PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-11402873-B2
Application Number: US-201916358542-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Release mechanisms for coupled devices

Abstract:
A stylus and/or a host device can be provided with components to mitigate and/or avoid damage to the stylus and/or the host device when dropped. Such components can cause the stylus and the electronic device to separate when drop motion is detected. Such separation can reduce and/or prevent damage that would have otherwise occurred if the stylus and the electronic device remained coupled together during impact. Examples of coupling and detachment mechanisms include magnetic and mechanical components.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A system comprising:
 a stylus having a stylus magnet; and 
 a host device comprising:
 an inertial measurement unit for detecting an acceleration and an orientation of the host device; 
 a host magnet; and 
 a coupling system configured to controllably couple the stylus magnet to the host magnet, wherein the coupling system is configured to release the stylus from the host device based on the acceleration and the orientation by moving the host magnet from a first position, in which the host magnet magnetically attracts the stylus magnet, to a second position, in which the host magnet magnetically repels the stylus magnet. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the host device is configured to detect a drop event based on data measured by the inertial measurement unit. 
     
     
       3. The system of  claim 2 , wherein the host device is configured to calculate a height traveled during the drop event based on the data measured by the inertial measurement unit. 
     
     
       4. The system of  claim 3 , wherein the host device is configured to determine the orientation of the host device during the drop event based on the data measured by the inertial measurement unit. 
     
     
       5. The system of  claim 4 , wherein the host device is configured to release the stylus from the host device when the drop event is detected, the height exceeds a height threshold, and the orientation is within an angular threshold with respect to a gravitationally downward direction. 
     
     
       6. The system of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the stylus comprises a stylus power module; 
 the host device comprises a host power module; and 
 when the stylus magnet is aligned with the host magnet, the stylus power module is aligned with the host power module. 
 
     
     
       7. A host device comprising:
 a host magnet configured to retain a stylus against the host device by magnetically attracting a stylus magnet of the stylus while the host magnet is in a first position; 
 an actuator configured to move the host magnet from the first position to a second position in which the host magnet magnetically repels the stylus magnet; and 
 an inertial measurement unit for detecting an acceleration and an orientation of the host device, wherein the actuator is configured to release the stylus from the host device based on the acceleration and the orientation. 
 
     
     
       8. The host device of  claim 7 , wherein the host magnet comprises:
 a first magnetic pole that is aligned with the stylus magnet while the host magnet is in the first position; and 
 a second magnetic pole that is aligned with the stylus magnet while the host magnet is in the second position. 
 
     
     
       9. The host device of  claim 7 , wherein the actuator comprises an electromagnet configured to attract the host magnet to move the host magnet from the first position to the second position. 
     
     
       10. The host device of  claim 7 , wherein the actuator is configured to move the host magnet along an engagement portion of the host device and to which the stylus is coupled. 
     
     
       11. The host device of  claim 7 , wherein the host magnet is biased to the first position. 
     
     
       12. The host device of  claim 7 , wherein:
 the host magnet is a first host magnet; 
 the stylus magnet is a first stylus magnet; 
 the actuator is a first actuator; and 
 the host device further comprises:
 a second host magnet configured to retain the stylus against the host device by magnetically attracting a second stylus magnet of the stylus; and 
 a second actuator configured to move the second host magnet so that the second host magnet magnetically repels the second stylus magnet. 
 
 
     
     
       13. The host device of  claim 7 , wherein:
 the stylus comprises a stylus power module; 
 the host device comprises a host power module; and 
 when the stylus magnet is aligned with the host magnet in the first position, the stylus power module is aligned with the host power module. 
 
     
     
       14. A host device comprising:
 an inertial measurement unit for detecting an acceleration and an orientation of the host device; 
 a host magnet configured to move between a first position and a second position, wherein while the host magnet is in the first position the host magnet magnetically attracts a stylus magnet of a stylus to retain the stylus against the host device; and 
 an actuator comprising an electromagnet configured to, based on the acceleration and the orientation, move the host magnet by magnetic attraction with the electromagnet from the first position to the second position, wherein while the host magnet is in the second position the host magnet magnetically repels the stylus magnet, the actuator being further configured to, following detachment of the stylus from the host device, move the host magnet by magnetic repulsion with the electromagnet from the second position to the first position. 
 
     
     
       15. The host device of  claim 14 , wherein the host magnet comprises:
 a first magnetic pole that is aligned with the stylus magnet while the host magnet is in the first position; and 
 a second magnetic pole that is aligned with the stylus magnet while the host magnet is in the second position. 
 
     
     
       16. The host device of  claim 14 , wherein the actuator is configured to move the host magnet along an engagement portion of the host device and to which the stylus is coupled. 
     
     
       17. The host device of  claim 14 , wherein the host magnet is biased to the first position. 
     
     
       18. The host device of  claim 14 , wherein:
 the stylus comprises a stylus power module; 
 the host device comprises a host power module; and 
 when the stylus magnet is aligned with the host magnet in the first position, the stylus power module is aligned with the host power module.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/782,259, entitled “RELEASE MECHANISMS FOR COUPLED DEVICES,” filed Dec. 19, 2018, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present description relates generally to electronic devices, and, more particularly, to a stylus that can be coupled to a host device. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A variety of handheld input devices exist for detecting input from a user during use. For example, a stylus can be utilized to provide input by contacting a touch panel of an electronic device. The touch panel may include a touch sensitive surface that, in response to detecting a touch event, generates a signal that can be processed and utilized by other components of the electronic device. A display component of the electronic device may display textual and/or graphical display elements representing selectable virtual buttons or icons, and the touch sensitive surface may allow a user to navigate the content displayed on the display screen. Typically, a user can move one or more input devices, such as a stylus, across the touch panel in a pattern that the device translates into an input command. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Certain features of the subject technology are set forth in the appended claims. However, for purpose of explanation, several embodiments of the subject technology are set forth in the following figures. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a view of a system including a stylus and a host device, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a perspective view of a stylus and host device, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a front view of a stylus and host device, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a front view of a system including a stylus and a host device in free fall, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a side view of a system including a stylus and a host device in free fall, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a block diagram showing the stylus and the host device of  FIG. 1 , according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a flow chart of operations, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a schematic view of a stylus and a host device in a coupled configuration, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a schematic view of the stylus and the host device of  FIG. 8  in a released configuration, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a schematic view of a stylus and a host device in a coupled configuration, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a schematic view of the stylus and the host device of  FIG. 10  in a released configuration, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a schematic view of a stylus and a host device in a coupled configuration, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a schematic view of the stylus and the host device of  FIG. 12  in a released configuration, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a schematic view of a stylus and a host device in a coupled configuration, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a schematic view of the stylus and the host device of  FIG. 14  with shock absorbers being actuated, according to some embodiments of the subject technology. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of various configurations of the subject technology and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the subject technology may be practiced. The appended drawings are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the detailed description. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the subject technology. However, it will be clear and apparent to those skilled in the art that the subject technology is not limited to the specific details set forth herein and may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology. 
     Some electronic devices that include a display surface and/or a touch panel receive tactile input from a user. For example, a stylus can be utilized to provide input by contacting a touch panel of an electronic device. The touch panel may include a touch sensitive surface that, in response to detecting a touch event, generates a signal that can be processed and utilized by other components of the electronic device. A display component of the electronic device may display textual and/or graphical display elements representing selectable virtual buttons or icons, and the touch sensitive surface may allow a user to navigate the content displayed on the display screen. Typically, a user can move one or more input devices, such as a stylus, across the touch panel in a pattern that the device translates into an input command. 
     Such electronic devices can be susceptible to damage when dropped or placed under stress. Damage to electronic devices may be increased when forces are concentrated at particular regions. For example, while a stylus is coupled to an exterior surface of an electronic device, forces applied to the stylus can be transmitted to a focused region of the electronic device, causing damage to the electronic device in addition to damage to the stylus. 
     In accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, components of a stylus and/or an electronic device can be provided to mitigate and/or avoid damage to the stylus and/or the electronic device. Such components can cause the stylus and the electronic device to separate when drop motion is detected. Such separation can reduce and/or prevent damage that would have otherwise occurred if the stylus and the electronic device remained coupled together during impact. 
     These and other embodiments are discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 1-15 . However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these Figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. 
     A touch-based input device in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein can include any device that is held, worn, or contacted by a user for providing input and/or receiving feedback. The touch-based input device can be used alone or in conjunction with another device. For example,  FIG. 1  illustrates a system  1  including a stylus  100  and a host device  90  having a surface  50 , according to some embodiments of the subject technology. The stylus  100  can be held by a user  10  and operate as a touch-based input device for use with the host device  90 . 
     The surface  50  of the host device  90  can include a display surface and/or a touch panel for interacting with the stylus  100  when contacted thereby. The host device  90  utilizes the display to render images to convey information to the user. The display can be configured to show text, colors, line drawings, photographs, animations, video, and the like. The surface  50  of the host device  90  can be implemented with any suitable technology, including, but not limited to, a multi-touch and/or multi-force sensing touchscreen that uses liquid crystal display technology, light-emitting diode technology, organic light-emitting display technology, organic electroluminescence technology, electronic ink, or another type of display technology or combination of display technology types. 
     The stylus  100  can include a tip  190  for contacting the surface  50 . Such contact can be detected by the host device  90  and/or the stylus  100 . For example, the stylus  100  can include one or more sensors that detect when the tip  190  contacts and applied pressure to the surface  50 . Such sensors can include one or more contact sensors, capacitive sensors, touch sensors, cameras, piezoelectric sensors, pressure sensors, proximity sensors, electric field sensors, photodiodes, and/or other sensors operable to detect contact with the surface  50 . Such sensors can optionally operate cooperatively with the host device  90  to detect contact with the surface  50 . In use, a user may manipulate the stylus  100  and apply a force to a surface  50  of the host device  90 . A corresponding reaction force may be transferred through the tip  190  of the stylus  100  connected to an electromechanical coupling and to the sensor of the stylus  100 . The sensor, or a portion thereof, may deform in response which may be measured and used to estimate the applied force. The sensor can be used to produce a non-binary output that corresponds to the applied force. For example, the sensor can be used to produce an output that represents a magnitude that varies in accordance with a variable amount of applied force. 
     The stylus can include one or more other sensors and/or input module for facilitating interaction by a user. For example, the stylus  100  can include a touch sensor that can be provided to detect contact by a user on a grip region of the housing of the stylus  100 . The touch sensor can include a capacitive touch sensor. The touch sensor can include multiple sensing elements, such as conductive electrodes, to detect contact and changes in contact at multiple locations. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , use of the stylus with a host device can provide wireless charging for the stylus. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a stylus power module  150  within the housing of the stylus  100  and multiple stylus magnets  148  and  198  positioned on opposite sides of the stylus power module  150 . The stylus power module  150  and the multiple stylus magnets  148  and  198  can be positioned on a same radial side of the stylus  100  and adjacent to an engagement portion  114  of the housing. For example, the engagement portion  114  can be flat or otherwise provide a shape that is complementary to a shape of an engagement portion  14  of the host device  90 . It will be understood that additional stylus magnets can optionally be included, and that the stylus magnets can be provided in other arrangements, such as on a same longitudinal side of the stylus power module  150 . 
     The stylus magnets  148  and  198  provide magnetic coupling to corresponding host magnets  48  and  98  of the host device  90 . As further shown in  FIG. 2 , a host power module  58  is provided by the host device  90 . The host magnets  48  and  98  can be positioned on opposite sides of the host power module  58 . The stylus power module  150  and the multiple stylus magnets  148  and  198  can be positioned adjacent to an engagement portion  14  of the host device  90 . The host power module  58  and the host magnets  48  and  98  can be positioned so that, when the stylus magnets  148  and  198  are aligned with the host magnets  48  and  98 , the stylus power module  150  is aligned with the stylus power module  150  of the host device  90 . It will be understood that additional host magnets can optionally be included, and that the host magnets can be provided in other arrangements, such as on a same longitudinal side of the host power module  58 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the magnetic coupling can maintain the alignment during a charging session. The engagement portion  114  of the stylus  100  can facilitate secure coupling to the host device  90 . For example, the host device  90  can provide another flat surface or other complementary shape to facilitate physical contact of the opposing surfaces and maintain close proximity to the host power module  58  and the stylus power module  150 . It will be understood that other surface shapes and features are contemplated to facilitate contact and engagement of the stylus to the host device. For example, the surfaces of the engagement portion  114  and the engagement portion  14  can be flat, curved, concave, convex, undulating, stepped, tapered, or another shape to provide engagement. 
     According to some embodiments, the system  1  of the present disclosure can detect, analyze, and respond to a drop event to reduce and/or prevent damage to the stylus  100  and/or the host device  90 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , during drop motion, the host device  90  and the stylus  100  may fall in a manner that positions the stylus  100  between the host device  90  and the ground or another object that is gravitationally below the stylus  100  and the host device  90 . In such an orientation, forces may be transmitted upon impact through the stylus  100  to the host device  90 . Based on the shapes and/or types of engagements, the forces transmitted through the stylus  100  may cause greater damage to the host device  90  than would have occurred if the stylus  100  were absent. For example, the host device  90  may have reinforced corners or other structural features that mitigate damage upon direct impact to the host device  90 . However, damage to areas near the stylus  100  may be more effectively mitigated by separating the stylus  100  from the host device  90  during a drop event. Accordingly, the detection of orientation can contribute to a determination that separation be achieved. 
     In other orientations, the host device  90  may receive forces by contacting a surface (e.g., the ground) directly and without receiving forces transmitted through the stylus  100 . In such orientations, there may be no benefit achieved by separating the stylus  100  from the host device  90 . Accordingly, the detection of orientation can contribute to a determination that separation not be achieved. 
     To determine orientation, components of the system  1  can determine an orientation of the host device  90 , and orientation of the stylus  100 , a direction of a gravitational force, a direction of drop motion, and/or relative differences between any of the above. For example, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the system  1  can determine, e.g., with an inertial measurement unit, a gravitationally downward direction  20 . The system  1  can further determine, e.g., with an inertial measurement unit, a first orientation direction  22  of the host device  90  and/or the stylus  100 . An angle  24  can be defined as a difference between the gravitationally downward direction  20  and the first orientation direction  22 . Based on known shapes, sizes, and relative positions of the host device  90  and the stylus  100 , the angle  24  can be used to determine whether or not an expected impact at a particular orientation will result in forces being transmitted through the stylus  100  to the host device  90 . Appropriate actions can then be taken, as discussed further herein. 
     It will be understood that orientation can be detected in one or more of multiple dimensions. For example, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the system  1  can further determine, e.g., with an inertial measurement unit, a second orientation direction  26  of the host device  90  and/or the stylus  100 . An angle  28  can be defined as a difference between the gravitationally downward direction  20  and the second orientation direction  26 . Based on known shapes, sizes, and relative positions of the host device  90  and the stylus  100 , the angle  28  can be used to determine whether or not an expected impact at a particular orientation will result in forces being transmitted through the stylus  100  to the host device  90 . Appropriate actions can then be taken, as discussed further herein. 
     The host device  90  and/or the stylus  100  can be provided with components that facilitate detection, analysis, and response to drop events. Examples of a host device  90  and a stylus  100  are shown in  FIG. 6 . While each is shown containing certain components, it will be recognized that components can be provided on one or both of the host device  90  and the stylus  100 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the host device  90  can include a controller  60  and a non-transitory storage medium  62 . The non-transitory storage medium  62  can include, for example, a magnetic storage medium, optical storage medium, magneto-optical storage medium, read-only memory, random access memory, erasable programmable memory, flash memory, or combinations thereof. According to some embodiments, the controller  60  can execute one or more instructions stored in the non-transitory storage medium  62  to perform one or more functions. 
     The host device  90  can include a power source  64 , such as one or more batteries and/or power management units. The host device  90  can include components for charging the power source  64 , such as a host power module  58 , and/or for charging other devices, such as the stylus  100 . The host power module  58  can include one or more components for receiving and/or transmitting power wirelessly (e.g., inductively), for example to the stylus  100 . 
     The host device  90  can include a host inertial measurement unit (“IMU”)  70  that provides information regarding a characteristic of the host device  90 , such as inertial angles thereof. For example, the host IMU  70  can include a six-degrees of freedom IMU that calculates the host device&#39;s position, velocity, and/or acceleration based on six degrees of freedom (x, y, z, θ x , θ y , and θ z ). The host IMU  70  can include one or more of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and/or a magnetometer. Additionally or alternatively, the host device  90  can detect motion characteristics of the host device  90  with one or more other motion sensors, such as an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a global positioning sensor, a tilt sensor, and so on for detecting movement and acceleration of the host device  90 . The host IMU  70  can provide data to the controller  60  for processing. 
     The host device  90  can include host magnets  48  and  98 , as discussed herein. The host magnets  48  and  98  can be passive or actively controlled magnets (e.g., electromagnets). The host magnets can be part of or include a retention mechanism such as those discussed further herein. As discussed above, the host power module  58  and the host magnets  48  and  98  can be positioned so that, when the stylus magnets  148  and  198  are aligned with the host magnets  48  and  98 , the stylus power module  150  is aligned with the stylus power module  150  of the host device  90 . 
     As used herein, “magnet” can include a magnet of a hard magnetic material and/or a magnet of a soft magnetic material. Hard magnetic materials include materials that retain their magnetism even after the removal of an applied magnetic field. Magnets that include hard magnetic material can form permanent magnets. Hard magnetic materials include neodymium (NdFeB), ferrite, AlNiCo, iron-neodymium, iron-boron, cobalt-samarium, iron-chromium-cobalt, and combinations or alloys thereof. Soft magnetic materials include materials that are responsive to magnetic fields, but do not retain their magnetism after removal of an applied magnetic field. Magnets that include soft magnetic material can form temporary magnets. Soft magnetic materials include iron, iron-cobalt, iron-silicon (FeSi), steel, stainless steel, iron-aluminum-silicon, nickel-iron, ferrites, and combinations or alloys thereof. It will be recognized that “hard magnetic” and “soft magnetic” does not necessarily relate to the rigidity of the materials. 
     The host device  90  can include a communication component (not shown) for communicating with the host device  90  and/or another device. The communication component can be part of or include the host power module  58 . For example, a signal can be encoded with power transmissions to and/or from the host power module  58 . The communication component can include one or more wired or wireless components, WiFi components, near field communication components, Bluetooth components, and/or other communication components. The communication component can include one or more transmission elements, such as one or more antennas. Alternatively or in combination, the communication component can include an interface for a wired connection to the host device  90  and/or another device. 
     The host device  90  can also include components that facilitate operation with the stylus  100 . For example, the host device  90  can include one or more sensors, one or more communication interfaces, one or more data connectors, one or more power connectors, one or more input/output devices, such as a speaker, a rotary input device, a microphone, an on/off button, a mute button, a biometric sensor, a camera, a force and/or touch sensitive trackpad, and so on. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 6 , the stylus  100  can include a controller  160  and a non-transitory storage medium  162 . The non-transitory storage medium  162  can include, for example, a magnetic storage medium, optical storage medium, magneto-optical storage medium, read-only memory, random access memory, erasable programmable memory, flash memory, or combinations thereof. According to some embodiments, the controller  160  can execute one or more instructions stored in the non-transitory storage medium  162  to perform one or more functions. 
     The stylus  100  can include a power source  164 , such as one or more batteries and/or power management units. The stylus  100  can include components for charging the power source  164 , such as a stylus power module  150 , from the host device  90 . The stylus power module  150  can include one or more components for receiving and/or transmitting power wirelessly (e.g., inductively), for example from the host device  90 . 
     The stylus  100  can include a stylus inertial measurement unit (“IMU”)  170  that provides information regarding a characteristic of the stylus  100 , such as inertial angles thereof. For example, the stylus IMU  170  can include a six-degrees of freedom IMU that calculates the stylus&#39;s position, velocity, and/or acceleration based on six degrees of freedom (x, y, z, θ x , θ y , and θ z ). The stylus IMU  170  can include one or more of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and/or a magnetometer. Additionally or alternatively, the stylus  100  can detect motion characteristics of the stylus  100  with one or more other motion sensors, such as an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a global positioning sensor, a tilt sensor, and so on for detecting movement and acceleration of the stylus  100 . The stylus IMU  170  can provide data to the controller  160  for processing. 
     It will be understood that the host device  90  and/or the stylus  100  can share information, such that detections by one can be communicated to the other for use as described herein. It will be understood that where the host device  90  and/or the stylus  100  omits any component provided by the other, the function of such a component can be achieved by sharing information. 
     The stylus  100  can include stylus magnets  148  and  198 , as discussed herein. The stylus magnets  148  and  198  can be passive or actively controlled magnets (e.g., electromagnets). The stylus magnets can be part of or include a retention mechanism such as those discussed further herein. As discussed above, the stylus power module  150  and the stylus magnets  148  and  198  can be positioned so that, when the stylus magnets  148  and  198  are aligned with the host magnets  48  and  98 , the stylus power module  150  is aligned with the host power module  58  of the host device  90 . 
     The stylus  100  can include a communication component (not shown) for communicating with the host device  90  and/or another device. The communication component can be part of or include the stylus power module  150 . For example, a signal can be encoded with power transmissions to and/or from the stylus power module  150 . The communication component can include one or more wired or wireless components, WiFi components, near field communication components, Bluetooth components, and/or other communication components. The communication component can include one or more transmission elements, such as one or more antennas. Alternatively or in combination, the communication component can include an interface for a wired connection to the host device  90  and/or another device. 
     The stylus  100  can include other components including, but not limited to, displays, sensors, switches (e.g., dome switches), buttons, voice coils, and/or other components. The stylus  100  can detect environmental conditions and/or other aspects of the operating environment of the stylus  100  with an environmental sensor such as an ambient light sensor, proximity sensor, temperature sensor, barometric pressure sensor, moisture sensor, and the like. The stylus  100  can include a haptic feedback component that provides haptic feedback with tactile sensations to the user. The haptic feedback component can be implemented as any suitable device configured to provide force feedback, vibratory feedback, tactile sensations, and the like. For example, in one embodiment, the haptic feedback component may be implemented as a linear actuator configured to provide a punctuated haptic feedback, such as a tap or a knock. The stylus  100  can detect biological characteristics of the user manipulating the stylus with a biosensor that detects skin temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, blood oxygenation level, blood volume estimates, blood pressure, or a combination thereof. The stylus  100  can quantify or estimate a property of an object nearby or otherwise external to the stylus  100  with a utility sensor such as magnetic field sensors, electric field sensors, color meters, acoustic impedance sensors, pH level sensor, material detection sensor, and so on. Such data may be used to adjust or update the operation of the stylus  100  and/or may communicate such data to the host device  90  to adjust or update the operation thereof. 
     During use, the host device and/or the stylus can be coupled together and controllably be separated based on detection and analysis of a drop event. An example of a process  200  is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . It will be understood that the process  200  can include additional operations, fewer operations, or operations in a different order. One or more of the operations can be performed by the host device and/or one or more of the operations can be performed by the stylus. The host device and the stylus can be in communication with each other to coordinate operations, including detections, analyses, and responses. 
     In operation  210 , the host device and/or the stylus detects motion that is indicative of a drop event. For example, an IMU of the host device and/or the stylus can be operated to determine that the acceleration and/or velocity of the system is consistent with free fall. Such a condition can be determined, for example, by an accelerometer that distinguishes between a rest state (e.g., 1 g force) and a free fall state (e.g., 0 g force). Forces can be detected in multiple axes and combined to determine a total acceleration of the system. Upon detecting a drop event, the host device and/or the stylus can proceed to additional analysis and/or device detachment. 
     In operation  220 , the host device and/or the stylus detects a drop height, for example based on data generated by an IMU. The drop height can be determined based on a duration of time spent in free fall. For example, the height can be calculated as:
 
 h= ½ gt   2 ,
 
where h is the height, g is the gravity constant, and t is the time spent in free fall. As the time increases, the height calculate can be updated and compared to a height threshold value. For example, a height threshold value for the height can be predetermined based on the minimum drop height for which subsequent action is desired. Upon reaching the height threshold value for the height, the host device and/or the stylus can proceed to additional analysis and/or device detachment.
 
     In operation  230 , the orientation of the host device and/or the stylus is detected, for example based on data generated by an IMU. For example, an IMU of the host device and/or the stylus can be operated to determine an angle between a direction of the host device and/or the stylus and a gravitationally downward direction (see also  FIGS. 4 and 5 ). The angle can indicate whether the stylus is positioned between the host device and a surface (e.g., the ground). For example, angles within an angular threshold value can indicate that the stylus is positioned between the host device and that detachment may be desired prior to impact. By further example, angles exceeding an angular threshold value can indicate that the stylus is not positioned between the host device and that detachment is not desired or necessary. Such angles can be detected in multiple dimensions. Upon detecting that the angle is within the angular threshold value for the orientation, the host device and/or the stylus can proceed to additional analysis and/or device detachment. 
     In operation  240 , the host device and/or the stylus performs an action to detach the stylus from the host device. Detachment can be initiated by either the host device, the stylus, and/or another device. Detachment can be achieved prior to impact with a surface (e.g., the ground). Various examples of mechanisms for achieving detachment are discussed herein. It will be understood that any one or more of these mechanisms can be employed based on detections and analysis discussed above. Further, while the mechanisms below are shown on the host device and acting with respect to the stylus, it will be recognized that each of the mechanisms can be inverted and positioned on the stylus to act with respect to the host device. 
       FIGS. 8 and 9  illustrate an example of a system for magnetically retaining a stylus against a host device and magnetically detaching the stylus upon movement of certain magnets. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the system  1  can include a host device  90  and a stylus  100  that together form a coupling system  12  for controllably coupling the stylus  100  to the host device  90 . The coupling system  12  includes magnets on the host device  90  and/or the stylus  100  and a mechanism for altering the interaction between the magnets. For example, a host device  90  can include host magnets  48  and  98  for magnetically coupling with stylus magnets  148  and  198  to retain the stylus  100  against the engagement portion  14  of the host device  90 . For example, the host magnets  48  and  98  can include first magnetic poles  48   a  and  98   a  to attract the stylus magnets  148  and  198 , respectively. In first positions of the host magnets  48  and  98 , the first magnetic poles  48   a  and  98   a  are positioned opposite the stylus magnets  148  and  198  and have a polarity that is opposite the polarity of the corresponding stylus magnets  148  and  198 . With the host magnets  48  and  98  in the first positions, the stylus  100  can be magnetically coupled to the host device  90  by the magnetic attraction. Where the host magnets  48  and  98  are permanent magnets, no additional energy would be required to maintain the magnetic attraction. 
     The host device  90  can further include shifters  30  and  80  for moving the host magnets  48  and  98  from the first positions to second positions. As shown in  FIG. 9 , the shifters  30  and  80  can be operated to move the host magnets  48  and  98  along the engagement portion  14  of the host device  90 . In second positions of the host magnets  48  and  98 , the first magnetic poles  48   b  and  98   b  are positioned opposite the stylus magnets  148  and  198  and have a polarity that is the same as the polarity of the corresponding stylus magnets  148  and  198 . With the host magnets  48  and  98  in the second positions, the stylus  100  can be magnetically detached from the host device  90  by the magnetic repulsion. The shifters  30  and  80  can be electromagnets to magnetically attract and/or repel the host magnets  48  and  98 . Additionally or alternatively, the shifters  30  and  80  can mechanically move the host magnets  48  and  98  by direct contact. Following detachment of the stylus, the host magnets  48  and  98  can be returned to the first positions by the shifters  30  and  80  and/or another (e.g., biasing) mechanism in preparation for magnetically coupling with the stylus thereafter. 
       FIGS. 10 and 11  illustrate an example of a system for magnetically retaining a stylus against a host device and magnetically detaching the stylus upon deactivation of certain magnets. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the system  1  can include a host device  90  and a stylus  100  that together form a coupling system  12  for controllably coupling the stylus  100  to the host device  90 . The coupling system  12  includes magnets on the host device  90  and/or the stylus  100 . For example, a host device  90  can include host magnets  48  and  98  for magnetically coupling with stylus magnets  148  and  198  to retain the stylus  100  against the engagement portion  14  of the host device  90 . The host magnets  48  and  98  can be, for example, electromagnets that generate a magnetic field for attracting the stylus magnets  148  and  198 . With the host magnets  48  and  98  active, the stylus  100  can be magnetically coupled to the host device  90  by the magnetic attraction. 
     The host magnets  48  and  98  of the host device  90  can be operated to magnetically repel the stylus magnets  148  and  198 . As shown in  FIG. 11 , the polarity of the host magnets  48  and  98  can be altered (e.g., reversed) to repel the stylus magnets  148  and  198 . With the host magnets  48  and  98  and the stylus magnets  148  and  198  in a repulsive magnetic arrangement, the stylus  100  can be magnetically detached from the host device  90  by the magnetic repulsion. Following detachment of the stylus, the host magnets  48  and  98  can be deactivated or returned to the original magnetic orientation for magnetically coupling with the stylus thereafter. 
       FIGS. 12 and 13  illustrate an example of a system for magnetically retaining a stylus against a host device and mechanically detaching the stylus upon movement of actuators. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the system  1  can include a host device  90  and a stylus  100  that together form a coupling system  12  for controllably coupling the stylus  100  to the host device  90 . The coupling system  12  includes magnets on the host device  90  and/or the stylus  100  and a mechanism for overcoming the coupling connection. For example, a host device  90  can include host magnets  48  and  98  for magnetically coupling with stylus magnets  148  and  198  to retain the stylus  100  against the engagement portion  14  of the host device  90 . For example, the host magnets  48  and  98  can have magnetic orientations to attract the stylus magnets  148  and  198 , respectively. Where the host magnets  48  and  98  are permanent magnets, no additional energy would be required to maintain the magnetic attraction. Portions of the stylus  100  can abut actuators  32  and  82 , which can be flush with the engagement portion  14  of the host device  90  while in first (e.g., retracted) positions. The actuators  32  and  82  can be biased and/or otherwise held in the first positions by a magnetic coupling between actuator magnets  36  and  86  and control magnets  38  and  88 , respectively. While in the first positions, the actuators  32  and  82  can rest on stoppers  34  and  84  of the host device  90 . The control magnets  38  and  88  can be, for example, electromagnets that generate a magnetic field for attracting and/or repelling the actuator magnets  36  and  86 . 
     The actuators  32  and  82  of the host device  90  can move to detach the stylus  100  from the host device  90 . As shown in  FIG. 13 , the actuators  32  and  82  can be operated to move to second positions that are proud of the engagement portion  14  of the host device  90 . Moving to the second positions, the actuators  32  and  82  apply forces to the stylus  100  that overcome the force of magnetic coupling between the host magnets  48  and  98  and the stylus magnets  148  and  198 . The actuators  32  and  82  can be advanced by operating the control magnets  38  and  88  to produce a magnetic field that repels the actuator magnets  36  and  86 . Other mechanisms for advancing and/or retracting the actuators  32  and  82  are contemplated, such as motors, hydraulic actuators, etc. While in the second positions, the actuator magnets  36  and  86  can rest on stoppers  34  and  84  of the host device  90 . Following detachment of the stylus, the control magnets  38  and  88  can be deactivated or the actuators  32  and  82  returned to the first positions by the control magnets  38  and  88  and/or another (e.g., biasing) mechanism in preparation for magnetically coupling with the stylus thereafter. 
       FIGS. 14 and 15  illustrate an example of a system for absorbing shock of an impact. As shown in  FIG. 14 , a host device  90  can include host magnets  48  and  98  for magnetically coupling with stylus magnets  148  and  198  to retain the stylus  100  against the engagement portion  14  of the host device  90 . For example, the host magnets  48  and  98  can have magnetic orientations to attract the stylus magnets  148  and  198 , respectively. Where the host magnets  48  and  98  are permanent magnets, no additional energy would be required to maintain the magnetic attraction. Shock absorbers  42  and  92  can be flush with the engagement portion  14  of the host device  90  while in first (e.g., retracted) positions. The shock absorbers  42  and  92  can be biased and/or otherwise held in the first positions by a magnetic coupling between absorber magnets  46  and  96  and control magnets  38  and  88 , respectively. The control magnets  38  and  88  can be, for example, electromagnets that generate a magnetic field for attracting and/or repelling the absorber magnets  46  and  96 . 
     The shock absorbers  42  and  92  of the host device  90  can move to protect the stylus  100  from impact during a drop event. As shown in  FIG. 15 , the shock absorbers  42  and  92  can be operated to move to second positions that are proud of the engagement portion  14  of the host device  90 . Moving to the second positions, the shock absorbers  42  and  92  can extend beyond the stylus  100  and provide points of contact upon impact with a surface (e.g., the ground). The shock absorbers  42  and  92  can be advanced by operating the control magnets  38  and  88  to produce a magnetic field that repels the absorber magnets  46  and  96 . Other mechanisms for advancing and/or retracting the shock absorbers  42  and  92  are contemplated, such as motors, hydraulic actuators, etc. While in the second positions, the absorber magnets  46  and  96  can rest on stoppers  34  and  84  of the host device  90 . Impact with the shock absorbers  42  and  92  can allow forces to be absorbed therein thereby reducing or eliminating damage to the stylus  100  and other components of the host device  90 . Following impact and upon or after conclusion of a drop event, the control magnets  38  and  88  can be deactivated or the shock absorbers  42  and  92  returned to the first positions by the control magnets  38  and  88  and/or another (e.g., biasing) mechanism. 
     While mechanisms for detachment or shock absorption are illustrated on the host device, it will be understood that such mechanisms can be implemented on the stylus. It will be further understood that such mechanisms can be implemented on a separate device, such as an interposer between the host device and the stylus. Such an interposer can form a case around one of the host device and the stylus. 
     Accordingly, in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, components of a stylus and a host device are provided in a manner that mitigates and/or avoids damage to the stylus and/or the host device. Such components can cause the stylus and the host device to separate when drop motion is detected. Such separation can reduce and/or prevent damage that would have otherwise occurred if the stylus and the electronic device remained coupled together during impact. Such components can additionally or alternatively absorb forces upon impact to protect the stylus and the host device. It will be understood that variations in the illustrated examples can be provided to achieve similar results. 
     While some embodiments of touch-based input devices disclosed herein relate to styluses, it will be appreciated that the subject technology can encompass and be applied to other input devices. For example, an input device in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein can include a phone, a tablet computing device, a mobile computing device, a watch, a laptop computing device, a mouse, a game controller, a remote control, a digital media player, and/or any other electronic device. Further, the host device can be any device that interacts with a touch-based input device. For example, a host device in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein can include a tablet, a phone, a laptop computing device, a desktop computing device, a wearable device, a mobile computing device, a tablet computing device, a display, a television, a phone, a digital media player, and/or any other electronic device. 
     As described above, one aspect of the present technology may include the gathering and use of data available from various sources. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, twitter ID&#39;s, home addresses, data or records relating to a user&#39;s health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying or personal information. 
     The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For instance, health and fitness data may be used to provide insights into a user&#39;s general wellness, or may be used as positive feedback to individuals using technology to pursue wellness goals. 
     The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of or access to certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country. 
     Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, in the case of advertisement delivery services, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In another example, users can select not to provide mood-associated data for targeted content delivery services. In yet another example, users can select to limit the length of time mood-associated data is maintained or entirely prohibit the development of a baseline mood profile. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app. 
     Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including in certain health related applications, data de-identification can be used to protect a user&#39;s privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth, etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data a city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users), and/or other methods. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, content can be selected and delivered to users by inferring preferences based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the content delivery services, or publicly available information. 
     Various functions described above can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, in computer software, firmware or hardware. The techniques can be implemented using one or more computer program products. Programmable processors and computers can be included in or packaged as mobile devices. The processes and logic flows can be performed by one or more programmable processors and by one or more programmable logic circuitry. General and special purpose computing devices and storage devices can be interconnected through communication networks. 
     Some implementations include electronic components, such as microprocessors, storage and memory that store computer program instructions in a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (alternatively referred to as computer-readable storage media, machine-readable media, or machine-readable storage media). Some examples of such computer-readable media include RAM, ROM, read-only compact discs (CD-ROM), recordable compact discs (CD-R), rewritable compact discs (CD-RW), read-only digital versatile discs (e.g., DVD-ROM, dual-layer DVD-ROM), a variety of recordable/rewritable DVDs (e.g., DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, etc.), flash memory (e.g., SD cards, mini-SD cards, micro-SD cards, etc.), magnetic and/or solid state hard drives, ultra density optical discs, any other optical or magnetic media, and floppy disks. The computer-readable media can store a computer program that is executable by at least one processing unit and includes sets of instructions for performing various operations. Examples of computer programs or computer code include machine code, such as is produced by a compiler, and files including higher-level code that are executed by a computer, an electronic component, or a microprocessor using an interpreter. 
     While the above discussion primarily refers to microprocessor or multi-core processors that execute software, some implementations are performed by one or more integrated circuits, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In some implementations, such integrated circuits execute instructions that are stored on the circuit itself. 
     As used in this specification and any claims of this application, the terms “computer”, “processor”, and “memory” all refer to electronic or other technological devices. These terms exclude people or groups of people. For the purposes of the specification, the terms “display” or “displaying” means displaying on an electronic device. As used in this specification and any claims of this application, the terms “computer readable medium” and “computer readable media” are entirely restricted to tangible, physical objects that store information in a form that is readable by a computer. These terms exclude any wireless signals, wired download signals, and any other ephemeral signals. 
     To provide for interaction with a user, implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented on a computer having a display device as described herein for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, such as a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, such as visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. 
     Many of the above-described features and applications are implemented as software processes that are specified as a set of instructions recorded on a computer readable storage medium (also referred to as computer readable medium). When these instructions are executed by one or more processing unit(s) (e.g., one or more processors, cores of processors, or other processing units), they cause the processing unit(s) to perform the actions indicated in the instructions. Examples of computer readable media include, but are not limited to, CD-ROMs, flash drives, RAM chips, hard drives, EPROMs, etc. The computer readable media does not include carrier waves and electronic signals passing wirelessly or over wired connections. 
     In this specification, the term “software” is meant to include firmware residing in read-only memory or applications stored in magnetic storage, which can be read into memory for processing by a processor. Also, in some implementations, multiple software aspects of the subject disclosure can be implemented as sub-parts of a larger program while remaining distinct software aspects of the subject disclosure. In some implementations, multiple software aspects can also be implemented as separate programs. Finally, any combination of separate programs that together implement a software aspect described here is within the scope of the subject disclosure. In some implementations, the software programs, when installed to operate on one or more electronic systems, define one or more specific machine implementations that execute and perform the operations of the software programs. 
     A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative or procedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, object, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. 
     It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes disclosed is an illustration of example approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes may be rearranged, or that all illustrated blocks be performed. Some of the blocks may be performed simultaneously. For example, in certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. 
     The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the subject disclosure. 
     The predicate words “configured to”, “operable to”, and “programmed to” do not imply any particular tangible or intangible modification of a subject, but, rather, are intended to be used interchangeably. For example, a processor configured to monitor and control an operation or a component may also mean the processor being programmed to monitor and control the operation or the processor being operable to monitor and control the operation. Likewise, a processor configured to execute code can be construed as a processor programmed to execute code or operable to execute code 
     A phrase such as an “aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A phrase such as an aspect may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A phrase such as a configuration may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa. 
     The word “example” is used herein to mean “serving as an example or illustration.” Any aspect or design described herein as “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or design 
     All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20190319
Publication Date: 20220802
Grant Date: 20220802
Priority Date: 20181219
Inventors: MENG, Jingshi
LEE, SUNG CHANG
Zieba, David N.
RYU, KEE SUK
Aguilar, Noel G.
Allen, Orpheus J.
CHEN, YACHI
Hou, Yufeng
WU, WEI GUANG
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G06F3/017", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/1626", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/03545", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/1656", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2200/1632", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/03545", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/1607", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0346", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/1656", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/017", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/03545", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 71098429