PATENT DOCUMENT

Publication Number: US-12204717-B2
Application Number: US-202018266254-A
Country: US
Kind Code: B2

Title: Systems and methods for flex circuit connections in touch screens

Abstract:
A touch screen ( 500 ) can include electrodes ( 520, 540 ) (e.g., first and second touch electrodes, reference electrodes) on opposite sides (e.g., top and bottom) of a substrate ( 510 ). In some examples, vias ( 618, 638 ) can be used to couple the touch electrodes ( 520, 540 ) to conductive connections ( 518, 538 ) of flex circuits ( 502, 522 ) such that the connections ( 604, 624 ) to the flex circuits ( 502, 522 ) can be on the same side of the substrate ( 510 ) even if the touch electrodes ( 520, 540 ) are on opposite sides of the substrate ( 510 ). The conductive filling material of the via ( 618 ) can make direct contact with the conductive connections ( 604, 624 ) of the flex circuits ( 502, 522 ), for example.

Claims:
The invention claimed is: 
     
       1. A touch screen, comprising:
 a substrate; 
 a first touch electrode on a first side of the substrate; 
 a second touch electrode on a second side of the substrate different from the first side of the substrate; 
 a first flex circuit coupled to first touch circuitry, the first flex circuit including a conductive connection, wherein the first touch electrode and the conductive connection of the first flex circuit are disposed on a same side of the substrate in the touch screen; and 
 a first via including a conductive material, the first via configured to electrically couple the first touch electrode to the conductive connection of the first flex circuit, the first via disposed through at least a first portion of the touch screen, the conductive material of the first via being in direct contact with the conductive connection of the first flex circuit. 
 
     
     
       2. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the touch screen does not include an adhesive between the conductive material of the first via and the conductive connection of the first flex circuit at a location at which the conductive material of the first via is coupled to the conductive connection of the first flex circuit. 
     
     
       3. The touch screen of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a second touch electrode; 
 a second flex circuit coupled to second touch circuitry, the second flex circuit including a conductive connection; and 
 a second via including a conductive material, the second via configured to electrically couple the second touch electrode to the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, wherein: 
 the second flex circuit is bonded to the substrate using an adhesive disposed between the second flex circuit and the substrate, and 
 the second via is disposed through the adhesive and the substrate. 
 
     
     
       4. The touch screen of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a second touch electrode, wherein the substrate is disposed between the first touch electrode and the second touch electrode; 
 a second flex circuit coupled to second touch circuitry, the second flex circuit including a second conductive connection; and 
 a second via including a conductive material, the second via configured to electrically couple the second touch electrode to the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, the second via disposed through at least a second portion of the touch screen, the conductive material of the second via being in direct contact with the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, wherein the substrate is between the first touch electrode and the conductive connection of the second flex circuit. 
 
     
     
       5. The touch screen of  claim 4 , further comprising a cover material, wherein:
 the conductive connection of the first flex circuit and the conductive connection of the second flex circuit are both disposed between the substrate and the cover material. 
 
     
     
       6. The touch screen of  claim 4 , further comprising a cover material, wherein:
 the substrate is disposed between the conductive connection of the first flex circuit and the cover material, and 
 the substrate is disposed between the conductive connection of the second flex circuit and the cover material. 
 
     
     
       7. The touch screen of  claim 4 , wherein:
 the second portion of the touch screen through which the second via is disposed includes the substrate, and 
 the first portion of the touch screen through which the first via is disposed does not include the substrate. 
 
     
     
       8. The touch screen of  claim 1 , wherein the first via is disposed through the first flex circuit. 
     
     
       9. The touch screen of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a second touch electrode; 
 a second flex circuit coupled to second touch circuitry, the second flex circuit including a conductive connection; 
 a second via including a conductive material, the second via configured to electrically couple the second touch electrode to the conductive connection of the second flex circuit; 
 a reference electrode coupled to a reference voltage; and 
 a substrate disposed between the second touch electrode and the reference electrode, wherein the substrate is disposed between the second touch electrode and the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, wherein the second via is formed through the substrate. 
 
     
     
       10. A portable consumer electronic device comprising:
 an energy storage device; 
 communication circuitry; and 
 a touch screen including:
 a substrate; 
 a first touch electrode on a first side of the substrate; 
 a second touch electrode on a second side of the substrate different from the first side of the substrate; 
 a first flex circuit coupled to first touch circuitry, the first flex circuit including a conductive connection, wherein the first touch electrode and the conductive connection of the first flex circuit are disposed on a same side of the substrate in the touch screen; and 
 a first via including a conductive material, the first via configured to electrically couple the first touch electrode to the conductive connection of the first flex circuit, the first via disposed through at least a first portion of the touch screen, the conductive material of the first via being in direct contact with the conductive connection of the first flex circuit. 
 
 
     
     
       11. The portable consumer electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein the touch screen does not include an adhesive between the conductive material of the first via and the conductive connection of the first flex circuit at a location at which the conductive material of the first via is coupled to the conductive connection of the first flex circuit. 
     
     
       12. The portable consumer electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein the touch screen further comprises:
 a second touch electrode; 
 a second flex circuit coupled to second touch circuitry, the second flex circuit including a conductive connection; and 
 a second via including a conductive material, the second via configured to electrically couple the second touch electrode to the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, wherein: 
 the second flex circuit is bonded to the substrate using an adhesive disposed between the second flex circuit and the substrate, and 
 the second via is disposed through the adhesive and the substrate. 
 
     
     
       13. The portable consumer electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein the touch screen further comprises:
 a second touch electrode, wherein the substrate is disposed between the first touch electrode and the second touch electrode; 
 a second flex circuit coupled to second touch circuitry, the second flex circuit including a second conductive connection; and 
 a second via including a conductive material, the second via configured to electrically couple the second touch electrode to the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, the second via disposed through at least a second portion of the touch screen, the conductive material of the second via being in direct contact with the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, wherein the substrate is between the first touch electrode and the conductive connection of the second flex circuit. 
 
     
     
       14. The portable consumer electronic device of  claim 13 , wherein the touch screen further comprises a cover material, wherein:
 the conductive connection of the first flex circuit and the conductive connection of the second flex circuit are both disposed between the substrate and the cover material. 
 
     
     
       15. The portable consumer electronic device of  claim 13 , wherein the touch screen further comprises a cover material, wherein:
 the substrate is disposed between the conductive connection of the first flex circuit and the cover material, and 
 the substrate is disposed between the conductive connection of the second flex circuit and the cover material. 
 
     
     
       16. The portable consumer electronic device of  claim 13 , wherein:
 the second portion of the touch screen through which the second via is disposed includes the substrate, and 
 the first portion of the touch screen through which the first via is disposed does not include the substrate. 
 
     
     
       17. The portable consumer electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein the first via is disposed through the first flex circuit. 
     
     
       18. The portable consumer electronic device of  claim 10 , wherein the touch screen further comprises:
 a second touch electrode; 
 a second flex circuit coupled to second touch circuitry, the second flex circuit including a conductive connection; 
 a second via including a conductive material, the second via configured to electrically couple the second touch electrode to the conductive connection of the second flex circuit; 
 a reference electrode coupled to a reference voltage; and 
 a substrate disposed between the second touch electrode and the reference electrode, wherein the substrate is disposed between the second touch electrode and the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, wherein the second via is formed through the substrate.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a National Phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/CN2020/134899, filed Dec. 9, 2020, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This relates generally to touch screens and, more specifically, to flex circuits of touch screens. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Many types of input devices are presently available for performing operations in a computing system, such as buttons or keys, mice, trackballs, joysticks, touch sensor panels, touch screens and the like. Touch screens, in particular, are popular because of their ease and versatility of operation as well as their declining price. Touch screens can include a touch sensor panel, which can be a clear panel with a touch-sensitive surface, and a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED) display or organic light emitting diode (OLED) display that can be positioned partially or fully behind the panel so that the touch-sensitive surface can cover at least a portion of the viewable area of the display device. Touch screens can allow a user to perform various functions by touching the touch sensor panel using a finger, stylus or other object at a location often dictated by a user interface (UI) being displayed by the display device. In general, touch screens can recognize a touch and the position of the touch on the touch sensor panel, and the computing system can then interpret the touch in accordance with the display appearing at the time of the touch, and thereafter can perform one or more actions based on the touch. In the case of some touch sensing systems, a physical touch on the display is not needed to detect a touch. For example, in some capacitive-type touch sensing systems, fringing electrical fields used to detect touch can extend beyond the surface of the display, and objects approaching near the surface may be detected near the surface without actually touching the surface. 
     Capacitive touch sensor panels can be formed by a matrix of transparent, semi-transparent or non-transparent conductive plates made of materials such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). In some examples, the conductive plates can be formed from other materials including conductive polymers, metal mesh, graphene, nanowires (e.g., silver nanowires) or nanotubes (e.g., carbon nanotubes). In some implementations, due in part to their substantial transparency, some capacitive touch sensor panels can be overlaid on a display to form a touch screen, as described above. Some touch screens can be formed by at least partially integrating touch sensing circuitry into a display pixel stackup (i.e., the stacked material layers forming the display pixels). 
     In some examples, touch screens can include flex circuits that can couple one or more touch electrodes to touch circuitry (e.g., drive circuitry, sense circuitry). The flex circuits can be bonded to the touch screen at a location at which the flex circuits can be coupled to the touch electrodes. In some examples, a touch screen can include touch electrodes on opposite sides (e.g., top and bottom) of the substrate of the touch screen. In some examples, the touch screen can also include bonding locations on both sides of the substrate. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Embodiments described herein relate generally to touch screens and, more specifically, to flex circuits of touch screens. In some examples, the touch screen can include a first one or more touch electrodes on a first side (e.g., top side) of the substrate of the touch screen and a second one or more touch electrodes on a second side (e.g., bottom side) of the substrate of the touch screen. The touch screen can include vias that connect the touch electrodes to the flex circuits. In some examples, the vias can enable the connections to the flex circuits to be on the same side (e.g., top or bottom side) of the substrate even if the first and second touch electrodes are on opposite sides of the substrate. In some examples, connecting the touch electrodes to the flex circuits on the same side of the substrate can reduce the border or the thickness of the touch screen. In some examples, a touch screen can include touch electrodes on one side (e.g., the bottom side) of the substrate and reference electrodes on the other side (e.g., the top side) of the substrate and a via through the substrate to connect an electrode in the touch electrode layer to an electrode in the reference electrode layer. 
     In some examples, a touch screen can include first touch electrodes on a first side (e.g., the top side) of the substrate and second touch electrodes on a second side (e.g., the bottom side of the substrate). In some examples, the connections to the flex circuits for both the first and second electrodes can be on the first side of the substrate. In some examples, the connections to the flex circuits for both the first and second electrodes can be on the second side of the substrate. In some examples, the flex circuits can be bonded to the touch screen using an adhesive, and the vias can be formed through the adhesive. The conductive filling material of the vias can make direct contact with conductive connections (e.g., conductive traces) of the flex circuit without adhesive being disposed between the filling material of the vias and the flex circuit at the site of bonding, for example. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS.  1 A- 1 G  illustrate example systems that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example computing system including a touch screen that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor circuit corresponding to a self-capacitance measurement of a touch node electrode and sensing circuit according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor circuit corresponding to a mutual-capacitance drive line and sense line and sensing circuit according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates touch screen with touch electrodes arranged in rows and columns according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates touch screen with touch node electrodes arranged in a pixelated touch node electrode configuration according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates cross-sections of an exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates cross-sections of an exemplary touch screen according to examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  8 A- 8 D  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  9 A- 9 C  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates a cross section of an exemplary touch screen according to some examples. 
         FIGS.  12 A- 12 C  illustrate cross sections of an exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  13 A- 13 E  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  14 A- 14 E  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  15    illustrates a cross section of an exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  16 A- 16 B  illustrate cross sections of exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  17    illustrates formation of a hole through a substrate of an exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  18    illustrates formation of a hole through a substrate of an exemplary touch screen according to some examples of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     In the following description of examples, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which it is shown by way of illustration specific examples that can be practiced. It is to be understood that other examples can be used and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosed examples. 
     Embodiments described herein relate generally to touch screens and, more specifically, to flex circuits of touch screens. In some examples, the touch screen can include a first one or more touch electrodes on a first side (e.g., top side) of the substrate of the touch screen and a second one or more touch electrodes on a second side (e.g., bottom side) of the substrate of the touch screen. The touch screen can include vias that connect the touch electrodes to the flex circuits. In some examples, the vias can enable the connections to the flex circuits to be on the same side (e.g., top or bottom side) of the substrate even if the first and second touch electrodes are on opposite sides of the substrate. In some examples, connecting the touch electrodes to the flex circuits on the same side of the substrate can reduce the border or the thickness of the touch screen. In some examples, a touch screen can include touch electrodes on one side (e.g., the bottom side) of the substrate and reference electrodes on the other side (e.g., the top side) of the substrate and a via through the substrate to connect an electrode in the touch electrode layer to an electrode in the reference electrode layer. 
     In some examples, a touch screen can include first touch electrodes on a first side (e.g., the top side) of the substrate and second touch electrodes on a second side (e.g., the bottom side of the substrate). In some examples, the connections to the flex circuits for both the first and second electrodes can be on the first side of the substrate. In some examples, the connections to the flex circuits for both the first and second electrodes can be on the second side of the substrate. In some examples, the flex circuits can be bonded to the touch screen using an adhesive, and the vias can be formed through the adhesive. The conductive filling material of the vias can make direct contact with conductive connections (e.g., conductive traces) of the flex circuit without adhesive being disposed between the filling material of the vias and the flex circuit at the site of bonding, for example. 
       FIGS.  1 A- 1 G  illustrate example systems that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 A  illustrates an example mobile telephone  136  that includes a touch screen  124  that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 B  illustrates an example digital media player  140  that includes a touch screen  126  that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 C  illustrates an example personal computer  144  that includes a touch screen  128  and a touch sensor panel  134  (e.g., a trackpad) that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 D  illustrates an example tablet computing device  148  that includes a touch screen  130  that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 E  illustrates an example wearable device  150  that includes a touch screen  132  and can be attached to a user using a strap  152  and that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure.  FIG.  1 F  illustrates an example display device  154  including display  156  that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure. In some examples, display device  154  can be a television, computer monitor, large outdoor display, or another “large scale display” electronic device. In some examples, display  156  can be a touch screen. In some examples, display  156  can be a display that does not have touch sensing capabilities.  FIG.  1 G  illustrates an example automatic teller machine  158  including touch screen  160  that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure. 
     In some examples, touch screens  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  and  132 , touch sensor panels  134  and  138  and touch sensors  160  and  162  can be based on self-capacitance. A self-capacitance based touch system can include a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material or groups of individual plates of conductive material forming larger conductive regions that can be referred to as touch electrodes or as touch node electrodes (as described below with reference to  FIG.  4 B ). For example, a touch screen can include a plurality of individual touch electrodes, each touch electrode identifying or representing a unique location (e.g., a touch node) on the touch screen at which touch or proximity is to be sensed, and each touch node electrode being electrically isolated from the other touch node electrodes in the touch screen/panel. Such a touch screen can be referred to as a pixelated self-capacitance touch screen, though it is understood that in some examples, the touch node electrodes on the touch screen can be used to perform scans other than self-capacitance scans on the touch screen (e.g., mutual capacitance scans). During operation, a touch node electrode can be stimulated with an alternating current (AC) waveform, and the self-capacitance to ground of the touch node electrode can be measured. As an object approaches the touch node electrode, the self-capacitance to ground of the touch node electrode can change (e.g., increase). This change in the self-capacitance of the touch node electrode can be detected and measured by the touch sensing system to determine the positions of multiple objects when they touch, or come in proximity to, the touch screen. In some examples, the touch node electrodes of a self-capacitance based touch system can be formed from rows and columns of conductive material, and changes in the self-capacitance to ground of the rows and columns can be detected, similar to above. In some examples, a touch screen can support multi-touch, single touch, projection scan, etc., touch functionality. 
     In some examples, touch screens  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130 ,  132 , and  160  touch sensor panel  134 , and display  156  can be based on mutual capacitance. A mutual capacitance based touch system can include electrodes arranged as drive and sense lines (e.g., as described below with reference to  FIG.  4 A ) that may cross over each other on different layers (in a double-sided configuration) or may be adjacent to each other on the same layer. The crossing or adjacent locations can form touch nodes. During operation, the drive line can be stimulated with an AC waveform and the mutual capacitance of the touch node can be measured. As an object approaches the touch node, the mutual capacitance of the touch node can change (e.g., decrease). This change in the mutual capacitance of the touch node can be detected and measured by the touch sensing system to determine the positions of multiple objects when they touch, or come in proximity to, the touch screen. As described herein, in some examples, a mutual capacitance based touch system can form touch nodes from a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material. 
     In some examples, touch screens  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130 ,  132 , and  160  touch sensor panel  134  and  138 , and display  156  can be based on mutual capacitance and/or self-capacitance. The electrodes can be arrange as a matrix of small, individual plates of conductive material (e.g., as in touch node electrodes  408  in touch screen  402  in  FIG.  4 B ) or as drive lines and sense lines (e.g., as in row touch electrodes  404  and column touch electrodes  406  in touch screen  400  in  FIG.  4 A ), or in another pattern. The electrodes can be configurable for mutual capacitance or self-capacitance sensing or a combination of mutual and self-capacitance sensing. For example, in one mode of operation, electrodes can be configured to sense mutual capacitance between electrodes and in a different mode of operation electrodes can be configured to sense self-capacitance of electrodes. In some examples, some of the electrodes can be configured to sense mutual capacitance therebetween and some of the electrodes can be configured to sense self-capacitance thereof. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example computing system including a touch screen that can use flex circuit bonding techniques according to examples of the disclosure. Computing system  200  can be included in, for example, a mobile phone, tablet, touchpad, portable or desktop computer, portable media player, wearable device or any mobile or non-mobile computing device that includes a touch screen or touch sensor panel. Computing system  200  can include a touch sensing system including one or more touch processors  202 , peripherals  204 , a touch controller  206 , and touch sensing circuitry (described in more detail below). Peripherals  204  can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) or other types of memory or storage, watchdog timers, co-processor(s) and the like. Touch controller  206  can include, but is not limited to, one or more sense channels  208 , channel scan logic  210  and driver logic  214 . Channel scan logic  210  can access RAM  212 , autonomously read data from the sense channels and provide control for the sense channels. In addition, channel scan logic  210  can control driver logic  214  to generate stimulation signals  216  at various frequencies and/or phases that can be selectively applied to drive regions of the touch sensing circuitry of touch screen  220 , as described in more detail below. In some examples, touch controller  206 , touch processor  202  and peripherals  204  can be integrated into a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and in some examples can be integrated with touch screen  220  itself. 
     It should be apparent that the architecture shown in  FIG.  2    is only one example architecture of computing system  200 , and that the system could have more or fewer components than shown, or a different configuration of components. The various components shown in  FIG.  2    can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Computing system  200  can include a host processor  228  for receiving outputs from touch processor  202  and performing actions based on the outputs. For example, host processor  228  can be connected to program storage  232  and a display controller/driver  234  (e.g., a Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD) driver). It is understood that although some examples of the disclosure may described with reference to LCD displays, the scope of the disclosure is not so limited and can extend to other types of displays, such as Light-Emitting Diode (LED) displays, including Organic LED (OLED), Active-Matrix Organic LED (AMOLED) and Passive-Matrix Organic LED (PMOLED) displays. Display driver  234  can provide voltages on select (e.g., gate) lines to each pixel transistor and can provide data signals along data lines to these same transistors to control the pixel display image. 
     Host processor  228  can use display driver  234  to generate a display image on touch screen  220 , such as a display image of a user interface (UI), and can use touch processor  202  and touch controller  206  to detect a touch on or near touch screen  220 , such as a touch input to the displayed UI. The touch input can be used by computer programs stored in program storage  232  to perform actions that can include, but are not limited to, moving an object such as a cursor or pointer, scrolling or panning, adjusting control settings, opening a file or document, viewing a menu, making a selection, executing instructions, operating a peripheral device connected to the host device, answering a telephone call, placing a telephone call, terminating a telephone call, changing the volume or audio settings, storing information related to telephone communications such as addresses, frequently dialed numbers, received calls, missed calls, logging onto a computer or a computer network, permitting authorized individuals access to restricted areas of the computer or computer network, loading a user profile associated with a user&#39;s preferred arrangement of the computer desktop, permitting access to web content, launching a particular program, encrypting or decoding a message, capturing an image with a camera in communication with the electronic device, exiting an idle/sleep state of the electronic device, and/or the like. Host processor  228  can also perform additional functions that may not be related to touch processing. 
     Note that one or more of the functions described herein, including the configuration of switches, can be performed by firmware stored in memory (e.g., one of the peripherals  204  in  FIG.  2   ) and executed by touch processor  202 , or stored in program storage  232  and executed by host processor  228 . The firmware can also be stored and/or transported within any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” can be any medium (excluding signals) that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. In some examples, RAM  212  or program storage  232  (or both) can be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. One or both of RAM  212  and program storage  232  can have stored therein instructions, which when executed by touch processor  202  or host processor  228  or both, can cause the device including computing system  200  to perform one or more functions and methods of one or more examples of this disclosure. The computer-readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), a random access memory (RAM) (magnetic), a read-only memory (ROM) (magnetic), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) (magnetic), a portable optical disc such a CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW, or flash memory such as compact flash cards, secured digital cards, USB memory devices, memory sticks, and the like. 
     The firmware can also be propagated within any transport medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of this document, a “transport medium” can be any medium that can communicate, propagate or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The transport medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic or infrared wired or wireless propagation medium. 
     Touch screen  220  can be used to derive touch information at multiple discrete locations of the touch screen, referred to herein as touch nodes. Touch screen  220  can include touch sensing circuitry that can include a capacitive sensing medium having a plurality of drive lines  222  and a plurality of sense lines  223 . It should be noted that the term “lines” is sometimes used herein to mean simply conductive pathways, as one skilled in the art will readily understand, and is not limited to elements that are strictly linear, but includes pathways that change direction, and includes pathways of different size, shape, materials, etc. Drive lines  222  can be driven by stimulation signals  216  from driver logic  214  through a drive interface  224  and resulting sense signals  217  generated in sense lines  223  can be transmitted through a sense interface  225  to sense channels  208  in touch controller  206 . In this way, drive lines and sense lines can be part of the touch sensing circuitry that can interact to form capacitive sensing nodes, which can be thought of as touch picture elements (touch pixels) and referred to herein as touch nodes, such as touch nodes  226  and  227 . This way of understanding can be particularly useful when touch screen  220  is viewed as capturing an “image” of touch (“touch image”). In other words, after touch controller  206  has determined whether a touch has been detected at each touch nodes in the touch screen, the pattern of touch nodes in the touch screen at which a touch occurred can be thought of as an “image” of touch (e.g., a pattern of fingers touching the touch screen). As used herein, an electrical component “coupled to” or “connected to” another electrical component encompasses a direct or indirect connection providing electrical path for communication or operation between the coupled components. Thus, for example, drive lines  222  may be directly connected to driver logic  214  or indirectly connected to drive logic  214  via drive interface  224  and sense lines  223  may be directly connected to sense channels  208  or indirectly connected to sense channels  208  via sense interface  225 . In either case an electrical path for driving and/or sensing the touch nodes can be provided. 
       FIG.  3 A  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor circuit corresponding to a self-capacitance measurement of a touch node electrode  302  and sensing circuit  314  (e.g., corresponding to a sense channel  208 ) according to examples of the disclosure. Touch node electrode  302  can correspond to a touch electrode  404  or  406  of touch screen  400  or a touch node electrode  408  of touch screen  402 . Touch node electrode  302  can have an inherent self-capacitance to ground associated with it, and also an additional self-capacitance to ground that is formed when an object, such as finger  305 , is in proximity to or touching the electrode. The total self-capacitance to ground of touch node electrode  302  can be approximated as capacitance  304  can be much smaller than the body capacitance  309  and thus can dominate the overall ground capacitance. Touch node electrode  302  can be coupled to sensing circuit  314 . Sensing circuit  314  can include an operational amplifier  308 , feedback resistor  312  and feedback capacitor  310 , although other configurations can be employed. For example, feedback resistor  312  can be replaced by a switched capacitor resistor in order to minimize a parasitic capacitance effect that can be caused by a variable feedback resistor. Touch node electrode  302  can be coupled to the inverting input (−) of operational amplifier  308 . An AC voltage source  306  (V ac ) can be coupled to the non-inverting input (+) of operational amplifier  308 . Touch sensor circuit  300  can be configured to sense changes (e.g., increases) in the total self-capacitance  304  of the touch node electrode  302  induced by a finger or object either touching or in proximity to the touch sensor panel. The output voltage amplitude of amplifier  308  is approximately V ac *(1+X FB /(X CS +X CSNS )), where X FB , X CS  and X CSNS  are the impedances of the feedback network, capacitors  307  and  304 , respectively, at the frequency of V ac . The output of the amplifier  308  can be demodulated at the frequency of stimulus signal V ac  (homodyne or synchronous detection) by demodulator  328  and then integrated (or averaged) by filter  332 . The resulting output  320  can be used by a processor to determine the presence of a proximity or touch event, or the output can be inputted into a discrete logic network to determine the presence of a proximity or touch event. Note that in some examples, demodulator can be an I/Q demodulator. In some examples, the demodulator can be in the digital domain, where the output of amplifier  308  could be digitized first by an ADC before performing digital demodulation. 
       FIG.  3 B  illustrates an exemplary touch sensor circuit  350  corresponding to a mutual-capacitance drive line  322  and sense line  326  and sensing circuit  314  (e.g., corresponding to a sense channel  208 ) according to examples of the disclosure. Drive line  322  can be stimulated by stimulation signal  306  (e.g., an AC voltage signal). Stimulation signal  306  can be capacitively coupled to sense line  326  through mutual capacitance  324  between drive line  322  and the sense line. When a finger or object  305  approaches the touch node created by the intersection of drive line  322  and sense line  326 , mutual capacitance  324  can change (e.g., decrease). This change in mutual capacitance  324  can be detected to indicate a touch or proximity event at the touch node, as described herein. The sense signal coupled onto sense line  326  can be received by sensing circuit  314 . Sensing circuit  314  can include operational amplifier  308  and at least one of a feedback resistor  312  and a feedback capacitor  310 .  FIG.  3 B  illustrates a general case in which both resistive and capacitive feedback elements are utilized. The sense signal (referred to as V in ) can be inputted into the inverting input of operational amplifier  308 , and the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier can be coupled to a reference voltage V ref . Operational amplifier  308  can drive its output to voltage V o  to keep V in  substantially equal to V ref , and can therefore maintain V in  constant or virtually grounded. A person of skill in the art would understand that in this context, equal can include deviations of up to 15%. Therefore, the gain of sensing circuit  314  can be mostly a function of the ratio of mutual capacitance  324  and the feedback impedance, comprised of resistor  312  and/or capacitor  310 , and the impedance of mutual capacitance  324 . The output of the amplifier  308  is demodulated at the frequency of stimulus signal V ac  (homodyne or synchronous detection) by demodulator  328  and then integrated (or averaged) by filter  332 . Note that in some examples, demodulator can be an I/Q demodulator. In some examples, the demodulator (or I/Q demodulator) can be in the digital domain, where the output of amplifier  308  can be digitized first by an ADC before performing demodulation and filtering. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  2   , in some examples, touch screen  220  can be an integrated touch screen in which touch sensing circuit elements of the touch sensing system can be integrated into the display pixel stack-ups of a display. The circuit elements in touch screen  220  can include, for example, elements that can exist in LCD or other displays (LED display, OLED display, etc.), such as one or more pixel transistors (e.g., thin film transistors (TFTs)), gate lines, data lines, pixel electrodes and common electrodes. In a given display pixel, a voltage between a pixel electrode and a common electrode can control a luminance of the display pixel. The voltage on the pixel electrode can be supplied by a data line through a pixel transistor, which can be controlled by a gate line. It is noted that circuit elements are not limited to whole circuit components, such as a whole capacitor, a whole transistor, etc., but can include portions of circuitry, such as only one of the two plates of a parallel plate capacitor. 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates touch screen  400  with touch electrodes  404  and  406  arranged in rows and columns according to examples of the disclosure. Specifically, touch screen  400  can include a plurality of touch electrodes  404  disposed as rows, and a plurality of touch electrodes  406  disposed as columns. Touch electrodes  404  and touch electrodes  406  can be on the same or different material layers on touch screen  400 , and can intersect with each other, as illustrated in  FIG.  4 A . In some examples, the electrodes can be formed on opposite sides of a transparent (partially or fully) substrate and from a transparent (partially or fully) semiconductor material, such as ITO, though other materials are possible. Electrodes displayed on layers on different sides of the substrate can be referred to herein as a double-sided sensor. In some examples, touch screen  400  can sense the self-capacitance of touch electrodes  404  and  406  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  400 , and in some examples, touch screen  400  can sense the mutual capacitance between touch electrodes  404  and  406  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  400 . Although the touch electrodes  404  and  406  are illustrated as being rectangle-shaped, it should be understood that other electrode shapes and structures (e.g., diamond-, square-, stripe- or circle-shaped electrodes connected by jumpers or vias) are possible. 
       FIG.  4 B  illustrates touch screen  402  with touch node electrodes  408  arranged in a pixelated touch node electrode configuration according to examples of the disclosure. Specifically, touch screen  402  can include a plurality of individual touch node electrodes  408 , each touch node electrode identifying or representing a unique location on the touch screen at which touch or proximity (i.e., a touch or proximity event) is to be sensed, and each touch node electrode being electrically isolated from the other touch node electrodes in the touch screen/panel, as previously described. Touch node electrodes  408  can be on the same or different material layers on touch screen  402 . In some examples, touch screen  402  can sense the self-capacitance of touch node electrodes  408  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  402 , and in some examples, touch screen  402  can sense the mutual capacitance between touch node electrodes  408  to detect touch and/or proximity activity on touch screen  402 . Although touch node electrodes  408  are illustrated as having rectangular shapes, it should be understood that other electrode shapes (e.g., diamonds, circles, stripes etc.) and structures are possible. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates cross-sections of an exemplary touch screen  500  according to some examples of the disclosure. The two cross-sections illustrated in  FIG.  5    can be at different locations (e.g., the locations at which flex circuits  502  and  522  are bonded to touch screen  500 ) of the same touch screen  500 , for example. Touch screen  500  can include substrate  510 , touch electrodes  520  (e.g., drive electrodes), touch electrodes  540  (e.g., sense electrodes), passivation layers  506  and  508 , cover material  514 , flex circuits  502  and  522 , conductive connections  504  and  524 , adhesives  516  and  536  with conductive particles  518  and  538 , and adhesive  512 , for example. As will be described in more detail below, touch screen  500  can include flex circuits  502  and  522  that are connected to the rest of the touch screen  500  on opposite sides (e.g., the top side and the bottom side) of substrate  510 . 
     In some examples, substrate  510  can include a transparent material, such as a transparent plastic. Substrate  510  can provide mechanical support to the other components of the touch screen  500 , for example. It should be understood that, in some examples, substrate  510  can include a plurality of substrates joined together with adhesives so that touch electrodes  520  are attached to one of the substrates and touch electrodes  540  are attached to the another one of the substrates. 
     In some examples, touch electrodes  520  (e.g., drive electrodes) and touch electrodes  540  (e.g., sense electrodes) can include a transparent conductive material, such as ITO (indium tin oxide) or another fully, substantially, or partially transparent metal oxide. In some examples, the electrodes  520  and  530  can include opaque conductive materials, such as metals (e.g., copper, gold, silver, etc.). For example, touch screen  500  can include an active area in which touch can be sensed and images can be displayed and a border region at least partially surrounding the active area in which images may not be displayed and touch may not be sensed. In some examples, the touch electrodes  520  and  530  can include transparent portions disposed in the active area and opaque portions disposed in the border region. In some examples, the portions of the touch electrodes illustrated in  FIG.  5    can include opaque portions of the touch electrodes  520  and  530 . In some examples, the touch electrodes  520  and touch electrodes  540  can include metal mesh structures, such as silver nanowire mesh. In some examples, the touch electrodes  520  and  540  can be used to sense touch using one or more of the mutual capacitance techniques described above. For example, a drive signal can be applied to touch electrodes  520  and a sense signal can be sensed from touch electrodes  540 . In some examples, touch electrodes  520  can be the sense electrodes and touch electrodes  540  can be the drive electrodes. In some examples, the touch electrodes  520  and  540  can be used to sense touch using one or more of the self-capacitance techniques described above. 
     In some examples, flex circuits  502  and  522  can be used to couple touch electrodes  520  and  540  to touch circuitry (e.g., touch circuitry described above with reference to  FIGS.  3 A- 3 B ). Conductive connections  504  and  524  can include a conductive material (e.g., copper, silver, gold, etc.) and can be used to connect the touch electrodes  520  and  540  to the flex circuits  502  and  522 . In some examples, conductive connections  504  and  524  can be conductive traces of flex circuits  502  and  522 . 
     In some examples, passivation layers  506  and  508  can include a transparent insulating material. For example, the passivation layers  506  and  508  can protect other components of the touch screen  500  from corrosion. 
     In some examples, cover material  514  can include a transparent material, such as glass or plastic or a material that is not transparent or a material that is semi transparent. Once an electronic device including touch screen  500  is fully assembled, the cover material  514  can be exposed to the environment of the electronic device, for example. In some examples, the user of the electronic device can touch the surface of the cover material  514  to interact with touch screen  500 . 
     In some examples, some of the components of touch screen  500  can be joined together using adhesives. For example, the cover material  514  can be joined to the rest of touch screen  500  using adhesive  512 . In some examples, adhesive  512  can be an optically clear adhesive. In some examples, adhesive  512  can be an electrical insulator. As another example, touch electrodes  520  and conductive connection  504  of the first flex circuit  502  can be joined by adhesive  516  that includes conductive particles  518 . In some examples, adhesive  516  can be compressed so that the conductive particles  518  can form electrical connections between the touch electrodes  520  and the conductive connection  504  of the first flex circuit  502 . Likewise, in some examples, touch electrodes  540  and conductive connection  524  of the second flex circuit  522  can be mechanically and electrically coupled by adhesive  524 , which can include conductive particles  538 . 
     In some examples, the thickness  551  of adhesive  512  can be at least the thickness of flex circuit  522  and conductive connection  524  in order to join passivation  508  and flex circuit  522  to the cover material  514 . In some examples, the adhesive  512  can have thickness  551  at locations that do not include flex circuit  522  (e.g., at the location of flex circuit  502  illustrated in  FIG.  5   ) in order to allow the cover material  514  to remain flat and smooth. If, instead of including flex circuit  522  between the substrate  510  and the cover material  514 , the touch screen  500  included flex circuit  522  on the same side of substrate  510  as flex circuit  502 , the thickness  551  of adhesive  512  and the overall thickness of touch screen  500  could be reduced.  FIGS.  11 - 14 E  illustrate examples of touch screens in which both flex circuits are disposed on the same side (e.g., top side) of the substrate such that the substrate is between the flex circuits and the cover material. In some examples, the touch screens illustrated in  FIGS.  11 - 14 E  can have a lower thickness than touch screen  500 . 
     As described above, in some examples, touch screen  500  can include touch electrodes  520  and  540  on both sides (e.g., the top side and the bottom side) of substrate  510 . For example, touch electrodes  540  (e.g., sense electrodes) can be disposed on a first side (e.g., bottom side) of the substrate so that the touch electrodes  540  are between the substrate  510  and the cover material  514  and touch electrodes  520  (e.g., drive electrodes) can be disposed on a second side (e.g., top side) of the substrate  510  opposite the first side of the substrate  510 . Thus, in some examples, the substrate  510  can be between touch electrodes  520  (e.g., drive electrodes) and touch electrodes  540  (e.g., sense electrodes). In some examples, the substrate can include a dielectric material and disposing the drive electrodes and sense electrodes on opposite sides of substrate  510  can enable the drive electrodes and sense electrodes to be capacitively coupled without being directly electrically coupled. 
     In some examples, the flex circuits  502  and  522  of touch screen  500  can be disposed on opposite sides (e.g., top side and bottom side) of substrate  510  to connect to touch electrodes  520  (e.g., sense electrodes) and touch electrodes  540  (e.g., drive electrodes), respectively. In some examples, flex circuit  522  can fold around substrate  510  to connect to touch circuitry, while flex circuit  502  can fold without wrapping around substrate  510  (e.g., because flex circuit  522  folds towards substrate  510 , whereas flex circuit  502  folds away from substrate  510 ). Flex circuit  522  can be disposed between the substrate  510  and the cover material  514 , which can provide support to flex circuit  522  to allow flex circuit  522  to fold more tightly in the lateral direction than flex circuit  502 , for example. In some examples, flex circuit  502  may not be mechanically supported on the side opposite from substrate  510 , so flex circuit  502  may not bend as tightly as flex circuit  522  without damaging the bond between the touch electrodes and the flex circuit using adhesive  516 . As shown in  FIG.  5   , in some examples, the fold of flex circuit  502  can be wider than the fold of flex circuit  522  by margin  550 . 
     In some examples, if flex circuit  502  were disposed between substrate  510  and cover material  514  in the same manner as flex circuit  522 , the width of the touch screen  500  needed to accommodate the flex circuit could be reduced by margin  550 . In some examples, reducing the width of the touch screen  500  needed to accommodate the flex circuit in this way can reduce the width of a border region around touch screen  500  when the electronic device including the touch screen  500  is fully assembled. In some examples, the border region of the touch screen  500  can fully or partially surround an active area of the touch screen at which images can be displayed and touch can be sensed. In some examples, images may not be displayed and touch may not be sensed at locations of the border region.  FIGS.  6 - 10 C  illustrate examples of touch screens that include both flex circuits between the substrate and cover material. In some examples, the touch screens illustrated in  FIGS.  6 - 10 C  can have reduced widths needed to accommodate the bend of the flex circuit and/or reduced border regions compared to touch screen  500 . 
       FIG.  6    illustrates cross-sections of an exemplary touch screen  600  according to examples of the disclosure. In some examples, the two cross-sections illustrated in  FIG.  6    can be at different locations (e.g., the locations at which flex circuits  602  and  622  are bonded to touch screen  600 ) of the same touch screen  600 . Touch screen  600  can include substrate  610 , touch electrodes  620  (e.g., drive electrodes), touch electrodes  640  (e.g., sense electrodes), passivation layers  606  and  608 , cover material  614 , flex circuits  602  and  622 , conductive connections  604  and  624 , adhesives  616 ,  636 ,  612 , and vias  618  and  638  for example. As will be described in more detail below, vias  618  and  638  can enable the connections to flex circuits  602  and  622  to both be on the same side (e.g., the bottom side) of the substrate  610  such that the connections to flex circuits  602  and  622  are between the substrate  610  and cover material  612 . 
     Touch screen  600  can include a number of components included in touch screen  500  in some examples. For example, substrate  610 , passivation layers  606  and  608 , touch electrodes  620  and  640 , cover material  614 , conductive connections  604  and  624 , and flex circuits  602  and  622  can be the same as or similar to substrate  510 , passivation layers  506  and  508 , touch electrodes  520  and  540 , cover material  514 , conductive connections  504  and  524 , and flex circuits  502  and  522  described above with reference to  FIG.  5   , respectively, with the differences described below. 
     In some examples, touch screen  500  can include via  618  that can connect touch electrodes  620  (e.g., drive electrodes) to flex circuit  602  by way of conductive connection  604  and via  638  that connects touch electrodes  640  (e.g., sense electrodes) to flex circuit  622  by way of conductive connection  624 . Conductive connections  604  and  624  can be coupled to substrate  610  by adhesives  616  and  636 , for example. In some examples, adhesives  616  and  636  can be electrical insulators. In some examples, via  618  can be formed by filling holes in the substrate  610  and adhesive  616  with a conductive material, such as a conductive paste, wire, or ink that includes silver or another metal. Likewise, for example, via  638  can be formed by filling holes in substrate  610 , touch electrodes  640 , and adhesive  636  with the conductive paste, wire, or ink that includes silver or another metal. In some examples, the conductive material of vias  618  and  638  can directly contact touch electrodes  620  and  640  without adhesive being disposed between the vias  618  and  638  and the conductive connections  604  and  624  at the site of bonding. In some examples, as shown in  FIG.  6   , the hole through substrate  610  through which via  638  is formed can be wider than the holes through touch electrodes  640  and adhesive  636  to increase the contact area between touch electrodes  640  and the conductive filling of via  638 . Increasing the contact area between touch electrodes  640  and via  638  can decrease the resistance of the connection of touch electronic device  640  to flex circuit  622 . As will be described below with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 10 C , the vias  618  and  638  can be formed by bonding the flex circuits  602  and  622  and conductive connections  604  and  624  to the touch screen  600  using adhesives  616  and  636 , drilling holes through substrate  610  and adhesives  616  and  636 , and then filling the vias  618  and  638  with a conductive material (e.g., a conductive paste, such as silver paste, copper paste, wires, conductive ink, etc.). In some examples, vias  618  and  638  can be in direct contact with the conductive connections  604  and  624  of flex circuits  602  and  622 . For example, the adhesives  616  and  636  may not be disposed between the conductive material of vias  618  and  638  and the conductive connections  604  and  624  of flex circuits  602  and  622 . 
     In some examples, vias  618  and  638  can enable both flex circuits  602  and  622  to be disposed on the same side (e.g., the bottom side) of the substrate  610  between the substrate  610  and cover material  614 . Cover material  614  can be coupled to the rest of touch screen  600  by adhesive  612 , for example. In some examples, cover material  614  and adhesive  612  can provide mechanical support to flex circuits  602  and  622  in a manner similar to the manner in which cover material  514  and adhesive  512  can provide mechanical support to flex circuit  522  in  FIG.  5   . Because both flex circuits  602  and  622  can be disposed between the substrate  610  and cover material  614 , both flex circuits  602  and  622  can bend in similar manners as flex circuit  522  (and each other) with similar bend widths as flex circuit  522  and each other, for example. Thus, in some examples, the width of touch screen  600  can be less than the width of touch screen  500  and/or the width of a border region of touch screen  600  can be less than the width of a border region of touch screen  500 . In some examples, connecting touch electrodes  620  and  640  to flex circuits  602  and  622  on the same side (e.g., the bottom side or top side) of substrate  610  can enable the use of a single bond pad for connections to electrodes  620  and  640 . 
     In some examples, touch screen  600  can have increased durability, reliability, and/or manufacturing yield compared to touch screen  500 . For example, the compression that may be needed to connect conductive connections  504  and  524  to the touch electrodes  520  and  540  using the metal particles  518  and  538  embedded in adhesives  516  and  536  can cause damage to the flex circuits  502  and  522  and/or conductive connections  504  and  524 . In some examples, this compression can cause cracks in conductive connections  504  and  524  and/or in flex circuits  502  and  522  that reduce durability and/or reliability or reduce manufacturing yield. In some examples, the adhesives  616  and  636  that couple conductive connections  604  and  624  to substrate  610  in touch screen  600  may not include conductive particles because the connection from the touch electrodes  620  and  640  to the conductive connections  604  and  624  is made by vias  618  and  638 . Thus, for example, touch screen  600  may not be compressed to the same degree that touch screen  500  can be compressed during fabrication, which can reduce or prevent damage to flex circuits  602  and  622  and/or conductive connections  604  and  624 . 
       FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen  600  according to some examples of the disclosure. In some examples,  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  can be cross-sections of touch screen  600  during fabrication. For example, via  618  can be formed according to the examples in  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D . As described above with reference to  FIG.  6   , in some examples, via  618  can be used to couple flex circuit  602  to the touch electrodes  620  through passivation layer  608  and adhesive  616 . 
     In  FIG.  7 A , touch screen  600  can include substrate  610 , touch electrodes  620  (e.g., drive electrodes), passivation  606  and  608 , adhesive  616 , conductive connection  604 , and flex circuit  602 , for example. In some examples, conductive connection  604  and flex circuit  602  are coupled to substrate  610  by adhesive  616  using low pressure bonding (e.g., NCF bonding), for example. In some examples, touch electrodes  620  can be patterned, including patterns that form individual touch electrodes, such as in one of the patterns illustrated in  FIG.  4 A- 4 B , patterns including holes though which vias can be formed (e.g., including a hole through which via  618  can be formed), and patterns that couple the individual touch electrodes to the locations of the vias. In  FIG.  7 A , for example, holes are not yet formed through substrate  610  or adhesive  616 . 
     In some examples, in  FIG.  7 B , the touch screen  600  can include the same components as the components described with reference to  FIG.  7 A , except for the differences which will now be described. For example, in  FIG.  7 B , substrate  610  and adhesive  616  can include holes that overlap the holes in touch electrodes  620 . In some examples, touch electrodes  620  can include a plurality of electrodes in the active area of the touch screen  600  at which touch can be sensed and images can be displayed and each electrode can include a hole through which a via  618  can be formed to connect the touch electrode to the flex circuit  602  by way of conductive connection  604 . The cross-section illustrated in  FIG.  7 B , for example, can include a portion of a respective electrode of the touch electrodes  620  at which the respective electrode can be coupled to flex circuit  602 . In some examples, the holes through substrate  610  and adhesive  616  can be formed using selective drilling with a laser (e.g., a CO 2  laser) or other suitable through hole techniques, which will be described in more detail below with reference to  FIGS.  17 - 18   . In short, in some examples, the laser can form holes through the material of substrate  610  and adhesive  616  but may not form holes through conductive and/or metallic material, such as the material of conductive connection  604  (e.g., copper, silver, gold, etc.) of flex circuit  602 . In some examples, selective drilling of the substrate  610  and adhesive  616  while the conductive connection  604  and flex circuit  602  are coupled to substrate  610  by adhesive  616  (e.g., subsequent to bonding the flex circuit) can improve or ensure alignment of the holes of touch electrodes  620 , substrate  610 , and adhesive  616 . 
     In some examples, in  FIG.  7 C , the touch screen  600  can include the conductive material (e.g., conductive paste, conductive ink, wires, etc.) of via  618  in addition to the components described above with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 B . The conductive material of via  618  can be deposited in the hole through touch electrodes  620 , substrate  610 , and adhesive  616 , for example. In some examples, the conductive material of via  618  can electrically couple the touch electrodes  620  to flex circuit  602  by way of conductive connection  604 . 
     In some examples, in  FIG.  7 D , the touch screen  600  can include cover material  614  and adhesive  612  in addition to the components described above with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C . In some examples, adhesive  612  can couple cover material  614  to passivation  608  and flex circuit  602 . 
       FIGS.  8 A- 8 D  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen  600  according to some examples of the disclosure. In some examples,  FIGS.  8 A- 8 D  can be cross-sections of touch screen  600  during fabrication. For example, via  638  can be formed according to the examples in  FIGS.  8 A- 8 D . As described above with reference to  FIG.  6   , in some examples, via  638  can be used to couple flex circuit  622  to the touch electrodes  640  through adhesive  636 . 
     In  FIG.  8 A , touch screen  600  can include substrate  610 , touch electrodes  640  (e.g., drive electrodes), passivation  606  and  608 , adhesive  636 , conductive connection  624 , and flex circuit  622 , for example. In some examples, conductive connection  624  and flex circuit  622  are coupled to substrate  610  by adhesive  636  using low pressure bonding (e.g., NCF bonding), for example. In some examples, touch electrodes  640  can be patterned, including patterns that form individual touch electrodes, such as in one of the patterns illustrated in  FIG.  4 A- 4 B , patterns including holes though which vias can be formed (e.g., including a hole through which via  638  can be formed), and patterns that couple the individual touch electrodes to the locations of the vias. In  FIG.  8 A , for example, holes are not yet formed through substrate  610  or adhesive  636 . 
     In some examples, in  FIG.  8 B , the touch screen  600  can include the same components as the components described with reference to  FIG.  8 A , except for the differences which will now be described. For example, in  FIG.  8 B , substrate  610  and adhesive  636  can include holes that overlap the holes in touch electrodes  640 . In some examples, touch electrodes  640  can include a plurality of electrodes in the active area of the touch screen  600  at which touch can be sensed and images can be displayed and each electrode can include a hole through which a via  638  can be formed to connect the touch electrode to the flex circuit  622  by way of conductive connection  624 . The cross-section illustrated in  FIG.  8 B , for example, can include a portion of a respective electrode of the touch electrodes  640  at which the respective electrode can be coupled to flex circuit  622 . 
     In some examples, the holes through substrate  610  and adhesive  636  can be formed using selective drilling with a laser (e.g., a CO 2  laser) or other suitable through hole techniques, which will be described in more detail below with reference to  FIGS.  17 - 18   . In short, in some examples, the laser can form holes through the material of substrate  610  and adhesive  636  but may not form holes through conductive and/or metallic material, such as the material of conductive connection  604  (e.g., copper, silver, gold, etc.) of flex circuit  622  and touch electrodes  640 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  8 B , in some examples, the hole through substrate  610  can be wider than the holes through the touch electrodes  640  and adhesive  636  because the laser beam can be wider than the hole through touch electrodes  640 . As described above, in some examples, it can be advantageous for the hole through substrate  610  to be wider than the holes through touch electronic device  640  and adhesive  636  because it can improve the connection of the via and the touch electrodes  640 . In some examples, the touch electrodes  640  can act as a mask because the laser may form a hole through portions of the adhesive  636  exposed through the hole in the touch electrodes  640  but may not form a hole through the touch electrodes  640 . In some examples, selective drilling of the substrate  610  and adhesive  636  while the conductive connection  624  and flex circuit  622  are coupled to substrate  610  by adhesive  636  (e.g., subsequent to bonding the flex circuit  622 ) can improve or ensure alignment of the holes of touch electrodes  640 , substrate  610 , and adhesive  636 . 
     In some examples, in  FIG.  8 C , the touch screen  600  can include the conductive material (e.g., conductive paste, conductive ink, wires, etc.) of via  638  in addition to the components described above with reference to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B . The conductive material of via  638  can be deposited in the hole through touch electrodes  640 , substrate  610 , and adhesive  636 , for example. In some examples, the conductive material of via  638  can electrically couple the touch electrodes  640  to flex circuit  622  by way of conductive connection  624 . 
     In some examples, in  FIG.  8 D , the touch screen  600  can include cover material  614  and adhesive  612  in addition to the components described above with reference to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 C . In some examples, adhesive  612  can couple cover material  614  to passivation  608  and flex circuit  622 . 
     It should be understood that, in some examples, the one or more operations described with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  and the one or more operations described with reference to FIGS.  8 A- 8 D can be performed with respect to a single touch screen  600 . In some examples, the touch screen  600  can include a plurality of touch electrodes  620  and a plurality of touch electrodes  640  and each touch electrode can be coupled to flex circuits  602  and  622  (by way of conductive connections  604  and  624 ) using vias  618  and  638 . Thus, in some examples, the operations described above with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 8 D  can be repeated or performed multiple times concurrently to couple all touch electrodes  620  and  640  to the flex circuits  602  and  622  with vias  618  and  638 . In some examples, the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  can be performed in series with, concurrently with, or in an alternating manner with the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 D . Thus, in some examples, the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 8 D  can be used to fabricate a touch screen  600  that includes touch electrodes  620  and  640 , conductive connections  604  and  624 , and flex circuits  602  and  622 . Modifications to the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 8 D  can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure in some examples. For example, modifications to the operations illustrated in  FIGS.  7 A- 7 B  are described below with reference to  FIGS.  9 A- 9 C  and modifications to the operations illustrated in  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B  are described below with reference to  FIGS.  10 A- 10 C . 
       FIGS.  9 A- 9 C  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen  600  according to some examples of the disclosure. In some examples,  FIGS.  9 A- 9 C  can be cross-sections of touch screen  600  during fabrication. In some examples, one or more operations described below with reference to  FIGS.  9 A- 9 C  can replace one or more of the operations described above with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 B  when fabricating touch screen  600 . Thus, in some examples, via  618  can be formed according to  FIGS.  9 A- 9 C and  7 C- 7 D . As described above with reference to  FIGS.  6 - 7 D , in some examples, via  618  can be used to couple flex circuit  602  to the touch electrodes  620  through passivation layer  608  and adhesive  616 . 
     In some examples, such as in  FIG.  9 A , touch screen  600  can include substrate  610 , touch electrodes  620  (e.g., drive electrodes), and passivation  606  and  608 . In some examples, touch electrodes  620  and substrate  610  can include holes that are at least partially aligned with one another. Thus, although portions of the substrate  610  and touch electrodes  620  may appear disconnected in  FIG.  9 A , it should be understood that  FIG.  9 A  can be a cross-section of the touch screen  600  at a location of holes through touch electrodes  620  and substrate  610 . In some examples, the portions of the substrate  610  illustrated in  FIG.  9 A  can be coupled at another location of the touch screen  600  (not shown) at which the hole in substrate  610  is not disposed. Likewise, in some examples, the portions of the touch electrode  620  illustrated in  FIG.  9 A  can be coupled at another location of the touch screen  600  (not shown) at which the holes through the touch electrodes  620  are not disposed. In some examples, touch electrodes  620  can be patterned to include individual touch electrodes (e.g., in one of the patterns illustrated in  FIGS.  4 A- 4 B ), patterns including holes though which vias can be formed (e.g., including a hole through which via  618  can be formed), and patterns that couple the individual touch electrodes to the locations of the vias. Thus, in  FIG.  9 A , the hole through substrate  610  can be made before coupling flex circuit  602  and conductive connection  604  to the touch screen  600 , unlike in  FIGS.  7 A- 7 B  in which substrate  610 , conductive connection  604 , flex circuit  602 , and adhesive  616  are coupled (e.g., bonded using adhesive) before holes are formed through substrate  610  and adhesive  616 . 
     In  FIG.  9 B , in some examples, touch screen  600  can include adhesive  616 , conductive connection  604 , and flex circuit  602  in addition to the components described above with reference to  FIG.  9 A . The conductive connection  604  can be coupled to substrate  610  by adhesive  616  using low pressure bonding (e.g., NCF bonding or other bonding technique(s)). 
     In some examples, in  FIG.  9 C , the touch screen  600  can include the same components as the components described in  FIG.  9 B , except for the differences described herein. For example, a hole can be formed through adhesive  616 . In some examples, the hole through adhesive  616  can be formed using selective laser drilling or other through hole technique(s). As described above with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 8 D  and as will be described in more detail below with reference to  FIGS.  17 - 18   , selective laser drilling can be used to form holes through some materials (e.g., plastics such as substrate  610  and adhesive  616 ) without forming holes through other materials (e.g., conductive materials and/or metals such as conductive connection  604 ). In some examples, forming the hole though adhesive  616  while adhesive  616  and conductive connection  604  are coupled to passivation layer  608  can improve and/or ensure alignment between the holes through passivation layer  608 , touch electrodes  620 , and adhesive  616 . 
     It should be appreciated that touch screen  600  illustrated in  FIG.  9 C  can be the same as or similar to touch screen  600  illustrated in  FIG.  7 B , for example. Thus, in some examples, after performing the operations described above with reference to  FIGS.  9 A- 9 C , the via  618  can be filled with conductive material and the cover material  614  can be applied with an adhesive  612 , as described above with reference to  FIGS.  7 C- 7 D , to continue fabrication of touch screen  600 . It should be understood that, in some examples, the order in which the operations are performed can change and modifications to the operations can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. 
       FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen  600  according to some examples of the disclosure. In some examples,  FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  can be cross-sections of touch screen  600  during fabrication. In some examples, one or more operations described below with reference to  FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  can replace one or more of the operations described above with reference to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B  when fabricating touch screen  600 . Thus, in some examples, via  638  can be formed according to  FIGS.  10 A- 10 C and  8 C- 8 D . As described above with reference to  FIGS.  6  and  8 A- 8 D , in some examples, via  638  can be used to couple flex circuit  622  to touch electrodes  640  through adhesive  636 . 
     In some examples, such as in  FIG.  10 A , touch screen  600  can include substrate  610 , touch electrodes  640  (e.g., sense electrodes), and passivation  606  and  608 . In some examples, touch electrodes  640  and substrate  610  can include holes that are at least partially aligned with one another. Thus, although portions of the substrate  610  and touch electrodes  640  may appear disconnected in  FIG.  10 A , it should be understood that  FIG.  10 A  can be a cross-section of the touch screen  600  at a location of holes through touch electrodes  640  and substrate  610 . In some examples, the portions of the substrate  610  illustrated in  FIG.  10 A  can be coupled at another location of the touch screen  600  (not shown) at which the hole in substrate  610  is not disposed. Likewise, in some examples, the portions of the touch electrode  640  illustrated in  FIG.  10 A  can be coupled at another location of the touch screen  600  (not shown) at which the holes through the touch electrodes  640  are not disposed. In some examples, touch electrodes  640  can be patterned to include individual touch electrodes (e.g., in one of the patterns illustrated in  FIGS.  4 A- 4 B ), patterns including holes though which vias can be formed (e.g., including a hole through which via  638  can be formed), and patterns that couple the individual touch electrodes to the locations of the vias. Thus, in  FIG.  10 A , the hole through substrate  610  can be made before coupling flex circuit  622  and conductive connection  624  to the touch screen  600 , unlike in  FIGS.  8 A- 8 B  in which the substrate  610 , flex circuit  624 , conductive connection  624 , and adhesive  636  can be coupled together (e.g., bonded using adhesive) before holes are formed through substrate  610  and adhesive  636 . 
     In  FIG.  10 B , in some examples, touch screen  600  can include adhesive  636 , conductive connection  624 , and flex circuit  622  in addition to the components described above with reference to  FIG.  10 A . The conductive connection  624  can be coupled to substrate  610  by adhesive  636  using low pressure bonding (e.g., NCF bonding) or other bonding technique(s). 
     In some examples, in  FIG.  10 C , the touch screen  600  can include the same components as the components described in  FIG.  10 B , except for the differences described herein. For example, a hole can be formed through adhesive  636 . In some examples, the hole through adhesive  636  can be formed using selective laser drilling or other through hole technique(s). As described above with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 9 C  and as will be described in more detail below with reference to  FIGS.  17 - 18   , selective laser drilling can be used to form holes through some materials (e.g., plastics such as substrate  610  and adhesive  636 ) without forming holes through other materials (e.g., conductive materials and/or metals such as conductive connection  624 ). In some examples, forming the hole though adhesive  636  while adhesive  636  and conductive connection  624  are coupled to passivation layer  608  can improve and/or ensure alignment between the holes through passivation layer  608 , touch electrodes  640 , and adhesive  636 . 
     It should be appreciated that touch screen  600  illustrated in  FIG.  10 C  can be the same as or similar to touch screen  600  illustrated in  FIG.  8 B , for example. Thus, in some examples, after performing the operations described above with reference to  FIGS.  10 A- 10 C , the via  638  can be filled with conductive material and the cover material  634  can be applied with an adhesive  612 , as described above with reference to  FIGS.  8 C- 8 D , to continue fabrication of touch screen  600 . It should be understood that, in some examples, the order in which the operations are performed can change and modifications to the operations can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. 
     It should be understood that, in some examples, one or more operations described with reference to one or more of  FIGS.  7 A- 10 C  can be performed with respect to a single touch screen  600 . In some examples, the touch screen  600  can include a plurality of touch electrodes  620  and a plurality of touch electrodes  640  and each touch electrode can be coupled to flex circuits  602  and  622  (by way of conductive connections  604  and  624 ) using vias  618  and  638 . Thus, in some examples, the operations described above with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 10 C  can be repeated or performed multiple times concurrently to couple all touch electrodes  620  and  640  to the flex circuits  602  and  622  with vias  618  and  638 . In some examples, the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D and/or  9 A- 9 C  can be performed in series with, concurrently with, or in an alternating manner with the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 D and/or  10 A- 10 C . Thus, in some examples, the operations described with reference to one or more of  FIGS.  7 A- 10 C  can be used to fabricate a touch screen  600  that includes touch electrodes  620  and  640 , conductive connections  604  and  624 , and flex circuits  602  and  622 . Modifications to the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  7 A- 10 C  can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure in some examples. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates a cross section of an exemplary touch screen  1100  according to some examples. Touch screen  1100  can include substrate  1110 , touch electrodes  1120  (e.g., drive electrodes), passivation layers  1106  and  1108 , cover material  1114 , flex circuit  1102 , conductive connection  1104 , adhesives  1116 ,  1112 , and via  1118  for example. In some examples, touch screen  1100  can have the cross section illustrated in  FIG.  11    and, at other location(s) of the touch screen  1100 , one or more of the cross sections illustrated in  FIGS.  12 A-C . Thus, in some examples, touch screen  1100  can further include flex circuit  1124 , touch electrodes  1140  (e.g., sense electrodes), conductive connection  1124  or conductive connections  1124   a  and  1124   b , and via  1138  illustrated in  FIGS.  12 A- 12 C . As will be described in more detail below, as shown in  FIGS.  11 - 12 C , in some examples, vias  1118  and  1138  can enable the connections to flex circuits  1102  and  1122  to both be on the same side of substrate  1110  such that the substrate  1110  is between the flex circuits  1102  and  1122  and cover material  1114 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   , in some examples, touch screen  1100  can include a number of components included in touch screens  500  and  600 . For example, substrate  1110 , passivation layers  1106  and  1108 , touch electrodes  1120 , cover material  1114 , conductive connection  1104 , and flex circuit  1102  can be the same as or similar to substrate  510  and/or  610 , passivation layers  506 ,  508 ,  606  and  608 , touch electrodes  520  and/or  620 , cover material  514  and/or  614 , conductive connections  504  and/or  604 , and flex circuits  502  and/or  602  described above with reference to  FIGS.  5 - 10 C , respectively, with the differences described below. 
     In some examples, via  1118  can electrically couple touch electrodes  1120  (e.g., drive electrodes) to flex circuit  1102  by way of conductive connection  1104 . Flex circuit  1102  can be bonded to touch electrodes  1120  by adhesive  1116  (e.g., using low pressure bonding, such as NCF bonding, or other suitable technique(s)), for example. In some examples, flex circuit  1102  can be disposed between conductive connection  1104  and adhesive  1116 , as shown in  FIG.  11   . In some examples, conductive connection  1104  can be coupled to touch electrodes  1120  by adhesive  1116  and conductive connection  1104  can be disposed between flex circuit  1102  and adhesive  1116 . Via  1118  can be filled with a conductive material (e.g., conductive paste such as silver paste or copper paste, conductive ink, wire), for example. In some examples, via  1118  can be in direct contact with the conductive connection  1104  of flex circuit  1102 . For example, adhesive  1116  may not be disposed between the conductive material of via  1118  and the conductive connection  1104  of flex circuit  1102  at the site at which the conductive connection  1102  is bonded to touch screen  1100 . 
       FIGS.  12 A- 12 C  illustrate cross sections of an exemplary touch screen  1100  according to some examples of the disclosure. In some examples, touch screen  1100  can include one or more of the cross sections illustrated in  FIGS.  12 A- 12 C  and the cross-section illustrated in  FIG.  11   . In addition to the components illustrated in  FIG.  11   , in some examples, the touch screen  1100  can further include flex circuit  1122 , via  1138 , and conductive connection(s)  1124  or  1124   a  and  1124   b . In some examples, touch screen  1100  includes components the same as or similar to components included in touch screens  500  and  600 . For example, flex circuit  1122  and conductive connections  1124 ,  1124   a , and  1124   b , can be the same as or similar to flex circuits  522  and  622  and conductive connections  524  and  624 , respectively, described above with reference to  FIGS.  5 - 10 C , with the differences described below. 
     In some examples, via  1138  can electrically couple touch electrodes  1140  (e.g., sense electrodes) to flex circuit  1122 . Via  1138  can be filled with a conductive material (e.g., conductive paste, such as silver paste or copper paste, conductive ink, wire, etc.), for example. In some examples, via  1138  can be in direct contact with the conductive connection  1124  of flex circuit  1122 . For example, adhesive  1136  may not be disposed between the conductive material of via  1138  and the conductive connection  1124  of flex circuit  1122  at the site at which the flex circuit  1122  is bonded to the touch screen  1100 . Several alternative structures for via  1138  can be possible, as shown in  FIGS.  12 A- 12 C , for example. 
     In  FIG.  12 A , for example, conductive connection  1124  can be disposed between flex circuit  1122  and substrate  1110 . In some examples, conductive connection  1124  can be bonded to substrate  1110  by adhesive  1136  via low pressure bonding (e.g., NCF bonding) or other suitable technique(s). Via  1138  can include holes through substrate  1110  and adhesive  1136  to electrically couple touch electrodes  1140  to flex circuit  1122  by way of conductive connection  1124 . In some examples, via  1138  illustrated in  FIG.  12 A  can be formed by patterning the touch electrodes  1140  to include a hole at the location of via  1138 , drilling holes through substrate  1110  and adhesive  1136 , and filling the via  1138  with conductive material from the side of touch screen  1100  including touch electrodes  1140 , as will be described below with reference to  FIGS.  14 A- 14 E . As shown in  FIG.  12 A , touch screen  1100  can further include cover material  1114  coupled to the rest of touch screen  1100  by adhesive  1112 , for example. In some examples, the cover material  1114  is disposed such that the substrate  1110  is between flex circuit  1122  and cover material  1114 . 
     In some examples, such as in  FIG.  12 B , touch screen  1100  can include two conductive connections  1124   a  and  1124   b  to flex circuit  1122 . For example, conductive connection  1124   b  can be coupled to substrate  1110  and the conductive material of via  1138 . In some examples, conductive connection  1124   a  can be disposed between flex circuit  1122  and via  1138  and can be coupled to the rest of touch screen  1100  by adhesive  1137 . In some examples, adhesive  1137  can be ACF or another conductive adhesive. In some examples, via  1138  can be formed by patterning or drilling a hole in conductive connection  1124   b , drilling a hole through substrate  1110 , and filling the holes with a conductive material. After via  1138  is formed, in some examples, conductive connection  1124   a  and flex circuit  1122  can be coupled to touch screen  1100  by adhesive  1137 . As shown in  FIG.  12 B , touch screen  1100  can further include cover material  1114  coupled to the rest of touch screen  1100  by adhesive  1112 , for example. In some examples, the cover material  1114  is disposed such that the substrate  1110  is between flex circuit  1122  and cover material  1114 . 
     In some examples, such as in  FIG.  12 C , a portion of flex circuit  1122  can be disposed between conductive connection  1124  and adhesive  1136 . For example, flex circuit  1122  can be coupled to substrate  1110  by adhesive  1136 . In some examples, via  1138  can be formed through holes through conductive connection  1124 , flex circuit  1122 , adhesive  1136 , and substrate  1110 . In some examples, flex circuit  1122  can be pre-fabricated with a hole to accommodate via  1138 . In some examples, the hole through flex circuit  1122  can be formed using laser drilling (e.g., using a UV laser or a CO 2  laser) prior to bonding the flex circuit  1122  to the rest of touch screen  1100 . In some examples, the hole through conductive connection  1124  can be formed using a photolithography process. In some examples, the hole through flex circuit  1122  can be formed while the flex circuit  1122  is coupled to the rest of touch screen  1100  illustrated in  FIG.  12 C  using selective drilling with a laser (e.g., a CO 2  laser). In some examples, the selective laser drilling process can use the hole formed through conductive connection as a mask because, for example, the laser may not form holes through conductive materials such as the material of conductive connection  1124  or touch electrodes  1140 . For example, the laser can form holes through flex circuit  1122 , adhesive  1136 , and substrate  1110  with the same or a similar diameter and placement as the hole through conductive connection  1124 . In some embodiments, the selective drilling process does not form a hole through the touch electrodes  1140 . For example, once the holes of via  1138  are formed, the via  1138  can be filled with conductive material (e.g., conductive paste such as silver paste or copper paste) to electrically couple flex circuit  1122  to touch electrodes  1140  by way of conductive connection  1124 . As shown in  FIG.  12 C , touch screen  1100  can further include cover material  1114  coupled to the rest of touch screen  1100  by adhesive  1112 , for example. In some examples, the cover material  1114  is disposed such that the substrate  1110  is between flex circuit  1122  and cover material  1114 . 
     Thus, in some examples, as described above with reference to  FIGS.  11 - 12 C , flex circuits  1102  and  1122  can be coupled to touch screen  1100  on the same side of substrate  1110  such that substrate  1110  is between the flex circuits  1102  and  1122  and cover material  1114 . In some examples, because the flex circuits  1102  and  1122  are not between the substrate  1110  and cover material  1114 , the thickness  1151  of adhesive  1112  can be less than the thickness  551  of adhesive  512  illustrated in  FIG.  5   . Thus, in some examples, touch screen  1100  can be thinner than touch screen  500 . Moreover, in some examples, because the connections to the flex circuits  1102  and  1122  can be made on the same side of substrate  1110  of touch screen  1100 , a single bond pad may be used for the connections to the flex circuits  1102  and  1122 . 
     In some examples, touch screen  1100  can have increased durability, reliability, and/or manufacturing yield compared to touch screen  500 . For example, the compression that may be needed to connect conductive connections  504  and  524  to the touch electrodes  520  and  540  using the metal particles  518  and  538  embedded in adhesives  516  and  536  can cause damage to the flex circuits  502  and  522  and/or conductive connections  504  and  524 . In some examples, this compression can cause cracks in conductive connections  504  and  524  and/or in flex circuits  502  and  522  that reduce durability and/or reliability or reduce manufacturing yield. In some examples, the adhesives  1116  and  1136  that bond conductive connections  1104  and  1124  and/or  1124   a - b  to substrate  1110  in touch screen  1100  may not include conductive particles because the connection from the touch electrodes  1120  and  1140  to the touch electrodes  1120  and  1140  is made by vias  1118  and  1138 . Thus, for example, touch screen  1100  may not be compressed to the same degree that touch screen  500  is compressed during fabrication, which can reduce or prevent damage to flex circuits  1102  and  1122  and/or conductive connections  1104  and  1124  and/or  1124   a - b.    
       FIGS.  13 A- 13 E  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen  1100  according to some examples of the disclosure. In some examples,  FIGS.  13 A- 13 E  can be cross-sections of touch screen  1100  during fabrication. For example, via  1118  can be formed according to the examples in  FIGS.  13 A- 13 E . As described above with reference to  FIG.  11   , in some examples, via  1118  can be used to coupled flex circuit  1102  to touch electrodes  1120  (e.g., drive electrodes). 
     In  FIG.  13 A , touch screen  1100  can include flex circuit  1102  and conductive connection  1104 , for example. In some examples, a hole can be formed through flex circuit  1102  and conductive connection  1104  before the flex circuit  1102  and conductive connection  1104  are coupled to other components of the touch screen  1100 . In some examples, the hole through the conductive connection  1104  can be formed using a photolithography process. In some examples, the hole through the flex circuit  1102  and/or conductive connection  1104  can be formed using die cut punching and/or a laser (e.g., a UV laser). It should be understood that  FIGS.  13 A- 13 E  can be a cross-section of the flex circuit  1102  and conductive connection  1104  at a location of a hole through flex circuit  1102  and conductive connection  1104  and, at a different cross-section of touch screen  1100 , the portions of flex circuit  1102  and conductive connection  1104  illustrated in  FIGS.  13 A- 13 E  can be connected. 
     In some examples, such as in  FIG.  13 B , flex circuit  1102  and conductive connection  1104  can be bonded to substrate  1110 , touch electrodes  1120 , and passivation  1106  and  1108  by adhesive  1116  using low pressure bonding (e.g., NCF bonding) or other suitable technique(s). As shown in  FIG.  13 B , adhesive  1116  can be disposed between a portion of flex circuit  1102  and touch electrodes  1120 . 
     In  FIG.  13 C , in some examples, a hole can be formed through adhesive  1116  that at least partially aligns with the holes through flex circuit  1102  and conductive connection  1104 . In some examples, selective laser drilling can be used to form the hole through adhesive  1116 . For example, conductive connection  1104  can act as a mask and the laser may not affect touch electrodes  1120  because the laser may be able to remove the adhesive  1116  material without removing conductive material, such as metal, included in conductive connection  1104  and touch electrodes  1120 . In some examples, flex circuit  1102  can be joined to substrate  1110  before a hole is drilled through flex circuit  1102  and after a hole has been formed through conductive connection  1104  (e.g., using photolithography). In some examples, selective laser drilling (e.g., with a CO 2  laser) can be used to form a hole through flex circuit  1102  and adhesive  1116 . In some examples, the selective laser drilling process can use the hole through conductive connection  1104  as a mask to form the holes through flex circuit  1102  and adhesive  1116  because the laser may not form a hole through the conductive material of conductive connection  1104 . In some examples, the laser stops drilling at the touch electrodes  1120  because the laser may not form holes through the touch electrodes  1120 . 
     In some examples, in  FIG.  13 D , via  1118  can be filled with a conductive material (e.g., conductive paste, such as silver paste or copper paste, conductive ink, wire). The conductive material of via  1118  can electrically couple flex circuit  1102  to touch electrodes  1120  through conductive connection  1104 . In some examples, such as in  FIG.  13 E , cover material  1114  can be coupled to substrate  1110  by adhesive  1112 . 
       FIGS.  14 A- 14 E  illustrate fabrication of exemplary touch screen  1100  according to some examples of the disclosure. For example, via  1138  illustrated in  FIG.  12 A  can be formed according to the examples in  FIGS.  14 A- 14 E . In some examples,  FIGS.  14 A- 14 E  can be cross-sections of touch screen  1100  during fabrication. As described above with reference to  FIGS.  12 A- 12 C , in some examples, via  1138  can be used to couple flex circuit  1122  to touch electrodes  1140  (e.g., sense electrodes) through adhesive  1136  and substrate  1110  by way of conductive connection  1124 . 
     In  FIG.  14 A , touch screen  1100  can include substrate  1110 , touch electrodes  1140 , and passivation  1106  and  1108 , for example. In some examples, substrate  1110  can include a hole through which via  1138  can eventually be formed. For example, the hole through substrate  1110  can be formed by laser drilling or another suitable technique. It should be understood that  FIGS.  14 A- 14 E  can illustrate cross-sections of touch screen  1100  at a location including a hole through substrate  1110  and, at other locations of touch screen  1100  not shown in  FIGS.  14 A- 14 E , the portions of substrate  1100  shown in  FIGS.  14 A- 14 E  can be coupled together. 
     In some examples, such as in  FIG.  14 B , conductive connection  1124  and flex circuit  1122  can be bonded to substrate  1110  by adhesive  1136  using low pressure bonding (e.g., NCF bonding) or other suitable technique(s). In some examples, flex circuit  1122  and conductive connection  1124  are coupled to the touch screen  1100  such that the conductive connection  1124  is between flex circuit  1122  and substrate  1110 . 
     In  FIG.  14 C , in some examples, a hole can be formed through adhesive  1136 . In some examples, selective laser drilling can be used to create the hole through adhesive  1136  without creating a hole through conductive connection  1124 . For example, the laser can be configured to remove the material of the adhesive  1136  without removing conductive materials, such as the material of conductive connection  1124  (e.g., copper, silver, gold, etc.). 
     In some examples, in  FIG.  14 D , via  1138  can be filled with a conductive material, such as a conductive material (e.g., conductive paste, such as silver paste or copper paste, conductive ink, wire). The conductive material of via  1138  can make contact with touch electrodes  1140  and conductive connection  1124  to electrically couple touch electrodes  1140  to flex circuit  1122  by way of conductive connection  1124 , for example. 
     In  FIG.  14 E , in some examples, cover material  1114  can be coupled to the rest of touch screen  1100  using adhesive  1112 . In some examples, the cover material  1114  can be attached to the rest of touch screen  1100  such that the substrate  1110  is between flex circuit  1122  and cover material  1114  and touch electrodes  1140  can be between substrate  1110  and cover material  114 . 
     It should be understood that, in some examples, the one or more operations described with reference to  FIGS.  13 A- 13 E  and the one or more operations described with reference to  FIGS.  14 A- 14 E  can be performed with respect to a single touch screen  1100 . In some examples, the touch screen  1100  can include a plurality of touch electrodes  1120  and a plurality of touch electrodes  1140  and each touch electrode can be coupled to flex circuits  1102  and  1122  (by way of conductive connections  1104  and  1124 ) using vias  1118  and  1138 . Thus, in some examples, the operations described above with reference to  FIGS.  13 A- 14 E  can be repeated or performed multiple times concurrently to couple all touch electrodes  1120  and  1140  to the flex circuits  1102  and  1122  with vias  1118  and  1138 . In some examples, the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  13 A- 13 E  can be performed in series with, concurrently with, or in an alternating manner with the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  14 A- 14 E . Thus, in some examples, the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  13 A- 14 E  can be used to fabricate a touch screen  1100  that includes touch electrodes  1120  and  1140 , conductive connections  1104  and  1124 , and flex circuits  1102  and  1122 . Modifications to the operations described with reference to  FIGS.  13 A- 14 E  can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure in some examples. 
       FIG.  15    illustrates a cross section of an exemplary touch screen  1500  according to some examples of the disclosure. Touch screen  1500  can include substrate  1510 , electrodes  1520  and  1530 , passivation  1506  and  1508 , adhesive  1516  with conductive particles  1518 , conductive connection  1504 , flex circuit  1502 , and conductive connection  1522 , for example. 
     In some examples, touch screen  1500  can include touch electrodes (e.g., electrodes  1520 ) in one layer of the touch screen stackup, instead of two layers of touch electrodes, such as in touch screens  500 ,  600  and/or  1100 . For example, electrodes  1520  can be touch electrodes and electrodes  1530  can be coupled to a reference voltage, such as ground. In some examples, electrodes  1520  can be coupled to the reference voltage and electrodes  1530  can be touch electrodes. In some examples, touch screen  1500  can sense touch using self-capacitance or mutual capacitance and the touch electrodes can be patterned as shown in  FIG.  4 B . In some examples, electrodes  1520  and  1530  can include a transparent conductive material, such as ITO (indium tin oxide) or another fully, substantially, or partially transparent metal oxide. In some examples, the electrodes  1520  and  1530  can include opaque conductive materials, such as metals (e.g., copper, gold, silver, etc.). For example, touch screen  1500  can include an active area in which touch can be sensed and images can be displayed and a border region at least partially surrounding the active area in which images may not be displayed and touch may not be sensed. In some examples, the touch electrodes can include transparent portions disposed in the active area and opaque portions disposed in the border region. In some examples, the portions of the touch electrodes illustrated in  FIG.  15    can include opaque portions of the touch electrodes. In some examples, the electrodes  1520  and  1530  can include metal mesh structures, such as silver nanowire mesh. 
     In some examples, substrate  1510  can include a transparent material, such as a transparent plastic. Substrate  1510  can provide mechanical support to the other components of the touch screen  1500 , for example. It should be understood that, in some examples, substrate  1510  can include a plurality of substrates joined together with adhesives so that electrodes  1520  are attached to one of the substrates and electrodes  1530  are attached to the another one of the substrates. 
     In some examples, passivation layers  1506  and  1508  can include a transparent insulating material. For example, the passivation layers  1506  and  1508  can protect other components of the touch screen  1500  from corrosion. 
     In some examples, conductive connection  1504  of flex circuit  1502  can be electrically coupled to electrodes  1520  and electrodes  1510 . For example, conductive connect  1504  and flex circuit  1502  can be coupled to touch screen  1500  using adhesive  1516  using low pressure bonding (e.g., NCF bonding) or other suitable technique(s). In some examples, adhesive  1516  can include an electrically insulating material. In some examples, conductive particles  1518  can be embedded in adhesive  1516  to form electrical connections between electrodes  1520  and conductive connection  1504 . In some examples, electrodes  1510  can be coupled to conductive connection  1504  by conductive connection  1522 . Conductive connection  1522  can include a conductive material (e.g., conductive paste, such as silver paste or copper paste, conductive ink, wire). 
     Therefore, in some examples, electrodes  1530  and  1520  of touch screen  1500  can be coupled to flex circuit  1502  through conductive connection  1504  in the manners described above. In some examples, portion(s) of conductive connection  1504  that are not in contact with adhesive  1516  or conductive connection  1522  can be vulnerable to corrosion. In some examples, it can be advantageous to use a different structure to connect electrodes  1530  to flex circuit  1502  to avoid corrosion. 
       FIGS.  16 A- 16 B  illustrate cross sections of exemplary touch screen  1600  according to some examples of the disclosure. For example, touch screen  1600  can be fabricated according to a process that includes the structures shown in  FIGS.  16 A- 16 B . 
     In  FIG.  16 A , touch screen  1600  can include substrate  1610 , electrodes  1620  and  1630 , passivation  1606  and  1608 , and conductive connection  1602 , for example. In some examples, substrate  1610 , electrodes  1620  and  1630 , and passivation  1606  and  1608  can be similar to substrate  1510 , electrodes  1520  and  1530 , and passivation  1506  and  1508 , respectively, described above with reference to  FIG.  15    with the differences noted herein. 
     In some examples, conductive connection  1602  can include a conductive material (e.g., a metal such as copper, silver, etc.) and can connect to touch circuitry of touch screen  1600  (not shown). As shown in  FIG.  16 A , in some examples, conductive connection  1602  can be in contact with electrodes  1608  (e.g., touch electrodes). As will be described in more detail below with reference to  FIG.  16 B , conductive connection  1602  can be electrically coupled to electrodes  1630  (e.g., reference or ground electrodes) through substrate  1610  using via  1622 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  16 A , in some examples, substrate  1610  can include a hole at a location on substrate  1610  at which conductive connection  1602  can be disposed. In some examples, the hole can be formed using selective laser drilling while the conductive connection  1602  is coupled to substrate  1610 . For example, a laser can be applied to the substrate on the surface opposite the surface of the substrate  1610  to which conductive connection  1602  is coupled. The laser can remove the material of the substrate  1610  without removing or damaging the material of conductive connection  1602 . 
     In  FIG.  16 B , touch screen  1600  can include the components described with reference to  FIG.  16 A  plus a conductive filling of via  1622  and conformal coating  1604 . In some examples, via  1622  can be filled with a conductive material, such as conductive paste (e.g., silver paste or copper paste), conductive ink, and/or wire(s), for example. The conductive material can form an electrical connection between electrodes  1630  (e.g., reference or ground electrodes) and conductive connection  1602 , for example. In some examples, electrodes  1620  (e.g., touch electrodes) are also coupled to conductive connection  1602 . Thus, in some examples, electrodes  1630  and electrodes  1620  can be coupled together. In some examples, the portion of electrodes  1620  (e.g., touch electrodes) coupled to electrodes  1630  (e.g., reference or ground electrodes) can be a reference electrode in the touch electrode layer. In some examples, conformal coating  1604  can include an electrically insulating material and can be disposed such that conductive connection  1602  is between substrate  1610  and conformal coating  1604 . Conformal coating  1604  can protect conductive connection  1602  from corrosion and other forms of damage, for example. 
       FIG.  17    illustrates formation of a hole  1712  through a substrate  1710  of an exemplary touch screen  1700  according to some examples of the disclosure. In some examples, the technique illustrated in  FIG.  17    includes forming the hole  1712  with a laser. In some examples, the laser can remove a variety of materials including plastics and metals, though the techniques described with reference to  FIG.  17    can also be implemented using selective laser drilling in which some materials (e.g., plastics) can be removed while other materials (e.g., metals) are not removed. 
     In  FIG.  17   , the touch screen  1700  can include a substrate  1710 , electrodes  1720 , and passivation  1706  and  1708 . In some examples, substrate  1710 , electrodes  1720 , and passivation  1706  and  1708  can be similar to substrates  510 ,  610 ,  710 ,  1110 ,  1510 , or  1610 , electrodes  520 ,  620 ,  720 ,  1120 ,  1530 , or  1630 , and passivation  506 ,  508 ,  606 ,  608 ,  1106 ,  1108 ,  1506 ,  1508 ,  1606 , or  1608 , respectively, as described above with reference to  FIGS.  5 - 14 B . In some examples, the techniques described with reference to  FIG.  17    can be applied to one of the touch screens  500 ,  600 ,  1100 ,  1500 , or  1600  described above. 
     In some examples, electrodes  1720  can be patterned to include touch electrodes (e.g., as shown in  FIGS.  4 A- 4 B ) and a hole at the location of hole  1712  in  FIG.  17   . For example, electrodes  1720  can be patterned before electrodes  1720  are joined to substrate  1710 . In some examples, once electrodes  1720  can be joined to substrate  1710 , a hole  1712  can be formed through substrate  1710  at the location of the hole through electrodes  1720 . In some examples, the hole  1712  through substrate  1710  can be aligned with the hole through touch electrodes  1720  as shown in TOP VIEW A (e.g., the centers of the holes can be aligned or within a threshold distance of each other). In some examples, the hole  1712  through substrate  1710  can be aligned with the hole through touch electrodes  1720  as shown in TOP VIEW B (e.g., the centers of the holes can be at different locations or more than a threshold distance of each other). In some embodiments, it can be difficult for all touch screen  1700  units to include the alignment shown in TOP VIEW A. Thus, in some embodiments, other techniques can be used to form a hole through a substrate that is aligned with a hole through the touch electrodes. 
       FIG.  18    illustrates formation of a hole  1812  through a substrate  1810  of an exemplary touch screen  1800  according to some examples of the disclosure. In some examples, the technique illustrated in  FIG.  18    includes forming the hole  1812  with a laser. In some examples, the techniques described with reference to  FIG.  18    can be implemented using selective laser drilling in which some materials (e.g., plastics) can be removed while other materials (e.g., metals) are not removed. 
     In  FIG.  18   , the touch screen  1800  can include a substrate  1810 , electrodes  1820 , and passivation  1806  and  1808 . In some examples, substrate  1810 , electrodes  1820 , and passivation  1806  and  1808  can be similar to substrates  510 ,  610 ,  710 ,  1110 ,  1510 , or  1610 , electrodes  520 ,  620 ,  720 ,  1120 ,  1530 , or  1630 , and passivation  506 ,  508 ,  606 ,  608 ,  1106 ,  1108 ,  1506 ,  1508 ,  1606 , or  1608 , respectively, as described above with reference to  FIGS.  5 - 14 B . In some examples, the techniques described with reference to  FIG.  17    can be applied to one of the touch screens  500 ,  600 ,  1100 ,  1500 , or  1600  described above. 
     In some examples, electrodes  1820  can be patterned to include touch electrodes (e.g., as shown in  FIGS.  4 A- 4 B ) and a hole at the location of hole  1812  in  FIG.  18   . For example, electrodes  1820  can be patterned before electrodes  1820  are joined to substrate  1810 . In some examples, once electrodes  1820  can be joined to substrate  1810 , a hole  1812  can be formed through substrate  1810  at the location of the hole through electrodes  1820  using selective laser drilling. In some examples, the laser can remove some materials (e.g., plastics) and may not remove other materials (e.g., metals). For example, the laser can remove the material of the substrate  1810  without removing the material of the touch electrodes  1820 . Thus, in some examples, the touch electrodes  1820  can be used as a mask when forming the hole  1812  through substrate  1810 . For example, as shown in the TOP VIEW (BEFORE DRILLING), the laser beam  1822  can have a diameter that is wider than the diameter of the hole in the touch electrodes  1720  through which substrate  1810  can be visible. As shown in the TOP VIEW (AFTER DRILLING), the hole  1812  through the substrate can be aligned with the hole through touch electrodes  1820  without removing additional material from the touch electrodes  1820 , for example. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a touch screen, comprising: a first touch electrode; a first flex circuit coupled to first touch circuitry, the first flex circuit including a conductive connection; a first via including a conductive material, the first via configured to electrically couple the first touch electrode to the conductive connection of the first flex circuit, the first via disposed through at least a first portion of the touch screen, the conductive material of the first via being in direct contact with the conductive connection of the first flex circuit. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen does not include an adhesive between the conductive material of the first via and the conductive connection of the first flex circuit at a location at which the conductive material of the first via is coupled to the conductive connection of the first flex circuit. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen includes a substrate at least partially disposed between the first touch electrode and the conductive connection of the first flex circuit, wherein the first via is disposed through the substrate. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen includes a substrate, the flex circuit is bonded to the substrate using an adhesive disposed between the flex circuit and the substrate, and the via is disposed through the adhesive and the substrate. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen includes a second touch electrode; a substrate disposed between the first touch electrode and the second touch electrode; a second flex circuit coupled to second touch circuitry, the second flex circuit including a second conductive connection; a second via including a conductive material, the second via configured to electrically couple the second touch electrode to the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, the second via disposed through at least a second portion of the touch screen, the conductive material of the second via being in direct contact with the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, wherein the substrate is between the first touch electrode and the conductive connection of the second flex circuit. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen includes a cover material, wherein: the conductive connection of the first flex circuit and the conductive connection of the second flex circuit are both disposed between the substrate and the cover material. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen includes a cover material, the substrate is disposed between the conductive connection of the first flex circuit and the cover material, and the substrate is disposed between the conductive connection of the second flex circuit and the cover material. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the first portion of the touch screen through which the first via is disposed includes the substrate, and the second portion of the touch screen through which the second via is disposed does not include the substrate. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the first via is disposed through the first flex circuit. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen includes a reference electrode coupled to a reference voltage; and a substrate disposed between the first touch electrode and the reference electrode, wherein the substrate is disposed between the first touch electrode and the conductive connection of the first flex circuit, wherein the first via is formed through the substrate. 
     Some examples of the disclosure are directed to a portable consumer electronic device comprising an energy storage device; communication circuitry; and a touch screen including: a first touch electrode; a first flex circuit coupled to first touch circuitry, the first flex circuit including a conductive connection; a first via including a conductive material, the first via configured to electrically couple the first touch electrode to the conductive connection of the first flex circuit, the first via disposed through at least a first portion of the touch screen, the conductive material of the first via being in direct contact with the conductive connection of the first flex circuit. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen does not include an adhesive between the conductive material of the first via and the conductive connection of the first flex circuit at a location at which the conductive material of the first via is coupled to the conductive connection of the first flex circuit. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the touch screen further comprises: a substrate at least partially disposed between the first touch electrode and the conductive connection of the first flex circuit, wherein the first via is disposed through the substrate. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen further comprises a substrate, wherein: the flex circuit is bonded to the substrate using an adhesive disposed between the flex circuit and the substrate, and the via is disposed through the adhesive and the substrate. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen further comprises: a second touch electrode; a substrate disposed between the first touch electrode and the second touch electrode; a second flex circuit coupled to second touch circuitry, the second flex circuit including a second conductive connection; a second via including a conductive material, the second via configured to electrically couple the second touch electrode to the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, the second via disposed through at least a second portion of the touch screen, the conductive material of the second via being in direct contact with the conductive connection of the second flex circuit, wherein the substrate is between the first touch electrode and the conductive connection of the second flex circuit. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen further comprises a cover material, wherein: the conductive connection of the first flex circuit and the conductive connection of the second flex circuit are both disposed between the substrate and the cover material. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen further comprises a cover material, wherein the substrate is disposed between the conductive connection of the first flex circuit and the cover material, and the substrate is disposed between the conductive connection of the second flex circuit and the cover material. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the first portion of the touch screen through which the first via is disposed includes the substrate, and the second portion of the touch screen through which the second via is disposed does not include the substrate. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the first via is disposed through the first flex circuit. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the touch screen further comprises: a reference electrode coupled to a reference voltage; and a substrate disposed between the first touch electrode and the reference electrode, wherein the substrate is disposed between the first touch electrode and the conductive connection of the first flex circuit, wherein the first via is formed through the substrate. 
     Although the disclosed examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosed examples as defined by the appended claims.

Metadata:
Filing Date: 20201209
Publication Date: 20250121
Grant Date: 20250121
Priority Date: 20201209
Inventors: CHEN, MENG-TSE
BARLIAN, ARNOLDUS ALVIN
THEDJOISWORO, BAYU ATMAJA
RUSS, BORIS
ZHANG, ZIYANG
GUPTA, Nathan Krishan
Assignee: APPLE INC
CPC Classifications: [{"code": "H05K2201/10128", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K1/115", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K1/028", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F1/16", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F2203/04103", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K3/0035", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K2201/09563", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K2201/10128", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K3/361", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K1/115", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K1/147", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K2201/10128", "inventive": false, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K1/115", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "H05K1/028", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0446", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/0445", "inventive": true, "first": false, "tree": "[]"}, {"code": "G06F3/04164", "inventive": true, "first": true, "tree": "[]"}]
Family ID: 74105704