region segments and sense regions that generally correspond to drive line segments and sense lines, respectively. Grouping multi-function circuit elements of display pixels into a region can mean operating the multi-function circuit elements of the display pixels together to perform a common function of the region. Grouping into functional regions may be accomplished through one or a combination of approaches, for example, the structural configuration of the system (e.g., physical breaks and bypasses, voltage line configurations), the operational configuration of the system (e.g., switching circuit elements on/off, changing voltage levels and/or signals on voltage lines), and so on. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 26 , stackup  2600  can further include cover material  2614  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to integrated touch/display  2610  by optically clear adhesive  2612 . 
     Electrodes  2602  and  2606  can be configured to determine an amount of force applied to cover material  2614  in various ways. In one example, electrodes  2602  and  2606  can be configured to be similar or identical to electrodes  306  and  310 , respectively, and can be used to determine an amount of force applied to cover material  2614  in a manner similar to that described above. In another example, electrodes  2602  and  2606  can be configured to be similar or identical to electrodes  406  and  410 , respectively, and can be used to determine an amount of force applied to cover material  2614  in a manner similar to that described above. In another example, electrodes  2602  and  2606  can be configured to be similar or identical to electrodes  506  and  510 , respectively, and can be used to determine an amount of force applied to cover material  2614  in a manner similar to that described above. In another example, electrodes  2602  and  2606  can be configured to be similar or identical to electrodes  606  and  610 , respectively, and can be used to determine an amount of force applied to cover material  2614  in a manner similar to that described above. In another example, piezoelectric film  2604  and electrodes  2602  and  2606  can be replaced with two piezoelectric films similar or identical to piezoelectric films  708  and  712  and electrodes similar or identical to electrodes  706 ,  710 , and  714 . These piezoelectric films and electrodes can be used to determine an amount of force applied to cover material  2614  in a manner similar to that described above. 
     In some examples, the above described piezoelectric film and electrode configurations can be positioned behind the display of a device. For example, in LCD displays, the piezoelectric film and electrodes can be laminated to the back of the polarizer while, in OLED displays, they can be laminated to the back of the OLED display. The following stackups illustrate various stackup configurations that can be used for LCD and OLED displays where the piezoelectric film and electrodes are positioned behind the display of the device. 
       FIG. 29  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  2900  for a device containing an integrated LCD touch/display  2914 . Stackup  2900  can include a backlight unit  2902  coupled to a piezoelectric film  2906  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  2906  can include a first electrode  2904  and a second electrode  2908  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  2922  and  2924  show the shapes of electrodes  2904  and  2908 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  2900 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  2904  and  2908  can both have a shape that substantially matches that of piezoelectric film  2906  and can extend along the surfaces of piezoelectric film  2906 . 
     Stackup  2900  can further include integrated LCD touch/display  2914  coupled between a back polarizer  2912  and front polarizer  2916 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  2906  by optically clear adhesive  2910 . Integrated touch/display  2914  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.  FIG. 27 , discussed above, shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2723  of an integrated touch screen according to various examples. Stackup  2900  can further include cover material  2920  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to front polarizer  2916  by optically clear adhesive  2918 . 
     In some examples, electrode  2904  can be coupled to ground and electrode  2908  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  2906 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  2920 , cover material  2920  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  2920  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  2918 , polarizers  2916  and  2912 , LCD display  2914 , optically clear adhesive  2910 , and piezoelectric film  2906 . Piezoelectric film  2906  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on the amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via electrode  2908 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  2906  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2920 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  2920 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  2920 . In other examples, electrode  2908  can be coupled to ground and electrode  2904  can be coupled to the sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount of force applied to cover material  2920  based on electric charge received from electrode  2904 . 
       FIG. 30  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  3000  for a device containing an integrated LCD touch/display  3014 . Stackup  3000  can include a backlight unit  3002  coupled to a piezoelectric film  3006  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  3006  can include a first electrode  3004  and a second electrode  3008  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  3022  and  3024  show the shapes of electrodes  3004  and  3008 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3000 . In the illustrated example, electrode  3004  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  3006  and electrode  3008  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  3006 . While  FIG. 30  shows electrode  3008  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  3008  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. 
     Stackup  3000  can further include integrated LCD touch/display  3014  coupled between a back polarizer  3012  and front polarizer  3016 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  3006  by optically clear adhesive  3010 . Integrated touch/display  3014  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.  FIG. 27 , discussed above, shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2723  of an integrated touch screen according to various examples. Stackup  3000  can further include cover material  3020  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to front polarizer  3016  by optically clear adhesive  3018 . 
     Electrode  3008  can be separated into discrete electrodes to allow sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  3008  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  3020 . Additionally, separating electrode  3008  into discrete electrodes allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3020  at the same time. For example, electrode  3004  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  3008  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  3006  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  3020 , cover material  3020  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  3020  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  3018 , polarizers  3016  and  3012 , LCD display  3014 , optically clear adhesive  3010 , and piezoelectric film  3006 . Piezoelectric film  3006  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location corresponding to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  3008  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  3006  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3020 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3020 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  3008  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  3020 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  3008  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3020  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  3008  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  3006  and electrode  3004  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  3006 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrode  3008  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  3004  can be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  3020  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 30 . 
       FIG. 31  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  3100  for a device containing an integrated LCD touch/display  3114 . Stackup  3100  can include a backlight unit  3102  coupled to a piezoelectric film  3106  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  3106  can include a first electrode  3104  and a second electrode  3108  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  3122  and  3124  show the shapes of electrodes  3104  and  3108 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3100 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  3104  and  3108  can both include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  3106 . While  FIG. 31  shows electrodes  3104  and  3108  each having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrodes  3104  and  3108  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern such that the electrodes of electrode  3104  are positioned opposite the electrodes of electrode  3108  on piezoelectric film  3106 . 
     Stackup  3100  can further include integrated LCD touch/display  3114  coupled between a back polarizer  3112  and front polarizer  3116 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  3106  by optically clear adhesive  3110 . Integrated touch/display  3114  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.  FIG. 27 , discussed above, shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2723  of an integrated touch screen according to various examples. Stackup  3100  can further include cover material  3120  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to front polarizer  3116  by optically clear adhesive  3118 . 
     Electrodes  3104  and  3108  can be separated into discrete electrodes positioned opposite each other on piezoelectric film  3106  to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  3108  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  3120 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3120  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  3108 . For example, the electrodes of electrode  3104  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  3108  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  3106  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  3120 , cover material  3120  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  3120  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  3118 , polarizers  3116  and  3112 , LCD display  3114 , optically clear adhesive  3110 , and piezoelectric film  3106 . Piezoelectric film  3106  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  3108  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  3106  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3120 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3120 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  3108  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  3120 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  3108  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3120  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  3108  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  3104  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  3120  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  3104 . 
       FIG. 32  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  3200  for a device containing an integrated LCD touch display  3214 . Stackup  3200  can include a backlight unit  3202  coupled to a piezoelectric film  3206  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  3206  can include a first electrode  3204  and a second electrode  3208  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  3222  and  3224  show the shapes of electrodes  3204  and  3208 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3200 . In the illustrated example, electrode  3204  can include multiple discrete columns of electrodes and electrode  3208  can include multiple discrete rows of electrodes. While  FIG. 32  shows electrodes  3204  and  3208  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  3204  and  3208  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     Stackup  3200  can further include integrated LCD touch/display  3214  coupled between a back polarizer  3212  and front polarizer  3216 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  3206  by optically clear adhesive  3210 . Integrated touch/display  3214  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.  FIG. 27 , discussed above, shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2723  of an integrated touch screen according to various examples. Stackup  3200  can further include cover material  3220  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to front polarizer  3216  by optically clear adhesive  3218 . 
     In some examples, the electrodes of electrode  3204  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  3208  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  3206  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  3220 , cover material  3220  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  3220  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  3218 , polarizers  3216  and  3212 , integrated LCD touch/display  3214 , optically clear adhesive  3210 , and piezoelectric film  3206 . Piezoelectric film  3206  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  3208  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  3206  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3220 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3220 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  3208  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  3220 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  3208  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3220  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  3208  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  3204  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  3220  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  3204 . 
     In yet other examples, electrode  3204  can be coupled to ground and electrode  3208  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  3208  of an applied force. Using, for example, switching circuitry coupled to electrodes  3204  and  3208 , electrode  3204  can then be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  3208  can then be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  3204  of an applied force. The intersection of the determined row and column can be interpreted as a location of the force on cover material  3220 . 
       FIG. 33  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  3300  for a device containing an integrated LCD touch/display  3318 . Stackup  3300  can include a backlight unit  3302  coupled to a first piezoelectric film  3306 . Stackup  3300  can further include a second piezoelectric film  3310  coupled to first piezoelectric film  3306 . The first and second piezoelectric films  3306  and  3310  can both include a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. A first electrode  3304  can be formed on the bottom of the first piezoelectric film  3306 , a second electrode  3308  can be formed between the first and second piezoelectric films  3306  and  3310 , and a third electrode  3312  can be formed on the top of the second piezoelectric film  3310 . The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO. Top views  3326 ,  3328 , and  3330  show the shapes of electrodes  3304 ,  3308 , and  3312 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3300 . In the illustrated example, electrode  3304  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes, electrode  3308  can include an electrode extending along the surfaces of piezoelectric films  3306  and  3310 , and electrode  3312  can include rows of multiple discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 33  shows electrodes  3304  and  3312  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  3304  and  3312  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     Stackup  3300  can further include integrated LCD touch/display  3318  coupled between a back polarizer  3316  and front polarizer  3320 . The back polarizer can be coupled to second piezoelectric film  3310  by optically clear adhesive  3314 . Integrated LCD touch/display  3318  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.  FIG. 27 , discussed above, shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2723  of an integrated touch screen according to various examples. Stackup  3300  can further include cover material  3324  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to front polarizer  3320  by optically clear adhesive  3322 . 
     Electrodes  3304  and  3312  can be separated into discrete columns and rows of electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrodes  3304  and  3312  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  3224 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3324  can be detected at the same time using the electrodes of electrodes  3304  and  3312 . For example, electrode  3308  can be coupled to ground while the electrodes of electrode  3304  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  3306  coupled to the electrode. The electrodes of electrode  3312  can also be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  3310  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  3324 , cover material  3324  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  3324  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  3322 , polarizers  3320  and  3316 , integrated LCD touch/display  3318 , optically clear adhesive  3314 , and piezoelectric films  3310  and  3306 . Piezoelectric films  3310  and  3306  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  3312  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  3310  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Similarly the electrode of electrode  3304  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  3306  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric films  3306  and  3312  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the films and because the amount of deformation of the films can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3324 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3324 . Additionally, since the location of the electrodes of electrodes  3304  and  3312  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. For example, electrode  3312  can be used to determine the row at which the force was applied, while electrode  3304  can be used to determine the column at which the force was applied. The intersection of the determined row and column can be the location of the applied force. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  3324 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrodes  3304  and  3312  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3324  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  3312  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  3306  and electrode  3304  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  3310 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrodes  3304  and  3312  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  3324  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 33 . 
       FIG. 34  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  3400  for a device containing an integrated OLED touch/display  3410 . Stackup  3400  can include piezoelectric film  3404  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  3304  can include a first electrode  3402  and a second electrode  3406  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  3416  and  3418  show the shapes of electrodes  3402  and  3406 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3400 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  3402  and  3406  can both have a shape that substantially matches that of piezoelectric film  3404  and can extend along the surfaces of piezoelectric film  3404 . 
     Stackup  3400  can further include integrated OLED touch/display  3410  coupled to piezoelectric film  3404  by adhesive  3408 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  3404 , adhesive  3408 , and electrodes  3402  and  3406  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  3410  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Integrated OLED touch/display  3410  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.  FIG. 27 , discussed above, shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2723  of an integrated touch screen according to various examples. Stackup  3400  can further include cover material  3414  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to integrated OLED touch/display  3410  by optically clear adhesive  3412 . 
     In some examples, electrode  3402  can be coupled to ground and electrode  3406  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  3404 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  3414 , cover material  3414  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  3414  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  3412 , integrated OLED touch/display  3410 , adhesive  3408 , and piezoelectric film  3404 . Piezoelectric film  3404  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on the amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via electrode  3406 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  3404  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3414 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3414 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  3414 . In other examples, electrode  3406  can be coupled to ground and electrode  3402  can be coupled to the sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount of force applied to cover material  3414  based on electric charge received from electrode  3402 . 
       FIG. 35  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  3500  for a device containing an integrated OLED touch display  3510 . Stackup  3500  can include piezoelectric film  3504  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  3504  can include a first electrode  3502  and a second electrode  3506  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  3516  and  3518  show the shapes of electrodes  3502  and  3506 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3500 . In the illustrated example, electrode  3502  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  3504  and electrode  3506  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  3504 . While  FIG. 35  shows electrode  3506  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  3506  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. 
     Stackup  3500  can further include integrated OLED touch/display  3510  coupled to piezoelectric film  3504  by adhesive  3508 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  3504 , adhesive  3508 , and electrodes  3502  and  3506  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  3510  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Integrated touch/display  3510  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.  FIG. 27 , discussed above, shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2723  of an integrated touch screen according to various examples. Stackup  3500  can further include cover material  3514  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to integrated OLED touch/display  3510  by optically clear adhesive  3512 . 
     Electrode  3506  can be separated into discrete electrodes to allow sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  3506  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  3514 . Additionally, separating electrode  3506  into discrete electrodes allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3514  at the same time. For example, electrode  3516  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  3506  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  3504  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  3514 , cover material  3514  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  3514  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  3512 , integrated OLED touch/display  3510 , adhesive  3508 , and piezoelectric film  3504 . Piezoelectric film  3504  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location corresponding to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  3506  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  3504  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3514 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3514 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  3506  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  3514 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  3506  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3514  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  3506  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  3504  and electrode  3502  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  3504 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrode  3506  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  3502  can be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  3514  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 35 . 
       FIG. 36  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  3600  for a device containing an integrated OLED touch/display  3610 . Stackup  3600  can include piezoelectric film  3604  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  3304  can include a first electrode  3602  and a second electrode  3606  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  3616  and  3618  show the shapes of electrodes  3602  and  3606 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3600 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  3602  and  3606  can both include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  3604 . While  FIG. 36  shows electrodes  3602  and  3606  each having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrodes  3602  and  3606  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern such that the electrodes of electrode  3602  are positioned opposite the electrodes of electrode  3606  on piezoelectric film  3604 . 
     Stackup  3600  can further include integrated OLED touch/display  3610  coupled to piezoelectric film  3604  by adhesive  3608 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  3604 , adhesive  3608 , and electrodes  3602  and  3606  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  3610  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Integrated OLED touch/display  3610  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.  FIG. 27 , discussed above, shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2723  of an integrated touch screen according to various examples. Stackup  3600  can further include cover material  3614  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to integrated OLED touch/display  3610  by optically clear adhesive  3612 . 
     Electrodes  3602  and  3606  can be separated into discrete electrodes positioned opposite each other on piezoelectric film  3604  to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  3606  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  3614 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3614  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  3606 . For example, the electrodes of electrode  3602  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  3606  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  3604  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  3614 , cover material  3614  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  3614  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  3612 , integrated OLED touch/display  3610 , adhesive  3608 , and piezoelectric film  3604 . Piezoelectric film  3604  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  3606  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  3604  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3614 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3614 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  3606  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  3614 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  3606  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3614  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  3606  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  3602  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  3614  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  3602 . 
       FIG. 37  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  3700  for a device containing an integrated OLED touch/display  3710 . Stackup  3700  can include piezoelectric film  3704  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  3704  can include a first electrode  3702  and a second electrode  3706  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  3716  and  3718  show the shapes of electrodes  3702  and  3706 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3700 . In the illustrated example, electrode  3702  can include multiple discrete columns of electrodes and electrode  3706  can include multiple discrete rows of electrodes. While  FIG. 37  shows electrodes  3702  and  3706  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  3702  and  3706  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     Stackup  3700  can further include integrated OLED touch/display  3710  coupled to piezoelectric film  3704  by adhesive  3708 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  3704 , adhesive  3708 , and electrodes  3702  and  3706  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  3710  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Integrated touch/display  3710  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.  FIG. 27 , discussed above, shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2723  of an integrated touch screen according to various examples. Stackup  3700  can further include cover material  3714  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to integrated OLED touch/display  3710  by optically clear adhesive  3712 . 
     In some examples, the electrodes of electrode  3702  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  3706  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  3704  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  3714 , cover material  3714  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  3714  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  3712 , integrated OLED touch/display  3710 , adhesive  3708 , and piezoelectric film  3704 . Piezoelectric film  3704  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  3706  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  3704  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3714 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3714 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  3706  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  3714 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  3706  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3714  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  3706  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  3702  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  3714  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  3702 . 
     In yet other examples, electrode  3702  can be coupled to ground and electrode  3706  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  3706  of an applied force. Using, for example, switching circuitry coupled to electrodes  3702  and  3706 , electrode  3702  can then be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  3706  can then be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  3702  of an applied force. The intersection of the determined row and column can be interpreted as a location of the force on cover material  3714 . 
       FIG. 38  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  3800  for a device containing an integrated OLED touch/display  3814 . Stackup  3800  can further include a first piezoelectric film  3804  and a second piezoelectric film  3808  coupled to first piezoelectric film  3804 . The first and second piezoelectric films  3804  and  3808  can both include a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. A first electrode  3802  can be formed on the bottom of the first piezoelectric film  3804 , a second electrode  3806  can be formed between the first and second piezoelectric films  3804  and  3808 , and a third electrode  3810  can be formed on the top of the second piezoelectric film  3808 . The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  3820 ,  3822 , and  3824  show the shapes of electrodes  3802 ,  3806 , and  3810 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3800 . 
     Stackup  3800  can further include integrated OLED touch/display  3814  coupled to second piezoelectric film  3808  by adhesive  3812 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric films  3804  and  3808 , adhesive  3812 , and electrodes  3802 ,  3806 , and  3810  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  3814  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Integrated touch/display  3814  can include circuit elements, such as touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, in the display pixel stackups that can be grouped together to form touch sensing circuitry that senses a touch on or near the display. An integrated touch/display can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.  FIG. 27 , discussed above, shows an example configuration of drive lines  2722  and sense lines  2723  of an integrated touch screen according to various examples. Stackup  3800  can further include cover material  3818  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to OLED display  3814  by optically clear adhesive  3816 . 
     Electrodes  3802  and  3810  can be separated into discrete columns and rows of electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrodes  3802  and  3810  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  3818 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3818  can be detected at the same time using the electrodes of electrodes  3802  and  3810 . For example, electrode  3806  can be coupled to ground while the electrodes of electrode  3802  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  3804  coupled to the electrode. The electrodes of electrode  3810  can also be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  3808  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  3818 , cover material  3818  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  3818  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  3816 , integrated OLED touch/display  3814 , adhesive  3812 , and piezoelectric films  3808  and  3804 . Piezoelectric films  3808  and  3804  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  3810  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  3808  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Similarly the electrode of electrode  3802  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  3804  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric films  3804  and  3808  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the films and because the amount of deformation of the films can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3818 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3818 . Additionally, since the location of the electrodes of electrodes  3802  and  3810  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. For example, electrode  3810  can be used to determine the row at which the force was applied, while electrode  3802  can be used to determine the column at which the force was applied. The intersection of the determined row and column can be the location of the applied force. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  3818 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrodes  3802  and  3810  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  3818  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  3810  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  3804  and electrode  3802  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  3808 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrodes  3802  and  3810  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  3818  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 38 . 
       FIG. 39  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  3900  for a device containing an LCD display  3914 . Stackup  3900  can include a backlight unit  3902  coupled to a piezoelectric film  3906  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  3906  can include a first electrode  3904  and a second electrode  3908  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  3930  and  3932  show the shapes of electrodes  3904  and  3908 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3900 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  3904  and  3908  can both have a shape that substantially matches that of piezoelectric film  3906  and can extend along the surfaces of piezoelectric film  3906 . 
     Stackup  3900  can further include LCD display  3914  coupled between a back polarizer  3912  and front polarizer  3916 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  3906  by optically clear adhesive  3910 . Stackup  3900  can further include touch sensor substrate  3922  coupled to front polarizer  3916  by optically clear adhesive  3918 . Touch sensor substrate  3922  can include electrodes  3920  and  3924  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  3934  and  3936  show the shapes of electrodes  3920  and  3924 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  3900 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  3920  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  3924  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  3900  can further include cover material  3928  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  3922  by optically clear adhesive  3926 . While  FIG. 39  shows three columns of electrodes  3920  and three rows of electrodes  3924 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  3920  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  3922  and electrode  3924  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  3922 . 
     In some examples, electrode  3904  can be coupled to ground and electrode  3908  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  3906 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  3928 , cover material  3928  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  3928  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  3926 , touch sensor substrate  3922 , optically clear adhesive  3918 , polarizers  3916  and  3912 , LCD display  3914 , optically clear adhesive  3910 , and piezoelectric film  3906 . Piezoelectric film  3906  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via electrode  3908 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  3906  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3928 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  3928 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  3928 . In other examples, the electrode  3908  can be coupled to ground and electrode  3904  can be coupled to the sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount of force applied to cover material  3928  based on electric charge received from electrode  3904 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  3922  and electrodes  3920  and  3924  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  3928 ) on cover material  3928  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  3924  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  3920 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  3924  to the electrodes  3920 . The crossing electrodes  3920  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  3928 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  3924  and  3920  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  3924  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  3920  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  3920  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  3906  and electrodes  3904  and  3908 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  3928  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  3920  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  3924  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  3928 . 
       FIG. 40  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  4000  for a device containing an LCD display  4014 . Stackup  4000  can include a backlight unit  4002  coupled to a piezoelectric film  4006  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  4006  can include a first electrode  4004  and a second electrode  4008  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4030  and  4032  show the shapes of electrodes  4004  and  4008 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4000 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4004  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  4006  and electrode  4008  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  4006 . While electrode  4008  is shown as having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  4008  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. 
     Stackup  4000  can further include LCD display  4014  coupled between a back polarizer  4012  and front polarizer  4016 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  4006  by optically clear adhesive  4010 . Stackup  4000  can further include touch sensor substrate  4022  coupled to front polarizer  4016  by optically clear adhesive  4018 . Touch sensor substrate  4022  can include electrodes  4020  and  4024  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4034  and  4036  show the shapes of electrodes  4020  and  4024 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4000 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  4020  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  4024  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  4000  can further include cover material  4028  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  4022  by optically clear adhesive  4026 . While  FIG. 40  shows three columns of electrodes  4020  and three rows of electrodes  4024 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4020  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  4022  and electrode  4024  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  4022 . 
     Electrode  4008  can be separated into discrete electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  4008  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  4028 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4028  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  4008 . For example, electrode  4004  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  4008  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  4006  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  4028 , cover material  4028  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  4028  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  4026 , touch sensor substrate  4022 , optically clear adhesive  4018 , polarizers  4016  and  4012 , LCD display  4014 , optically clear adhesive  4010 , and piezoelectric film  4006 . Piezoelectric film  4006  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  4008  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  4006  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4028 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4028 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  4008  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  4028 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  4008  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4028  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  4008  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  4006  and electrode  4004  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  4006 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrode  4008  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  4004  can be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  4028  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 40 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  4022  and electrodes  4020  and  4024  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  4028 ) on cover material  4028  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  4024  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  4020 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  4024  to the electrodes  4020 . The crossing electrodes  4020  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  4028 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  4024  and  4020  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  4024  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  4020  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  4020  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  4006  and electrodes  4004  and  4008 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  4028  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  4020  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  4024  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  4028 . 
       FIG. 41  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  4100  for a device containing an LCD display  4114 . Stackup  4100  can include a backlight unit  4102  coupled to a piezoelectric film  4106  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  4106  can include a first electrode  4104  and a second electrode  4108  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4130  and  4132  show the shapes of electrodes  4104  and  4108 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4100 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4104  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes and electrode  4108  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 41  shows three columns of electrodes  4104  and three rows of electrodes  4108 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4104  can be formed on the top of piezoelectric film  4106  and electrode  4108  can be formed on the bottom of piezoelectric film  4106 . 
     Stackup  4100  can further include LCD display  4114  coupled between a back polarizer  4112  and front polarizer  4116 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  4106  by optically clear adhesive  4110 . Stackup  4100  can further include touch sensor substrate  4122  coupled to front polarizer  4116  by optically clear adhesive  4118 . Touch sensor substrate  4122  can include electrodes  4120  and  4124  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4134  and  4136  show the shapes of electrodes  4120  and  4124 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4100 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  4120  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  4124  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  4100  can further include cover material  4128  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  4122  by optically clear adhesive  4126 . While  FIG. 41  shows three columns of electrodes  4120  and three rows of electrodes  4124 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4120  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  4122  and electrode  4124  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  4122 . 
     In some examples, the electrodes of electrode  4104  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  4108  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  4106  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  4128 , cover material  4128  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  4128  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  4126 , touch sensor substrate  4122 , optically clear adhesive  4118 , polarizers  4116 , and  4112 , LCD display  4114 , optically clear adhesive  4110 , and piezoelectric film  4106 . Piezoelectric film  4106  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  4108  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  4106  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4128 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4128 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  4108  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  4128 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  4108  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4128  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  4108  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  4104  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  4128  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  4104 . 
     In yet other examples, electrode  4104  can be coupled to ground and electrode  4108  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  4108  of an applied force. Using, for example, switching circuitry coupled to electrodes  4104  and  4108 , electrode  4104  can then be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  4108  can then be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  4104  of an applied force. The intersection of the determined row and column can be interpreted as a location of the force on cover material  4128 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  4122  and electrodes  4120  and  4124  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  4128 ) on cover material  4128  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  4124  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  4120 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  4124  to the electrodes  4120 . The crossing electrodes  4120  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  4128 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  4124  and  4120  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  4124  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  4120  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  4120  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  4106  and electrodes  4104  and  4108 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  4128  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  4120  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  4124  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  4128 . 
       FIG. 42  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  4200  for a device containing an LCD display  4214 . Stackup  4200  can include a backlight unit  4202  coupled to a piezoelectric film  4206  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  4206  can include a first electrode  4204  and a second electrode  4208  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4230  and  4232  show the shapes of electrodes  4204  and  4208 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4200 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  4204  and  4208  can both include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  4206 . While  FIG. 42  shows electrodes  4204  and  4208  each having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrodes  4204  and  4208  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern such that the electrodes of electrode  4204  are positioned opposite the electrodes of electrode  4208  on piezoelectric film  4206 . 
     Stackup  4200  can further include LCD display  4214  coupled between a back polarizer  4212  and front polarizer  4216 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  4206  by optically clear adhesive  4210 . Stackup  4200  can further include touch sensor substrate  4222  coupled to front polarizer  4216  by optically clear adhesive  4218 . Touch sensor substrate  4222  can include electrodes  4220  and  4224  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4234  and  4236  show the shapes of electrodes  4220  and  4224 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4200 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  4220  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  4224  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  4200  can further include cover material  4228  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  4222  by optically clear adhesive  4226 . While  FIG. 42  shows three columns of electrodes  4220  and three rows of electrodes  4224 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4220  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  4222  and electrode  4224  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  4222 . 
     Electrodes  4204  and  4208  can be separated into discrete electrodes positioned opposite each other on piezoelectric film  4206  to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  4208  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  4228 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4228  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  4208 . For example, the electrodes of electrode  4204  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  4208  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  4206  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  4228 , cover material  4228  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  4228  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  4226 , touch sensor substrate  4222 , optically clear adhesive  4218 , polarizers  4216  and  4212 , LCD display  4214 , optically clear adhesive  4210 , and piezoelectric film  4206 . Piezoelectric film  4206  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  4208  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  4206  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4228 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4228 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  4208  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  4228 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  4208  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4228  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  4208  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  4204  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  4228  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  4204 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  4222  and electrodes  4220  and  4224  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  4228 ) on cover material  4228  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  4224  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  4220 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  4224  to the electrodes  4220 . The crossing electrodes  4220  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  4228 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  4224  and  4220  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  4224  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  4220  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  4220  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  4206  and electrodes  4204  and  4208 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  4228  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  4220  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  4224  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  4228 . 
       FIG. 43  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  4300  for a device containing an LCD display  4318 . Stackup  4300  can include a backlight unit  4302  coupled to a first piezoelectric film  4306  and a second piezoelectric film  4310  coupled to first piezoelectric film  4306 . The first and second piezoelectric films  4306  and  4310  can both include a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. A first electrode  4304  can be formed on the bottom of the first piezoelectric film  4306 , a second electrode  4308  can be formed between the first and second piezoelectric films  4306  and  4310 , and a third electrode  4312  can be formed on the top of the second piezoelectric film  4310 . The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  4334 ,  4336 , and  4338  show the shapes of electrodes  4304 ,  4308 , and  4312 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4300 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4304  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes, electrode  4308  can include an electrode extending along the surfaces of piezoelectric films  4306  and  4310 , and electrode  4312  can include rows of multiple discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 43  shows electrodes  4304  and  4312  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  4304  and  4312  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     Stackup  4300  can further include LCD display  4318  coupled between a back polarizer  4316  and front polarizer  4320 . The back polarizer can be coupled to second piezoelectric film  4310  by optically clear adhesive  4314 . Stackup  4300  can further include touch sensor substrate  4326  coupled to front polarizer  4320  by optically clear adhesive  4322 . Touch sensor substrate  4326  can include electrodes  4324  and  4328  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4340  and  4342  show the shapes of electrodes  4324  and  4328 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4300 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  4324  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  4328  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  4300  can further include cover material  4332  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  4326  by optically clear adhesive  4330 . While  FIG. 43  shows three columns of electrodes  4324  and three rows of electrodes  4328 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4324  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  4326  and electrode  4328  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  4326 . 
     Electrodes  4304  and  4312  can be separated into discrete columns and rows of electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrodes  4304  and  4312  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  4332 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4332  can be detected at the same time using the electrodes of electrodes  4304  and  4312 . For example, electrode  4308  can be coupled to ground while the electrodes of electrode  4304  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  4306  coupled to the electrode. The electrodes of electrode  4312  can also be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  4310  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  4332 , cover material  4332  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  4332  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  4330 , touch sensor substrate  4326 , optically clear adhesive  4322 , polarizers  4320  and  4316 , LCD display  4318 , optically clear adhesive  4314 , and piezoelectric films  4310  and  4306 . Piezoelectric films  4310  and  4306  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  4312  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  4310  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Similarly the electrode of electrode  4304  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  4306  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric films  4306  and  4310  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the films and because the amount of deformation of the films can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4332 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4332 . Additionally, since the location of the electrodes of electrodes  4304  and  4312  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. For example, electrode  4312  can be used to determine the row at which the force was applied, while electrode  4304  can be used to determine the column at which the force was applied. The intersection of the determined row and column can be the location of the applied force. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  4332 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrodes  4304  and  4312  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4332  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  4312  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  4306  and electrode  4304  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  4310 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrodes  4304  and  4312  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  4332  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 43 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  4326  and electrodes  4324  and  4328  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  4332 ) on cover material  4332  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  4328  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  4324 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  4328  to the electrodes  4324 . The crossing electrodes  4324  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  4332 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  4328  and  4324  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  4328  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  4324  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  4324  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric films  4306  and  4310  and electrodes  4304 ,  4308 , and  4312 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  4332  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  4324  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  4328  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  4332 . 
       FIG. 44  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  4400  for a device containing an LCD display  4414 . Stackup  4400  can include a backlight unit  4402  coupled to a piezoelectric film  4406  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  4406  can include a first electrode  4404  and a second electrode  4408  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4430  and  4432  show the shapes of electrodes  4404  and  4408 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4400 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  4404  and  4408  can both have a shape that substantially matches that of piezoelectric film  4406  and can extend along the surfaces of piezoelectric film  4406 . 
     Stackup  4400  can further include LCD display  4414  coupled between a back polarizer  4412  and front polarizer  4416 . The back polarizer  4412  can be coupled to piezoelectric film  4406  by optically clear adhesive  4410 . Stackup  4400  can further include touch sensor substrate  4422  coupled to front polarizer  4416  by optically clear adhesive  4418 . Touch sensor substrate  4422  can include electrodes  4420  and  4424  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4434  and  4436  show the shapes of electrodes  4420  and  4424 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4400 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4424  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  4422  and electrode  4420  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  4420 . Stackup  4400  can further include cover material  4428  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  4422  by optically clear adhesive  4426 . While  FIG. 44  shows electrode  4424  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  4424  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4420  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  4422  and electrode  4424  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  4422 . 
     In some examples, electrode  4404  can be coupled to ground and electrode  4408  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  4406 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  4428 , cover material  4428  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  4428  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  4426 , touch sensor substrate  4422 , optically clear adhesive  4418 , polarizers  4416  and  4412 , LCD display  4414 , optically clear adhesive  4410 , and piezoelectric film  4406 . Piezoelectric film  4406  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via electrode  4408 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  4406  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4428 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4428 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  4428 . In other examples, the electrode  4408  can be coupled to ground and electrode  4404  can be coupled to the sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount of force applied to cover material  4428  based on electric charge received from electrode  4404 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  4420  and  4424  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  4428 ) on cover material  4428  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  4424  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  4428 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  4424  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  4424 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  4406  and electrodes  4402  and  4408 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  4428  can be determined. 
       FIG. 45  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  4500  for a device containing an LCD display  4514 . Stackup  4500  can include a backlight unit  4502  coupled to a piezoelectric film  4506  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  4506  can include a first electrode  4504  and a second electrode  4508  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4530  and  4532  show the shapes of electrodes  4504  and  4508 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4500 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4504  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  4506  and electrode  4508  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  4506 . While electrode  4508  is shown as having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  4508  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. 
     Stackup  4500  can further include LCD display  4514  coupled between a back polarizer  4512  and front polarizer  4516 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  4506  by optically clear adhesive  4510 . Stackup  4500  can further include touch sensor substrate  4522  coupled to front polarizer  4516  by optically clear adhesive  4518 . Touch sensor substrate  4522  can include electrodes  4520  and  4524  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4534  and  4536  show the shapes of electrodes  4520  and  4524 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4500 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4524  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  4522  and electrode  4520  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  4422 . Stackup  4500  can further include cover material  4528  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  4522  by optically clear adhesive  4526 . While  FIG. 45  shows electrode  4524  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  4524  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4520  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  4522  and electrode  4524  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  4522 . 
     Electrode  4508  can be separated into discrete electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  4508  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  4528 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4528  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  4508 . For example, electrode  4504  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  4508  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  4506  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  4528 , cover material  4528  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  4528  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  4526 , touch sensor substrate  4522 , optically clear adhesive  4518 , polarizers  4516  and  4512 , LCD display  4514 , optically clear adhesive  4510 , and piezoelectric film  4506 . Piezoelectric film  4506  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  4508  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  4506  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4528 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4528 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  4508  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  4528 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  4508  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4528  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  4508  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  4506  and electrode  4504  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  4506 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrode  4508  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  4504  can be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  4528  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 45 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  4520  and  4524  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  4528 ) on cover material  4528  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  4524  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  4528 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  4524  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  4524 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  4506  and electrodes  4504  and  4508 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  4528  can be determined. 
       FIG. 46  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  4600  for a device containing an LCD display  4614 . Stackup  4600  can include a backlight unit  4602  coupled to a piezoelectric film  4606  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  4606  can include a first electrode  4604  and a second electrode  4608  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4630  and  4632  show the shapes of electrodes  4604  and  4608 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4600 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4604  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes and electrode  4608  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 46  shows three columns of electrodes  4604  and three rows of electrodes  4608 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4604  can be formed on the top of piezoelectric film  4606  and electrode  4608  can be formed on the bottom of piezoelectric film  4606 . Stackup  4600  can further include LCD display  4614  coupled between a back polarizer  4612  and front polarizer  4616 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  4606  by optically clear adhesive  4610 . Stackup  4600  can further include touch sensor substrate  4622  coupled to front polarizer  4616  by optically clear adhesive  4618 . Touch sensor substrate  4622  can include electrodes  4620  and  4624  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4634  and  4636  show the shapes of electrodes  4620  and  4624 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4600 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4624  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  4622  and electrode  4520  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  4622 . Stackup  4600  can further include cover material  4628  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  4622  by optically clear adhesive  4626 . While  FIG. 46  shows electrode  4624  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  4624  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4620  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  4622  and electrode  4624  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  4622 . 
     In some examples, the electrodes of electrode  4604  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  4608  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  4606  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  4628 , cover material  4628  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  4628  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  4626 , touch sensor substrate  4622 , optically clear adhesive  4618 , polarizers  4616  and  4612 , LCD display  4614 , optically clear adhesive  4610 , and piezoelectric film  4606 . Piezoelectric film  4606  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  4608  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  4606  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4628 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4628 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  4608  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  4628 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  4608  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4628  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  4608  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  4604  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  4628  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  4604 . 
     In yet other examples, electrode  4604  can be coupled to ground and electrode  4608  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  4608  of an applied force. Using, for example, switching circuitry coupled to electrodes  4604  and  4608 , electrode  4604  can then be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  4608  can then be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  4604  of an applied force. The intersection of the determined row and column can be interpreted as a location of the force on cover material  4628 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  4620  and  4624  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  4628 ) on cover material  4628  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  4624  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  4628 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  4624  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  4624 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  4606  and electrodes  4604  and  4608 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  4628  can be determined. 
       FIG. 47  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  4700  for a device containing an LCD display  4714 . Stackup  4700  can include a backlight unit  4702  coupled to a piezoelectric film  4706  formed from a transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  4706  can include a first electrode  4704  and a second electrode  4708  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4730  and  4732  show the shapes of electrodes  4704  and  4708 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4700 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  4704  and  4708  can both include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the surfaces of piezoelectric film  4706 . While  FIG. 47  shows electrodes  4704  and  4708  each having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrodes  4704  and  4708  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern such that the electrodes of electrode  4704  are positioned opposite the electrodes of electrode  4708  on piezoelectric film  4706 . 
     Stackup  4700  can further include LCD display  4714  coupled between a back polarizer  4712  and front polarizer  4716 . The back polarizer can be coupled to piezoelectric film  4706  by optically clear adhesive  4710 . Stackup  4700  can further include touch sensor substrate  4722  coupled to front polarizer  4716  by optically clear adhesive  4718 . Touch sensor substrate  4722  can include electrodes  4720  and  4724  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4734  and  4736  show the shapes of electrodes  4720  and  4724 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4700 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4724  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  4722  and electrode  4720  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  4722 . Stackup  4700  can further include cover material  4728  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  4722  by optically clear adhesive  4726 . While  FIG. 47  shows electrode  4724  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  4724  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4720  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  4722  and electrode  4724  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  4722 . 
     Electrodes  4704  and  4708  can be separated into discrete electrodes positioned opposite each other on piezoelectric film  4706  to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  4708  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  4728 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4728  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  4708 . For example, the electrodes of electrode  4704  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  4708  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  4706  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  4728 , cover material  4728  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  4728  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  4726 , touch sensor substrate  4722 , optically clear adhesive  4718 , polarizers  4716  and  4712 , LCD display  4714 , optically clear adhesive  4710 , and piezoelectric film  4706 . Piezoelectric film  4706  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  4708  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  4706  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4728 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4728 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  4708  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  4728 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  4708  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4728  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  4708  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  4704  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  4728  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  4704 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  4720  and  4724  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  4728 ) on cover material  4728  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  4724  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  4728 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  4724  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  4724 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  4706  and electrodes  4704  and  4708 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  4728  can be determined. 
       FIG. 48  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  4800  for a device containing an LCD display  4818 . Stackup  4800  can include a backlight unit  4802  coupled to a first piezoelectric film  4806  and a second piezoelectric film  4810  coupled to first piezoelectric film  4806 . The first and second piezoelectric films  4806  and  4810  can both include a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. A first electrode  4804  can be formed on the bottom of the first piezoelectric film  4806 , a second electrode  4808  can be formed between the first and second piezoelectric films  4806  and  4810 , and a third electrode  4812  can be formed on the top of the second piezoelectric film  4810 . The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  4834 ,  4836 , and  4838  show the shapes of electrodes  4803 ,  4808 , and  4812 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4800 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4804  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes, electrode  4808  can include an electrode extending along the surfaces of piezoelectric films  4806  and  4810 , and electrode  4812  can include rows of multiple discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 48  shows electrodes  4804  and  4812  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  4804  and  4812  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     Stackup  4800  can further include LCD display  4818  coupled between a back polarizer  4816  and front polarizer  4820 . The back polarizer can be coupled to second piezoelectric film  4810  by optically clear adhesive  4814 . Stackup  4800  can further include touch sensor substrate  4826  coupled to front polarizer  4820  by optically clear adhesive  4822 . Touch sensor substrate  4826  can include electrodes  4824  and  4828  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4840  and  4842  show the shapes of electrodes  4824  and  4828 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4800 . In the illustrated example, electrode  4828  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  4826  and electrode  4824  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  4826 . Stackup  4800  can further include cover material  4832  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  4826  by optically clear adhesive  4830 . While  FIG. 4800  shows electrode  4828  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  4828  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4824  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  4826  and electrode  4828  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  4826 . 
     Electrodes  4804  and  4812  can be separated into discrete columns and rows of electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrodes  4804  and  4812  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  4832 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4832  can be detected at the same time using the electrodes of electrodes  4804  and  4812 . For example, electrode  4808  can be coupled to ground while the electrodes of electrode  4804  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  4806  coupled to the electrode. The electrodes of electrode  4812  can also be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  4810  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  4832 , cover material  4832  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  4832  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  4830 , touch sensor substrate  4826 , optically clear adhesive  4822 , polarizers  4820  and  4816 , LCD display  4818 , optically clear adhesive  4814 , and piezoelectric films  4810  and  4806 . Piezoelectric films  4810  and  4806  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  4812  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  4810  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Similarly the electrode of electrode  4804  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  4806  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric films  4806  and  4810  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the films and because the amount of deformation of the films can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4832 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4832 . Additionally, since the location of the electrodes of electrodes  4804  and  4812  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. For example, electrode  4812  can be used to determine the row at which the force was applied, while electrode  4804  can be used to determine the column at which the force was applied. The intersection of the determined row and column can be the location of the applied force. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  4832 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrodes  4804  and  4812  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  4832  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  4812  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  4806  and electrode  4804  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  4810 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrodes  4804  and  4812  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  4832  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 48 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  4824  and  4828  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  4822 ) on cover material  4832  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  4828  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  4832 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  4828  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  4828 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric films  4806  and  4810  and electrodes  4804 ,  4808 , and  4812 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  4832  can be determined. 
       FIG. 49  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  4900  for a device containing an OLED display  4910 . Stackup  4900  can include piezoelectric film  4904  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  4904  can include a first electrode  4902  and a second electrode  4906  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  4924  and  4926  show the shapes of electrodes  4902  and  4906 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4900 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  4902  and  4906  can both have a shape that substantially matches that of piezoelectric film  4904  and can extend along the surfaces of piezoelectric film  4904 . 
     Stackup  4900  can further include integrated OLED display  4910  coupled to piezoelectric film  4904  by adhesive  4908 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  4904 , adhesive  4908 , and electrodes  4902  and  4906  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  4910  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Stackup  4900  can further include touch sensor substrate  4916  coupled to OLED display  4910  by optically clear adhesive  4912 . Touch sensor substrate  4916  can include electrodes  4914  and  4918  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  4928  and  4930  show the shapes of electrodes  4914  and  4918 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  4900 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  4914  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  4918  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  4900  can further include cover material  4922  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  4916  by optically clear adhesive  4920 . While  FIG. 49  shows three columns of electrodes  4914  and three rows of electrodes  4918 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  4914  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  4916  and electrode  4918  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  4914 . 
     In some examples, electrode  4902  can be coupled to ground and electrode  4906  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  4904 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  4922 , cover material  4922  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  4922  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  4920 , touch sensor substrate  4916 , optically clear adhesive  4912 , OLED display  4910 , adhesive  4908 , and piezoelectric film  4904 . Piezoelectric film  4904  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via electrode  4906 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  4904  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4922 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  4922 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  4922 . In other examples, the electrode  4906  can be coupled to ground and electrode  4902  can be coupled to the sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount of force applied to cover material  4922  based on electric charge received from electrode  4902 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  4916  and electrodes  4914  and  4918  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  4922 ) on cover material  4922  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  4918  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  4914 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  4918  to the electrodes  4914 . The crossing electrodes  4914  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  4922 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  4918  and  4914  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  4918  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  4914  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  4914  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  4904  and electrodes  4902  and  4906 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  4922  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  4914  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  4918  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  4922 . 
       FIG. 50  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  5000  for a device containing an OLED display  5010 . Stackup  5000  can include piezoelectric film  5004  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  5004  can include a first electrode  5002  and a second electrode  5006  formed on opposite surfaces of the film  5004 . The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  5024  and  5026  show the shapes of electrodes  5002  and  5006 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5000 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5002  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  5004  and electrode  5006  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  5004 . While electrode  5006  is shown as having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  5006  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. 
     Stackup  5000  can further include integrated OLED display  5010  coupled to piezoelectric film  5004  by adhesive  5008 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  5004 , adhesive  5008 , and electrodes  5002  and  5006  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  5010  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Stackup  5000  can further include touch sensor substrate  5016  coupled to OLED display  5012  by optically clear adhesive  5012 . Touch sensor substrate  5016  can include electrodes  5014  and  5018  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  5028  and  5030  show the shapes of electrodes  5014  and  5018 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5000 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  5014  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  5018  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  5000  can further include cover material  5022  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  5016  by optically clear adhesive  5020 . While  FIG. 50  shows three columns of electrodes  5014  and three rows of electrodes  5018 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5014  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  5016  and electrode  5018  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  5014 . 
     Electrode  5006  can be separated into discrete electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  5006  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  5022 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5022  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  5006 . For example, electrode  5002  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  5006  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  5004  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  5022 , cover material  5022  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  5022  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  5020 , touch sensor substrate  5016 , optically clear adhesive  5012 , OLED display  5010 , adhesive  5008 , and piezoelectric film  5004 . Piezoelectric film  5004  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  5006  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  5004  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5022 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5022 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  5006  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  5022 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  5006  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5022  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  5006  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  5004  and electrode  5002  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  5004 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrode  5006  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  5002  can be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  5022  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 50 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  5016  and electrodes  5014  and  5018  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  5022 ) on cover material  5022  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  5018  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  5014 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  5018  to the electrodes  5014 . The crossing electrodes  5014  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  5022 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  5018  and  5014  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  5018  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  5014  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  5014  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  5004  and electrodes  5002  and  5006 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  5022  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  5014  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  5018  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  5022 . 
       FIG. 51  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  5100  for a device containing an OLED display  5110 . Stackup  5100  can include piezoelectric film  5104  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  5104  can include a first electrode  5102  and a second electrode  5106  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  5124  and  5126  show the shapes of electrodes  5102  and  5106 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5100 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5102  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes and electrode  5106  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 51  shows three columns of electrodes  5102  and three rows of electrodes  5106 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5102  can be formed on the top of piezoelectric film  5104  and electrode  5106  can be formed on the bottom of piezoelectric film  5104 . 
     Stackup  5100  can further include integrated OLED display  5110  coupled to piezoelectric film  5104  by adhesive  5108 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  5104 , adhesive  5108 , and electrodes  5102  and  5106  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  5110  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Stackup  5100  can further include touch sensor substrate  5116  coupled to OLED display  5112  by optically clear adhesive  5112 . Touch sensor substrate  5116  can include electrodes  5114  and  5118  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  5128  and  5130  show the shapes of electrodes  5114  and  5118 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5100 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  5114  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  5118  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  5100  can further include cover material  5122  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  5116  by optically clear adhesive  5120 . While  FIG. 51  shows three columns of electrodes  5114  and three rows of electrodes  5118 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5114  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  5116  and electrode  5118  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  5114 . 
     In some examples, the electrodes of electrode  5102  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  5106  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  5104  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  5122 , cover material  5122  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  5122  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  5120 , touch sensor substrate  5116 , optically clear adhesive  5112 , OLED display  5110 , adhesive  5108 , and piezoelectric film  5104 . Piezoelectric film  5104  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  5106  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  5104  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5122 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5122 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  5106  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  5122 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  5106  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5122  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  5106  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  5104  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  5122  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  5102 . 
     In yet other examples, electrode  5102  can be coupled to ground and electrode  5106  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  5106  of an applied force. Using, for example, switching circuitry coupled to electrodes  5102  and  5106 , electrode  5102  can then be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  5106  can then be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  5102  of an applied force. The intersection of the determined row and column can be interpreted as a location of the force on cover material  5122 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  5116  and electrodes  5114  and  5118  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  5122 ) on cover material  5122  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  5118  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  5114 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  5118  to the electrodes  5114 . The crossing electrodes  5114  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  5122 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  5118  and  5114  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  5118  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  5114  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  5114  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  5104  and electrodes  5102  and  5106 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  5122  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  5114  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  5118  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  5122 . 
       FIG. 52  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  5200  for a device containing an OLED display  5210 . Stackup  5200  can include piezoelectric film  5204  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  5204  can include a first electrode  5202  and a second electrode  5206  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  5224  and  5226  show the shapes of electrodes  5202  and  5206 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5200 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  5202  and  5206  can both include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  5204 . While  FIG. 52  shows electrodes  5202  and  5206  each having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrodes  5202  and  5206  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern such that the electrodes of electrode  5202  are positioned opposite the electrodes of electrode  5206  on piezoelectric film  5204 . 
     Stackup  5200  can further include OLED display  5210  coupled to piezoelectric film  5204  by adhesive  5208 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  5204 , adhesive  5208 , and electrodes  5202  and  5206  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  5210  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Stackup  5200  can further include touch sensor substrate  5216  coupled to OLED display  5212  by optically clear adhesive  5212 . Touch sensor substrate  5216  can include electrodes  5214  and  5218  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  5228  and  5230  show the shapes of electrodes  5214  and  5218 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5200 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  5214  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  5218  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  5200  can further include cover material  5222  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  5216  by optically clear adhesive  5220 . While  FIG. 52  shows three columns of electrodes  5214  and three rows of electrodes  5218 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5214  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  5216  and electrode  5218  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  5216 . 
     Electrodes  5202  and  5206  can be separated into discrete electrodes positioned opposite each other on piezoelectric film  5204  to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  5206  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  5222 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5222  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  5206 . For example, the electrodes of electrode  5202  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  5206  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  5404  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  5222 , cover material  5222  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  5222  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  5220 , touch sensor substrate  5216 , optically clear adhesive  5212 , OLED display  5210 , adhesive  5208 , and piezoelectric film  5204 . Piezoelectric film  5204  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  5206  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  5204  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5222 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5222 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  5206  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  5222 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  5206  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5222  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  5206  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  5202  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  5222  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  5202 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  5216  and electrodes  5214  and  5218  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  5222 ) on cover material  5222  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  5218  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  5214 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  5218  to the electrodes  5214 . The crossing electrodes  5214  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  5222 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  5218  and  5214  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  5218  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  5214  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  5214  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  5204  and electrodes  5202  and  5206 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  5222  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  5214  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  5218  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  5222 . 
       FIG. 53  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  5300  for a device containing an OLED display  5314 . Stackup  5300  can include a first piezoelectric film  5304 . Stackup  5300  can further include a second piezoelectric film  5308  coupled to first piezoelectric film  5304 . The first and second piezoelectric films  5308  and  5304  can both include a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. A first electrode  5302  can be formed on the bottom of the first piezoelectric film  5304 , a second electrode  5306  can be formed between the first and second piezoelectric films  5304  and  5308 , and a third electrode  5310  can be formed on the top of the second piezoelectric film  5308 . The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  5328 ,  5330 , and  5332  show the shapes of electrodes  5302 ,  5304 , and  5310 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5300 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5302  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes, electrode  5306  can include an electrode extending along the surfaces of piezoelectric films  5304  and  5308 , and electrode  5310  can include rows of multiple discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 53  shows electrodes  5302  and  5310  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  5302  and  5310  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     Stackup  5300  can further include OLED display  5314  coupled to second piezoelectric film  5308  by adhesive  5312 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric films  5304  and  5308 , adhesive  5312 , and electrodes  5302 ,  5306 , and  5310  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  5314  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Stackup  5300  can further include touch sensor substrate  5320  coupled to OLED display  5314  by optically clear adhesive  5316 . Touch sensor substrate  5320  can include electrodes  5318  and  5322  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  5334  and  5336  show the shapes of electrodes  5318  and  5322 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5300 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  5318  can include columns of multiple discrete electrodes and electrode  5322  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. Stackup  5300  can further include cover material  5326  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  5320  by optically clear adhesive  5324 . While  FIG. 53  shows three columns of electrodes  5318  and three rows of electrodes  5322 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5318  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  5320  and electrode  5322  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  5318 . 
     Electrodes  5302  and  5310  can be separated into discrete columns and rows of electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrodes  5302  and  5310  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  5326 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5326  can be detected at the same time using the electrodes of electrodes  5302  and  5310 . For example, electrode  5306  can be coupled to ground while the electrodes of electrode  5302  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  5304  coupled to the electrode. The electrodes of electrode  5310  can also be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  5308  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  5326 , cover material  5326  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  5326  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  5324 , touch sensor substrate  5320 , optically clear adhesive  5316 , OLED display  5314 , adhesive  5312 , and piezoelectric films  5308  and  5304 . Piezoelectric films  5308  and  5304  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  5310  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  5308  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Similarly the electrode of electrode  5302  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  5304  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric films  5304  and  5308  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the films and because the amount of deformation of the films can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5326 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5326 . Additionally, since the location of the electrodes of electrodes  5302  and  5310  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. For example, electrode  5310  can be used to determine the row at which the force was applied, while electrode  5302  can be used to determine the column at which the force was applied. The intersection of the determined row and column can be the location of the applied force. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  5326 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrodes  5302  and  5310  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5326  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  5310  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  5304  and electrode  5302  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  5308 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrodes  5302  and  5310  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  5326  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 53 . 
     Additionally, during operation, touch sensor substrate  5320  and electrodes  5318  and  5322  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  5326 ) on cover material  5326  using a mutual capacitance sensing technique. For example, electrodes  5322  can be driven with sinusoidal stimulation signals to capacitively couple with crossing columns of electrodes  5318 , thereby forming a capacitive path for coupling charge from electrodes  5322  to the electrodes  5318 . The crossing electrodes  5318  can output touch signals representing the coupled charge or current. When an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touches cover material  5328 , the object can cause a capacitance between electrodes  5322  and  5318  at the touch location to decrease. This capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the stimulated electrode  5322  being shunted through the touching object to ground rather than being coupled to the crossing electrode  5318  at the touch location. The touch signals representative of the capacitance change can be received by electrodes  5318  and transmitted to sense circuitry (e.g., similar or identical to sense circuitry  320 ) for processing. The touch signals can indicate the touch region where the touch occurred. When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  5304  and electrodes  5302  and  5306 , both the location of a touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  5326  can be determined. In other examples, electrode  5318  can be driven with stimulation signals while electrode  5322  can be coupled to sense circuitry for detecting a location of a touch event on cover material  5326 . 
       FIG. 54  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  5400  for a device containing an OLED display  5410 . Stackup  5400  can include piezoelectric film  5404  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  5404  can include a first electrode  5402  and a second electrode  5406  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  5424  and  5426  show the shapes of electrodes  5402  and  5406 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5400 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  5402  and  5406  can both have a shape that substantially matches that of piezoelectric film  5404  and can extend along the surfaces of piezoelectric film  5404 . 
     Stackup  5400  can further include integrated OLED display  5410  coupled to piezoelectric film  5404  by adhesive  5408 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  5404 , adhesive  5408 , and electrodes  5402  and  5406  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  5410  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Stackup  5400  can further include touch sensor substrate  5416  coupled to OLED display  5410  by optically clear adhesive  5412 . Touch sensor substrate  5416  can include electrodes  5414  and  5418  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  5428  and  5430  show the shapes of electrodes  5414  and  5418 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5400 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5418  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  5416  and electrode  5414  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  5416 . Stackup  5400  can further include cover material  5422  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  5416  by optically clear adhesive  5420 . While  FIG. 54  shows electrode  5418  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  5418  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5414  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  5416  and electrode  5418  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  5416 . 
     In some examples, electrode  5402  can be coupled to ground and electrode  5406  can be coupled to sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  5404 . During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  5422 , cover material  5422  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  5422  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  5420 , touch sensor substrate  5416 , optically clear adhesive  5412 , OLED display  5410 , adhesive  5408 , and piezoelectric film  5404 . Piezoelectric film  5404  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The generated electric charge can be received by the sense circuitry via electrode  5406 . Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  5404  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5422 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5422 . In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount of force applied to cover material  5422 . In other examples, the electrode  5406  can be coupled to ground and electrode  5402  can be coupled to the sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount of force applied to cover material  5422  based on electric charge received from electrode  5402 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  5414  and  5418  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  5422 ) on cover material  5422  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  5418  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  5422 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  5418  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  5418 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  5404  and electrodes  5402  and  5406 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  5422  can be determined. 
       FIG. 55  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  5500  for a device containing an OLED display  5510 . Stackup  5500  can include piezoelectric film  5504  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  5504  can include a first electrode  5502  and a second electrode  5506  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  5524  and  5526  show the shapes of electrodes  5502  and  5506 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5500 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5502  can extend along the bottom surface of piezoelectric film  5504  and electrode  5506  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  5504 . While electrode  5506  is shown as having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  5506  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. 
     Stackup  5500  can further include integrated OLED display  5510  coupled to piezoelectric film  5504  by adhesive  5508 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  5504 , adhesive  5508 , and electrodes  5502  and  5506  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  5510  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Stackup  5500  can further include touch sensor substrate  5516  coupled to OLED display  5510  by optically clear adhesive  5512 . Touch sensor substrate  5516  can include electrodes  5514  and  5518  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  5528  and  5530  show the shapes of electrodes  5514  and  5518 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5500 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5518  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  5516  and electrode  5514  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  5516 . Stackup  5500  can further include cover material  5522  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  5516  by optically clear adhesive  5520 . While  FIG. 55  shows electrode  5518  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  5518  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5514  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  5516  and electrode  5518  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  5516 . 
     Electrode  5506  can be separated into discrete electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  5506  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  5522 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5522  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  5506 . For example, electrode  5502  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  5506  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  5504  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  5522 , cover material  5522  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  5522  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  5520 , touch sensor substrate  5516 , optically clear adhesive  5512 , OLED display  5510 , adhesive  5508 , and piezoelectric film  5504 . Piezoelectric film  5504  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  5506  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  5504  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5522 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5522 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  5506  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  5522 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  5506  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5522  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  5506  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  5504  and electrode  5502  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  5504 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrode  5506  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  5502  can be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  5522  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 55 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  5514  and  5518  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  5522 ) on cover material  5522  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  5518  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  5522 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  5518  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  5518 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  5504  and electrodes  5502  and  5506 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  5522  can be determined. 
       FIG. 56  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  5600  for a device containing an OLED display  5610 . Stackup  5600  can include piezoelectric film  5604  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  5604  can include a first electrode  5602  and a second electrode  5606  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  5624  and  5626  show the shapes of electrodes  5602  and  5606 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5600 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5602  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes and electrode  5606  can include multiple rows of discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 56  shows three columns of electrodes  5602  and three rows of electrodes  5606 , it should be appreciated that any number of rows and columns of electrodes can be used. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5602  can be formed on the top of piezoelectric film  5604  and electrode  5606  can be formed on the bottom of piezoelectric film  5604 . 
     Stackup  5600  can further include integrated OLED display  5610  coupled to piezoelectric film  5604  by adhesive  5608 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  5604 , adhesive  5608 , and electrodes  5602  and  5606  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  5610  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Stackup  5600  can further include touch sensor substrate  5616  coupled to OLED display  5610  by optically clear adhesive  5612 . Touch sensor substrate  5616  can include electrodes  5614  and  5618  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  5628  and  5630  show the shapes of electrodes  5614  and  5618 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5600 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5618  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  5616  and electrode  5614  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  5616 . Stackup  5600  can further include cover material  5622  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  5616  by optically clear adhesive  5620 . While  FIG. 56  shows electrode  5618  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  5618  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5614  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  5616  and electrode  5618  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  5616 . 
     In some examples, the electrodes of electrode  5602  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  5606  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  5604  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  5622 , cover material  5622  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  5622  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  5620 , touch sensor substrate  5616 , optically clear adhesive  5612 , OLED display  5610 , adhesive  5608 , and piezoelectric film  5604 . Piezoelectric film  5604  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film. The location of the generated electric charge can correspond to the location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  5606  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  5604  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5622 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5622 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  5606  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  5622 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  5606  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5622  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  5606  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  5604  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  5622  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  5602 . 
     In yet other examples, electrode  5102  can be coupled to ground and electrode  5606  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  5606  of an applied force. Using, for example, switching circuitry coupled to electrodes  5602  and  5606 , electrode  5602  can then be coupled to separate sense circuitry and electrode  5606  can then be coupled to ground. The sense circuitry can be used to determine both an amount and location along one of the electrodes of electrode  5602  of an applied force. The intersection of the determined row and column can be interpreted as a location of the force on cover material  5622 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  5614  and  5618  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  5622 ) on cover material  5622  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  5618  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  5622 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  5618  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  5618 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  5604  and electrodes  5602  and  5606 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  5622  can be determined. 
       FIG. 57  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  5700  for a device containing an OLED display  5710 . Stackup  5700  can include piezoelectric film  5704  formed from a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. Piezoelectric film  5704  can include a first electrode  5702  and a second electrode  5706  formed on opposite surfaces of the film. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  5724  and  5726  show the shapes of electrodes  5702  and  5706 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5700 . In the illustrated example, electrodes  5702  and  5706  can both include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of piezoelectric film  5704 . While  FIG. 57  shows electrodes  5702  and  5706  each having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrodes  5702  and  5706  can each include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern such that the electrodes of electrode  5702  are positioned opposite the electrodes of electrode  5706  on piezoelectric film  5704 . 
     Stackup  5700  can further include integrated OLED display  5710  coupled to piezoelectric film  5704  by adhesive  5708 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric film  5704 , adhesive  5708 , and electrodes  5702  and  5706  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  5710  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Stackup  5700  can further include touch sensor substrate  5716  coupled to OLED display  5712  by optically clear adhesive  5712 . Touch sensor substrate  5716  can include electrodes  5714  and  5718  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  5728  and  5730  show the shapes of electrodes  5714  and  5718 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5700 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5718  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  5716  and electrode  5714  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  5716 . Stackup  5700  can further include cover material  5722  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  5716  by optically clear adhesive  5720 . While  FIG. 57  shows electrode  5718  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  5718  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5714  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  5716  and electrode  5718  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  5716 . 
     Electrodes  5702  and  5706  can be separated into discrete electrodes positioned opposite each other on piezoelectric film  5704  to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrode  5706  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  5722 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5722  can be detected using the electrodes of electrode  5706 . For example, the electrodes of electrode  5702  can be coupled to ground and each electrode of electrode  5706  can be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  5704  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  5722 , cover material  5722  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  5722  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  5720 , touch sensor substrate  5716 , optically clear adhesive  5712 , OLED display  5710 , adhesive  5708 , and piezoelectric film  5704 . Piezoelectric film  5704  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  5706  positioned at or near the location of the deformation and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric film  5704  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the film and because the amount of deformation of the film can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5722 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5722 . Additionally, since the location of the electrode of electrode  5706  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  5722 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrode  5706  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5722  at the same time. In other examples, the electrodes of electrode  5706  can be coupled to ground and the electrodes of electrode  5702  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. In these examples, the sense circuitry can be used to determine the amount and location of forces applied to cover material  5722  based on electric charges received from the electrodes of electrode  5702 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  5714  and  5718  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  5722 ) on cover material  5722  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  5718  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  5722 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  5718  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  5718 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric film  5704  and electrodes  5702  and  5706 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  5722  can be determined. 
       FIG. 58  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another exemplary stackup  5800  for a device containing an OLED display  5814 . Stackup  5800  can include a first piezoelectric film  5804 . Stackup  5800  can further include a second piezoelectric film  5808  coupled to first piezoelectric film  5804 . The first and second piezoelectric films  5808  and  5804  can both include a transparent or non-transparent film capable of generating a localized electric charge in response to a deformation of the film. A first electrode  5802  can be formed on the bottom of the first piezoelectric film  5804 , a second electrode  5806  can be formed between the first and second piezoelectric films  5804  and  5808 , and a third electrode  5810  can be formed on the top of the second piezoelectric film  5808 . The electrodes can be formed from a transparent or non-transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, silver ink, silver nanowire, or copper. Top views  5828 ,  5830 , and  5832  show the shapes of electrodes  5802 ,  5806 , and  5810 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5800 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5802  can include multiple columns of discrete electrodes, electrode  5806  can include an electrode extending along the surfaces of piezoelectric films  5804  and  5808 , and electrode  5810  can include rows of multiple discrete electrodes. While  FIG. 58  shows electrodes  5802  and  5810  each having three rectangular electrodes arranged in columns and rows, respectively, it should be appreciated that electrodes  5802  and  5810  can each include any number of rectangular electrodes and can instead be arranged in rows and columns, respectively. 
     Stackup  5800  can further include integrated OLED display  5814  coupled to second piezoelectric film  5808  by adhesive  5812 . Unlike the LCD examples described herein, piezoelectric films  5804  and  5808 , adhesive  5812 , and electrodes  5802 ,  5806 , and  5810  need not be transparent or optically clear since they are located behind OLED display  5814  and thus, would not block a user&#39;s view of the display. Stackup  5800  can further include touch sensor substrate  5820  coupled to OLED display  5814  by optically clear adhesive  5816 . Touch sensor substrate  5820  can include electrodes  5818  and  5822  formed on opposite surfaces of the sensor. The electrodes can be formed from a transparent conductive material, such as ITO, PEDOT, or silver nanowire. Top views  5834  and  5836  show the shapes of electrodes  5818  and  5822 , respectively, as viewed from above stackup  5800 . In the illustrated example, electrode  5822  can include multiple discrete electrodes extending along the top surface of touch sensor substrate  5820  and electrode  5818  can extend along the bottom surface of touch sensor substrate  5820 . Stackup  5800  can further include cover material  5826  (e.g., glass, plastic, or other rigid and transparent material) coupled to touch sensor substrate  5820  by optically clear adhesive  5824 . While  FIG. 58  shows electrode  5822  having nine square electrodes arranged in rows and columns, it should be appreciated that electrode  5822  can include any number of electrodes having any desired shaped and arranged in any desired pattern. Moreover, in other examples, electrode  5818  can be formed on the top of touch sensor substrate  5820  and electrode  5822  can be formed on the bottom of touch sensor substrate  5820 . 
     Electrodes  5802  and  5810  can be separated into discrete columns and rows of electrodes to allow the sense circuitry coupled to the electrodes of electrodes  5802  and  5810  to determine both the amount and location of force applied to cover material  5826 . Additionally, multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5826  can be detected at the same time using the electrodes of electrodes  5802  and  5810 . For example, electrode  5806  can be coupled to ground while the electrodes of electrode  5802  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  5804  coupled to the electrode. The electrodes of electrode  5810  can also be coupled to separate sense circuitry (not shown) similar or identical to sense circuitry  320  that is capable of detecting an amount of electric charge generated by the portion of piezoelectric film  5808  coupled to the electrode. During operation, as a user applies a downward force on cover material  5826 , cover material  5826  can deform by an amount corresponding to an amount of the applied force. The deformation of cover material  5826  can cause a corresponding deformation in optically clear adhesive  5824 , touch sensor substrate  5820 , optically clear adhesive  5816 , polarizers  5816  and  5812 , OLED display  5814 , adhesive  5812 , and piezoelectric films  5808  and  5804 . Piezoelectric films  5808  and  5804  can then generate an amount of electric charge based on an amount of deformation of the film and at a location of the deformation of the film. The electrode of electrode  5810  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  5808  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Similarly the electrode of electrode  5802  positioned at or near the location of the deformation of piezoelectric film  5804  and that is electrically coupled to receive the generated charge can transmit the generated charge to its associated sense circuitry. Since the amount of electric charge generated by piezoelectric films  5804  and  5808  can be representative of the amount of deformation of the films and because the amount of deformation of the films can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5826 , the amount of electric charge detected by the sense circuitry can be representative of the force applied to cover material  5826 . Additionally, since the location of the electrodes of electrodes  5802  and  5810  receiving the generated charge is known, the location of the applied force can also be determined. For example, electrode  5810  can be used to determine the row at which the force was applied, while electrode  5802  can be used to determine the column at which the force was applied. The intersection of the determined row and column can be the location of the applied force. In this way, the sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of a force applied to cover material  5826 . Moreover, the multiple electrodes of electrodes  5802  and  5810  and the separate sense circuitry coupled to each electrode allows for detection of multiple forces applied to different portions of cover material  5826  at the same time. In other examples, electrode  5810  can be coupled to the bottom of piezoelectric film  5804  and electrode  5802  can be coupled to the top of piezoelectric film  5808 . In these examples, the electrodes of electrodes  5802  and  5810  can each be coupled to separate sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can be used to detect an amount and location of force applied to cover material  5826  in a manner similar to that described above for the configuration shown in  FIG. 58 . 
     Additionally, during operation, electrodes  5814  and  5818  can be used to determine a position of a touch event (e.g., a finger, stylus, or other object touching cover material  5822 ) on cover material  5822  using a self capacitance sensing technique. For example, each electrode of electrode  5818  can be coupled to a voltage source and sense circuitry. The sense circuitry can measure a change in capacitance at each electrode caused by an object, such as a passive stylus, finger, etc., touching cover material  5822 . The capacitance change can be caused by charge or current from the electrode of electrode  5818  being shunted through the touching object to ground. The detected change in capacitance measured by the sense circuitry can be representative of a touch event occurring at a location corresponding to the associated electrode of electrode  5818 . When combined with the amount of force determined using piezoelectric films  5802  and  5806  and electrodes  5802 ,  5806 , and  5810 , both the location of the touch event and amount of force applied to cover material  5826  can be determined. 
     While the examples described above include displays and transparent piezoelectric films, it should be appreciated that the described stackups can similarly be applied to devices that do not include displays. In these examples, the displays can be omitted from the stackups or replaced with a substrate and the various layers (e.g., cover material, electrodes, piezoelectric film, and adhesive layers) of the stackups need not be transparent. For example, a trackpad can be formed using a similar stackup as described above, but without the use of a display. Additionally, the piezoelectric film, cover material, electrodes, and adhesive layers need not be transparent. 
     In some examples, the piezoelectric films and electrodes described above can be patterned.  FIG. 59  illustrates example patterning that can be performed. In one example, ITO  5906  can be deposited onto a film  5908  and laminated to piezoelectric film  5902  using adhesive  5904 . In another example, PEDOT  5912  can be deposited onto piezoelectric film  5910 . In yet another example, a metal nanowire  5916  (e.g., silver nanowire) can be patterned onto piezoelectric film  5914 . In yet another example, piezoelectric film  5918  can be patterned on to a film  5920 . In some examples, the piezoelectric film can be manufactured such that it includes sections of active material and sections of inactive material. The active material can generate electric charge when deformed, while the inactive sections of material may not generate electric charge when deformed. For example, the piezoelectric film can be stretched in a desired direction, causing strain in the film in that direction. The film can be stretched in other desired directions to similarly create directed strain at desired locations. As a result, the piezoelectric film can include regions of x-y strain. In yet other examples, discrete stacks of piezoelectric film disposed between layers of electrodes can be deposited on a substrate. These stacks can be arranged in any desired pattern to create localized regions for force sensing. 
       FIG. 60  illustrates exemplary computing system  6000  that can include a touch sensor panel  6024  stackup as in one or more of the examples described above. Computing system  6000  can include one or more panel processors  6002  and peripherals  6004 - 1  through  6004 -N, and panel subsystem  6006 . Peripherals  6004  can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) or other types of memory or storage, watchdog timers and the like. Panel subsystem  6006  can include, but is not limited to, one or more sense channels  6008 , channel scan logic  6010 , charge pump  6034  and driver logic  6014 . Channel scan logic  6010  can access RAM  6012 , autonomously read data from the sense channels and provide control for the sense channels. In addition, channel scan logic  6010  can control driver logic  6014  to generate stimulation signals at various frequencies and phases that can be selectively applied to drive lines of touch sensor panel  6024 . Charge pump  6034  may, for example, supply charge for such stimulation signals. In some embodiments, panel subsystem  6006 , panel processor  6002  and peripherals  6004 - 1  . . .  6004 -N can be integrated into a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). 
     Touch sensor panel  6024  can include a capacitive sensing medium having a plurality of drive lines and a plurality of sense lines, although other sensing media can also be used. Each intersection of drive and sense lines can represent a capacitive sensing node and can be viewed as picture element (pixel)  6026 , which can be particularly useful when touch sensor panel  6024  is viewed as capturing an “image” of touch. (In other words, after panel subsystem  6006  has determined whether a touch event has been detected at each touch sensor in the touch sensor panel, the pattern of touch sensors in the multi-touch panel at which a touch event occurred can be viewed as an “image” of touch (e.g. a pattern of fingers touching the panel).) The capacitive sensing nodes can also be referred to as touch sensors or touch nodes. Each sense line of touch sensor panel  6024  can drive sense channel  6008  (also referred to herein as an event detection and demodulation circuit) in panel subsystem  6006 . 
     Computing system  6000  can also include host processor  6028  for receiving outputs from panel processor  6002  and performing actions based on the outputs that can include, but are not limited to, moving an object such as a cursor or pointer, scrolling or panning, adjusting control settings, opening a file or document, viewing a menu, making a selection, executing instructions, operating a peripheral device coupled to the host device, answering a telephone call, placing a telephone call, terminating a telephone call, changing the volume or audio settings, storing information related to telephone communications such as addresses, frequently dialed numbers, received calls, missed calls, logging onto a computer or a computer network, permitting authorized individuals access to restricted areas of the computer or computer network, loading a user profile associated with a user&#39;s preferred arrangement of the computer desktop, permitting access to web content, launching a particular program, encrypting or decoding a message, and/or the like. Host processor  6028  can also perform additional functions that may not be related to panel processing, and can be coupled to program storage  6032  and display device  6030  such as an LCD display for providing a UI to a user of the device. Display device  6030  together with touch sensor panel  6024 , when located partially or entirely above or under the touch sensor panel, can form touch screen  6018 . In some embodiments, the display device  6030  may be separate from the rest of the system  6000  while in others it may be integrated. Here, the touch sensor  6024  is shown as a separate element for clarity although it may be co-located and/or integrated with the display  6030  in practical application. 
     A force sensor may operate in a similar fashion as the touch sensor  6024  and/or in accordance with embodiments described herein. Further, the force sensor and touch sensor may be coplanar, integrated with one another, or otherwise associated. 
     Note that one or more of the functions described above, can be performed, for example, by firmware stored in memory (e.g., one of the peripherals) and executed by the panel processor  6002 , or stored in the program storage  6032  and executed by the host processor  6028 . The firmware can also be stored and/or transported within any computer readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “non-transitory computer readable storage medium” can be any medium that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), a random access memory (RAM) (magnetic), a read-only memory (ROM) (magnetic), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) (magnetic), a portable optical disc such a CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW, or flash memory such as compact flash cards, secured digital cards, USB memory devices, memory sticks, and the like. 
     The firmware can also be propagated within any transport medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “transport medium” can be any medium that can communicate, propagate or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The transport readable medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic or infrared wired or wireless propagation medium. 
       FIGS. 61-64  show example personal devices that can include a stackup for a device having a piezoelectric film for detecting force according to various examples.  FIG. 61  illustrates an exemplary personal device  6100 , such as a tablet, that can be used with a stackup for a device having a piezoelectric film for detecting force according to various examples.  FIG. 62  illustrates another exemplary personal device  6200 , such as a mobile phone, that can be used with a stackup for a device having a piezoelectric film for detecting force according to various examples.  FIG. 63  illustrates yet another exemplary personal device  6300 , such as a portable media player, that can be used with a stackup for a device having a piezoelectric film for detecting force according to various examples.  FIG. 64  illustrates another exemplary personal device  6400 , such as a laptop computer, that can be used with a stackup for a device having a piezoelectric film for detecting force according to various examples. 
     Although examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the various examples as defined by the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20141028
Publication Date: 20181106
Grant Date: 20181106
Priority Date: 20131028
Inventors: FILIZ, SINAN
HUPPI, BRIAN Q.
BUTLER, CHRISTOPHER J.
GRUNTHANER, MARTIN P.
SHAHPARNIA, SHAHROOZ
KANG, SUNGGU
WANG, KAI
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G01L1/16", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/16", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04106", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2217/960735", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/144", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/146", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2217/960735", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2217/960755", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K17/962", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2017/9602", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K17/9643", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K17/962", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K17/964", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2217/96031", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2217/96031", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2217/960755", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/146", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K17/9643", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/16", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2217/96031", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2217/960735", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/144", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/146", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2017/9602", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K17/9643", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04106", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01L41/1132", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K17/962", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0414", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/044", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K2217/960755", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H03K17/964", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/144", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04105", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04166", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04144", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04166", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H10N30/302", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H10N30/302", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 51869060