PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-9041736-B2
Application Number: US-201213619472-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Method, system and apparatus for rendering a map according to a stylesheet

Abstract:
Methods, systems and apparatus are described to render a map according to a style sheet. Several embodiments of map rendering are described that may be suitable for rendering individual portions of a map, known as map tiles, which may include one or more features. Embodiments may obtain one or more a map tiles with features that may have one or more style identifiers. Embodiments may identify a style from a stylesheet for each feature in the map tile according to style identifiers in the feature and the style in the stylesheet. Some embodiments may render the one or more map tiles according to the identified styles and may display the rendered map tiles. In some embodiments, a map service generates one or more map tiles with features including style identifiers and sends the one or more map tiles to a client rendering device.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method, comprising:
 performing, by a computing device:
 obtaining from a server, by a mapping application, one or more map tiles, wherein each of said map tiles comprises one or more features, wherein one or more of said features comprise one or more style identifiers; 
 rendering the obtained one or more map tiles for display on the computing device, wherein each feature comprising one or more style identifiers is rendered according to a previously obtained stylesheet at the computing device, wherein the stylesheet comprises one or more styles, wherein each style comprises rendering instructions for the style, wherein the rendering instructions comprise a plurality of values for the style each associated with rendering the style at a respective zoom level of a plurality of zoom levels, wherein each style is linked to one or more style identifiers, wherein a comparison of the one or more style identifiers of the feature to the one or more style identifiers linked to the one or more styles of the previously obtained stylesheet determines a style for the feature, and wherein the feature is rendered at a particular zoom level according to a corresponding one of the plurality of values from the rendering instructions for the determined style; 
 changing the particular zoom level of the one or more rendered map tiles to a different zoom level; and 
 rendering at least one of the previously obtained one or more map tiles for display on the computing device at the different zoom level according to the previously obtained stylesheet, wherein the feature is rendered at the different zoom level according to a different value from the previously obtained stylesheet associated with the different zoom level than the value associated with the particular zoom level. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the obtained one or more map tiles comprise vector graphics data for the one or more features. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more features of the one or more map tiles comprises a plurality of style identifiers. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 3 , wherein rendering the obtained one or more map tiles for display on the computing device comprises:
 for each feature of the one or more map tiles comprising a plurality of style identifiers:
 ranking the styles defined in the stylesheet according to the number of style identifiers in common with the style identifiers of the feature; and 
 rendering the feature according to the rendering instructions of the highest rank style. 
 
 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising obtaining by the mapping application one or more stylesheets. 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 wherein the mapping application comprises one or more display modes; 
 wherein the computing device previously obtained one or more stylesheets, and wherein each stylesheet is linked to the one or more display modes of the mapping application; 
 obtaining input selecting a particular display mode of the one or more display modes of the mapping application; and 
 in response to obtaining input selecting the particular display mode of the one or more display modes of the mapping application, rendering the one or more obtained map tiles, wherein each feature comprising one or more style identifiers is rendered according to the stylesheet linked to the particular display mode, and wherein a comparison of the one or more style identifiers of the feature to the one or more style identifiers linked to the one or more styles of the stylesheet linked to the particular display mode determines a style for the feature. 
 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1  further comprising obtaining by the mapping application input modifying the rendering instructions of a style in the previously obtained stylesheet. 
     
     
       8. A method, comprising:
 performing, by one or more computing devices:
 generating by a map service one or more map tiles, wherein each of said map tiles comprise one or more features, wherein one or more of said features comprise one or more style identifiers, wherein said style identifiers are linked to one or more styles defined in one or more stylesheets previously stored on a rendering client, wherein the one or more styles comprise rendering instructions that comprise a plurality of values, wherein each value of the plurality of values is associated with rendering the style at a respective zoom level of a plurality of zoom levels, wherein a particular value of the plurality of values defines how a graphically displayable attribute of a particular feature of the one or more features is rendered at a particular zoom level of the plurality of zoom levels such that the particular feature of the particular map tile is configured for rendering at more than one of the plurality of zoom levels based on the plurality of values of the one or more stylesheets previously stored on the rendering client; and 
 sending the generated one or more map tiles to the rendering client, wherein said rendering client is configured to render the one or more features of the one or more map tiles at different zoom levels according to the one or more stylesheets previously stored on the rendering client. 
 
 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 8 , further comprising obtaining a request for one or more map tiles from a rendering client. 
     
     
       10. The method of  claim 8 , wherein said generating by a map service application one or more map tiles comprises:
 generating a compressed representation of the one or more style identifiers of the one or more features, wherein said compressed representation reduces redundant style identifiers. 
 
     
     
       11. The method of  claim 10 , wherein said generating a compressed representation comprises:
 ordering the one or more style identifiers according to the frequency of occurrence of the one or more style identifiers in the map tile; and 
 specifying the style identifiers for the one or more features according to the ordered style identifiers, wherein if a given style identifier is the same style identifier as the previous style identifier the given style identifier is omitted from the feature. 
 
     
     
       12. A system, comprising:
 a touch-sensitive display device; 
 at least one processor; and 
 a memory comprising program instructions, wherein the program instructions implement a mapping component executable by the at least one processor to:
 obtain from a server one or more map tiles, wherein each of said map tiles comprises one or more features, wherein one or more of said features comprise one or more style identifiers; 
 identify for each feature comprising one or more style identifiers in each of the obtained one or more map tiles a style according to a previously obtained stylesheet at the system, wherein the stylesheet comprises one or more styles, wherein each style comprises rendering instructions for the style, wherein the rendering instructions comprise a plurality of values for the style each associated with rendering the style at a respective zoom level of a plurality of zoom levels, wherein each style is linked to one or more style identifiers, and wherein a comparison of the one or more style identifiers of the feature to the one or more style identifiers linked to the one or more styles of the previously obtained stylesheet determines a style for the feature; 
 render the obtained one or more map tiles for display on the display device according to the identified styles for each feature in each of the obtained one or more map tiles, wherein the feature is rendered at a particular zoom level according to a corresponding one of the plurality of values from the rendering instructions for the identified style; 
 change the particular zoom level of the one or more rendered map tiles to a different zoom level; and 
 render at least one of the previously obtained one or more map tiles for display on the display device at the different zoom level according to the previously obtained stylesheet, wherein the feature is rendered at the different zoom level according to a different value from the previously obtained stylesheet associated with the different zoom level than the value associated with the particular zoom level. 
 
 
     
     
       13. The system of  claim 12 , wherein the obtained one or more map tiles comprise vector graphics data for the one or more features. 
     
     
       14. The system of  claim 12 , wherein, to identify for each feature in each of the obtained one or more map tiles a style according to a previously obtained stylesheet at the system, the program instructions implement a mapping component executable by the at least one processor to:
 rank the styles defined in the stylesheet according to the number of style identifiers in common with the style identifiers of the feature; and 
 select the highest rank style as the style identified for the feature. 
 
     
     
       15. The system of  claim 12 , wherein the program instructions implement a mapping component further executable by the at least one processor to obtain one or more stylesheets. 
     
     
       16. The system of  claim 15 , wherein the one or more stylesheets is obtained from another component implemented by the program instructions. 
     
     
       17. The system of  claim 12 , wherein the program instructions implement a mapping component further executable by the at least one processor to:
 wherein the mapping component implements one or more display modes; 
 wherein the mapping component previously obtained one or more stylesheets, and wherein each stylesheet is linked to the one or more display modes of the mapping component; 
 obtain input via an input device selecting a particular display mode of the one or more display modes of the mapping component; and 
 in response to obtaining input via the input device selecting the particular display mode of the one or more display modes of the mapping application:
 identify for each feature in each of the obtained one or more map tiles a style according to the stylesheet linked to the particular display mode, wherein a comparison of the one or more style identifiers of the feature to the one or more style identifiers linked to the one or more styles of the stylesheet linked to the particular display mode determines a style for the feature; 
 render the obtained one or more map tiles for display on the display device according to the identified styles for each feature in each of the obtained one or more map tiles. 
 
 
     
     
       18. A system, comprising:
 at least one processor; and 
 a memory comprising program instructions, wherein the program instructions implement a map service executable by the one or more processors to:
 generate one or more map tiles, wherein each of said map tiles comprise one or more features, wherein one or more of said features comprise one or more style identifiers, wherein said style identifiers are linked to one or more styles defined in one or more stylesheets stored on a remote system, wherein the one or more styles comprise rendering instructions that comprise a plurality of values, wherein each value of the plurality of values is associated with rendering the style at a respective zoom level of a plurality of zoom levels, wherein a particular value of the plurality of values defines how a graphically displayable attribute of a particular feature of the one or more features is rendered at particular zoom level of the plurality of zoom levels, such that the particular feature of the particular map tile is configured for rendering at more than one of the plurality of zoom levels based on the plurality of values of the one or more stylesheets previously stored on the rendering client; and 
 send the generated one or more map tiles to the remote system, wherein said remote system is configured to render the one or more features of the one or more map tiles at different zoom levels according to the one or more stylesheets previously stored on the remote system. 
 
 
     
     
       19. The system of  claim 18 , wherein, to generate one or more map tiles, the program instructions implement a map service executable by the at least one processor to:
 generate a compressed representation of the one or more style identifiers of the one or more features, wherein said compressed representation reduces redundant style identifiers. 
 
     
     
       20. The system of  claim 19 , wherein, to generate a compressed representation of the one or more style identifiers of the one or more features the program instructions implement a map service executable by the at least one processor to:
 order the one or more style identifiers according to the frequency of occurrence of the one or more style identifiers in the map tile; and 
 specify the style identifiers for the one or more features according to the ordered style identifiers, wherein if a given style identifier is the same style identifier as the previous style identifier the given style identifier is omitted from the feature. 
 
     
     
       21. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium, storing program instructions, wherein the program instructions are computer-executable to implement a mapping application configured to implement:
 obtaining from a server one or more map tiles, wherein each of said map tiles comprises one or more features, wherein one or more of said features comprise one or more style identifiers; 
 identifying for each feature comprising one or more style identifiers in each of the obtained one or more map tiles a style according to a previously obtained stylesheet, wherein the stylesheet comprises one or more styles, wherein each style comprises rendering instructions for the style, wherein the rendering instructions comprise a plurality of values for the style each associated with rendering the style at a respective zoom level of a plurality of zoom levels, wherein each style is linked to one or more style identifiers, and wherein a comparison of the one or more style identifiers of the feature to the one or more style identifiers linked to the one or more styles of the previously obtained stylesheet determines a style for the feature; 
 rendering the obtained one or more map tiles according to the identified styles for each feature in each of the obtained one or more map tiles, wherein the feature is rendered at a particular zoom level according to a corresponding one of the plurality of values from the rendering instructions for the identified style; and 
 displaying the obtained one or more map tiles on a display device; 
 changing the particular zoom level of the one or more displayed map tiles to a different zoom level; and 
 rendering at least one of the previously obtained one or more map tiles at the different zoom level according to the previously obtained stylesheet, wherein the feature is rendered at the different zoom level according to a different value from the previously obtained stylesheet associated with the different zoom level than the value associated with the particular zoom level. 
 
     
     
       22. The medium of  claim 21 , wherein the obtained one or more map tiles comprise vector graphics data for the one or more features. 
     
     
       23. The medium of  claim 21 , wherein, identifying for each feature comprising one or more style identifiers in each of the obtained one or more map tiles a style according to a previously obtained stylesheet, the program instructions are computer-executable to implement a mapping application configured to implement:
 ranking the styles defined in the stylesheet according to the number of style identifiers in common with the style identifiers of the feature; and 
 selecting the highest rank style as the style identified for the feature. 
 
     
     
       24. The medium of  claim 21 , wherein the program instructions are further computer-executable to implement a mapping application configured to implement obtaining one or more stylesheets. 
     
     
       25. The medium of  claim 24 , wherein the obtained one or more stylesheets are obtained from a server. 
     
     
       26. The medium of  claim 24 , wherein the obtained one or more stylesheets are obtained from user input.

Description:
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
     This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/655,900, entitled “Method, System And Apparatus For Rendering A Map According To A Stylesheet,” filed Jun. 5, 2012. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Map display capability can be found in a number of electronic devices. These devices may be traditional map display devices, such as desktop computers or laptops, or newer mobile map display devices, such as tablet computers, mobile phones, and navigation systems. Generally, map display devices are capable of communicating with various mapping or navigation services, usually implemented through various networks and/or satellite systems, to display map image data on a map display device. In order to provide interactive map display capabilities map image data may be stored on a map display device or received from the various mapping or navigation services in communication with the map display device. For example, a navigation device may communicate with a network of navigation satellites to determine its current location, and display the map image data stored on the navigation device reflecting its current location. Some map display devices may also receive map image data along with other map or location information, such as directions from one location to another. With the recent growth of mobile computing, map display devices are continuing to develop new methods for increasing the efficiency map image data communications for displaying map image data on mobile as well as traditional map display devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various embodiments of methods, apparatus, and computer-readable storage media for rendering a map according to a stylesheet are described. Embodiments may obtain one or more map tiles from a server. Obtained map tiles may include one or more map features, which may include one or more style identifiers. Embodiments may render the one or more map tiles by identifying a style from a stylesheet stored on the rendering device for the features which include one or more style identifiers. Identifying a style for a feature, in some embodiments, may involve ranking one or more styles in a stylesheet according to common style identifiers of the style and the feature and then selecting the highest ranked style to provide the rendering instructions for that feature. Some embodiments then render the one or more map tiles according to the rendering instructions supplied by the stylesheet for the features. In at least some embodiments, the rendered map tiles are displayed on a display device. 
     Some embodiments may have one or more stylesheets, which may be selected by input from other modules or applications, other systems, or a user. A particular stylesheet may be linked to a particular display mode of a rendering device. 
     In some embodiments, a map service generates a map tile. The map tile may include one or more map features. These features may also include style identifiers. A map service may send one or more map tiles to a rendering device, who may render the map tiles according to a stylesheet. In some embodiments the map service may obtain a request for a map tile. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an example of a map service operating environment according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a method of rendering a map according to a stylesheet according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example stylesheet according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart of a method to identify a style for a feature according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example map tile according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an example map tile rendering module according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example map tile rendering module user input according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example electronic device according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an example electronic device according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an example electronic device according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example electronic device according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an example system according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     While the invention is described herein by way of example for several embodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the embodiments or drawings described. It should be understood, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention. The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description. As used throughout this application, the word “may” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words “include”, “including”, and “includes” mean including, but not limited to. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, methods, apparatus, or systems that would be known by one of ordinary skill have not been described in detail so as not to obscure claimed subject matter. 
     It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact, without departing from the scope of the present invention. The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact. 
     The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     Some portions of the detailed description which follow are presented in terms of algorithms or symbolic representation of operations on binary digital signals stored within a memory of a specific apparatus or special purpose computing device or platform. In the context of this particular specification, the term specific apparatus or the like includes a general purpose computer once it is programmed to perform particular functions pursuant to instructions from program software and other programmable electronic devices. Algorithmic descriptions or symbolic representations are examples of techniques used by those of ordinary skill in the signal processing or related arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and is generally, considered to be a self-consistent sequence of operations or similar signal processing leading to a desired result. In this context, operations or processing involve physical manipulation of physical quantities. Typically, although not necessarily, such quantities may take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared or otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals as bits, data, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, numerals or the like. It should be understood, however, that all of these or similar terms are to be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels. 
     Various embodiments of methods, apparatus, and computer-readable storage media for rendering a map according to a stylesheet are described. Several embodiments of map rendering are described that may be suitable for rendering one or more map tiles. Embodiments may obtain one or more map tiles which may include one or more features, which in turn may include one or style identifiers. Embodiments may render the obtained one or map tiles according to previously obtained stylesheet. In some embodiments a stylesheet may contain one or more styles which may include one or more style identifiers. To render a map tile according to a stylesheet, embodiments may identify a style for a feature that includes one or more style identifiers, ranking the styles the stylesheet according to the number of style identifiers in common with the style identifiers of the feature. 
     Embodiments may obtain map tiles composed of varying forms of graphics data. In some embodiments, map tiles are composed of raster graphics data. In some embodiments map tiles are composed of vector graphics data. Embodiments may also obtain map tiles composed of a combination of vector and graphics data. 
     Some embodiments may obtain one or more stylesheets from users, other modules or applications, or other systems. These rendering instructions of the styles of stylesheets styles may be modified. In some embodiments stylesheets may be linked to a particular display mode of a mapping application. If input is obtained selecting a particular display mode, then the stylesheet linked to the display mode may be used to render obtained map tiles. 
     In at least some embodiments of rendering a map according to a stylesheet, a map service generates a map tile. A map tile may be generated to include features. These features may also include style identifiers. The map service then sends the map tile to a client device. Embodiments may operate within a map service operating environment as described below with regard to  FIG. 1 . In some embodiments the map service may obtain a request for a map tile as shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 1  also shows one of many possible embodiments of a map service operating environment for a map service to send map tiles and receive requests. Various embodiments may also generate the map tile by a compression technique as discussed below such as discussed below with respect to. 
     In some embodiments, a user may interact with the client device, either directly or through other modules on the device, such as discussed below with regard to  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 7 , discussed below, also describes that users may be able to alter the mode or map display according to stylesheets stored on a device implementing various embodiments. In some embodiments, a user may be able to store additional or edit stylesheets on the client device. Embodiments may also allow other computer systems or modules on the client device to store additional stylesheets or edit stylesheets on the client device. 
     Embodiments of rendering a map according to a stylesheet may be implemented in any mapping application that may render map image data. Example categories of applications in which embodiments may be implemented in are map displays, such as in navigation devices, electronic games, which may include in-game map views, and graphical design, which may allow users to create two-dimensional and three-dimensional maps. More generally, embodiments may be implemented in applications that allow maps of two-dimensional and three-dimensional views to be displayed. Specific examples of applications or technologies in which embodiments may be implemented include, but are not limited to, mapping or navigation software applications on an iPod Touch®, iPhone®, or iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     Embodiments of rendering a map according to a stylesheet may be implemented and performed by a module or modules implemented by program instructions stored in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and executable by one or more processors, such as one or more CPUs or GPUs. An example module that may implement some embodiments, and an example application that may implement the module, as described herein, is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . An example electronic device on which embodiments may be implemented is illustrated in  FIGS. 9 through 12 . An example system on which embodiments may be implemented is illustrated in  FIG. 12 . 
     Map Service Operating Environment 
     Various embodiments may operate within a map service operating environment.  FIG. 1  illustrates a map service operating environment, according to some embodiments. A map service  130  may provide map services for one or more client devices  102   a - 102   c  in communication with the map service  130  through various communication methods and protocols. A map service  130  generally may provide map information and other map-related data, such as two-dimensional map image data (e.g., aerial view of roads utilizing satellite imagery), three-dimensional map image data (e.g., traversable map with three-dimensional features, such as buildings), route and direction calculation (e.g., ferry route calculations or directions between two points for a pedestrian), real-time navigation data (e.g., turn-by-turn visual navigation data in two or three dimensions), location data (e.g., where is the client device currently located), and other geographic data (e.g., wireless network coverage, weather, traffic information, or nearby points-of-interest). In various embodiments, the map service data may include localized labels for different countries or regions; localized labels may be utilized to present map labels (e.g., street names, city names, points of interest) in different languages on client devices. Client devices  102   a - 102   c  may utilize these map services by obtaining map service data. Client devices  102   a - 102   c  may implement various techniques to process map service data. Client devices  102   a - 102   c  may then provide map services to various entities, including, but not limited to, users, internal software or hardware modules, and/or other systems or devices external to the client devices  102   a - 102   c.    
     In some embodiments, a map service may be implemented by one or more nodes in a distributed computing system. Each node may be assigned one or more services or components of a map service. Some nodes may be assigned the same map service or component of a map service. A load balancing node may distribute access or requests to other nodes within a map service. In some embodiments a map service may be implemented as a single system, such as a single server. Different modules or hardware devices within a server may implement one or more of the various services provided by a map service. 
     A map service may provide map services by generating map service data in various formats. In some embodiments, one format of map service data may be map image data. Map image data may provide image data to a client device so that the client device may process the image data (e.g., rendering and/or displaying the image data as a two-dimensional or three-dimensional map). Map image data, whether in two or three dimensions, may specify one or more map tiles. A map tile may be a portion of a larger map image. Assembling together the map tiles of a map may produce the original map. Tiles may be generated from map image data, routing or navigation data, or any other map service data. In some embodiments map tiles may be raster-based map tiles, with tile sizes ranging from any size both larger and smaller than a commonly-used 256 pixel by 256 pixel tile. Raster-based map tiles may be encoded in any number of standard digital image representations including, but not limited to, Bitmap (.bmp), Graphics Interchange Format (.gif), Joint Photographic Experts Group (.jpg, .jpeg, etc.), Portable Networks Graphic (.png), or Tagged Image File Format (.tiff). In some embodiments, map tiles may be vector-based map tiles, encoded using vector graphics, including, but not limited to, Scalable Vector Graphics (.svg) or a Drawing File (.drw). Embodiments may also include tiles with a combination of vector and raster data. Metadata or other information pertaining to the map tile may also be included within or along with a map tile, providing further map service data to a client device. In various embodiments, a map tile may be encoded for transport utilizing various standards and/or protocols, some of which are described in examples below. 
     In various embodiments, map tiles may be constructed from image data of different resolutions depending on zoom level. For instance, for low zoom level (e.g., world or globe view), the resolution of map or image data need not be as high relative to the resolution at a high zoom level (e.g., city or street level). For example, when in a globe view, there may be no need to render street level artifacts as such objects would be so small as to be negligible in many cases. 
     A map service may perform various techniques to analyze a map tile before encoding the tile for transport. This analysis may optimize map service performance for both client devices and a map service. In some embodiments map tiles may be analyzed for complexity, according to vector-based graphic techniques, and constructed utilizing complex and non-complex layers. Map tiles may also be analyzed for common image data or patterns that may be rendered as image textures and constructed by relying on image masks. In some embodiments, raster-based image data in a map tile may contain certain mask values, which are associate with one or more textures. Embodiments may also analyze map tiles for specified features that may be associated with certain map styles that contain style identifiers. 
     Other map services may generate map service data relying upon various data formats separate from a map tile. For example, map services that provide location data may utilize data formats conforming to location service protocols, such as, but not limited to, Radio Resource Location services Protocol (RRLP), TIA  801  for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Radio Resource Control (RRC) position protocol, or LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP). Embodiments may also receive or request data from client devices identifying device capabilities or attributes (e.g., hardware specifications or operating system version) or communication capabilities (e.g., device communication bandwidth as determined by wireless signal strength or wire or wireless network type). 
     A map service may obtain map service data from internal or external sources. For example, satellite imagery used in map image data may be obtained from external services, or internal systems, storage devices, or nodes. Other examples may include, but are not limited to, GPS assistance servers, wireless network coverage databases, business or personal directories, weather data, government information (e.g., construction updates or road name changes), or traffic reports. Some embodiments of a map service may update map service data (e.g., wireless network coverage) for analyzing future requests from client devices. 
     Various embodiments of a map service may respond to client device requests for map services. These requests may be a request for a specific map or portion of a map. Embodiments may format requests for a map as requests for certain map tiles. In some embodiments, requests may also supply the map service with starting locations (or current locations) and destination locations for a route calculation. A client device may also request map service rendering information, such as map textures or stylesheets. In at least some embodiments, requests may also be one of a series of requests implementing turn-by-turn navigation. Requests for other geographic data may include, but are not limited to, current location, wireless network coverage, weather, traffic information, or nearby points-of-interest. 
     A map service may, in some embodiments, may analyze client device requests to optimize a device or map service operation. For example, a map service may recognize that the location of a client device is in an area of poor communications (e.g., weak wireless signal) and send more map service data to supply a client device in the event of loss in communication or send instructions to utilize different client hardware (e.g., orientation sensors) or software (e.g., utilize wireless location services or Wi-Fi positioning instead of GPS-based services). In another example, a map service may analyze a client device request for vector-based map image data and determine that raster-based map data better optimizes the map image data according to the image&#39;s complexity. Embodiments of other map services may perform similar analysis on client device requests and as such the above examples are not intended to be limiting. 
     Various embodiments of client devices (e.g., client devices  102   a - 102   c ) may be implemented on different device types. Examples of a portable-multifunction device include the devices illustrated in  FIGS. 8 through 11 , such as multifunction device  1200  and multifunction device  1400 . Client devices  102   a - 102   c  may utilize map service  130  through various communication methods and protocols described below. In some embodiments, client devices  102   a - 102   c  may obtain map service data from map service  130 . Client devices  102   a - 102   c  may request or receive map service data. Client devices  102   a - 102   c  may then process map service data (e.g., render and/or display the data) and may send the data to another software or hardware module on the device or to an external device or system. 
     A client device may, according to some embodiments, implement techniques to render and/or display maps. These maps may be requested or received in various formats, such as map tiles described above. A client device may render a map in two-dimensional or three-dimensional views. Some embodiments of a client device may display a rendered map and allow a user, system, or device providing input to manipulate a virtual camera in the map, changing the map display according to the virtual camera&#39;s position, orientation, and field-of-view. Various forms and input devices may be implemented to manipulate a virtual camera. In some embodiments, touch input, through certain single or combination gestures (e.g., touch-and-hold or a swipe) may manipulate the virtual camera. Other embodiments may allow manipulation of the device&#39;s physical location to manipulate a virtual camera. For example, a client device may be tilted up from its current position to manipulate the virtual camera to rotate up. In another example, a client device may be tilted forward from its current position to move the virtual camera forward. Other input devices to the client device may be implemented including, but not limited to, auditory input (e.g., spoken words), a physical keyboard, mouse, and/or a joystick. 
     Embodiments may provide various visual feedback to virtual camera manipulations, such as displaying an animation of possible virtual camera manipulations when transitioning from two-dimensional map views to three-dimensional map views. Embodiments may also allow input to select a map feature or object (e.g., a building) and highlight the object, producing a blur effect that maintains the virtual camera&#39;s perception of three-dimensional space. 
     In some embodiments, a client device may implement a navigation system (e.g., turn-by-turn navigation). A navigation system provides directions or route information, which may be displayed to a user. Embodiments of a client device may request directions or a route calculation from a map service. A client device may receive map image data and route data from a map service. In some embodiments, a client device may implement a turn-by-turn navigation system, which provides real-time route and direction information based upon location information and route information received from a map service and/or other location system, such as Global Positioning Satellite (GPS). A client device may display map image data that reflects the current location of the client device and update the map image data in real-time. A navigation system may provide auditory or visual directions to follow a certain route. 
     A virtual camera may be implemented to manipulate navigation map data according to some embodiments. Some embodiments of client devices may allow the device to adjust the virtual camera display orientation to bias toward the route destination. Embodiments may also allow virtual camera to navigation turns simulating the inertial motion of the virtual camera. 
     Client devices may implement various techniques to utilize map service data from map service. Embodiments may implement some techniques to optimize rendering of two-dimensional and three-dimensional map image data. In some embodiments, a client device may locally store rendering information. For example, a client may store a stylesheet which provides rendering directions for image data containing style identifiers. In another example, common image textures may be stored to decrease the amount of map image data transferred from a map service. Client devices may also implement various modeling techniques to render two-dimensional and three-dimensional map image data, examples of which include, but are not limited to: generating three-dimensional buildings out of two-dimensional building footprint data; modeling two-dimensional and three-dimensional map objects to determine the client device communication environment; generating models to determine whether map labels are seen from a certain virtual camera position; and generating models to smooth transitions between map image data. Some embodiments of client devices may also order or prioritize map service data in certain techniques. For example, a client device may detect the motion or velocity of a virtual camera, which if exceeding certain threshold values, lower-detail image data will be loaded and rendered of certain areas. Other examples include: rendering vector-based curves as a series of points, preloading map image data for areas of poor communication with a map service, adapting textures based on display zoom level, or rendering map image data according to complexity. 
     In some embodiments, client devices may communicate utilizing various data formats separate from a map tile. For example, some client devices may implement Assisted Global Positioning Satellites (A-GPS) and communicate with location services that utilize data formats conforming to location service protocols, such as, but not limited to, Radio Resource Location services Protocol (RRLP), TIA  801  for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Radio Resource Control (RRC) position protocol, or LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP). Client devices may also receive GPS signals directly. Embodiments may also send data, with or without solicitation from a map service, identifying the client device&#39;s capabilities or attributes (e.g., hardware specifications or operating system version) or communication capabilities (e.g., device communication bandwidth as determined by wireless signal strength or wire or wireless network type). 
       FIG. 1  illustrates one possible embodiment of an operating environment  100  for a map service  130  and client devices  102   a - 102   c . In some embodiments, devices  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  can communicate over one or more wire or wireless networks  110 . For example, wireless network  110 , such as a cellular network, can communicate with a wide area network (WAN)  120 , such as the Internet, by use of gateway  114 . A gateway  114  may provide a packet oriented mobile data service, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), or other mobile data service allowing wireless networks to transmit data to other networks, such as wide area network  120 . Likewise, access device  112  (e.g., IEEE 802.11g wireless access device) can provide communication access to WAN  120 . Devices  102   a  and  102   b  can be any portable electronic or computing device capable of communicating with a map service, such as a portable multifunction device described below with respect to  FIGS. 8 to 11 . Device  402   c  can be any non-portable electronic or computing device capable of communicating with a map service, such as a system described below in  FIG. 12 . 
     In some embodiments, both voice and data communications can be established over wireless network  110  and access device  112 . For example, device  102   a  can place and receive phone calls (e.g., using voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) protocols), send and receive e-mail messages (e.g., using Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) or Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)), and retrieve electronic documents and/or streams, such as web pages, photographs, and videos, over wireless network  110 , gateway  114 , and WAN  120  (e.g., using Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP)). Likewise, in some implementations, devices  102   b  and  102   c  can place and receive phone calls, send and receive e-mail messages, and retrieve electronic documents over access device  112  and WAN  120 . In various embodiments, any of the illustrated client device may communicate with map service  130  and/or other service(s)  150  using a persistent connection established in accordance with one or more security protocols, such as the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol or the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. 
     Devices  102   a  and  102   b  can also establish communications by other means. For example, wireless device  102   a  can communicate with other wireless devices (e.g., other devices  102   a  or  102   b , cell phones) over the wireless network  110 . Likewise devices  102   a  and  102   b  can establish peer-to-peer communications  140  (e.g., a personal area network) by use of one or more communication subsystems, such as Bluetooth® communication from Bluetooth Special Interest Group, Inc. of Kirkland, Wash.  102   c  can also establish peer to peer communications with devices  102   a  or  102   b . (not pictured). Other communication protocols and topologies can also be implemented. Devices  102   a  and  102   b  may also receive Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) signals from GPS  140 . 
     Devices  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  can communicate with map service  130  over the one or more wire and/or wireless networks,  110  or  112 . For example, map service  130  can provide a map service data to rendering devices  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c . Map service  130  may also communicate with other services  150  to obtain data to implement map services. Map service  130  and other services  150  may also receive GPS signals from GPS  140 . 
     In various embodiments, map service  130  and/or other service(s)  150  may be configured to process search requests from any of client devices. Search requests may include but are not limited to queries for business, address, residential locations, points of interest, or some combination thereof. Map service  130  and/or other service(s)  150  may be configured to return results related to a variety of parameters including but not limited to a location entered into an address bar or other text entry field (including abbreviations and/or other shorthand notation), a current map view (e.g., user may be viewing one location on the multifunction device while residing in another location), current location of the user (e.g., in cases where the current map view did not include search results), and the current route (if any). In various embodiments, these parameters may affect the composition of the search results (and/or the ordering of the search results) based on different priority weightings. In various embodiments, the search results that are returned may be a subset of results selected based on specific criteria include but not limited to a quantity of times the search result (e.g., a particular point of interest) has been requested, a measure of quality associated with the search result (e.g., highest user or editorial review rating), and/or the volume of reviews for the search results (e.g., the number of times the search result has been review or rated). 
     In various embodiments, map service  130  and/or other service(s)  150  may be configured to provide auto-complete search results that may be displayed on the client device, such as within the mapping application. For instance, auto-complete search results may populate a portion of the screen as the user enters one or more search keywords on the multifunction device. In some cases, this feature may save the user time as the desired search result may be displayed before the user enters the full search query. In various embodiments, the auto complete search results may be search results found by the client on the client device (e.g., bookmarks or contacts), search results found elsewhere (e.g., from the internet) by map service  130  and/or other service(s)  150 , and/or some combination thereof. As is the case with commands, any of the search queries may be entered by the user via voice or through typing. The multifunction device may be configured to display search results graphically within any of the map display described herein. For instance, a pin or other graphical indicator may specify locations of search results as points of interest. In various embodiments, responsive to a user selection of one of these points of interest (e.g., a touch selection, such as a tap), the multifunction device may be configured to display additional information about the selected point of interest including but not limited to ratings, reviews or review snippets, hours of operation, store status (e.g., open for business, permanently closed, etc.), and/or images of a storefront for the point of interest. In various embodiments, any of this information may be displayed on a graphical information card that is displayed in response to the user&#39;s selection of the point of interest. 
     In various embodiments, map service  130  and/or other service(s)  150  may provide one or more feedback mechanisms to receive feedback from client devices  102   a - c . For instance, client devices may provide feedback on search results to map service  130  and/or other service(s)  150  (e.g., feedback specifying ratings, reviews, temporary or permanent business closures, errors etc.); this feedback may be used to update information about points of interest in order to provide more accurate or more up-to-date search results in the future. In some embodiments, map service  130  and/or other service(s)  150  may provide testing information to the client device (e.g., an A/B test) to determine which search results are best. For instance, at random intervals, the client device may receive and present two search results to a user and allow the user to indicate the best result. The client device may report the test results to map service  130  and/or other service(s)  150  to improve future search results based on the chosen testing technique, such as an A/B test technique in which a baseline control sample is compared to a variety of single-variable test samples in order to improve results. 
     Rendering Map Tiles According to a Stylesheet 
     For client devices operating within a map service operating environment, such as described above with regard to  FIG. 1 , obtaining, rendering, and displaying map image data may be implemented in many different ways. According to various embodiments,  FIG. 2  outlines one such implementation by rendering map image data, such as a map tile, according to a stylesheet stored locally on a client device. One or more map tiles may be obtained  300  by a client device, such as client device  102  in  FIG. 1 . To obtain a map tile the client device may rely upon communication systems or methods described in the various embodiments considered by  FIG. 1 . For example, a map tile may be sent from a map service  130 , commonly a server, over a WAN  120  to a client device  102 , where a client device may communicate with a WAN  120  through a variety of access devices  112  or wireless networks  110 . A map tile may be sent using one or more sets of data, such as single or multiple messages or packets containing map tile information. Map tiles may also be sent through a variety of secure data transfer protocols or algorithms, including, but not limited to, Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS), or other forms of data authentication and encryption. 
     In some embodiments map tiles may be encoded or compressed using different techniques. For example, a map tile that contains raster image data may be compressed according to JPEG or BMP formats while a map tile that contains vector image data may be encoded according to the SVG format. Map tiles may contain map image data composed of vector graphics, raster graphics, or some combination thereof. A client device may implement various hardware and/or software configurations to decode/decompress map tiles in their received states, such as software using Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) functions for graphics hardware installed on a client device. 
     In some embodiments map tiles may include one or more features. These features may be, but are not limited to many common symbols, shapes, markers, objects (e.g. roads, buildings, etc.). One or more of the features in a map tile may contain one or more style identifiers, which may be used by a client device to identify a style for the feature that contains the style identifiers.  FIG. 5  below contains further discussion below that elaborates upon the structure of a map tile. 
     To identify a style for each feature  310  in the obtained one or more map tiles, a stylesheet, such as stylesheet  400  illustrated in the block diagram of  FIG. 3 , may be used. Generally, a stylesheet may be a set of one or more styles, such as a described by a data structure or schema, scripting language, or other set of rendering instructions, that instruct a rendering device how to render various objects that are identified with the one or more styles in the stylesheet, and thus allowing an object to be agnostic of its own rendering instructions. In order to determine which of the one or more styles should be used to render an object, stylesheets may implement different indexes, keys, or other identification mechanisms to make this determination.  FIG. 3  illustrates a stylesheet  400  with one or more styles  410 . Each of the styles  410  contains one or more style identifiers  420 . Styles  410  in a stylesheet may contain rendering instructions for the style (not depicted). The style identifiers  420  act as the identification mechanism to determine which of the styles  410  to should be applied to particular object. 
     One possible coded implementation of a stylesheet, such as stylesheet  400  in  FIG. 3 , is described below in pseudo-code: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 @road-type = “Highway”, “Expressway”, “Freeway”; 
               
               
                   
                 @country = “US”; 
               
               
                   
                 style USHighway { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 label-font-family: “basic”; 
               
               
                   
                 shield-visible: true; 
               
               
                   
                 zoom(0,4) { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 visibility: hidden; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 zoom(4,5) { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 stroke-color: #FFFFFF72; 
               
               
                   
                 fill-color: #FFA800; 
               
               
                   
                 width: 1.5pt; 
               
               
                   
                 width-2x: 1.325pt; 
               
               
                   
                 stroke-width: 0.25pt; 
               
               
                   
                 stroke-width-2x: 0.625pt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 /* . . . style information continues . . . */ 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 @country = “DE”; 
               
               
                   
                 @road-type = “Freeway”; 
               
               
                   
                 style DEFreeway { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 label-font-family: “basic”; 
               
               
                   
                 shield-visible: true; 
               
               
                   
                 zoom(0,4) { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 visibility: hidden; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 zoom(4,5) { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 stroke-color: #FFFFFF72; 
               
               
                   
                 fill-color: #A8FF00; 
               
               
                   
                 width: 1.5pt; 
               
               
                   
                 width-2x: 1.325pt; 
               
               
                   
                 stroke-width: 0.25pt; 
               
               
                   
                 stroke-width-2x: 0.625pt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 /* . . . style information continues . . . */ 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 @country = “US”; 
               
               
                   
                 @road-type = 6; 
               
               
                   
                 @ferry-route = True; 
               
               
                   
                 style USFerry { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 label-font-family: “basic”; 
               
               
                   
                 label-line-wrap: true; 
               
               
                   
                 zoom(0,11) { visibility: hidden; } 
               
               
                   
                 zoom(11,13) { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 width: 1.875pt; 
               
               
                   
                 width-2x: 1.5pt; 
               
               
                   
                 stroke-width: 0.3125pt; 
               
               
                   
                 stroke-width-2x: 0.25pt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 zoom(13,14) { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 width: 2.1875pt; 
               
               
                   
                 width-2x: 1.75pt; 
               
               
                   
                 stroke-width: 0.3125pt; 
               
               
                   
                 stroke-width-2x: 0.25pt; 
               
               
                   
                 label-height: 12pt; 
               
               
                   
                 label-height-2x: 11pt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 /* . . . style information continues . . . */ 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the example pseudo-code, a stylesheet is designed using text-based definitions creating a stylesheet schema. In some embodiments, individual style identifiers may have multiple possible values as illustrated in the above example. For instance, in the style named “US Highway” the “road-type” style identifier has values of “Highway”, “Expressway”, and “Freeway”. In other words, the style identifier has three possible values, all of which are string values. Style identifiers, however, may also have other types of values besides style values, such as numeric values. In some embodiments, particular style identifiers may be limited to one Boolean, true or false, value, such as “ferry-route” that is true or false. Embodiments may also implement style identifiers that all require Boolean, true or false, values. Further still, some embodiments may rely upon hierarchies of styles where styles inherit style identifiers from parent styles. For example, in one schema “interstate” and “highway” may both inherit style identifiers from “road.” In some embodiments, several combinations of style identifiers and accepted style identifier values may be implemented. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that there are many possible implementations of a stylesheet that specify style identifiers and their relationships. Neither the given pseudo-code above nor the illustration of  FIG. 3  are to be construed as limiting the many possible embodiments or implementations of a stylesheet containing styles with style identifiers. 
     Embodiments may obtain and/or store one or more stylesheets on a client device, such as in the memory  1002  of a portable multifunction device described in  FIGS. 9 through 11 . Some embodiments may allow users, modules/applications, or other systems to determine which stylesheet a client device may user when rendering map tiles according to a stylesheet. Various embodiments implementing multiple stylesheets are discussed below with regard to  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
     Embodiments may identify a style for each of the one or more features that contains one or more style identifiers in a map tile  310 . In at least some embodiments, each feature in a map tile may include multiple style identifiers. In some embodiments, identifying a style for a feature in a map tile may occur as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . To identify a style for a given feature with one or more style identifiers according to a stylesheet, such as stylesheet  400  in  FIG. 3 , a client device may rank the styles defined in the stylesheet according to the number of style identifiers in common with the style identifiers of the feature  500 . For example, a client device may rank the styles  410  of a stylesheet  400  by comparing the style identifiers in the given feature to the style identifiers  420  of each style  410  in stylesheet  400 . Thus, styles with two matching style identifiers would be ranked lower than styles with five matching style identifiers. 
     Some embodiments may implement a scoring method to determine the rank of a style. For example, a feature matches a style definition only if all style identifiers are present in the style definition, and all features&#39; style identifier values match the values of the style identifiers in the style. A feature may have more style identifiers than a style definition, but in this example it may not have less. The score to determine a style&#39;s rank is based on the number of style identifiers in the style definition. Therefore, in this example, a more specific style definition will have a higher score than a less specific one. Other methods may be used to implement ranking the styles. Embodiments may implement logic that weights certain style identifiers higher than others such that a style with fewer matching style identifiers may rank higher than other styles with more matching features. For example, a feature may contain several style identifiers that describe a road (“two lanes,” “asphalt,” “25 mph speed limit,” “Mexico”). Several style identifiers for styles in a stylesheet may contain one or more of the first three style identifiers. However, one style may only contain the style identifier “Mexico.” The client device may select the style identifier “Mexico” because it weights country style identifiers higher. 
     After ranking the styles in a stylesheet, such as those described above with regard to  FIG. 4 , embodiments may select the highest rank style as the style identified for the feature  510 . In some embodiments, further logic may be implemented to handle selecting between one or more styles that are tied for the highest rank. For example, if three styles have equal rank scores, then a client device may select the first style of the three styles. Alternatively, the client device may select style with the least number of rendering instructions. After a style is selected, the selected style may then be identified as the style  520  containing the appropriate rendering instructions for the feature. Some embodiments may examine each feature with one or more style identifiers until every feature in a map tile has an identified style  530 . 
     Other embodiments may implement identifying a style for each feature as indicated at  310  in  FIG. 2  using methods alternative to those described with regard to  FIG. 4  above. For example, in some embodiments a style identifier may be uniquely keyed to match the style identifier in only one style, negating the necessity of identifying a single style from multiple possible styles. Embodiments may also implement a method that identifies as the style for the feature, the style of the first matching style identifier, even if another later examined style might have more matching style identifiers. 
     Once embodiments have identified styles for one or more of the features in the one or more obtained map tiles, the map tiles may be rendered according to the identified styles  320 . As stated above, styles in a stylesheet, such as stylesheet  400  in  FIG. 3 , contain rendering instructions which may be applied to objects identified with a particular style. Accordingly, features with identified styles may be rendered according to the rendering instructions contained in the corresponding style. Rendering instructions may include, but are not limited to, size, color, texture, width, motion, pattern, or any other graphically displayable attribute. In some embodiments, the rendering instructions in a style will have varying values which may be determined according to the zoom level of a map tile. For example, a line feature in a map tile may have an identified style as “Interstate.” At a high zoom level (e.g.,  6 ), the rendering instructions may instruct the client device to render the line feature 3 pixels wide and solid black. However, if the zoom level for the line feature were to be changed, or if the line feature were received with a lower zoom level (e.g., 2), then identified style&#39;s rendering instructions may instruct the client device to render the line feature as 10 pixels wide of a gray color with a one pixel black border on either side. 
     Many techniques for rendering map tiles and/or other map image data are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A client device may implement common techniques which are platform independent, such as, but not limited to, utilizing the Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) or Direct3D application programmer interfaces, or variants thereof such as OpenGL ES. Customized rendering applications, such as graphics module  1032  discussed below with regard to  FIG. 8 , which may optimize the performance of CPUs or GPUs may also be implemented. Rendering map tiles may be implemented by decoding or decompressing, vector and/or raster graphics data according to its format and, if displaying the rendered map tiles, submitting the rendered map tiles to a hardware device, such as a frame buffer, which displays the rendered map tiles. Many other software and hardware implementations may be used to render the obtained raster image and the example implementations above are not intended to be limiting. 
     In some embodiments the rendered map tiles may be displayed  330  on the client device, such as a touch-sensitive display  1012  described with regard to  FIG. 10 , or other display devices. Embodiments may also store the rendered map tiles or send the rendered map tiles to other modules or applications, such as those described with regard to  FIG. 8 , for further processing. For example, a contacts module, like contacts module  1037  in  FIG. 8 , might annotate rendered map tiles with the markers for the locations of contacts determined by the contacts module. 
     Map Tile Generation 
     As described in  FIG. 1 , a map service may communicate with a client device to send and/or receive map and location data to implement various mapping and navigation applications. For example, a map service may determine the location of a client device and the map data necessary for the client device to view at the corresponding map location. As discussed previously map image data, whether in two or three dimensions, may specify one or more map tiles. A map tile may be a portion of a larger map image. Assembling together the map tiles of a map may produce the original map. Tiles may be generated from map image data, routing or navigation data, or any other map service data. In some embodiments map tiles may be raster-based map tiles, with tile sizes ranging from any size both larger and smaller than a commonly-used 256 pixel by 256 pixel tile. Raster-based map tiles may be encoded in any number of standard digital image representations including, but not limited to, Bitmap (.bmp), Graphics Interchange Format (.gif), Joint Photographic Experts Group (.jpg, .jpeg, etc.), Portable Networks Graphic (.png), or Tagged Image File Format (.tiff). In some embodiments, map tiles may be vector-based map tiles, encoded using vector graphics, including, but not limited to, Scalable Vector Graphics (.svg) or a Drawing File (.drw). Embodiments may also include tiles with a combination of vector and raster data. Metadata or other information pertaining to the map tile may also be included within or along with a map tile, providing further map service data to a client device. 
     In various embodiments a map service may generate one or more map tiles that may include one or more features which in turn may include one or more style identifiers. In some embodiments a map service may construct or assign style identifiers to map features according to a map service Application Programming Interface (API) or other style identifier guideline or schema which defines certain identifiers to devices operating within a map service operating environment, such as map service operating environment  100  in  FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, a map service may generate one or more stylesheets and send them to one or more client devices to sync style identifiers generated for map tiles on the map service to style identifiers resident in the stylesheets stored on client devices. 
     When a map service generates one or map tiles, some embodiments may generate a compressed representation of the one or more style identifiers of the one or more features in map tile. This compressed representation may reduce redundant style identifiers from being included in multiple features in a map tile. In one embodiment of a compression technique, a map service may structure a map tile to be with the map tile features and their corresponding style identifiers to be represented in a specific order. For example, a map tile data structure may be created with a list of strings used to represent the style identifiers of the features in the map tile. A feature data structure may define style identifiers for a particular feature, but only for the style identifiers that differ from the style identifiers provided in a previous feature, such as providing a certain style identifier value to override or delete style identifiers included in previous features but not present in the current feature. 
     In some embodiments when generating a compressed representation of style identifiers for the features of a map tile, a map service may order the style identifiers according to their frequency of occurrence in the map tile. A map service may then specify the style identifiers for the features in the map tile, removing redundant style identifiers for a feature that are specified for a previous feature. For example, some embodiments may implement this method by implementing style identifiers within each feature that have a style identifier value and a style identifier type. To optimize compression using the style identifier values and style identifier types, the map service may count the number of times a style identifier type appears in the map tile. The map service may then sort the style identifiers, with both the type and corresponding value, according to the number times a style identifier type appears in the feature. Then a map service may sort the features associated according to the ordering of the style identifiers. Thus providing features with similar style identifier types in an order that facilities reduction of redundant style identifiers. Note, the compression methods and examples described above are not intended to be limiting. Many well-known compression techniques will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art to generate a compressed representation of style identifiers for the features of a map tile. 
     After generating one or more map tiles, a map service may send the generated map tiles over one the various communication channels to a client device as discussed with regard to  FIG. 1 . For example, embodiments may send the map tile through a WAN  120 , which in turn may rely upon wired or wireless networks  110  or through access devices  112  to transport the one or map tiles to a client device  102 . 
     Example Embodiments 
     Various embodiments may implement a method of rendering a map tile according to a stylesheet in a module, such as described in  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 6  shows one such embodiment. A map tile is obtained by the rendering module  900 . In some embodiments, a map tile may be decompressed by a decompression algorithm. For example, if a list of style identifiers for the features of a map tile were compressed, a software component may deflate the compressed list in order to allow the module to access the style identifiers. Other various embodiments may perform methods or processes to prepare the map tile for rendering, such as decryption or authentication according to various protocols, in order to verify the contents and the origin of the map tile. Some embodiments may perform decoding for various graphic formats for image data contained in a map tile, such as JPEG or BMP formats. The module may then select one of the map tile features. Embodiments may implement many different feature selection algorithms to optimize many different operating goals, such as efficiency. For example, some map features may be common elements in a map tile. If one of the common elements was rendered and other duplicates of the element existed, all of the duplicates may be selected next and instead of being rendered from the beginning may utilized parts or all of the previously rendered feature to prevent the rendering of duplicate information. 
     After selecting the feature, the module may obtain a list of identifiers  914  from the feature in the map tile. Some embodiments may store identifiers in other data structure forms than a list, such as arrays or trees. Embodiments may provide an index key to master list of all style identifiers for all features in a given map tile. The module may then compare the identifiers of the feature to the styles  916  from the stylesheet(s)  930 . Some embodiments may have more than one stylesheet  930 . Embodiments may compare the feature identifiers to the styles in one stylesheet or multiple stylesheets, using one of the various methods described with regard to  FIGS. 2 and 4 . Before, during, or after rendering commences, various embodiments may allow user input  942  to a client device. A client device may determine which stylesheet is to be used using various input devices, such as those described with regard to  FIGS. 9 through 11 . In at least some embodiments, this determination may be presented to the user as an option to select a mode or map display setting. 
       FIG. 7  shows one possible embodiment of user input on a client device. The client device  901  implementing a touch-sensitive display, such as described below with regard to  FIGS. 9-11 , may display the rendered map tile or tiles  902 . A user may be able to select various modes,  904   a - 904   e , on the client device to change the map mode. For example, embodiments of map modes may include maps tuned to bicycles  904   a , pedestrians  904   b , automobiles  904   c , terrain  904   d , or satellite imagery  904   e . A user may be able to select one or more of these modes using various inputs as described below in exemplary client devices. A client device may be able to change a map display setting, such as the zoom level of a map  906 . Or some embodiments may consider map display settings and map modes to be synonymous, giving each the same ability to interact with the client device through the stylesheets  930 . Selection or adjusting map display settings or modes may change the stylesheet  930  used to compare feature identifiers  916 . Note that  FIG. 7  is an example embodiment and not intended to be limiting. Numerous other embodiments for obtaining user input on the client device itself, or through another module or system will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     User input  942  may directly change stylesheets used to compare identifiers in some direct manner, such as through a list of stored stylesheets  930 . In various embodiments, user input  942  may also store new stylesheets  930  in the client device, such as in memory  1002  described below with regard to  FIG. 8 . User input may also edit stylesheets  930 , such as changing identifier values, adding identifiers, or deleting identifiers. 
     In at least some embodiments, other systems  946  working in the operating environment  100  may interact with the stylesheets  930 . For example, a map service, such as map service  130  in  FIG. 1 , may detect that it is night at the location of a client device. The map service may send a control message to the client device switching the display mode to night, which the client device will then render the map tiles according to the stylesheet linked to the night display mode. In various embodiments, other systems  946  may also store new stylesheets  930  in the client device. User input may also edit stylesheets  930 , such as changing identifier values, adding identifiers, or deleting identifiers. For example, a user may wish for certain types of roads to be displayed a brighter color, so the user accesses an interface of the mapping application that receives user edits to a particular stylesheet (or display mode) and incorporates the new rendering instructions for map tiles rendered using that stylesheet. 
     In some embodiments, other module(s)  944  on the client device may interact with the stylesheets  930 . Other module(s)  944  may directly change stylesheets  930  used to compare identifiers  916 . For example, a client device may run a software update application that detects that new style information needs to be added to a stylesheet. The update application may obtain the new information and access the stylesheet to add the new style information. In various embodiments, other module(s)  944  may also store new stylesheets  930  in the client device. For example, a weather module, such as the weather widget  1049 - 1  in  FIG. 8 , may supply a stylesheet that to render certain features differently under different weather conditions. User input may also edit stylesheets  930 , such as changing identifier values, adding identifiers, or deleting identifiers. 
     After comparing feature identifiers to styles in a stylesheet  916 , the module may rank styles according to the number of matching identifiers with the feature  918 . As discussed previously concerning  FIG. 4 , there are many possible methods or embodiments to perform this ranking. Then the highest rank style may be applied to the selected feature  920 . In some embodiments, the dotted line in  FIG. 8  represents a condition which repeats  912 - 920  until all features&#39; styles have been identified. The module may then render the map tile  922 , using the various rendering hardware and software implementations discussed above regarding  FIG. 2 . 
     In various embodiments, the rendered map tile may be displayed  970  on the client device, such as touch-sensitive display, or some other display, such as a display monitor communicated to over a wireless network. Embodiments may also send the rendered map tile to other modules  960  on the client device for further processing, evaluation, or manipulation. Some embodiments may store the rendered map tile in a storage medium  950  on the client device, such as memory  1002  described below in  FIGS. 11-14 . Other embodiments may store the rendered map tile on remote storage mediums  950 , or on other storage systems or devices in the map service operating environment  100 . 
     Example Electronic Device 
     Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touch pads), may also be used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touch pad). In some embodiments, the device is a gaming computer with orientation sensors (e.g., orientation sensors in a gaming controller). 
     In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device may include one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick. 
     The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that may be executed on the device may use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device may be adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device may support the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user. 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.  FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  1000  with touch-sensitive displays  1012  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display  1012  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and may also be known as or called a touch-sensitive display system. Device  1000  may include memory  1002  (which may include one or more computer readable storage mediums), memory controller  1022 , one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  1020 , peripherals interface  1018 , RF circuitry  1008 , audio circuitry  1010 , speaker  1011 , microphone  1013 , input/output (I/O) subsystem  1006 , other input or control devices  1016 , and external port  1024 . Device  1000  may include one or more optical sensors  1064 . These components may communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  1003 . 
     It should be appreciated that device  1000  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  1000  may have more or fewer components than shown, may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG. 8  may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  1002  may include high-speed random access memory and may also include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory  1002  by other components of device  1000 , such as CPU  1020  and the peripherals interface  1018 , may be controlled by memory controller  1022 . 
     Peripherals interface  1018  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU  1020  and memory  1002 . The one or more processors  1020  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  1002  to perform various functions for device  1000  and to process data. 
     In some embodiments, peripherals interface  1018 , CPU  1020 , and memory controller  1022  may be implemented on a single chip, such as chip  1004 . In some other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  1008  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  1008  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  1008  may include well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry  1008  may communicate with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wireless communication may use any of multiple communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  1010 , speaker  1011 , and microphone  1013  provide an audio interface between a user and device  1000 . Audio circuitry  1010  receives audio data from peripherals interface  1018 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  1011 . Speaker  1011  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  1010  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  1013  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  1010  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  1018  for processing. Audio data may be retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  1002  and/or RF circuitry  1008  by peripherals interface  1018 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  1010  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  1212 ,  FIG. 10 ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  1010  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     I/O subsystem  1006  couples input/output peripherals on device  1000 , such as touch screen  1012  and other input control devices  1016 , to peripherals interface  1018 . I/O subsystem  1006  may include display controller  1056  and one or more input controllers  1060  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  1060  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices  1016 . The other input control devices  1016  may include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  1060  may be coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  1208 ,  FIG. 10 ) may include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  1011  and/or microphone  1013 . The one or more buttons may include a push button (e.g.,  1206 ,  FIG. 10 ). 
     Touch-sensitive display  1012  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  1056  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen  1012 . Touch screen  1012  displays visual output to the user. The visual output may include graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output may correspond to user-interface objects. 
     Touch screen  1012  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen  1012  and display controller  1056  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  1002 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen  1012  and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on touch screen  1012 . In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen  1012  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     Touch screen  1012  may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. Touch screen  1012  and display controller  1056  may detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of multiple touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen  1012 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     Touch screen  1012  may have a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 1060 dpi. The user may make contact with touch screen  1012  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  1000  may include a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad may be a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen  1012  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  1000  also includes power system  1062  for powering the various components. Power system  1062  may include a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  1000  may also include one or more optical sensors  1064 .  FIG. 8  shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller  1058  in I/O subsystem  1006 . Optical sensor  1064  may include charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor  1064  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  1043  (also called a camera module), optical sensor  1064  may capture still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  1000 , opposite touch screen display  1012  on the front of the device, so that the touch screen display may be used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image may be obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. 
     Device  1000  may also include one or more proximity sensors  1066 .  FIG. 8  shows proximity sensor  1066  coupled to peripherals interface  1018 . Alternately, proximity sensor  1066  may be coupled to input controller  1060  in I/O subsystem  1006 . In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen  1012  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  1000  includes one or more orientation sensors  1068 . In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more accelerometers (e.g., one or more linear accelerometers and/or one or more rotational accelerometers). In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more gyroscopes. In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more magnetometers. In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include one or more of global positioning system (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), and/or other global navigation system receivers. The GPS, GLONASS, and/or other global navigation system receivers may be used for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device  1000 . In some embodiments, the one or more orientation sensors include any combination of orientation/rotation sensors.  FIG. 8  shows the one or more orientation sensors  1068  coupled to peripherals interface  1018 . Alternately, the one or more orientation sensors  1068  may be coupled to an input controller  1060  in I/O subsystem  1006 . In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more orientation sensors. 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  1002  include operating system  1026 , communication module (or set of instructions)  1028 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  1030 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  1032 , text input module (or set of instructions)  1034 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  1035 , and applications (or sets of instructions)  1036 . Furthermore, in some embodiments memory  1002  stores device/global internal state  1057 , as shown in  FIGS. 9 and 12 . Device/global internal state  1057  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display  1012 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and input control devices  1016 ; and location information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  1026  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  1028  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  1024  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  1008  and/or external port  1024 . External port  1024  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the 30-pin connector used on iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices. 
     Contact/motion module  1030  may detect contact with touch screen  1012  (in conjunction with display controller  1056 ) and other touch sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  1030  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  1030  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, may include determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations may be applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  1030  and display controller  1056  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     Contact/motion module  1030  may detect a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns. Thus, a gesture may be detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event. 
     Graphics module  1032  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen  1012  or other display, including components for changing the intensity of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  1032  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic may be assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  1032  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  1056 . 
     Text input module  1034 , which may be a component of graphics module  1032 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  1037 , e-mail  1040 , IM  1041 , browser  1047 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     GPS module  1035  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  1038  for use in location-based dialing, to camera  1043  as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Applications  1036  may include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         contacts module  1037  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   telephone module  1038 ;   video conferencing module  1039 ;   e-mail client module  1040 ;   instant messaging (IM) module  1041 ;   workout support module  1042 ;   camera module  1043  for still and/or video images;   image management module  1044 ;   browser module  1047 ;   calendar module  1048 ;   widget modules  1049 , which may include one or more of: weather widget  1049 - 1 , stocks widget  1049 - 2 , calculator widget  1049 - 3 , alarm clock widget  1049 - 4 , dictionary widget  1049 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  1049 - 6 ;   widget creator module  1050  for making user-created widgets  1049 - 6 ;   search module  1051 ;   video and music player module  1052 , which may be made up of a video player   module and a music player module;   notes module  1053 ;   map module  1054 ; and/or   online video module  1055 .       

     Examples of other applications  1036  that may be stored in memory  1002  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  1012 , display controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , and text input module  1034 , contacts module  1037  may be used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state  1092  of contacts module  1037  in memory  1002 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  1038 , video conference  1039 , e-mail  1040 , or IM  1041 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  1008 , audio circuitry  1010 , speaker  1011 , microphone  1013 , touch screen  1012 , display controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , and text input module  1034 , telephone module  1038  may be used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in address book  1037 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication may use any of multiple communications standards, protocols and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  1008 , audio circuitry  1010 , speaker  1011 , microphone  1013 , touch screen  1012 , display controller  1056 , optical sensor  1064 , optical sensor controller  1058 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , text input module  1034 , contact list  1037 , and telephone module  1038 , videoconferencing module  1039  includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  1008 , touch screen  1012 , display controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , and text input module  1034 , e-mail client module  1040  includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module  1044 , e-mail client module  1040  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  1043 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  1008 , touch screen  1012 , display controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , and text input module  1034 , the instant messaging module  1041  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages may include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  1008 , touch screen  1012 , display controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , text input module  1034 , GPS module  1035 , map module  1054 , and music player module  1046 , workout support module  1042  includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  1012 , display controller  1056 , optical sensor(s)  1064 , optical sensor controller  1058 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , and image management module  1044 , camera module  1043  includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  1002 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory  1002 . 
     In conjunction with touch screen  1012 , display controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , text input module  1034 , and camera module  1043 , image management module  1044  includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  1008 , touch screen  1012 , display system controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , and text input module  1034 , browser module  1047  includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  1008 , touch screen  1012 , display system controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , text input module  1034 , e-mail client module  1040 , and browser module  1047 , calendar module  1048  includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  1008 , touch screen  1012 , display system controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , text input module  1034 , and browser module  1047 , widget modules  1049  are mini-applications that may be downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  1049 - 1 , stocks widget  1049 - 2 , calculator widget  1049 - 3 , alarm clock widget  1049 - 4 , and dictionary widget  1049 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  1049 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  1008 , touch screen  1012 , display system controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , text input module  1034 , and browser module  1047 , the widget creator module  1050  may be used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  1012 , display system controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , and text input module  1034 , search module  1051  includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  1002  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  1012 , display system controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , audio circuitry  1010 , speaker  1011 , RF circuitry  1008 , and browser module  1047 , video and music player module  1052  includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen  1012  or on an external, connected display via external port  1024 ). In some embodiments, device  1000  may include the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  1012 , display controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , and text input module  1034 , notes module  1053  includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  1008 , touch screen  1012 , display system controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , text input module  1034 , GPS module  1035 , and browser module  1047 , map module  1054  may be used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location; and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  1012 , display system controller  1056 , contact module  1030 , graphics module  1032 , audio circuitry  1010 , speaker  1011 , RF circuitry  1008 , text input module  1034 , e-mail client module  1040 , and browser module  1047 , online video module  1055  includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  1024 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module  1041 , rather than e-mail client module  1040 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. 
     Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  1002  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  1002  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  1000  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  1000 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  1000  may be reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that may be performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  1000  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that may be displayed on device  1000 . In such embodiments, the touchpad may be referred to as a “menu button.” In some other embodiments, the menu button may be a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  1002  (in  FIG. 9 ) includes event sorter  170  (e.g., in operating system  1026 ) and a respective application  1036 - 1  (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications  1037 - 1051 ,  1055 ). 
     Event sorter  1070  receives event information and determines the application  1036 - 1  and application view  1091  of application  1036 - 1  to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter  1070  includes event monitor  1071  and event dispatcher module  1074 . In some embodiments, application  1036 - 1  includes application internal state  1092 , which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch sensitive display  1012  when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state  1057  is used by event sorter  1070  to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state  1092  is used by event sorter  1070  to determine application views  1091  to which to deliver event information. 
     In some embodiments, application internal state  1092  includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application  1036 - 1  resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application  1036 - 1 , a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application  1036 - 1 , and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user. 
     Event monitor  1071  receives event information from peripherals interface  1018 . Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch sensitive display  1012 , as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface  1018  transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem  1006  or a sensor, such as proximity sensor  1066 , orientation sensor(s)  1068 , and/or microphone  1013  (through audio circuitry  1010 ). Information that peripherals interface  1018  receives from I/O subsystem  1006  includes information from touch-sensitive display  1012  or a touch-sensitive surface. 
     In some embodiments, event monitor  1071  sends requests to the peripherals interface  1018  at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface  1018  transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripheral interface  1018  transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration). 
     In some embodiments, event sorter  1070  also includes a hit view determination module  1072  and/or an active event recognizer determination module  1073 . 
     Hit view determination module  1072  provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views, when touch sensitive display  1012  displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display. 
     Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected may correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected may be called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs may be determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture. 
     Hit view determination module  1072  receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module  1072  identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (i.e., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view. 
     Active event recognizer determination module  1073  determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  1073  determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  1073  determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views. 
     Event dispatcher module  174  dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer  1080 ). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module  1073 , event dispatcher module  1074  delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module  1073 . In some embodiments, event dispatcher module  1074  stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module  1082 . 
     In some embodiments, operating system  1026  includes event sorter  1070 . Alternatively, application  1036 - 1  includes event sorter  1070 . In yet other embodiments, event sorter  1070  is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory  1002 , such as contact/motion module  1030 . 
     In some embodiments, application  1036 - 1  includes multiple event handlers  1090  and one or more application views  1091 , each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application&#39;s user interface. Each application view  1091  of the application  1036 - 1  includes one or more event recognizers  1080 . Typically, a respective application view  1091  includes multiple event recognizers  1080 . In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers  1080  are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application  1036 - 1  inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler  1090  includes one or more of: data updater  1076 , object updater  1077 , GUI updater  1078 , and/or event data  1079  received from event sorter  1070 . Event handler  1090  may utilize or call data updater  1076 , object updater  1077  or GUI updater  1078  to update the application internal state  1092 . Alternatively, one or more of the application views  1091  includes one or more respective event handlers  1090 . Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater  1076 , object updater  1077 , and GUI updater  1078  are included in a respective application view  1091 . 
     A respective event recognizer  1080  receives event information (e.g., event data  1079 ) from event sorter  1070 , and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer  1080  includes event receiver  1082  and event comparator  1084 . In some embodiments, event recognizer  1080  also includes at least a subset of: metadata  1083 , and event delivery instructions  1088  (which may include sub-event delivery instructions). 
     Event receiver  1082  receives event information from event sorter  1070 . The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch the event information may also include speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device. 
     Event comparator  1084  compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator  1084  includes event definitions  1086 . Event definitions  1086  contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1 ( 1087 - 1 ), event 2 ( 1087 - 2 ), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event  1087  include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event 1 ( 1087 - 1 ) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, includes a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event 2 ( 1087 - 2 ) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, includes a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display  1012 , and lift-off of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers  1090 . 
     In some embodiments, event definition  1087  includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator  1084  performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display  1012 , when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display  1012 , event comparator  1084  performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler  1090 , the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler  1090  should be activated. For example, event comparator  1084  selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test. 
     In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event  1087  also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer&#39;s event type. 
     When a respective event recognizer  1080  determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions  1086 , the respective event recognizer  1080  enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  1080  includes metadata  1083  with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata  1083  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers may interact with one another. In some embodiments, metadata  1083  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  1080  activates event handler  1090  associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  1080  delivers event information associated with the event to event handler  1090 . Activating an event handler  1090  is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer  1080  throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler  1090  associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process. 
     In some embodiments, event delivery instructions  1088  include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process. 
     In some embodiments, data updater  1076  creates and updates data used in application  1036 - 1 . For example, data updater  1076  updates the telephone number used in contacts module  1037 , or stores a video file used in video player module  1045 . In some embodiments, object updater  1077  creates and updates objects used in application  1036 - 1 . For example, object updater  1076  creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater  1078  updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater  1078  prepares display information and sends it to graphics module  1032  for display on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In some embodiments, event handler(s)  1090  includes or has access to data updater  1076 , object updater  1077 , and GUI updater  1078 . In some embodiments, data updater  1076 , object updater  1077 , and GUI updater  1078  are included in a single module of a respective application  1036 - 1  or application view  1091 . In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules. 
     It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices  1000  with input-devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens, e.g., coordinating mouse movement and mouse button presses with or without single or multiple keyboard presses or holds, user movements taps, drags, scrolls, etc., on touch-pads, pen stylus inputs, movement of the device, oral instructions, detected eye movements, biometric inputs, and/or any combination thereof, which may be utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a portable multifunction device  1000  having a touch screen  1012  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen may display one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  1200 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user may select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  1202  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  1203  (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture may include one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward) and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device  1000 . In some embodiments, inadvertent contact with a graphic may not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon may not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap. 
     Device  1000  may also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  1204 . As described previously, menu button  1204  may be used to navigate to any application  1036  in a set of applications that may be executed on device  1000 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen  1012 . 
     In one embodiment, device  1000  includes touch screen  1012 , menu button  1204 , push button  1206  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  1208 , Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card slot  1210 , head set jack  1212 , and docking/charging external port  1024 . Push button  1206  may be used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device  1000  also may accept verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone  1013 . 
     It should be noted that, although many of the following examples will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen  1012  (where the touch sensitive surface and the display are combined), a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display may be used instead of touch screen  1012 . 
     Example Mapping Functionality 
       FIG. 11  illustrates another example of a multifunction device, which may be configured in a manner similar to the multifunction device described above. In the illustrated embodiment, a multifunction device  1400  includes a mapping application (e.g., map module  1054  described above) that may be stored in one or more memories of multifunction device  1400  and executed on one or more processors of multifunction device  1400 . As is the case for the multifunction device described above, multifunction device  1400  may include one or more controls  1402  for operating the multifunction device. These controls may include but are not limited to power controls for turning the device on and off, volume controls for adjusting the ear piece volume or the speaker volume, menu controls for navigation functions of the device, and function controls for initiating one or more function or actions on the device. Controls  1402  may include hardware controls or software controls. For instance, the bottom left corner of electronic display  1412  includes a graphical representation of a control  1412  that may be selected by a user, such as by way of touch in accordance with the touch screen functionality described above. Multifunction device  1400  may also include other components similar to those described above, such as a microphone  1404 , an earpiece  1406  (e.g., a speaker through which to convey audio representations of telephone calls), an optical sensor  1408 , and/or a speaker  1410 . Each of these components may be configured in a similar manner to those like-named components of  FIG. 10  described above. Furthermore, electronic display  1412  may be configured with touch screen capability, such as touch screen  1012  described above. In various embodiments, controls (e.g., on screen control(s)  1402 ) may be utilized to perform any of a variety of map-related functions including but not limited to zoom in, zoom out, rotate screen, pan screen, toggle views (e.g., two-dimensions to three dimensions and vice versa), and/or another map related activity. In various embodiments, one or more gestures may be utilized to perform any of the aforesaid map controls (with or without the use of an actual graphical on-screen control). In one non-limiting example, a one figure gesture may be utilized to adjust the pitch within a three-dimensional map view. 
     As noted above, multifunction device  1400  includes a mapping application that may be stored in one or more memories of multifunction device  1400  and executed on one or more processors of multifunction device  1400 . In the illustrated embodiment, the graphical representation of the mapping application may include a map  1414  of a geographic region. This map may be presented as a two-dimensional map or a three-dimensional map, the selection of which may be specified through, e.g., a user-configurable parameter of the mapping application. In some embodiments, the multifunction device may toggle between two-dimensional map or three-dimensional map views responsive to input from any input component of the multifunction device. In one non-limiting example, input from orientation sensor(s)  1068  may initiate the transition from a two-dimensional map view to a three-dimensional map, and vice versa. For instance, one or more of orientation sensor(s)  1068  may detect a tilt (e.g., a user-initiated tilt) in the orientation of the multifunction device and, in response, initiate the aforesaid toggling. 
     Map  1414  may include a graphical position indicator  1416 , which may represent the location of the multifunction device within the geographic region of the map. Generally position indicator  1416  may represent the current or real-time position of the multifunction device, although it should be understood that in some cases there may exist some small amount of temporal latency between the actual position of the multifunction device and the graphical representation of that location (e.g., position indicator  1416 ). This may occur, e.g., when the multifunction device is in motion. In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to perform map matching including but not limited to aligning a sequence of observed user positions with a road network on a digital map. In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to perform a “snap to” function in which the graphical position indicator  1416  is aligned onto a roadway when the user&#39;s position falls within in a specified threshold distance of the roadway. 
     Furthermore, multifunction device  1400  may generally be operated by a user. For example, multifunction device  1400  may in some cases be a smartphone utilized by an individual to make phone calls, send text messages, browse the internet, etc. As use of multifunction device by an individual generally implies the individual is proximate to the multifunction device (e.g., the user may be holding the device in his or her hand), references herein to the location of the device and the location of the user may be considered to be synonymous. However, it should be understood that in some cases the actual position of the multifunction device and the user of that device may differ by some distance. For instance, the user may place his or her multifunction device on a table of an outdoor café while sitting in a nearby chair. In this case, the position of the device and the position of the user may differ by some small amount. In another example, multifunction device  1400  may be mounted on a car dashboard (e.g., for use as a navigation device) while the user of the device sits nearby (e.g., in the driver seat of the car). In this case as well, the position of the device and the position of the user may differ by some small amount. Despite these small differences in position, generally the position of the multifunction device and the position of the multifunction device user may be considered to coincide. 
     In various embodiments, the map  1414  displayed by the multifunction device may include one or more roads (e.g., roads  1418   a - b ), buildings (not illustrated), terrain features (e.g., hills, mountains) (not illustrated), parks (not illustrated), water bodies (not illustrated), and/or any other item that may be conveyed by a map. In some cases, the map may also include other map or navigation information including but limited to readouts from one or more of a directional compass, an altimeter, and/or a thermometer. 
     In various embodiments, the mapping application may be configured to generate directions from an origination (e.g., an address or a user&#39;s current position) to a destination (e.g., an address, landmark, bookmarked/saved location, or point of interest). For instance, an indication of the origination and/or destination may be input into the multi function device by the user. The multifunction device may generate one or more candidate routes between those two points. The multifunction device may select one of those routes for display on the device. In other cases, multiple candidate routes may be presented to the user and the user may select a preferred route. In the illustrated embodiment, one route is illustrated as route  1420 . The route may also include turn-by-turn directions which may be presented to the user (in 2D or 3D), such as a graphical indication to perform a turn  1422   a  from road  1418   a  to road  1418   b . In some embodiments, this graphical indication to perform a turn may be supplemented or substituted with an audible indication to turn, such as a voice command from speaker  1410  that indicates the user is to “turn left in 100 yards,” for example. In some embodiments, the route that is selected may be presented to the user as a route overview. For instance, before proceeding with navigation, the multifunction device may generate a route overview display that graphically indicates key information for the route, such as key turns, route distance and/or an estimated time for traversing the route. In some cases, the multifunction device may be configured to generate a display of driving maneuvers (e.g., turns, lane changes, etc.) that occur in quick succession, either in the route overview or during actual navigation. This information may help the user safely prepare for such maneuvers. In some cases, the route information may be presented in a list format, such as a list of turns or other maneuvers. 
     In various embodiments, the mapping application of the multifunction device may be configured to track the position of the user over time and correspondingly adjust the graphical position indicator  1416  to indicate the new position. For instance, the mapping application may determine that the user is traveling along route  1420  from position information (e.g., information from GPS module  1035 ) and update the map  1414  accordingly. For instance, in some cases the map  1414  may remain stationary while position indicator  1416  is moved along the route. In other cases, position indicator  1416  may remain stationary or “fixed” while map  1414  is moved (e.g., panned, turned, etc.) around the position indicator. 
     In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to display alternate or contingency routes. In some cases, these routes may be selectable by the user (e.g., via the touch screen interface). In other cases, the multifunction device may select a best route based on one or more parameters, such as shortest distance or time. In some cases, these parameters or preferences may be set by the user. 
     As described in more detail below, the multifunction device may in various embodiments receive routing information that specifies a route from a map service. In some case, the multifunction device may carry out navigation guidance in accordance with this route. However, in some cases, the multifunction device may perform a reroute operation in order to generate a new route to the destination. For instance, the user may have deviated from the original route or explicitly requested a new route. In some cases, the multifunction device may perform rerouting based on cached map data stored on the multifunction device. 
     In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to perform route correction based on real-time data, such as updates in map information, road conditions, traffic conditions, and/or weather conditions. For instance, the multifunction device may be configured to alter a route such that the route avoids a construction zone or a dangerous storm cell. 
     In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to perform lane guidance independently or as part of navigation guidance. For instance, the multifunction device may, in response to detecting that multiple turns follow in quick succession, provide the user with a direction or suggestion as to which lane to occupy. For instance, a voice or visual indication may specify that the user “turn right, then move to the left lane” in anticipation of a subsequent left turn. In another example, the multifunction device may detect one or more lane closures (e.g., due to construction or other reasons) and instruct the user to avoid such lanes. 
     In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to generate voice prompts for directions. For instance, during navigation guidance, the multifunction device may be configured to generate audio representations of the next turn or driving maneuver on the route. For instance, the multifunction device may be configured to audibly indicate the user should “turn left in 100 yards” or some other audible indication of a maneuver. 
     In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be responsive to various voice commands for performing actions including a command to obtain a route. For instance, the multifunction device may interpret the user&#39;s voice through a microphone or other transducer of the multifunction device. The user may specify an origination and a destination for the requested route. In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to utilize the user&#39;s current location as the origination for the route. 
     In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to perform a search along a specific route, such as current navigation route. For instance, the user of the multifunction device may request the location of points of interest, such as fuel stations or restaurants. However, if a user is traveling along a particular route, they may not be particularly interested in points of interest that are not proximate to that route. As such, the multifunction device may be configured to scope any searches to points of interested within a specified distance away from the route. In various embodiments, this distance may be a configurable parameter. 
     In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to display various graphical layers including but not limited to a graphical map information, aerial images (e.g., satellite-acquired images), and/or traffic information. For instance, in the traffic information example, the multifunction device may overlay color coded traffic information on roadways to indicate the speed at which traffic is flowing. For example, green color coding may be used to indicate traffic is flowing normally, and yellow or red may be used to indicate traffic slowdowns. 
     In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to display any quantity of metrics or statistics about a navigation route including but not limited to an estimated time of arrival, travel distance remaining, average speed (overall or moving average), top speed, and/or other route statistics. 
     In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to display routes at different angles in order to accommodate the preferences of different users. Such viewing angles may include a bird&#39;s eye view for two-dimensional maps to any of a variety of camera angles available for a three-dimensional map. 
     In various embodiments, the multifunction device may be configured to provide navigation information other than map and routing information. For instance the multifunction device may expose output from any of the hardware device described above with respect to  FIG. 8 . In one non-limiting example, an orientation sensor  1068  may include a compass that outputs direction data. The multifunction device described herein may be configured to display this directional data as a virtual compass, for example. 
     Example System 
     Embodiments of the method for rendering a map tile according to a stylesheet as described herein may be executed on one or more computer systems such as the map service  130 , which may interact with various other devices. One such computer system is illustrated by  FIG. 12 . In different embodiments, computer system  2000  may be any of various types of devices, including, but not limited to, a personal computer system, desktop computer, laptop, notebook, or netbook computer, mainframe computer system, handheld computer, workstation, network computer, a camera, a set top box, a mobile device, a consumer device, video game console, handheld video game device, application server, storage device, a peripheral device such as a switch, modem, router, or in general any type of computing or electronic device. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, computer system  2000  includes one or more processors  2010  coupled to a system memory  2020  via an input/output (I/O) interface  2030 . Computer system  2000  further includes a network interface  2040  coupled to I/O interface  2030 , and one or more input/output devices  2050 , such as cursor control device  2060 , keyboard  2070 , and display(s)  2080 . In some embodiments, it is contemplated that embodiments may be implemented using a single instance of computer system  2000 , while in other embodiments multiple such systems, or multiple nodes making up computer system  2000 , may be configured to host different portions or instances of embodiments. For example, in one embodiment some elements may be implemented via one or more nodes of computer system  2000  that are distinct from those nodes implementing other elements. 
     In various embodiments, computer system  2000  may be a uniprocessor system including one processor  2010 , or a multiprocessor system including several processors  2010  (e.g., two, four, eight, or another suitable number). Processors  2010  may be any suitable processor capable of executing instructions. For example, in various embodiments, processors  2010  may be general-purpose or embedded processors implementing any of a variety of instruction set architectures (ISAs), such as the x86, PowerPC, SPARC, or MIPS ISAs, or any other suitable ISA. In multiprocessor systems, each of processors  2010  may commonly, but not necessarily, implement the same ISA. 
     In some embodiments, at least one processor  2010  may be a graphics processing unit. A graphics processing unit or GPU may be considered a dedicated graphics-client device for a personal computer, workstation, game console or other computing or electronic device. Modern GPUs may be very efficient at manipulating and displaying computer graphics, and their highly parallel structure may make them more effective than typical CPUs for a range of complex graphical algorithms. For example, a graphics processor may implement a number of graphics primitive operations in a way that makes executing them much faster than drawing directly to the screen with a host central processing unit (CPU). In various embodiments, the image processing methods disclosed herein may, at least in part, be implemented by program instructions configured for execution on one of, or parallel execution on two or more of, such GPUs. The GPU(s) may implement one or more application programmer interfaces (APIs) that permit programmers to invoke the functionality of the GPU(s). Suitable GPUs may be commercially available from vendors such as NVIDIA Corporation, ATI Technologies (AMD), and others. 
     System memory  2020  may be configured to store program instructions and/or data accessible by processor  2010 . In various embodiments, system memory  2020  may be implemented using any suitable memory technology, such as static random access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), nonvolatile/Flash-type memory, or any other type of memory. In the illustrated embodiment, program instructions and data implementing desired functions, such as those described above for embodiments of the method for rendering a map according to a stylesheet as described herein are shown stored within system memory  2020  as program instructions  2025  and data storage  2035 , respectively. In other embodiments, program instructions and/or data may be received, sent or stored upon different types of computer-accessible media or on similar media separate from system memory  2020  or computer system  2000 . Generally speaking, a computer-accessible medium may include storage media or memory media such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or CD/DVD-ROM coupled to computer system  2000  via I/O interface  2030 . Program instructions and data stored via a computer-accessible medium may be transmitted by transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, which may be conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wireless link, such as may be implemented via network interface  2040 . 
     In one embodiment, I/O interface  2030  may be configured to coordinate I/O traffic between processor  2010 , system memory  2020 , and any peripheral devices in the device, including network interface  2040  or other peripheral interfaces, such as input/output devices  2050 . In some embodiments, I/O interface  2030  may perform any necessary protocol, timing or other data transformations to convert data signals from one component (e.g., system memory  2020 ) into a format suitable for use by another component (e.g., processor  2010 ). In some embodiments, I/O interface  2030  may include support for devices attached through various types of peripheral buses, such as a variant of the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus standard or the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard, for example. In some embodiments, the function of I/O interface  2030  may be split into two or more separate components, such as a north bridge and a south bridge, for example. In addition, in some embodiments some or all of the functionality of I/O interface  2030 , such as an interface to system memory  2020 , may be incorporated directly into processor  2010 . 
     Network interface  2040  may be configured to allow data to be exchanged between computer system  2000  and other devices attached to a network, such as other computer systems, or between nodes of computer system  2000 . In various embodiments, network interface  2040  may support communication via wired or wireless general data networks, such as any suitable type of Ethernet network, for example; via telecommunications/telephony networks such as analog voice networks or digital fiber communications networks; via storage area networks such as Fibre Channel SANs, or via any other suitable type of network and/or protocol. 
     Input/output devices  2050  may, in some embodiments, include one or more display terminals, keyboards, keypads, touchpads, scanning devices, voice or optical recognition devices, or any other devices suitable for entering or retrieving data by one or more computer system  2000 . Multiple input/output devices  2050  may be present in computer system  2000  or may be distributed on various nodes of computer system  2000 . In some embodiments, similar input/output devices may be separate from computer system  2000  and may interact with one or more nodes of computer system  2000  through a wired or wireless connection, such as over network interface  2040 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , memory  2020  may include program instructions  2025 , configured to implement embodiments of the method for rendering a map according to a stylesheet as described herein, and data storage  2035 , comprising various data accessible by program instructions  2025 . In one embodiment, program instructions  2025  may include software elements of embodiments of the method for generating a map tile with features and identifiers and sending the map tile, as illustrated in  FIGS. 6-8 . Data storage  2035  may include data that may be used in embodiments. In other embodiments, other or different software elements and data may be included. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that computer system  2000  is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of the method for rendering a map according to a stylesheet as described herein. In particular, the computer system and devices may include any combination of hardware or software that can perform the indicated functions, including a computer, personal computer system, desktop computer, laptop, notebook, or netbook computer, mainframe computer system, handheld computer, workstation, network computer, a camera, a set top box, a mobile device, network device, internet appliance, PDA, wireless phones, pagers, a consumer device, video game console, handheld video game device, application server, storage device, a peripheral device such as a switch, modem, router, or in general any type of computing or electronic device. Computer system  2000  may also be connected to other devices that are not illustrated, or instead may operate as a stand-alone system. In addition, the functionality provided by the illustrated components may in some embodiments be combined in fewer components or distributed in additional components. Similarly, in some embodiments, the functionality of some of the illustrated components may not be provided and/or other additional functionality may be available. 
     Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, while various items are illustrated as being stored in memory or on storage while being used, these items or portions of them may be transferred between memory and other storage devices for purposes of memory management and data integrity. Alternatively, in other embodiments some or all of the software components may execute in memory on another device and communicate with the illustrated computer system via inter-computer communication. Some or all of the system components or data structures may also be stored (e.g., as instructions or structured data) on a computer-accessible medium or a portable article to be read by an appropriate drive, various examples of which are described above. In some embodiments, instructions stored on a computer-accessible medium separate from computer system  2000  may be transmitted to computer system  2000  via transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wireless link. Various embodiments may further include receiving, sending or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a computer-accessible medium. Accordingly, the present invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20120914
Publication Date: 20150526
Grant Date: 20150526
Priority Date: 20120605
Inventors: HULTQUIST JEFFREY P.
COOK ROBERT R.
HOWARD JAMES A.
BLUMENBERG CHRISTOPHER
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "G09G2360/122", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/14", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2370/022", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2360/122", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/14", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2370/022", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/14", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2370/022", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/367", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3697", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G09G2360/122", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/3697", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G01C21/367", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 49669684