PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-10392718-B2
Application Number: US-55459609-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Anodization and polish surface treatment

Abstract:
A metal surface treated to have a distinct cosmetic appearance such as an integral layer that is glossy may be used in electronic devices. The surface treatment may include polishing a metal surface, texturing the polished metal surface, polishing the textured surface, followed by anodizing the surface, and then polishing the anodized surface. The metal surface may also be dyed to impart a rich color to the surface.

Claims:
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A part for a portable electronic device, the part comprising:
 an unpolished metal substrate formed of a metal capable of being anodized and having a transition surface characterized as having peaks separated from each other by valleys by at least a minimum depth; and 
 an anodic layer formed from the unpolished metal substrate, the anodic layer having a planar surface and overlaying the transition surface, wherein during the formation of the anodic layer, the metal associated with the peaks is preferentially anodized with respect to the valleys such that (i) the minimum depth of separation between the peaks and the valleys is maintained, and (ii) apexes of the peaks are disproportionately rounded relative to troughs of the valleys so that an average roughness of the unpolished metal substrate is reduced, thereby increasing an amount of glossiness of the unpolished metal substrate. 
 
     
     
       2. The part of  claim 1 , wherein the minimum depth corresponds to a sparkling appearance of the part. 
     
     
       3. The part of  claim 1 , wherein the anodic layer includes pore structures, and the pore structures include dye that imparts the anodic layer with a colored appearance. 
     
     
       4. The part of  claim 1 , wherein due to the peaks being preferentially anodized to form the anodic layer, the apexes of the peaks increase in roundedness. 
     
     
       5. The part of  claim 1 , wherein a gloss level of the part ranges between about 100 gloss units to about 390 gloss units as measured at 60 degrees relative to the planar surface of the anodic layer. 
     
     
       6. The part of  claim 1 , wherein the peaks and valleys are uniformly separated from each other. 
     
     
       7. The part of  claim 1 , wherein the anodic layer has a thickness between about 10 micrometers to about 20 micrometers. 
     
     
       8. An enclosure for an electronic device that is capable of carrying components within a cavity, the enclosure comprising:
 an unpolished metal substrate formed of a metal capable of being anodized and including a transition surface characterized as having an irregular pattern of alternating valleys and peaks, wherein the valleys are separated from the peaks by a depth corresponds to imparting a sparkling appearance to the enclosure; and 
 an anodic layer formed from the unpolished metal substrate, the anodic layer having an exterior planar surface that overlays the transition surface of the unpolished metal substrate, wherein during a formation of the anodic layer, the metal associated with the peaks is preferentially anodized with respect to the valleys such that (i) the peaks increase in roundedness relative to the valleys, and (ii) the depth that separates the valleys from the peaks is decreased so that a roughness of the unpolished metal substrate is reduced while increasing an average amount of glossiness of the unpolished metal substrate, wherein a gloss level of the enclosure as measured at 60 degrees relative to the exterior planar surface of the anodic layer is between about 100 gloss units to about 390 gloss units. 
 
     
     
       9. The enclosure of  claim 8 , wherein the anodic layer is transparent such that the valleys and peaks are visible through the exterior planar surface of the anodic layer. 
     
     
       10. The enclosure of  claim 8 , wherein due to the peaks of the transition surface being preferentially oxidized, apexes of the peaks increase in roundedness. 
     
     
       11. The enclosure of  claim 8 , wherein a minimum depth between the valleys and the peaks is maintained subsequent to forming the anodic layer, thereby maintaining the sparkling appearance of the enclosure. 
     
     
       12. The enclosure of  claim 8 , wherein the anodic layer has a thickness between about 10 micrometers to about 20 micrometers. 
     
     
       13. The enclosure of  claim 8 , wherein the transition surface includes a logo. 
     
     
       14. The enclosure of  claim 8 , wherein the anodic layer includes dye that is sealed therein. 
     
     
       15. The enclosure of  claim 8 , wherein the valleys and peaks impart a sparkling appearance to the unpolished metal substrate. 
     
     
       16. An enclosure for a consumer electronic product, the enclosure capable of carrying components within a cavity, the enclosure comprising:
 an unpolished metal substrate having a metal capable of being anodized and a transition surface that includes alternating peaks and valleys suitable for reflecting visible light that is incident at the alternating peaks and valleys, wherein (i) the peaks are separated from the valleys by a depth, and (ii) apexes of the peaks are disproportionately rounded relative to troughs of the valleys; and 
 an anodic layer formed from the unpolished metal substrate, the anodic layer having a planar exterior surface and that overlays the transition surface of the unpolished metal substrate, wherein during a formation of the anodic layer, the metal associated with the peaks is preferentially anodized over the valleys such that the depth between the peaks and the valleys is decreased so that (i) an average roughness of the unpolished metal substrate is reduced, thereby increasing an amount of glossiness of the enclosure, and (ii) the anodic layer is sufficiently translucent such that the transition surface of the unpolished metal substrate is visible through the anodic layer as viewed from the planar exterior surface of the anodic layer. 
 
     
     
       17. The enclosure of  claim 16 , wherein the anodic layer has a 60 degree gloss value measurement between about 180 to about 390 gloss units. 
     
     
       18. The enclosure of  claim 16 , wherein the peaks and valleys impart the unpolished metal substrate with a sparkling appearance. 
     
     
       19. The enclosure of  claim 16 , wherein the peaks and valleys are arranged according to an irregular pattern, and the apexes of the peaks have a rounded shape. 
     
     
       20. The enclosure of  claim 16 , wherein a minimum depth between the valleys and the peaks is maintained subsequent to forming the anodic layer, thereby maintaining a sparkling appearance to the enclosure.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to treatments for a surface of an article. More particularly, the present invention relates to anodizing and polishing a surface of a metal article. 
     Background Art 
     Many products in the commercial and consumer industries are metal articles, or contain metal parts. The metal surfaces of these products may be treated by any number of processes to alter the surface to create a desired effect, either functional, cosmetic, or both. One example of such a surface treatment is anodization. Anodizing a metal surface converts a portion of the metal surface into a metal oxide, thereby creating a metal oxide layer. Anodized metal surfaces provide increased corrosion resistance and wear resistance. Anodized metal surfaces may also be used in obtaining a cosmetic effect, such as utilizing the porous nature of the metal oxide layer created by anodization for absorbing dyes to impart a color to the anodized metal surface. 
     The cosmetic effect of surface treatments to products that are metal articles, or have metal parts, can be of great importance. In consumer product industries, such as the electronics industry, visual aesthetics may be a deciding factor in a consumer&#39;s decision to purchase one product over another. Accordingly, there is a continuing need for new surface treatments, or combinations of surface treatments, for metal surfaces to create products with new and different visual appearances or cosmetic effects. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     A series of surface treatments may be performed on a surface of a metal part or article to create an integral layer having a desired cosmetic effect. The integral layer resembles a coating or layer that has been applied to the metal surface, but is actually an integral or intrinsic part of the metal article that has been treated to obtain the desired cosmetic effect. In other words, the integral or intrinsic layer is not a separate coating or film and the desired cosmetic effect is therefore achieved without the application of a separate coating or film, such as a lacquer or paint. The integral layer may be a coatingless layer that also has a sparkling effect, a rich color, and/or a glossy or shiny appearance. The integral layer may also provide additional characteristics such as corrosion and wear resistance. The integral layer may be applied to a broad range of metal articles including household appliances and cookware, automotive parts, athletic equipment, and electronic components. 
     In one embodiment, a method may include providing a metal part having a surface, polishing the surface, anodizing the surface to create an oxide layer after the step of polishing the surface, and polishing the oxide layer after the step of anodizing. The method may provide the metal part with an integral surface that is glossy. 
     In another embodiment, a method for treating a metal surface of a metal part to obtain an integral surface that is glossy is disclosed. The method may include providing a rough metal surface, forming a smooth surface from the rough metal surface, forming a surface with a plurality of peaks from the smooth surface, rounding the plurality of peaks, forming a metal oxide layer having a plurality of rounded peaks, imparting a color to the metal oxide layer, and forming a smooth surface from the colored metal oxide layer. 
     In yet another embodiment, a method for treating a surface of a metal part to obtain an integral surface that is glossy and sparkling is disclosed. The method may include providing the metal part, texturing the metal part to provide a surface with a plurality of peaks, polishing the textured metal part to round the plurality of peaks, anodizing the polished metal part, and polishing the anodized metal part. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate the present invention by way of example, and not by way of limitation. The drawings together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention. 
         FIG. 1  is a flowchart of an exemplary method of surface treatment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a flowchart of an exemplary pre-anodization surface treatment process from  FIG. 1 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a flowchart of an exemplary polishing process from  FIG. 2 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart of an exemplary post-anodization surface treatment process from  FIG. 1 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart of an exemplary polishing process from  FIG. 4 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart of another exemplary polishing process from  FIG. 4 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart of still another exemplary polishing process from  FIG. 4 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a flowchart of another exemplary method of surface treatment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is an enlarged view of a cross-section of a portion of an exemplary surface prior to treatment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is an enlarged view of a cross-section of a portion of an exemplary surface after a step  22  of polishing from  FIG. 2 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is an enlarged view of a cross-section of a portion of an exemplary surface after a step  24  of texturing from  FIG. 2 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is an enlarged view of a cross-section of a portion of an exemplary surface after a step  26  of polishing from  FIG. 2 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 13  is an enlarged view of a cross-section of a portion of an exemplary surface after a step  30  of anodizing from  FIG. 1 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14  is an enlarged view of a cross-section of a portion of an exemplary surface after a step  42  of dyeing from  FIG. 4 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15  is an enlarged view of a cross-section of a portion of an exemplary surface after a step  44  of sealing from  FIG. 4 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16  is an enlarged view of a cross-section of a portion of an exemplary surface after a step  46  of polishing from  FIG. 4 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  is a flowchart of another exemplary method of surface treatment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 18  is a flowchart of another exemplary method of surface treatment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 19  is a flowchart of another exemplary method of surface treatment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 20  is a flowchart of another exemplary method of surface treatment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 21  is a flowchart of another exemplary method of surface treatment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 22  is an exemplary article with a surface treated in accordance an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements. While specific configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that other configurations and arrangements can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the pertinent art that this invention can also be employed in a variety of other applications. 
     A series of surface treatments may be performed on a surface of a metal part or article to create an integral layer having a desired cosmetic effect. The integral layer resembles a coating or layer that has been applied to the metal surface, but is actually an integral or intrinsic part of the metal article that has been treated to obtain the desired cosmetic effect. In other words, the integral or intrinsic layer is not a separate coating or film and the desired cosmetic effect is therefore achieved without the application of a separate coating or film, such as a lacquer or paint. The integral layer may be a coatingless layer that also has a sparkling effect, a rich color, and/or a glossy or shiny appearance. The integral layer may also provide additional characteristics such as corrosion and wear resistance. The integral layer may be applied to a broad range of metal articles including household appliances and cookware, automotive parts, athletic equipment, and electronic components. 
     In one embodiment, the integral layer may be achieved by anodizing the surface of a metal part or article, as well as performing one or more pre-anodizing surface treatments to the metal surface and performing one or more post-anodizing surface treatments to the metal surface. Possible pre-anodizing surface treatments may include polishing through buffing, texturing through an alkaline etch, and polishing with an acidic chemical solution. Possible post-anodizing surface treatments may include dyeing, sealing, and polishing through buffing, tumbling, or combinations thereof. Materials that may be processed using these techniques include, for example, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, niobium and the like. In one implementation, the metal part is formed from aluminum. 
       FIG. 1  is a high level flowchart of an exemplary method for treating a surface of a metal article or part in order to create an integral layer on the surface of the metal article having a desired cosmetic effect. The integral layer may be a coatingless layer that also has a sparkling effect, a rich color, and a glossy and/or shiny appearance. The integral layer is not a separate coating or film, but rather an integral or intrinsic part of the metal part. Accordingly, the desired cosmetic effect is achieved without the application of a separate coating or film, such as a lacquer or paint. The method may include a series of steps, the details of which will be discussed later in more detail. In some cases, the surface treatment may be applied to all surfaces of the metal part or article. In other cases, the surface treatment may be to a particular surface. In some other cases, the surface may only be applied to a portion of a particular surface. 
     The method may include a step  10  of providing a surface of a metal part or article. The metal part or article including each of its surfaces, may be formed using a variety of techniques, and may come in a variety of shapes, forms and materials. Examples of techniques include providing the metal part or article as a preformed sheet or extruding the metal part or article so that it is formed in a desired shape. Examples of metal materials include aluminum, titanium, magnesium, niobium and the like. In one example, the metal part or article may be extruded so the metal part or article is formed in a desired shape. Extrusion may be a process for producing a material in a desired shape in a continuous manner of indeterminate length so that the material may be subsequently cut to a desired length. In one example, the metal part or article may be formed from aluminum. In some embodiments, the metal part or article may be formed from extruded aluminum. 
     The method may also include a step  20  of performing one or more pre-anodization treatments on the surface of the metal part or article. By way of example, the pre-anodization treatments may include one or more of polishing and texturing. Polishing may be a process that smoothens a rough or bumpy surface. Examples of polishing may include buffing, applying an acid solution and/or the like. Texturing may be a process that changes the appearance, feel, or shape of a surface. Examples of texturing may include etching, sandblasting and/or the like. The one or more pre-anodization treatments may impart a sparkling effect to the metal surface. The one or more pre-anodization treatments may increase the gloss or shine of the metal surface. 
     Next, the method may include a step  30  of anodizing. By way of example, anodizing may include standard anodizing or hard anodizing. Anodization may be a process of increasing an oxide layer of a metal surface. Standard anodization may be an anodization process in which a metal surface is placed in an electrolytic bath having a temperature in a range between about 18 and 22 degrees Celsius. Hard anodization may be an anodization process in which a metal surface is placed in an electrolytic bath having a temperature in a range between about 0 and 5 degrees Celsius. In one embodiment, step  30  of anodizing may create a transparent effect to the metal surface. 
     The method may also include a step  40  of performing one or more post-anodization treatments. By way of example, the post-anodization treatment may include one or more of dyeing, sealing, and polishing. Dyeing may generally refer to dipping or immersing a metal surface in a dye solution. Sealing may generally refer to immersing a metal surface in a sealing solution to close pores on a surface of the article. Polishing is generally described above, but it should be noted that similar or different polishing techniques may be used. The one or more post-anodization treatments may impart a rich color to the metal surface. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more post-anodization treatments may impart a smooth, glassy appearance to the metal surface. 
     The method may be applied to a broad range of metal articles including, but not limited to, household appliances and cookware, such as pots and pans; automotive parts; athletic equipment, such as bikes; and electronic components, such as laptop computers and enclosures for electronic devices, such as media players, phones, and computers. In one embodiment, the method may be implemented on a media player manufactured by Apple Inc. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a pre-anodization treatment process  21 , in accordance with one embodiment. The pre-anodization treatment process  21  may, for example, correspond to step  20  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Process  21  may include a step  22  of polishing. By way of example, the polishing of step  22  may include buffing. The buffing may be either automated or manual. Buffing may be a process of polishing using a work wheel having an abrasive surface. Step  22  of polishing may turn a metal surface into a smooth, flat, shiny, mirror-like surface. 
     Process  21  may also include a subsequent step  24  of texturing. By way of example, the texturing of step  24  may be a chemical process, such as etching, or may be a sandblasting process. Step  24  of texturing may impart a “peaky” effect to the metal surface wherein the surface has a series of peaks and valleys. The peaks and valleys may create a sparkling effect to the surface. 
     Process  21  may also include a further subsequent step  26  of polishing. By way of example, the polishing of step  26  may include chemical polishing, such as in an acid solution. Step  26  of polishing may round the peaks created in step  24  of texturing. Step  26  of polishing may increase the gloss or shine of the surface. The details of polishing and texturing will be discussed in greater detail below. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a polishing treatment process  23 , in accordance with one embodiment. The polishing treatment process  23  may, for example, correspond to step  22  shown in  FIG. 2 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , process  23  may include multiple steps of buffing including automated and/or manual buffing. The order, sequence, and number of buffing steps may be varied to produce the desired finish. For example, process  23  may include an automated buffing step  27 . Process  23  may also include a subsequent manual buffing step  28 . The details of the buffing steps will be discussed later in more detail. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a post-anodization treatment process  41  in accordance with one embodiment. The post-anodization treatment process  41  may, for example, correspond to step  40  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Process  41  may include a step  42  of dyeing. By way of example, step  42  of dyeing may include dipping or immersing a metal surface in a dye solution. Step  42  of dyeing may impart a rich color to the surface. 
     Process  41  may also include a subsequent step  44  of sealing. By way of example, step  44  of sealing may include immersing a metal surface in a sealing solution. Step  44  of sealing may seal pores on the surface of the metal part or article being treated. 
     Process  41  may also include a further subsequent step  46  of polishing. By way of example, step  46  of polishing may include buffing, tumbling, or combinations thereof. Tumbling may be a process of polishing an object by placing the objecting in a tumbling barrel filled with a media and then rotating the barrel with the object inside it. Step  46  of polishing may impart a smooth, glassy appearance to the surface. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates one embodiment of an exemplary polishing treatment process  43 . The polishing treatment process  43  may, for example, correspond to step  46  shown in  FIG. 4 . Process  43  may include coarse and/or fine buffing. The order, sequence and number of buffing steps can be varied to produce the desired finish. Process  43  may include a step  48  of coarse buffing. Process  43  may also include a subsequent step  50  of fine buffing. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates one embodiment of an exemplary polishing treatment process  45 . The polishing treatment process  45  may, for example, correspond to step  46  shown in  FIG. 4 . Process  45  may include tumbling and/or buffing. Buffing may include coarse and/or fine buffing. The order, sequence and number of steps may be varied to produce the desired finish. In one embodiment, process  45  may include a step  52  of tumbling. Process  45  may also include a subsequent step  48  of coarse buffing. Process  45  may also include a subsequent step  50  of fine buffing. 
       FIG. 7  illustrate one embodiment of an exemplary polishing treatment process  47 . The polishing treatment process  47  may, for example, correspond to step  46  shown in  FIG. 4 . Process  47  may include coarse and/or fine buffing. The order, sequence and number of steps may be varied to produce the desired finish. In one embodiment, process  47  may include a step  54  of coarse tumbling. Process  47  may also include a subsequent step  56  of fine tumbling. Process  47  may also include a further subsequent step  50  of fine buffing. 
     It is noted that the steps discussed above, illustrated in the flowcharts of  FIGS. 1-7  are for illustrative purposes and are merely exemplary. Not every step need be performed and additional steps may be included as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art to create an integral layer on the surface of the metal article having a desired cosmetic effect. In one embodiment an integral, glossy layer may be created. The integral layer may be a coatingless layer that also has a sparkling effect, a rich color, and/or a glossy or shiny appearance. The integral layer is not a separate coating or film, but rather is an integral or intrinsic part of the metal article. Accordingly, the desired cosmetic effect is achieved without the application of a separate coating or film, such as a lacquer or paint. 
       FIG. 8  is an exemplary flowchart of a method for treating a surface which may include one or more of the steps previously outlined in  FIGS. 1, 2, and 4 . A more detailed discussion of each of the steps follows, along with a discussion of accompanying  FIGS. 9-16 , which illustrate an enlarged view of a surface after each step of the method outlined in  FIG. 8  has been performed.  FIG. 17  is an exemplary flowchart describing a method for treating a surface describing the sequential surface changes that are illustrated in  FIGS. 9-16 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , a step  60  includes providing the metal surface of a metal part or article as the raw material that is to be treated. The metal part may be provided in the form of a preformed sheet or may be extruded so the metal part is formed in a desired shape. A variety of metals and metal alloys may be treated, including, but not limited to aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and alloys thereof. In one embodiment, the metal part may be extruded. In another embodiment, the metal part may be extruded aluminum. In a further embodiment, the metal part may be extruded  6063  grade aluminum. The grade and type of metal may be varied to achieve different effects upon surface treatment. Step  60  of providing the metal surface may, for example, correspond to step  10  shown in  FIG. 1 . As shown in  FIG. 9 , a metal part or article  78  with a surface  80  provided in step  60  may have a surface  80  that is rough and bumpy. 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , in a process for treating surface  80 , surface  80 , as shown in  FIG. 9  with a rough and bumpy surface, may be achieved through a step  102  of providing a rough metal surface. Step  102  may be accomplished using step  60  described above. 
     In step  62 , surface  80  of metal part  78  is polished. Polishing may be accomplished through buffing to turn surface  80  into a smooth, flat, shiny, mirror-like surface, as shown in  FIG. 10 . Surface  80  may be polished to have a surface roughness Ra of about 0.1 μm or less, about 0.075 μm or less, about 0.05 μm or less, or about 0.025 μm or less. Buffing may be accomplished with a buffing wheel either manually or in an automated process by a robot, or combinations therein. The buffing wheel may be a cloth wheel and may be covered in an oil or wax having abrasive particles mixed or suspended therein. In order to obtain a smooth, flat, shiny, mirror-like surface it may be necessary to perform several buffing steps. As discussed previously, step  62  may include several buffing steps. Each buffing procedure may have a different cloth material for the buffing wheel and a different wax or oil with different abrasive particles applied thereto to provide a different surface texture to the buffing wheel, and therefore a different amount of abrasion to surface  80  of the metal part. The amount of pressure and duration of the buffing for each buffing wheel may also vary. Step  62  of polishing may, for example, correspond to step  22  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     In one embodiment, step  62  of polishing may for example correspond to process  23  shown in  FIG. 3  that includes automated buffing step  27  followed by manual buffing step  28 . Automated buffing step  27  may be a multi-stage process. An exemplary multi-stage process for automated buffing step  27  may include six stages. In a first stage, surface  80  may be buffed for about 17 seconds with a pleated sisal wheel coated with an oil having coarse aluminum oxide particles suspended therein. In a second stage, surface  80  may be buffed in a cross direction from the buffing of the first stage for about 17 seconds with a pleated sisal wheel coated with an oil having coarse aluminum oxide particles suspended therein. In a third stage, surface  80  may be buffed for about 17 seconds with a pleated sisal wheel coated with an oil having coarse aluminum oxide particles suspended therein. In a fourth stage, surface  80  may be buffed for about 17 seconds with a pleated sisal wheel coated with an oil having coarse aluminum oxide particles suspended therein. In a fifth stage, surface  80  may be buffed for about 17 seconds with an un-reinforced cotton wheel coated with an oil having finer aluminum oxide particles suspended therein than the coarse aluminum oxide particles utilized in the first through fourth stages. In a sixth stage, surface  80  may be buffed for about 17 seconds with a flannel wheel coated with an oil having finer aluminum oxide particles suspended therein than the coarse aluminum oxide particles utilized in the first through fourth stages. The type of abrasive particles, the size of the abrasive particles, the duration of the stage, and the material of the wheel described above for each stage, as well as the number of stages, are merely exemplary and may be varied. 
     In one embodiment, manual buffing step  28  may be a multi-stage process. An exemplary multi-stage process for manual buffing step  28  may include two stages. In a first stage, surface  80  may be buffed in a range from between about 60 and 90 seconds with a pleated sisal wheel coated with a wax having fine aluminum oxide particles suspended therein. The path of the wheel may be randomized in the first stage in order to remove polish lines from automated buffing step  27 . In a second stage, surface  80  may be buffed for about 40 seconds to remove polish lines from the first stage of step  28  with an un-reinforced cotton wheel coated with a wax having very fine aluminum oxide particles suspended therein that a finer than the aluminum oxide particles utilized in the first stage. The type of abrasive particles, the size of the abrasive particles, the duration of the stage, and the material of the wheel described above for each stage, as well as the number of stages, are merely exemplary and may be varied. 
     The quality of surface  80  after polishing step  62  determines the final surface quality after all treatments have completed. Polishing step  62  should result in a high quality surface with no orange peel, no waviness, and no defects. All die lines, stamping marks, drawing marks, shock lines, cutter marks, roughness, waviness, and/or oil and grease should be removed from surface  80  during polishing step  62 . Buffing is merely an exemplary method for accomplishing the polishing in step  62  and other polishing methods may be utilized that would result in turning rough and bumpy surface  80  into a smooth, flat, shiny, mirror-like surface and achieve the requirements described above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , in a process for treating surface  80 , surface  80 , as shown in  FIG. 10  with a smooth, flat, shiny, mirror-like surface, may be achieved through a step  104  of forming a smooth surface from the rough metal surface provided in step  102 . Step  104  may be achieved using step  62  of polishing described above. 
     A step  64  includes texturing surface  80  of metal part  78  to impart a desired fine texture to surface  80 . Texturing may include a chemical process such as etching surface  80  with an alkaline etching solution. The alkaline etching solution textures the previously smooth surface  80  to be “peaky” with a low gloss or matte appearance. As shown in  FIG. 11 , after texturing surface  80  of the metal part may be “peaky” in that it has several peaks  82  and valleys  84  between adjacent peaks  82 . Peaks  82  and valleys  84  also create a sparkling effect to surface  80  based on how light reflects off the “peaky” surface. In some embodiments, peaks  82  may have a pointed apex as shown in  FIG. 11 , however this is merely exemplary. The shape of peaks  82  and valleys  84  may be varied. In some embodiments, adjacent peaks  82 , and therefore adjacent valleys  84 , may be evenly spaced apart. In other embodiments, adjacent peaks  82 , and therefore adjacent valleys  84 , may be randomly spaced apart. 
     The alkaline etching solution may be a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The concentration of the NaOH solution may range between about 50 and 60 g/l, 51 and 59 g/l, 52 and 58 g/1, 53 and 57 g/l, or 54 and 56 g/l, or may be about 55 g/l. The NaOH solution may have a temperature of about 50 degrees Celsius. Surface  80  may be exposed to the NaOH solution for a time period that may range between about 5 and 30 seconds, about 10 and 25 seconds, or about 15 and 20 seconds. These parameters are merely exemplary and may be varied. Sodium hydroxide is merely an exemplary alkaline etching solution and other alkaline etching solutions may be utilized, including, but not limited to ammonium bifluoride (NH 4 F 2 ). In addition, texturing may be accomplished utilizing other methods, for example sandblasting, that would result in texturing surface  80  to have several peaks  82  and valleys  84 , and thereby create a sparkling effect. Step  64  of texturing may, for example, correspond to step  24  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , in a process for treating surface  80 , surface  80 , as shown in  FIG. 11  with a “peaky” surface having a sparkling effect, may be achieved through a step  106  of forming a surface with peaks and troughs from the smooth surface provided in step  104 . Step  106  may be achieved using step  64  of texturing described above. 
     In a step  66 , surface  80 , which is textured to have peaks  82  and valleys  84  to create a sparkling effect, is polished. A chemical polishing process may be utilized wherein surface  80  is exposed to a solution that rounds peaks  82  so they are no longer pointy, as shown in  FIG. 12 . The sparkling effect is still present and the chemical polishing process also increases the gloss of surface  80  so that surface  80  is also shiny. The length of time surface  80  is exposed to the chemical polishing solution increases the level of gloss. The level of gloss in turn determines a depth of valleys  84  because an increase in gloss is caused by an increase in the roundedness of peaks  82 , which in turn decreases the depth of valleys  84 . Surface  80  may be exposed to the chemical polishing solution until a desired depth of valleys  84  is achieved, which may be determined by a visual inspection. Alternatively, surface  80  may be exposed to the chemical polishing solution until a desired amount of gloss is achieved, which may be determined by a gloss meter. In some embodiments, in order to achieve the desired texture and sparkling effects, the gloss value of surface  80  measured at 20 degrees by a 20 degree gloss meter after the completion of step  66  may be in a range between about 130 and 280 gloss units, 140 and 270 gloss units, 150 and 260 gloss units, 160 and 250 gloss units, 170 and 240 gloss units, 180 and 230 gloss units, 190 and 220 gloss units, 200 and 210 gloss units, or about 205 gloss units. The above gloss values are merely exemplary and a desired texture and sparkling effect may also be achieved with a surface  80  that has a different gloss value after the completion of step  66 . In some embodiments, a visual inspection may be performed, for example with the aid of a loupe, to ensure surface  80  has a desired texture. In some embodiments, a visual inspection may be performed, for example by shining a high intensity spotlight on surface  80 , to ensure surface  80  has a desired sparkling effect. 
     The chemical polishing solution may be an acidic solution. Acids that may be included in the solution include, but are not limited to, phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), and combinations thereof. The acid may be phosphoric acid, a combination of phosphoric acid and nitric acid, a combination of phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, or a combination of phosphoric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Other additives for the chemical polishing solution may include copper sulfate (CuSO 4 ) and water. In one embodiment, a solution of 85% phosphoric acid is utilized that is maintained at a temperature of 95 degrees Celsius. The processing time of step  66  is adjusted depending upon a desired target gloss value. In one embodiment, the processing time may be in a range between about 40 and 60 seconds. In addition, the polishing of step  66  may be accomplished utilizing other methods that would result in polishing surface  80  to increase the gloss of surface  80 . Step  66  of polishing may, for example, correspond to step  26  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , in a process for treating surface  80 , surface  80 , as shown in  FIG. 12  with a surface having rounded peaks and increased gloss or shine, may be achieved through a step  108  of rounding the peaks created in step  106 . Step  108  may be achieved using step  66  of polishing described above. 
     A step  68  includes anodizing glossy surface  80  to create a metal oxide layer  86  by converting a portion of metal part  78  to metal oxide, as shown in  FIG. 13 . Accordingly anodizing does not increase the thickness of metal part  78 , but rather converts a portion of metal part  78  to metal oxide. When oxide layer  86  is formed, outer surface  80  maintains the same contour it had from the previous treatment step with rounded peaks  90  and valleys  92 . In addition, a transition line  88  between metal oxide layer  86  and the remaining metal region  87  of metal part  78  is formed that has the same contour as surface  80  with rounded peaks  94  and valleys  96 . This results in oxide layer  86  forming a glossy, sparkling layer that is integrally formed from metal part  78 , but resembles a separately applied coating or finishing layer even though it is not separately applied. The integral layer resembles a coating or layer that has been applied to surface  80 , but is actually an integral or intrinsic part of metal article  78  that has been treated to obtain the desired cosmetic effect, i.e. the integral layer is not a separate coating or film. The thickness of oxide layer  86  may be controlled so that oxide layer  86  has a transparent effect so transition line  88  may be seen. The greater the thickness of oxide layer  86  the more translucent, e.g. less transparent, oxide layer  86  becomes. In order to achieve an oxide layer  86  with sufficient transparency the thickness of oxide layer  86  may range between about 10 and 20 microns, about 11 and 19 microns, about 12 and 18 microns, about 13 and 17 microns, or about 14 and 16 microns or may be about 15 microns. The above ranges for the thickness of oxide layer  86  are not intended to be limiting. 
     The anodizing process may include placing metal part  78  in an electrolytic bath that has been optimized to increase the transparent effect of the oxide layer  86 . The electrolytic bath may include sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) in a concentration having a range between about 150 and 210 g/l, about 160 and 200 g/l, or about 170 and 190 g/l, or may be about 180 g/l. The electrolytic bath may also include metal ions of that are the same as metal part  58 , for example aluminum ions, in a concentration of about less than 15 g/l or in a range between about 4 and 10 g/l, about 5 and 9 g/l, or about 6 and 8 g/l, or may be about 7 g/l. Step  68  of anodizing may be a standard anodization process wherein the electrolytic bath may be maintained at a temperature in a range between about 18 and 20 degrees Celsius. In one embodiment, the temperature of the electrolytic bath should not be above 22 degrees Celsius. Anodization may occur at a current density in a range between about 1.0 and 1.2 amperes per square decimeter. Anodization may have a duration in a range between about 30 and 60 minutes, about 35 and 55 minutes, or about 40 and 50 minutes, or may be about 45 minutes. The thickness of the oxide layer may be controlled in part by the duration of the anodization process. In other embodiments, step  68  of anodizing may be a hard anodization process. Step  68  of anodizing may, for example, correspond to step  30  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , in a process for treating surface  80 , metal oxide layer  86 , as shown in  FIG. 13  with rounded peaks having a transparent effect, may be achieved through a step  110  of forming a metal oxide layer having rounded peaks. Step  110  may be achieved using step  68  of anodizing described above. 
     In a step  70 , metal part  78  may be dyed to impart a rich color to surface  80 . Metal oxide layer  86  formed during step  66  of anodizing, is porous in nature allowing metal oxide layer  86  to absorb a dye through its pores (not shown) to impart a rich color to surface  80 . Metal oxide layer  86  may also possess increased adherence capabilities for dyes than metal. Beads of dye  98  flow into pores (not shown) of metal oxide layer  86  and adhere to surface  80  to impart a color to surface  80 , as shown in  FIG. 14 . The dyeing process may be accomplished through the typical method of dipping or immersing surface  80  into a dye solution containing a dye which will impart a desired color to surface  80 . In some embodiments, the dye solution may be maintained at a temperature in a range between about 50 and 55 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the dye solution may contain a stabilizer to control the pH. Dyes that may be used should be selected that will maintain a rich, vibrant color after step  74  of polishing, discussed below. Color control may be achieved by measuring dyed surface  80  with a spectrophotometer and comparing the value against an established standard. Step  70  of dyeing may, for example, correspond to step  42  shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , in a process for treating surface  80 , a metal oxide layer  86 , as shown in  FIG. 14  with a rich color, may be achieved through a step  112  of imparting a color to the metal oxide layer formed in step  110 . Step  112  may be achieved using step  70  of dyeing described above. 
     Step  72  includes sealing porous metal oxide layer  86  to seal the pores of oxide layer  86 . The sealing process may include placing surface  80  in a solution for a sufficient amount of time to create a sealant layer  100  that seals the pores of surface  80  of metal oxide layer  86 , as shown in  FIG. 15 . The sealing solution may include, but is not limited to, nickel acetate. The sealing solution may be kept at a temperature in a range between about 90 and 95 degrees Celsius. Surface  80  may be immersed in the solution for a period of at least 15 minutes. Step  72  of sealing may, for example, correspond to step  44  shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     In a step  74 , surface  80  may be polished to create a smooth, glassy appearance as shown in  FIG. 16 . Metal oxide layer  86  remains after polishing, but a portion of metal oxide layer  86  is removed during the polishing process. Thus, the polishing process may remove peaks  90  and valley  92  of surface  80 , but peaks  94  and valleys  96  of transition line  88  remain so that the sparkling effect is still present. The polishing process may include, but is not limited to, buffing, tumbling, and combinations thereof. The methods for performing step  74  described below are exemplary. Whatever method is utilized, the removal of material during the polishing process should be uniform and consistent to maintain a uniform color of surface  80  and special care should be taken for edges and corners. In addition, after step  74 , surface  80  may have a surface roughness Ra of about 0.1 μm or less, about 0.075 μm or less, about 0.05 μm or less, or about 0.025 μm or less. Step  74  of polishing may, for example, correspond to step  46  shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     In one embodiment, step  74  of polishing surface  80  may, for example, correspond to process  43  shown in  FIG. 5 . Process  43  includes step  48  of subjecting surface  80  to a coarse buffing. Process  43  subsequently includes step  50  of subjecting surface  80  to a fine buffing. As described above with respect to step  62 , buffing may be accomplished with a buffing wheel either manually or by an automated process, for example with a robot, or combinations thereof. The buffing wheel may be a cloth wheel and may be covered in a wax or oil having abrasive particles mixed or suspended therein. Each of steps  48  and  50  may have a different cloth material for the buffing wheel and a different wax with different abrasive particles applied thereto to provide a different surface texture to the buffing wheel, and therefore a different amount of abrasion to surface  80  of the metal part. The combination of cloth material, wax, and abrasive particles utilized in step  48  is chosen to provide a buff that is coarser than the buff of step  50 . For example, step  48  may include buffing surface  80  with a pleated sisal wheel coated with a wax having aluminum oxide particles suspended therein for about two minutes, or alternatively for about four minutes Similarly, the combination of cloth material, wax, and abrasive particles utilized in step  50  is chosen to provide a buff that is finer than the buff of step  48 . For example, step  50  may include buffing surface  80  with an un-reinforced cotton wheel coated with a wax having aluminum oxide particles suspended therein for about one minute. The aluminum oxide particles utilized in step  50  may have a sub-micron size and are smaller than the aluminum oxide particles utilized in step  48 . 
     In another embodiment, step  74  of polishing surface  80  may, for example, correspond to process  45  shown in  FIG. 6 . Process  45  includes step  52  of tumbling metal part or article  78  to polish surface  80 . Process  45  subsequently includes a step subjecting surface  80  to buffing, such as step  48  of providing a coarse buff. Process  45  may also include an additional step of buffing surface  80 , such as step  50  of providing a fine buff. Tumbling may be accomplished by placing metal part or article  78  into a tumbling barrel filled with a media. The barrel is rotated and the metal part or article  78  is rotated inside along with the media, which causes the media to collide with surface  80 , thereby polishing and smoothing surface  80 . For example, step  52  may include tumbling metal part or article  78  in a barrel for about 2 hours at a rotational speed of about 140 RPM. The barrel may be about 60% filled and the media may be crushed walnut shells mixed with a cutting media suspended in a lubricant, such as a cream. Step  48  of coarse buffing may occur as previously discussed above. Step  50  of fine buffing may occur as previously discussed above. 
     In still another embodiment, step  74  of polishing surface  80  may, for example, correspond to process  47  shown in  FIG. 7 . Process  47  includes step  54  of subjecting metal part or article  78  to a coarse tumbling. Process  47  subsequently includes step  56  of subjecting metal part or article  78  to a fine tumbling. Afterwards, the surface  80  may be subjected to a step of buffing, such as step  50  of providing a fine buff. The media utilized in step  54  is chosen to provide a polish that is coarser than the polish of step  56 . Similarly, the media utilized in step  56  is chosen to provide a polish that is finer than the polish of step  54 . For example, step  54  may include tumbling metal part or article  78  in a barrel for about 2 hours at a rotational speed of about 140 RPM. The barrel may be about 60% filled and the media may be crushed walnut shells mixed with a cutting media suspended in a lubricant, such as a cream. Similarly, for example, step  56  may be operated under the same conditions as step  54  except the walnut shells are more finely crushed in the media of step  56  than the media of step  54 . Step  50  of fine buffing may occur as previously discussed above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , in a process for treating surface  80 , metal oxide layer  86 , as shown in  FIG. 16  with a smooth, glassy appearance, may be achieved through a step  114  of forming a smooth surface from the surface provided in step  112 . Step  114  may be achieved using step  74  of polishing described above. 
     As previously noted, the ordering of steps discussed above, illustrated in the flowcharts of  FIGS. 1-8  are for illustrative purposes and are merely exemplary. Accordingly, the steps may be varied. Not every step need be performed and additional steps may be included, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, to create an integral layer on the surface of the metal article having a desired cosmetic effect. In one embodiment an integral layer may be created. The integral layer may be a coatingless layer that also has a sparkling effect, a rich color, and/or a glossy or shiny appearance. The integral layer is not a separate coating or film, but rather is an integral or intrinsic part of the metal article. Accordingly, the desired cosmetic effect is achieved without the application of a separate coating or film, such as a lacquer or paint. Additional steps may include, but are not limited to, rinsing surface  80 , degreasing surface  80 , activating anodized surface  80 , neutralizing surface  80 , and/or de-smutting surface  80 , as necessary. 
     In one embodiment, the process illustrated in  FIG. 1 , may include a single pre-anodizing step of polishing and a single post-anodizing step of polishing. Accordingly, in one embodiment, as shown for example in  FIG. 18 , a method for treating a metal surface may include step  120  of providing a metal part. Step  120  may, for example, correspond to step  60  shown in  FIG. 8  Next, the method may include step  122  of polishing. Step  122  may, for example, correspond to step  62  shown in  FIG. 8 . Subsequently, the method may include step  124  of anodizing. Step  124  may, for example, correspond to step  68  shown in  FIG. 8 . Finally, the method may include step  126  of polishing. Step  126  may, for example, correspond to step  74  shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     In another embodiment, as shown for example in  FIG. 19 , a method for treating a metal surface may include step  130  of providing a metal part. Step  130  may, for example, correspond to step  60  shown in  FIG. 8 . Next, the method may include step  132  of polishing. Step  132  may, for example, correspond to step  66  shown in  FIG. 8 . Subsequently, the method may include step  134  of anodizing. Step  134  may, for example, correspond to step  68  shown in  FIG. 8 . Finally, the method may include step  136  of polishing. Step  136  may, for example, correspond to step  74  shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     In still another embodiment, as shown for example in  FIG. 20 , a method for treating a metal surface may include step  140  of providing a metal part. Step  140  may, for example, correspond to step  60  shown in  FIG. 8 . Next, the method may include step  142  of polishing. Step  142  may, for example, correspond to step  62  shown in  FIG. 8 . Afterward, the method may include step  144  of texturing. Step  144  may, for example, correspond to step  64  shown in  FIG. 8 . Subsequently, the method may include step  146  of polishing. Step  146  may, for example, correspond to step  66  shown in  FIG. 8 . Then, the method may include step  148  of anodizing. Step  148  may, for example, correspond to step  68  shown in  FIG. 8 . Next, the method may include step  150  of dyeing. Step  150  may, for example, correspond to step  70  shown in  FIG. 8 . Finally, the method may include step  152  of polishing. Step  152  may, for example, correspond to step  74  shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     In yet another embodiment, as shown for example in  FIG. 21 , a method for treating a metal surface may include step  160  of providing a metal part. Step  160  may, for example, correspond to step  60  shown in  FIG. 8 . Next, the method may include step  162  of texturing. Step  162  may, for example, correspond to step  64  shown in  FIG. 8 . Subsequently, the method may include step  164  of polishing. Step  164  may, for example, correspond to step  66  shown in  FIG. 8 . Afterwards, the method may include step  166  of anodizing. Step  166  may, for example correspond to step  68  shown in  FIG. 8 . Finally, the method may include step  168  of polishing. Step  168  may, for example correspond to step  74  shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     In some embodiments, a first portion of a metal surface  80  may be treated in a different manner than a second portion of metal surface  80  in order to create different patterns and visual effects. In one embodiment, the first portion of metal surface  80  may be treated and the second portion may not be treated. In another embodiment the first portion and second portions of metal surface  80  may be treated by different techniques. The different techniques may vary the treatments described above that are included in the technique or may vary the parameters of a treatment between the techniques. For example, one technique may include standard anodization and the other technique may include hard anodization, or one technique may polish to a different surface roughness than the other technique. The different patterns or visual effects on surface  80  that are created may include, but are not limited to, stripes, dots, or the shape of a logo. In one embodiment, surface  80  includes a logo, wherein the first portion of surface  80  includes the logo and the second portion of surface  80  does not contain the logo. In other embodiments, the difference in techniques may create the appearance of a logo or label, such that a separate logo or label does not need to be applied to surface  80 . 
       FIG. 22  illustrates an exemplary metal article  78  have a metal surface  80  treated in accordance with any of the methods described above. Article  78  is a media playing device, however this is merely an exemplary article that may be treated in accordance with the methods described above. The methods described above may be applied to a broad range of additional metal articles including, but not limited to, household appliances and cookware, such as pots and pans; automotive parts; athletic equipment, such as bikes; and electronic components, such as laptop computers and enclosures for electronic devices, such as phones and computers. 
     Surface  80  is an integral layer of metal article  78  having a desired cosmetic effect. The integral layer may be a coatingless layer that also has a sparkling effect, a rich color, and/or a glossy or shiny appearance. The integral layer is not a separate coating or film, but rather an integral or intrinsic part of the metal part. Accordingly, the desired cosmetic effect is achieved without the application of a separate coating or film, such as a lacquer or paint. As illustrated in  FIG. 22 , metal surface  80  has a sparkling effect as indicated by the stars. Metal surface  80  may also have a glossy or shiny appearance as shown by the slanted lines. In addition, metal surface  80  is shaded in regions to illustrate it has a rich color. 
     One characteristic of surface  80  after completion of the surface treatments that may be measured is the gloss value of surface  80  as measured at 60 degrees by a 60 degrees gloss meter. The gloss value of surface  80  may be in a range between about 100 and 390 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 100 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 110 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 120 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 130 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 140 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 150 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 160 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 170 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 180 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 190 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 200 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 210 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 220 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 230 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 240 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 250 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 260 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 270 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 280 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 290 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 300 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 310 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 320 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 330 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 340 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 350 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 360 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 370 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 380 gloss units. In some embodiments the gloss value of surface  80  may be about 390 gloss units. If a dyeing step, such as dyeing step  42 ,  70 , or  150 , is performed, the gloss value of surface  80  may be in a range between about 100 and 350 gloss units. If dyeing step, such as dyeing step  42 ,  70 , or  150 , is not performed, the gloss value of surface  80  may be in a range between about 180 and 390 gloss units. The gloss values listed above are exemplary. 
     The result of the surface treatments to surface  80  of metal part  78  is an oxide layer  86  that is an integral layer of metal part  78  that has a desired cosmetic effect and visual appearance. Integral layer  86  resembles a coating or layer that has been applied to the metal surface, but is actually an integral or intrinsic part of metal article  78  that has been treated to obtain the desired cosmetic effect, i.e. the integral layer is not a separate coating or film. The integral layer may be a coatingless layer that also has a sparkling effect, a rich color, and/or a glossy or shiny appearance. The integral layer is not a separate coating or film, but rather an integral or intrinsic part of the metal part. Accordingly, the desired cosmetic effect is achieved without the application of a separate coating or film, such as a lacquer or paint. 
     The gloss value of a treated metal part or article is affected by whether or not the metal part is dyed and the particular dye composition utilized. For example, in a process of treating a surface  80  of extruded  6063  grade aluminum, after a step of polishing, such as step  26 ,  66 ,  132 ,  146 , or  164 , surface  80  may have a gloss value measured at 20 degrees by a 20 degrees gloss meter in a range between about 130 and 280 gloss units. This gloss value range is merely exemplary. In some embodiments, a dyeing step, such as dyeing step  42 ,  70 , or  150 , is not performed and surface  80  may retain a silver color and may have a gloss value range from between about 180 and 390 gloss units when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. In one embodiment, surface  80  may have a gloss value of about 195 when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. The above gloss values are exemplary. 
     In some embodiments a dyeing step, such as dyeing step  42 ,  70 , or  150 , is performed and a variety of colors may be achieved depending upon the particular dye composition, dye concentration, and/or duration of dyeing. 
     In some embodiments, surface  80  may be dyed to have a dark gray color. The dark gray color may be achieved by using a dye composition comprising a mixture of black dye, blue dye, and red dye. Surface  80  may have a gloss value range from between about 110 and 240 gloss units when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. In one embodiment, surface  80  may have a gloss value of about 120 when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. The above gloss values are exemplary. 
     In some embodiments, surface  80  may be dyed to have a green color. The green color may be achieved by using a dye composition comprising a mixture of yellow dye and blue dye. Surface  80  may have a gloss value range from between about 115 and 250 gloss units when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. In one embodiment, surface  80  may have a gloss value of about 125 when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. The above gloss values are exemplary. 
     In some embodiments, surface  80  may be dyed to have a red color. The red color may be achieved by using a dye composition comprising a mixture of red dye, pink dye, and black dye. Surface  80  may have a gloss value range from between about 106 and 230 gloss units when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. In one embodiment, surface  80  may have a gloss value of about 115 when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. The above gloss values are exemplary. 
     In some embodiments, surface  80  may be dyed to have a purple color. The purple color may be achieved by using a dye composition comprising a mixture of blue dye and violet dye. Surface  80  may have a gloss value range from between about 102 and 220 gloss units when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. In one embodiment, surface  80  may have a gloss value of about 110 when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. The above gloss values are exemplary. 
     In some embodiments, surface  80  may be dyed to have a blue color. The blue color may be achieved by using a dye composition comprising a mixture of blue dye and violet dye. Surface  80  may have a gloss value range from between about 110 and 240 gloss units when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. In one embodiment, surface  80  may have a gloss value of about 120 when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. The above gloss values are exemplary. 
     In some embodiments, surface  80  may be dyed to have a pink color. The pink color may be achieved by using a dye composition comprising a mixture of pink dye and red dye. Surface  80  may have a gloss value range from between about 120 and 260 gloss units when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. In one embodiment, surface  80  may have a gloss value of about 130 when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. The above gloss values are exemplary. 
     In some embodiments, surface  80  may be dyed to have an orange color. The orange color may be achieved by using a dye composition comprising a mixture of orange dye and red dye. Surface  80  may have a gloss value range from between about 133 and 290 gloss units when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. In one embodiment, surface  80  may have a gloss value of about 145 when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. The above gloss values are exemplary. 
     In some embodiments, surface  80  may be dyed to have a yellow color. The yellow color may be achieved by using a dye composition comprising a mixture of yellow dyes. Surface  80  may have a gloss value range from between about 161 and 350 gloss units when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. In one embodiment, surface  80  may have a gloss value of about 175 when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. The above gloss values are exemplary. 
     In some embodiments, surface  80  may be dyed to have a gold color. The gold color may be achieved by using a dye composition comprising a mixture of orange dye and black dye. Surface  80  may have a gloss value range from between about 157 and 340 gloss units when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. In one embodiment, surface  80  may have a gloss value of about 170 when measured at 60 degrees using a 60 degrees gloss meter. The above gloss values are exemplary. 
     A variety of colors for surface  80  may be achieved by varying the dye composition, the concentration of the dye and the duration of dyeing based on visualization and/or experimentation. 
     The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance. 
     In addition, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20090904
Publication Date: 20190827
Grant Date: 20190827
Priority Date: 20090904
Inventors: TATEBE, MASASHIGE
BUJTOR, HOWARD
AKANA, JODY
IVE, JONATHAN P.
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "C25D11/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/246", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/243", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/16", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/34", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/48", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/16", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/243", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/34", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/246", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/16", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/48", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/243", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/246", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/246", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/34", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/16", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/26", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D7/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/48", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/30", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/243", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D7/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D7/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D7/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D7/00", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/16", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D11/02", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/627", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/611", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/627", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/611", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/627", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "C25D5/611", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 43064403