PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10184909-B2
Application Number: US-201615275202-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Connection and corrosion detection

Abstract:
Methods, structures, and apparatus that are able to detect the presence of a connection to a device contact of an electronic device and are also able to detect the presence of contamination at the device contact. A host device includes a connection detection circuit and a contamination detection circuit connected to the device contact. The connection detection circuit includes a pull-up resistor that is pulled down by a pull-down resistor in an accessory device following a connection. The contamination detection circuit includes a current source to provide a current at the device contact and measurement circuitry to measure a resulting voltage.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An electronic system comprising:
 a host device comprising:
 host circuitry to execute functions of the host device; 
 a device contact coupled to the host circuitry, the device contact to form an electrical connection with a corresponding accessory contact of an accessory when the host device is mated with the accessory; 
 a connection detect circuit coupled to the device contact to detect a connection to the device contact by the corresponding accessory contact, wherein the connection detect circuit detects the connection to the device contact by the corresponding accessory contact during a first duration; and 
 a contamination detect circuit coupled to the device contact to detect contamination at the device contact, wherein the contamination detect circuit detects contamination at the device contact after the first duration, 
 
 wherein the connection detect circuit comprises a pull-up resistor having a first terminal coupled to the device contact, the first terminal of the pull-up resistor further coupled to an input of a window comparator. 
 
     
     
       2. The electronic system of  claim 1  wherein the contamination detect circuit comprises:
 a calibration circuit comprising:
 a calibration resistor; 
 a current source circuit coupled to a first terminal of the calibration resistor to provide a first current through the calibration resistor; and 
 a measurement circuit to measure a resulting calibration voltage at the first terminal of the calibration resistor; and 
 
 a voltage measuring circuit comprising:
 the current source circuit to provide a second current to the device contact; and 
 the measurement circuit to measure a resulting contamination voltage at the device contact. 
 
 
     
     
       3. The electronic system of  claim 2  wherein the second current comprises a series of pulses including a first current pulse having a first amplitude for a second duration and a second current pulse having a second amplitude for a third duration. 
     
     
       4. The electronic system of  claim 2  wherein the contamination detect circuit further comprises:
 a switch coupled between the first terminal of the calibration resistor and the device contact. 
 
     
     
       5. The electronic system of  claim 4  wherein the measurement circuit comprises:
 a multiplexer having a first input coupled to the first terminal of the calibration resistor and a second input coupled to the device contact; and 
 an analog-to-digital converter having an input coupled to an output of the multiplexer. 
 
     
     
       6. The electronic system of  claim 5  wherein the current source circuit is selectively coupled to the first terminal of the calibration resistor and the device contact. 
     
     
       7. The electronic system of  claim 6  wherein the contamination detect circuit further comprises a switch coupled between the first terminal of the calibration resistor and the device contact and the switch is closed when the input to the analog-to-digital converter reaches or exceeds a maximum value. 
     
     
       8. An electronic system comprising:
 a host device comprising:
 host circuitry to execute functions of the host device; 
 a device contact coupled to the host circuitry, the device contact to form an electrical connection with a corresponding accessory contact of an accessory when the host device is mated with the accessory; 
 a connection detect circuit coupled to the device contact to detect a connection to the device contact by the corresponding accessory contact, wherein the connection detect circuit detects the connection to the device contact by the corresponding accessory contact during a first duration; and 
 a contamination detect circuit coupled to the device contact to detect contamination at the device contact, wherein the contamination detect circuit detects contamination at the device contact after the first duration; and 
 
 the accessory comprising:
 the accessory contact to mate with the device contact of the host device; and 
 an active pull-down to provide a pull-down resistance for a second duration following a connection to the host device, and then to provide a high impedance. 
 
 
     
     
       9. The electronic system of  claim 8  wherein the active pull-down comprises a resistor in series with a transistor. 
     
     
       10. The electronic system of  claim 9  wherein the active pull-down further comprises a capacitance divider having a first and second capacitor coupled to a gate of the transistor. 
     
     
       11. The electronic system of  claim 10  wherein the active pull-down further comprises:
 a resistor in series between the first and second capacitor and the gate of the transistor; and 
 a Zener diode having a cathode coupled to a gate of the transistor and an anode coupled to a source of the transistor. 
 
     
     
       12. The electronic system of  claim 11  wherein the active pull-down further comprises a resistor in series with the second capacitor to discharge the second capacitor and set a length of the second duration. 
     
     
       13. An electronic system comprising:
 a host device comprising:
 host circuitry to execute functions of the host device; 
 a device contact coupled to the host circuitry, the device contact to form an electrical connection with a corresponding accessory contact of an accessory when the host device is mated with the accessory; 
 a connection detect circuit coupled to the device contact to detect a connection to the device contact by the corresponding accessory contact; and 
 a contamination detect circuit coupled to the device contact to detect contamination at the device contact, the contamination detect circuit comprising: 
 a calibration circuit comprising:
 a calibration resistor; 
 a current source circuit coupled to a first terminal of the calibration resistor to provide a first current through the calibration resistor; and 
 a measurement circuit to measure a resulting calibration voltage at the first terminal of the calibration resistor; and 
 
 a voltage measuring circuit comprising:
 the current source circuit to provide a second current to the device contact; and 
 the measurement circuit to measure a resulting contamination voltage at the device contact. 
 
 
 
     
     
       14. The electronic system of  claim 13  further comprising:
 the accessory comprising: 
 the accessory contact; and 
 an active pull-down coupled to the accessory contact to provide a pull-down resistance for a first duration following a connection to the host device and then to provide a high impedance. 
 
     
     
       15. The electronic system of  claim 13  wherein the contamination detect circuit further comprises a switch coupled between the first terminal of the calibration resistor and the device contact. 
     
     
       16. The electronic system of  claim 13  wherein the measurement circuit comprises:
 a multiplexer having a first input coupled to the first terminal of the calibration resistor and a second input coupled to the device contact; and 
 an analog-to-digital converter having an input coupled to an output of the multiplexer. 
 
     
     
       17. The electronic system of  claim 16  wherein the contamination detect circuit further comprises a switch coupled between the first terminal of the calibration resistor and the device contact and the switch is closed when the input to the analog-to-digital converter reaches or exceeds a maximum value. 
     
     
       18. The electronic system of  claim 13  further comprising:
 the accessory comprising: 
 the accessory contact for mating with the device contact of the host device; and 
 an active pull-down coupled to the accessory contact to provide a pull-down resistance for a second duration following a connection to the host device, and then to provide a high impedance, 
 wherein the active pull-down comprises:
 a resistor in series with a transistor; 
 a capacitance divider having a first and second capacitor coupled to a gate of the transistor. 
 
 
     
     
       19. The electronic system of  claim 18  wherein the active pull-down further comprises:
 a resistor in series between the first and second capacitor and the gate of the transistor; 
 a Zener diode having a cathode coupled to a gate of the transistor and an anode coupled to a source of the transistor; and 
 a resistor in series with the second capacitor to discharge the second capacitor and set a length of the second duration. 
 
     
     
       20. The electronic system of  claim 13  where the first current and the second current are different currents. 
     
     
       21. The electronic system of  claim 13  wherein the second current comprises a series of pulses including a first current pulse having a first amplitude for a third duration and a second current pulse having a second amplitude for a fourth duration.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The amount of data transferred between electronic devices has grown tremendously the last several years. Large amounts of audio, streaming video, text, and other types of data content are now regularly transferred among desktop and portable computers, media devices, handheld media devices, displays, storage devices, and other types of electronic devices. 
     Power and data may be provided from one electronic device to another over cables that may include one or more wire conductors, fiber optic cables, or other conductors. Connector inserts may be located at each end of these cables and may be inserted into connector receptacles in the communicating or power transferring electronic devices. Contacts in or on a connector insert may form electrical connections with corresponding contacts in a connector receptacle. Other devices may have contacts at a surface of a device. Pathways for power and data may be formed when devices are attached together or positioned next to each other and corresponding contacts are electrically connected to each other. 
     Once these pathways are formed, the connected devices may share power, data, or both. Accordingly, it may be desirable for a device to be able to detect when such a connection has been made. 
     These various contacts in connector inserts, in connector receptacles, or on a surface of a device, may be exposed to the local environment. These contacts may encounter liquid, moisture, or other damaging contaminants. For example, liquids may be spilled on these contacts or a device may be set down such that its contacts land in a puddle of liquid. Users may swim or exercise while wearing or holding an electric device. These activities may put contacts for the electronic devices in a position to encounter various contaminants. 
     These liquids or other contaminants may corrode and damage the contacts. This corrosion may be greatly exacerbated by the presence of an electric field, such as when a voltage is applied to a contact. Accordingly, it may be desirable for a device to be able to detect the presence of a contaminant at a contact so that the possible damage may be mitigated. 
     Thus, what is needed are methods, structures, and apparatus that are able to detect the presence of a connection to a contact of an electronic device and are also able to detect the presence of contamination at the contact. 
     SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may provide methods, structures, and apparatus that may be able to detect the presence of a connection to a contact of an electronic device and may also be able to detect the presence of contamination at the contact. 
     An illustrative embodiment of the present invention may provide connection detect circuitry that may detect a connection of an accessory to a host device. The connect detect circuitry may include a pull-up resistor coupled to a device power contact and to an input of a window comparator. An accessory may include a pull-down resistor coupled to an accessory power contact. When the host device and accessory are connected, the device power contact and the accessory power contact may be electrically connected. The pull-down resistor coupled to the accessory power pin may draw current through the pull-up resistor coupled to a device power contact, thereby lowering the voltage of the device power contact. This lowered voltage may be detected by the window comparator. The window comparator may then provide a signal indicating that a connection between the host device and the accessory has been formed. 
     It may be undesirable to maintain a connection between the pull-up resistor in the host device and the pull-down resistor in the accessory after a connection has been detected. For example, it may create a current path that may waste power. It may also lower the voltage seen at the power contacts. This current path may also make it difficult to detect the presence of contamination at the device power contact. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may provide an active pull-down. The active pull-down may provide a pull-down resistance for a first duration following a reception of a power supply at an accessory power contact and a high impedance or open circuit thereafter. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the active pull-down may include a resistor in series with a transistor. A capacitor divider including a first capacitor and a second capacitor may be coupled between the accessory power contact and ground. The middle node of the capacitor divider may be coupled to a gate of the transistor. A current limiting resistor may be coupled between the middle node of the capacitor divider and the gate of the transistor. A Zener diode having a cathode coupled to the gate of the transistor and an anode coupled to a source of the transistor may work with the current limiting resistor to protect the transistor from rapid applications of a voltage at the accessory power contact. A bleed resistor may be connected from middle node of the capacitor divider to ground to set the length of the first duration. 
     Once the active pull-down disconnects, it may cause the voltage on the accessory power contact to increase, thereby once again activating the active pull-down. To prevent this, the pull-up resistor in the host device may be disconnected, for example by opening a switch in series with the resistor. The removal of this resistor may also facilitate the detection of contamination by removing a stray current path. 
     Once the active pull-down has disconnected from the accessory power contact, the host device may attempt to detect the presence of contamination at a device power contact. An illustrative embodiment of the present invention may provide a current detect circuit that may detect the presence of contamination at a device power contact. A current may be provided to the device power contact and the resulting voltage may be measured. A contamination that lowers the impedance at the device power contact may cause the measured voltage to be low. The low measured voltage may indicate that a contamination is present. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention a calibration loop may be provided. A current may be provided to a known calibration resistor. The resulting voltage may be measured and used to calibrate the contamination detect circuitry. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, current may be selectively applied to the calibration resistor during a calibration routine and to the device power contact during a detection of contamination. A measurement system may include an analog-to-digital converter and may be selectively coupled to the calibration resistor during a calibration routine and the device power contact during a detection of contamination. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, a current provided to a contaminant having a high impedance may result in a high voltage beyond a range of the measurement circuit of the contamination detect circuitry. Accordingly, a switch may be coupled between the calibration resistor and the device power contact. Adding the calibration resistor in parallel with the impedance of the contamination may reduce the resulting voltage to where it may be in the measurement range of the measurement system of the contamination detect circuitry. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, stray impedances in the host device and accessory may be accounted for in order to more accurately determine the impedance of a contamination at a device power contact. For example, during contamination detection, a current may be provided to the device power contact. This current may see the impedances of the host device, the accessory, and the contamination in parallel. The host device impedance may be determined during manufacturing or at another time and stored in the host device. The accessory impedance may be provided by the accessory manufacturer and read from the accessory by the host device after a connection has been detected. For example, the accessory impedance may be read from a register on the accessory, while the host device impedance may be read from a register on the host device. Values for either or both of these impedances over temperature and voltage supply may be stored in these registers. 
     When a current is applied to for a long period of time, some fairly innocuous contaminants, such as deionized (DI) water may have a similar impedance as more harmful contaminants, such as sweat or pool water. This convergence of impedances may not occur when current is applied for a shorter period of time. Accordingly, in these and other embodiments of the present invention, a current provided to the calibration resistor or the device power contact may be a pulsed current. For example, multiple current pulses having a known duration and amplitude relationship may be applied. These relative short current pulses may also reduce the damage caused by the contaminant that is being detected, as compared to a longer, sustained current. 
     In these examples, a connection detect circuit and contamination detect circuit may be located on a host device, while an active pull-down may be located on an accessory. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, a connection detect circuit and contamination detect circuit may be located on an accessory, while an active pull-down may be located on a host device. 
     Also, in these examples, the connection detect circuit and the contamination detect circuit may be connected to the same contact. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the connection detect circuit and the contamination detect circuit may be connected to separate and different contacts. Also, in these examples, the connection detect circuit and the contamination detect circuit may be connected to a power contact. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the connection detect circuit and the contamination detect circuit may be connected to a contact other than a power contact. For example, either or both the connection detect circuit and the contamination detect circuit may be connected to another type of contact such as a contact used for an enable signal, low-frequency data signal, or other data, control, bias, supply, or other type of contact. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may provide contacts for connector receptacles and connector inserts that may be located in, and may connect to, various types of devices, such as portable computing devices, tablet computers, desktop computers, laptops, all-in-one computers, wearable computing devices, cell phones, smart phones, media phones, storage devices, portable media players, navigation systems, monitors, power supplies, video delivery systems, adapters, remote control devices, chargers, and other devices. These contacts may provide pathways for power and signals that are compliant with various standards such as one of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standards including USB Type-C, High-Definition Multimedia Interface® (HDMI), Digital Visual Interface (DVI), Ethernet, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt™, Lightning™, Joint Test Action Group (JTAG), test-access-port (TAP), Directed Automated Random Testing (DART), universal asynchronous receiver/transmitters (UARTs), clock signals, power signals, and other types of standard, non-standard, and proprietary interfaces and combinations thereof that have been developed, are being developed, or will be developed in the future. Other embodiments of the present invention may provide contacts that may be used to provide a reduced set of functions for one or more of these standards. In various embodiments of the present invention, these contacts may be used to convey power, ground, signals, test points, and other voltage, current, data, or other information. 
     Various embodiments of the present invention may incorporate one or more of these and the other features described herein. A better understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention may be gained by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an electronic system that may be improved by the incorporation of an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an electronic system according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a flowchart of the operation of an electronic system according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example of a connection detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an active pull-down according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a contamination detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates current pulses that may be provided to a contamination impedance and a resulting voltage waveform according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the operation of a contamination detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates another contamination detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a modification to the flowchart of  FIG. 8  according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates another contamination detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 12  illustrates the operation of a contamination detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an electronic system that may be improved by the incorporation of an embodiment of the present invention. This figure, as with the other included figures, is shown for illustrative purposes and does not limit either the possible embodiments of the present invention or the claims. 
     In this example, host device  110  may be connected to accessory device  120  in order to share data, power, or both. Specifically, contacts  112  on host device  110  may be electrically connected to contacts  122  on accessory device  120 . Contacts  112  on host device  110  may be electrically connected to contacts  122  on accessory device  120  via cable  130 . In other embodiments of the present invention, contacts  112  on host device  110  may be directly and electrically connected to contacts  122  on accessory device  120 . In various embodiments of the present invention, contacts  112  and  122  may be power contacts or other types of contacts. Examples of embodiments of the present invention where contacts  112  and  122  are power contacts are shown in the following figures. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an electronic system according to an embodiment of the present invention. This figure includes host device  110  and accessory  120 . Host device  110  may include device power contact  112  which may electrically connect to accessory power contact  122 . Device power contact  112  of host device  110  may be directly and physically connected to accessory power contact  122 , or device power contact  112  may be connected to accessory power contact  122  through a cable (not shown). 
     It may be desirable for host device  110  to be able to determine when accessory  120  is connected. It may also be desirable to determine whether a possibly caustic or corrosive contaminant is present at device power contact  112 . Accordingly, host device  110  may include connection detect circuit  210  and contamination detect circuit  220 . Connection detect circuit  210  may be coupled between host device circuitry  230  and device power contact  112 . Contamination detect circuit  220  may be coupled between host device circuitry  230  and device power contact  112 . Contamination detect circuit  220  may be further coupled to a calibration resistor RCAL. 
     Connection detect circuit  210  of host device  110  may include a pull-up resistor that works in conjunction with a pull-down resistor connected to accessory power contact  122  in accessory  120 . But the presence of a pull-down resistor connected to accessory power contact  122  in accessory  120  may complicate the detection of contaminations at device power contact  112  of host device  110 . Accordingly, accessory  120  may include active pull-down  260 . Active pull-down  260  may provide a pull-down resistance for a first duration following the reception of power on accessory power contact  122 . Following the first duration, the active pull-down circuit  260  may provide a high impedance or open circuit. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, a connection may be detected by connection detect circuit  210  in approximately 5 milliseconds, between 2-10 milliseconds, in 3-8 milliseconds, or it may be detected after a different duration having another approximate value in another range. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, an active pull-down may be disconnected after a first duration of 50 milliseconds, between 20-100 milliseconds, in 30-80 milliseconds, or it may have a different approximate value in another range. 
     In these examples, connection detect circuit  210  and contamination detect circuit  220  may be located on host device  110 , while active pull-down  260  may be located on accessory  120 . In these and other embodiments of the present invention, connection detect circuit  210  and contamination detect circuit  220  may be located on accessory  120 , while active pull-down  260  may be located on a host device  110 . 
     Also, in these examples, connection detect circuit  210  and contamination detect circuit  220  may be connected to the same contact. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, connection detect circuit  210  and contamination detect circuit  220  may be connected to separate and different contacts. Also, in these examples, connection detect circuit  210  and contamination detect circuit  220  may be connected to a power contact. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, connection detect circuit  210  and contamination detect circuit  220  may be connected to a contact other than a power contact. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the various circuits shown here may be included on one or more integrated circuits, may be formed of discrete components, or made be formed of a combination thereof. For example, connection detect circuit  210  and contamination detect  220  may be formed on an integrated circuit that may or may not include host circuitry  230 . Calibration resistor RCAL may be a separate and discrete component, or it may be formed on an integrated circuit with contamination detect circuit  220 . Active pull-down  260  may be formed on an integrated circuit that may or may not include host circuitry  270 , or it may be formed using discrete components. 
     In various embodiments of the present invention, host device  110  may detect a connection to an accessory. Host device  110  may then determine whether a possibly caustic contaminant is present at a contact. An example is shown in the following figure. 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart of the operation of an electronic system according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, a host device and an accessory are connected. Power may be applied to an active pull-down in the accessory in act  320 . The host device may detect the active pull-down in the accessory in act  330 . Afterwards, in act  340 , the active pull-down in the accessory may disconnect, thereby providing a high impedance or open circuit. The presence of contaminations on a contact may be determined in act  350 . 
     In these examples, power may be provided by the host device  110  to accessory  120 , or accessory  120  may provide power to host device  110 . Accordingly, in act  320 , power may be applied to an active pull-down in the accessory either by the accessory itself or the host device. 
     Again, connection detect circuitry  210  in host device  110  may include a pull-up resistor. When connected to a pull-down resistor in accessory  120 , a voltage at device power contact  112  may drop. This drop in voltage may be detected and used to determine that a connection has been made. An example of one such connection detect circuit is shown in the following figure. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an example of a connection detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. Connection detect circuitry  210  may include pull-up resistor RPU, which may be connected between a power supply VCC and device power contact  112 . A window comparator may have an input coupled to device power contact  112 . When accessory  120  is connected to a host device  110  having this circuit, a pull-down resistor in accessory  120  may connect to device power contact  112 . This may pull down the voltage on device power contact  112 , lowering the voltage from VCC to an intermediate voltage between VCC and ground. When the voltage on device power contact  112  is between a high threshold voltage and a low threshold voltage, the output of the window comparator on line  212  may go high, thereby indicating that a connection has been detected. 
     More specifically, a window comparator may include a first comparator  420  that compares a high threshold voltage to a voltage on device power contact  112 . The window comparator may include a second comparator  430 , which may compare the voltage on device power contact  112  to a low threshold voltage. When a voltage on device power contact  112  is between the high threshold voltage and the low threshold voltage, the outputs of both comparators  420  and  430  may be high. Accordingly, the output of AND gate  440  may similarly go high, thereby indicating the presence of a connection detect on line  212 . 
     Following a connection detect, a host device may determine whether a contaminant is present at device power contact  112 . The more current paths that are present at device power contact  112 , the more difficult it may be to determine whether such a contaminant is present at device power contact  112 . Accordingly, following a connection detect, pull-up resistor RPU may be disconnected from device power contact  112 . This disconnection may be made by including a switch in series with the pull-up resistor RPU. In this example, switch S 1  may be in series between the pull up resistor RPU and the power supply VCC. As with the other switches and transistors shown here, switch S 1  may be a transistor such as a P-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), an N-channel MOSFET, bipolar or the type of transistor, microelectronic mechanical (MEM) switch, relay, or other type of switch. 
     To further reduce current paths that are connected to device power contact  112 , a pull-down resistor in accessory  120  may be provided using active pull-down  260 . An example of such a circuit is shown in the following figure. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an active pull-down according to an embodiment of the present invention. Active pull-down  260  may receive power from accessory power contact  122 . A pull-down resistor RPD may be in series with transistor M 1  between the accessory power contact  122  and ground. A capacitor divider including capacitors C 1  and C 2  may be connected between accessory power contact  122  and ground. A midpoint of the capacitor divider may be coupled to a gate of transistor M 1 . As power is applied to active pull-down  260  at accessory power contact  122 , a voltage at the midpoint of the capacitor divider may increase, thereby turning on transistor M 1 . The pull-down resistor PRD may be detected by connection detect circuit  210  in host device  110 , and host device  110  may determine that a connection to accessory  120  has occurred. 
     A discharge resistor RD may be connected across capacitor C 2  from the midpoint of the capacitor divider to ground. Resistor RPD may bleed charge from capacitor C 2  to ground, thereby turning off transistor M 1  after the first duration, where the first duration is determined by the initial voltage on C 2 , the sizes of C 2  and RD, and the threshold voltage VT of transistor M 1 . 
     If the voltage on accessory power contact  122  were to increase to a high voltage at too fast a rate, transistor M 1  could be damaged. Accordingly, active pull-down circuit  260  may include current limiting resistor RG coupled between the midpoint of the capacitors divider and the gate of transistor M 1 . Also, Zener diode D 1  may be connected having a cathode connected to the gate of transistor M 1  and an anode connected to a source of transistor M 1 . The current limiting resistor RG and Zener diode D 1  may prevent excessive and possibly damaging voltages from appearing at the gate of transistor M 1 . Specifically, the gate-to-source voltage of M 1  may be limited to a breakdown voltage of the Zener diode (often around 7 Volts.) Active pull-down  260  may be disabled by transistor M 2 . Specifically, a high-voltage at the gate of transistor M 2  may turn off transistor M 1 , thereby disconnecting the pull-down resistor RPD. 
     It should be noted that as M 1  turns off, the voltage at the accessory power contact  122  may rise due to the disconnection of the pull-down resistor RPD. This may provide an increase in voltage at the midpoint of the capacitor divider, which may cause M 1  once again to turn on and conduct. In a worst-case scenario a sustained oscillation may occur. This may be avoided or mitigated by disconnecting the pull-up RPU in connection detect circuit  210  in host device  110  after a connection has been detected. That is, disconnecting RPU may prevent a rise in voltage at the accessory power contact  122  following a connection detect, which may prevent M 1  from turning on a second time. Care should be taken to properly time the disconnection of the pull-up resistor RPU, particularly since the connection detect circuit  210  and active pull-down  260  are in separate devices. 
     Again, after host device  110  detects a connection to accessory  120 , host device  110  may detect whether a possibly corrosive contaminant is present at a contact. An example of a circuit that may be used is shown in the following figure. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a contamination detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. Contamination detect circuit  220  may provide a current to device power contact  112 . Contamination detect circuit  220  may measure a resulting voltage and determine whether a possibly corrosive contaminant is present at device power contact  112 . Specifically, if in the impedance at device power contact  112  is sufficiently low, the presence of a contaminant may be inferred. 
     Specifically, current source I 1  may provide a current through multiplexer MUX 1  610  to device power contact  112 . This current may flow through the impedance of the contaminant, shown here as ZCONT. Multiplexer MUX 2  620  may connect an input of the analog-to-digital converter  630  to device power contact  112 . Analog-to-digital converter  630  may measure the voltage at device power contact  112 . A potentially corrosive contaminant may reduce the impedance ZCONT and a lower voltage may be measured by analog-to-digital converter  630 . This lower voltage may be inferred to indicate that a contaminant is present at device power contact  112 . 
     Current sources, such as current source I 1 , have various tolerances associated with them, and even more so when they are included on an integrated circuit. Accordingly, contamination detect circuit  220  may include a calibration loop. Specifically, a current form current source I 1  may be selectively provided by multiplexer MUX 1  610  to calibration resistor RCAL. Multiplexer MUX 2  620  may selectively connect calibration resistor RCAL to an input of analog-to-digital converter  630 . Analog-to-digital converter  630  may convert this voltage to a digital value that may be used to calibrate measurements made at the device power contact  112 . 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, a value of I 1  may be determined during a calibration routine by providing I 1  to a known resistor, RCAL and measuring the resulting voltage. The measured voltage divided by the value of resistance of RCAL is the value of the current I 1 . The known current I 1  may then be applied to device power contact  112 . The resulting voltage may be measured and divided by the value of I 1  to determine the impedance at device power contact  112 . 
     There may be various impedances associated with circuitry connected to device power contact  112 . For example, there may be stray or leakage paths in host device  110  that are connected to device power contact  112 . These impedances and leakage paths may be modeled as the impedance ZDEVLEAK. This impedance may be modeled as impedance from device power contact  112  to ground, though in other circuits it may be modeled as an impedance from device power contact  112  to a power supply, or it may be modeled as other impedances. Similarly, accessory  120  may include leakage paths that may be modeled as an impedance ZACCLEAK. 
     In various embodiments of the present invention, the impedances ZDEVLEAK and ZACCLEAK may be determined or read from memory and used in calculations to more accurately determine an impedance ZCONT of a contaminant. For example, the host device impedance ZDEVLEAK may be determined during manufacturing and stored in a register on device  110 . In other embodiments the present invention, ZDEVLEAK may be determined at various times, for example when an accessory  120  is not connected. Accessory impedance ZACCLEAK may be determined by a manufacturer or other party and stored in a register on accessory  120 . This register may be read by host device  110  following a connection of accessory  120 . Either or both of these impedances may be recorded as a function of temperature, supply, or other variable. 
     The net impedance at the device power contact  112  may be equal to the parallel combination of ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device), ZACCLEAK (the impedance of the accessory), and ZCONT (the impedance of the contaminant.) Since the net impedance at device power contact  112  may be measured, and ZDEVLEAK and ZACCLEAK may be determined, ZCONT may be calculated. When ZCONT is below an expected value, the presence of contamination may be inferred. Alternatively, the expected value of the parallel combination of ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device) and ZACCLEAK (the impedance of the accessory) may be determined. If the measured impedance is less than the expected value by more than a threshold or tolerance amount, the presence of contamination may be inferred. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, host device  110  may determine whether contaminants are present at device power contact  112  when no accessory is present. In this case, the impedance at the device power contact  112  may be equal to the parallel combination of ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device) and ZCONT (the impedance of the contaminant.) When ZCONT is below an expected value, the presence of contamination may be inferred. Alternatively, the expected value of ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device)) may be determined. If the measured impedance is less than the expected value by more than a threshold or tolerance amount, the presence of contamination may be inferred. 
     In various embodiments of the present invention, the calibration resistor RCAL may be an external precision resistor. For example, RCAL may have a tolerance of 0.1%, 1%, 2%, or other tolerance. This resistor may be a discrete resistor that is not integrated on an integrated circuit that may include contamination detect circuitry  220 . In other embodiments of the present invention, the calibration resistor RCAL may be integrated on an integrated circuit also include decontamination detect circuit  220 . In such a situation, calibration resistor RCAL may be trimmed or otherwise adjusted for the relatively large manufacturing tolerances found on integrated circuits. Values for RCAL, including values over temperature (and supply) may be stored in a register or elsewhere in host device for use in impedance calculations. 
     Again, the corrosion of a contact may be greatly exacerbated in the presence of an electric field, for example when a voltage is present on a contact. Accordingly, it may be undesirable to provide a current to a contaminated device power contact  112  for an extended period of time. Also, some fairly benign contaminants, such as DI water, may provide a similar impedance as more corrosive contaminants, such as sweat or pool water, after a current has been provided for extended period of time. This convergence of impedances might not occur after a shorter period of time. Accordingly, the current source I 1  may provide pulses of current as opposed to a sustained or DC current. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, multiple pulses having a known amplitude and duration relationship may be provided. Resulting voltage measurements may be taken near the end of the pulses or at other times during the pulses, or both. Examples are shown in the following figure. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates current pulses that may be provided to a contamination impedance and a resulting voltage waveform according to an embodiment of the present invention. This figure illustrates a waveform  710  including a series of two pulses a first pulse having amplitude  712  duration  716  and a second pulse having amplitude  714  and duration  718 . In this example, an amplitude  714  of a first pulse may be twice the amplitude  712  of a second pulse, though the pulses may have an equal amplitude or their amplitudes may be scaled in other ways. The two pulses may have the same duration, or one pulse may have a longer duration than the other. In this example, the second pulse is shown as having a longer duration  718  as compared to the first pulse  716 . In other embodiments of the present invention, different numbers of pulses may be used and they may have different amplitude and duration relationships. For example, one, three, four, or more than four pulses may be used. They may have different amplitudes, or two or more pulses may have the same amplitude. They may have different durations, or two or more pulses may have different durations. Waveform  720  illustrates a resulting waveform at a device power contact. Resulting voltages may be measured at various times, for example at times  732  and  724 , which are near an end of pulses  712  and  714 . In various embodiments of the present invention, one, two, four, six, or more than six voltage measurements or samples may be made using the measurement system of contamination detect circuit  220 . In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the amplitude  712  may be equal to 2 microamps, 4 microamps, 8 microamps, 16 microamps, or it may have a different amplitude. The amplitude  714  may be equal to 4 microamps, 8 microamps, 16 microamps, 32 microamps, or it may have a different amplitude. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the duration  716  may be 50 milliseconds, 100 milliseconds, 200 milliseconds, or it may have a different duration. 
     When a series of two pulses having different amplitudes are applied to device power contact  112 , a measured impedance at the device power contact  112  may be calculated by dividing a difference between the measured resulting voltages by the difference in amplitude of the pulses, (V 1 −V 2 )/(I 1 −I 2 ), where V 1  and V 2  are the measured resulting voltages and I 1 −I 2  are the amplitudes of the applied current pulses. The measured impedance at the device power contact may again be the parallel combination of ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device), ZACCLEAK (the impedance of the accessory), and ZCONT (the impedance of the contaminant.) 
     In other embodiments of the present invention, voltages may be measured at other times. For example, voltages may be sampled at pulse midpoints  723  and  725 . A slope of the voltage at device power contact  112  may be determined for the last half of the pulses. This derivate of the voltage at the device power contact  112  may then be used to determine whether a contamination is present at device power contact  112 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates the operation of a contamination detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. In act  810 , a first current may be provided to a calibration resistor. The resulting voltage may be measured in act  820  and used to calibrate the first current in act  830 . More specifically, the resulting voltage may be divided by the known value of the calibration resistor to determine the value of the first current. The first current may then be provided to a device power contact in act  840 . The resulting voltage may be measured in act  850 . The resulting voltage divided by the known first current may be the measured impedance at the device power contact. Expected impedances for the host device and accessory may be read or determined an act  860 . In act  870 , an impedance of any contamination may be determined using the expected impedances for the host device and accessory and the measured impedance at the device power contact. From this, it may be determined whether a contaminant is present at device power contact  112 . 
     Various actions may be taken when the presence of a contaminant is detected at device power contact  112 . For example, host device  110  may reduce the magnitude of, or eliminate, the power being provided at device power contact  112 . Also, or instead, an indication or message may appear on a screen of either or both host device  110  and accessory  120  indicating the presence of such contamination to a user. Also, specific guidelines or suggestions for removing the contamination may be included in this message. Other types of indications, for example beeps, flashing lights, vibrations, dots or other shapes having specific colors, or other may be used to indicate the presence of such contamination. These and other messages and indications may also, or instead, be transmitted to a third electronic device, for example a third device that operate in conjunction with the host device  110  and accessory  120 . 
     On occasion, an impedance at device power contact  112  may be high enough to be out of the range of the measurement circuit in contamination detect circuit  220 . For example, the impedance at device power contact  112  may be sufficiently high that it results in a voltage that is above the range of analog-to-digital converter  630 . In such a case, the impedance at device power contact  112  may be lowered in a controlled way by shorting or connecting the calibration resistor RCAL to device power contact  112 . 
     When RCAL is shorted to device power contact  112 , a measured impedance may be the parallel combination of RCAL (the resistance of the calibration resistor), ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device), ZACCLEAK (the impedance of the accessory), and ZCONT (the impedance of the contaminant.) Again, when ZCONT is below a set value, the presence of contamination may be inferred. Alternatively, the expected value of the parallel combination of RCAL (the resistance of the calibration resistor), ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device), and ZACCLEAK (the impedance of the accessory) may be determined. If the measured impedance is less than the expected value by more than a threshold or tolerance amount, the presence of contamination may be inferred. An example of this circuit is shown in the following figure. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates another contamination detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, switch S 2  may be coupled between RCAL and device power contact  112 . When ZCONT is high, a resulting voltage may be beyond the range of analog-to-digital converter  630 . To extend the range of analog-to-digital converter  630 , switch S 2  may close, thereby connecting RCAL and device power contact  112 . The inclusion of RCAL in the parallel combination of impedances might not impair contamination measurement since RCAL is a known resistance. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, a value of I 1  may be determined during a calibration routine by opening switch S 2 , providing I 1  the known resistor, RCAL, and measuring the resulting voltage. The measured voltage divided by the value of resistance of RCAL is the value of the current I 1 . The known current I 1  may then be applied to device power contact  112  with switch S 2  closed. The resulting voltage may be measured and divided by the value of I 1  to determine the net impedance at device power contact  112 . 
     The net impedance at the device power contact  112  may be equal to the parallel combination of RCAL (the resistance of the calibration resistor), ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device), ZACCLEAK (the impedance of the accessory), and ZCONT (the impedance of the contaminant.) Since the net impedance at device power contact  112  may be measured, RCAL is known, and ZDEVLEAK and ZACCLEAK may be determined, ZCONT may be calculated. When ZCONT is below an expected value, the presence of contamination may be inferred. Alternatively, the expected value of the parallel combination of RCAL (the resistance of the calibration resistor), ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device), and ZACCLEAK (the impedance of the accessory) may be determined. If the measured impedance is less than the expected value by more than a threshold or tolerance amount, the presence of contamination may be inferred. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, host device  110  may determine whether contaminants are present at device power contact  112  when no accessory is present. In this case, the impedance at the device power contact  112  may be equal to the parallel combination of RCAL (the resistance of the calibration resistor), ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device), and ZCONT (the impedance of the contaminant.) When ZCONT is below an expected value, the presence of contamination may be inferred. Alternatively, the expected value of the parallel combination of RCAL (the resistance of the calibration resistor) and 
     ZDEVLEAK (the impedance of the host device)) may be determined. If the measured impedance is less than the expected value by more than a threshold or tolerance amount, the presence of contamination may be inferred. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a modification to the flowchart of  FIG. 8  according to an embodiment of the present invention. As before in  FIG. 8 , following a calibration routine, a current may be provided to device power contact  112 . In act  850 , a resulting voltage may be measured. In act  1010 , it may be determined whether the measured voltage is out of range of a measurement system. It is not, then as before, expected impedances for the host device and accessory may be read in act  860 . In act  870 , the contamination impedance may again be determined, and from this, it may be determined whether such contamination is present at the device power contact. 
     If the measured voltage is out of range in act  1010 , switch S 2  may be closed, thereby shorting the calibration resistor RCAL to device power contact, in act  1020 . A first current may again be applied to the device power contact in act  1030 , and the resulting voltage may be measured in act  1040 . Once again, in act  860 , expected impedances for the host device and accessory may be read or determined, and the contamination impedance may be determined an act  870 . 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, various circuits may be used for connection detect circuit  210  and contamination detect circuit  220 . An example of another circuit that may be used as contamination detect circuit  220  is shown in the following figure. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates another contamination detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, a voltage source may be applied between two contacts. A sense circuit may measure a resulting current through the voltage source. When a contaminant is present between the two contacts, the impedance between the contacts may be reduced as compared to when no contaminant is present, and a resulting current may be measured. The resulting current may indicate that contamination is present between the two contacts. As with the other examples shown herein, the contacts may be power supply, ground, bias, enable or other control signal, or other types of contacts. 
     Specifically, a reference voltage VREF may be received at a noninverting input of amplifier A 1 . An output of amplifier A 1  on line V 1  may connect to a sense resistor RSENSE. The other end of the RSENSE resistor may connect to an inverting input of amplifier A 1 . In this configuration, amplifier A 1  may drive its output on line V 1  to a voltage that is needed to keep the voltage on line V 3  at or near the reference voltage VREF. The voltage on line V 3  may be connected to contact  112  and ground may be connected to contact  114 . In this way, a voltage source equal to the reference voltage VREF may be connected across contacts  112  and  114 . 
     When a contamination detect sequence is performed, switch S 3  may close thereby connecting contact  112  to line V 3 . Switch S 4  may close connecting contact  114  to a drain of transistor M 3 . 
     When no contamination is present between contacts  112  and  114 , the contamination impedance ZCONT may be high and there may be an open circuit between them. No or minor current may flow through the sense resistor RSENSE. A reference voltage VREF may be received at a noninverting input of amplifier A 1  and the amplifier may drive its output voltage on line V 1  such that a voltage on line V 3  received at its inverting input may be at least approximately equal to the reference voltage VREF. With ZCONT high, the voltage drop across the sense resistor RSENSE may be minimal. Accordingly, the voltage on line V 1  may also be at or near the reference voltage VREF. Since the voltage on line V 3  is held to VREF by amplifier A 1 , instrumentation amplifier A 2  may receive a signal that is equal to a signal across the sense resistor RSENSE. Instrumentation amplifier A 2  may amplify this signal and provide an output on line V 2  to analog-to-digital converter  630 . 
     When contamination is present between contacts  112  and  114 , the contamination impedance ZCONT may be reduced. In this case, current may flow through the voltage source provided across contacts  112  and  114 . The result is that current may flow through the sense resistor RSENSE. As this current flows, a voltage on line V 3  may be pulled lower. Again, line V 3  is connected to an inverting input of amplifier A 1 , while the noninverting input of amplifier A 1  is connected to receive a reference voltage VREF. Accordingly, amplifier A 1  may drive the voltage V 1  at the output of amplifier A 1  higher, such that the voltage on line V 3  remains at or near the voltage VREF. That is, the voltage on line V 3  may be maintained to be at least approximately the VREF. The instrumentation amplifier A 2  may receive the voltage across the sense resistor RSENSE as an input. Instrumentation amplifier A 2  may amplify this signal and provided an output on line V 2  to analog-to-digital converter  630 . 
     Low values for contamination impedance ZCONT may generate large currents in sense resistor RSENSE. This may generate voltages beyond a range of amplifier A 1 , instrumentation amplifier A 2 , or analog-to-digital converter  630 . Accordingly, resistor RRANGE may be used to extend a range of contamination detect circuit  220 . Specifically, switch S 5  may be close, connecting resistor RRANGE in parallel with resistor RSENSE. This reduced sense impedance may lower a voltage across RSENSE such that it may be processed by amplifier A 1 , instrumentation amplifier A 2 , and analog-to-digital converter  630 . 
     In this example, transistor M 3  may be a current limiting transistor that may limit current when contacts  112  and  114  are shorted together during a contamination detect sequence. As before, device impedance ZDEVLEAK and accessory impedance ZACCLEAK are shown as being connected to contact  112 . Similar impedances may be shown as being connected to contact  114  but are omitted for clarity. Also, the impedances connected to contact  114  may generate a minimal current flow since contact  114  maybe grounded during a contamination detect routine. It may also be noted that applying a constant voltage to the device contacts may eliminate a voltage dependency component of the values of ZCONT, ZDEVLEAK, and ZACCLEAK. As before, value for ZDEVLEAK, and ZACCLEAK may be read from registers or otherwise determined and used in calculating ZCONT and determining whether a contaminant exists between contacts  112  and  114 . 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the voltage source may provide a voltage that is at least approximately equal to the reference voltage VREF. This reference voltage may be a low voltage of approximately 0.5 volts or less. The device impedance and accessory impedance may be increased at this low voltage level and may therefore have less of an impact. Also, when there is contamination present between contact  112  and  114 , the contamination detect routine may cause a reduced amount of corrosion as compared to a higher voltage for VREF, or compared to voltages generated during measurements performed by the constant current impedance measurement embodiment as described previously here 
       FIG. 12  illustrates the operation of a contamination detect circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. In act  1210 , switches S 3  and S 4  may close, connecting contamination detect circuit across two contacts  112  and  114  of a host device  110 . In act  1220 , transistor M 3  may turn on. This, along with the closing of the switches S 3  and S 4 , may connect a voltage source across the two contacts  112  and  114 . Leakage current, if present, may flow through the sense resistor RSENSE in act  1230 . Amplifier A 1  may drive its output voltage V 1  to a voltage needed to keep a voltage on line V 3  near the voltage reference VREF in act  1240 . The instrumentation amplifier A 2  may amplify a resulting voltage across the sense resistor in act  1250 . In act  1260 , expected impedances for the host and device and accessory may be read. The amplified resulting voltage may be measured in act  1270 , and from the expected values and this measurement, the contamination impedance ZCONT may be calculated in act  1280 . From the calculated impedance, the presence of contamination may be determined, as before. 
     In these examples, a connection detect circuit and contamination detect circuit may be located on a host device, while an active pull-down may be located on an accessory. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, a connection detect circuit and contamination detect circuit may be located on an accessory, while an active pull-down may be located on a host device. 
     Also, in these examples, the connection detect circuit and the contamination detect circuit may be connected to the same contact. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the connection detect circuit and the contamination detect circuit may be connected to separate and different contacts. Also, in these examples, the connection detect circuit and the contamination detect circuit may be connected to a power contact. 
     In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the connection detect circuit and the contamination detect circuit may be connected to a contact other than a power contact. For example, either or both the connection detect circuit and the contamination detect circuit may be connected to another type of contact such as a contact used for an enable signal, low-frequency data signal, or other data, control, bias, supply, or other type of contact. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may provide contacts for connector receptacles and connector inserts that may be located in, and may connect to, various types of devices, such as portable computing devices, tablet computers, desktop computers, laptops, all-in-one computers, wearable computing devices, cell phones, smart phones, media phones, storage devices, portable media players, navigation systems, monitors, power supplies, video delivery systems, adapters, remote control devices, chargers, and other devices. These contacts may provide pathways for power and signals that are compliant with various standards such as one of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standards including USB Type-C, High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), Digital Visual Interface (DVI), Ethernet, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, Lightning, Joint Test Action Group (JTAG), test-access-port (TAP), Directed Automated Random Testing (DART), universal asynchronous receiver/transmitters (UARTs), clock signals, power signals, and other types of standard, non-standard, and proprietary interfaces and combinations thereof that have been developed, are being developed, or will be developed in the future. Other embodiments of the present invention may provide contacts that may be used to provide a reduced set of functions for one or more of these standards. In various embodiments of the present invention, these contacts may be used to convey power, ground, signals, test points, and other voltage, current, data, or other information. 
     The above description of embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form described, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the teaching above. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Thus, it will be appreciated that the invention is intended to cover all modifications and equivalents within the scope of the following claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20160923
Publication Date: 20190122
Grant Date: 20190122
Priority Date: 20160923
Inventors: GUPTA, VISHAL
JOHNSON, TIMOTHY M.
JANI, NILAY D.
PEREZ, YEHONATAN
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G01R31/69", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N27/028", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01R43/002", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01R2201/20", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01R31/69", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N27/028", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01R2201/20", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01R43/002", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01N27/028", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01R43/002", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01R31/045", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H01R2201/20", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 61685241