PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10444091-B2
Application Number: US-201715484958-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Row column architecture for strain sensing

Abstract:
Disclosed herein are structures, devices, and methods for sensing physical parameters, such as strain in a surface, using resistance-based parameter sensors and current sensing. An applied strain can cause a differential change in one or more currents from two resistors configured in parallel in the sensor. Strain can be inferred from a ratio of the difference of the two currents to a sum of the two currents. These structures and methods can be adapted to measure strain or other parameters using an array of sensors, with common voltages applied to rows of the array, and currents being summed in column in the array so that fewer receivers are needed.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A resistance-based sensing structure operable to determine a physical parameter, comprising:
 a resistance-based parameter sensor comprising:
 a first parameter-sensitive element; and 
 a second parameter-sensitive element connected in parallel with the first parameter-sensitive element; 
 
 drive circuitry coupled to the resistance-based parameter sensor and operative to apply a source signal to the resistance-based parameter sensor; and 
 current sensing circuitry coupled to the resistance-based parameter sensor and operative to concurrently and separately,
 receive and measure a first current from the first parameter-sensitive element; and 
 receive and measure a second current from the second parameter-sensitive element; 
 
 wherein the current sensing circuitry is operable to estimate the physical parameter based on the separate measurements of the first current and the second current. 
 
     
     
       2. The resistance-based sensing structure of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the physical parameter is a strain; 
 the first parameter-sensitive element is a first strain-sensitive element; 
 the second parameter-sensitive element is a second strain-sensitive element; and 
 the first strain-sensitive element and the second strain-sensitive element each comprise one of a conductive material or a piezoresistive material. 
 
     
     
       3. The resistance-based sensing structure of  claim 2 , wherein the first strain-sensitive element is on a first side of the resistance-based strain sensor, and the second strain-sensitive element is on a second side of the resistance-based strain sensor that is opposite to the first side. 
     
     
       4. The resistance-based sensing structure of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the source signal is applied at an input node connected to the first parameter-sensitive element and the second parameter-sensitive element; 
 the first current is received from a first output node connected to a first output electrode of the first parameter-sensitive element; and 
 the second current is received from a second output node connected to a second output electrode of the second parameter-sensitive element, the second output electrode of the second parameter-sensitive element being electrically separated from the first output electrode of the first parameter-sensitive element. 
 
     
     
       5. The resistance-based sensing structure of  claim 4 , wherein the source signal is a voltage signal. 
     
     
       6. The resistance-based sensing structure of  claim 4 , further comprising:
 a first current sink connected to the first output node; and 
 a second current sink connected to the second output node. 
 
     
     
       7. The resistance-based sensing structure of  claim 6 , wherein the current sensing circuitry comprises an amplifier configured to receive the first current and the second current. 
     
     
       8. The resistance-based sensing structure of  claim 6 , wherein the current sensing circuitry comprises:
 a first amplifier having a first input junction that receives the first current and a first feedback of a first output signal of the first amplifier; and 
 a second amplifier having a second input junction that receives the second current and a second feedback of a second output signal of the second amplifier. 
 
     
     
       9. The resistance-based sensing structure of  claim 1  wherein a value of the physical parameter is determined at least in part by a ratio of a difference between the first current and the second current to a sum of the first current and the second current. 
     
     
       10. A method of determining a physical parameter by a resistance-based parameter sensor comprising a first parameter-sensitive element and a second parameter-sensitive element connected in parallel, the method comprising:
 applying a signal to the resistance-based parameter sensor; 
 receiving, separately and concurrently,
 a first current from a first output electrode of the first parameter-sensitive element; and 
 a second current from a second output electrode of the second parameter-sensitive element; 
 
 separately obtaining measurements of the first current and the second current; 
 determining the physical parameter using the measurements of the first current and the second current. 
 
     
     
       11. The method of  claim 10 , wherein determining the physical parameter using the measurements of the first current and the second current comprises:
 determining a difference of the measurements of the first current and the second current; 
 determining a sum of the measurements of the first current and the second current; and 
 determining a ratio of the difference and the sum. 
 
     
     
       12. The method of  claim 10 , wherein the signal is a time-varying voltage signal. 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 10 , further comprising:
 receiving the first current and the second current in a current sensing circuit, wherein the current sensing circuit comprises a first amplifier and a second amplifier; 
 amplifying the first current with the first amplifier; and 
 amplifying the second current with the second amplifier. 
 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 13 , further comprising:
 providing a first current sink at the first output electrode of the first parameter-sensitive element and shunting a first offset current from the first current; and 
 providing a second current sink at the second output electrode of the second parameter-sensitive element and shunting a second offset current from the second current. 
 
     
     
       15. An electronic device comprising:
 an input surface; 
 a first resistance-based strain sensor positioned beneath the input surface, comprising:
 a first signal input electrode; 
 a first strain-sensitive element connected to the first signal input electrode; and 
 a second strain-sensitive element connected to the first signal input electrode in parallel with the first strain-sensitive element; 
 
 a second resistance-based strain sensor positioned beneath the input surface, comprising:
 a second signal input electrode; 
 a third strain-sensitive element connected to the second signal input electrode; and 
 a fourth strain-sensitive element connected to the second signal input electrode in parallel with the third strain-sensitive element; 
 
 a first signal source operative to apply a first signal to the first signal input electrode; 
 a second signal source operative to apply a second signal to the second signal input electrode; 
 a first current junction configured to receive a first current from the first strain-sensitive element and a second current from the third strain-sensitive element; 
 a second current junction configured to receive a third current from the second strain-sensitive element and a fourth current from the fourth strain-sensitive element; 
 current sensing circuitry coupled to first current junction and the second current junction; and 
 a processing structure operative to determine a force applied to the input surface using a sum of the first current and the second current and a sum of the third current and the fourth current, 
 wherein the sum of the first current and the second current is measured separately from the sum of the third current and the fourth current. 
 
     
     
       16. The electronic device of  claim 15 , wherein the first signal source and the second signal source respectively apply the first signal and the second signal alternately. 
     
     
       17. The electronic device of  claim 15 , further comprising:
 a third resistance-based strain sensor positioned beneath the input surface and comprising:
 a third signal input electrode; 
 a fifth strain-sensitive element connected to the third signal input electrode; and 
 a sixth strain-sensitive element connected to the third signal input electrode in parallel with the fifth strain-sensitive element; 
 
 a fourth resistance-based strain sensor positioned beneath the input surface and comprising:
 a fourth signal input electrode; 
 a seventh strain-sensitive element connected to the fourth signal input electrode; and 
 an eighth strain-sensitive element connected to the fourth signal input electrode in parallel with the seventh strain-sensitive element; 
 
 a third current junction configured to receive a fifth current from the fifth strain-sensitive element and a sixth current from the seventh strain-sensitive element; 
 a fourth current junction configured to receive a seventh current from the sixth strain-sensitive element and an eighth current from the eighth strain-sensitive element; 
 wherein: 
 the first signal source is operative to apply the first signal to the third signal input electrode; 
 the second signal source is operative to apply the second signal to the fourth signal input electrode; and 
 the processing structure is operative to determine the force on the input surface using a sum of the fifth current and the seventh current and a sum of the sixth current and the eighth current. 
 
     
     
       18. The electronic device of  claim 17 , wherein:
 the first signal source is operative to apply a third signal to the first signal input electrode and to the third signal input electrode; 
 the second signal source is operative to apply a fourth signal to the second signal input electrode and to the fourth signal input electrode; 
 the third signal and the fourth signal are applied simultaneously; and 
 the third signal and the fourth signal have opposite polarity. 
 
     
     
       19. The electronic device of  claim 18 , wherein the force on the input surface is determined using a change in value of at least one of the first, third, fifth, or seventh currents. 
     
     
       20. The electronic device of  claim 17 , wherein the first signal and the second signal are applied simultaneously with the same polarity. 
     
     
       21. The electronic device of  claim 20 , wherein the processing structure separately determines a first force applied to the input surface at a first location using the first, second, third, and fourth currents, and a second force applied to the input surface at a second location using the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth currents. 
     
     
       22. The electronic device of  claim 15 , wherein:
 the first signal source and the second signal source are positioned on a first plane beneath the input surface of the electronic device; 
 the first current junction and the second current junction are positioned on a second plane beneath the input surface, the second plane being parallel to the first plane and the input surface; and 
 a first conducting via connects the first strain-sensitive element to the first current junction; 
 a second conducting via connects the second strain-sensitive element to the second current junction; 
 a third conducting via connects the third strain-sensitive element to the first current junction; and 
 a fourth conducting via connects the fourth strain-sensitive element to the second current junction.

Description:
FIELD 
     The present disclosure generally relates to electronic devices comprising input surfaces that use resistance-based parameter sensors, such as strain sensors, to detect inputs. Multiple such sensors may be arranged as an array of sensors. The present disclosure also relates to circuit architectures for such an array. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electronic devices are commonplace in today&#39;s society. Example electronic devices include cell phones, tablet computers, personal digital assistants, smart watches, kiosk display screens, and the like. User interfaces of such electronic devices may often have touch-based input surfaces that use resistance-based sensors, such as of strain or another physical parameter, to detect inputs. Resistance-based sensors may detect a resistance value or changes in the resistance value. 
     For example, resistance-based strain sensors often comprise a thin film having conductive path. When the film is attached to a deformable surface, deflection of the surface alters or stretches the conductive path, changing its resistance. The change in resistance correlates with the force on the deformable surface, and can be detected by circuitry such as a Wheatstone bridge. However, this approach creates scaling problems as the number of such strain sensors is increased since conventionally a bridge circuit uses a dedicated applied voltage source for each resistance to be measured. When multiple strain sensors are to be measured, either a single voltage source and bridge can be applied sequentially to the sensors, or multiple voltage sources and bridges can be used. The former case can lead to time delays in measuring touch inputs on an input surface. The latter case can lead to unacceptable circuit size and complexity. 
     SUMMARY 
     This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description section. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     Disclosed herein are devices, resistance-based sensing structures, and methods for using current sensing to detect physical parameters in objects using resistance-based parameter sensors. In one set of embodiments, disclosed herein are electronic devices having input surfaces that use multiple resistance-based strain sensors to detect or measure input touches or forces on the input surfaces. Another set of embodiments are disclosed that use multiple resistance-based temperature sensors to detect or measure temperatures or a change in temperatures. These and other embodiments may use a parallel current-based sensing configuration. Methods based on current sensing for determining a physical parameter in resistance-based parameter sensors are also disclosed. 
     A first embodiment discloses a resistance-based parameter sensing structure that can detect a physical parameter in an object. The resistance-based parameter sensing structure includes a resistance-based parameter sensor that contains a first parameter-sensitive element connected in parallel with a second parameter-sensitive element. The resistance-based parameter sensing structure also includes drive circuitry coupled to the resistance-based parameter sensor that can apply a source signal to the resistance-based parameter sensor. The resistance-based parameter sensing structure also includes current sensing circuitry coupled to the resistance-based parameter sensor. When the source signal is applied the current sensing circuitry receives a first current from the first parameter sensing element and a second current from the second parameter sensing element. Based on the first and second currents the current sensing circuitry can estimate a value of the physical parameter in the object. 
     Additional and/or alternative embodiments can include various combinations of the following. The first and second parameter-sensitive elements include either a conductive material or a piezoresistive material. The source signal is a voltage signal. The source signal is applied at an input node of the resistance-based parameter sensor that is connected to the first parameter-sensitive element and the second parameter-sensitive element. A first current is received from a first output node of the first parameter-sensitive element, a second current is received from a second output node of the second parameter-sensitive element. The first and second output nodes are electrically separated. 
     In additional and/or alternative embodiments, a first current sink is connected to the first output node and a second current sink is connected to the second output node. The first and the second currents may be measured by circuitry such as a single differential amplifier. In other embodiments the first current is received at a first amplifier with feedback, and the second current is received at a second amplifier having feedback. 
     In additional and/or alternative embodiments, such as for detecting strain, the first strain-sensitive element is on a first side of the resistance-based strain sensor, and the second strain-sensitive element is a second side of the resistance-based strain sensor that is opposite to the first side. 
     A second embodiment discloses a method of determining or measuring a physical parameter with a resistance-based parameter sensor. The resistance-based parameter sensor includes a first parameter-sensitive element and a second parameter-sensitive element connected in parallel. Stages of the method include: applying a signal to the resistance-based parameter sensor; receiving a first current from a first output electrode of the first parameter-sensitive element and a second current from a second output electrode of the second parameter-sensitive element; and determining the parameter using the first current and the second current. Determining the parameter can include the operations of: determining a difference of the first current and the second current; determining a sum of the first current and the second current; and determining a ratio of the difference and the sum. 
     Additional and/or alternative embodiments of the method can include various combinations of the following. The signal is a time-varying voltage signal. The first current and the second current are received in a current sensing circuit. The current sensing circuit may comprise an amplifier that compares the first current and the second current. The current sensing circuit may comprise a first and a second amplifier in which the first and the second amplifier respectively amplify the first and second currents, with the amplified first and second currents being used as in further current sensing circuitry. The method may also include the operations of shunting a first offset current from the first current by using a first current sink connected at the first output electrode of the first parameter-sensitive element, and shunting a second offset current from the second current by using a second current sink connected at the second output electrode of the first parameter-sensitive element. 
     A third embodiment discloses an electronic device that includes an input surface, and a first and a second resistance-based strain sensor positioned below the input surface. The first and second resistance-based strain sensors each include: a respective signal input electrode, and a first strain-sensitive element and a second strain-sensitive element connected in parallel to the respective signal input electrode. The electronic device further includes a first signal source that applies a first signal to the input electrode of the first resistance-based strain sensor, and a second signal source that applies a second signal to the input electrode of the second resistance-based strain sensor. The electronic device also includes a first current junction that receives a current from a strain-sensitive element of the first resistance-based strain sensor and another current from a strain-sensitive element of the second resistance-based strain sensor. The electronic device also includes a second current junction that receives a current from the other strain-sensitive element of the first resistance-based strain sensor and another current from the other strain-sensitive element of the second resistance-based strain sensor. The electronic device also contains current sensing circuitry couple to the first current junction and the second current junction. The electronic device also contains a processing structure that can determine the strain at a location on the input surface based on the sum of the currents into the first current junction and on the sum of the currents into the second current junction. 
     In the embodiment just described, the first and second resistance-based strain sensors may further be components of a first column in an array of resistance-based strain sensors. The embodiment just described may implement current sensing to detect and/or measure the strain. 
     Additional and/or alternative embodiments of the third embodiment may include a third and a fourth resistance-based strain sensor configured as a second column in the manner just described to form a two-column array. Further, the first and third resistance-based strain sensor are configured to form a first row of the array in which each has its signal input electrode driven by the first signal source, and the second and fourth resistance-based strain sensors are configured to form another row of the array in which each has its signal input electrode driven by the second signal source. There are third and fourth current junctions receiving currents from the third and fourth resistance-based strain sensors. The processing structure also uses currents out of the third and fourth current junctions as part of determining the strain. 
     A row-column array arrangement as just described can use a simple processing structure that may include fewer current receivers in comparison to arrangements using bridge circuit configurations for voltage sensing at each resistance-based strain sensor. 
     In additional and/or alternative embodiments the first and second signal sources each provide voltage signals. The signals may be applied simultaneously, either with the same or opposite polarity. A sequence of measurements can be made by first applying both signals simultaneously with the same polarity and measuring the sensors&#39; currents, followed by a subsequent measurement made by applying both signals simultaneously but with opposite polarity and measuring the sensors&#39; currents. Strain in a particular strain sensor is than estimated by the results of both measurements. 
     In additional and/or alternative embodiments, the first and second signal sources are positioned on a first plane, such as a surface of a substrate layer, beneath the input surface. Electrical connections may then be on the first plane connecting the first and second signal sources to the first and second resistance-based strain sensors. The first and second current junctions are positioned on a second plane that is beneath the input surface and parallel to the first plane. Conducting vias connect the strain-sensitive elements of the first and second resistance-based strain sensors to the first and second current junctions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an electronic device having multiple parameter sensors linked to an input surface, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a functional diagram of a resistance-based parameter sensor, according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 3A-C  illustrate block diagrams of a bridge circuit structure for measuring a parameter in a resistance-based strain sensor, according to various embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of a structure for determining a physical parameter, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a block diagram of a circuit for determining a physical parameter, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a block diagram of structure for determining strain using two resistance-based strain sensors, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a block diagram of a resistance-based sensing structure for determining strain that uses an array of resistance-based strain sensors, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of an electronic device that uses multiple resistance-based strain sensors, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9A  is a top view of electrical connections for an array of strain sensors, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9B  is a cross-sectional view of electrical connections to a strain sensor, according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 10A-B  show cross-sectional views of layouts of strain sensors, according to two embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  is a flow chart of a method for determining strain in an electronic device, according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     The use of cross-hatching or shading in the accompanying figures is generally provided to clarify the boundaries between adjacent elements and also to facilitate legibility of the figures. Accordingly, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shading conveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particular materials, material properties, element proportions, element dimensions, commonalities of similarly illustrated elements, or any other characteristic, attribute, or property for any element illustrated in the accompanying figures. 
     Additionally, it should be understood that the proportions and dimensions (either relative or absolute) of the various features and elements (and collections and groupings thereof) and the boundaries, separations, and positional relationships presented therebetween, are provided in the accompanying figures merely to facilitate an understanding of the various embodiments described herein and, accordingly, may not necessarily be presented or illustrated to scale, and are not intended to indicate any preference or requirement for an illustrated embodiment to the exclusion of embodiments described with reference thereto. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following descriptions are not intended to limit the embodiments to one preferred embodiment. To the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by the appended claims. 
     The embodiments described herein are directed to devices, resistance-based sensing structures, and methods for measuring a physical parameter using resistance-based parameter sensors. Examples of such physical parameters include strain in a surface and temperature, but are not limited to just those. A physical parameter will mean any measurable or detectable physical phenomenon. Examples include, but are not limited to, strain, resistance, temperature, current, voltage, force, and frequency, among others. Herein “parameter” will be used as equivalent to “physical parameter” unless otherwise noted. The devices, structures, and methods may be used in electronic devices having touch-based input surfaces, as well as in other devices. For example, the devices, resistance-based sensing structures, and methods disclosed herein may be used in, but are not limited to, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, a time keeping device, a health monitoring device, a wearable electronic device, an input device (e.g., a stylus), a desktop computer, and so on. Although various electronic devices are mentioned, the resistance-based sensing structures and methods of the present disclosure may also be used in conjunction with other products and combined with various materials. Although the present disclosure will describe in particular detail embodiments in which the physical parameter is strain in a surface, such as an input surface of electronic device, and the resistance-based parameter sensors are strain sensors, the disclosure is not limited to strain sensing structures and strain sensors. 
     Many electronic devices have a displays through which output images to a user are displayed. Such displays may also have an input surface that detects input forces, such as from a user&#39;s finger or stylus, as inputs. The detection can be implemented by one or more strain sensors positioned within the electronic device and linked with the input surface. For example, the strain sensors may be attached to a substrate layer below the input surface. An input force can deflect the input surface and the substrate layer at a location on the input surface. The deflection can cause a strain detectable by one or more of the strain sensors. The electronic device can then determine the location and intensity of the applied force. 
     Additionally and/or alternatively, detection of input to a display screen may be implemented by one or more resistance-based temperature sensors positioned below a display screen. A user&#39;s finger touching the screen can induce a determinable change in temperature at the location of the touch. 
     Such parameter sensors may be resistance-based, in that they contain one or more parameter-sensitive elements having a resistance that correlates with the parameter being measured. For example, some resistance-based strain sensors comprise one or more conductors whose resistance measurably changes in response to strain in an object. As another example, some resistance-based temperature sensors similarly comprise conductive material whose resistance varies according to temperature. Such resistance-based parameter sensors may also be configured in an array underlying the input surface to enable detection of a force or input at any point on the input surface. Determining a parameter can include either detecting the parameter, such as a force on an input surface, or measuring a value of the parameter. 
     The following disclosure, for simplicity and brevity of explanation only, will describe embodiments in which the physical parameter to be detected and/or measured is strain. It will be clear to one of skill in the art how these embodiments can be used or applied for other physical parameters. 
     The strain experienced by an individual strain sensor can be measured by a bridge circuit structure, such as a Wheatstone bridge. A first form of such a bridge circuit structure uses a strain sensor having two strain-sensitive elements configured as two resistors in series, with the series in parallel with a separate pair of reference resistors also connected in series. Strain in the strain sensor changes a resistance of a strain-sensitive element, which can be detected across the midpoints of each parallel branch. This bridge circuit structure often uses a voltage source signal applied to the two parallel branches, and measures a voltage difference across the midpoints of each series. 
     This bridge circuit structure has the advantage that strain in the strain sensor is proportional to a dimensionless ratio of resistance values. As a dimensionless ratio, a common mode temperature change in the resistance typically cancels out to low orders of expansion. 
     A second bridge circuit structure can configure the strain sensor so that its two strain-sensitive elements are effectively in parallel. When a source signal is applied, separate output currents from each parallel branch can be detected. Strain in the strain sensor can then be detected by changes in the separate output currents. 
     In particular configurations of the second bridge circuit structure, the strain can be made to depend on a dimensionless ratio and so preserve the reduction of temperature effects. 
     Another advantage of the second bridge circuit structure is that output currents from multiple strain sensors, such as sensors in an array linked to an input surface, can be summed by a single current detection circuit but nevertheless still sense strains in each of the multiple strain sensors. For rectangular arrays of strain sensors, this allows for each row of sensors to receive a respective common source signal, and for each column to have a respective common current receiver. Varying the source signal of each row over time in a predictable pattern allows the current receivers to detect the strains in the individual sensors. 
     Various embodiments disclosed herein relate to placement of the strain, or other parameter, sensors and the routing of their electrical interconnections to implement a row-column architecture for sensing and/or measuring the strain. 
     These and other embodiments are discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 1-11 . However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example electronic device  100  that may incorporate resistance-based strain sensors with current sensing. The exemplary electronic device  100  is a mobile phone. While the description below will refer to the specific exemplary electronic device shown in  FIG. 1 , it is to be understood that the embodiments described below may be implemented in different electronic devices, such as a laptop computer, a tablet computing device, a wearable computing device, a digital music player, a display input device, a kiosk, a remote control device, a television, and other types of electronic devices that include one or more strain-sensing structures. 
     The electronic device  100  includes an enclosure  102  at least partially surrounding an input surface  104 . There may be one or more input/output (I/O) devices  106 . The enclosure  102  can form an outer surface or partial outer surface for the internal components of the electronic device  100 . The enclosure  102  can be formed of one or more components operably connected together, such as a front piece and a back piece. Alternatively, the enclosure  102  can be formed of a single piece operably connected to the input surface  104 . 
     The input surface  104  may comprise a glass cover sheet  108 , below which can be multiple substrate layers. These substrate layers may comprise, for example, a display layer, a stiffener layer, a touch layer, a lighting layer, and a sensor layer, among others. 
     Below the input layer the electronic device  100  may comprise an array of strain sensors, such as strain sensors  110 , configured as part of structures and circuitry for detection of locations and sizes of forces applied to the input surface  104 . The one or more of strain sensors  110  may be resistance-based strain sensors in which an internal strain-sensitive element has a resistance that depends on the strain in the strain sensor. When such a resistance-based strain sensor is linked with the input surface  104 , either directly or through intermediate substrates or layers, a force applied to the input surface  104  can induce a strain in the resistance-based strain sensor. Embodiments of such resistance-based strain sensors will now be described. 
       FIG. 2  is a functional diagram of an embodiment of a resistance-based strain sensor  200 . The components of strain sensor  200  are presented in simplified form for explanation purposes. Strain sensor  200  may be implemented as a thin non-conductive film that contains a first strain-sensitive element  202  and a second strain-sensitive element  204  that are connected in series at an internal node  210 . 
     For connection to external circuitry, strain sensor  200  comprises a first electrode  206  connected to the first strain-sensitive element  202  opposite from the internal node  210 , a second electrode  208  connected to the second strain-sensitive element  204  opposite to the internal node  210  and a third electrode  212  that connects to the internal node  210 . 
     The strain sensor  200  may be formed as a single unit. Alternatively, strain sensor  200  may be implemented as two components connected together. As an example of the latter embodiment, separation line  214  indicates where a first component with only the strain-sensitive element  202  is linked with a second component containing strain-sensitive element  204 , and the leads  212  and  208 , as well as a lead to link with the first component. 
     In some embodiments, the strain sensor  200  may be connected to external circuitry as a series connection of the first strain-sensitive element  202  and the second strain-sensitive element  204 , with the first electrode  206  configured as an input (alternatively, as the output) and the second electrode  208  configured as an output (alternatively, as the input). When so connected, the third electrode  212  can serve as a connection at which to measure a value (such as voltage or current) across the divider formed by the first strain-sensitive element  202  and the second strain-sensitive element  204 . 
     In additional and/or alternative embodiments, the strain sensor  200  may be connected to external circuitry as a parallel connection of the first strain-sensitive element  202  and the second strain-sensitive element  204 . When so connected, the third electrode  212  can function as an input electrode, the first electrode  206  can function as a first output electrode, and the second electrode  208  can function as second output electrode. 
     The first strain-sensitive element  202  may be a resistive strip of a metallic conductor, configured in a serpentine pattern. As such, a strain (i.e., a stretch, compression or displacement of the encasing film) applied to the strain sensor  200  can cause a detectable change in the resistance of the strip. Alternatively, the first strain-sensitive element  202  can include a piezoresistive material that has a resistance that varies with a strain applied to strain sensor  200 . 
     The second strain-sensitive element  204  may also be a resistive strip or include a piezoresistive material so that its resistance also changes as a strain is applied to strain sensor  200 . In alternative embodiments, the second strain-sensitive element  204  may be configured as metallic or other conductive strip whose resistance does not change when a strain is applied to strain sensor  200 . In such alternative embodiments the second strain-sensitive element  204  can be used as a reference resistor against which the varying resistance of the first strain-sensitive element  202  can be measured. 
     In additional and/or alternative embodiments, the functional circuit diagram of the strain sensor  200  just described may also be the functional circuit diagram for a resistance-based temperature sensor. Such a temperature sensor can have two resistors configured in series as just described, with at least one of the resistors having a resistance that varies with its temperature. To prevent current heating, in some embodiments the applied voltage source can be a pulsed voltage source with the a short duty cycle. 
       FIG. 3A  shows a first strain sensing structure  300  in which a bridge circuit structure is used with strain sensor  200  to detect strain. The strain sensing structure  300  comprises drive circuitry  308 . Drive circuitry  308  can apply a signal, such as a voltage or current signal, through lead  310  to top node  304  of the bridge circuit structure  300 . From the top node  304  the strain sensing structure  300  includes two parallel branches that both connect to bottom node  306 . From bottom node  306  lead  312  completes the circuit back to the drive circuitry  308 . The first branch, the reference branch, includes reference resistors  301  and  302  connected in series at node  303 . The second branch, the strain sensing branch, is formed from strain sensor  200  with first strain-sensitive element  202  and second strain-sensitive element  204  connected in series, as described above. Strain in strain sensor  200  is detected by readout circuitry  314  connected between node  303  of the reference branch and lead  212  to node  210  of strain sensor  200 . 
       FIG. 3B  shows one embodiment of drive circuitry  308 . Two equal voltage sources  307 A and  307 B are connected in series at a grounded node, and have value V TX . Though the calculations explained below refer to this embodiment, it will be clear to one of skill in the art that other embodiments for the drive circuitry  308  may be used, such as a single voltage source, and give equivalent results. 
       FIG. 3C  shows one embodiment for readout circuitry  314 . A differential amplifier  317  receives a first signal (voltage V ip ) from node  303  in the reference branch in its non-inverting input, and a second signal (voltage V in ) from node  210  of strain sensor  200  in its inverting input. The differential amplifier provides an amplified output value of V ip −V in  on lead  316 . The output on lead  316  can be used to infer the strain in strain sensor  200 . 
     When the resistance at  301  is denoted as R ref1 , the resistance at  302  as R ref2 , the resistance of strain-sensitive element  202  as R 1 , and the resistance of strain-sensitive element  204  as R 2 , a circuit analysis shows that: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     V 
                     ip 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       in 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         V 
                         Tx 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   R 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   R 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   R 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   R 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                             
                             - 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   R 
                                   
                                     ref 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   R 
                                   
                                     ref 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   R 
                                   
                                     ref 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   R 
                                   
                                     ref 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In a first method of determining strain in the strain sensor  220 , a measurement of the difference on the left hand side of equation (1), or an amplification of this difference, can be known to correlate with the strain in the strain sensor  200 . This correlation can be known from experiment or design considerations of strain sensor  200 . As a consequence the strain can be seen to have the following functional dependence: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Strain 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           V 
                           ip 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           V 
                           in 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ∝ 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           2 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           R 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           R 
                           2 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           R 
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In a second method for determining the strain, when the difference V ip −V in  is measured at a first time, and then measured at a second time when a new or different strain is present in the strain sensor, these two voltage differences are subtracted to yield a change (delta) between the differences: Δ(V ip −V in ). The terms depending on the constant reference resistors cancel and produce the functional form: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Strain 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         Δ 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               V 
                               ip 
                             
                             - 
                             
                               V 
                               in 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ∝ 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           2 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           R 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           R 
                           2 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           R 
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Thus the strain in strain sensor  200  has a functional dependence on a dimensionless ratio of resistances. This is advantageous since temperature drifts in the resistance values will tend to cancel out to first order. Further, as shown by equations (2) and (3), the bridge circuit structure of  FIG. 3A  uses the approach of “voltage signaling and voltage sensing” to detect strain in strain sensor  200 . 
     To measure strains in multiple resistance-based strain sensors of an array, such as sensors  110  in electronic device  100 , using strain sensing structure  300  would require separate bridge circuit structures and readout circuits for each strain sensor. A single drive circuit could be used, with its source signal applied to all bridge circuit structures. This may be desirable in some embodiments for certain electronic devices. For other electronic devices, another bridge circuit structure may be more useful, as will now be described. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a second resistance-based strain sensing structure  400 . The strain sensing structure  400  includes drive circuitry  408 , which can apply a source signal to lead  410 . The source signal can be a voltage signal or a current signal, and may be time-dependent. Strain sensing structure  400  applies the source signal to strain sensor  401 . Strain sensor  401  is configured to have two strain-sensitive elements  402  and  404  connected in parallel from an electrode connected to lead  410 . Such a parallel configuration is discussed above in relation to strain sensor  200 . As will now be explained, the second strain sensing structure  400  can use the approach of “voltage signaling and current sensing.” 
     Though the drive circuitry  408  may use a current source or a split voltage source as shown in  FIG. 3B , or another structure, for simplicity of exposition in the following analysis the drive circuitry  408  will be assumed to be a single voltage source, V TX . This is equivalent to voltage source  307 B in  FIG. 3B  being a zero voltage. Further, for this analysis the strain sensor  401  will be assumed to be a resistance-based strain sensor, with at least one of strain-sensitive elements  402  and  404  having a resistance that depends on a strain in strain sensor  401 . 
     When such a voltage source signal is applied from drive circuitry  408  to the input at lead  410  of resistance-based strain sensor  401 , and the respective resistances through strain-sensitive elements  402  and  404  are denoted by R 1  and R 2 , the difference in the currents is: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 I 
                 1 
               
               - 
               
                 I 
                 2 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   V 
                   TX 
                 
                 ⁡ 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       
                         R 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         R 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   V 
                   TX 
                 
                 · 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         R 
                         2 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         R 
                         1` 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         R 
                         1 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         R 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                   . 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     While accurate measurement of currents, or their difference, is possible, there would nonetheless be limitations to using current sensing in this form to detect strain. It would require knowing at least one the resistances within the strain sensor to obtain the strain from the current difference. Further, the ratio on the right hand side multiplying V TX  is not dimensionless. As such, drifts in resistance values that arise with temperature variation would not tend to cancel. 
     A better approach would instead use a ratio of current values. If instead of the difference of the two currents I 1  and I 2  their sum was calculated, the sum would be: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 I 
                 1 
               
               + 
               
                 I 
                 2 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   V 
                   TX 
                 
                 ⁡ 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       
                         R 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         R 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   V 
                   TX 
                 
                 · 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         R 
                         2 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         R 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         R 
                         1 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         R 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                   . 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The ratio of the difference of the currents to the sum of the currents would be: 
     
       
         
           
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     1 
                   
                   - 
                   
                     I 
                     2 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     I 
                     1 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     I 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               ) 
             
             ∝ 
             
               
                 
                   
                     R 
                     2 
                   
                   - 
                   
                     R 
                     1 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     R 
                     1 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     R 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
     The right hand side is now dimensionless and temperature drifts in the resistance values will tend to cancel to first order. This ratio can be reliably and accurately related to the strain to yield the functional relationship: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Strain 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             I 
                             1 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             I 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             I 
                             1 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             I 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ∝ 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           2 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           R 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           R 
                           1 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           R 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   4 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     To use such a relationship the current sensing and measuring circuitry can be configured for accurate measurement of the sum and difference of the currents from the resistance-based strain sensor  401 . The following will illustrate one embodiment for doing so. 
       FIG. 5  shows a block diagram of a circuit  500  that implements current sensing with a strain sensor. In circuit  500 , the drive circuitry is now the voltage source  502 , V TX , which may be time-varying. The circuit  500  contains two resistance-based strain-sensitive elements  506 ,  510 , connected in parallel. One may have a fixed reference resistance. These may be contained in a dedicated strain sensor such as strain sensor  200  discussed above. The voltage source  502  applies its source signal through lead  508  to the strain-sensitive elements  506 ,  510 . 
     Current source  512 A may be connected from the output of strain-sensitive element  506  to ground. It will also be termed a current sink, as it shunts to ground a fixed amount of offset current, I off1p , from the current, I 1p , through strain-sensitive element  506 . Similarly, current source  512 B may be connected from the output of strain-sensitive element  510  to shunt to ground a fixed amount of offset current, I off1n , from the current, I 1n , through strain-sensitive element  510 . The two current sinks  512 A-B provide a bridge structure for current sensing analogous to the reference resistors  301  and  302  of  FIG. 3A . The combination of a strain sensor with the strain-sensitive elements  506 ,  510 , and the current sinks  512 A-B form a current sensing bridge structure  504 . 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 5 , the current sensing and measurement apparatus  403  is implemented as a pair of differential amplifiers  516 A-B. Differential amplifier  516 A receives at its inverting input a current I ip  on lead  514 A that is a sample of the total current I 1p  through strain-sensitive element  506 . The non-inverting input is connected to ground. A feedback from the output  518 A of differential amplifier  516 A is fed back to the inverting input at lead  514 A. Differential amplifier  516 A operates to maintain the output so that inverting input is at a virtual ground (indicated by the parentheses). Similarly, differential amplifier  516 B receives at its inverting input  514 B a current I in  on lead  514 B that is a sample of the total current I 1n  through strain-sensitive element  510 . Negative feedback of the output at  518 B is used to keep the inverting input at  514 B at virtual ground. The outputs of the differential amplifiers  516 A-B may be used by processing circuitry  405 , such as for determining strain. 
     While  FIG. 5  shows two differential amplifiers each configured in inverting mode, it will be clear to one of skill in the art that alternative configurations, having different numbers of amplifiers, can also be used. For example, a single high-precision amplifier, such as an instrumentation amplifier, could be used to receive both currents I ip  and I in . 
     In the notation of  FIG. 5  the analysis leading to equation (4) now yields: 
     
       
         
           
             
               Strain 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       
                         1 
                         ⁢ 
                         p 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       I 
                       
                         1 
                         ⁢ 
                         n 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       I 
                       
                         1 
                         ⁢ 
                         p 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       I 
                       
                         1 
                         ⁢ 
                         n 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
             ∝ 
             
               
                 
                   
                     R 
                     
                       1 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       n 
                     
                   
                   - 
                   
                     R 
                     
                       1 
                       ⁢ 
                       p 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     R 
                     
                       1 
                       ⁢ 
                       n 
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     R 
                     
                       1 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       p 
                     
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
     The currents on the left hand side are given as sums of measured or set values: I 1p =I ip +I off1p  and I 1n =I in +I off1n . The circuit  500  thus allows strain to be measured using current sensing. It can also be adapted to measure strain in multiple strain sensors, as will now be explained. 
       FIG. 6  shows block diagram of a circuit  600  that can be used to measure strain in two resistance-based strain sensors  604  and  605 , each containing two resistance-based strain-sensitive elements. The strain sensors  604  and  605  may be provided with current sinks as shown in  FIG. 5 , but for simplicity of explanation they are not shown. Strain sensor  604  receives a source signal from first drive circuitry  602 A, and strain sensor  605  receives a source signal from drive circuitry  602 B. 
     Each of strain sensors  604  and  605  has a respective first output (e.g., the left output) connected to a conductive lead that can function as a current junction  606 . The current junction  606  is connected to current node  610 A at the inverting input of differential amplifier  612 A. The non-inverting input of differential amplifier  612 A can be set at ground, and negative feedback provided from output  614 A to the current node  610 A, as discussed in relation to  FIG. 5 . Similarly, each of the strain sensors  604  and  605  has its respective alternate output connected to a conductive lead that can function as a current junction  608 . The current junction  608  is connected to current node  6108  at the inverting input of differential amplifier  6128 . The non-inverting input of differential amplifier  6128  can be set at ground, and negative feedback provided from output  614 B to the current node  610 B. 
     The configuration of strain sensors  604  and  605  shown if  FIG. 6  is termed a column connection. Additional such strain sensors can be added to the column connection shown in  FIG. 6  with the first output of each strain sensor connected to current junction  606  and the second output of each strain sensor connected to current junction  608 . Each additional strain sensor in the column would need an additional respective drive circuit to provide a source signal. However, adding additional strain sensors to the column connection would not require any further differential amplifiers for current sensing. 
     The currents from strain sensors  604  and  605  into current junction  606  are summed and the output of differential amplifier  612 A is proportional to this sum. Similarly, the currents from strain sensors  604  and  605  into current junction  608  are summed and the output of differential amplifier  612 B is proportional to that sum. 
     To measure strain individually in strain sensor  604 , the drive circuitry  602 A can apply, for example, a positive voltage to the input of strain sensor  604  while drive circuitry  602 B applies a zero voltage to the input of strain sensor  605 . Then no currents will be provided as outputs from strain sensor  605 , so that the total current in current junction  606  arises only from strain sensor  604 . The total current in current junction  608  also arises only from strain sensor  604 . In this way the stain in strain sensor  604  can be estimated, such as by processing circuitry  616 , as discussed in relation to the single strain sensor shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     Analogously, if drive circuitry  602 A provides a zero voltage to strain sensor  604  but drive circuitry  602 B applies a positive voltage to strain sensor  605 , the strain in strain sensor  605  can be estimated. When more strain sensors are present in the column, the respective drive circuits can be sequentially applied to determine the strains in each strain sensor. 
       FIG. 7  shows a simplified circuit diagram of an array  710  of resistance-based strain sensors, such as resistance-based strain sensors  704 A-D,  707 A, and  707 D. Each resistance-based strain sensor may comprise a pair of resistance-based strain-sensitive elements, as described previously. For simplicity of explanation, the strain sensors of array  710  will be assumed to be such resistance-based strain sensors. However, one of skill in the art will recognize how the various embodiments described below can use alternative strain sensors. 
     The array  710  may be part of array used to detect forces applied to an input surface, such as input surface  104  of electronic device  100 . The array  710  may be configured on one or more substrate layers of the electronic device  100 . 
     The array  710  has four columns of strain sensors, the columns positioned from left to right. In the leftmost column is shown strain sensor  704 A at the top, and strain sensor  707 A at the bottom. In the rightmost column is shown strain sensor  704 D at the top, and strain sensor  707 D at the bottom. Strain sensors  704 A-D form a single row of strain sensors having a common drive circuit  702 A operative to apply a voltage transmit source signal V TX3  simultaneously to the inputs of strain sensors  704 A-D. Similarly, each of drive circuits  702 B-D are operative to apply respective voltage transmit source signals, V TX2 , V TX1 , and V TX3 , to its respective row of strain sensors. 
     Each column of array  710  includes two current junctions, such as  708 A and  708 B for the left column, that receive output currents from the strain sensors in the column, as described in relation to  FIG. 6 . The current junctions may be configured as electrical traces on a substrate layer. Each column uses only two differential amplifiers, such as differential amplifiers  712 A and  712 B for the left column and differential amplifiers  712 C and  712 D for the right column. 
     Negative feedback from the outputs of differential amplifiers is applied, as described previously. The signals on the outputs of the differential amplifiers, such as respective outputs  714 A-D of differential amplifiers  712 A-D, are used to provide negative feedback, as described previously. The outputs of the differential amplifiers is received by processing circuitry  716 , which can use the outputs to estimate strains in the strain sensors. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an advantage of current sensing with a large array of strain sensors: only eight differential amplifiers and four drive circuits are used. If voltage sensing with each strain sensor had been used, sixteen differential amplifiers, one for each strain sensor, would have been needed; even if every strain sensor had its source signal supplied from a single drive circuit, more circuit elements would still have been needed. 
     In one set of embodiments, signals from the drive circuits  702 A-D can be applied simultaneously to perform a sequence of measurements. In a first measurement, the signals are applied with the same polarity to each respective row. The sums of the sensors&#39; output currents measured by the amplifiers and processing circuitry. The first measurement of the column sums of the sensors&#39; output currents can provide an indication that strain is occurring in at least one sensor within the column. For example, the column sums of the sensors&#39; output currents can be compared to known or anticipated sums that would occur if no strain is occurring in any strain sensor. 
     In a subsequent second measurement, the signals are again applied simultaneously, but with at least one signal, such as the signal from drive circuit  702 B, having an opposite polarity. The sums of the sensors&#39; output currents are measured by the amplifiers and processing circuitry for this second set of input signals. Additional similar measurements of the sums of the sensors&#39; output currents can then be made by sequentially changing the signal of each drive circuit to have opposite polarity. The results of all the measurements can then be combined by the processing circuitry to estimate the strains in each sensor. 
     An array of strain sensors may be positioned and/or configured according to various embodiments, as will now be discussed. 
       FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view  800  of an embodiment of electronic device  100  along cut lines A-A. The input layer and two substrate layers,  802  and  804 , are shown. In other embodiments more or fewer substrate layers may be used. The input layer  104  is receives input forces from a user, such as from a finger or a stylus. The input layer  104  may be all or mostly transparent in order that images generated by the electronic device  100  may be seen through it. 
     Beneath the input layer  104  may be a display layer  802  that contains discrete light sources that are used to generate images for the user. The discrete light source may be light emitting diodes, such as organic diodes. Other image generating technologies may be used in the display layer. 
     Beneath the display layer  802  is a touch sensing layer  804  in which are located individual strain sensors  110 . The touch sensing layer may contain all or part of the components of an array of strains sensors, such as array  710 . In this configuration of the strain sensors may be opaque, for example, to help reduce reflections of light produced in the display layer  802 . 
     In another set of embodiments, the touch sensing layer  804  may be positioned as the first substrate layer beneath the input surface  104 . The display layer  802  may then be beneath the touch sensing layer  804 . In these embodiments the strain sensors may be all or mostly transparent so that images produced by the display layer can be viewed through the touch sensing layer  804  and the input surface  104 . 
       FIGS. 9A-B  show embodiments of how electrical connections for an array of strain sensors, such as array  710 , can be configured.  FIG. 9A  shows a top view of two parallel planes used for the electrical connections: a nearer plane containing the electrical connections carrying source signals V TX3  on electrical connection  902  and V TX0  on electrical connection  904 . A second lower plane contains electrical connections  708 A and  708 B, which may be the current junctions described in connection with  FIG. 7 . Any or all of the electrical connections  902 ,  904 ,  708 A-B may be implemented as traces on a substrate layer. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 9A , the resistance-based strain sensors  704 A-B and  707 A-B are located on or attached to the nearer plane. The strain-sensitive elements of these strain sensors then pass through to the lower plane to join with the electrical connections on the lower plane. Such a configuration may allow for ease of manufacture by reducing circuit routing complexity. 
       FIG. 9B  shows a cross-sectional view of the routing configuration just described. There is a substrate layer  910 , which may be the touch sensing layer  804  described above, that includes the strain sensor  704 A. The top surface of substrate layer  910  defines the nearer plane just described. The electrical connection  902  is shown above top surface of substrate layer  910  for visibility, but may be a trace deposited on the surface of substrate layer  910 , or may be included in substrate layer above substrate layer  910 . 
     The lower plane may be the bottom surface of substrate layer  910 . On the lower plane are the electrical connections  708 A and  708 B seen in cross-section. Vias  912 A-B provide electrical connection from the nearer plane to the lower plane. 
     In an alternate embodiment, strain sensor  704 A may be positioned on the lower plane, i.e., the bottom surface of substrate layer  910 , so that its output leads to electrical connections  708 A and  708 B would be substantially coplanar with them, and that a single via would join electrical connection  902  with the input electrode of strain sensor  704 A. 
       FIGS. 10A-B  illustrate two configurations  1000 A-B for placing strain sensors on a substrate layer  1002 .  FIG. 10A  illustrates an embodiment  1000 A in which strain sensors  1004 A-D can placed in or just under the top surface of substrate layer  1002  and additionally on or just within the bottom surface of substrate layer  1002 . 
       FIG. 10B  illustrates an alternative embodiment  1000 B in which strain sensors  1006 A-C are places on or just within one side of substrate layer  1002 . 
       FIG. 11  is flowchart of a method  1100  for determining strain in a resistance-based strain sensor using current sensing. The method may be used, for example, when the resistance-based strain sensor configured as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     At stage  1102  an input signal is applied to the resistance-based strain sensor. The input signal may be a voltage or current signal. The input signal may be pulsed DC, or have another time dependence. 
     At stage  1104 , a first current and a second current are received from the resistance-based strain sensor, such as in current sensing circuitry. By configuring the resistance-based strain sensor to produce two currents, such as from two strain-sensitive elements, the method is using the resistance-based strain sensor in a current sensing mode. 
     At stage  1106 , the strain is determined from the first and second currents, such as by a ratio of a difference of the currents and a sum of the currents. The determination can be made by separate processing circuitry. 
     The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the specific embodiments described herein are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not targeted to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20170411
Publication Date: 20191015
Grant Date: 20191015
Priority Date: 20170411
Inventors: HU, JASON C.
AGARWAL, MANU
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G01R27/02", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01R19/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L5/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/205", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/205", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/2262", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/2262", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L1/205", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0414", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01L5/22", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04144", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04144", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0416", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 63711495