PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9478157-B2
Application Number: US-201514673685-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Ambient light adaptive displays

Abstract:
An electronic device may include a display having an array of display pixels and having display control circuitry that controls the operation of the display. The display control circuitry may adaptively adjust the display output based on ambient lighting conditions. For example, in cooler ambient lighting conditions such as those dominated by daylight, the display may display neutral colors using a relatively cool white. When the display is operated in warmer ambient lighting conditions such as those dominated by indoor light sources, the display may display neutral colors using a relatively warm white. Adapting to the ambient lighting conditions may ensure that the user does not perceive color shifts on the display as the user&#39;s vision chromatically adapts to different ambient lighting conditions. Adaptively adjusting images in this way can also have beneficial effects on the human circadian rhythm by displaying warmer colors in the evening.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method for displaying images on an array of display pixels in a display that emits display light, comprising:
 with display control circuitry, gathering ambient light information from a light sensor; 
 determining an adaptation factor that weights a user&#39;s chromatic adaptation to the display light relative to the user&#39;s chromatic adaptation to ambient light based on the ambient light information; 
 determining a neutral color based on the adaptation factor; and 
 adjusting input pixel values based on the neutral color to obtain adapted input pixel values. 
 
     
     
       2. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein determining the adaptation factor comprises determining the adaptation factor based on the brightness of the display light. 
     
     
       3. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein the adaptation factor is a value ranging from zero to one. 
     
     
       4. The method defined in  claim 1  further comprising:
 gathering proximity sensor data from a proximity sensor indicating a distance between the user and the display screen, wherein the adaptation factor is based on the distance. 
 
     
     
       5. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein the ambient light information indicates a measured brightness level of the ambient light and wherein the adaptation factor is based on the measured brightness level. 
     
     
       6. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein the display is operable in first and second user-selectable modes and wherein the adaptation factor is based on whether the display is operating in the first mode or the second mode. 
     
     
       7. The method defined in  claim 1  further comprising:
 determining a time of day, wherein determining the neutral color comprises determining the neutral color based on the time of day. 
 
     
     
       8. The method defined in  claim 1  further comprising:
 applying a temporal filter to the adapted input pixel values. 
 
     
     
       9. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein the ambient light information indicates a color of the ambient light and wherein determining the neutral color comprises determining the neutral color based on the color of the ambient light. 
     
     
       10. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein adjusting the input pixel values comprises adjusting the input pixel values in the LMS color space. 
     
     
       11. The method defined in  claim 1  wherein determining the neutral color based on the adaptation factor comprises determining the neutral color to avoid perceivable color shifts. 
     
     
       12. An electronic device, comprising:
 at least one light sensor that detects ambient light; 
 a display that emits display light and that is operable in at least first and second user-selectable modes, wherein colors displayed by the display in the first mode are determined based on the ambient light and wherein colors displayed by the display in the second mode are determined independently of the ambient light; and 
 display control circuitry that adjusts input pixel values using an adaptation factor that weights a user&#39;s chromatic adaptation to the display light relative to the user&#39;s chromatic adaptation to the ambient light, wherein the adaptation factor is different for each of the user-selectable modes, and wherein the display control circuitry adjusts the input pixel values based on the ambient light when the display is operated in the first mode. 
 
     
     
       13. The electronic device defined in  claim 12  wherein the display displays neutral colors having a first set of characteristics when operated in the first mode and displays neutral colors having a second set of characteristics when operated in the second mode, and wherein the first set of characteristics is different from the second set of characteristics. 
     
     
       14. The electronic device defined in  claim 12  wherein the light sensor comprises a color light sensor that detects whether the ambient light is cool or warm. 
     
     
       15. The electronic device defined in  claim 14  wherein display operating in the first mode displays neutral colors with warmer light when the ambient light is warm and displays the neutral colors with cooler light when the ambient light is cool. 
     
     
       16. The electronic device defined in  claim 12  further comprising a gyroscope, wherein the at least one light sensor comprises a plurality of light sensors that gather ambient light sensor data, and wherein the display control circuitry uses the gyroscope to determine how to weight the ambient light sensor data from the plurality of light sensors. 
     
     
       17. A method for displaying images on an array of display pixels in a display that emits display light, comprising:
 with display control circuitry, gathering ambient light information from a light sensor, wherein the ambient light information indicates whether ambient light is dominated by a first light source that emits light having a first color temperature or a second light source that emits light having a second color temperature, wherein the first color temperature is lower than the second color temperature; 
 with the display control circuitry, determining whether a user&#39;s chromatic adaptation is dominated by the display light or by the ambient light; 
 with the display control circuitry, operating the display to display neutral colors using a first color of light when the ambient light information indicates that the ambient light is dominated by the first light source and using a second color of light when the ambient light information indicates that the ambient light is dominated by the second light source, wherein the first color of light has a lower color temperature than the second color of light; and 
 with the display control circuitry, operating the display to display neutral colors using a third color of light when the user&#39;s chromatic adaptation is dominated by the display light. 
 
     
     
       18. The method defined in  claim 17  wherein the first light source is an indoor light source and wherein the second light source is daylight. 
     
     
       19. The method defined in  claim 17  wherein the second color of light used to display neutral colors is based on a predetermined target white point. 
     
     
       20. The method defined in  claim 19  wherein the first color of light used to display neutral colors is based on an adaptive neutral point that is determined on-the-fly using the ambient light information. 
     
     
       21. The method defined in  claim 17  further comprising:
 with a proximity sensor, detecting a proximity of the user to the display, wherein the first color of light used to display neutral colors is determined based on the proximity of the user to the display.

Description:
This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/080,934, filed Nov. 17, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This relates generally to electronic devices with displays and, more particularly, to electronic devices with displays that adapt to different ambient lighting conditions. 
     The chromatic adaptation function of the human visual system allows humans to generally maintain constant perceived color under different ambient lighting conditions. For example, an object that appears red when illuminated by sunlight will also be perceived as red when illuminated by an indoor electric light. 
     Conventional displays do not typically account for different ambient lighting conditions or the chromatic adaptation of the human visual system. As a result, a user may perceive undesirable color shifts in the display under different ambient lighting conditions. For example, the white point of a display may appear white to a user in outdoor ambient lighting conditions, but may appear bluish to the user in an indoor environment when the user&#39;s eyes have adapted to the warmer light produced by indoor light sources. 
     It would therefore be desirable to be able to provide improved ways of displaying images with displays. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electronic device may include a display having an array of display pixels and having display control circuitry that controls the operation of the display. The display control circuitry may adaptively adjust the output from the display based on ambient lighting conditions. 
     An electronic device may include a display having an array of display pixels and having display control circuitry that controls the operation of the display. The display control circuitry may adaptively adjust the display output based on ambient lighting conditions. For example, in cooler ambient lighting conditions such as those dominated by daylight, the display may display neutral colors using a relatively cool white. When the display is operating in warmer ambient lighting conditions such as those dominated by indoor light sources, the display may display neutral colors using a relatively warm white. 
     The display control circuitry may adjust the output from the display by adjusting the neutral point of the display. The neutral point of a display may be defined as the color emitted by the display when displaying a neutral color such as white. The display control circuitry may adjust the neutral point of the display based on ambient light information gathered by a light sensor. 
     Adapting to the ambient lighting conditions may ensure that the user does not perceive color shifts on the display as the user&#39;s vision chromatically adapts to different ambient lighting conditions. Adaptively adjusting images in this way can also have beneficial effects on the human circadian rhythm by displaying warmer colors in the evening. 
     A user&#39;s visual system may chromatically adapt to the ambient light in the vicinity of the user (e.g., light emitted by the display, light emitted by other light sources such as the sun or a light bulb, etc.). Display control circuitry may determine an adapted neutral point based on an adaptation factor that indicates how heavily the display light should be weighted relative to ambient light from other light sources in determining what light the user is adapted to. 
     If desired, a user may be able to select and/or adjust the adaptation factor manually. For example, electronic device  10  may operate in different user-selectable modes such as a paper mode, a hybrid mode, and a normal mode. In the normal mode, the adaptation factor may be set to one such that the display&#39;s neutral point is maintained at a target white point. In the paper mode, the adaptation factor may be set to zero such that the display&#39;s neutral point adaptively adjusts to the ambient lighting conditions to maintain a paper-like appearance of images on the display. In the hybrid mode, the adaptation factor may be set to some value between zero and one such that the display&#39;s neutral point is dependent on both the display&#39;s white point and the ambient lighting conditions. 
     If desired, proximity sensor data may be used to determine the distance between the user and the display, which in turn can be used to determine the contribution of display light to the user&#39;s chromatic adaptation. 
     Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device such as a portable computer having an ambient light adaptive display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device such as a cellular telephone or other handheld device having an ambient light adaptive display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device such as a tablet computer having an ambient light adaptive display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of an illustrative electronic device such as a computer monitor with a built-in computer having an ambient light adaptive display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative system including an electronic device of the type that may be provided with an ambient light adaptive display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device having a display and display control circuitry in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating how a user may perceive undesirable color shifts when using a conventional display that does not account for the chromatic adaptation of the human visual system to different ambient lighting conditions. 
         FIG. 8  is a chromaticity diagram showing how a display may have an adapted neutral point based on a current ambient lighting condition in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow chart of illustrative steps involved in displaying images that are compensated for ambient lighting conditions in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a flow chart of illustrative steps involved in determining an adaptive neutral point in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Electronic devices such as cellular telephones, media players, computers, set-top boxes, wireless access points, and other electronic equipment may include displays. Displays may be used to present visual information and status data and/or may be used to gather user input data. 
     An illustrative electronic device of the type that may be provided with an ambient light adaptive display is shown in  FIG. 1 . Electronic device  10  may be a computer such as a computer that is integrated into a display such as a computer monitor, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a somewhat smaller portable device such as a wrist-watch device, pendant device, or other wearable or miniature device, a cellular telephone, a media player, a tablet computer, a gaming device, a navigation device, a computer monitor, a television, or other electronic equipment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , device  10  may include a display such as display  14 . Display  14  may be a touch screen that incorporates capacitive touch electrodes or other touch sensor components or may be a display that is not touch-sensitive. Display  14  may include image pixels formed from light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), plasma cells, electrophoretic display elements, electrowetting display elements, liquid crystal display (LCD) components, or other suitable image pixel structures. Arrangements in which display  14  is formed using organic light-emitting diode pixels are sometimes described herein as an example. This is, however, merely illustrative. Any suitable type of display technology may be used in forming display  14  if desired. 
     Device  10  may have a housing such as housing  12 . Housing  12 , which may sometimes be referred to as a case, may be formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or a combination of any two or more of these materials. 
     Housing  12  may be formed using a unibody configuration in which some or all of housing  12  is machined or molded as a single structure or may be formed using multiple structures (e.g., an internal frame structure, one or more structures that form exterior housing surfaces, etc.). 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , housing  12  may have multiple parts. For example, housing  12  may have upper portion  12 A and lower portion  12 B. Upper portion  12 A may be coupled to lower portion  12 B using a hinge that allows portion  12 A to rotate about rotational axis  16  relative to portion  12 B. A keyboard such as keyboard  18  and a touch pad such as touch pad  20  may be mounted in housing portion  12 B. 
     In the example of  FIG. 2 , device  10  has been implemented using a housing that is sufficiently small to fit within a user&#39;s hand (e.g., device  10  of  FIG. 2  may be a handheld electronic device such as a cellular telephone). As show in  FIG. 2 , device  10  may include a display such as display  14  mounted on the front of housing  12 . Display  14  may be substantially filled with active display pixels or may have an active portion and an inactive portion. Display  14  may have openings (e.g., openings in the inactive or active portions of display  14 ) such as an opening to accommodate button  22  and an opening to accommodate speaker port  24 . 
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view of electronic device  10  in a configuration in which electronic device  10  has been implemented in the form of a tablet computer. As shown in  FIG. 3 , display  14  may be mounted on the upper (front) surface of housing  12 . An opening may be formed in display  14  to accommodate button  22 . 
       FIG. 4  is a perspective view of electronic device  10  in a configuration in which electronic device  10  has been implemented in the form of a computer integrated into a computer monitor. As shown in  FIG. 4 , display  14  may be mounted on a front surface of housing  12 . Stand  26  may be used to support housing  12 . 
     A schematic diagram of device  10  is shown in  FIG. 5 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , electronic device  10  may include control circuitry such as storage and processing circuitry  40 . Storage and processing circuitry  40  may include one or more different types of storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in storage and processing circuitry  40  may be used in controlling the operation of device  10 . The processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, baseband processor integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits, etc. 
     With one suitable arrangement, storage and processing circuitry  40  may be used to run software on device  10  such as internet browsing applications, email applications, media playback applications, operating system functions, software for capturing and processing images, software implementing functions associated with gathering and processing sensor data, software that makes adjustments to display brightness and touch sensor functionality, etc. 
     To support interactions with external equipment, storage and processing circuitry  40  may be used in implementing communications protocols. Communications protocols that may be implemented using storage and processing circuitry  40  include internet protocols, wireless local area network protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocols—sometimes referred to as WiFi®), protocols for other short-range wireless communications links such as the Bluetooth® protocol, etc. 
     Input-output circuitry  32  may be used to allow input to be supplied to device  10  from a user or external devices and to allow output to be provided from device  10  to the user or external devices. 
     Input-output circuitry  32  may include wired and wireless communications circuitry  34 . Communications circuitry  34  may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). 
     Input-output circuitry  32  may include input-output devices  36  such as button  22  of  FIG. 2 , joysticks, click wheels, scrolling wheels, a touch screen (e.g., display  14  of  FIG. 1, 2, 3 , or  4  may be a touch screen display), other touch sensors such as track pads or touch-sensor-based buttons, vibrators, audio components such as microphones and speakers, image capture devices such as a camera module having an image sensor and a corresponding lens system, keyboards, status-indicator lights, tone generators, key pads, and other equipment for gathering input from a user or other external source and/or generating output for a user or for external equipment. 
     Sensor circuitry such as sensors  38  of  FIG. 5  may include an ambient light sensor for gathering information on ambient light, proximity sensor components (e.g., light-based proximity sensors and/or proximity sensors based on other structures), accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetic sensors, and other sensor structures. Sensors  38  of  FIG. 5  may, for example, include one or more microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes, microphones, force sensors, pressure sensors, capacitive sensors, or any other suitable type of sensor formed using a microelectromechanical systems device). 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram of device  10  showing illustrative circuitry that may be used in displaying images for a user of device  10  on pixel array  92  of display  14 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , display  14  may have column driver circuitry  120  that drives data signals (analog voltages) onto the data lines D of array  92 . Gate driver circuitry  118  drives gate line signals onto gate lines G of array  92 . Using the data lines and gate lines, display pixels  52  may be configured to display images on display  14  for a user. Gate driver circuitry  118  may be implemented using thin-film transistor circuitry on a display substrate such as a glass or plastic display substrate or may be implemented using integrated circuits that are mounted on the display substrate or attached to the display substrate by a flexible printed circuit or other connecting layer. Column driver circuitry  120  may be implemented using one or more column driver integrated circuits that are mounted on the display substrate or using column driver circuits mounted on other substrates. 
     During operation of device  10 , storage and processing circuitry  40  may produce data that is to be displayed on display  14 . This display data may be provided to display control circuitry such as timing controller integrated circuit  126  using graphics processing unit  124 . 
     Timing controller  126  may provide digital display data to column driver circuitry  120  using paths  128 . Column driver circuitry  120  may receive the digital display data from timing controller  126 . Using digital-to-analog converter circuitry within column driver circuitry  120 , column driver circuitry  120  may provide corresponding analog output signals on the data lines D running along the columns of display pixels  52  of array  92 . 
     Storage and processing circuitry  40 , graphics processing unit  124 , and timing controller  126  may sometimes collectively be referred to herein as display control circuitry  30 . Display control circuitry  30  may be used in controlling the operation of display  14 . 
     Each pixel  52  may, if desired, be a color pixel such as a red (R) pixel, a green (G) pixel, a blue (B) pixel, a white (W) pixel, or a pixel of another color. Color pixels may include color filter elements that transmit light of particular colors or color pixels may be formed from emissive elements that emit light of a given color. 
     Pixels  52  may include pixels of any suitable color. For example, pixels  52  may include a pattern of cyan, magenta, and yellow pixels, or may include any other suitable pattern of colors. Arrangements in which pixels  52  include a pattern of red, green, and blue pixels are sometimes described herein as an example. 
     Display control circuitry  30  and associated thin-film transistor circuitry associated with display  14  may be used to produce signals such as data signals and gate line signals for operating pixels  52  (e.g., turning pixels  52  on and off, adjusting the intensity of pixels  52 , etc.). During operation, display control circuitry  30  may control the values of the data signals and gate signals to control the light intensity associated with each of the display pixels and to thereby display images on display  14 . 
     Display control circuitry  30  may obtain red, green, and blue pixel values (sometimes referred to as RGB values or digital display control values) corresponding to the color to be displayed by a given pixel. The RGB values may be converted into analog display signals for controlling the brightness of each pixel. The RGB values (e.g., integers with values ranging from 0 to 255) may correspond to the desired pixel intensity of each pixel. For example, a digital display control value of 0 may result in an “off” pixel, whereas a digital display control value of 255 may result in a pixel operating at a maximum available power. 
     It should be appreciated that these are examples in which each color channel has eight bits dedicated to it. Alternative embodiments may employ greater or fewer bits per color channel. For example, each color may, if desired, have six bits dedicated to it. With this type of configuration, RGB values may be a set of integers ranging from 0 to 64. Arrangements in which each color channel has eight bits dedicated to it are sometimes described herein as an example. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , display control circuitry  30  may gather information from input-output circuitry  32  to adaptively determine how to adjust display light based on ambient lighting conditions. For example, display control circuitry  30  may gather light information from one or more light sensors (e.g., an ambient light sensor, a light meter, a color meter, a color temperature meter, and/or other light sensor), time information from a clock, calendar, and/or other time source, location information from location detection circuitry (e.g., Global Positioning System receiver circuitry, IEEE 802.11 transceiver circuitry, or other location detection circuitry), user input information from a user input device such as a touchscreen (e.g., touchscreen display  14 ) or keyboard, etc. Display control circuitry  30  may adjust the display light emitted from display  14  based on information from input-output circuitry  32 . 
     Light sensors such as color light sensors and cameras may, if desired, be distributed at different locations on electronic device  10  to detect light from different directions. Other sensors such as an accelerometer and/or gyroscope may be used to determine how to weight the sensor data from the different light sensors. For example, if the gyroscope sensor data indicates that electronic device  10  is placed flat on a table with display  14  facing up, electronic device  10  may determine that light sensor data gathered by rear light sensors (e.g., on a back surface of electronic device  10 ) should not be used. 
     Display control circuitry  30  may be configured to adaptively adjust the output from display  14  based on ambient lighting conditions. In adjusting the output from display  14 , display control circuitry  30  may take into account the chromatic adaptation function of the human visual system. This may include, for example, determining characteristics of the light that the user&#39;s eyes are exposed to. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating the effects of using a conventional display that does not take into account the chromatic adaptation of human vision. In scenario  46 A, user  44  observes external objects  48  under illuminant  42  (e.g., an indoor light source that generates warm light). The vision of user  44  adapts to the color and brightness of the ambient lighting conditions. Scenario  46 B represents how a user perceives light from display  140  of device  100  after having adapted to the ambient lighting of illuminant  42 . Because device  100  does not account for the chromatic adaptation of human vision, display  140  appears bluish and unsightly to user  44 . 
     To avoid the perceived discoloration of display  14 , display control circuitry  30  of  FIG. 6  may adjust the output from display  14  based on ambient lighting conditions so that display  14  maintains a desired perceived appearance even as the user&#39;s vision adapts to different ambient lighting conditions. 
     The chromatic adaptation of a user&#39;s visual system may be determined by the light sources in the vicinity of the user. However, light sources such as light bulbs and the sun are not the only contributors to chromatic adaptation. Because display  14  is itself an illuminant, the light emitted from display  14  may also contribute to the chromatic adaptation of the user&#39;s vision. The amount by which a user&#39;s vision is adapted to the display light compared to the amount by which the user&#39;s vision is adapted to the surrounding ambient light (e.g., generated by light sources other than display  14 ) may depend on various factors. For example, as the distance between the user&#39;s eyes and the display decreases, the effect that the display light has on the user&#39;s chromatic adaptation increases relative to that of ambient light. As the brightness of the ambient light in the user&#39;s surroundings increases, the effect that the ambient light has on the user&#39;s chromatic adaptation increases relative to that of display light. 
     Display control circuitry  30  may use an “adaptation factor” R adp  to determine how heavily the display light should be weighted relative to other ambient light sources when characterizing the light that the user is adapted to. When a user&#39;s vision is assumed to be completely adapted to display light without adapting to ambient light from surrounding light sources (e.g., when a user is viewing display  14  in a dark room), the adaptation factor may be equal to one. Conversely, when a user&#39;s vision is assumed to be completely adapted to the surrounding ambient light without adapting to the display light, the adaptation factor may be equal to zero. 
     Control circuitry  30  may use the adaption factor to determine how display light needs to be adjusted to accommodate the user&#39;s chromatic adaptation. The adaption factor may be determined based on user preferences, user input, proximity sensor data (e.g., proximity data indicating how far a user&#39;s eyes are from display  14 ), ambient light sensor data (e.g., ambient light sensor data indicating the brightness of ambient light in the vicinity of device  10 ), and/or other factors. 
     The adaptation factor may be determined on-the-fly (e.g., during operation of display  10 ) or may be determined during manufacturing (e.g., using subjective user studies) and stored in electronic device  10 . If desired, a predetermined set of adaptation factors, each associated with a particular set of ambient light conditions and display conditions, may be stored in electronic device  10  and display control circuitry  30  may determine on-the-fly which adaption factor to use based on the current ambient lighting conditions and display conditions. This may include, for example, interpolating an adaption factor based on the predetermined adaptation factors stored in electronic device  10 . 
     Control circuitry  30  may use the adaptation factor to determine an eye-adapted neutral point for display  14  and to adjust display light based on the eye-adapted neutral point. The neutral point of a display may refer to the target color to be produced by a pixel when the input RGB values for that pixel are equal (i.e., when R=B=G, where R, G, and B represent the digital display control values provided to a given pixel). 
     In a conventional display, the neutral point of the display is fixed and is typically referred to as the display&#39;s white point. Displays with a fixed neutral point may produce satisfactory colors in some scenarios but may produce unsatisfactory colors in other scenarios as the user&#39;s vision adapts to different ambient lighting conditions. 
     A chromaticity diagram illustrating how display  14  may have an adaptive neutral point that is determined at least partly based on ambient lighting conditions is shown in  FIG. 8 . The chromaticity diagram of  FIG. 8  illustrates a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional color space. The color generated by a display such as display  14  may be represented by chromaticity values x and y. The chromaticity values may be computed by transforming, for example, three color intensities (e.g., intensities of colored light emitted by a display) such as intensities of red, green, and blue light into three tristimulus values X, Y, and Z and normalizing the first two tristimulus values X and Y (e.g., by computing x=X/(X+Y+Z) and y=Y/(X+Y+Z) to obtain normalized x and y values). Transforming color intensities into tristimulus values may be performed using transformations defined by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) or using any other suitable color transformation for computing tristimulus values. 
     Any color generated by a display may therefore be represented by a point (e.g., by chromaticity values x and y) on a chromaticity diagram such as the diagram shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     Display  14  may be characterized by color performance statistics such as a white point. The white point of a given display is commonly defined by a set of chromaticity values that represent the color produced by the display when the display is generating all available display colors at full power. Prior to any corrections during calibration, the white point of the display may be referred to as the “native white point” of that display. For example, point  54  of  FIG. 8  may represent the native white point of display  14 . 
     Due to manufacturing differences between displays, the native white point of a display may differ, prior to calibration of the display, from the desired (target) white point of the display. The target white point may be defined by a set of chromaticity values associated with a reference white (e.g., a white produced by a standard display, a white associated with a standard illuminant such as the D65 illuminant of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), a white produced at the center of a display). In general, any suitable white point may be used as a target white point for a display. Point  68  of  FIG. 8  may represent the target or reference white point for display  14 . 
     In some scenarios, display control circuitry  30  may use reference white point  68  as the neutral point of display  14 . In other scenarios, display control circuitry  30  may determine an eye-adapted neutral point that accounts for ambient lighting conditions and the chromatic adaptation of the human visual system. Determining the eye-adapted neutral point may include a first process in which display control circuitry  30  determines a partially adapted neutral point (e.g., point  56  of  FIG. 8 ) and a second process in which display control circuitry  30  determines a final adapted neutral point (e.g., point  58  or point  60  of  FIG. 8 ). 
     Partially adapted neutral point  56  may be determined based on the chromatic adaption of the user&#39;s visual system to the display light from display  14  (e.g., ignoring the effects of other light sources in the vicinity of the user). Because neutral point  56  compensates for the chromatic adaptation to display light but does not yet take into account the effects of other light sources, neutral point  56  is sometimes referred to a “partially adapted” neutral point. 
     After determining partially adapted neutral point  56 , display control circuitry  30  may determine a final eye-adapted neutral point by taking into account the effects of mixed ambient light (e.g., light generated by display  14  and light generated by other light sources such as the sun, a lamp, etc.). For example, under a first ambient illuminant (represented by point  64  of  FIG. 8 ), control circuitry  30  may determine a first eye-adapted neutral point (represented by point  58  of  FIG. 8 ). Under a second ambient illuminant (represented by point  62  of  FIG. 8 ), control circuitry  30  may determine a second eye-adapted neutral point (represented by point  60  of  FIG. 8 ). The final eye-adapted neutral point may be determined based on the partially adapted neutral point  56 , the adaptation factor R adp , and the ambient light. 
     By adjusting the neutral point of display  14  based on the ambient lighting conditions, the colors that the user perceives will adapt to the different ambient lighting conditions just as the user&#39;s vision chromatically adapts to the different ambient lighting conditions. For example, illuminant  2  may correspond to an indoor light source, whereas illuminant  1  may correspond to daylight. Illuminant  2  may have a lower color temperature than illuminant  1  and may therefore emit warmer light. In warmer ambient light (e.g., under illuminant  2 ), display control circuitry  30  can adjust the neutral point of the display to adapted neutral point  60  to produce warmer light (i.e., light with a lower color temperature) than that which would be produced if the reference white point  68  were maintained as the target neutral point. 
     In addition to helping avoid perceived color shifts in different ambient lighting conditions, this type of adaptive image adjustment may also have beneficial effects on the human circadian rhythm. The human circadian system may respond differently to different wavelengths of light. For example, when a user is exposed to blue light having a peak wavelength within a particular range, the user&#39;s circadian system may be activated and melatonin production may be suppressed. On the other hand, when a user is exposed to light outside of this range of wavelengths or when blue light is suppressed (e.g., compared to red light), the user&#39;s melatonin production may be increased, signaling nighttime to the body. 
     Conventional displays do not take into account the spectral sensitivity of the human circadian rhythm. For example, some displays emit light having spectral characteristics that trigger the circadian system regardless of the time of day, which can in turn have an adverse effect on sleep quality. 
     In contrast, by using the image adjustment method described in connection with  FIG. 8 , the neutral point of display  14  may become warmer (e.g., may tend to the yellow portion of the spectrum) in warmer ambient lighting conditions. Thus, when a user is at home in the evening (e.g., reading in warm ambient light), blue light emitted from display  14  may be suppressed as the display adapts to the ambient lighting conditions. The reduction in blue light may in turn reduce suppression of the user&#39;s melatonin production (or, in some scenarios, may increase the user&#39;s melatonin production) to promote better sleep. 
       FIG. 9  is a flow chart of illustrative steps involved in adjusting the output from display  14  based on ambient lighting conditions and based on the chromatic adaptation of the human visual system. 
     At step  200 , display control circuitry  30  may convert incoming RGB digital display control values to XYZ tristimulus values using a known transformation matrix (e.g., a standard three-by-three conversion matrix). 
     At step  202 , display control circuitry  30  may convert the XYZ tristimulus values to LMS cone values using a known transformation matrix (e.g., a standard three-by-three conversion matrix such as the Bradford conversion matrix, the chromatic adaptation matrix from the CIECAM02 color appearance model, or other suitable conversion matrix). The LMS color space is represented by the response of the three types of cones in the human eye. A first type of cone is sensitive to longer wavelengths of light, a second type of cone is sensitive to medium wavelengths of light, and a third type of cone is sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light. When the human visual system processes a color image, the image is registered by the long, medium, and short cone photoreceptors in the eye. The neural representation of the image can therefore be represented by three distinct image planes. By converting the incoming display data into the LMS color space, display control circuitry  30  can characterize and compensate for the effects of ambient light on each image plane separately. At step  204 , display control circuitry  30  may determine an eye-adapted neutral point and may apply the eye-adapted neutral point to the LMS cone signals using the following equation: 
                     [             C   L     ·   L                 C   M     ·   M                 C   S     ·   S           ]     =     [           L   ′               M   ′               S   ′           ]             (   1   )               
where C L , C M , and C S  represent the eye-adapted neutral point in the LMS color space; L, M, and S represent the input pixel values in the LMS color space; and L′, M′, and S′ represent the adapted pixel values in the LMS color space. The eye-adapted neutral point is discussed in greater detail in connection with  FIG. 10 .
 
     At step  206 , display control circuitry  30  may convert the adapted LMS values L′, M′, and S′ to adapted XYZ tristimulus values X′, Y′, and Z′ using the standard matrix described in step  202  (e.g., the inverse of the conversion matrix used to convert XYZ tristimulus values to LMS cone values). 
     If desired, step  206  may optionally include a contrast compensation step in which the reflectance of ambient light is subtracted from the adapted XYZ tristimulus values using the following equation:
 
 X   a   =X′−R   x   X   (ambient)  
 
 Y   a   =Y′−R   y   Y   (ambient)  
 
 Z   a   =Z′−R   z   Z   (ambient)   (2)
 
where X′, Y′, and Z′ are the adapted XYZ tristimulus values prior to contrast compensation; X a , Y a , and Z a  are the adapted XYZ tristimulus values compensated for contrast variation; R x , R y , and R z  represent a reflectance factor (e.g., indicative of the amount of reflection of ambient light on the display); and X (ambient) , Y (ambient) , and Z (ambient)  represent the tristimulus values associated with ambient light (e.g., as measured by a light sensor in electronic device  10 ).
 
     At step  208 , display control circuitry  30  may convert the adapted XYZ tristimulus values to adapted RGB values using the standard matrix described in step  200  (e.g., the inverse of the conversion matrix used to convert RGB pixel values to XYZ tristimulus values). 
     At optional step  210 , display control circuitry  30  may apply a temporal filter to the adapted RGB values to ensure that the adjustment of images does not occur too quickly or too slowly relative to the speed at which the user adapts to different lighting conditions. Adjusting display images at controlled intervals in accordance with the timing of chromatic adaptation may ensure that the user does not perceive sharp changes in the display light as the ambient lighting conditions change. 
     At step  212 , display control circuitry  30  may output the adapted RGB values to the pixel array (e.g., pixel array  92  of  FIG. 6 ) of display  14  to thereby display images on display  14 . 
     In some scenarios, the eye-adapted neutral point may deviate from the display&#39;s original white point. If care is not taken and the eye-adapted neutral point deviates significantly from the display white point, artifacts may arise such as color banding due to insufficient bits to represent a given color. To avoid such artifacts, display control circuitry  30  may impose constraints on the truncation level of RGB pixel values. For example, the minimum digital display control value that a red, green, or blue pixel value can be truncated to may be set to 240, 230, 220, or other suitable value. 
     The example described in connection with  FIG. 9  where the output from display  14  is adjusted in the digital domain is merely illustrative. If desired, the output from display  14  may be adjusted in the analog domain by tuning the driving voltage for each color. This in turn allows for the bit depth of colors to be maintained. 
     If desired, other output sources in electronic device  10  may be adjusted to achieve the desired appearance of images on display  14 . For example, other light sources in electronic device  10  (e.g., a light source associated with a camera flash or other suitable light source) may be turned on to achieve a desired effect on the chromatic adaptation of the user&#39;s visual system and/or to adjust the way that colors of display  14  appear to a user. In dark ambient lighting conditions, a light source associated with a camera flash may be used to illuminate the space around electronic device  10  and the user and thereby improve the perceived quality of images on display  14 . The color and brightness of the supplemental light source may be adjusted based on sensor inputs and/or based on input from the user. 
       FIG. 10  is a flow chart of illustrative steps involved in step  204  of  FIG. 9  in which an eye-adapted neutral point for display  14  is determined based on ambient lighting conditions and the chromatic adaptation of the human visual system. 
     At step  300 , display control circuitry  30  may gather user context information from various sources in device  10 . For example, display control circuitry  30  may gather light information from one or more light sensors (e.g., an ambient light sensor, a light meter, a color meter, a color temperature meter, and/or other light sensor), proximity information from a proximity sensor, time, date, and/or season information from a clock or calendar application on device  10 , location information from Global Positioning System receiver circuitry, IEEE 802.11 transceiver circuitry, or other location detection circuitry in device  10 , user input information from a user input device such as a touchscreen (e.g., touchscreen display  14 ) or keyboard, user preference information stored in electronic device  10 , and/or information from other sources in electronic device  10 . 
     At step  302 , display control circuitry  30  may determine an adaptation factor R adp  based on the user context information. R adp  may be a factor ranging from zero to one, where an adaptation factor of one presumes that the user is adapted completely to the display light without adapting to any other light sources (e.g., when display  14  is in a dark room). An adaptation factor of zero presumes that the user is adapted completely to the ambient light without adapting to the light emitted by display  14 . 
     The adaptation factor may be determined on-the-fly (e.g., during operation of display  10 ) or may be determined during manufacturing (e.g., using subjective user studies) and stored in electronic device  10 . For example, studies may indicate that the average user-preferred adaptation factor R adp  is 0.6 when the distance between the user&#39;s eyes and the display is about 5 inches. If desired, a predetermined set of adaptation factors, each associated with a particular set of ambient light conditions and display conditions, may be stored in electronic device  10  and display control circuitry  30  may determine on-the-fly which adaption factor to use based on the currently ambient lighting conditions and display conditions. This may include, for example, interpolating an adaption factor based on the predetermined adaptation factors stored in electronic device  10 . 
     If desired, a user may be able to select and/or adjust the adaptation factor manually. For example, electronic device  10  may operate in different user-selectable modes such as a paper mode, a hybrid mode, and a normal mode. In the normal mode, the adaptation factor may be set to one such that the display&#39;s neutral point is maintained at a target white point. In the paper mode, the adaptation factor may be set to zero such that the display&#39;s neutral point adaptively adjusts to the ambient lighting conditions. In the hybrid mode, the adaptation factor may be set to some value between zero and one (e.g., 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, etc.) such that the display&#39;s neutral point is dependent on both the display&#39;s white point and the ambient lighting conditions. The user-selectable modes may, for example, be presented as a sliding bar on the display such that the user can select any one of the three modes or any mode in between the three designated modes. 
     The adaptation factor may, for example, be based on proximity sensor data and light sensor data gathered in step  300 . For example, proximity sensor data may be used to determine the distance between the user&#39;s eyes and display  14 , which in turn can be used to determine the relative effect of display light on the user&#39;s chromatic adaptation. Light sensor data may be used to determine the brightness of the ambient light in the user&#39;s surroundings, which in turn can be used to determine the relative effect of ambient light on the user&#39;s chromatic adaptation. 
     At step  304 , display control circuitry  30  may determine a partially adapted neutral point based on the native white point of the display and a reference white point. As described in connection with  FIG. 8 , this may include determining a partially adapted neutral point  56  based on display white point  54  and a reference white point  68 . The following equation illustrates an example of how the partially adapted neutral point, L′ n , M′ n , S′ n , may be determined: 
                     [             L   n   ′     _                 M   n   ′     _                 S   n   ′     _           ]     =       [           1     p   L           0       0           0         1     p   M           0           0       0         1     p   S             ]     ⁢           [             L   n     _                 M   n     _                 S   n     _           ]             (   3   )               
where L′ n , M′ n , and S′ n  correspond to the LMS cone values associated with the partially adapted neutral point (point  56  of  FIG. 8 ); L n , M n , and S n  correspond to the LMS cone values associated with the display&#39;s white point (point  54  of  FIG. 8 ); and P L , P M , and P S  correspond to partial adaptation factors in LMS color space. P L , P M , and P S  may be determined based on the reference white point for display  14  (e.g., point  68  of  FIG. 8 ). The partially adapted neutral point determined in step  304  may be used to compensate for the chromatic adaptation of the user&#39;s visual system to display light. Because this compensation does not yet account for the chromatic adaptation to other light sources in the vicinity of the user, this step may sometimes be referred to as “incomplete” adaptation compensation.
 
     At step  306 , display control circuitry  30  may determine a final adapted neutral point based on the partially adapted neutral point determined in step  304 , the adaptation factor determined in step  302 , and ambient light information gathered in step  300 . The following equations illustrate an example of how the final adapted neutral point, L″ n , M″ n , S″ n , may be determined: 
                             L   n   ″     _     =       ⁢             R   adp     ⁡     (       Y   n   ′       Y   adp       )         1   3       ⁢       L   n   ′     _       +       (     1   -     R   adp       )     ⁢       (       Y     n   ⁡     (   Ambient   )           Y   adp       )       1   3       ⁢         L   n     _       (   Ambient   )                           M   n   ″     _     =       ⁢             R   adp     ⁡     (       Y   n   ′       Y   adp       )         1   3       ⁢       M   n   ′     _       +       (     1   -     R   adp       )     ⁢       (       Y     n   ⁡     (   Ambient   )           Y   adp       )       1   3       ⁢         M   n     _       (   Ambient   )                           S   n   ″     _     =       ⁢             R   adp     ⁡     (       Y   n   ′       Y   adp       )         1   3       ⁢       S   n   ′     _       +       (     1   -     R   adp       )     ⁢       (       Y     n   ⁡     (   Ambient   )           Y   adp       )       1   3       ⁢         S   n     _       (   Ambient   )                         Y   adp     =       ⁢       (           R   adp     ⁡     (     Y   n   ′     )         1   3       +       (     1   -     R   adp       )     ⁢       (         Y   n     _       (   Ambient   )       )       1   3           )     3                   (   4   )               
where L″ n , M″ n , S″ n  correspond to the LMS cone values associated with the final adapted neutral point (e.g., point  58  or  60  of  FIG. 8 ); L′ n , M′ n , and S′ n  correspond to the LMS cone values associated with the partially adapted neutral point (point  56  of  FIG. 8 ); R adp  is the adaptation factor determined in step  302 ; L n(Ambient) , M n(Ambient) , S n(Ambient) , and Y n(Ambient)  correspond to the LMS cone values and brightness value associated with the measured ambient light (e.g., determined in step  300 ); and Y′ n  corresponds to the maximum brightness of display  14  adjusted for the reflection of ambient light on the display.
 
     If desired, the final adapted neutral point may also be based at least partially on the time of day to achieve a desired effect on the user&#39;s circadian rhythm. For example, based on the time of day (or other information gathered during step  300 ), display control circuitry  30  may determine that the final adapted neutral point should tend towards the blue portion of the spectrum (e.g., during the day when the user&#39;s melatonin production should be suppressed) or that the final adapted neutral point should tend towards the yellow portion of the spectrum (e.g., during the evening when the user&#39;s melatonin levels should not be suppressed). The reduction in blue light during the evening may in turn reduce suppression of the user&#39;s melatonin production (or, in some scenarios, may increase the user&#39;s melatonin production) to promote better sleep. 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this invention and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20150330
Publication Date: 20161025
Grant Date: 20161025
Priority Date: 20141117
Inventors: WU JIAYING
ZHANG LU
CHEN CHENG
MARCU GABRIEL
WANG CHAOHAO
XU MING
MOTTA RICARDO
CHEN WEI
ZHONG JOHN Z.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G09G2360/144", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3413", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2360/144", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0261", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0666", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0242", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0242", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/2003", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0666", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G5/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0261", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2360/145", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2360/145", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G5/02", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0666", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0261", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/2003", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2320/0242", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G5/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2360/144", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G3/3413", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2360/145", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 53177126