repo_name
stringclasses 1
value | pr_number
int64 4.12k
11.2k
| pr_title
stringlengths 9
107
| pr_description
stringlengths 107
5.48k
| author
stringlengths 4
18
| date_created
unknown | date_merged
unknown | previous_commit
stringlengths 40
40
| pr_commit
stringlengths 40
40
| query
stringlengths 118
5.52k
| before_content
stringlengths 0
7.93M
| after_content
stringlengths 0
7.93M
| label
int64 -1
1
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Implementation of median filter algorithm
"""
from cv2 import COLOR_BGR2GRAY, cvtColor, imread, imshow, waitKey
from numpy import divide, int8, multiply, ravel, sort, zeros_like
def median_filter(gray_img, mask=3):
"""
:param gray_img: gray image
:param mask: mask size
:return: image with median filter
"""
# set image borders
bd = int(mask / 2)
# copy image size
median_img = zeros_like(gray_img)
for i in range(bd, gray_img.shape[0] - bd):
for j in range(bd, gray_img.shape[1] - bd):
# get mask according with mask
kernel = ravel(gray_img[i - bd : i + bd + 1, j - bd : j + bd + 1])
# calculate mask median
median = sort(kernel)[int8(divide((multiply(mask, mask)), 2) + 1)]
median_img[i, j] = median
return median_img
if __name__ == "__main__":
# read original image
img = imread("../image_data/lena.jpg")
# turn image in gray scale value
gray = cvtColor(img, COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# get values with two different mask size
median3x3 = median_filter(gray, 3)
median5x5 = median_filter(gray, 5)
# show result images
imshow("median filter with 3x3 mask", median3x3)
imshow("median filter with 5x5 mask", median5x5)
waitKey(0)
| """
Implementation of median filter algorithm
"""
from cv2 import COLOR_BGR2GRAY, cvtColor, imread, imshow, waitKey
from numpy import divide, int8, multiply, ravel, sort, zeros_like
def median_filter(gray_img, mask=3):
"""
:param gray_img: gray image
:param mask: mask size
:return: image with median filter
"""
# set image borders
bd = int(mask / 2)
# copy image size
median_img = zeros_like(gray_img)
for i in range(bd, gray_img.shape[0] - bd):
for j in range(bd, gray_img.shape[1] - bd):
# get mask according with mask
kernel = ravel(gray_img[i - bd : i + bd + 1, j - bd : j + bd + 1])
# calculate mask median
median = sort(kernel)[int8(divide((multiply(mask, mask)), 2) + 1)]
median_img[i, j] = median
return median_img
if __name__ == "__main__":
# read original image
img = imread("../image_data/lena.jpg")
# turn image in gray scale value
gray = cvtColor(img, COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# get values with two different mask size
median3x3 = median_filter(gray, 3)
median5x5 = median_filter(gray, 5)
# show result images
imshow("median filter with 3x3 mask", median3x3)
imshow("median filter with 5x5 mask", median5x5)
waitKey(0)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Mish Activation Function
Use Case: Improved version of the ReLU activation function used in Computer Vision.
For more detailed information, you can refer to the following link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)#Mish
"""
import numpy as np
def mish(vector: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Implements the Mish activation function.
Parameters:
vector (np.ndarray): The input array for Mish activation.
Returns:
np.ndarray: The input array after applying the Mish activation.
Formula:
f(x) = x * tanh(softplus(x)) = x * tanh(ln(1 + e^x))
Examples:
>>> mish(vector=np.array([2.3,0.6,-2,-3.8]))
array([ 2.26211893, 0.46613649, -0.25250148, -0.08405831])
>>> mish(np.array([-9.2, -0.3, 0.45, -4.56]))
array([-0.00092952, -0.15113318, 0.33152014, -0.04745745])
"""
return vector * np.tanh(np.log(1 + np.exp(vector)))
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Mish Activation Function
Use Case: Improved version of the ReLU activation function used in Computer Vision.
For more detailed information, you can refer to the following link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)#Mish
"""
import numpy as np
def mish(vector: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Implements the Mish activation function.
Parameters:
vector (np.ndarray): The input array for Mish activation.
Returns:
np.ndarray: The input array after applying the Mish activation.
Formula:
f(x) = x * tanh(softplus(x)) = x * tanh(ln(1 + e^x))
Examples:
>>> mish(vector=np.array([2.3,0.6,-2,-3.8]))
array([ 2.26211893, 0.46613649, -0.25250148, -0.08405831])
>>> mish(np.array([-9.2, -0.3, 0.45, -4.56]))
array([-0.00092952, -0.15113318, 0.33152014, -0.04745745])
"""
return vector * np.tanh(np.log(1 + np.exp(vector)))
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | from __future__ import annotations
import re
def natural_sort(input_list: list[str]) -> list[str]:
"""
Sort the given list of strings in the way that humans expect.
The normal Python sort algorithm sorts lexicographically,
so you might not get the results that you expect...
>>> example1 = ['2 ft 7 in', '1 ft 5 in', '10 ft 2 in', '2 ft 11 in', '7 ft 6 in']
>>> sorted(example1)
['1 ft 5 in', '10 ft 2 in', '2 ft 11 in', '2 ft 7 in', '7 ft 6 in']
>>> # The natural sort algorithm sort based on meaning and not computer code point.
>>> natural_sort(example1)
['1 ft 5 in', '2 ft 7 in', '2 ft 11 in', '7 ft 6 in', '10 ft 2 in']
>>> example2 = ['Elm11', 'Elm12', 'Elm2', 'elm0', 'elm1', 'elm10', 'elm13', 'elm9']
>>> sorted(example2)
['Elm11', 'Elm12', 'Elm2', 'elm0', 'elm1', 'elm10', 'elm13', 'elm9']
>>> natural_sort(example2)
['elm0', 'elm1', 'Elm2', 'elm9', 'elm10', 'Elm11', 'Elm12', 'elm13']
"""
def alphanum_key(key):
return [int(s) if s.isdigit() else s.lower() for s in re.split("([0-9]+)", key)]
return sorted(input_list, key=alphanum_key)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| from __future__ import annotations
import re
def natural_sort(input_list: list[str]) -> list[str]:
"""
Sort the given list of strings in the way that humans expect.
The normal Python sort algorithm sorts lexicographically,
so you might not get the results that you expect...
>>> example1 = ['2 ft 7 in', '1 ft 5 in', '10 ft 2 in', '2 ft 11 in', '7 ft 6 in']
>>> sorted(example1)
['1 ft 5 in', '10 ft 2 in', '2 ft 11 in', '2 ft 7 in', '7 ft 6 in']
>>> # The natural sort algorithm sort based on meaning and not computer code point.
>>> natural_sort(example1)
['1 ft 5 in', '2 ft 7 in', '2 ft 11 in', '7 ft 6 in', '10 ft 2 in']
>>> example2 = ['Elm11', 'Elm12', 'Elm2', 'elm0', 'elm1', 'elm10', 'elm13', 'elm9']
>>> sorted(example2)
['Elm11', 'Elm12', 'Elm2', 'elm0', 'elm1', 'elm10', 'elm13', 'elm9']
>>> natural_sort(example2)
['elm0', 'elm1', 'Elm2', 'elm9', 'elm10', 'Elm11', 'Elm12', 'elm13']
"""
def alphanum_key(key):
return [int(s) if s.isdigit() else s.lower() for s in re.split("([0-9]+)", key)]
return sorted(input_list, key=alphanum_key)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | from __future__ import annotations
def median(nums: list) -> int | float:
"""
Find median of a list of numbers.
Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median
>>> median([0])
0
>>> median([4, 1, 3, 2])
2.5
>>> median([2, 70, 6, 50, 20, 8, 4])
8
Args:
nums: List of nums
Returns:
Median.
"""
# The sorted function returns list[SupportsRichComparisonT@sorted]
# which does not support `+`
sorted_list: list[int] = sorted(nums)
length = len(sorted_list)
mid_index = length >> 1
return (
(sorted_list[mid_index] + sorted_list[mid_index - 1]) / 2
if length % 2 == 0
else sorted_list[mid_index]
)
def main():
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| from __future__ import annotations
def median(nums: list) -> int | float:
"""
Find median of a list of numbers.
Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median
>>> median([0])
0
>>> median([4, 1, 3, 2])
2.5
>>> median([2, 70, 6, 50, 20, 8, 4])
8
Args:
nums: List of nums
Returns:
Median.
"""
# The sorted function returns list[SupportsRichComparisonT@sorted]
# which does not support `+`
sorted_list: list[int] = sorted(nums)
length = len(sorted_list)
mid_index = length >> 1
return (
(sorted_list[mid_index] + sorted_list[mid_index - 1]) / 2
if length % 2 == 0
else sorted_list[mid_index]
)
def main():
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_shaker_sort """
def cocktail_shaker_sort(unsorted: list) -> list:
"""
Pure implementation of the cocktail shaker sort algorithm in Python.
>>> cocktail_shaker_sort([4, 5, 2, 1, 2])
[1, 2, 2, 4, 5]
>>> cocktail_shaker_sort([-4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 11])
[-4, 0, 1, 2, 5, 11]
>>> cocktail_shaker_sort([0.1, -2.4, 4.4, 2.2])
[-2.4, 0.1, 2.2, 4.4]
>>> cocktail_shaker_sort([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> cocktail_shaker_sort([-4, -5, -24, -7, -11])
[-24, -11, -7, -5, -4]
"""
for i in range(len(unsorted) - 1, 0, -1):
swapped = False
for j in range(i, 0, -1):
if unsorted[j] < unsorted[j - 1]:
unsorted[j], unsorted[j - 1] = unsorted[j - 1], unsorted[j]
swapped = True
for j in range(i):
if unsorted[j] > unsorted[j + 1]:
unsorted[j], unsorted[j + 1] = unsorted[j + 1], unsorted[j]
swapped = True
if not swapped:
break
return unsorted
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(f"{cocktail_shaker_sort(unsorted) = }")
| """ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_shaker_sort """
def cocktail_shaker_sort(unsorted: list) -> list:
"""
Pure implementation of the cocktail shaker sort algorithm in Python.
>>> cocktail_shaker_sort([4, 5, 2, 1, 2])
[1, 2, 2, 4, 5]
>>> cocktail_shaker_sort([-4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 11])
[-4, 0, 1, 2, 5, 11]
>>> cocktail_shaker_sort([0.1, -2.4, 4.4, 2.2])
[-2.4, 0.1, 2.2, 4.4]
>>> cocktail_shaker_sort([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> cocktail_shaker_sort([-4, -5, -24, -7, -11])
[-24, -11, -7, -5, -4]
"""
for i in range(len(unsorted) - 1, 0, -1):
swapped = False
for j in range(i, 0, -1):
if unsorted[j] < unsorted[j - 1]:
unsorted[j], unsorted[j - 1] = unsorted[j - 1], unsorted[j]
swapped = True
for j in range(i):
if unsorted[j] > unsorted[j + 1]:
unsorted[j], unsorted[j + 1] = unsorted[j + 1], unsorted[j]
swapped = True
if not swapped:
break
return unsorted
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(f"{cocktail_shaker_sort(unsorted) = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | import doctest
import projectq
from projectq.ops import H, Measure
def get_random_number(quantum_engine: projectq.cengines._main.MainEngine) -> int:
"""
>>> isinstance(get_random_number(projectq.MainEngine()), int)
True
"""
qubit = quantum_engine.allocate_qubit()
H | qubit
Measure | qubit
return int(qubit)
if __name__ == "__main__":
doctest.testmod()
# initialises a new quantum backend
quantum_engine = projectq.MainEngine()
# Generate a list of 10 random numbers
random_numbers_list = [get_random_number(quantum_engine) for _ in range(10)]
# Flushes the quantum engine from memory
quantum_engine.flush()
print("Random numbers", random_numbers_list)
| import doctest
import projectq
from projectq.ops import H, Measure
def get_random_number(quantum_engine: projectq.cengines._main.MainEngine) -> int:
"""
>>> isinstance(get_random_number(projectq.MainEngine()), int)
True
"""
qubit = quantum_engine.allocate_qubit()
H | qubit
Measure | qubit
return int(qubit)
if __name__ == "__main__":
doctest.testmod()
# initialises a new quantum backend
quantum_engine = projectq.MainEngine()
# Generate a list of 10 random numbers
random_numbers_list = [get_random_number(quantum_engine) for _ in range(10)]
# Flushes the quantum engine from memory
quantum_engine.flush()
print("Random numbers", random_numbers_list)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
In this problem, we want to determine all possible permutations
of the given sequence. We use backtracking to solve this problem.
Time complexity: O(n! * n),
where n denotes the length of the given sequence.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
def generate_all_permutations(sequence: list[int | str]) -> None:
create_state_space_tree(sequence, [], 0, [0 for i in range(len(sequence))])
def create_state_space_tree(
sequence: list[int | str],
current_sequence: list[int | str],
index: int,
index_used: list[int],
) -> None:
"""
Creates a state space tree to iterate through each branch using DFS.
We know that each state has exactly len(sequence) - index children.
It terminates when it reaches the end of the given sequence.
"""
if index == len(sequence):
print(current_sequence)
return
for i in range(len(sequence)):
if not index_used[i]:
current_sequence.append(sequence[i])
index_used[i] = True
create_state_space_tree(sequence, current_sequence, index + 1, index_used)
current_sequence.pop()
index_used[i] = False
"""
remove the comment to take an input from the user
print("Enter the elements")
sequence = list(map(int, input().split()))
"""
sequence: list[int | str] = [3, 1, 2, 4]
generate_all_permutations(sequence)
sequence_2: list[int | str] = ["A", "B", "C"]
generate_all_permutations(sequence_2)
| """
In this problem, we want to determine all possible permutations
of the given sequence. We use backtracking to solve this problem.
Time complexity: O(n! * n),
where n denotes the length of the given sequence.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
def generate_all_permutations(sequence: list[int | str]) -> None:
create_state_space_tree(sequence, [], 0, [0 for i in range(len(sequence))])
def create_state_space_tree(
sequence: list[int | str],
current_sequence: list[int | str],
index: int,
index_used: list[int],
) -> None:
"""
Creates a state space tree to iterate through each branch using DFS.
We know that each state has exactly len(sequence) - index children.
It terminates when it reaches the end of the given sequence.
"""
if index == len(sequence):
print(current_sequence)
return
for i in range(len(sequence)):
if not index_used[i]:
current_sequence.append(sequence[i])
index_used[i] = True
create_state_space_tree(sequence, current_sequence, index + 1, index_used)
current_sequence.pop()
index_used[i] = False
"""
remove the comment to take an input from the user
print("Enter the elements")
sequence = list(map(int, input().split()))
"""
sequence: list[int | str] = [3, 1, 2, 4]
generate_all_permutations(sequence)
sequence_2: list[int | str] = ["A", "B", "C"]
generate_all_permutations(sequence_2)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
A Hamming number is a positive integer of the form 2^i*3^j*5^k, for some
non-negative integers i, j, and k. They are often referred to as regular numbers.
More info at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_number.
"""
def hamming(n_element: int) -> list:
"""
This function creates an ordered list of n length as requested, and afterwards
returns the last value of the list. It must be given a positive integer.
:param n_element: The number of elements on the list
:return: The nth element of the list
>>> hamming(5)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> hamming(10)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12]
>>> hamming(15)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24]
"""
n_element = int(n_element)
if n_element < 1:
my_error = ValueError("a should be a positive number")
raise my_error
hamming_list = [1]
i, j, k = (0, 0, 0)
index = 1
while index < n_element:
while hamming_list[i] * 2 <= hamming_list[-1]:
i += 1
while hamming_list[j] * 3 <= hamming_list[-1]:
j += 1
while hamming_list[k] * 5 <= hamming_list[-1]:
k += 1
hamming_list.append(
min(hamming_list[i] * 2, hamming_list[j] * 3, hamming_list[k] * 5)
)
index += 1
return hamming_list
if __name__ == "__main__":
n = input("Enter the last number (nth term) of the Hamming Number Series: ")
print("Formula of Hamming Number Series => 2^i * 3^j * 5^k")
hamming_numbers = hamming(int(n))
print("-----------------------------------------------------")
print(f"The list with nth numbers is: {hamming_numbers}")
print("-----------------------------------------------------")
| """
A Hamming number is a positive integer of the form 2^i*3^j*5^k, for some
non-negative integers i, j, and k. They are often referred to as regular numbers.
More info at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_number.
"""
def hamming(n_element: int) -> list:
"""
This function creates an ordered list of n length as requested, and afterwards
returns the last value of the list. It must be given a positive integer.
:param n_element: The number of elements on the list
:return: The nth element of the list
>>> hamming(5)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> hamming(10)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12]
>>> hamming(15)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24]
"""
n_element = int(n_element)
if n_element < 1:
my_error = ValueError("a should be a positive number")
raise my_error
hamming_list = [1]
i, j, k = (0, 0, 0)
index = 1
while index < n_element:
while hamming_list[i] * 2 <= hamming_list[-1]:
i += 1
while hamming_list[j] * 3 <= hamming_list[-1]:
j += 1
while hamming_list[k] * 5 <= hamming_list[-1]:
k += 1
hamming_list.append(
min(hamming_list[i] * 2, hamming_list[j] * 3, hamming_list[k] * 5)
)
index += 1
return hamming_list
if __name__ == "__main__":
n = input("Enter the last number (nth term) of the Hamming Number Series: ")
print("Formula of Hamming Number Series => 2^i * 3^j * 5^k")
hamming_numbers = hamming(int(n))
print("-----------------------------------------------------")
print(f"The list with nth numbers is: {hamming_numbers}")
print("-----------------------------------------------------")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Project Euler Problem 131: https://projecteuler.net/problem=131
There are some prime values, p, for which there exists a positive integer, n,
such that the expression n^3 + n^2p is a perfect cube.
For example, when p = 19, 8^3 + 8^2 x 19 = 12^3.
What is perhaps most surprising is that for each prime with this property
the value of n is unique, and there are only four such primes below one-hundred.
How many primes below one million have this remarkable property?
"""
from math import isqrt
def is_prime(number: int) -> bool:
"""
Determines whether number is prime
>>> is_prime(3)
True
>>> is_prime(4)
False
"""
return all(number % divisor != 0 for divisor in range(2, isqrt(number) + 1))
def solution(max_prime: int = 10**6) -> int:
"""
Returns number of primes below max_prime with the property
>>> solution(100)
4
"""
primes_count = 0
cube_index = 1
prime_candidate = 7
while prime_candidate < max_prime:
primes_count += is_prime(prime_candidate)
cube_index += 1
prime_candidate += 6 * cube_index
return primes_count
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 131: https://projecteuler.net/problem=131
There are some prime values, p, for which there exists a positive integer, n,
such that the expression n^3 + n^2p is a perfect cube.
For example, when p = 19, 8^3 + 8^2 x 19 = 12^3.
What is perhaps most surprising is that for each prime with this property
the value of n is unique, and there are only four such primes below one-hundred.
How many primes below one million have this remarkable property?
"""
from math import isqrt
def is_prime(number: int) -> bool:
"""
Determines whether number is prime
>>> is_prime(3)
True
>>> is_prime(4)
False
"""
return all(number % divisor != 0 for divisor in range(2, isqrt(number) + 1))
def solution(max_prime: int = 10**6) -> int:
"""
Returns number of primes below max_prime with the property
>>> solution(100)
4
"""
primes_count = 0
cube_index = 1
prime_candidate = 7
while prime_candidate < max_prime:
primes_count += is_prime(prime_candidate)
cube_index += 1
prime_candidate += 6 * cube_index
return primes_count
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
A hexagonal number sequence is a sequence of figurate numbers
where the nth hexagonal number hβ is the number of distinct dots
in a pattern of dots consisting of the outlines of regular
hexagons with sides up to n dots, when the hexagons are overlaid
so that they share one vertex.
Calculates the hexagonal numbers sequence with a formula
hβ = n(2n-1)
where:
hβ --> is nth element of the sequence
n --> is the number of element in the sequence
reference-->"Hexagonal number" Wikipedia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_number>
"""
def hexagonal_numbers(length: int) -> list[int]:
"""
:param len: max number of elements
:type len: int
:return: Hexagonal numbers as a list
Tests:
>>> hexagonal_numbers(10)
[0, 1, 6, 15, 28, 45, 66, 91, 120, 153]
>>> hexagonal_numbers(5)
[0, 1, 6, 15, 28]
>>> hexagonal_numbers(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Length must be a positive integer.
"""
if length <= 0 or not isinstance(length, int):
raise ValueError("Length must be a positive integer.")
return [n * (2 * n - 1) for n in range(length)]
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(hexagonal_numbers(length=5))
print(hexagonal_numbers(length=10))
| """
A hexagonal number sequence is a sequence of figurate numbers
where the nth hexagonal number hβ is the number of distinct dots
in a pattern of dots consisting of the outlines of regular
hexagons with sides up to n dots, when the hexagons are overlaid
so that they share one vertex.
Calculates the hexagonal numbers sequence with a formula
hβ = n(2n-1)
where:
hβ --> is nth element of the sequence
n --> is the number of element in the sequence
reference-->"Hexagonal number" Wikipedia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_number>
"""
def hexagonal_numbers(length: int) -> list[int]:
"""
:param len: max number of elements
:type len: int
:return: Hexagonal numbers as a list
Tests:
>>> hexagonal_numbers(10)
[0, 1, 6, 15, 28, 45, 66, 91, 120, 153]
>>> hexagonal_numbers(5)
[0, 1, 6, 15, 28]
>>> hexagonal_numbers(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Length must be a positive integer.
"""
if length <= 0 or not isinstance(length, int):
raise ValueError("Length must be a positive integer.")
return [n * (2 * n - 1) for n in range(length)]
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(hexagonal_numbers(length=5))
print(hexagonal_numbers(length=10))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | beautifulsoup4
fake_useragent
imageio
keras
lxml
matplotlib
numpy
opencv-python
pandas
pillow
projectq
qiskit ; python_version < '3.12'
qiskit-aer ; python_version < '3.12'
requests
rich
scikit-fuzzy
scikit-learn
statsmodels
sympy
tensorflow ; python_version < '3.12'
texttable
tweepy
xgboost
yulewalker
| beautifulsoup4
fake_useragent
imageio
keras
lxml
matplotlib
numpy
opencv-python
pandas
pillow
projectq
qiskit ; python_version < '3.12'
qiskit-aer ; python_version < '3.12'
requests
rich
scikit-fuzzy
scikit-learn
statsmodels
sympy
tensorflow ; python_version < '3.12'
texttable
tweepy
xgboost
yulewalker
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | from json import loads
from pathlib import Path
import numpy as np
from yulewalker import yulewalk
from audio_filters.butterworth_filter import make_highpass
from audio_filters.iir_filter import IIRFilter
data = loads((Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "loudness_curve.json").read_text())
class EqualLoudnessFilter:
r"""
An equal-loudness filter which compensates for the human ear's non-linear response
to sound.
This filter corrects this by cascading a yulewalk filter and a butterworth filter.
Designed for use with samplerate of 44.1kHz and above. If you're using a lower
samplerate, use with caution.
Code based on matlab implementation at https://bit.ly/3eqh2HU
(url shortened for ruff)
Target curve: https://i.imgur.com/3g2VfaM.png
Yulewalk response: https://i.imgur.com/J9LnJ4C.png
Butterworth and overall response: https://i.imgur.com/3g2VfaM.png
Images and original matlab implementation by David Robinson, 2001
"""
def __init__(self, samplerate: int = 44100) -> None:
self.yulewalk_filter = IIRFilter(10)
self.butterworth_filter = make_highpass(150, samplerate)
# pad the data to nyquist
curve_freqs = np.array(data["frequencies"] + [max(20000.0, samplerate / 2)])
curve_gains = np.array(data["gains"] + [140])
# Convert to angular frequency
freqs_normalized = curve_freqs / samplerate * 2
# Invert the curve and normalize to 0dB
gains_normalized = np.power(10, (np.min(curve_gains) - curve_gains) / 20)
# Scipy's `yulewalk` function is a stub, so we're using the
# `yulewalker` library instead.
# This function computes the coefficients using a least-squares
# fit to the specified curve.
ya, yb = yulewalk(10, freqs_normalized, gains_normalized)
self.yulewalk_filter.set_coefficients(ya, yb)
def process(self, sample: float) -> float:
"""
Process a single sample through both filters
>>> filt = EqualLoudnessFilter()
>>> filt.process(0.0)
0.0
"""
tmp = self.yulewalk_filter.process(sample)
return self.butterworth_filter.process(tmp)
| from json import loads
from pathlib import Path
import numpy as np
from yulewalker import yulewalk
from audio_filters.butterworth_filter import make_highpass
from audio_filters.iir_filter import IIRFilter
data = loads((Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "loudness_curve.json").read_text())
class EqualLoudnessFilter:
r"""
An equal-loudness filter which compensates for the human ear's non-linear response
to sound.
This filter corrects this by cascading a yulewalk filter and a butterworth filter.
Designed for use with samplerate of 44.1kHz and above. If you're using a lower
samplerate, use with caution.
Code based on matlab implementation at https://bit.ly/3eqh2HU
(url shortened for ruff)
Target curve: https://i.imgur.com/3g2VfaM.png
Yulewalk response: https://i.imgur.com/J9LnJ4C.png
Butterworth and overall response: https://i.imgur.com/3g2VfaM.png
Images and original matlab implementation by David Robinson, 2001
"""
def __init__(self, samplerate: int = 44100) -> None:
self.yulewalk_filter = IIRFilter(10)
self.butterworth_filter = make_highpass(150, samplerate)
# pad the data to nyquist
curve_freqs = np.array(data["frequencies"] + [max(20000.0, samplerate / 2)])
curve_gains = np.array(data["gains"] + [140])
# Convert to angular frequency
freqs_normalized = curve_freqs / samplerate * 2
# Invert the curve and normalize to 0dB
gains_normalized = np.power(10, (np.min(curve_gains) - curve_gains) / 20)
# Scipy's `yulewalk` function is a stub, so we're using the
# `yulewalker` library instead.
# This function computes the coefficients using a least-squares
# fit to the specified curve.
ya, yb = yulewalk(10, freqs_normalized, gains_normalized)
self.yulewalk_filter.set_coefficients(ya, yb)
def process(self, sample: float) -> float:
"""
Process a single sample through both filters
>>> filt = EqualLoudnessFilter()
>>> filt.process(0.0)
0.0
"""
tmp = self.yulewalk_filter.process(sample)
return self.butterworth_filter.process(tmp)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Self Powers
Problem 48
The series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 10^10 = 10405071317.
Find the last ten digits of the series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 1000^1000.
"""
def solution():
"""
Returns the last 10 digits of the series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 1000^1000.
>>> solution()
'9110846700'
"""
total = 0
for i in range(1, 1001):
total += i**i
return str(total)[-10:]
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| """
Self Powers
Problem 48
The series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 10^10 = 10405071317.
Find the last ten digits of the series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 1000^1000.
"""
def solution():
"""
Returns the last 10 digits of the series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 1000^1000.
>>> solution()
'9110846700'
"""
total = 0
for i in range(1, 1001):
total += i**i
return str(total)[-10:]
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
A Trie/Prefix Tree is a kind of search tree used to provide quick lookup
of words/patterns in a set of words. A basic Trie however has O(n^2) space complexity
making it impractical in practice. It however provides O(max(search_string, length of
longest word)) lookup time making it an optimal approach when space is not an issue.
"""
class TrieNode:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.nodes: dict[str, TrieNode] = {} # Mapping from char to TrieNode
self.is_leaf = False
def insert_many(self, words: list[str]) -> None:
"""
Inserts a list of words into the Trie
:param words: list of string words
:return: None
"""
for word in words:
self.insert(word)
def insert(self, word: str) -> None:
"""
Inserts a word into the Trie
:param word: word to be inserted
:return: None
"""
curr = self
for char in word:
if char not in curr.nodes:
curr.nodes[char] = TrieNode()
curr = curr.nodes[char]
curr.is_leaf = True
def find(self, word: str) -> bool:
"""
Tries to find word in a Trie
:param word: word to look for
:return: Returns True if word is found, False otherwise
"""
curr = self
for char in word:
if char not in curr.nodes:
return False
curr = curr.nodes[char]
return curr.is_leaf
def delete(self, word: str) -> None:
"""
Deletes a word in a Trie
:param word: word to delete
:return: None
"""
def _delete(curr: TrieNode, word: str, index: int) -> bool:
if index == len(word):
# If word does not exist
if not curr.is_leaf:
return False
curr.is_leaf = False
return len(curr.nodes) == 0
char = word[index]
char_node = curr.nodes.get(char)
# If char not in current trie node
if not char_node:
return False
# Flag to check if node can be deleted
delete_curr = _delete(char_node, word, index + 1)
if delete_curr:
del curr.nodes[char]
return len(curr.nodes) == 0
return delete_curr
_delete(self, word, 0)
def print_words(node: TrieNode, word: str) -> None:
"""
Prints all the words in a Trie
:param node: root node of Trie
:param word: Word variable should be empty at start
:return: None
"""
if node.is_leaf:
print(word, end=" ")
for key, value in node.nodes.items():
print_words(value, word + key)
def test_trie() -> bool:
words = "banana bananas bandana band apple all beast".split()
root = TrieNode()
root.insert_many(words)
# print_words(root, "")
assert all(root.find(word) for word in words)
assert root.find("banana")
assert not root.find("bandanas")
assert not root.find("apps")
assert root.find("apple")
assert root.find("all")
root.delete("all")
assert not root.find("all")
root.delete("banana")
assert not root.find("banana")
assert root.find("bananas")
return True
def print_results(msg: str, passes: bool) -> None:
print(str(msg), "works!" if passes else "doesn't work :(")
def pytests() -> None:
assert test_trie()
def main() -> None:
"""
>>> pytests()
"""
print_results("Testing trie functionality", test_trie())
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| """
A Trie/Prefix Tree is a kind of search tree used to provide quick lookup
of words/patterns in a set of words. A basic Trie however has O(n^2) space complexity
making it impractical in practice. It however provides O(max(search_string, length of
longest word)) lookup time making it an optimal approach when space is not an issue.
"""
class TrieNode:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.nodes: dict[str, TrieNode] = {} # Mapping from char to TrieNode
self.is_leaf = False
def insert_many(self, words: list[str]) -> None:
"""
Inserts a list of words into the Trie
:param words: list of string words
:return: None
"""
for word in words:
self.insert(word)
def insert(self, word: str) -> None:
"""
Inserts a word into the Trie
:param word: word to be inserted
:return: None
"""
curr = self
for char in word:
if char not in curr.nodes:
curr.nodes[char] = TrieNode()
curr = curr.nodes[char]
curr.is_leaf = True
def find(self, word: str) -> bool:
"""
Tries to find word in a Trie
:param word: word to look for
:return: Returns True if word is found, False otherwise
"""
curr = self
for char in word:
if char not in curr.nodes:
return False
curr = curr.nodes[char]
return curr.is_leaf
def delete(self, word: str) -> None:
"""
Deletes a word in a Trie
:param word: word to delete
:return: None
"""
def _delete(curr: TrieNode, word: str, index: int) -> bool:
if index == len(word):
# If word does not exist
if not curr.is_leaf:
return False
curr.is_leaf = False
return len(curr.nodes) == 0
char = word[index]
char_node = curr.nodes.get(char)
# If char not in current trie node
if not char_node:
return False
# Flag to check if node can be deleted
delete_curr = _delete(char_node, word, index + 1)
if delete_curr:
del curr.nodes[char]
return len(curr.nodes) == 0
return delete_curr
_delete(self, word, 0)
def print_words(node: TrieNode, word: str) -> None:
"""
Prints all the words in a Trie
:param node: root node of Trie
:param word: Word variable should be empty at start
:return: None
"""
if node.is_leaf:
print(word, end=" ")
for key, value in node.nodes.items():
print_words(value, word + key)
def test_trie() -> bool:
words = "banana bananas bandana band apple all beast".split()
root = TrieNode()
root.insert_many(words)
# print_words(root, "")
assert all(root.find(word) for word in words)
assert root.find("banana")
assert not root.find("bandanas")
assert not root.find("apps")
assert root.find("apple")
assert root.find("all")
root.delete("all")
assert not root.find("all")
root.delete("banana")
assert not root.find("banana")
assert root.find("bananas")
return True
def print_results(msg: str, passes: bool) -> None:
print(str(msg), "works!" if passes else "doesn't work :(")
def pytests() -> None:
assert test_trie()
def main() -> None:
"""
>>> pytests()
"""
print_results("Testing trie functionality", test_trie())
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Author : Alexander Pantyukhin
Date : November 30, 2022
Task:
Given two int numbers. Return True these numbers have opposite signs
or False otherwise.
Implementation notes: Use bit manipulation.
Use XOR for two numbers.
"""
def different_signs(num1: int, num2: int) -> bool:
"""
Return True if numbers have opposite signs False otherwise.
>>> different_signs(1, -1)
True
>>> different_signs(1, 1)
False
>>> different_signs(1000000000000000000000000000, -1000000000000000000000000000)
True
>>> different_signs(-1000000000000000000000000000, 1000000000000000000000000000)
True
>>> different_signs(50, 278)
False
>>> different_signs(0, 2)
False
>>> different_signs(2, 0)
False
"""
return num1 ^ num2 < 0
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Author : Alexander Pantyukhin
Date : November 30, 2022
Task:
Given two int numbers. Return True these numbers have opposite signs
or False otherwise.
Implementation notes: Use bit manipulation.
Use XOR for two numbers.
"""
def different_signs(num1: int, num2: int) -> bool:
"""
Return True if numbers have opposite signs False otherwise.
>>> different_signs(1, -1)
True
>>> different_signs(1, 1)
False
>>> different_signs(1000000000000000000000000000, -1000000000000000000000000000)
True
>>> different_signs(-1000000000000000000000000000, 1000000000000000000000000000)
True
>>> different_signs(50, 278)
False
>>> different_signs(0, 2)
False
>>> different_signs(2, 0)
False
"""
return num1 ^ num2 < 0
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Name scores
Problem 22
Using names.txt (right click and 'Save Link/Target As...'), a 46K text file
containing over five-thousand first names, begin by sorting it into
alphabetical order. Then working out the alphabetical value for each name,
multiply this value by its alphabetical position in the list to obtain a name
score.
For example, when the list is sorted into alphabetical order, COLIN, which is
worth 3 + 15 + 12 + 9 + 14 = 53, is the 938th name in the list. So, COLIN would
obtain a score of 938 Γ 53 = 49714.
What is the total of all the name scores in the file?
"""
import os
def solution():
"""Returns the total of all the name scores in the file.
>>> solution()
871198282
"""
total_sum = 0
temp_sum = 0
with open(os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/p022_names.txt") as file:
name = str(file.readlines()[0])
name = name.replace('"', "").split(",")
name.sort()
for i in range(len(name)):
for j in name[i]:
temp_sum += ord(j) - ord("A") + 1
total_sum += (i + 1) * temp_sum
temp_sum = 0
return total_sum
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| """
Name scores
Problem 22
Using names.txt (right click and 'Save Link/Target As...'), a 46K text file
containing over five-thousand first names, begin by sorting it into
alphabetical order. Then working out the alphabetical value for each name,
multiply this value by its alphabetical position in the list to obtain a name
score.
For example, when the list is sorted into alphabetical order, COLIN, which is
worth 3 + 15 + 12 + 9 + 14 = 53, is the 938th name in the list. So, COLIN would
obtain a score of 938 Γ 53 = 49714.
What is the total of all the name scores in the file?
"""
import os
def solution():
"""Returns the total of all the name scores in the file.
>>> solution()
871198282
"""
total_sum = 0
temp_sum = 0
with open(os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/p022_names.txt") as file:
name = str(file.readlines()[0])
name = name.replace('"', "").split(",")
name.sort()
for i in range(len(name)):
for j in name[i]:
temp_sum += ord(j) - ord("A") + 1
total_sum += (i + 1) * temp_sum
temp_sum = 0
return total_sum
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | #!/bin/python3
# Doomsday algorithm info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_rule
DOOMSDAY_LEAP = [4, 1, 7, 4, 2, 6, 4, 1, 5, 3, 7, 5]
DOOMSDAY_NOT_LEAP = [3, 7, 7, 4, 2, 6, 4, 1, 5, 3, 7, 5]
WEEK_DAY_NAMES = {
0: "Sunday",
1: "Monday",
2: "Tuesday",
3: "Wednesday",
4: "Thursday",
5: "Friday",
6: "Saturday",
}
def get_week_day(year: int, month: int, day: int) -> str:
"""Returns the week-day name out of a given date.
>>> get_week_day(2020, 10, 24)
'Saturday'
>>> get_week_day(2017, 10, 24)
'Tuesday'
>>> get_week_day(2019, 5, 3)
'Friday'
>>> get_week_day(1970, 9, 16)
'Wednesday'
>>> get_week_day(1870, 8, 13)
'Saturday'
>>> get_week_day(2040, 3, 14)
'Wednesday'
"""
# minimal input check:
assert len(str(year)) > 2, "year should be in YYYY format"
assert 1 <= month <= 12, "month should be between 1 to 12"
assert 1 <= day <= 31, "day should be between 1 to 31"
# Doomsday algorithm:
century = year // 100
century_anchor = (5 * (century % 4) + 2) % 7
centurian = year % 100
centurian_m = centurian % 12
dooms_day = (
(centurian // 12) + centurian_m + (centurian_m // 4) + century_anchor
) % 7
day_anchor = (
DOOMSDAY_NOT_LEAP[month - 1]
if (year % 4 != 0) or (centurian == 0 and (year % 400) == 0)
else DOOMSDAY_LEAP[month - 1]
)
week_day = (dooms_day + day - day_anchor) % 7
return WEEK_DAY_NAMES[week_day]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| #!/bin/python3
# Doomsday algorithm info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_rule
DOOMSDAY_LEAP = [4, 1, 7, 4, 2, 6, 4, 1, 5, 3, 7, 5]
DOOMSDAY_NOT_LEAP = [3, 7, 7, 4, 2, 6, 4, 1, 5, 3, 7, 5]
WEEK_DAY_NAMES = {
0: "Sunday",
1: "Monday",
2: "Tuesday",
3: "Wednesday",
4: "Thursday",
5: "Friday",
6: "Saturday",
}
def get_week_day(year: int, month: int, day: int) -> str:
"""Returns the week-day name out of a given date.
>>> get_week_day(2020, 10, 24)
'Saturday'
>>> get_week_day(2017, 10, 24)
'Tuesday'
>>> get_week_day(2019, 5, 3)
'Friday'
>>> get_week_day(1970, 9, 16)
'Wednesday'
>>> get_week_day(1870, 8, 13)
'Saturday'
>>> get_week_day(2040, 3, 14)
'Wednesday'
"""
# minimal input check:
assert len(str(year)) > 2, "year should be in YYYY format"
assert 1 <= month <= 12, "month should be between 1 to 12"
assert 1 <= day <= 31, "day should be between 1 to 31"
# Doomsday algorithm:
century = year // 100
century_anchor = (5 * (century % 4) + 2) % 7
centurian = year % 100
centurian_m = centurian % 12
dooms_day = (
(centurian // 12) + centurian_m + (centurian_m // 4) + century_anchor
) % 7
day_anchor = (
DOOMSDAY_NOT_LEAP[month - 1]
if (year % 4 != 0) or (centurian == 0 and (year % 400) == 0)
else DOOMSDAY_LEAP[month - 1]
)
week_day = (dooms_day + day - day_anchor) % 7
return WEEK_DAY_NAMES[week_day]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Convert International System of Units (SI) and Binary prefixes
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from enum import Enum
class SIUnit(Enum):
yotta = 24
zetta = 21
exa = 18
peta = 15
tera = 12
giga = 9
mega = 6
kilo = 3
hecto = 2
deca = 1
deci = -1
centi = -2
milli = -3
micro = -6
nano = -9
pico = -12
femto = -15
atto = -18
zepto = -21
yocto = -24
class BinaryUnit(Enum):
yotta = 8
zetta = 7
exa = 6
peta = 5
tera = 4
giga = 3
mega = 2
kilo = 1
def convert_si_prefix(
known_amount: float,
known_prefix: str | SIUnit,
unknown_prefix: str | SIUnit,
) -> float:
"""
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SIUnit.giga, SIUnit.mega)
1000
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SIUnit.mega, SIUnit.giga)
0.001
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SIUnit.kilo, SIUnit.kilo)
1
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, 'giga', 'mega')
1000
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, 'gIGa', 'mEGa')
1000
"""
if isinstance(known_prefix, str):
known_prefix = SIUnit[known_prefix.lower()]
if isinstance(unknown_prefix, str):
unknown_prefix = SIUnit[unknown_prefix.lower()]
unknown_amount: float = known_amount * (
10 ** (known_prefix.value - unknown_prefix.value)
)
return unknown_amount
def convert_binary_prefix(
known_amount: float,
known_prefix: str | BinaryUnit,
unknown_prefix: str | BinaryUnit,
) -> float:
"""
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, BinaryUnit.giga, BinaryUnit.mega)
1024
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, BinaryUnit.mega, BinaryUnit.giga)
0.0009765625
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, BinaryUnit.kilo, BinaryUnit.kilo)
1
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, 'giga', 'mega')
1024
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, 'gIGa', 'mEGa')
1024
"""
if isinstance(known_prefix, str):
known_prefix = BinaryUnit[known_prefix.lower()]
if isinstance(unknown_prefix, str):
unknown_prefix = BinaryUnit[unknown_prefix.lower()]
unknown_amount: float = known_amount * (
2 ** ((known_prefix.value - unknown_prefix.value) * 10)
)
return unknown_amount
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Convert International System of Units (SI) and Binary prefixes
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from enum import Enum
class SIUnit(Enum):
yotta = 24
zetta = 21
exa = 18
peta = 15
tera = 12
giga = 9
mega = 6
kilo = 3
hecto = 2
deca = 1
deci = -1
centi = -2
milli = -3
micro = -6
nano = -9
pico = -12
femto = -15
atto = -18
zepto = -21
yocto = -24
class BinaryUnit(Enum):
yotta = 8
zetta = 7
exa = 6
peta = 5
tera = 4
giga = 3
mega = 2
kilo = 1
def convert_si_prefix(
known_amount: float,
known_prefix: str | SIUnit,
unknown_prefix: str | SIUnit,
) -> float:
"""
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SIUnit.giga, SIUnit.mega)
1000
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SIUnit.mega, SIUnit.giga)
0.001
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SIUnit.kilo, SIUnit.kilo)
1
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, 'giga', 'mega')
1000
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, 'gIGa', 'mEGa')
1000
"""
if isinstance(known_prefix, str):
known_prefix = SIUnit[known_prefix.lower()]
if isinstance(unknown_prefix, str):
unknown_prefix = SIUnit[unknown_prefix.lower()]
unknown_amount: float = known_amount * (
10 ** (known_prefix.value - unknown_prefix.value)
)
return unknown_amount
def convert_binary_prefix(
known_amount: float,
known_prefix: str | BinaryUnit,
unknown_prefix: str | BinaryUnit,
) -> float:
"""
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, BinaryUnit.giga, BinaryUnit.mega)
1024
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, BinaryUnit.mega, BinaryUnit.giga)
0.0009765625
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, BinaryUnit.kilo, BinaryUnit.kilo)
1
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, 'giga', 'mega')
1024
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, 'gIGa', 'mEGa')
1024
"""
if isinstance(known_prefix, str):
known_prefix = BinaryUnit[known_prefix.lower()]
if isinstance(unknown_prefix, str):
unknown_prefix = BinaryUnit[unknown_prefix.lower()]
unknown_amount: float = known_amount * (
2 ** ((known_prefix.value - unknown_prefix.value) * 10)
)
return unknown_amount
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | from __future__ import annotations
def find_min_iterative(nums: list[int | float]) -> int | float:
"""
Find Minimum Number in a List
:param nums: contains elements
:return: min number in list
>>> for nums in ([3, 2, 1], [-3, -2, -1], [3, -3, 0], [3.0, 3.1, 2.9]):
... find_min_iterative(nums) == min(nums)
True
True
True
True
>>> find_min_iterative([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -3, 24, -56])
-56
>>> find_min_iterative([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: find_min_iterative() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(nums) == 0:
raise ValueError("find_min_iterative() arg is an empty sequence")
min_num = nums[0]
for num in nums:
min_num = min(min_num, num)
return min_num
# Divide and Conquer algorithm
def find_min_recursive(nums: list[int | float], left: int, right: int) -> int | float:
"""
find min value in list
:param nums: contains elements
:param left: index of first element
:param right: index of last element
:return: min in nums
>>> for nums in ([3, 2, 1], [-3, -2, -1], [3, -3, 0], [3.0, 3.1, 2.9]):
... find_min_recursive(nums, 0, len(nums) - 1) == min(nums)
True
True
True
True
>>> nums = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
>>> find_min_recursive(nums, 0, len(nums) - 1) == min(nums)
True
>>> find_min_recursive([], 0, 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: find_min_recursive() arg is an empty sequence
>>> find_min_recursive(nums, 0, len(nums)) == min(nums)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: list index out of range
>>> find_min_recursive(nums, -len(nums), -1) == min(nums)
True
>>> find_min_recursive(nums, -len(nums) - 1, -1) == min(nums)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: list index out of range
"""
if len(nums) == 0:
raise ValueError("find_min_recursive() arg is an empty sequence")
if (
left >= len(nums)
or left < -len(nums)
or right >= len(nums)
or right < -len(nums)
):
raise IndexError("list index out of range")
if left == right:
return nums[left]
mid = (left + right) >> 1 # the middle
left_min = find_min_recursive(nums, left, mid) # find min in range[left, mid]
right_min = find_min_recursive(
nums, mid + 1, right
) # find min in range[mid + 1, right]
return left_min if left_min <= right_min else right_min
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
| from __future__ import annotations
def find_min_iterative(nums: list[int | float]) -> int | float:
"""
Find Minimum Number in a List
:param nums: contains elements
:return: min number in list
>>> for nums in ([3, 2, 1], [-3, -2, -1], [3, -3, 0], [3.0, 3.1, 2.9]):
... find_min_iterative(nums) == min(nums)
True
True
True
True
>>> find_min_iterative([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -3, 24, -56])
-56
>>> find_min_iterative([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: find_min_iterative() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(nums) == 0:
raise ValueError("find_min_iterative() arg is an empty sequence")
min_num = nums[0]
for num in nums:
min_num = min(min_num, num)
return min_num
# Divide and Conquer algorithm
def find_min_recursive(nums: list[int | float], left: int, right: int) -> int | float:
"""
find min value in list
:param nums: contains elements
:param left: index of first element
:param right: index of last element
:return: min in nums
>>> for nums in ([3, 2, 1], [-3, -2, -1], [3, -3, 0], [3.0, 3.1, 2.9]):
... find_min_recursive(nums, 0, len(nums) - 1) == min(nums)
True
True
True
True
>>> nums = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
>>> find_min_recursive(nums, 0, len(nums) - 1) == min(nums)
True
>>> find_min_recursive([], 0, 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: find_min_recursive() arg is an empty sequence
>>> find_min_recursive(nums, 0, len(nums)) == min(nums)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: list index out of range
>>> find_min_recursive(nums, -len(nums), -1) == min(nums)
True
>>> find_min_recursive(nums, -len(nums) - 1, -1) == min(nums)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: list index out of range
"""
if len(nums) == 0:
raise ValueError("find_min_recursive() arg is an empty sequence")
if (
left >= len(nums)
or left < -len(nums)
or right >= len(nums)
or right < -len(nums)
):
raise IndexError("list index out of range")
if left == right:
return nums[left]
mid = (left + right) >> 1 # the middle
left_min = find_min_recursive(nums, left, mid) # find min in range[left, mid]
right_min = find_min_recursive(
nums, mid + 1, right
) # find min in range[mid + 1, right]
return left_min if left_min <= right_min else right_min
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
This module contains the functions to calculate the focal length, object distance
and image distance of a mirror.
The mirror formula is an equation that relates the object distance (u),
image distance (v), and focal length (f) of a spherical mirror.
It is commonly used in optics to determine the position and characteristics
of an image formed by a mirror. It is expressed using the formulae :
-------------------
| 1/f = 1/v + 1/u |
-------------------
Where,
f = Focal length of the spherical mirror (metre)
v = Image distance from the mirror (metre)
u = Object distance from the mirror (metre)
The signs of the distances are taken with respect to the sign convention.
The sign convention is as follows:
1) Object is always placed to the left of mirror
2) Distances measured in the direction of the incident ray are positive
and the distances measured in the direction opposite to that of the incident
rays are negative.
3) All distances are measured from the pole of the mirror.
There are a few assumptions that are made while using the mirror formulae.
They are as follows:
1) Thin Mirror: The mirror is assumed to be thin, meaning its thickness is
negligible compared to its radius of curvature. This assumption allows
us to treat the mirror as a two-dimensional surface.
2) Spherical Mirror: The mirror is assumed to have a spherical shape. While this
assumption may not hold exactly for all mirrors, it is a reasonable approximation
for most practical purposes.
3) Small Angles: The angles involved in the derivation are assumed to be small.
This assumption allows us to use the small-angle approximation, where the tangent
of a small angle is approximately equal to the angle itself. It simplifies the
calculations and makes the derivation more manageable.
4) Paraxial Rays: The mirror formula is derived using paraxial rays, which are
rays that are close to the principal axis and make small angles with it. This
assumption ensures that the rays are close enough to the principal axis, making the
calculations more accurate.
5) Reflection and Refraction Laws: The derivation assumes that the laws of
reflection and refraction hold.
These laws state that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
for reflection, and the incident and refracted rays lie in the same plane and
obey Snell's law for refraction.
(Description and Assumptions adapted from
https://www.collegesearch.in/articles/mirror-formula-derivation)
(Sign Convention adapted from
https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/concept/sign-convention-for-mirrors-210189/)
"""
def focal_length(distance_of_object: float, distance_of_image: float) -> float:
"""
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(focal_length(10, 20), 6.66666666666666)
True
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(focal_length(9.5, 6.7), 3.929012346)
True
>>> focal_length(0, 20) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect
to the sign convention.
"""
if distance_of_object == 0 or distance_of_image == 0:
raise ValueError(
"Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect to the sign convention."
)
focal_length = 1 / ((1 / distance_of_object) + (1 / distance_of_image))
return focal_length
def object_distance(focal_length: float, distance_of_image: float) -> float:
"""
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(object_distance(30, 20), -60.0)
True
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(object_distance(10.5, 11.7), 102.375)
True
>>> object_distance(90, 0) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect
to the sign convention.
"""
if distance_of_image == 0 or focal_length == 0:
raise ValueError(
"Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect to the sign convention."
)
object_distance = 1 / ((1 / focal_length) - (1 / distance_of_image))
return object_distance
def image_distance(focal_length: float, distance_of_object: float) -> float:
"""
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(image_distance(10, 40), 13.33333333)
True
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(image_distance(1.5, 6.7), 1.932692308)
True
>>> image_distance(0, 0) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect
to the sign convention.
"""
if distance_of_object == 0 or focal_length == 0:
raise ValueError(
"Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect to the sign convention."
)
image_distance = 1 / ((1 / focal_length) - (1 / distance_of_object))
return image_distance
| """
This module contains the functions to calculate the focal length, object distance
and image distance of a mirror.
The mirror formula is an equation that relates the object distance (u),
image distance (v), and focal length (f) of a spherical mirror.
It is commonly used in optics to determine the position and characteristics
of an image formed by a mirror. It is expressed using the formulae :
-------------------
| 1/f = 1/v + 1/u |
-------------------
Where,
f = Focal length of the spherical mirror (metre)
v = Image distance from the mirror (metre)
u = Object distance from the mirror (metre)
The signs of the distances are taken with respect to the sign convention.
The sign convention is as follows:
1) Object is always placed to the left of mirror
2) Distances measured in the direction of the incident ray are positive
and the distances measured in the direction opposite to that of the incident
rays are negative.
3) All distances are measured from the pole of the mirror.
There are a few assumptions that are made while using the mirror formulae.
They are as follows:
1) Thin Mirror: The mirror is assumed to be thin, meaning its thickness is
negligible compared to its radius of curvature. This assumption allows
us to treat the mirror as a two-dimensional surface.
2) Spherical Mirror: The mirror is assumed to have a spherical shape. While this
assumption may not hold exactly for all mirrors, it is a reasonable approximation
for most practical purposes.
3) Small Angles: The angles involved in the derivation are assumed to be small.
This assumption allows us to use the small-angle approximation, where the tangent
of a small angle is approximately equal to the angle itself. It simplifies the
calculations and makes the derivation more manageable.
4) Paraxial Rays: The mirror formula is derived using paraxial rays, which are
rays that are close to the principal axis and make small angles with it. This
assumption ensures that the rays are close enough to the principal axis, making the
calculations more accurate.
5) Reflection and Refraction Laws: The derivation assumes that the laws of
reflection and refraction hold.
These laws state that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
for reflection, and the incident and refracted rays lie in the same plane and
obey Snell's law for refraction.
(Description and Assumptions adapted from
https://www.collegesearch.in/articles/mirror-formula-derivation)
(Sign Convention adapted from
https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/concept/sign-convention-for-mirrors-210189/)
"""
def focal_length(distance_of_object: float, distance_of_image: float) -> float:
"""
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(focal_length(10, 20), 6.66666666666666)
True
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(focal_length(9.5, 6.7), 3.929012346)
True
>>> focal_length(0, 20) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect
to the sign convention.
"""
if distance_of_object == 0 or distance_of_image == 0:
raise ValueError(
"Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect to the sign convention."
)
focal_length = 1 / ((1 / distance_of_object) + (1 / distance_of_image))
return focal_length
def object_distance(focal_length: float, distance_of_image: float) -> float:
"""
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(object_distance(30, 20), -60.0)
True
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(object_distance(10.5, 11.7), 102.375)
True
>>> object_distance(90, 0) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect
to the sign convention.
"""
if distance_of_image == 0 or focal_length == 0:
raise ValueError(
"Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect to the sign convention."
)
object_distance = 1 / ((1 / focal_length) - (1 / distance_of_image))
return object_distance
def image_distance(focal_length: float, distance_of_object: float) -> float:
"""
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(image_distance(10, 40), 13.33333333)
True
>>> from math import isclose
>>> isclose(image_distance(1.5, 6.7), 1.932692308)
True
>>> image_distance(0, 0) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect
to the sign convention.
"""
if distance_of_object == 0 or focal_length == 0:
raise ValueError(
"Invalid inputs. Enter non zero values with respect to the sign convention."
)
image_distance = 1 / ((1 / focal_length) - (1 / distance_of_object))
return image_distance
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | # XGBoost Classifier Example
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.metrics import ConfusionMatrixDisplay
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from xgboost import XGBClassifier
def data_handling(data: dict) -> tuple:
# Split dataset into features and target
# data is features
"""
>>> data_handling(({'data':'[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2]','target':([0])}))
('[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2]', [0])
>>> data_handling(
... {'data': '[4.9, 3.0, 1.4, 0.2], [4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2]', 'target': ([0, 0])}
... )
('[4.9, 3.0, 1.4, 0.2], [4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2]', [0, 0])
"""
return (data["data"], data["target"])
def xgboost(features: np.ndarray, target: np.ndarray) -> XGBClassifier:
"""
# THIS TEST IS BROKEN!! >>> xgboost(np.array([[5.1, 3.6, 1.4, 0.2]]), np.array([0]))
XGBClassifier(base_score=0.5, booster='gbtree', callbacks=None,
colsample_bylevel=1, colsample_bynode=1, colsample_bytree=1,
early_stopping_rounds=None, enable_categorical=False,
eval_metric=None, gamma=0, gpu_id=-1, grow_policy='depthwise',
importance_type=None, interaction_constraints='',
learning_rate=0.300000012, max_bin=256, max_cat_to_onehot=4,
max_delta_step=0, max_depth=6, max_leaves=0, min_child_weight=1,
missing=nan, monotone_constraints='()', n_estimators=100,
n_jobs=0, num_parallel_tree=1, predictor='auto', random_state=0,
reg_alpha=0, reg_lambda=1, ...)
"""
classifier = XGBClassifier()
classifier.fit(features, target)
return classifier
def main() -> None:
"""
>>> main()
Url for the algorithm:
https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
Iris type dataset is used to demonstrate algorithm.
"""
# Load Iris dataset
iris = load_iris()
features, targets = data_handling(iris)
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
features, targets, test_size=0.25
)
names = iris["target_names"]
# Create an XGBoost Classifier from the training data
xgboost_classifier = xgboost(x_train, y_train)
# Display the confusion matrix of the classifier with both training and test sets
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(
xgboost_classifier,
x_test,
y_test,
display_labels=names,
cmap="Blues",
normalize="true",
)
plt.title("Normalized Confusion Matrix - IRIS Dataset")
plt.show()
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
main()
| # XGBoost Classifier Example
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.metrics import ConfusionMatrixDisplay
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from xgboost import XGBClassifier
def data_handling(data: dict) -> tuple:
# Split dataset into features and target
# data is features
"""
>>> data_handling(({'data':'[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2]','target':([0])}))
('[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2]', [0])
>>> data_handling(
... {'data': '[4.9, 3.0, 1.4, 0.2], [4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2]', 'target': ([0, 0])}
... )
('[4.9, 3.0, 1.4, 0.2], [4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2]', [0, 0])
"""
return (data["data"], data["target"])
def xgboost(features: np.ndarray, target: np.ndarray) -> XGBClassifier:
"""
# THIS TEST IS BROKEN!! >>> xgboost(np.array([[5.1, 3.6, 1.4, 0.2]]), np.array([0]))
XGBClassifier(base_score=0.5, booster='gbtree', callbacks=None,
colsample_bylevel=1, colsample_bynode=1, colsample_bytree=1,
early_stopping_rounds=None, enable_categorical=False,
eval_metric=None, gamma=0, gpu_id=-1, grow_policy='depthwise',
importance_type=None, interaction_constraints='',
learning_rate=0.300000012, max_bin=256, max_cat_to_onehot=4,
max_delta_step=0, max_depth=6, max_leaves=0, min_child_weight=1,
missing=nan, monotone_constraints='()', n_estimators=100,
n_jobs=0, num_parallel_tree=1, predictor='auto', random_state=0,
reg_alpha=0, reg_lambda=1, ...)
"""
classifier = XGBClassifier()
classifier.fit(features, target)
return classifier
def main() -> None:
"""
>>> main()
Url for the algorithm:
https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
Iris type dataset is used to demonstrate algorithm.
"""
# Load Iris dataset
iris = load_iris()
features, targets = data_handling(iris)
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
features, targets, test_size=0.25
)
names = iris["target_names"]
# Create an XGBoost Classifier from the training data
xgboost_classifier = xgboost(x_train, y_train)
# Display the confusion matrix of the classifier with both training and test sets
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(
xgboost_classifier,
x_test,
y_test,
display_labels=names,
cmap="Blues",
normalize="true",
)
plt.title("Normalized Confusion Matrix - IRIS Dataset")
plt.show()
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | #
| #
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """A merge sort which accepts an array as input and recursively
splits an array in half and sorts and combines them.
"""
"""https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_sort """
def merge(arr: list[int]) -> list[int]:
"""Return a sorted array.
>>> merge([10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> merge([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> merge([10,22,1,2,3,9,15,23])
[1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 15, 22, 23]
>>> merge([100])
[100]
>>> merge([])
[]
"""
if len(arr) > 1:
middle_length = len(arr) // 2 # Finds the middle of the array
left_array = arr[
:middle_length
] # Creates an array of the elements in the first half.
right_array = arr[
middle_length:
] # Creates an array of the elements in the second half.
left_size = len(left_array)
right_size = len(right_array)
merge(left_array) # Starts sorting the left.
merge(right_array) # Starts sorting the right
left_index = 0 # Left Counter
right_index = 0 # Right Counter
index = 0 # Position Counter
while (
left_index < left_size and right_index < right_size
): # Runs until the lowers size of the left and right are sorted.
if left_array[left_index] < right_array[right_index]:
arr[index] = left_array[left_index]
left_index += 1
else:
arr[index] = right_array[right_index]
right_index += 1
index += 1
while (
left_index < left_size
): # Adds the left over elements in the left half of the array
arr[index] = left_array[left_index]
left_index += 1
index += 1
while (
right_index < right_size
): # Adds the left over elements in the right half of the array
arr[index] = right_array[right_index]
right_index += 1
index += 1
return arr
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """A merge sort which accepts an array as input and recursively
splits an array in half and sorts and combines them.
"""
"""https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_sort """
def merge(arr: list[int]) -> list[int]:
"""Return a sorted array.
>>> merge([10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> merge([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> merge([10,22,1,2,3,9,15,23])
[1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 15, 22, 23]
>>> merge([100])
[100]
>>> merge([])
[]
"""
if len(arr) > 1:
middle_length = len(arr) // 2 # Finds the middle of the array
left_array = arr[
:middle_length
] # Creates an array of the elements in the first half.
right_array = arr[
middle_length:
] # Creates an array of the elements in the second half.
left_size = len(left_array)
right_size = len(right_array)
merge(left_array) # Starts sorting the left.
merge(right_array) # Starts sorting the right
left_index = 0 # Left Counter
right_index = 0 # Right Counter
index = 0 # Position Counter
while (
left_index < left_size and right_index < right_size
): # Runs until the lowers size of the left and right are sorted.
if left_array[left_index] < right_array[right_index]:
arr[index] = left_array[left_index]
left_index += 1
else:
arr[index] = right_array[right_index]
right_index += 1
index += 1
while (
left_index < left_size
): # Adds the left over elements in the left half of the array
arr[index] = left_array[left_index]
left_index += 1
index += 1
while (
right_index < right_size
): # Adds the left over elements in the right half of the array
arr[index] = right_array[right_index]
right_index += 1
index += 1
return arr
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | name: Feature request
description: Suggest features, propose improvements, discuss new ideas.
labels: [enhancement]
body:
- type: markdown
attributes:
value: >
Before requesting please search [existing issues](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/labels/enhancement).
Usage questions such as "How do I...?" belong on the
[Discord](https://discord.gg/c7MnfGFGa6) and will be closed.
- type: textarea
attributes:
label: "Feature description"
description: >
This could be new algorithms, data structures or improving any existing
implementations.
validations:
required: true
| name: Feature request
description: Suggest features, propose improvements, discuss new ideas.
labels: [enhancement]
body:
- type: markdown
attributes:
value: >
Before requesting please search [existing issues](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/labels/enhancement).
Usage questions such as "How do I...?" belong on the
[Discord](https://discord.gg/c7MnfGFGa6) and will be closed.
- type: textarea
attributes:
label: "Feature description"
description: >
This could be new algorithms, data structures or improving any existing
implementations.
validations:
required: true
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | # https://github.com/rupansh/QuantumComputing/blob/master/rippleadd.py
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics)#Full_adder
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_NOT_gate
import qiskit
from qiskit.providers import Backend
def store_two_classics(val1: int, val2: int) -> tuple[qiskit.QuantumCircuit, str, str]:
"""
Generates a Quantum Circuit which stores two classical integers
Returns the circuit and binary representation of the integers
"""
x, y = bin(val1)[2:], bin(val2)[2:] # Remove leading '0b'
# Ensure that both strings are of the same length
if len(x) > len(y):
y = y.zfill(len(x))
else:
x = x.zfill(len(y))
# We need (3 * number of bits in the larger number)+1 qBits
# The second parameter is the number of classical registers, to measure the result
circuit = qiskit.QuantumCircuit((len(x) * 3) + 1, len(x) + 1)
# We are essentially "not-ing" the bits that are 1
# Reversed because it's easier to perform ops on more significant bits
for i in range(len(x)):
if x[::-1][i] == "1":
circuit.x(i)
for j in range(len(y)):
if y[::-1][j] == "1":
circuit.x(len(x) + j)
return circuit, x, y
def full_adder(
circuit: qiskit.QuantumCircuit,
input1_loc: int,
input2_loc: int,
carry_in: int,
carry_out: int,
):
"""
Quantum Equivalent of a Full Adder Circuit
CX/CCX is like 2-way/3-way XOR
"""
circuit.ccx(input1_loc, input2_loc, carry_out)
circuit.cx(input1_loc, input2_loc)
circuit.ccx(input2_loc, carry_in, carry_out)
circuit.cx(input2_loc, carry_in)
circuit.cx(input1_loc, input2_loc)
# The default value for **backend** is the result of a function call which is not
# normally recommended and causes ruff to raise a B008 error. However, in this case,
# this is acceptable because `Aer.get_backend()` is called when the function is defined
# and that same backend is then reused for all function calls.
def ripple_adder(
val1: int,
val2: int,
backend: Backend = qiskit.Aer.get_backend("aer_simulator"), # noqa: B008
) -> int:
"""
Quantum Equivalent of a Ripple Adder Circuit
Uses qasm_simulator backend by default
Currently only adds 'emulated' Classical Bits
but nothing prevents us from doing this with hadamard'd bits :)
Only supports adding positive integers
>>> ripple_adder(3, 4)
7
>>> ripple_adder(10, 4)
14
>>> ripple_adder(-1, 10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Both Integers must be positive!
"""
if val1 < 0 or val2 < 0:
raise ValueError("Both Integers must be positive!")
# Store the Integers
circuit, x, y = store_two_classics(val1, val2)
"""
We are essentially using each bit of x & y respectively as full_adder's input
the carry_input is used from the previous circuit (for circuit num > 1)
the carry_out is just below carry_input because
it will be essentially the carry_input for the next full_adder
"""
for i in range(len(x)):
full_adder(circuit, i, len(x) + i, len(x) + len(y) + i, len(x) + len(y) + i + 1)
circuit.barrier() # Optional, just for aesthetics
# Measure the resultant qBits
for i in range(len(x) + 1):
circuit.measure([(len(x) * 2) + i], [i])
res = qiskit.execute(circuit, backend, shots=1).result()
# The result is in binary. Convert it back to int
return int(next(iter(res.get_counts())), 2)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| # https://github.com/rupansh/QuantumComputing/blob/master/rippleadd.py
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics)#Full_adder
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_NOT_gate
import qiskit
from qiskit.providers import Backend
def store_two_classics(val1: int, val2: int) -> tuple[qiskit.QuantumCircuit, str, str]:
"""
Generates a Quantum Circuit which stores two classical integers
Returns the circuit and binary representation of the integers
"""
x, y = bin(val1)[2:], bin(val2)[2:] # Remove leading '0b'
# Ensure that both strings are of the same length
if len(x) > len(y):
y = y.zfill(len(x))
else:
x = x.zfill(len(y))
# We need (3 * number of bits in the larger number)+1 qBits
# The second parameter is the number of classical registers, to measure the result
circuit = qiskit.QuantumCircuit((len(x) * 3) + 1, len(x) + 1)
# We are essentially "not-ing" the bits that are 1
# Reversed because it's easier to perform ops on more significant bits
for i in range(len(x)):
if x[::-1][i] == "1":
circuit.x(i)
for j in range(len(y)):
if y[::-1][j] == "1":
circuit.x(len(x) + j)
return circuit, x, y
def full_adder(
circuit: qiskit.QuantumCircuit,
input1_loc: int,
input2_loc: int,
carry_in: int,
carry_out: int,
):
"""
Quantum Equivalent of a Full Adder Circuit
CX/CCX is like 2-way/3-way XOR
"""
circuit.ccx(input1_loc, input2_loc, carry_out)
circuit.cx(input1_loc, input2_loc)
circuit.ccx(input2_loc, carry_in, carry_out)
circuit.cx(input2_loc, carry_in)
circuit.cx(input1_loc, input2_loc)
# The default value for **backend** is the result of a function call which is not
# normally recommended and causes ruff to raise a B008 error. However, in this case,
# this is acceptable because `Aer.get_backend()` is called when the function is defined
# and that same backend is then reused for all function calls.
def ripple_adder(
val1: int,
val2: int,
backend: Backend = qiskit.Aer.get_backend("aer_simulator"), # noqa: B008
) -> int:
"""
Quantum Equivalent of a Ripple Adder Circuit
Uses qasm_simulator backend by default
Currently only adds 'emulated' Classical Bits
but nothing prevents us from doing this with hadamard'd bits :)
Only supports adding positive integers
>>> ripple_adder(3, 4)
7
>>> ripple_adder(10, 4)
14
>>> ripple_adder(-1, 10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Both Integers must be positive!
"""
if val1 < 0 or val2 < 0:
raise ValueError("Both Integers must be positive!")
# Store the Integers
circuit, x, y = store_two_classics(val1, val2)
"""
We are essentially using each bit of x & y respectively as full_adder's input
the carry_input is used from the previous circuit (for circuit num > 1)
the carry_out is just below carry_input because
it will be essentially the carry_input for the next full_adder
"""
for i in range(len(x)):
full_adder(circuit, i, len(x) + i, len(x) + len(y) + i, len(x) + len(y) + i + 1)
circuit.barrier() # Optional, just for aesthetics
# Measure the resultant qBits
for i in range(len(x) + 1):
circuit.measure([(len(x) * 2) + i], [i])
res = qiskit.execute(circuit, backend, shots=1).result()
# The result is in binary. Convert it back to int
return int(next(iter(res.get_counts())), 2)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """Factorial of a positive integer -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial
"""
def factorial(number: int) -> int:
"""
Calculate the factorial of specified number (n!).
>>> import math
>>> all(factorial(i) == math.factorial(i) for i in range(20))
True
>>> factorial(0.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() only accepts integral values
>>> factorial(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() not defined for negative values
>>> factorial(1)
1
>>> factorial(6)
720
>>> factorial(0)
1
"""
if number != int(number):
raise ValueError("factorial() only accepts integral values")
if number < 0:
raise ValueError("factorial() not defined for negative values")
value = 1
for i in range(1, number + 1):
value *= i
return value
def factorial_recursive(n: int) -> int:
"""
Calculate the factorial of a positive integer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial
>>> import math
>>> all(factorial(i) == math.factorial(i) for i in range(20))
True
>>> factorial(0.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() only accepts integral values
>>> factorial(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() not defined for negative values
"""
if not isinstance(n, int):
raise ValueError("factorial() only accepts integral values")
if n < 0:
raise ValueError("factorial() not defined for negative values")
return 1 if n in {0, 1} else n * factorial(n - 1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
n = int(input("Enter a positive integer: ").strip() or 0)
print(f"factorial{n} is {factorial(n)}")
| """Factorial of a positive integer -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial
"""
def factorial(number: int) -> int:
"""
Calculate the factorial of specified number (n!).
>>> import math
>>> all(factorial(i) == math.factorial(i) for i in range(20))
True
>>> factorial(0.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() only accepts integral values
>>> factorial(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() not defined for negative values
>>> factorial(1)
1
>>> factorial(6)
720
>>> factorial(0)
1
"""
if number != int(number):
raise ValueError("factorial() only accepts integral values")
if number < 0:
raise ValueError("factorial() not defined for negative values")
value = 1
for i in range(1, number + 1):
value *= i
return value
def factorial_recursive(n: int) -> int:
"""
Calculate the factorial of a positive integer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial
>>> import math
>>> all(factorial(i) == math.factorial(i) for i in range(20))
True
>>> factorial(0.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() only accepts integral values
>>> factorial(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() not defined for negative values
"""
if not isinstance(n, int):
raise ValueError("factorial() only accepts integral values")
if n < 0:
raise ValueError("factorial() not defined for negative values")
return 1 if n in {0, 1} else n * factorial(n - 1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
n = int(input("Enter a positive integer: ").strip() or 0)
print(f"factorial{n} is {factorial(n)}")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Project Euler Problem 116: https://projecteuler.net/problem=116
A row of five grey square tiles is to have a number of its tiles
replaced with coloured oblong tiles chosen
from red (length two), green (length three), or blue (length four).
If red tiles are chosen there are exactly seven ways this can be done.
|red,red|grey|grey|grey| |grey|red,red|grey|grey|
|grey|grey|red,red|grey| |grey|grey|grey|red,red|
|red,red|red,red|grey| |red,red|grey|red,red|
|grey|red,red|red,red|
If green tiles are chosen there are three ways.
|green,green,green|grey|grey| |grey|green,green,green|grey|
|grey|grey|green,green,green|
And if blue tiles are chosen there are two ways.
|blue,blue,blue,blue|grey| |grey|blue,blue,blue,blue|
Assuming that colours cannot be mixed there are 7 + 3 + 2 = 12 ways
of replacing the grey tiles in a row measuring five units in length.
How many different ways can the grey tiles in a row measuring fifty units in length
be replaced if colours cannot be mixed and at least one coloured tile must be used?
NOTE: This is related to Problem 117 (https://projecteuler.net/problem=117).
"""
def solution(length: int = 50) -> int:
"""
Returns the number of different ways can the grey tiles in a row
of the given length be replaced if colours cannot be mixed
and at least one coloured tile must be used
>>> solution(5)
12
"""
different_colour_ways_number = [[0] * 3 for _ in range(length + 1)]
for row_length in range(length + 1):
for tile_length in range(2, 5):
for tile_start in range(row_length - tile_length + 1):
different_colour_ways_number[row_length][tile_length - 2] += (
different_colour_ways_number[row_length - tile_start - tile_length][
tile_length - 2
]
+ 1
)
return sum(different_colour_ways_number[length])
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 116: https://projecteuler.net/problem=116
A row of five grey square tiles is to have a number of its tiles
replaced with coloured oblong tiles chosen
from red (length two), green (length three), or blue (length four).
If red tiles are chosen there are exactly seven ways this can be done.
|red,red|grey|grey|grey| |grey|red,red|grey|grey|
|grey|grey|red,red|grey| |grey|grey|grey|red,red|
|red,red|red,red|grey| |red,red|grey|red,red|
|grey|red,red|red,red|
If green tiles are chosen there are three ways.
|green,green,green|grey|grey| |grey|green,green,green|grey|
|grey|grey|green,green,green|
And if blue tiles are chosen there are two ways.
|blue,blue,blue,blue|grey| |grey|blue,blue,blue,blue|
Assuming that colours cannot be mixed there are 7 + 3 + 2 = 12 ways
of replacing the grey tiles in a row measuring five units in length.
How many different ways can the grey tiles in a row measuring fifty units in length
be replaced if colours cannot be mixed and at least one coloured tile must be used?
NOTE: This is related to Problem 117 (https://projecteuler.net/problem=117).
"""
def solution(length: int = 50) -> int:
"""
Returns the number of different ways can the grey tiles in a row
of the given length be replaced if colours cannot be mixed
and at least one coloured tile must be used
>>> solution(5)
12
"""
different_colour_ways_number = [[0] * 3 for _ in range(length + 1)]
for row_length in range(length + 1):
for tile_length in range(2, 5):
for tile_start in range(row_length - tile_length + 1):
different_colour_ways_number[row_length][tile_length - 2] += (
different_colour_ways_number[row_length - tile_start - tile_length][
tile_length - 2
]
+ 1
)
return sum(different_colour_ways_number[length])
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import Iterator
from typing import Any
class Node:
def __init__(self, data: Any):
"""
Initialize a new Node with the given data.
Args:
data: The data to be stored in the node.
"""
self.data: Any = data
self.next: Node | None = None # Reference to the next node
class CircularLinkedList:
def __init__(self) -> None:
"""
Initialize an empty Circular Linked List.
"""
self.head: Node | None = None # Reference to the head (first node)
self.tail: Node | None = None # Reference to the tail (last node)
def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
"""
Iterate through all nodes in the Circular Linked List yielding their data.
Yields:
The data of each node in the linked list.
"""
node = self.head
while node:
yield node.data
node = node.next
if node == self.head:
break
def __len__(self) -> int:
"""
Get the length (number of nodes) in the Circular Linked List.
"""
return sum(1 for _ in self)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
Generate a string representation of the Circular Linked List.
Returns:
A string of the format "1->2->....->N".
"""
return "->".join(str(item) for item in iter(self))
def insert_tail(self, data: Any) -> None:
"""
Insert a node with the given data at the end of the Circular Linked List.
"""
self.insert_nth(len(self), data)
def insert_head(self, data: Any) -> None:
"""
Insert a node with the given data at the beginning of the Circular Linked List.
"""
self.insert_nth(0, data)
def insert_nth(self, index: int, data: Any) -> None:
"""
Insert the data of the node at the nth pos in the Circular Linked List.
Args:
index: The index at which the data should be inserted.
data: The data to be inserted.
Raises:
IndexError: If the index is out of range.
"""
if index < 0 or index > len(self):
raise IndexError("list index out of range.")
new_node: Node = Node(data)
if self.head is None:
new_node.next = new_node # First node points to itself
self.tail = self.head = new_node
elif index == 0: # Insert at the head
new_node.next = self.head
assert self.tail is not None # List is not empty, tail exists
self.head = self.tail.next = new_node
else:
temp: Node | None = self.head
for _ in range(index - 1):
assert temp is not None
temp = temp.next
assert temp is not None
new_node.next = temp.next
temp.next = new_node
if index == len(self) - 1: # Insert at the tail
self.tail = new_node
def delete_front(self) -> Any:
"""
Delete and return the data of the node at the front of the Circular Linked List.
Raises:
IndexError: If the list is empty.
"""
return self.delete_nth(0)
def delete_tail(self) -> Any:
"""
Delete and return the data of the node at the end of the Circular Linked List.
Returns:
Any: The data of the deleted node.
Raises:
IndexError: If the index is out of range.
"""
return self.delete_nth(len(self) - 1)
def delete_nth(self, index: int = 0) -> Any:
"""
Delete and return the data of the node at the nth pos in Circular Linked List.
Args:
index (int): The index of the node to be deleted. Defaults to 0.
Returns:
Any: The data of the deleted node.
Raises:
IndexError: If the index is out of range.
"""
if not 0 <= index < len(self):
raise IndexError("list index out of range.")
assert self.head is not None and self.tail is not None
delete_node: Node = self.head
if self.head == self.tail: # Just one node
self.head = self.tail = None
elif index == 0: # Delete head node
assert self.tail.next is not None
self.tail.next = self.tail.next.next
self.head = self.head.next
else:
temp: Node | None = self.head
for _ in range(index - 1):
assert temp is not None
temp = temp.next
assert temp is not None and temp.next is not None
delete_node = temp.next
temp.next = temp.next.next
if index == len(self) - 1: # Delete at tail
self.tail = temp
return delete_node.data
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
"""
Check if the Circular Linked List is empty.
Returns:
bool: True if the list is empty, False otherwise.
"""
return len(self) == 0
def test_circular_linked_list() -> None:
"""
Test cases for the CircularLinkedList class.
>>> test_circular_linked_list()
"""
circular_linked_list = CircularLinkedList()
assert len(circular_linked_list) == 0
assert circular_linked_list.is_empty() is True
assert str(circular_linked_list) == ""
try:
circular_linked_list.delete_front()
raise AssertionError # This should not happen
except IndexError:
assert True # This should happen
try:
circular_linked_list.delete_tail()
raise AssertionError # This should not happen
except IndexError:
assert True # This should happen
try:
circular_linked_list.delete_nth(-1)
raise AssertionError
except IndexError:
assert True
try:
circular_linked_list.delete_nth(0)
raise AssertionError
except IndexError:
assert True
assert circular_linked_list.is_empty() is True
for i in range(5):
assert len(circular_linked_list) == i
circular_linked_list.insert_nth(i, i + 1)
assert str(circular_linked_list) == "->".join(str(i) for i in range(1, 6))
circular_linked_list.insert_tail(6)
assert str(circular_linked_list) == "->".join(str(i) for i in range(1, 7))
circular_linked_list.insert_head(0)
assert str(circular_linked_list) == "->".join(str(i) for i in range(7))
assert circular_linked_list.delete_front() == 0
assert circular_linked_list.delete_tail() == 6
assert str(circular_linked_list) == "->".join(str(i) for i in range(1, 6))
assert circular_linked_list.delete_nth(2) == 3
circular_linked_list.insert_nth(2, 3)
assert str(circular_linked_list) == "->".join(str(i) for i in range(1, 6))
assert circular_linked_list.is_empty() is False
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import Iterator
from typing import Any
class Node:
def __init__(self, data: Any):
"""
Initialize a new Node with the given data.
Args:
data: The data to be stored in the node.
"""
self.data: Any = data
self.next: Node | None = None # Reference to the next node
class CircularLinkedList:
def __init__(self) -> None:
"""
Initialize an empty Circular Linked List.
"""
self.head: Node | None = None # Reference to the head (first node)
self.tail: Node | None = None # Reference to the tail (last node)
def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
"""
Iterate through all nodes in the Circular Linked List yielding their data.
Yields:
The data of each node in the linked list.
"""
node = self.head
while node:
yield node.data
node = node.next
if node == self.head:
break
def __len__(self) -> int:
"""
Get the length (number of nodes) in the Circular Linked List.
"""
return sum(1 for _ in self)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
Generate a string representation of the Circular Linked List.
Returns:
A string of the format "1->2->....->N".
"""
return "->".join(str(item) for item in iter(self))
def insert_tail(self, data: Any) -> None:
"""
Insert a node with the given data at the end of the Circular Linked List.
"""
self.insert_nth(len(self), data)
def insert_head(self, data: Any) -> None:
"""
Insert a node with the given data at the beginning of the Circular Linked List.
"""
self.insert_nth(0, data)
def insert_nth(self, index: int, data: Any) -> None:
"""
Insert the data of the node at the nth pos in the Circular Linked List.
Args:
index: The index at which the data should be inserted.
data: The data to be inserted.
Raises:
IndexError: If the index is out of range.
"""
if index < 0 or index > len(self):
raise IndexError("list index out of range.")
new_node: Node = Node(data)
if self.head is None:
new_node.next = new_node # First node points to itself
self.tail = self.head = new_node
elif index == 0: # Insert at the head
new_node.next = self.head
assert self.tail is not None # List is not empty, tail exists
self.head = self.tail.next = new_node
else:
temp: Node | None = self.head
for _ in range(index - 1):
assert temp is not None
temp = temp.next
assert temp is not None
new_node.next = temp.next
temp.next = new_node
if index == len(self) - 1: # Insert at the tail
self.tail = new_node
def delete_front(self) -> Any:
"""
Delete and return the data of the node at the front of the Circular Linked List.
Raises:
IndexError: If the list is empty.
"""
return self.delete_nth(0)
def delete_tail(self) -> Any:
"""
Delete and return the data of the node at the end of the Circular Linked List.
Returns:
Any: The data of the deleted node.
Raises:
IndexError: If the index is out of range.
"""
return self.delete_nth(len(self) - 1)
def delete_nth(self, index: int = 0) -> Any:
"""
Delete and return the data of the node at the nth pos in Circular Linked List.
Args:
index (int): The index of the node to be deleted. Defaults to 0.
Returns:
Any: The data of the deleted node.
Raises:
IndexError: If the index is out of range.
"""
if not 0 <= index < len(self):
raise IndexError("list index out of range.")
assert self.head is not None and self.tail is not None
delete_node: Node = self.head
if self.head == self.tail: # Just one node
self.head = self.tail = None
elif index == 0: # Delete head node
assert self.tail.next is not None
self.tail.next = self.tail.next.next
self.head = self.head.next
else:
temp: Node | None = self.head
for _ in range(index - 1):
assert temp is not None
temp = temp.next
assert temp is not None and temp.next is not None
delete_node = temp.next
temp.next = temp.next.next
if index == len(self) - 1: # Delete at tail
self.tail = temp
return delete_node.data
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
"""
Check if the Circular Linked List is empty.
Returns:
bool: True if the list is empty, False otherwise.
"""
return len(self) == 0
def test_circular_linked_list() -> None:
"""
Test cases for the CircularLinkedList class.
>>> test_circular_linked_list()
"""
circular_linked_list = CircularLinkedList()
assert len(circular_linked_list) == 0
assert circular_linked_list.is_empty() is True
assert str(circular_linked_list) == ""
try:
circular_linked_list.delete_front()
raise AssertionError # This should not happen
except IndexError:
assert True # This should happen
try:
circular_linked_list.delete_tail()
raise AssertionError # This should not happen
except IndexError:
assert True # This should happen
try:
circular_linked_list.delete_nth(-1)
raise AssertionError
except IndexError:
assert True
try:
circular_linked_list.delete_nth(0)
raise AssertionError
except IndexError:
assert True
assert circular_linked_list.is_empty() is True
for i in range(5):
assert len(circular_linked_list) == i
circular_linked_list.insert_nth(i, i + 1)
assert str(circular_linked_list) == "->".join(str(i) for i in range(1, 6))
circular_linked_list.insert_tail(6)
assert str(circular_linked_list) == "->".join(str(i) for i in range(1, 7))
circular_linked_list.insert_head(0)
assert str(circular_linked_list) == "->".join(str(i) for i in range(7))
assert circular_linked_list.delete_front() == 0
assert circular_linked_list.delete_tail() == 6
assert str(circular_linked_list) == "->".join(str(i) for i in range(1, 6))
assert circular_linked_list.delete_nth(2) == 3
circular_linked_list.insert_nth(2, 3)
assert str(circular_linked_list) == "->".join(str(i) for i in range(1, 6))
assert circular_linked_list.is_empty() is False
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """ A Stack using a linked list like structure """
from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import Iterator
from typing import Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
class Node(Generic[T]):
def __init__(self, data: T):
self.data = data
self.next: Node[T] | None = None
def __str__(self) -> str:
return f"{self.data}"
class LinkedStack(Generic[T]):
"""
Linked List Stack implementing push (to top),
pop (from top) and is_empty
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.is_empty()
True
>>> stack.push(5)
>>> stack.push(9)
>>> stack.push('python')
>>> stack.is_empty()
False
>>> stack.pop()
'python'
>>> stack.push('algorithms')
>>> stack.pop()
'algorithms'
>>> stack.pop()
9
>>> stack.pop()
5
>>> stack.is_empty()
True
>>> stack.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: pop from empty stack
"""
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.top: Node[T] | None = None
def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T]:
node = self.top
while node:
yield node.data
node = node.next
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.push("c")
>>> stack.push("b")
>>> stack.push("a")
>>> str(stack)
'a->b->c'
"""
return "->".join([str(item) for item in self])
def __len__(self) -> int:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> len(stack) == 0
True
>>> stack.push("c")
>>> stack.push("b")
>>> stack.push("a")
>>> len(stack) == 3
True
"""
return len(tuple(iter(self)))
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.is_empty()
True
>>> stack.push(1)
>>> stack.is_empty()
False
"""
return self.top is None
def push(self, item: T) -> None:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.push("Python")
>>> stack.push("Java")
>>> stack.push("C")
>>> str(stack)
'C->Java->Python'
"""
node = Node(item)
if not self.is_empty():
node.next = self.top
self.top = node
def pop(self) -> T:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: pop from empty stack
>>> stack.push("c")
>>> stack.push("b")
>>> stack.push("a")
>>> stack.pop() == 'a'
True
>>> stack.pop() == 'b'
True
>>> stack.pop() == 'c'
True
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise IndexError("pop from empty stack")
assert isinstance(self.top, Node)
pop_node = self.top
self.top = self.top.next
return pop_node.data
def peek(self) -> T:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.push("Java")
>>> stack.push("C")
>>> stack.push("Python")
>>> stack.peek()
'Python'
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise IndexError("peek from empty stack")
assert self.top is not None
return self.top.data
def clear(self) -> None:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.push("Java")
>>> stack.push("C")
>>> stack.push("Python")
>>> str(stack)
'Python->C->Java'
>>> stack.clear()
>>> len(stack) == 0
True
"""
self.top = None
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
| """ A Stack using a linked list like structure """
from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import Iterator
from typing import Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
class Node(Generic[T]):
def __init__(self, data: T):
self.data = data
self.next: Node[T] | None = None
def __str__(self) -> str:
return f"{self.data}"
class LinkedStack(Generic[T]):
"""
Linked List Stack implementing push (to top),
pop (from top) and is_empty
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.is_empty()
True
>>> stack.push(5)
>>> stack.push(9)
>>> stack.push('python')
>>> stack.is_empty()
False
>>> stack.pop()
'python'
>>> stack.push('algorithms')
>>> stack.pop()
'algorithms'
>>> stack.pop()
9
>>> stack.pop()
5
>>> stack.is_empty()
True
>>> stack.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: pop from empty stack
"""
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.top: Node[T] | None = None
def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T]:
node = self.top
while node:
yield node.data
node = node.next
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.push("c")
>>> stack.push("b")
>>> stack.push("a")
>>> str(stack)
'a->b->c'
"""
return "->".join([str(item) for item in self])
def __len__(self) -> int:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> len(stack) == 0
True
>>> stack.push("c")
>>> stack.push("b")
>>> stack.push("a")
>>> len(stack) == 3
True
"""
return len(tuple(iter(self)))
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.is_empty()
True
>>> stack.push(1)
>>> stack.is_empty()
False
"""
return self.top is None
def push(self, item: T) -> None:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.push("Python")
>>> stack.push("Java")
>>> stack.push("C")
>>> str(stack)
'C->Java->Python'
"""
node = Node(item)
if not self.is_empty():
node.next = self.top
self.top = node
def pop(self) -> T:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: pop from empty stack
>>> stack.push("c")
>>> stack.push("b")
>>> stack.push("a")
>>> stack.pop() == 'a'
True
>>> stack.pop() == 'b'
True
>>> stack.pop() == 'c'
True
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise IndexError("pop from empty stack")
assert isinstance(self.top, Node)
pop_node = self.top
self.top = self.top.next
return pop_node.data
def peek(self) -> T:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.push("Java")
>>> stack.push("C")
>>> stack.push("Python")
>>> stack.peek()
'Python'
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise IndexError("peek from empty stack")
assert self.top is not None
return self.top.data
def clear(self) -> None:
"""
>>> stack = LinkedStack()
>>> stack.push("Java")
>>> stack.push("C")
>>> stack.push("Python")
>>> str(stack)
'Python->C->Java'
>>> stack.clear()
>>> len(stack) == 0
True
"""
self.top = None
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | # fibonacci.py
"""
Calculates the Fibonacci sequence using iteration, recursion, memoization,
and a simplified form of Binet's formula
NOTE 1: the iterative, recursive, memoization functions are more accurate than
the Binet's formula function because the Binet formula function uses floats
NOTE 2: the Binet's formula function is much more limited in the size of inputs
that it can handle due to the size limitations of Python floats
RESULTS: (n = 20)
fib_iterative runtime: 0.0055 ms
fib_recursive runtime: 6.5627 ms
fib_memoization runtime: 0.0107 ms
fib_binet runtime: 0.0174 ms
"""
import functools
from math import sqrt
from time import time
def time_func(func, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Times the execution of a function with parameters
"""
start = time()
output = func(*args, **kwargs)
end = time()
if int(end - start) > 0:
print(f"{func.__name__} runtime: {(end - start):0.4f} s")
else:
print(f"{func.__name__} runtime: {(end - start) * 1000:0.4f} ms")
return output
def fib_iterative(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using iteration
>>> fib_iterative(0)
[0]
>>> fib_iterative(1)
[0, 1]
>>> fib_iterative(5)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> fib_iterative(10)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
>>> fib_iterative(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is negative
"""
if n < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
if n == 0:
return [0]
fib = [0, 1]
for _ in range(n - 1):
fib.append(fib[-1] + fib[-2])
return fib
def fib_recursive(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using recursion
>>> fib_iterative(0)
[0]
>>> fib_iterative(1)
[0, 1]
>>> fib_iterative(5)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> fib_iterative(10)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
>>> fib_iterative(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is negative
"""
def fib_recursive_term(i: int) -> int:
"""
Calculates the i-th (0-indexed) Fibonacci number using recursion
"""
if i < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
if i < 2:
return i
return fib_recursive_term(i - 1) + fib_recursive_term(i - 2)
if n < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
return [fib_recursive_term(i) for i in range(n + 1)]
def fib_recursive_cached(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using recursion
>>> fib_iterative(0)
[0]
>>> fib_iterative(1)
[0, 1]
>>> fib_iterative(5)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> fib_iterative(10)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
>>> fib_iterative(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is negative
"""
@functools.cache
def fib_recursive_term(i: int) -> int:
"""
Calculates the i-th (0-indexed) Fibonacci number using recursion
"""
if i < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
if i < 2:
return i
return fib_recursive_term(i - 1) + fib_recursive_term(i - 2)
if n < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
return [fib_recursive_term(i) for i in range(n + 1)]
def fib_memoization(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using memoization
>>> fib_memoization(0)
[0]
>>> fib_memoization(1)
[0, 1]
>>> fib_memoization(5)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> fib_memoization(10)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
>>> fib_iterative(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is negative
"""
if n < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
# Cache must be outside recursuive function
# other it will reset every time it calls itself.
cache: dict[int, int] = {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 1} # Prefilled cache
def rec_fn_memoized(num: int) -> int:
if num in cache:
return cache[num]
value = rec_fn_memoized(num - 1) + rec_fn_memoized(num - 2)
cache[num] = value
return value
return [rec_fn_memoized(i) for i in range(n + 1)]
def fib_binet(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using a simplified form
of Binet's formula:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number#Computation_by_rounding
NOTE 1: this function diverges from fib_iterative at around n = 71, likely
due to compounding floating-point arithmetic errors
NOTE 2: this function doesn't accept n >= 1475 because it overflows
thereafter due to the size limitations of Python floats
>>> fib_binet(0)
[0]
>>> fib_binet(1)
[0, 1]
>>> fib_binet(5)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> fib_binet(10)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
>>> fib_binet(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is negative
>>> fib_binet(1475)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is too large
"""
if n < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
if n >= 1475:
raise Exception("n is too large")
sqrt_5 = sqrt(5)
phi = (1 + sqrt_5) / 2
return [round(phi**i / sqrt_5) for i in range(n + 1)]
if __name__ == "__main__":
num = 30
time_func(fib_iterative, num)
time_func(fib_recursive, num) # Around 3s runtime
time_func(fib_recursive_cached, num) # Around 0ms runtime
time_func(fib_memoization, num)
time_func(fib_binet, num)
| # fibonacci.py
"""
Calculates the Fibonacci sequence using iteration, recursion, memoization,
and a simplified form of Binet's formula
NOTE 1: the iterative, recursive, memoization functions are more accurate than
the Binet's formula function because the Binet formula function uses floats
NOTE 2: the Binet's formula function is much more limited in the size of inputs
that it can handle due to the size limitations of Python floats
RESULTS: (n = 20)
fib_iterative runtime: 0.0055 ms
fib_recursive runtime: 6.5627 ms
fib_memoization runtime: 0.0107 ms
fib_binet runtime: 0.0174 ms
"""
import functools
from math import sqrt
from time import time
def time_func(func, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Times the execution of a function with parameters
"""
start = time()
output = func(*args, **kwargs)
end = time()
if int(end - start) > 0:
print(f"{func.__name__} runtime: {(end - start):0.4f} s")
else:
print(f"{func.__name__} runtime: {(end - start) * 1000:0.4f} ms")
return output
def fib_iterative(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using iteration
>>> fib_iterative(0)
[0]
>>> fib_iterative(1)
[0, 1]
>>> fib_iterative(5)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> fib_iterative(10)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
>>> fib_iterative(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is negative
"""
if n < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
if n == 0:
return [0]
fib = [0, 1]
for _ in range(n - 1):
fib.append(fib[-1] + fib[-2])
return fib
def fib_recursive(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using recursion
>>> fib_iterative(0)
[0]
>>> fib_iterative(1)
[0, 1]
>>> fib_iterative(5)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> fib_iterative(10)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
>>> fib_iterative(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is negative
"""
def fib_recursive_term(i: int) -> int:
"""
Calculates the i-th (0-indexed) Fibonacci number using recursion
"""
if i < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
if i < 2:
return i
return fib_recursive_term(i - 1) + fib_recursive_term(i - 2)
if n < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
return [fib_recursive_term(i) for i in range(n + 1)]
def fib_recursive_cached(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using recursion
>>> fib_iterative(0)
[0]
>>> fib_iterative(1)
[0, 1]
>>> fib_iterative(5)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> fib_iterative(10)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
>>> fib_iterative(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is negative
"""
@functools.cache
def fib_recursive_term(i: int) -> int:
"""
Calculates the i-th (0-indexed) Fibonacci number using recursion
"""
if i < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
if i < 2:
return i
return fib_recursive_term(i - 1) + fib_recursive_term(i - 2)
if n < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
return [fib_recursive_term(i) for i in range(n + 1)]
def fib_memoization(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using memoization
>>> fib_memoization(0)
[0]
>>> fib_memoization(1)
[0, 1]
>>> fib_memoization(5)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> fib_memoization(10)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
>>> fib_iterative(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is negative
"""
if n < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
# Cache must be outside recursuive function
# other it will reset every time it calls itself.
cache: dict[int, int] = {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 1} # Prefilled cache
def rec_fn_memoized(num: int) -> int:
if num in cache:
return cache[num]
value = rec_fn_memoized(num - 1) + rec_fn_memoized(num - 2)
cache[num] = value
return value
return [rec_fn_memoized(i) for i in range(n + 1)]
def fib_binet(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculates the first n (0-indexed) Fibonacci numbers using a simplified form
of Binet's formula:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number#Computation_by_rounding
NOTE 1: this function diverges from fib_iterative at around n = 71, likely
due to compounding floating-point arithmetic errors
NOTE 2: this function doesn't accept n >= 1475 because it overflows
thereafter due to the size limitations of Python floats
>>> fib_binet(0)
[0]
>>> fib_binet(1)
[0, 1]
>>> fib_binet(5)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> fib_binet(10)
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
>>> fib_binet(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is negative
>>> fib_binet(1475)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: n is too large
"""
if n < 0:
raise Exception("n is negative")
if n >= 1475:
raise Exception("n is too large")
sqrt_5 = sqrt(5)
phi = (1 + sqrt_5) / 2
return [round(phi**i / sqrt_5) for i in range(n + 1)]
if __name__ == "__main__":
num = 30
time_func(fib_iterative, num)
time_func(fib_recursive, num) # Around 3s runtime
time_func(fib_recursive_cached, num) # Around 0ms runtime
time_func(fib_memoization, num)
time_func(fib_binet, num)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Problem 125: https://projecteuler.net/problem=125
The palindromic number 595 is interesting because it can be written as the sum
of consecutive squares: 6^2 + 7^2 + 8^2 + 9^2 + 10^2 + 11^2 + 12^2.
There are exactly eleven palindromes below one-thousand that can be written as
consecutive square sums, and the sum of these palindromes is 4164. Note that
1 = 0^2 + 1^2 has not been included as this problem is concerned with the
squares of positive integers.
Find the sum of all the numbers less than 10^8 that are both palindromic and can
be written as the sum of consecutive squares.
"""
LIMIT = 10**8
def is_palindrome(n: int) -> bool:
"""
Check if an integer is palindromic.
>>> is_palindrome(12521)
True
>>> is_palindrome(12522)
False
>>> is_palindrome(12210)
False
"""
if n % 10 == 0:
return False
s = str(n)
return s == s[::-1]
def solution() -> int:
"""
Returns the sum of all numbers less than 1e8 that are both palindromic and
can be written as the sum of consecutive squares.
"""
answer = set()
first_square = 1
sum_squares = 5
while sum_squares < LIMIT:
last_square = first_square + 1
while sum_squares < LIMIT:
if is_palindrome(sum_squares):
answer.add(sum_squares)
last_square += 1
sum_squares += last_square**2
first_square += 1
sum_squares = first_square**2 + (first_square + 1) ** 2
return sum(answer)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| """
Problem 125: https://projecteuler.net/problem=125
The palindromic number 595 is interesting because it can be written as the sum
of consecutive squares: 6^2 + 7^2 + 8^2 + 9^2 + 10^2 + 11^2 + 12^2.
There are exactly eleven palindromes below one-thousand that can be written as
consecutive square sums, and the sum of these palindromes is 4164. Note that
1 = 0^2 + 1^2 has not been included as this problem is concerned with the
squares of positive integers.
Find the sum of all the numbers less than 10^8 that are both palindromic and can
be written as the sum of consecutive squares.
"""
LIMIT = 10**8
def is_palindrome(n: int) -> bool:
"""
Check if an integer is palindromic.
>>> is_palindrome(12521)
True
>>> is_palindrome(12522)
False
>>> is_palindrome(12210)
False
"""
if n % 10 == 0:
return False
s = str(n)
return s == s[::-1]
def solution() -> int:
"""
Returns the sum of all numbers less than 1e8 that are both palindromic and
can be written as the sum of consecutive squares.
"""
answer = set()
first_square = 1
sum_squares = 5
while sum_squares < LIMIT:
last_square = first_square + 1
while sum_squares < LIMIT:
if is_palindrome(sum_squares):
answer.add(sum_squares)
last_square += 1
sum_squares += last_square**2
first_square += 1
sum_squares = first_square**2 + (first_square + 1) ** 2
return sum(answer)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | def match_word_pattern(pattern: str, input_string: str) -> bool:
"""
Determine if a given pattern matches a string using backtracking.
pattern: The pattern to match.
input_string: The string to match against the pattern.
return: True if the pattern matches the string, False otherwise.
>>> match_word_pattern("aba", "GraphTreesGraph")
True
>>> match_word_pattern("xyx", "PythonRubyPython")
True
>>> match_word_pattern("GG", "PythonJavaPython")
False
"""
def backtrack(pattern_index: int, str_index: int) -> bool:
"""
>>> backtrack(0, 0)
True
>>> backtrack(0, 1)
True
>>> backtrack(0, 4)
False
"""
if pattern_index == len(pattern) and str_index == len(input_string):
return True
if pattern_index == len(pattern) or str_index == len(input_string):
return False
char = pattern[pattern_index]
if char in pattern_map:
mapped_str = pattern_map[char]
if input_string.startswith(mapped_str, str_index):
return backtrack(pattern_index + 1, str_index + len(mapped_str))
else:
return False
for end in range(str_index + 1, len(input_string) + 1):
substr = input_string[str_index:end]
if substr in str_map:
continue
pattern_map[char] = substr
str_map[substr] = char
if backtrack(pattern_index + 1, end):
return True
del pattern_map[char]
del str_map[substr]
return False
pattern_map: dict[str, str] = {}
str_map: dict[str, str] = {}
return backtrack(0, 0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| def match_word_pattern(pattern: str, input_string: str) -> bool:
"""
Determine if a given pattern matches a string using backtracking.
pattern: The pattern to match.
input_string: The string to match against the pattern.
return: True if the pattern matches the string, False otherwise.
>>> match_word_pattern("aba", "GraphTreesGraph")
True
>>> match_word_pattern("xyx", "PythonRubyPython")
True
>>> match_word_pattern("GG", "PythonJavaPython")
False
"""
def backtrack(pattern_index: int, str_index: int) -> bool:
"""
>>> backtrack(0, 0)
True
>>> backtrack(0, 1)
True
>>> backtrack(0, 4)
False
"""
if pattern_index == len(pattern) and str_index == len(input_string):
return True
if pattern_index == len(pattern) or str_index == len(input_string):
return False
char = pattern[pattern_index]
if char in pattern_map:
mapped_str = pattern_map[char]
if input_string.startswith(mapped_str, str_index):
return backtrack(pattern_index + 1, str_index + len(mapped_str))
else:
return False
for end in range(str_index + 1, len(input_string) + 1):
substr = input_string[str_index:end]
if substr in str_map:
continue
pattern_map[char] = substr
str_map[substr] = char
if backtrack(pattern_index + 1, end):
return True
del pattern_map[char]
del str_map[substr]
return False
pattern_map: dict[str, str] = {}
str_map: dict[str, str] = {}
return backtrack(0, 0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | # source - The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_time_constant
"""
Description
-----------
When a capacitor is connected with a potential source (AC or DC). It starts to charge
at a general speed but when a resistor is connected in the circuit with in series to
a capacitor then the capacitor charges slowly means it will take more time than usual.
while the capacitor is being charged, the voltage is in exponential function with time.
'resistance(ohms) * capacitance(farads)' is called RC-timeconstant which may also be
represented as Ο (tau). By using this RC-timeconstant we can find the voltage at any
time 't' from the initiation of charging a capacitor with the help of the exponential
function containing RC. Both at charging and discharging of a capacitor.
"""
from math import exp # value of exp = 2.718281828459β¦
def charging_capacitor(
source_voltage: float, # voltage in volts.
resistance: float, # resistance in ohms.
capacitance: float, # capacitance in farads.
time_sec: float, # time in seconds after charging initiation of capacitor.
) -> float:
"""
Find capacitor voltage at any nth second after initiating its charging.
Examples
--------
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=.2,resistance=.9,capacitance=8.4,time_sec=.5)
0.013
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=2.2,resistance=3.5,capacitance=2.4,time_sec=9)
1.446
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=15,resistance=200,capacitance=20,time_sec=2)
0.007
>>> charging_capacitor(20, 2000, 30*pow(10,-5), 4)
19.975
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=0,resistance=10.0,capacitance=.30,time_sec=3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Source voltage must be positive.
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=20,resistance=-2000,capacitance=30,time_sec=4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Resistance must be positive.
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=30,resistance=1500,capacitance=0,time_sec=4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Capacitance must be positive.
"""
if source_voltage <= 0:
raise ValueError("Source voltage must be positive.")
if resistance <= 0:
raise ValueError("Resistance must be positive.")
if capacitance <= 0:
raise ValueError("Capacitance must be positive.")
return round(source_voltage * (1 - exp(-time_sec / (resistance * capacitance))), 3)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| # source - The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_time_constant
"""
Description
-----------
When a capacitor is connected with a potential source (AC or DC). It starts to charge
at a general speed but when a resistor is connected in the circuit with in series to
a capacitor then the capacitor charges slowly means it will take more time than usual.
while the capacitor is being charged, the voltage is in exponential function with time.
'resistance(ohms) * capacitance(farads)' is called RC-timeconstant which may also be
represented as Ο (tau). By using this RC-timeconstant we can find the voltage at any
time 't' from the initiation of charging a capacitor with the help of the exponential
function containing RC. Both at charging and discharging of a capacitor.
"""
from math import exp # value of exp = 2.718281828459β¦
def charging_capacitor(
source_voltage: float, # voltage in volts.
resistance: float, # resistance in ohms.
capacitance: float, # capacitance in farads.
time_sec: float, # time in seconds after charging initiation of capacitor.
) -> float:
"""
Find capacitor voltage at any nth second after initiating its charging.
Examples
--------
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=.2,resistance=.9,capacitance=8.4,time_sec=.5)
0.013
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=2.2,resistance=3.5,capacitance=2.4,time_sec=9)
1.446
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=15,resistance=200,capacitance=20,time_sec=2)
0.007
>>> charging_capacitor(20, 2000, 30*pow(10,-5), 4)
19.975
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=0,resistance=10.0,capacitance=.30,time_sec=3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Source voltage must be positive.
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=20,resistance=-2000,capacitance=30,time_sec=4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Resistance must be positive.
>>> charging_capacitor(source_voltage=30,resistance=1500,capacitance=0,time_sec=4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Capacitance must be positive.
"""
if source_voltage <= 0:
raise ValueError("Source voltage must be positive.")
if resistance <= 0:
raise ValueError("Resistance must be positive.")
if capacitance <= 0:
raise ValueError("Capacitance must be positive.")
return round(source_voltage * (1 - exp(-time_sec / (resistance * capacitance))), 3)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
This is an implementation of Pigeon Hole Sort.
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v pigeon_sort.py
or
python -m doctest -v pigeon_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python pigeon_sort.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations
def pigeon_sort(array: list[int]) -> list[int]:
"""
Implementation of pigeon hole sort algorithm
:param array: Collection of comparable items
:return: Collection sorted in ascending order
>>> pigeon_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> pigeon_sort([])
[]
>>> pigeon_sort([-2, -5, -45])
[-45, -5, -2]
"""
if len(array) == 0:
return array
_min, _max = min(array), max(array)
# Compute the variables
holes_range = _max - _min + 1
holes, holes_repeat = [0] * holes_range, [0] * holes_range
# Make the sorting.
for i in array:
index = i - _min
holes[index] = i
holes_repeat[index] += 1
# Makes the array back by replacing the numbers.
index = 0
for i in range(holes_range):
while holes_repeat[i] > 0:
array[index] = holes[i]
index += 1
holes_repeat[i] -= 1
# Returns the sorted array.
return array
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by comma:\n")
unsorted = [int(x) for x in user_input.split(",")]
print(pigeon_sort(unsorted))
| """
This is an implementation of Pigeon Hole Sort.
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v pigeon_sort.py
or
python -m doctest -v pigeon_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python pigeon_sort.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations
def pigeon_sort(array: list[int]) -> list[int]:
"""
Implementation of pigeon hole sort algorithm
:param array: Collection of comparable items
:return: Collection sorted in ascending order
>>> pigeon_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> pigeon_sort([])
[]
>>> pigeon_sort([-2, -5, -45])
[-45, -5, -2]
"""
if len(array) == 0:
return array
_min, _max = min(array), max(array)
# Compute the variables
holes_range = _max - _min + 1
holes, holes_repeat = [0] * holes_range, [0] * holes_range
# Make the sorting.
for i in array:
index = i - _min
holes[index] = i
holes_repeat[index] += 1
# Makes the array back by replacing the numbers.
index = 0
for i in range(holes_range):
while holes_repeat[i] > 0:
array[index] = holes[i]
index += 1
holes_repeat[i] -= 1
# Returns the sorted array.
return array
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by comma:\n")
unsorted = [int(x) for x in user_input.split(",")]
print(pigeon_sort(unsorted))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
This is a pure Python implementation of the binary insertion sort algorithm
For doctests run following command:
python -m doctest -v binary_insertion_sort.py
or
python3 -m doctest -v binary_insertion_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python binary_insertion_sort.py
"""
def binary_insertion_sort(collection: list) -> list:
"""Pure implementation of the binary insertion sort algorithm in Python
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples:
>>> binary_insertion_sort([0, 4, 1234, 4, 1])
[0, 1, 4, 4, 1234]
>>> binary_insertion_sort([]) == sorted([])
True
>>> binary_insertion_sort([-1, -2, -3]) == sorted([-1, -2, -3])
True
>>> lst = ['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c']
>>> binary_insertion_sort(lst) == sorted(lst)
True
>>> import random
>>> collection = random.sample(range(-50, 50), 100)
>>> binary_insertion_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
>>> import string
>>> collection = random.choices(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, k=100)
>>> binary_insertion_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
"""
n = len(collection)
for i in range(1, n):
val = collection[i]
low = 0
high = i - 1
while low <= high:
mid = (low + high) // 2
if val < collection[mid]:
high = mid - 1
else:
low = mid + 1
for j in range(i, low, -1):
collection[j] = collection[j - 1]
collection[low] = val
return collection
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(binary_insertion_sort(unsorted))
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the binary insertion sort algorithm
For doctests run following command:
python -m doctest -v binary_insertion_sort.py
or
python3 -m doctest -v binary_insertion_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python binary_insertion_sort.py
"""
def binary_insertion_sort(collection: list) -> list:
"""Pure implementation of the binary insertion sort algorithm in Python
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples:
>>> binary_insertion_sort([0, 4, 1234, 4, 1])
[0, 1, 4, 4, 1234]
>>> binary_insertion_sort([]) == sorted([])
True
>>> binary_insertion_sort([-1, -2, -3]) == sorted([-1, -2, -3])
True
>>> lst = ['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c']
>>> binary_insertion_sort(lst) == sorted(lst)
True
>>> import random
>>> collection = random.sample(range(-50, 50), 100)
>>> binary_insertion_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
>>> import string
>>> collection = random.choices(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, k=100)
>>> binary_insertion_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
"""
n = len(collection)
for i in range(1, n):
val = collection[i]
low = 0
high = i - 1
while low <= high:
mid = (low + high) // 2
if val < collection[mid]:
high = mid - 1
else:
low = mid + 1
for j in range(i, low, -1):
collection[j] = collection[j - 1]
collection[low] = val
return collection
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(binary_insertion_sort(unsorted))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Title : Finding the value of either Gravitational Force, one of the masses or distance
provided that the other three parameters are given.
Description : Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation explains the presence of force of
attraction between bodies having a definite mass situated at a distance. It is usually
stated as that, every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a
force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. The publication of the
theory has become known as the "first great unification", as it marked the unification
of the previously described phenomena of gravity on Earth with known astronomical
behaviors.
The equation for the universal gravitation is as follows:
F = (G * mass_1 * mass_2) / (distance)^2
Source :
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation
- Newton (1687) "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica"
"""
from __future__ import annotations
# Define the Gravitational Constant G and the function
GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT = 6.6743e-11 # unit of G : m^3 * kg^-1 * s^-2
def gravitational_law(
force: float, mass_1: float, mass_2: float, distance: float
) -> dict[str, float]:
"""
Input Parameters
----------------
force : magnitude in Newtons
mass_1 : mass in Kilograms
mass_2 : mass in Kilograms
distance : distance in Meters
Returns
-------
result : dict name, value pair of the parameter having Zero as it's value
Returns the value of one of the parameters specified as 0, provided the values of
other parameters are given.
>>> gravitational_law(force=0, mass_1=5, mass_2=10, distance=20)
{'force': 8.342875e-12}
>>> gravitational_law(force=7367.382, mass_1=0, mass_2=74, distance=3048)
{'mass_1': 1.385816317292268e+19}
>>> gravitational_law(force=36337.283, mass_1=0, mass_2=0, distance=35584)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: One and only one argument must be 0
>>> gravitational_law(force=36337.283, mass_1=-674, mass_2=0, distance=35584)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Mass can not be negative
>>> gravitational_law(force=-847938e12, mass_1=674, mass_2=0, distance=9374)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Gravitational force can not be negative
"""
product_of_mass = mass_1 * mass_2
if (force, mass_1, mass_2, distance).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("One and only one argument must be 0")
if force < 0:
raise ValueError("Gravitational force can not be negative")
if distance < 0:
raise ValueError("Distance can not be negative")
if mass_1 < 0 or mass_2 < 0:
raise ValueError("Mass can not be negative")
if force == 0:
force = GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT * product_of_mass / (distance**2)
return {"force": force}
elif mass_1 == 0:
mass_1 = (force) * (distance**2) / (GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT * mass_2)
return {"mass_1": mass_1}
elif mass_2 == 0:
mass_2 = (force) * (distance**2) / (GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT * mass_1)
return {"mass_2": mass_2}
elif distance == 0:
distance = (GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT * product_of_mass / (force)) ** 0.5
return {"distance": distance}
raise ValueError("One and only one argument must be 0")
# Run doctest
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Title : Finding the value of either Gravitational Force, one of the masses or distance
provided that the other three parameters are given.
Description : Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation explains the presence of force of
attraction between bodies having a definite mass situated at a distance. It is usually
stated as that, every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a
force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. The publication of the
theory has become known as the "first great unification", as it marked the unification
of the previously described phenomena of gravity on Earth with known astronomical
behaviors.
The equation for the universal gravitation is as follows:
F = (G * mass_1 * mass_2) / (distance)^2
Source :
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation
- Newton (1687) "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica"
"""
from __future__ import annotations
# Define the Gravitational Constant G and the function
GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT = 6.6743e-11 # unit of G : m^3 * kg^-1 * s^-2
def gravitational_law(
force: float, mass_1: float, mass_2: float, distance: float
) -> dict[str, float]:
"""
Input Parameters
----------------
force : magnitude in Newtons
mass_1 : mass in Kilograms
mass_2 : mass in Kilograms
distance : distance in Meters
Returns
-------
result : dict name, value pair of the parameter having Zero as it's value
Returns the value of one of the parameters specified as 0, provided the values of
other parameters are given.
>>> gravitational_law(force=0, mass_1=5, mass_2=10, distance=20)
{'force': 8.342875e-12}
>>> gravitational_law(force=7367.382, mass_1=0, mass_2=74, distance=3048)
{'mass_1': 1.385816317292268e+19}
>>> gravitational_law(force=36337.283, mass_1=0, mass_2=0, distance=35584)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: One and only one argument must be 0
>>> gravitational_law(force=36337.283, mass_1=-674, mass_2=0, distance=35584)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Mass can not be negative
>>> gravitational_law(force=-847938e12, mass_1=674, mass_2=0, distance=9374)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Gravitational force can not be negative
"""
product_of_mass = mass_1 * mass_2
if (force, mass_1, mass_2, distance).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("One and only one argument must be 0")
if force < 0:
raise ValueError("Gravitational force can not be negative")
if distance < 0:
raise ValueError("Distance can not be negative")
if mass_1 < 0 or mass_2 < 0:
raise ValueError("Mass can not be negative")
if force == 0:
force = GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT * product_of_mass / (distance**2)
return {"force": force}
elif mass_1 == 0:
mass_1 = (force) * (distance**2) / (GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT * mass_2)
return {"mass_1": mass_1}
elif mass_2 == 0:
mass_2 = (force) * (distance**2) / (GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT * mass_1)
return {"mass_2": mass_2}
elif distance == 0:
distance = (GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT * product_of_mass / (force)) ** 0.5
return {"distance": distance}
raise ValueError("One and only one argument must be 0")
# Run doctest
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
The algorithm finds the pattern in given text using following rule.
The bad-character rule considers the mismatched character in Text.
The next occurrence of that character to the left in Pattern is found,
If the mismatched character occurs to the left in Pattern,
a shift is proposed that aligns text block and pattern.
If the mismatched character does not occur to the left in Pattern,
a shift is proposed that moves the entirety of Pattern past
the point of mismatch in the text.
If there no mismatch then the pattern matches with text block.
Time Complexity : O(n/m)
n=length of main string
m=length of pattern string
"""
from __future__ import annotations
class BoyerMooreSearch:
def __init__(self, text: str, pattern: str):
self.text, self.pattern = text, pattern
self.textLen, self.patLen = len(text), len(pattern)
def match_in_pattern(self, char: str) -> int:
"""finds the index of char in pattern in reverse order
Parameters :
char (chr): character to be searched
Returns :
i (int): index of char from last in pattern
-1 (int): if char is not found in pattern
"""
for i in range(self.patLen - 1, -1, -1):
if char == self.pattern[i]:
return i
return -1
def mismatch_in_text(self, current_pos: int) -> int:
"""
find the index of mis-matched character in text when compared with pattern
from last
Parameters :
current_pos (int): current index position of text
Returns :
i (int): index of mismatched char from last in text
-1 (int): if there is no mismatch between pattern and text block
"""
for i in range(self.patLen - 1, -1, -1):
if self.pattern[i] != self.text[current_pos + i]:
return current_pos + i
return -1
def bad_character_heuristic(self) -> list[int]:
# searches pattern in text and returns index positions
positions = []
for i in range(self.textLen - self.patLen + 1):
mismatch_index = self.mismatch_in_text(i)
if mismatch_index == -1:
positions.append(i)
else:
match_index = self.match_in_pattern(self.text[mismatch_index])
i = (
mismatch_index - match_index
) # shifting index lgtm [py/multiple-definition]
return positions
text = "ABAABA"
pattern = "AB"
bms = BoyerMooreSearch(text, pattern)
positions = bms.bad_character_heuristic()
if len(positions) == 0:
print("No match found")
else:
print("Pattern found in following positions: ")
print(positions)
| """
The algorithm finds the pattern in given text using following rule.
The bad-character rule considers the mismatched character in Text.
The next occurrence of that character to the left in Pattern is found,
If the mismatched character occurs to the left in Pattern,
a shift is proposed that aligns text block and pattern.
If the mismatched character does not occur to the left in Pattern,
a shift is proposed that moves the entirety of Pattern past
the point of mismatch in the text.
If there no mismatch then the pattern matches with text block.
Time Complexity : O(n/m)
n=length of main string
m=length of pattern string
"""
from __future__ import annotations
class BoyerMooreSearch:
def __init__(self, text: str, pattern: str):
self.text, self.pattern = text, pattern
self.textLen, self.patLen = len(text), len(pattern)
def match_in_pattern(self, char: str) -> int:
"""finds the index of char in pattern in reverse order
Parameters :
char (chr): character to be searched
Returns :
i (int): index of char from last in pattern
-1 (int): if char is not found in pattern
"""
for i in range(self.patLen - 1, -1, -1):
if char == self.pattern[i]:
return i
return -1
def mismatch_in_text(self, current_pos: int) -> int:
"""
find the index of mis-matched character in text when compared with pattern
from last
Parameters :
current_pos (int): current index position of text
Returns :
i (int): index of mismatched char from last in text
-1 (int): if there is no mismatch between pattern and text block
"""
for i in range(self.patLen - 1, -1, -1):
if self.pattern[i] != self.text[current_pos + i]:
return current_pos + i
return -1
def bad_character_heuristic(self) -> list[int]:
# searches pattern in text and returns index positions
positions = []
for i in range(self.textLen - self.patLen + 1):
mismatch_index = self.mismatch_in_text(i)
if mismatch_index == -1:
positions.append(i)
else:
match_index = self.match_in_pattern(self.text[mismatch_index])
i = (
mismatch_index - match_index
) # shifting index lgtm [py/multiple-definition]
return positions
text = "ABAABA"
pattern = "AB"
bms = BoyerMooreSearch(text, pattern)
positions = bms.bad_character_heuristic()
if len(positions) == 0:
print("No match found")
else:
print("Pattern found in following positions: ")
print(positions)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Description : Centripetal force is the force acting on an object in
curvilinear motion directed towards the axis of rotation
or centre of curvature.
The unit of centripetal force is newton.
The centripetal force is always directed perpendicular to the
direction of the objectβs displacement. Using Newtonβs second
law of motion, it is found that the centripetal force of an object
moving in a circular path always acts towards the centre of the circle.
The Centripetal Force Formula is given as the product of mass (in kg)
and tangential velocity (in meters per second) squared, divided by the
radius (in meters) that implies that on doubling the tangential velocity,
the centripetal force will be quadrupled. Mathematically it is written as:
F = mvΒ²/r
Where, F is the Centripetal force, m is the mass of the object, v is the
speed or velocity of the object and r is the radius.
Reference: https://byjus.com/physics/centripetal-and-centrifugal-force/
"""
def centripetal(mass: float, velocity: float, radius: float) -> float:
"""
The Centripetal Force formula is given as: (m*v*v)/r
>>> round(centripetal(15.5,-30,10),2)
1395.0
>>> round(centripetal(10,15,5),2)
450.0
>>> round(centripetal(20,-50,15),2)
3333.33
>>> round(centripetal(12.25,40,25),2)
784.0
>>> round(centripetal(50,100,50),2)
10000.0
"""
if mass < 0:
raise ValueError("The mass of the body cannot be negative")
if radius <= 0:
raise ValueError("The radius is always a positive non zero integer")
return (mass * (velocity) ** 2) / radius
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
| """
Description : Centripetal force is the force acting on an object in
curvilinear motion directed towards the axis of rotation
or centre of curvature.
The unit of centripetal force is newton.
The centripetal force is always directed perpendicular to the
direction of the objectβs displacement. Using Newtonβs second
law of motion, it is found that the centripetal force of an object
moving in a circular path always acts towards the centre of the circle.
The Centripetal Force Formula is given as the product of mass (in kg)
and tangential velocity (in meters per second) squared, divided by the
radius (in meters) that implies that on doubling the tangential velocity,
the centripetal force will be quadrupled. Mathematically it is written as:
F = mvΒ²/r
Where, F is the Centripetal force, m is the mass of the object, v is the
speed or velocity of the object and r is the radius.
Reference: https://byjus.com/physics/centripetal-and-centrifugal-force/
"""
def centripetal(mass: float, velocity: float, radius: float) -> float:
"""
The Centripetal Force formula is given as: (m*v*v)/r
>>> round(centripetal(15.5,-30,10),2)
1395.0
>>> round(centripetal(10,15,5),2)
450.0
>>> round(centripetal(20,-50,15),2)
3333.33
>>> round(centripetal(12.25,40,25),2)
784.0
>>> round(centripetal(50,100,50),2)
10000.0
"""
if mass < 0:
raise ValueError("The mass of the body cannot be negative")
if radius <= 0:
raise ValueError("The radius is always a positive non zero integer")
return (mass * (velocity) ** 2) / radius
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | # XGBoost Regressor Example
import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_california_housing
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error, mean_squared_error
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from xgboost import XGBRegressor
def data_handling(data: dict) -> tuple:
# Split dataset into features and target. Data is features.
"""
>>> data_handling((
... {'data':'[ 8.3252 41. 6.9841269 1.02380952 322. 2.55555556 37.88 -122.23 ]'
... ,'target':([4.526])}))
('[ 8.3252 41. 6.9841269 1.02380952 322. 2.55555556 37.88 -122.23 ]', [4.526])
"""
return (data["data"], data["target"])
def xgboost(
features: np.ndarray, target: np.ndarray, test_features: np.ndarray
) -> np.ndarray:
"""
>>> xgboost(np.array([[ 2.3571 , 52. , 6.00813008, 1.06775068,
... 907. , 2.45799458, 40.58 , -124.26]]),np.array([1.114]),
... np.array([[1.97840000e+00, 3.70000000e+01, 4.98858447e+00, 1.03881279e+00,
... 1.14300000e+03, 2.60958904e+00, 3.67800000e+01, -1.19780000e+02]]))
array([[1.1139996]], dtype=float32)
"""
xgb = XGBRegressor(
verbosity=0, random_state=42, tree_method="exact", base_score=0.5
)
xgb.fit(features, target)
# Predict target for test data
predictions = xgb.predict(test_features)
predictions = predictions.reshape(len(predictions), 1)
return predictions
def main() -> None:
"""
>>> main()
Mean Absolute Error : 0.30957163379906033
Mean Square Error : 0.22611560196662744
The URL for this algorithm
https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
California house price dataset is used to demonstrate the algorithm.
"""
# Load California house price dataset
california = fetch_california_housing()
data, target = data_handling(california)
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
data, target, test_size=0.25, random_state=1
)
predictions = xgboost(x_train, y_train, x_test)
# Error printing
print(f"Mean Absolute Error : {mean_absolute_error(y_test, predictions)}")
print(f"Mean Square Error : {mean_squared_error(y_test, predictions)}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
main()
| # XGBoost Regressor Example
import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_california_housing
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error, mean_squared_error
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from xgboost import XGBRegressor
def data_handling(data: dict) -> tuple:
# Split dataset into features and target. Data is features.
"""
>>> data_handling((
... {'data':'[ 8.3252 41. 6.9841269 1.02380952 322. 2.55555556 37.88 -122.23 ]'
... ,'target':([4.526])}))
('[ 8.3252 41. 6.9841269 1.02380952 322. 2.55555556 37.88 -122.23 ]', [4.526])
"""
return (data["data"], data["target"])
def xgboost(
features: np.ndarray, target: np.ndarray, test_features: np.ndarray
) -> np.ndarray:
"""
>>> xgboost(np.array([[ 2.3571 , 52. , 6.00813008, 1.06775068,
... 907. , 2.45799458, 40.58 , -124.26]]),np.array([1.114]),
... np.array([[1.97840000e+00, 3.70000000e+01, 4.98858447e+00, 1.03881279e+00,
... 1.14300000e+03, 2.60958904e+00, 3.67800000e+01, -1.19780000e+02]]))
array([[1.1139996]], dtype=float32)
"""
xgb = XGBRegressor(
verbosity=0, random_state=42, tree_method="exact", base_score=0.5
)
xgb.fit(features, target)
# Predict target for test data
predictions = xgb.predict(test_features)
predictions = predictions.reshape(len(predictions), 1)
return predictions
def main() -> None:
"""
>>> main()
Mean Absolute Error : 0.30957163379906033
Mean Square Error : 0.22611560196662744
The URL for this algorithm
https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
California house price dataset is used to demonstrate the algorithm.
"""
# Load California house price dataset
california = fetch_california_housing()
data, target = data_handling(california)
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
data, target, test_size=0.25, random_state=1
)
predictions = xgboost(x_train, y_train, x_test)
# Error printing
print(f"Mean Absolute Error : {mean_absolute_error(y_test, predictions)}")
print(f"Mean Square Error : {mean_squared_error(y_test, predictions)}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | # Author: JoΓ£o Gustavo A. Amorim & Gabriel Kunz
# Author email: joaogustavoamorim@gmail.com and gabriel-kunz@uergs.edu.br
# Coding date: apr 2019
# Black: True
"""
* This code implement the Hamming code:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_code - In telecommunication,
Hamming codes are a family of linear error-correcting codes. Hamming
codes can detect up to two-bit errors or correct one-bit errors
without detection of uncorrected errors. By contrast, the simple
parity code cannot correct errors, and can detect only an odd number
of bits in error. Hamming codes are perfect codes, that is, they
achieve the highest possible rate for codes with their block length
and minimum distance of three.
* the implemented code consists of:
* a function responsible for encoding the message (emitterConverter)
* return the encoded message
* a function responsible for decoding the message (receptorConverter)
* return the decoded message and a ack of data integrity
* how to use:
to be used you must declare how many parity bits (sizePari)
you want to include in the message.
it is desired (for test purposes) to select a bit to be set
as an error. This serves to check whether the code is working correctly.
Lastly, the variable of the message/word that must be desired to be
encoded (text).
* how this work:
declaration of variables (sizePari, be, text)
converts the message/word (text) to binary using the
text_to_bits function
encodes the message using the rules of hamming encoding
decodes the message using the rules of hamming encoding
print the original message, the encoded message and the
decoded message
forces an error in the coded text variable
decodes the message that was forced the error
print the original message, the encoded message, the bit changed
message and the decoded message
"""
# Imports
import numpy as np
# Functions of binary conversion--------------------------------------
def text_to_bits(text, encoding="utf-8", errors="surrogatepass"):
"""
>>> text_to_bits("msg")
'011011010111001101100111'
"""
bits = bin(int.from_bytes(text.encode(encoding, errors), "big"))[2:]
return bits.zfill(8 * ((len(bits) + 7) // 8))
def text_from_bits(bits, encoding="utf-8", errors="surrogatepass"):
"""
>>> text_from_bits('011011010111001101100111')
'msg'
"""
n = int(bits, 2)
return n.to_bytes((n.bit_length() + 7) // 8, "big").decode(encoding, errors) or "\0"
# Functions of hamming code-------------------------------------------
def emitter_converter(size_par, data):
"""
:param size_par: how many parity bits the message must have
:param data: information bits
:return: message to be transmitted by unreliable medium
- bits of information merged with parity bits
>>> emitter_converter(4, "101010111111")
['1', '1', '1', '1', '0', '1', '0', '0', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1']
"""
if size_par + len(data) <= 2**size_par - (len(data) - 1):
raise ValueError("size of parity don't match with size of data")
data_out = []
parity = []
bin_pos = [bin(x)[2:] for x in range(1, size_par + len(data) + 1)]
# sorted information data for the size of the output data
data_ord = []
# data position template + parity
data_out_gab = []
# parity bit counter
qtd_bp = 0
# counter position of data bits
cont_data = 0
for x in range(1, size_par + len(data) + 1):
# Performs a template of bit positions - who should be given,
# and who should be parity
if qtd_bp < size_par:
if (np.log(x) / np.log(2)).is_integer():
data_out_gab.append("P")
qtd_bp = qtd_bp + 1
else:
data_out_gab.append("D")
else:
data_out_gab.append("D")
# Sorts the data to the new output size
if data_out_gab[-1] == "D":
data_ord.append(data[cont_data])
cont_data += 1
else:
data_ord.append(None)
# Calculates parity
qtd_bp = 0 # parity bit counter
for bp in range(1, size_par + 1):
# Bit counter one for a given parity
cont_bo = 0
# counter to control the loop reading
cont_loop = 0
for x in data_ord:
if x is not None:
try:
aux = (bin_pos[cont_loop])[-1 * (bp)]
except IndexError:
aux = "0"
if aux == "1" and x == "1":
cont_bo += 1
cont_loop += 1
parity.append(cont_bo % 2)
qtd_bp += 1
# Mount the message
cont_bp = 0 # parity bit counter
for x in range(size_par + len(data)):
if data_ord[x] is None:
data_out.append(str(parity[cont_bp]))
cont_bp += 1
else:
data_out.append(data_ord[x])
return data_out
def receptor_converter(size_par, data):
"""
>>> receptor_converter(4, "1111010010111111")
(['1', '0', '1', '0', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1'], True)
"""
# data position template + parity
data_out_gab = []
# Parity bit counter
qtd_bp = 0
# Counter p data bit reading
cont_data = 0
# list of parity received
parity_received = []
data_output = []
for x in range(1, len(data) + 1):
# Performs a template of bit positions - who should be given,
# and who should be parity
if qtd_bp < size_par and (np.log(x) / np.log(2)).is_integer():
data_out_gab.append("P")
qtd_bp = qtd_bp + 1
else:
data_out_gab.append("D")
# Sorts the data to the new output size
if data_out_gab[-1] == "D":
data_output.append(data[cont_data])
else:
parity_received.append(data[cont_data])
cont_data += 1
# -----------calculates the parity with the data
data_out = []
parity = []
bin_pos = [bin(x)[2:] for x in range(1, size_par + len(data_output) + 1)]
# sorted information data for the size of the output data
data_ord = []
# Data position feedback + parity
data_out_gab = []
# Parity bit counter
qtd_bp = 0
# Counter p data bit reading
cont_data = 0
for x in range(1, size_par + len(data_output) + 1):
# Performs a template position of bits - who should be given,
# and who should be parity
if qtd_bp < size_par and (np.log(x) / np.log(2)).is_integer():
data_out_gab.append("P")
qtd_bp = qtd_bp + 1
else:
data_out_gab.append("D")
# Sorts the data to the new output size
if data_out_gab[-1] == "D":
data_ord.append(data_output[cont_data])
cont_data += 1
else:
data_ord.append(None)
# Calculates parity
qtd_bp = 0 # parity bit counter
for bp in range(1, size_par + 1):
# Bit counter one for a certain parity
cont_bo = 0
# Counter to control loop reading
cont_loop = 0
for x in data_ord:
if x is not None:
try:
aux = (bin_pos[cont_loop])[-1 * (bp)]
except IndexError:
aux = "0"
if aux == "1" and x == "1":
cont_bo += 1
cont_loop += 1
parity.append(str(cont_bo % 2))
qtd_bp += 1
# Mount the message
cont_bp = 0 # Parity bit counter
for x in range(size_par + len(data_output)):
if data_ord[x] is None:
data_out.append(str(parity[cont_bp]))
cont_bp += 1
else:
data_out.append(data_ord[x])
ack = parity_received == parity
return data_output, ack
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
# Example how to use
# number of parity bits
sizePari = 4
# location of the bit that will be forced an error
be = 2
# Message/word to be encoded and decoded with hamming
# text = input("Enter the word to be read: ")
text = "Message01"
# Convert the message to binary
binaryText = text_to_bits(text)
# Prints the binary of the string
print("Text input in binary is '" + binaryText + "'")
# total transmitted bits
totalBits = len(binaryText) + sizePari
print("Size of data is " + str(totalBits))
print("\n --Message exchange--")
print("Data to send ------------> " + binaryText)
dataOut = emitterConverter(sizePari, binaryText)
print("Data converted ----------> " + "".join(dataOut))
dataReceiv, ack = receptorConverter(sizePari, dataOut)
print(
"Data receive ------------> "
+ "".join(dataReceiv)
+ "\t\t -- Data integrity: "
+ str(ack)
)
print("\n --Force error--")
print("Data to send ------------> " + binaryText)
dataOut = emitterConverter(sizePari, binaryText)
print("Data converted ----------> " + "".join(dataOut))
# forces error
dataOut[-be] = "1" * (dataOut[-be] == "0") + "0" * (dataOut[-be] == "1")
print("Data after transmission -> " + "".join(dataOut))
dataReceiv, ack = receptorConverter(sizePari, dataOut)
print(
"Data receive ------------> "
+ "".join(dataReceiv)
+ "\t\t -- Data integrity: "
+ str(ack)
)
"""
| # Author: JoΓ£o Gustavo A. Amorim & Gabriel Kunz
# Author email: joaogustavoamorim@gmail.com and gabriel-kunz@uergs.edu.br
# Coding date: apr 2019
# Black: True
"""
* This code implement the Hamming code:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_code - In telecommunication,
Hamming codes are a family of linear error-correcting codes. Hamming
codes can detect up to two-bit errors or correct one-bit errors
without detection of uncorrected errors. By contrast, the simple
parity code cannot correct errors, and can detect only an odd number
of bits in error. Hamming codes are perfect codes, that is, they
achieve the highest possible rate for codes with their block length
and minimum distance of three.
* the implemented code consists of:
* a function responsible for encoding the message (emitterConverter)
* return the encoded message
* a function responsible for decoding the message (receptorConverter)
* return the decoded message and a ack of data integrity
* how to use:
to be used you must declare how many parity bits (sizePari)
you want to include in the message.
it is desired (for test purposes) to select a bit to be set
as an error. This serves to check whether the code is working correctly.
Lastly, the variable of the message/word that must be desired to be
encoded (text).
* how this work:
declaration of variables (sizePari, be, text)
converts the message/word (text) to binary using the
text_to_bits function
encodes the message using the rules of hamming encoding
decodes the message using the rules of hamming encoding
print the original message, the encoded message and the
decoded message
forces an error in the coded text variable
decodes the message that was forced the error
print the original message, the encoded message, the bit changed
message and the decoded message
"""
# Imports
import numpy as np
# Functions of binary conversion--------------------------------------
def text_to_bits(text, encoding="utf-8", errors="surrogatepass"):
"""
>>> text_to_bits("msg")
'011011010111001101100111'
"""
bits = bin(int.from_bytes(text.encode(encoding, errors), "big"))[2:]
return bits.zfill(8 * ((len(bits) + 7) // 8))
def text_from_bits(bits, encoding="utf-8", errors="surrogatepass"):
"""
>>> text_from_bits('011011010111001101100111')
'msg'
"""
n = int(bits, 2)
return n.to_bytes((n.bit_length() + 7) // 8, "big").decode(encoding, errors) or "\0"
# Functions of hamming code-------------------------------------------
def emitter_converter(size_par, data):
"""
:param size_par: how many parity bits the message must have
:param data: information bits
:return: message to be transmitted by unreliable medium
- bits of information merged with parity bits
>>> emitter_converter(4, "101010111111")
['1', '1', '1', '1', '0', '1', '0', '0', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1']
"""
if size_par + len(data) <= 2**size_par - (len(data) - 1):
raise ValueError("size of parity don't match with size of data")
data_out = []
parity = []
bin_pos = [bin(x)[2:] for x in range(1, size_par + len(data) + 1)]
# sorted information data for the size of the output data
data_ord = []
# data position template + parity
data_out_gab = []
# parity bit counter
qtd_bp = 0
# counter position of data bits
cont_data = 0
for x in range(1, size_par + len(data) + 1):
# Performs a template of bit positions - who should be given,
# and who should be parity
if qtd_bp < size_par:
if (np.log(x) / np.log(2)).is_integer():
data_out_gab.append("P")
qtd_bp = qtd_bp + 1
else:
data_out_gab.append("D")
else:
data_out_gab.append("D")
# Sorts the data to the new output size
if data_out_gab[-1] == "D":
data_ord.append(data[cont_data])
cont_data += 1
else:
data_ord.append(None)
# Calculates parity
qtd_bp = 0 # parity bit counter
for bp in range(1, size_par + 1):
# Bit counter one for a given parity
cont_bo = 0
# counter to control the loop reading
cont_loop = 0
for x in data_ord:
if x is not None:
try:
aux = (bin_pos[cont_loop])[-1 * (bp)]
except IndexError:
aux = "0"
if aux == "1" and x == "1":
cont_bo += 1
cont_loop += 1
parity.append(cont_bo % 2)
qtd_bp += 1
# Mount the message
cont_bp = 0 # parity bit counter
for x in range(size_par + len(data)):
if data_ord[x] is None:
data_out.append(str(parity[cont_bp]))
cont_bp += 1
else:
data_out.append(data_ord[x])
return data_out
def receptor_converter(size_par, data):
"""
>>> receptor_converter(4, "1111010010111111")
(['1', '0', '1', '0', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1'], True)
"""
# data position template + parity
data_out_gab = []
# Parity bit counter
qtd_bp = 0
# Counter p data bit reading
cont_data = 0
# list of parity received
parity_received = []
data_output = []
for x in range(1, len(data) + 1):
# Performs a template of bit positions - who should be given,
# and who should be parity
if qtd_bp < size_par and (np.log(x) / np.log(2)).is_integer():
data_out_gab.append("P")
qtd_bp = qtd_bp + 1
else:
data_out_gab.append("D")
# Sorts the data to the new output size
if data_out_gab[-1] == "D":
data_output.append(data[cont_data])
else:
parity_received.append(data[cont_data])
cont_data += 1
# -----------calculates the parity with the data
data_out = []
parity = []
bin_pos = [bin(x)[2:] for x in range(1, size_par + len(data_output) + 1)]
# sorted information data for the size of the output data
data_ord = []
# Data position feedback + parity
data_out_gab = []
# Parity bit counter
qtd_bp = 0
# Counter p data bit reading
cont_data = 0
for x in range(1, size_par + len(data_output) + 1):
# Performs a template position of bits - who should be given,
# and who should be parity
if qtd_bp < size_par and (np.log(x) / np.log(2)).is_integer():
data_out_gab.append("P")
qtd_bp = qtd_bp + 1
else:
data_out_gab.append("D")
# Sorts the data to the new output size
if data_out_gab[-1] == "D":
data_ord.append(data_output[cont_data])
cont_data += 1
else:
data_ord.append(None)
# Calculates parity
qtd_bp = 0 # parity bit counter
for bp in range(1, size_par + 1):
# Bit counter one for a certain parity
cont_bo = 0
# Counter to control loop reading
cont_loop = 0
for x in data_ord:
if x is not None:
try:
aux = (bin_pos[cont_loop])[-1 * (bp)]
except IndexError:
aux = "0"
if aux == "1" and x == "1":
cont_bo += 1
cont_loop += 1
parity.append(str(cont_bo % 2))
qtd_bp += 1
# Mount the message
cont_bp = 0 # Parity bit counter
for x in range(size_par + len(data_output)):
if data_ord[x] is None:
data_out.append(str(parity[cont_bp]))
cont_bp += 1
else:
data_out.append(data_ord[x])
ack = parity_received == parity
return data_output, ack
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
# Example how to use
# number of parity bits
sizePari = 4
# location of the bit that will be forced an error
be = 2
# Message/word to be encoded and decoded with hamming
# text = input("Enter the word to be read: ")
text = "Message01"
# Convert the message to binary
binaryText = text_to_bits(text)
# Prints the binary of the string
print("Text input in binary is '" + binaryText + "'")
# total transmitted bits
totalBits = len(binaryText) + sizePari
print("Size of data is " + str(totalBits))
print("\n --Message exchange--")
print("Data to send ------------> " + binaryText)
dataOut = emitterConverter(sizePari, binaryText)
print("Data converted ----------> " + "".join(dataOut))
dataReceiv, ack = receptorConverter(sizePari, dataOut)
print(
"Data receive ------------> "
+ "".join(dataReceiv)
+ "\t\t -- Data integrity: "
+ str(ack)
)
print("\n --Force error--")
print("Data to send ------------> " + binaryText)
dataOut = emitterConverter(sizePari, binaryText)
print("Data converted ----------> " + "".join(dataOut))
# forces error
dataOut[-be] = "1" * (dataOut[-be] == "0") + "0" * (dataOut[-be] == "1")
print("Data after transmission -> " + "".join(dataOut))
dataReceiv, ack = receptorConverter(sizePari, dataOut)
print(
"Data receive ------------> "
+ "".join(dataReceiv)
+ "\t\t -- Data integrity: "
+ str(ack)
)
"""
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Implementation of finding nth fibonacci number using matrix exponentiation.
Time Complexity is about O(log(n)*8), where 8 is the complexity of matrix
multiplication of size 2 by 2.
And on the other hand complexity of bruteforce solution is O(n).
As we know
f[n] = f[n-1] + f[n-1]
Converting to matrix,
[f(n),f(n-1)] = [[1,1],[1,0]] * [f(n-1),f(n-2)]
-> [f(n),f(n-1)] = [[1,1],[1,0]]^2 * [f(n-2),f(n-3)]
...
...
-> [f(n),f(n-1)] = [[1,1],[1,0]]^(n-1) * [f(1),f(0)]
So we just need the n times multiplication of the matrix [1,1],[1,0]].
We can decrease the n times multiplication by following the divide and conquer approach.
"""
def multiply(matrix_a: list[list[int]], matrix_b: list[list[int]]) -> list[list[int]]:
matrix_c = []
n = len(matrix_a)
for i in range(n):
list_1 = []
for j in range(n):
val = 0
for k in range(n):
val = val + matrix_a[i][k] * matrix_b[k][j]
list_1.append(val)
matrix_c.append(list_1)
return matrix_c
def identity(n: int) -> list[list[int]]:
return [[int(row == column) for column in range(n)] for row in range(n)]
def nth_fibonacci_matrix(n: int) -> int:
"""
>>> nth_fibonacci_matrix(100)
354224848179261915075
>>> nth_fibonacci_matrix(-100)
-100
"""
if n <= 1:
return n
res_matrix = identity(2)
fibonacci_matrix = [[1, 1], [1, 0]]
n = n - 1
while n > 0:
if n % 2 == 1:
res_matrix = multiply(res_matrix, fibonacci_matrix)
fibonacci_matrix = multiply(fibonacci_matrix, fibonacci_matrix)
n = int(n / 2)
return res_matrix[0][0]
def nth_fibonacci_bruteforce(n: int) -> int:
"""
>>> nth_fibonacci_bruteforce(100)
354224848179261915075
>>> nth_fibonacci_bruteforce(-100)
-100
"""
if n <= 1:
return n
fib0 = 0
fib1 = 1
for _ in range(2, n + 1):
fib0, fib1 = fib1, fib0 + fib1
return fib1
def main() -> None:
for ordinal in "0th 1st 2nd 3rd 10th 100th 1000th".split():
n = int("".join(c for c in ordinal if c in "0123456789")) # 1000th --> 1000
print(
f"{ordinal} fibonacci number using matrix exponentiation is "
f"{nth_fibonacci_matrix(n)} and using bruteforce is "
f"{nth_fibonacci_bruteforce(n)}\n"
)
# from timeit import timeit
# print(timeit("nth_fibonacci_matrix(1000000)",
# "from main import nth_fibonacci_matrix", number=5))
# print(timeit("nth_fibonacci_bruteforce(1000000)",
# "from main import nth_fibonacci_bruteforce", number=5))
# 2.3342058970001744
# 57.256506615000035
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
main()
| """
Implementation of finding nth fibonacci number using matrix exponentiation.
Time Complexity is about O(log(n)*8), where 8 is the complexity of matrix
multiplication of size 2 by 2.
And on the other hand complexity of bruteforce solution is O(n).
As we know
f[n] = f[n-1] + f[n-1]
Converting to matrix,
[f(n),f(n-1)] = [[1,1],[1,0]] * [f(n-1),f(n-2)]
-> [f(n),f(n-1)] = [[1,1],[1,0]]^2 * [f(n-2),f(n-3)]
...
...
-> [f(n),f(n-1)] = [[1,1],[1,0]]^(n-1) * [f(1),f(0)]
So we just need the n times multiplication of the matrix [1,1],[1,0]].
We can decrease the n times multiplication by following the divide and conquer approach.
"""
def multiply(matrix_a: list[list[int]], matrix_b: list[list[int]]) -> list[list[int]]:
matrix_c = []
n = len(matrix_a)
for i in range(n):
list_1 = []
for j in range(n):
val = 0
for k in range(n):
val = val + matrix_a[i][k] * matrix_b[k][j]
list_1.append(val)
matrix_c.append(list_1)
return matrix_c
def identity(n: int) -> list[list[int]]:
return [[int(row == column) for column in range(n)] for row in range(n)]
def nth_fibonacci_matrix(n: int) -> int:
"""
>>> nth_fibonacci_matrix(100)
354224848179261915075
>>> nth_fibonacci_matrix(-100)
-100
"""
if n <= 1:
return n
res_matrix = identity(2)
fibonacci_matrix = [[1, 1], [1, 0]]
n = n - 1
while n > 0:
if n % 2 == 1:
res_matrix = multiply(res_matrix, fibonacci_matrix)
fibonacci_matrix = multiply(fibonacci_matrix, fibonacci_matrix)
n = int(n / 2)
return res_matrix[0][0]
def nth_fibonacci_bruteforce(n: int) -> int:
"""
>>> nth_fibonacci_bruteforce(100)
354224848179261915075
>>> nth_fibonacci_bruteforce(-100)
-100
"""
if n <= 1:
return n
fib0 = 0
fib1 = 1
for _ in range(2, n + 1):
fib0, fib1 = fib1, fib0 + fib1
return fib1
def main() -> None:
for ordinal in "0th 1st 2nd 3rd 10th 100th 1000th".split():
n = int("".join(c for c in ordinal if c in "0123456789")) # 1000th --> 1000
print(
f"{ordinal} fibonacci number using matrix exponentiation is "
f"{nth_fibonacci_matrix(n)} and using bruteforce is "
f"{nth_fibonacci_bruteforce(n)}\n"
)
# from timeit import timeit
# print(timeit("nth_fibonacci_matrix(1000000)",
# "from main import nth_fibonacci_matrix", number=5))
# print(timeit("nth_fibonacci_bruteforce(1000000)",
# "from main import nth_fibonacci_bruteforce", number=5))
# 2.3342058970001744
# 57.256506615000035
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Project Euler 62
https://projecteuler.net/problem=62
The cube, 41063625 (345^3), can be permuted to produce two other cubes:
56623104 (384^3) and 66430125 (405^3). In fact, 41063625 is the smallest cube
which has exactly three permutations of its digits which are also cube.
Find the smallest cube for which exactly five permutations of its digits are
cube.
"""
from collections import defaultdict
def solution(max_base: int = 5) -> int:
"""
Iterate through every possible cube and sort the cube's digits in
ascending order. Sorting maintains an ordering of the digits that allows
you to compare permutations. Store each sorted sequence of digits in a
dictionary, whose key is the sequence of digits and value is a list of
numbers that are the base of the cube.
Once you find 5 numbers that produce the same sequence of digits, return
the smallest one, which is at index 0 since we insert each base number in
ascending order.
>>> solution(2)
125
>>> solution(3)
41063625
"""
freqs = defaultdict(list)
num = 0
while True:
digits = get_digits(num)
freqs[digits].append(num)
if len(freqs[digits]) == max_base:
base = freqs[digits][0] ** 3
return base
num += 1
def get_digits(num: int) -> str:
"""
Computes the sorted sequence of digits of the cube of num.
>>> get_digits(3)
'27'
>>> get_digits(99)
'027999'
>>> get_digits(123)
'0166788'
"""
return "".join(sorted(str(num**3)))
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler 62
https://projecteuler.net/problem=62
The cube, 41063625 (345^3), can be permuted to produce two other cubes:
56623104 (384^3) and 66430125 (405^3). In fact, 41063625 is the smallest cube
which has exactly three permutations of its digits which are also cube.
Find the smallest cube for which exactly five permutations of its digits are
cube.
"""
from collections import defaultdict
def solution(max_base: int = 5) -> int:
"""
Iterate through every possible cube and sort the cube's digits in
ascending order. Sorting maintains an ordering of the digits that allows
you to compare permutations. Store each sorted sequence of digits in a
dictionary, whose key is the sequence of digits and value is a list of
numbers that are the base of the cube.
Once you find 5 numbers that produce the same sequence of digits, return
the smallest one, which is at index 0 since we insert each base number in
ascending order.
>>> solution(2)
125
>>> solution(3)
41063625
"""
freqs = defaultdict(list)
num = 0
while True:
digits = get_digits(num)
freqs[digits].append(num)
if len(freqs[digits]) == max_base:
base = freqs[digits][0] ** 3
return base
num += 1
def get_digits(num: int) -> str:
"""
Computes the sorted sequence of digits of the cube of num.
>>> get_digits(3)
'27'
>>> get_digits(99)
'027999'
>>> get_digits(123)
'0166788'
"""
return "".join(sorted(str(num**3)))
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Problem Statement:
By starting at the top of the triangle below and moving to adjacent numbers on
the row below, the maximum total from top to bottom is 23.
3
7 4
2 4 6
8 5 9 3
That is, 3 + 7 + 4 + 9 = 23.
Find the maximum total from top to bottom in triangle.txt (right click and
'Save Link/Target As...'), a 15K text file containing a triangle with
one-hundred rows.
"""
import os
def solution():
"""
Finds the maximum total in a triangle as described by the problem statement
above.
>>> solution()
7273
"""
script_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
triangle = os.path.join(script_dir, "triangle.txt")
with open(triangle) as f:
triangle = f.readlines()
a = []
for line in triangle:
numbers_from_line = []
for number in line.strip().split(" "):
numbers_from_line.append(int(number))
a.append(numbers_from_line)
for i in range(1, len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
number1 = a[i - 1][j] if j != len(a[i - 1]) else 0
number2 = a[i - 1][j - 1] if j > 0 else 0
a[i][j] += max(number1, number2)
return max(a[-1])
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| """
Problem Statement:
By starting at the top of the triangle below and moving to adjacent numbers on
the row below, the maximum total from top to bottom is 23.
3
7 4
2 4 6
8 5 9 3
That is, 3 + 7 + 4 + 9 = 23.
Find the maximum total from top to bottom in triangle.txt (right click and
'Save Link/Target As...'), a 15K text file containing a triangle with
one-hundred rows.
"""
import os
def solution():
"""
Finds the maximum total in a triangle as described by the problem statement
above.
>>> solution()
7273
"""
script_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
triangle = os.path.join(script_dir, "triangle.txt")
with open(triangle) as f:
triangle = f.readlines()
a = []
for line in triangle:
numbers_from_line = []
for number in line.strip().split(" "):
numbers_from_line.append(int(number))
a.append(numbers_from_line)
for i in range(1, len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
number1 = a[i - 1][j] if j != len(a[i - 1]) else 0
number2 = a[i - 1][j - 1] if j > 0 else 0
a[i][j] += max(number1, number2)
return max(a[-1])
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | from collections import deque
def _input(message):
return input(message).strip().split(" ")
def initialize_unweighted_directed_graph(
node_count: int, edge_count: int
) -> dict[int, list[int]]:
graph: dict[int, list[int]] = {}
for i in range(node_count):
graph[i + 1] = []
for e in range(edge_count):
x, y = (int(i) for i in _input(f"Edge {e + 1}: <node1> <node2> "))
graph[x].append(y)
return graph
def initialize_unweighted_undirected_graph(
node_count: int, edge_count: int
) -> dict[int, list[int]]:
graph: dict[int, list[int]] = {}
for i in range(node_count):
graph[i + 1] = []
for e in range(edge_count):
x, y = (int(i) for i in _input(f"Edge {e + 1}: <node1> <node2> "))
graph[x].append(y)
graph[y].append(x)
return graph
def initialize_weighted_undirected_graph(
node_count: int, edge_count: int
) -> dict[int, list[tuple[int, int]]]:
graph: dict[int, list[tuple[int, int]]] = {}
for i in range(node_count):
graph[i + 1] = []
for e in range(edge_count):
x, y, w = (int(i) for i in _input(f"Edge {e + 1}: <node1> <node2> <weight> "))
graph[x].append((y, w))
graph[y].append((x, w))
return graph
if __name__ == "__main__":
n, m = (int(i) for i in _input("Number of nodes and edges: "))
graph_choice = int(
_input(
"Press 1 or 2 or 3 \n"
"1. Unweighted directed \n"
"2. Unweighted undirected \n"
"3. Weighted undirected \n"
)[0]
)
g = {
1: initialize_unweighted_directed_graph,
2: initialize_unweighted_undirected_graph,
3: initialize_weighted_undirected_graph,
}[graph_choice](n, m)
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Depth First Search.
Args : G - Dictionary of edges
s - Starting Node
Vars : vis - Set of visited nodes
S - Traversal Stack
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def dfs(g, s):
vis, _s = {s}, [s]
print(s)
while _s:
flag = 0
for i in g[_s[-1]]:
if i not in vis:
_s.append(i)
vis.add(i)
flag = 1
print(i)
break
if not flag:
_s.pop()
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Breadth First Search.
Args : G - Dictionary of edges
s - Starting Node
Vars : vis - Set of visited nodes
Q - Traversal Stack
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def bfs(g, s):
vis, q = {s}, deque([s])
print(s)
while q:
u = q.popleft()
for v in g[u]:
if v not in vis:
vis.add(v)
q.append(v)
print(v)
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dijkstra's shortest path Algorithm
Args : G - Dictionary of edges
s - Starting Node
Vars : dist - Dictionary storing shortest distance from s to every other node
known - Set of knows nodes
path - Preceding node in path
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def dijk(g, s):
dist, known, path = {s: 0}, set(), {s: 0}
while True:
if len(known) == len(g) - 1:
break
mini = 100000
for i in dist:
if i not in known and dist[i] < mini:
mini = dist[i]
u = i
known.add(u)
for v in g[u]:
if v[0] not in known and dist[u] + v[1] < dist.get(v[0], 100000):
dist[v[0]] = dist[u] + v[1]
path[v[0]] = u
for i in dist:
if i != s:
print(dist[i])
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Topological Sort
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def topo(g, ind=None, q=None):
if q is None:
q = [1]
if ind is None:
ind = [0] * (len(g) + 1) # SInce oth Index is ignored
for u in g:
for v in g[u]:
ind[v] += 1
q = deque()
for i in g:
if ind[i] == 0:
q.append(i)
if len(q) == 0:
return
v = q.popleft()
print(v)
for w in g[v]:
ind[w] -= 1
if ind[w] == 0:
q.append(w)
topo(g, ind, q)
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading an Adjacency matrix
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def adjm():
n = input().strip()
a = []
for _ in range(n):
a.append(map(int, input().strip().split()))
return a, n
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Floyd Warshall's algorithm
Args : G - Dictionary of edges
s - Starting Node
Vars : dist - Dictionary storing shortest distance from s to every other node
known - Set of knows nodes
path - Preceding node in path
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def floy(a_and_n):
(a, n) = a_and_n
dist = list(a)
path = [[0] * n for i in range(n)]
for k in range(n):
for i in range(n):
for j in range(n):
if dist[i][j] > dist[i][k] + dist[k][j]:
dist[i][j] = dist[i][k] + dist[k][j]
path[i][k] = k
print(dist)
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prim's MST Algorithm
Args : G - Dictionary of edges
s - Starting Node
Vars : dist - Dictionary storing shortest distance from s to nearest node
known - Set of knows nodes
path - Preceding node in path
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def prim(g, s):
dist, known, path = {s: 0}, set(), {s: 0}
while True:
if len(known) == len(g) - 1:
break
mini = 100000
for i in dist:
if i not in known and dist[i] < mini:
mini = dist[i]
u = i
known.add(u)
for v in g[u]:
if v[0] not in known and v[1] < dist.get(v[0], 100000):
dist[v[0]] = v[1]
path[v[0]] = u
return dist
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accepting Edge list
Vars : n - Number of nodes
m - Number of edges
Returns : l - Edge list
n - Number of Nodes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def edglist():
n, m = map(int, input().split(" "))
edges = []
for _ in range(m):
edges.append(map(int, input().split(" ")))
return edges, n
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kruskal's MST Algorithm
Args : E - Edge list
n - Number of Nodes
Vars : s - Set of all nodes as unique disjoint sets (initially)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def krusk(e_and_n):
# Sort edges on the basis of distance
(e, n) = e_and_n
e.sort(reverse=True, key=lambda x: x[2])
s = [{i} for i in range(1, n + 1)]
while True:
if len(s) == 1:
break
print(s)
x = e.pop()
for i in range(len(s)):
if x[0] in s[i]:
break
for j in range(len(s)):
if x[1] in s[j]:
if i == j:
break
s[j].update(s[i])
s.pop(i)
break
# find the isolated node in the graph
def find_isolated_nodes(graph):
isolated = []
for node in graph:
if not graph[node]:
isolated.append(node)
return isolated
| from collections import deque
def _input(message):
return input(message).strip().split(" ")
def initialize_unweighted_directed_graph(
node_count: int, edge_count: int
) -> dict[int, list[int]]:
graph: dict[int, list[int]] = {}
for i in range(node_count):
graph[i + 1] = []
for e in range(edge_count):
x, y = (int(i) for i in _input(f"Edge {e + 1}: <node1> <node2> "))
graph[x].append(y)
return graph
def initialize_unweighted_undirected_graph(
node_count: int, edge_count: int
) -> dict[int, list[int]]:
graph: dict[int, list[int]] = {}
for i in range(node_count):
graph[i + 1] = []
for e in range(edge_count):
x, y = (int(i) for i in _input(f"Edge {e + 1}: <node1> <node2> "))
graph[x].append(y)
graph[y].append(x)
return graph
def initialize_weighted_undirected_graph(
node_count: int, edge_count: int
) -> dict[int, list[tuple[int, int]]]:
graph: dict[int, list[tuple[int, int]]] = {}
for i in range(node_count):
graph[i + 1] = []
for e in range(edge_count):
x, y, w = (int(i) for i in _input(f"Edge {e + 1}: <node1> <node2> <weight> "))
graph[x].append((y, w))
graph[y].append((x, w))
return graph
if __name__ == "__main__":
n, m = (int(i) for i in _input("Number of nodes and edges: "))
graph_choice = int(
_input(
"Press 1 or 2 or 3 \n"
"1. Unweighted directed \n"
"2. Unweighted undirected \n"
"3. Weighted undirected \n"
)[0]
)
g = {
1: initialize_unweighted_directed_graph,
2: initialize_unweighted_undirected_graph,
3: initialize_weighted_undirected_graph,
}[graph_choice](n, m)
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Depth First Search.
Args : G - Dictionary of edges
s - Starting Node
Vars : vis - Set of visited nodes
S - Traversal Stack
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def dfs(g, s):
vis, _s = {s}, [s]
print(s)
while _s:
flag = 0
for i in g[_s[-1]]:
if i not in vis:
_s.append(i)
vis.add(i)
flag = 1
print(i)
break
if not flag:
_s.pop()
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Breadth First Search.
Args : G - Dictionary of edges
s - Starting Node
Vars : vis - Set of visited nodes
Q - Traversal Stack
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def bfs(g, s):
vis, q = {s}, deque([s])
print(s)
while q:
u = q.popleft()
for v in g[u]:
if v not in vis:
vis.add(v)
q.append(v)
print(v)
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dijkstra's shortest path Algorithm
Args : G - Dictionary of edges
s - Starting Node
Vars : dist - Dictionary storing shortest distance from s to every other node
known - Set of knows nodes
path - Preceding node in path
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def dijk(g, s):
dist, known, path = {s: 0}, set(), {s: 0}
while True:
if len(known) == len(g) - 1:
break
mini = 100000
for i in dist:
if i not in known and dist[i] < mini:
mini = dist[i]
u = i
known.add(u)
for v in g[u]:
if v[0] not in known and dist[u] + v[1] < dist.get(v[0], 100000):
dist[v[0]] = dist[u] + v[1]
path[v[0]] = u
for i in dist:
if i != s:
print(dist[i])
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Topological Sort
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def topo(g, ind=None, q=None):
if q is None:
q = [1]
if ind is None:
ind = [0] * (len(g) + 1) # SInce oth Index is ignored
for u in g:
for v in g[u]:
ind[v] += 1
q = deque()
for i in g:
if ind[i] == 0:
q.append(i)
if len(q) == 0:
return
v = q.popleft()
print(v)
for w in g[v]:
ind[w] -= 1
if ind[w] == 0:
q.append(w)
topo(g, ind, q)
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading an Adjacency matrix
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def adjm():
n = input().strip()
a = []
for _ in range(n):
a.append(map(int, input().strip().split()))
return a, n
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Floyd Warshall's algorithm
Args : G - Dictionary of edges
s - Starting Node
Vars : dist - Dictionary storing shortest distance from s to every other node
known - Set of knows nodes
path - Preceding node in path
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def floy(a_and_n):
(a, n) = a_and_n
dist = list(a)
path = [[0] * n for i in range(n)]
for k in range(n):
for i in range(n):
for j in range(n):
if dist[i][j] > dist[i][k] + dist[k][j]:
dist[i][j] = dist[i][k] + dist[k][j]
path[i][k] = k
print(dist)
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prim's MST Algorithm
Args : G - Dictionary of edges
s - Starting Node
Vars : dist - Dictionary storing shortest distance from s to nearest node
known - Set of knows nodes
path - Preceding node in path
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def prim(g, s):
dist, known, path = {s: 0}, set(), {s: 0}
while True:
if len(known) == len(g) - 1:
break
mini = 100000
for i in dist:
if i not in known and dist[i] < mini:
mini = dist[i]
u = i
known.add(u)
for v in g[u]:
if v[0] not in known and v[1] < dist.get(v[0], 100000):
dist[v[0]] = v[1]
path[v[0]] = u
return dist
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accepting Edge list
Vars : n - Number of nodes
m - Number of edges
Returns : l - Edge list
n - Number of Nodes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def edglist():
n, m = map(int, input().split(" "))
edges = []
for _ in range(m):
edges.append(map(int, input().split(" ")))
return edges, n
"""
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kruskal's MST Algorithm
Args : E - Edge list
n - Number of Nodes
Vars : s - Set of all nodes as unique disjoint sets (initially)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
def krusk(e_and_n):
# Sort edges on the basis of distance
(e, n) = e_and_n
e.sort(reverse=True, key=lambda x: x[2])
s = [{i} for i in range(1, n + 1)]
while True:
if len(s) == 1:
break
print(s)
x = e.pop()
for i in range(len(s)):
if x[0] in s[i]:
break
for j in range(len(s)):
if x[1] in s[j]:
if i == j:
break
s[j].update(s[i])
s.pop(i)
break
# find the isolated node in the graph
def find_isolated_nodes(graph):
isolated = []
for node in graph:
if not graph[node]:
isolated.append(node)
return isolated
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Checks if a system of forces is in static equilibrium.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from numpy import array, cos, cross, float64, radians, sin
from numpy.typing import NDArray
def polar_force(
magnitude: float, angle: float, radian_mode: bool = False
) -> list[float]:
"""
Resolves force along rectangular components.
(force, angle) => (force_x, force_y)
>>> import math
>>> force = polar_force(10, 45)
>>> math.isclose(force[0], 7.071067811865477)
True
>>> math.isclose(force[1], 7.0710678118654755)
True
>>> force = polar_force(10, 3.14, radian_mode=True)
>>> math.isclose(force[0], -9.999987317275396)
True
>>> math.isclose(force[1], 0.01592652916486828)
True
"""
if radian_mode:
return [magnitude * cos(angle), magnitude * sin(angle)]
return [magnitude * cos(radians(angle)), magnitude * sin(radians(angle))]
def in_static_equilibrium(
forces: NDArray[float64], location: NDArray[float64], eps: float = 10**-1
) -> bool:
"""
Check if a system is in equilibrium.
It takes two numpy.array objects.
forces ==> [
[force1_x, force1_y],
[force2_x, force2_y],
....]
location ==> [
[x1, y1],
[x2, y2],
....]
>>> force = array([[1, 1], [-1, 2]])
>>> location = array([[1, 0], [10, 0]])
>>> in_static_equilibrium(force, location)
False
"""
# summation of moments is zero
moments: NDArray[float64] = cross(location, forces)
sum_moments: float = sum(moments)
return abs(sum_moments) < eps
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Test to check if it works
forces = array(
[
polar_force(718.4, 180 - 30),
polar_force(879.54, 45),
polar_force(100, -90),
]
)
location: NDArray[float64] = array([[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
# Problem 1 in image_data/2D_problems.jpg
forces = array(
[
polar_force(30 * 9.81, 15),
polar_force(215, 180 - 45),
polar_force(264, 90 - 30),
]
)
location = array([[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
# Problem in image_data/2D_problems_1.jpg
forces = array([[0, -2000], [0, -1200], [0, 15600], [0, -12400]])
location = array([[0, 0], [6, 0], [10, 0], [12, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Checks if a system of forces is in static equilibrium.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from numpy import array, cos, cross, float64, radians, sin
from numpy.typing import NDArray
def polar_force(
magnitude: float, angle: float, radian_mode: bool = False
) -> list[float]:
"""
Resolves force along rectangular components.
(force, angle) => (force_x, force_y)
>>> import math
>>> force = polar_force(10, 45)
>>> math.isclose(force[0], 7.071067811865477)
True
>>> math.isclose(force[1], 7.0710678118654755)
True
>>> force = polar_force(10, 3.14, radian_mode=True)
>>> math.isclose(force[0], -9.999987317275396)
True
>>> math.isclose(force[1], 0.01592652916486828)
True
"""
if radian_mode:
return [magnitude * cos(angle), magnitude * sin(angle)]
return [magnitude * cos(radians(angle)), magnitude * sin(radians(angle))]
def in_static_equilibrium(
forces: NDArray[float64], location: NDArray[float64], eps: float = 10**-1
) -> bool:
"""
Check if a system is in equilibrium.
It takes two numpy.array objects.
forces ==> [
[force1_x, force1_y],
[force2_x, force2_y],
....]
location ==> [
[x1, y1],
[x2, y2],
....]
>>> force = array([[1, 1], [-1, 2]])
>>> location = array([[1, 0], [10, 0]])
>>> in_static_equilibrium(force, location)
False
"""
# summation of moments is zero
moments: NDArray[float64] = cross(location, forces)
sum_moments: float = sum(moments)
return abs(sum_moments) < eps
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Test to check if it works
forces = array(
[
polar_force(718.4, 180 - 30),
polar_force(879.54, 45),
polar_force(100, -90),
]
)
location: NDArray[float64] = array([[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
# Problem 1 in image_data/2D_problems.jpg
forces = array(
[
polar_force(30 * 9.81, 15),
polar_force(215, 180 - 45),
polar_force(264, 90 - 30),
]
)
location = array([[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
# Problem in image_data/2D_problems_1.jpg
forces = array([[0, -2000], [0, -1200], [0, 15600], [0, -12400]])
location = array([[0, 0], [6, 0], [10, 0], [12, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | from typing import Any
def bubble_sort(collection: list[Any]) -> list[Any]:
"""Pure implementation of bubble sort algorithm in Python
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples:
>>> bubble_sort([0, 5, 2, 3, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> bubble_sort([0, 5, 2, 3, 2]) == sorted([0, 5, 2, 3, 2])
True
>>> bubble_sort([]) == sorted([])
True
>>> bubble_sort([-2, -45, -5]) == sorted([-2, -45, -5])
True
>>> bubble_sort([-23, 0, 6, -4, 34]) == sorted([-23, 0, 6, -4, 34])
True
>>> bubble_sort(['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c']) == sorted(['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c'])
True
>>> import random
>>> collection = random.sample(range(-50, 50), 100)
>>> bubble_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
>>> import string
>>> collection = random.choices(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, k=100)
>>> bubble_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
"""
length = len(collection)
for i in reversed(range(length)):
swapped = False
for j in range(i):
if collection[j] > collection[j + 1]:
swapped = True
collection[j], collection[j + 1] = collection[j + 1], collection[j]
if not swapped:
break # Stop iteration if the collection is sorted.
return collection
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
import time
doctest.testmod()
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
start = time.process_time()
print(*bubble_sort(unsorted), sep=",")
print(f"Processing time: {(time.process_time() - start)%1e9 + 7}")
| from typing import Any
def bubble_sort(collection: list[Any]) -> list[Any]:
"""Pure implementation of bubble sort algorithm in Python
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples:
>>> bubble_sort([0, 5, 2, 3, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> bubble_sort([0, 5, 2, 3, 2]) == sorted([0, 5, 2, 3, 2])
True
>>> bubble_sort([]) == sorted([])
True
>>> bubble_sort([-2, -45, -5]) == sorted([-2, -45, -5])
True
>>> bubble_sort([-23, 0, 6, -4, 34]) == sorted([-23, 0, 6, -4, 34])
True
>>> bubble_sort(['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c']) == sorted(['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c'])
True
>>> import random
>>> collection = random.sample(range(-50, 50), 100)
>>> bubble_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
>>> import string
>>> collection = random.choices(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, k=100)
>>> bubble_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
"""
length = len(collection)
for i in reversed(range(length)):
swapped = False
for j in range(i):
if collection[j] > collection[j + 1]:
swapped = True
collection[j], collection[j + 1] = collection[j + 1], collection[j]
if not swapped:
break # Stop iteration if the collection is sorted.
return collection
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
import time
doctest.testmod()
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
start = time.process_time()
print(*bubble_sort(unsorted), sep=",")
print(f"Processing time: {(time.process_time() - start)%1e9 + 7}")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Linked Lists consists of Nodes.
Nodes contain data and also may link to other nodes:
- Head Node: First node, the address of the
head node gives us access of the complete list
- Last node: points to null
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Any
class Node:
def __init__(self, item: Any, next: Any) -> None: # noqa: A002
self.item = item
self.next = next
class LinkedList:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.head: Node | None = None
self.size = 0
def add(self, item: Any, position: int = 0) -> None:
"""
Add an item to the LinkedList at the specified position.
Default position is 0 (the head).
Args:
item (Any): The item to add to the LinkedList.
position (int, optional): The position at which to add the item.
Defaults to 0.
Raises:
ValueError: If the position is negative or out of bounds.
>>> linked_list = LinkedList()
>>> linked_list.add(1)
>>> linked_list.add(2)
>>> linked_list.add(3)
>>> linked_list.add(4, 2)
>>> print(linked_list)
3 --> 2 --> 4 --> 1
# Test adding to a negative position
>>> linked_list.add(5, -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Position must be non-negative
# Test adding to an out-of-bounds position
>>> linked_list.add(5,7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Out of bounds
>>> linked_list.add(5, 4)
>>> print(linked_list)
3 --> 2 --> 4 --> 1 --> 5
"""
if position < 0:
raise ValueError("Position must be non-negative")
if position == 0 or self.head is None:
new_node = Node(item, self.head)
self.head = new_node
else:
current = self.head
for _ in range(position - 1):
current = current.next
if current is None:
raise ValueError("Out of bounds")
new_node = Node(item, current.next)
current.next = new_node
self.size += 1
def remove(self) -> Any:
# Switched 'self.is_empty()' to 'self.head is None'
# because mypy was considering the possibility that 'self.head'
# can be None in below else part and giving error
if self.head is None:
return None
else:
item = self.head.item
self.head = self.head.next
self.size -= 1
return item
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
return self.head is None
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
>>> linked_list = LinkedList()
>>> linked_list.add(23)
>>> linked_list.add(14)
>>> linked_list.add(9)
>>> print(linked_list)
9 --> 14 --> 23
"""
if self.is_empty():
return ""
else:
iterate = self.head
item_str = ""
item_list: list[str] = []
while iterate:
item_list.append(str(iterate.item))
iterate = iterate.next
item_str = " --> ".join(item_list)
return item_str
def __len__(self) -> int:
"""
>>> linked_list = LinkedList()
>>> len(linked_list)
0
>>> linked_list.add("a")
>>> len(linked_list)
1
>>> linked_list.add("b")
>>> len(linked_list)
2
>>> _ = linked_list.remove()
>>> len(linked_list)
1
>>> _ = linked_list.remove()
>>> len(linked_list)
0
"""
return self.size
| """
Linked Lists consists of Nodes.
Nodes contain data and also may link to other nodes:
- Head Node: First node, the address of the
head node gives us access of the complete list
- Last node: points to null
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Any
class Node:
def __init__(self, item: Any, next: Any) -> None: # noqa: A002
self.item = item
self.next = next
class LinkedList:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.head: Node | None = None
self.size = 0
def add(self, item: Any, position: int = 0) -> None:
"""
Add an item to the LinkedList at the specified position.
Default position is 0 (the head).
Args:
item (Any): The item to add to the LinkedList.
position (int, optional): The position at which to add the item.
Defaults to 0.
Raises:
ValueError: If the position is negative or out of bounds.
>>> linked_list = LinkedList()
>>> linked_list.add(1)
>>> linked_list.add(2)
>>> linked_list.add(3)
>>> linked_list.add(4, 2)
>>> print(linked_list)
3 --> 2 --> 4 --> 1
# Test adding to a negative position
>>> linked_list.add(5, -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Position must be non-negative
# Test adding to an out-of-bounds position
>>> linked_list.add(5,7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Out of bounds
>>> linked_list.add(5, 4)
>>> print(linked_list)
3 --> 2 --> 4 --> 1 --> 5
"""
if position < 0:
raise ValueError("Position must be non-negative")
if position == 0 or self.head is None:
new_node = Node(item, self.head)
self.head = new_node
else:
current = self.head
for _ in range(position - 1):
current = current.next
if current is None:
raise ValueError("Out of bounds")
new_node = Node(item, current.next)
current.next = new_node
self.size += 1
def remove(self) -> Any:
# Switched 'self.is_empty()' to 'self.head is None'
# because mypy was considering the possibility that 'self.head'
# can be None in below else part and giving error
if self.head is None:
return None
else:
item = self.head.item
self.head = self.head.next
self.size -= 1
return item
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
return self.head is None
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
>>> linked_list = LinkedList()
>>> linked_list.add(23)
>>> linked_list.add(14)
>>> linked_list.add(9)
>>> print(linked_list)
9 --> 14 --> 23
"""
if self.is_empty():
return ""
else:
iterate = self.head
item_str = ""
item_list: list[str] = []
while iterate:
item_list.append(str(iterate.item))
iterate = iterate.next
item_str = " --> ".join(item_list)
return item_str
def __len__(self) -> int:
"""
>>> linked_list = LinkedList()
>>> len(linked_list)
0
>>> linked_list.add("a")
>>> len(linked_list)
1
>>> linked_list.add("b")
>>> len(linked_list)
2
>>> _ = linked_list.remove()
>>> len(linked_list)
1
>>> _ = linked_list.remove()
>>> len(linked_list)
0
"""
return self.size
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Project Euler Problem 9: https://projecteuler.net/problem=9
Special Pythagorean triplet
A Pythagorean triplet is a set of three natural numbers, a < b < c, for which,
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
For example, 3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5^2.
There exists exactly one Pythagorean triplet for which a + b + c = 1000.
Find the product a*b*c.
References:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_triple
"""
def solution() -> int:
"""
Returns the product of a,b,c which are Pythagorean Triplet that satisfies
the following:
1. a < b < c
2. a**2 + b**2 = c**2
3. a + b + c = 1000
>>> solution()
31875000
"""
for a in range(300):
for b in range(a + 1, 400):
for c in range(b + 1, 500):
if (a + b + c) == 1000 and (a**2) + (b**2) == (c**2):
return a * b * c
return -1
def solution_fast() -> int:
"""
Returns the product of a,b,c which are Pythagorean Triplet that satisfies
the following:
1. a < b < c
2. a**2 + b**2 = c**2
3. a + b + c = 1000
>>> solution_fast()
31875000
"""
for a in range(300):
for b in range(400):
c = 1000 - a - b
if a < b < c and (a**2) + (b**2) == (c**2):
return a * b * c
return -1
def benchmark() -> None:
"""
Benchmark code comparing two different version function.
"""
import timeit
print(
timeit.timeit("solution()", setup="from __main__ import solution", number=1000)
)
print(
timeit.timeit(
"solution_fast()", setup="from __main__ import solution_fast", number=1000
)
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 9: https://projecteuler.net/problem=9
Special Pythagorean triplet
A Pythagorean triplet is a set of three natural numbers, a < b < c, for which,
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
For example, 3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5^2.
There exists exactly one Pythagorean triplet for which a + b + c = 1000.
Find the product a*b*c.
References:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_triple
"""
def solution() -> int:
"""
Returns the product of a,b,c which are Pythagorean Triplet that satisfies
the following:
1. a < b < c
2. a**2 + b**2 = c**2
3. a + b + c = 1000
>>> solution()
31875000
"""
for a in range(300):
for b in range(a + 1, 400):
for c in range(b + 1, 500):
if (a + b + c) == 1000 and (a**2) + (b**2) == (c**2):
return a * b * c
return -1
def solution_fast() -> int:
"""
Returns the product of a,b,c which are Pythagorean Triplet that satisfies
the following:
1. a < b < c
2. a**2 + b**2 = c**2
3. a + b + c = 1000
>>> solution_fast()
31875000
"""
for a in range(300):
for b in range(400):
c = 1000 - a - b
if a < b < c and (a**2) + (b**2) == (c**2):
return a * b * c
return -1
def benchmark() -> None:
"""
Benchmark code comparing two different version function.
"""
import timeit
print(
timeit.timeit("solution()", setup="from __main__ import solution", number=1000)
)
print(
timeit.timeit(
"solution_fast()", setup="from __main__ import solution_fast", number=1000
)
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Project Euler Problem 50: https://projecteuler.net/problem=50
Consecutive prime sum
The prime 41, can be written as the sum of six consecutive primes:
41 = 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13
This is the longest sum of consecutive primes that adds to a prime below
one-hundred.
The longest sum of consecutive primes below one-thousand that adds to a prime,
contains 21 terms, and is equal to 953.
Which prime, below one-million, can be written as the sum of the most
consecutive primes?
"""
from __future__ import annotations
def prime_sieve(limit: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Sieve of Erotosthenes
Function to return all the prime numbers up to a number 'limit'
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes
>>> prime_sieve(3)
[2]
>>> prime_sieve(50)
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47]
"""
is_prime = [True] * limit
is_prime[0] = False
is_prime[1] = False
is_prime[2] = True
for i in range(3, int(limit**0.5 + 1), 2):
index = i * 2
while index < limit:
is_prime[index] = False
index = index + i
primes = [2]
for i in range(3, limit, 2):
if is_prime[i]:
primes.append(i)
return primes
def solution(ceiling: int = 1_000_000) -> int:
"""
Returns the biggest prime, below the celing, that can be written as the sum
of consecutive the most consecutive primes.
>>> solution(500)
499
>>> solution(1_000)
953
>>> solution(10_000)
9521
"""
primes = prime_sieve(ceiling)
length = 0
largest = 0
for i in range(len(primes)):
for j in range(i + length, len(primes)):
sol = sum(primes[i:j])
if sol >= ceiling:
break
if sol in primes:
length = j - i
largest = sol
return largest
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 50: https://projecteuler.net/problem=50
Consecutive prime sum
The prime 41, can be written as the sum of six consecutive primes:
41 = 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13
This is the longest sum of consecutive primes that adds to a prime below
one-hundred.
The longest sum of consecutive primes below one-thousand that adds to a prime,
contains 21 terms, and is equal to 953.
Which prime, below one-million, can be written as the sum of the most
consecutive primes?
"""
from __future__ import annotations
def prime_sieve(limit: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Sieve of Erotosthenes
Function to return all the prime numbers up to a number 'limit'
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes
>>> prime_sieve(3)
[2]
>>> prime_sieve(50)
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47]
"""
is_prime = [True] * limit
is_prime[0] = False
is_prime[1] = False
is_prime[2] = True
for i in range(3, int(limit**0.5 + 1), 2):
index = i * 2
while index < limit:
is_prime[index] = False
index = index + i
primes = [2]
for i in range(3, limit, 2):
if is_prime[i]:
primes.append(i)
return primes
def solution(ceiling: int = 1_000_000) -> int:
"""
Returns the biggest prime, below the celing, that can be written as the sum
of consecutive the most consecutive primes.
>>> solution(500)
499
>>> solution(1_000)
953
>>> solution(10_000)
9521
"""
primes = prime_sieve(ceiling)
length = 0
largest = 0
for i in range(len(primes)):
for j in range(i + length, len(primes)):
sol = sum(primes[i:j])
if sol >= ceiling:
break
if sol in primes:
length = j - i
largest = sol
return largest
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
This is a pure Python implementation of the pancake sort algorithm
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v pancake_sort.py
or
python -m doctest -v pancake_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python pancake_sort.py
"""
def pancake_sort(arr):
"""Sort Array with Pancake Sort.
:param arr: Collection containing comparable items
:return: Collection ordered in ascending order of items
Examples:
>>> pancake_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> pancake_sort([])
[]
>>> pancake_sort([-2, -5, -45])
[-45, -5, -2]
"""
cur = len(arr)
while cur > 1:
# Find the maximum number in arr
mi = arr.index(max(arr[0:cur]))
# Reverse from 0 to mi
arr = arr[mi::-1] + arr[mi + 1 : len(arr)]
# Reverse whole list
arr = arr[cur - 1 :: -1] + arr[cur : len(arr)]
cur -= 1
return arr
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(pancake_sort(unsorted))
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the pancake sort algorithm
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v pancake_sort.py
or
python -m doctest -v pancake_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python pancake_sort.py
"""
def pancake_sort(arr):
"""Sort Array with Pancake Sort.
:param arr: Collection containing comparable items
:return: Collection ordered in ascending order of items
Examples:
>>> pancake_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> pancake_sort([])
[]
>>> pancake_sort([-2, -5, -45])
[-45, -5, -2]
"""
cur = len(arr)
while cur > 1:
# Find the maximum number in arr
mi = arr.index(max(arr[0:cur]))
# Reverse from 0 to mi
arr = arr[mi::-1] + arr[mi + 1 : len(arr)]
# Reverse whole list
arr = arr[cur - 1 :: -1] + arr[cur : len(arr)]
cur -= 1
return arr
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(pancake_sort(unsorted))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | #!/usr/bin/env python3
from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
from typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T", bound=bool)
class SkewNode(Generic[T]):
"""
One node of the skew heap. Contains the value and references to
two children.
"""
def __init__(self, value: T) -> None:
self._value: T = value
self.left: SkewNode[T] | None = None
self.right: SkewNode[T] | None = None
@property
def value(self) -> T:
"""Return the value of the node."""
return self._value
@staticmethod
def merge(
root1: SkewNode[T] | None, root2: SkewNode[T] | None
) -> SkewNode[T] | None:
"""Merge 2 nodes together."""
if not root1:
return root2
if not root2:
return root1
if root1.value > root2.value:
root1, root2 = root2, root1
result = root1
temp = root1.right
result.right = root1.left
result.left = SkewNode.merge(temp, root2)
return result
class SkewHeap(Generic[T]):
"""
A data structure that allows inserting a new value and to pop the smallest
values. Both operations take O(logN) time where N is the size of the
structure.
Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew_heap
Visualization: https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/SkewHeap.html
>>> list(SkewHeap([2, 3, 1, 5, 1, 7]))
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7]
>>> sh = SkewHeap()
>>> sh.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: Can't get top element for the empty heap.
>>> sh.insert(1)
>>> sh.insert(-1)
>>> sh.insert(0)
>>> list(sh)
[-1, 0, 1]
"""
def __init__(self, data: Iterable[T] | None = ()) -> None:
"""
>>> sh = SkewHeap([3, 1, 3, 7])
>>> list(sh)
[1, 3, 3, 7]
"""
self._root: SkewNode[T] | None = None
if data:
for item in data:
self.insert(item)
def __bool__(self) -> bool:
"""
Check if the heap is not empty.
>>> sh = SkewHeap()
>>> bool(sh)
False
>>> sh.insert(1)
>>> bool(sh)
True
>>> sh.clear()
>>> bool(sh)
False
"""
return self._root is not None
def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T]:
"""
Returns sorted list containing all the values in the heap.
>>> sh = SkewHeap([3, 1, 3, 7])
>>> list(sh)
[1, 3, 3, 7]
"""
result: list[Any] = []
while self:
result.append(self.pop())
# Pushing items back to the heap not to clear it.
for item in result:
self.insert(item)
return iter(result)
def insert(self, value: T) -> None:
"""
Insert the value into the heap.
>>> sh = SkewHeap()
>>> sh.insert(3)
>>> sh.insert(1)
>>> sh.insert(3)
>>> sh.insert(7)
>>> list(sh)
[1, 3, 3, 7]
"""
self._root = SkewNode.merge(self._root, SkewNode(value))
def pop(self) -> T | None:
"""
Pop the smallest value from the heap and return it.
>>> sh = SkewHeap([3, 1, 3, 7])
>>> sh.pop()
1
>>> sh.pop()
3
>>> sh.pop()
3
>>> sh.pop()
7
>>> sh.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: Can't get top element for the empty heap.
"""
result = self.top()
self._root = (
SkewNode.merge(self._root.left, self._root.right) if self._root else None
)
return result
def top(self) -> T:
"""
Return the smallest value from the heap.
>>> sh = SkewHeap()
>>> sh.insert(3)
>>> sh.top()
3
>>> sh.insert(1)
>>> sh.top()
1
>>> sh.insert(3)
>>> sh.top()
1
>>> sh.insert(7)
>>> sh.top()
1
"""
if not self._root:
raise IndexError("Can't get top element for the empty heap.")
return self._root.value
def clear(self) -> None:
"""
Clear the heap.
>>> sh = SkewHeap([3, 1, 3, 7])
>>> sh.clear()
>>> sh.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: Can't get top element for the empty heap.
"""
self._root = None
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
from typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T", bound=bool)
class SkewNode(Generic[T]):
"""
One node of the skew heap. Contains the value and references to
two children.
"""
def __init__(self, value: T) -> None:
self._value: T = value
self.left: SkewNode[T] | None = None
self.right: SkewNode[T] | None = None
@property
def value(self) -> T:
"""Return the value of the node."""
return self._value
@staticmethod
def merge(
root1: SkewNode[T] | None, root2: SkewNode[T] | None
) -> SkewNode[T] | None:
"""Merge 2 nodes together."""
if not root1:
return root2
if not root2:
return root1
if root1.value > root2.value:
root1, root2 = root2, root1
result = root1
temp = root1.right
result.right = root1.left
result.left = SkewNode.merge(temp, root2)
return result
class SkewHeap(Generic[T]):
"""
A data structure that allows inserting a new value and to pop the smallest
values. Both operations take O(logN) time where N is the size of the
structure.
Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew_heap
Visualization: https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/SkewHeap.html
>>> list(SkewHeap([2, 3, 1, 5, 1, 7]))
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7]
>>> sh = SkewHeap()
>>> sh.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: Can't get top element for the empty heap.
>>> sh.insert(1)
>>> sh.insert(-1)
>>> sh.insert(0)
>>> list(sh)
[-1, 0, 1]
"""
def __init__(self, data: Iterable[T] | None = ()) -> None:
"""
>>> sh = SkewHeap([3, 1, 3, 7])
>>> list(sh)
[1, 3, 3, 7]
"""
self._root: SkewNode[T] | None = None
if data:
for item in data:
self.insert(item)
def __bool__(self) -> bool:
"""
Check if the heap is not empty.
>>> sh = SkewHeap()
>>> bool(sh)
False
>>> sh.insert(1)
>>> bool(sh)
True
>>> sh.clear()
>>> bool(sh)
False
"""
return self._root is not None
def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T]:
"""
Returns sorted list containing all the values in the heap.
>>> sh = SkewHeap([3, 1, 3, 7])
>>> list(sh)
[1, 3, 3, 7]
"""
result: list[Any] = []
while self:
result.append(self.pop())
# Pushing items back to the heap not to clear it.
for item in result:
self.insert(item)
return iter(result)
def insert(self, value: T) -> None:
"""
Insert the value into the heap.
>>> sh = SkewHeap()
>>> sh.insert(3)
>>> sh.insert(1)
>>> sh.insert(3)
>>> sh.insert(7)
>>> list(sh)
[1, 3, 3, 7]
"""
self._root = SkewNode.merge(self._root, SkewNode(value))
def pop(self) -> T | None:
"""
Pop the smallest value from the heap and return it.
>>> sh = SkewHeap([3, 1, 3, 7])
>>> sh.pop()
1
>>> sh.pop()
3
>>> sh.pop()
3
>>> sh.pop()
7
>>> sh.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: Can't get top element for the empty heap.
"""
result = self.top()
self._root = (
SkewNode.merge(self._root.left, self._root.right) if self._root else None
)
return result
def top(self) -> T:
"""
Return the smallest value from the heap.
>>> sh = SkewHeap()
>>> sh.insert(3)
>>> sh.top()
3
>>> sh.insert(1)
>>> sh.top()
1
>>> sh.insert(3)
>>> sh.top()
1
>>> sh.insert(7)
>>> sh.top()
1
"""
if not self._root:
raise IndexError("Can't get top element for the empty heap.")
return self._root.value
def clear(self) -> None:
"""
Clear the heap.
>>> sh = SkewHeap([3, 1, 3, 7])
>>> sh.clear()
>>> sh.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: Can't get top element for the empty heap.
"""
self._root = None
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | # Information on 2's complement: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement
def twos_complement(number: int) -> str:
"""
Take in a negative integer 'number'.
Return the two's complement representation of 'number'.
>>> twos_complement(0)
'0b0'
>>> twos_complement(-1)
'0b11'
>>> twos_complement(-5)
'0b1011'
>>> twos_complement(-17)
'0b101111'
>>> twos_complement(-207)
'0b100110001'
>>> twos_complement(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: input must be a negative integer
"""
if number > 0:
raise ValueError("input must be a negative integer")
binary_number_length = len(bin(number)[3:])
twos_complement_number = bin(abs(number) - (1 << binary_number_length))[3:]
twos_complement_number = (
(
"1"
+ "0" * (binary_number_length - len(twos_complement_number))
+ twos_complement_number
)
if number < 0
else "0"
)
return "0b" + twos_complement_number
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| # Information on 2's complement: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement
def twos_complement(number: int) -> str:
"""
Take in a negative integer 'number'.
Return the two's complement representation of 'number'.
>>> twos_complement(0)
'0b0'
>>> twos_complement(-1)
'0b11'
>>> twos_complement(-5)
'0b1011'
>>> twos_complement(-17)
'0b101111'
>>> twos_complement(-207)
'0b100110001'
>>> twos_complement(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: input must be a negative integer
"""
if number > 0:
raise ValueError("input must be a negative integer")
binary_number_length = len(bin(number)[3:])
twos_complement_number = bin(abs(number) - (1 << binary_number_length))[3:]
twos_complement_number = (
(
"1"
+ "0" * (binary_number_length - len(twos_complement_number))
+ twos_complement_number
)
if number < 0
else "0"
)
return "0b" + twos_complement_number
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Given a function on floating number f(x) and two floating numbers βaβ and βbβ such that
f(a) * f(b) < 0 and f(x) is continuous in [a, b].
Here f(x) represents algebraic or transcendental equation.
Find root of function in interval [a, b] (Or find a value of x such that f(x) is 0)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection_method
"""
def equation(x: float) -> float:
"""
>>> equation(5)
-15
>>> equation(0)
10
>>> equation(-5)
-15
>>> equation(0.1)
9.99
>>> equation(-0.1)
9.99
"""
return 10 - x * x
def bisection(a: float, b: float) -> float:
"""
>>> bisection(-2, 5)
3.1611328125
>>> bisection(0, 6)
3.158203125
>>> bisection(2, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Wrong space!
"""
# Bolzano theory in order to find if there is a root between a and b
if equation(a) * equation(b) >= 0:
raise ValueError("Wrong space!")
c = a
while (b - a) >= 0.01:
# Find middle point
c = (a + b) / 2
# Check if middle point is root
if equation(c) == 0.0:
break
# Decide the side to repeat the steps
if equation(c) * equation(a) < 0:
b = c
else:
a = c
return c
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
print(bisection(-2, 5))
print(bisection(0, 6))
| """
Given a function on floating number f(x) and two floating numbers βaβ and βbβ such that
f(a) * f(b) < 0 and f(x) is continuous in [a, b].
Here f(x) represents algebraic or transcendental equation.
Find root of function in interval [a, b] (Or find a value of x such that f(x) is 0)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection_method
"""
def equation(x: float) -> float:
"""
>>> equation(5)
-15
>>> equation(0)
10
>>> equation(-5)
-15
>>> equation(0.1)
9.99
>>> equation(-0.1)
9.99
"""
return 10 - x * x
def bisection(a: float, b: float) -> float:
"""
>>> bisection(-2, 5)
3.1611328125
>>> bisection(0, 6)
3.158203125
>>> bisection(2, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Wrong space!
"""
# Bolzano theory in order to find if there is a root between a and b
if equation(a) * equation(b) >= 0:
raise ValueError("Wrong space!")
c = a
while (b - a) >= 0.01:
# Find middle point
c = (a + b) / 2
# Check if middle point is root
if equation(c) == 0.0:
break
# Decide the side to repeat the steps
if equation(c) * equation(a) < 0:
b = c
else:
a = c
return c
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
print(bisection(-2, 5))
print(bisection(0, 6))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """Absolute Value."""
def abs_val(num: float) -> float:
"""
Find the absolute value of a number.
>>> abs_val(-5.1)
5.1
>>> abs_val(-5) == abs_val(5)
True
>>> abs_val(0)
0
"""
return -num if num < 0 else num
def abs_min(x: list[int]) -> int:
"""
>>> abs_min([0,5,1,11])
0
>>> abs_min([3,-10,-2])
-2
>>> abs_min([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: abs_min() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(x) == 0:
raise ValueError("abs_min() arg is an empty sequence")
j = x[0]
for i in x:
if abs_val(i) < abs_val(j):
j = i
return j
def abs_max(x: list[int]) -> int:
"""
>>> abs_max([0,5,1,11])
11
>>> abs_max([3,-10,-2])
-10
>>> abs_max([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: abs_max() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(x) == 0:
raise ValueError("abs_max() arg is an empty sequence")
j = x[0]
for i in x:
if abs(i) > abs(j):
j = i
return j
def abs_max_sort(x: list[int]) -> int:
"""
>>> abs_max_sort([0,5,1,11])
11
>>> abs_max_sort([3,-10,-2])
-10
>>> abs_max_sort([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: abs_max_sort() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(x) == 0:
raise ValueError("abs_max_sort() arg is an empty sequence")
return sorted(x, key=abs)[-1]
def test_abs_val():
"""
>>> test_abs_val()
"""
assert abs_val(0) == 0
assert abs_val(34) == 34
assert abs_val(-100000000000) == 100000000000
a = [-3, -1, 2, -11]
assert abs_max(a) == -11
assert abs_max_sort(a) == -11
assert abs_min(a) == -1
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
test_abs_val()
print(abs_val(-34)) # --> 34
| """Absolute Value."""
def abs_val(num: float) -> float:
"""
Find the absolute value of a number.
>>> abs_val(-5.1)
5.1
>>> abs_val(-5) == abs_val(5)
True
>>> abs_val(0)
0
"""
return -num if num < 0 else num
def abs_min(x: list[int]) -> int:
"""
>>> abs_min([0,5,1,11])
0
>>> abs_min([3,-10,-2])
-2
>>> abs_min([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: abs_min() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(x) == 0:
raise ValueError("abs_min() arg is an empty sequence")
j = x[0]
for i in x:
if abs_val(i) < abs_val(j):
j = i
return j
def abs_max(x: list[int]) -> int:
"""
>>> abs_max([0,5,1,11])
11
>>> abs_max([3,-10,-2])
-10
>>> abs_max([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: abs_max() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(x) == 0:
raise ValueError("abs_max() arg is an empty sequence")
j = x[0]
for i in x:
if abs(i) > abs(j):
j = i
return j
def abs_max_sort(x: list[int]) -> int:
"""
>>> abs_max_sort([0,5,1,11])
11
>>> abs_max_sort([3,-10,-2])
-10
>>> abs_max_sort([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: abs_max_sort() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(x) == 0:
raise ValueError("abs_max_sort() arg is an empty sequence")
return sorted(x, key=abs)[-1]
def test_abs_val():
"""
>>> test_abs_val()
"""
assert abs_val(0) == 0
assert abs_val(34) == 34
assert abs_val(-100000000000) == 100000000000
a = [-3, -1, 2, -11]
assert abs_max(a) == -11
assert abs_max_sort(a) == -11
assert abs_min(a) == -1
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
test_abs_val()
print(abs_val(-34)) # --> 34
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Given the root of a binary tree, check whether it is a mirror of itself
(i.e., symmetric around its center).
Leetcode reference: https://leetcode.com/problems/symmetric-tree/
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Node:
"""
A Node has data variable and pointers to Nodes to its left and right.
"""
data: int
left: Node | None = None
right: Node | None = None
def make_symmetric_tree() -> Node:
r"""
Create a symmetric tree for testing.
The tree looks like this:
1
/ \
2 2
/ \ / \
3 4 4 3
"""
root = Node(1)
root.left = Node(2)
root.right = Node(2)
root.left.left = Node(3)
root.left.right = Node(4)
root.right.left = Node(4)
root.right.right = Node(3)
return root
def make_asymmetric_tree() -> Node:
r"""
Create a asymmetric tree for testing.
The tree looks like this:
1
/ \
2 2
/ \ / \
3 4 3 4
"""
root = Node(1)
root.left = Node(2)
root.right = Node(2)
root.left.left = Node(3)
root.left.right = Node(4)
root.right.left = Node(3)
root.right.right = Node(4)
return root
def is_symmetric_tree(tree: Node) -> bool:
"""
Test cases for is_symmetric_tree function
>>> is_symmetric_tree(make_symmetric_tree())
True
>>> is_symmetric_tree(make_asymmetric_tree())
False
"""
if tree:
return is_mirror(tree.left, tree.right)
return True # An empty tree is considered symmetric.
def is_mirror(left: Node | None, right: Node | None) -> bool:
"""
>>> tree1 = make_symmetric_tree()
>>> tree1.right.right = Node(3)
>>> is_mirror(tree1.left, tree1.right)
True
>>> tree2 = make_asymmetric_tree()
>>> is_mirror(tree2.left, tree2.right)
False
"""
if left is None and right is None:
# Both sides are empty, which is symmetric.
return True
if left is None or right is None:
# One side is empty while the other is not, which is not symmetric.
return False
if left.data == right.data:
# The values match, so check the subtree
return is_mirror(left.left, right.right) and is_mirror(left.right, right.left)
return False
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
| """
Given the root of a binary tree, check whether it is a mirror of itself
(i.e., symmetric around its center).
Leetcode reference: https://leetcode.com/problems/symmetric-tree/
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Node:
"""
A Node has data variable and pointers to Nodes to its left and right.
"""
data: int
left: Node | None = None
right: Node | None = None
def make_symmetric_tree() -> Node:
r"""
Create a symmetric tree for testing.
The tree looks like this:
1
/ \
2 2
/ \ / \
3 4 4 3
"""
root = Node(1)
root.left = Node(2)
root.right = Node(2)
root.left.left = Node(3)
root.left.right = Node(4)
root.right.left = Node(4)
root.right.right = Node(3)
return root
def make_asymmetric_tree() -> Node:
r"""
Create a asymmetric tree for testing.
The tree looks like this:
1
/ \
2 2
/ \ / \
3 4 3 4
"""
root = Node(1)
root.left = Node(2)
root.right = Node(2)
root.left.left = Node(3)
root.left.right = Node(4)
root.right.left = Node(3)
root.right.right = Node(4)
return root
def is_symmetric_tree(tree: Node) -> bool:
"""
Test cases for is_symmetric_tree function
>>> is_symmetric_tree(make_symmetric_tree())
True
>>> is_symmetric_tree(make_asymmetric_tree())
False
"""
if tree:
return is_mirror(tree.left, tree.right)
return True # An empty tree is considered symmetric.
def is_mirror(left: Node | None, right: Node | None) -> bool:
"""
>>> tree1 = make_symmetric_tree()
>>> tree1.right.right = Node(3)
>>> is_mirror(tree1.left, tree1.right)
True
>>> tree2 = make_asymmetric_tree()
>>> is_mirror(tree2.left, tree2.right)
False
"""
if left is None and right is None:
# Both sides are empty, which is symmetric.
return True
if left is None or right is None:
# One side is empty while the other is not, which is not symmetric.
return False
if left.data == right.data:
# The values match, so check the subtree
return is_mirror(left.left, right.right) and is_mirror(left.right, right.left)
return False
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
In laser physics, a "white cell" is a mirror system that acts as a delay line for the
laser beam. The beam enters the cell, bounces around on the mirrors, and eventually
works its way back out.
The specific white cell we will be considering is an ellipse with the equation
4x^2 + y^2 = 100
The section corresponding to β0.01 β€ x β€ +0.01 at the top is missing, allowing the
light to enter and exit through the hole.
οΏΌοΏΌ
The light beam in this problem starts at the point (0.0,10.1) just outside the white
cell, and the beam first impacts the mirror at (1.4,-9.6).
Each time the laser beam hits the surface of the ellipse, it follows the usual law of
reflection "angle of incidence equals angle of reflection." That is, both the incident
and reflected beams make the same angle with the normal line at the point of incidence.
In the figure on the left, the red line shows the first two points of contact between
the laser beam and the wall of the white cell; the blue line shows the line tangent to
the ellipse at the point of incidence of the first bounce.
The slope m of the tangent line at any point (x,y) of the given ellipse is: m = β4x/y
The normal line is perpendicular to this tangent line at the point of incidence.
The animation on the right shows the first 10 reflections of the beam.
How many times does the beam hit the internal surface of the white cell before exiting?
"""
from math import isclose, sqrt
def next_point(
point_x: float, point_y: float, incoming_gradient: float
) -> tuple[float, float, float]:
"""
Given that a laser beam hits the interior of the white cell at point
(point_x, point_y) with gradient incoming_gradient, return a tuple (x,y,m1)
where the next point of contact with the interior is (x,y) with gradient m1.
>>> next_point(5.0, 0.0, 0.0)
(-5.0, 0.0, 0.0)
>>> next_point(5.0, 0.0, -2.0)
(0.0, -10.0, 2.0)
"""
# normal_gradient = gradient of line through which the beam is reflected
# outgoing_gradient = gradient of reflected line
normal_gradient = point_y / 4 / point_x
s2 = 2 * normal_gradient / (1 + normal_gradient * normal_gradient)
c2 = (1 - normal_gradient * normal_gradient) / (
1 + normal_gradient * normal_gradient
)
outgoing_gradient = (s2 - c2 * incoming_gradient) / (c2 + s2 * incoming_gradient)
# to find the next point, solve the simultaeneous equations:
# y^2 + 4x^2 = 100
# y - b = m * (x - a)
# ==> A x^2 + B x + C = 0
quadratic_term = outgoing_gradient**2 + 4
linear_term = 2 * outgoing_gradient * (point_y - outgoing_gradient * point_x)
constant_term = (point_y - outgoing_gradient * point_x) ** 2 - 100
x_minus = (
-linear_term - sqrt(linear_term**2 - 4 * quadratic_term * constant_term)
) / (2 * quadratic_term)
x_plus = (
-linear_term + sqrt(linear_term**2 - 4 * quadratic_term * constant_term)
) / (2 * quadratic_term)
# two solutions, one of which is our input point
next_x = x_minus if isclose(x_plus, point_x) else x_plus
next_y = point_y + outgoing_gradient * (next_x - point_x)
return next_x, next_y, outgoing_gradient
def solution(first_x_coord: float = 1.4, first_y_coord: float = -9.6) -> int:
"""
Return the number of times that the beam hits the interior wall of the
cell before exiting.
>>> solution(0.00001,-10)
1
>>> solution(5, 0)
287
"""
num_reflections: int = 0
point_x: float = first_x_coord
point_y: float = first_y_coord
gradient: float = (10.1 - point_y) / (0.0 - point_x)
while not (-0.01 <= point_x <= 0.01 and point_y > 0):
point_x, point_y, gradient = next_point(point_x, point_y, gradient)
num_reflections += 1
return num_reflections
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
In laser physics, a "white cell" is a mirror system that acts as a delay line for the
laser beam. The beam enters the cell, bounces around on the mirrors, and eventually
works its way back out.
The specific white cell we will be considering is an ellipse with the equation
4x^2 + y^2 = 100
The section corresponding to β0.01 β€ x β€ +0.01 at the top is missing, allowing the
light to enter and exit through the hole.
οΏΌοΏΌ
The light beam in this problem starts at the point (0.0,10.1) just outside the white
cell, and the beam first impacts the mirror at (1.4,-9.6).
Each time the laser beam hits the surface of the ellipse, it follows the usual law of
reflection "angle of incidence equals angle of reflection." That is, both the incident
and reflected beams make the same angle with the normal line at the point of incidence.
In the figure on the left, the red line shows the first two points of contact between
the laser beam and the wall of the white cell; the blue line shows the line tangent to
the ellipse at the point of incidence of the first bounce.
The slope m of the tangent line at any point (x,y) of the given ellipse is: m = β4x/y
The normal line is perpendicular to this tangent line at the point of incidence.
The animation on the right shows the first 10 reflections of the beam.
How many times does the beam hit the internal surface of the white cell before exiting?
"""
from math import isclose, sqrt
def next_point(
point_x: float, point_y: float, incoming_gradient: float
) -> tuple[float, float, float]:
"""
Given that a laser beam hits the interior of the white cell at point
(point_x, point_y) with gradient incoming_gradient, return a tuple (x,y,m1)
where the next point of contact with the interior is (x,y) with gradient m1.
>>> next_point(5.0, 0.0, 0.0)
(-5.0, 0.0, 0.0)
>>> next_point(5.0, 0.0, -2.0)
(0.0, -10.0, 2.0)
"""
# normal_gradient = gradient of line through which the beam is reflected
# outgoing_gradient = gradient of reflected line
normal_gradient = point_y / 4 / point_x
s2 = 2 * normal_gradient / (1 + normal_gradient * normal_gradient)
c2 = (1 - normal_gradient * normal_gradient) / (
1 + normal_gradient * normal_gradient
)
outgoing_gradient = (s2 - c2 * incoming_gradient) / (c2 + s2 * incoming_gradient)
# to find the next point, solve the simultaeneous equations:
# y^2 + 4x^2 = 100
# y - b = m * (x - a)
# ==> A x^2 + B x + C = 0
quadratic_term = outgoing_gradient**2 + 4
linear_term = 2 * outgoing_gradient * (point_y - outgoing_gradient * point_x)
constant_term = (point_y - outgoing_gradient * point_x) ** 2 - 100
x_minus = (
-linear_term - sqrt(linear_term**2 - 4 * quadratic_term * constant_term)
) / (2 * quadratic_term)
x_plus = (
-linear_term + sqrt(linear_term**2 - 4 * quadratic_term * constant_term)
) / (2 * quadratic_term)
# two solutions, one of which is our input point
next_x = x_minus if isclose(x_plus, point_x) else x_plus
next_y = point_y + outgoing_gradient * (next_x - point_x)
return next_x, next_y, outgoing_gradient
def solution(first_x_coord: float = 1.4, first_y_coord: float = -9.6) -> int:
"""
Return the number of times that the beam hits the interior wall of the
cell before exiting.
>>> solution(0.00001,-10)
1
>>> solution(5, 0)
287
"""
num_reflections: int = 0
point_x: float = first_x_coord
point_y: float = first_y_coord
gradient: float = (10.1 - point_y) / (0.0 - point_x)
while not (-0.01 <= point_x <= 0.01 and point_y > 0):
point_x, point_y, gradient = next_point(point_x, point_y, gradient)
num_reflections += 1
return num_reflections
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | #!/bin/sh
#
# An example hook script to verify what is about to be committed.
# Called by "git commit" with no arguments. The hook should
# exit with non-zero status after issuing an appropriate message if
# it wants to stop the commit.
#
# To enable this hook, rename this file to "pre-commit".
if git rev-parse --verify HEAD >/dev/null 2>&1
then
against=HEAD
else
# Initial commit: diff against an empty tree object
against=$(git hash-object -t tree /dev/null)
fi
# If you want to allow non-ASCII filenames set this variable to true.
allownonascii=$(git config --bool hooks.allownonascii)
# Redirect output to stderr.
exec 1>&2
# Cross platform projects tend to avoid non-ASCII filenames; prevent
# them from being added to the repository. We exploit the fact that the
# printable range starts at the space character and ends with tilde.
if [ "$allownonascii" != "true" ] &&
# Note that the use of brackets around a tr range is ok here, (it's
# even required, for portability to Solaris 10's /usr/bin/tr), since
# the square bracket bytes happen to fall in the designated range.
test $(git diff --cached --name-only --diff-filter=A -z $against |
LC_ALL=C tr -d '[ -~]\0' | wc -c) != 0
then
cat <<\EOF
Error: Attempt to add a non-ASCII file name.
This can cause problems if you want to work with people on other platforms.
To be portable it is advisable to rename the file.
If you know what you are doing you can disable this check using:
git config hooks.allownonascii true
EOF
exit 1
fi
# If there are whitespace errors, print the offending file names and fail.
exec git diff-index --check --cached $against --
| #!/bin/sh
#
# An example hook script to verify what is about to be committed.
# Called by "git commit" with no arguments. The hook should
# exit with non-zero status after issuing an appropriate message if
# it wants to stop the commit.
#
# To enable this hook, rename this file to "pre-commit".
if git rev-parse --verify HEAD >/dev/null 2>&1
then
against=HEAD
else
# Initial commit: diff against an empty tree object
against=$(git hash-object -t tree /dev/null)
fi
# If you want to allow non-ASCII filenames set this variable to true.
allownonascii=$(git config --bool hooks.allownonascii)
# Redirect output to stderr.
exec 1>&2
# Cross platform projects tend to avoid non-ASCII filenames; prevent
# them from being added to the repository. We exploit the fact that the
# printable range starts at the space character and ends with tilde.
if [ "$allownonascii" != "true" ] &&
# Note that the use of brackets around a tr range is ok here, (it's
# even required, for portability to Solaris 10's /usr/bin/tr), since
# the square bracket bytes happen to fall in the designated range.
test $(git diff --cached --name-only --diff-filter=A -z $against |
LC_ALL=C tr -d '[ -~]\0' | wc -c) != 0
then
cat <<\EOF
Error: Attempt to add a non-ASCII file name.
This can cause problems if you want to work with people on other platforms.
To be portable it is advisable to rename the file.
If you know what you are doing you can disable this check using:
git config hooks.allownonascii true
EOF
exit 1
fi
# If there are whitespace errors, print the offending file names and fail.
exec git diff-index --check --cached $against --
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | from __future__ import annotations
def solve_maze(
maze: list[list[int]],
source_row: int,
source_column: int,
destination_row: int,
destination_column: int,
) -> list[list[int]]:
"""
This method solves the "rat in maze" problem.
Parameters :
- maze: A two dimensional matrix of zeros and ones.
- source_row: The row index of the starting point.
- source_column: The column index of the starting point.
- destination_row: The row index of the destination point.
- destination_column: The column index of the destination point.
Returns:
- solution: A 2D matrix representing the solution path if it exists.
Raises:
- ValueError: If no solution exists or if the source or
destination coordinates are invalid.
Description:
This method navigates through a maze represented as an n by n matrix,
starting from a specified source cell and
aiming to reach a destination cell.
The maze consists of walls (1s) and open paths (0s).
By providing custom row and column values, the source and destination
cells can be adjusted.
>>> maze = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 1],
... [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
... [1, 0, 1, 0, 1],
... [0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
... [1, 0, 0, 1, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,0,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[[0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 0]]
Note:
In the output maze, the zeros (0s) represent one of the possible
paths from the source to the destination.
>>> maze = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 1],
... [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
... [0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
... [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
... [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,0,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[[0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
>>> maze = [[0, 0, 0],
... [0, 1, 0],
... [1, 0, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,0,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[[0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 0],
[1, 1, 0]]
>>> maze = [[1, 0, 0],
... [0, 1, 0],
... [1, 0, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,1,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[[1, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 0],
[1, 1, 0]]
>>> maze = [[1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
... [1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
... [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0],
... [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1],
... [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1],
... [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
... [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
... [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,2,len(maze)-1,2) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[[1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]
>>> maze = [[1, 0, 0],
... [0, 1, 1],
... [1, 0, 1]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,1,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: No solution exists!
>>> maze = [[0, 0],
... [1, 1]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,0,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: No solution exists!
>>> maze = [[0, 1],
... [1, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,2,0,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid source or destination coordinates
>>> maze = [[1, 0, 0],
... [0, 1, 0],
... [1, 0, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,1,len(maze),len(maze)-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid source or destination coordinates
"""
size = len(maze)
# Check if source and destination coordinates are Invalid.
if not (0 <= source_row <= size - 1 and 0 <= source_column <= size - 1) or (
not (0 <= destination_row <= size - 1 and 0 <= destination_column <= size - 1)
):
raise ValueError("Invalid source or destination coordinates")
# We need to create solution object to save path.
solutions = [[1 for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
solved = run_maze(
maze, source_row, source_column, destination_row, destination_column, solutions
)
if solved:
return solutions
else:
raise ValueError("No solution exists!")
def run_maze(
maze: list[list[int]],
i: int,
j: int,
destination_row: int,
destination_column: int,
solutions: list[list[int]],
) -> bool:
"""
This method is recursive starting from (i, j) and going in one of four directions:
up, down, left, right.
If a path is found to destination it returns True otherwise it returns False.
Parameters
maze: A two dimensional matrix of zeros and ones.
i, j : coordinates of matrix
solutions: A two dimensional matrix of solutions.
Returns:
Boolean if path is found True, Otherwise False.
"""
size = len(maze)
# Final check point.
if i == destination_row and j == destination_column and maze[i][j] == 0:
solutions[i][j] = 0
return True
lower_flag = (not i < 0) and (not j < 0) # Check lower bounds
upper_flag = (i < size) and (j < size) # Check upper bounds
if lower_flag and upper_flag:
# check for already visited and block points.
block_flag = (solutions[i][j]) and (not maze[i][j])
if block_flag:
# check visited
solutions[i][j] = 0
# check for directions
if (
run_maze(maze, i + 1, j, destination_row, destination_column, solutions)
or run_maze(
maze, i, j + 1, destination_row, destination_column, solutions
)
or run_maze(
maze, i - 1, j, destination_row, destination_column, solutions
)
or run_maze(
maze, i, j - 1, destination_row, destination_column, solutions
)
):
return True
solutions[i][j] = 1
return False
return False
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE)
| from __future__ import annotations
def solve_maze(
maze: list[list[int]],
source_row: int,
source_column: int,
destination_row: int,
destination_column: int,
) -> list[list[int]]:
"""
This method solves the "rat in maze" problem.
Parameters :
- maze: A two dimensional matrix of zeros and ones.
- source_row: The row index of the starting point.
- source_column: The column index of the starting point.
- destination_row: The row index of the destination point.
- destination_column: The column index of the destination point.
Returns:
- solution: A 2D matrix representing the solution path if it exists.
Raises:
- ValueError: If no solution exists or if the source or
destination coordinates are invalid.
Description:
This method navigates through a maze represented as an n by n matrix,
starting from a specified source cell and
aiming to reach a destination cell.
The maze consists of walls (1s) and open paths (0s).
By providing custom row and column values, the source and destination
cells can be adjusted.
>>> maze = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 1],
... [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
... [1, 0, 1, 0, 1],
... [0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
... [1, 0, 0, 1, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,0,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[[0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 0]]
Note:
In the output maze, the zeros (0s) represent one of the possible
paths from the source to the destination.
>>> maze = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 1],
... [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
... [0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
... [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
... [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,0,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[[0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
>>> maze = [[0, 0, 0],
... [0, 1, 0],
... [1, 0, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,0,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[[0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 0],
[1, 1, 0]]
>>> maze = [[1, 0, 0],
... [0, 1, 0],
... [1, 0, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,1,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[[1, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 0],
[1, 1, 0]]
>>> maze = [[1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
... [1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
... [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0],
... [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1],
... [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1],
... [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1],
... [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
... [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,2,len(maze)-1,2) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[[1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]
>>> maze = [[1, 0, 0],
... [0, 1, 1],
... [1, 0, 1]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,1,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: No solution exists!
>>> maze = [[0, 0],
... [1, 1]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,0,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: No solution exists!
>>> maze = [[0, 1],
... [1, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,2,0,len(maze)-1,len(maze)-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid source or destination coordinates
>>> maze = [[1, 0, 0],
... [0, 1, 0],
... [1, 0, 0]]
>>> solve_maze(maze,0,1,len(maze),len(maze)-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid source or destination coordinates
"""
size = len(maze)
# Check if source and destination coordinates are Invalid.
if not (0 <= source_row <= size - 1 and 0 <= source_column <= size - 1) or (
not (0 <= destination_row <= size - 1 and 0 <= destination_column <= size - 1)
):
raise ValueError("Invalid source or destination coordinates")
# We need to create solution object to save path.
solutions = [[1 for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
solved = run_maze(
maze, source_row, source_column, destination_row, destination_column, solutions
)
if solved:
return solutions
else:
raise ValueError("No solution exists!")
def run_maze(
maze: list[list[int]],
i: int,
j: int,
destination_row: int,
destination_column: int,
solutions: list[list[int]],
) -> bool:
"""
This method is recursive starting from (i, j) and going in one of four directions:
up, down, left, right.
If a path is found to destination it returns True otherwise it returns False.
Parameters
maze: A two dimensional matrix of zeros and ones.
i, j : coordinates of matrix
solutions: A two dimensional matrix of solutions.
Returns:
Boolean if path is found True, Otherwise False.
"""
size = len(maze)
# Final check point.
if i == destination_row and j == destination_column and maze[i][j] == 0:
solutions[i][j] = 0
return True
lower_flag = (not i < 0) and (not j < 0) # Check lower bounds
upper_flag = (i < size) and (j < size) # Check upper bounds
if lower_flag and upper_flag:
# check for already visited and block points.
block_flag = (solutions[i][j]) and (not maze[i][j])
if block_flag:
# check visited
solutions[i][j] = 0
# check for directions
if (
run_maze(maze, i + 1, j, destination_row, destination_column, solutions)
or run_maze(
maze, i, j + 1, destination_row, destination_column, solutions
)
or run_maze(
maze, i - 1, j, destination_row, destination_column, solutions
)
or run_maze(
maze, i, j - 1, destination_row, destination_column, solutions
)
):
return True
solutions[i][j] = 1
return False
return False
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | #!/bin/sh
#
# An example hook script to verify what is about to be committed
# by applypatch from an e-mail message.
#
# The hook should exit with non-zero status after issuing an
# appropriate message if it wants to stop the commit.
#
# To enable this hook, rename this file to "pre-applypatch".
. git-sh-setup
precommit="$(git rev-parse --git-path hooks/pre-commit)"
test -x "$precommit" && exec "$precommit" ${1+"$@"}
:
| #!/bin/sh
#
# An example hook script to verify what is about to be committed
# by applypatch from an e-mail message.
#
# The hook should exit with non-zero status after issuing an
# appropriate message if it wants to stop the commit.
#
# To enable this hook, rename this file to "pre-applypatch".
. git-sh-setup
precommit="$(git rev-parse --git-path hooks/pre-commit)"
test -x "$precommit" && exec "$precommit" ${1+"$@"}
:
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
This script implements the Dijkstra algorithm on a binary grid.
The grid consists of 0s and 1s, where 1 represents
a walkable node and 0 represents an obstacle.
The algorithm finds the shortest path from a start node to a destination node.
Diagonal movement can be allowed or disallowed.
"""
from heapq import heappop, heappush
import numpy as np
def dijkstra(
grid: np.ndarray,
source: tuple[int, int],
destination: tuple[int, int],
allow_diagonal: bool,
) -> tuple[float | int, list[tuple[int, int]]]:
"""
Implements Dijkstra's algorithm on a binary grid.
Args:
grid (np.ndarray): A 2D numpy array representing the grid.
1 represents a walkable node and 0 represents an obstacle.
source (Tuple[int, int]): A tuple representing the start node.
destination (Tuple[int, int]): A tuple representing the
destination node.
allow_diagonal (bool): A boolean determining whether
diagonal movements are allowed.
Returns:
Tuple[Union[float, int], List[Tuple[int, int]]]:
The shortest distance from the start node to the destination node
and the shortest path as a list of nodes.
>>> dijkstra(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1]]), (0, 0), (2, 2), False)
(4.0, [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2)])
>>> dijkstra(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1]]), (0, 0), (2, 2), True)
(2.0, [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
>>> dijkstra(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1]]), (0, 0), (2, 2), False)
(4.0, [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 2)])
"""
rows, cols = grid.shape
dx = [-1, 1, 0, 0]
dy = [0, 0, -1, 1]
if allow_diagonal:
dx += [-1, -1, 1, 1]
dy += [-1, 1, -1, 1]
queue, visited = [(0, source)], set()
matrix = np.full((rows, cols), np.inf)
matrix[source] = 0
predecessors = np.empty((rows, cols), dtype=object)
predecessors[source] = None
while queue:
(dist, (x, y)) = heappop(queue)
if (x, y) in visited:
continue
visited.add((x, y))
if (x, y) == destination:
path = []
while (x, y) != source:
path.append((x, y))
x, y = predecessors[x, y]
path.append(source) # add the source manually
path.reverse()
return matrix[destination], path
for i in range(len(dx)):
nx, ny = x + dx[i], y + dy[i]
if 0 <= nx < rows and 0 <= ny < cols:
next_node = grid[nx][ny]
if next_node == 1 and matrix[nx, ny] > dist + 1:
heappush(queue, (dist + 1, (nx, ny)))
matrix[nx, ny] = dist + 1
predecessors[nx, ny] = (x, y)
return np.inf, []
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
This script implements the Dijkstra algorithm on a binary grid.
The grid consists of 0s and 1s, where 1 represents
a walkable node and 0 represents an obstacle.
The algorithm finds the shortest path from a start node to a destination node.
Diagonal movement can be allowed or disallowed.
"""
from heapq import heappop, heappush
import numpy as np
def dijkstra(
grid: np.ndarray,
source: tuple[int, int],
destination: tuple[int, int],
allow_diagonal: bool,
) -> tuple[float | int, list[tuple[int, int]]]:
"""
Implements Dijkstra's algorithm on a binary grid.
Args:
grid (np.ndarray): A 2D numpy array representing the grid.
1 represents a walkable node and 0 represents an obstacle.
source (Tuple[int, int]): A tuple representing the start node.
destination (Tuple[int, int]): A tuple representing the
destination node.
allow_diagonal (bool): A boolean determining whether
diagonal movements are allowed.
Returns:
Tuple[Union[float, int], List[Tuple[int, int]]]:
The shortest distance from the start node to the destination node
and the shortest path as a list of nodes.
>>> dijkstra(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1]]), (0, 0), (2, 2), False)
(4.0, [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2)])
>>> dijkstra(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1]]), (0, 0), (2, 2), True)
(2.0, [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
>>> dijkstra(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1]]), (0, 0), (2, 2), False)
(4.0, [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 2)])
"""
rows, cols = grid.shape
dx = [-1, 1, 0, 0]
dy = [0, 0, -1, 1]
if allow_diagonal:
dx += [-1, -1, 1, 1]
dy += [-1, 1, -1, 1]
queue, visited = [(0, source)], set()
matrix = np.full((rows, cols), np.inf)
matrix[source] = 0
predecessors = np.empty((rows, cols), dtype=object)
predecessors[source] = None
while queue:
(dist, (x, y)) = heappop(queue)
if (x, y) in visited:
continue
visited.add((x, y))
if (x, y) == destination:
path = []
while (x, y) != source:
path.append((x, y))
x, y = predecessors[x, y]
path.append(source) # add the source manually
path.reverse()
return matrix[destination], path
for i in range(len(dx)):
nx, ny = x + dx[i], y + dy[i]
if 0 <= nx < rows and 0 <= ny < cols:
next_node = grid[nx][ny]
if next_node == 1 and matrix[nx, ny] > dist + 1:
heappush(queue, (dist + 1, (nx, ny)))
matrix[nx, ny] = dist + 1
predecessors[nx, ny] = (x, y)
return np.inf, []
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | import re
def dna(dna: str) -> str:
"""
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA
Returns the second side of a DNA strand
>>> dna("GCTA")
'CGAT'
>>> dna("ATGC")
'TACG'
>>> dna("CTGA")
'GACT'
>>> dna("GFGG")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid Strand
"""
if len(re.findall("[ATCG]", dna)) != len(dna):
raise ValueError("Invalid Strand")
return dna.translate(dna.maketrans("ATCG", "TAGC"))
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| import re
def dna(dna: str) -> str:
"""
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA
Returns the second side of a DNA strand
>>> dna("GCTA")
'CGAT'
>>> dna("ATGC")
'TACG'
>>> dna("CTGA")
'GACT'
>>> dna("GFGG")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid Strand
"""
if len(re.findall("[ATCG]", dna)) != len(dna):
raise ValueError("Invalid Strand")
return dna.translate(dna.maketrans("ATCG", "TAGC"))
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Conversion of pressure units.
Available Units:- Pascal,Bar,Kilopascal,Megapascal,psi(pound per square inch),
inHg(in mercury column),torr,atm
USAGE :
-> Import this file into their respective project.
-> Use the function pressure_conversion() for conversion of pressure units.
-> Parameters :
-> value : The number of from units you want to convert
-> from_type : From which type you want to convert
-> to_type : To which type you want to convert
REFERENCES :
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch_of_mercury
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr
-> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)
-> https://msestudent.com/what-are-the-units-of-pressure/
-> https://www.unitconverters.net/pressure-converter.html
"""
from typing import NamedTuple
class FromTo(NamedTuple):
from_factor: float
to_factor: float
PRESSURE_CONVERSION = {
"atm": FromTo(1, 1),
"pascal": FromTo(0.0000098, 101325),
"bar": FromTo(0.986923, 1.01325),
"kilopascal": FromTo(0.00986923, 101.325),
"megapascal": FromTo(9.86923, 0.101325),
"psi": FromTo(0.068046, 14.6959),
"inHg": FromTo(0.0334211, 29.9213),
"torr": FromTo(0.00131579, 760),
}
def pressure_conversion(value: float, from_type: str, to_type: str) -> float:
"""
Conversion between pressure units.
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "atm", "pascal")
405300
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "pascal", "psi")
0.00014401981999999998
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "bar", "atm")
0.986923
>>> pressure_conversion(3, "kilopascal", "bar")
0.029999991892499998
>>> pressure_conversion(2, "megapascal", "psi")
290.074434314
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "psi", "torr")
206.85984
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "inHg", "atm")
0.0334211
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "torr", "psi")
0.019336718261000002
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "wrongUnit", "atm")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid 'from_type' value: 'wrongUnit' Supported values are:
atm, pascal, bar, kilopascal, megapascal, psi, inHg, torr
"""
if from_type not in PRESSURE_CONVERSION:
raise ValueError(
f"Invalid 'from_type' value: {from_type!r} Supported values are:\n"
+ ", ".join(PRESSURE_CONVERSION)
)
if to_type not in PRESSURE_CONVERSION:
raise ValueError(
f"Invalid 'to_type' value: {to_type!r}. Supported values are:\n"
+ ", ".join(PRESSURE_CONVERSION)
)
return (
value
* PRESSURE_CONVERSION[from_type].from_factor
* PRESSURE_CONVERSION[to_type].to_factor
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Conversion of pressure units.
Available Units:- Pascal,Bar,Kilopascal,Megapascal,psi(pound per square inch),
inHg(in mercury column),torr,atm
USAGE :
-> Import this file into their respective project.
-> Use the function pressure_conversion() for conversion of pressure units.
-> Parameters :
-> value : The number of from units you want to convert
-> from_type : From which type you want to convert
-> to_type : To which type you want to convert
REFERENCES :
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch_of_mercury
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr
-> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)
-> https://msestudent.com/what-are-the-units-of-pressure/
-> https://www.unitconverters.net/pressure-converter.html
"""
from typing import NamedTuple
class FromTo(NamedTuple):
from_factor: float
to_factor: float
PRESSURE_CONVERSION = {
"atm": FromTo(1, 1),
"pascal": FromTo(0.0000098, 101325),
"bar": FromTo(0.986923, 1.01325),
"kilopascal": FromTo(0.00986923, 101.325),
"megapascal": FromTo(9.86923, 0.101325),
"psi": FromTo(0.068046, 14.6959),
"inHg": FromTo(0.0334211, 29.9213),
"torr": FromTo(0.00131579, 760),
}
def pressure_conversion(value: float, from_type: str, to_type: str) -> float:
"""
Conversion between pressure units.
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "atm", "pascal")
405300
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "pascal", "psi")
0.00014401981999999998
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "bar", "atm")
0.986923
>>> pressure_conversion(3, "kilopascal", "bar")
0.029999991892499998
>>> pressure_conversion(2, "megapascal", "psi")
290.074434314
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "psi", "torr")
206.85984
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "inHg", "atm")
0.0334211
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "torr", "psi")
0.019336718261000002
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "wrongUnit", "atm")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid 'from_type' value: 'wrongUnit' Supported values are:
atm, pascal, bar, kilopascal, megapascal, psi, inHg, torr
"""
if from_type not in PRESSURE_CONVERSION:
raise ValueError(
f"Invalid 'from_type' value: {from_type!r} Supported values are:\n"
+ ", ".join(PRESSURE_CONVERSION)
)
if to_type not in PRESSURE_CONVERSION:
raise ValueError(
f"Invalid 'to_type' value: {to_type!r}. Supported values are:\n"
+ ", ".join(PRESSURE_CONVERSION)
)
return (
value
* PRESSURE_CONVERSION[from_type].from_factor
* PRESSURE_CONVERSION[to_type].to_factor
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Python program to show how to interpolate and evaluate a polynomial
using Neville's method.
Nevilleβs method evaluates a polynomial that passes through a
given set of x and y points for a particular x value (x0) using the
Newton polynomial form.
Reference:
https://rpubs.com/aaronsc32/nevilles-method-polynomial-interpolation
"""
def neville_interpolate(x_points: list, y_points: list, x0: int) -> list:
"""
Interpolate and evaluate a polynomial using Neville's method.
Arguments:
x_points, y_points: Iterables of x and corresponding y points through
which the polynomial passes.
x0: The value of x to evaluate the polynomial for.
Return Value: A list of the approximated value and the Neville iterations
table respectively.
>>> import pprint
>>> neville_interpolate((1,2,3,4,6), (6,7,8,9,11), 5)[0]
10.0
>>> pprint.pprint(neville_interpolate((1,2,3,4,6), (6,7,8,9,11), 99)[1])
[[0, 6, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 7, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 8, 104.0, 0, 0],
[0, 9, 104.0, 104.0, 0],
[0, 11, 104.0, 104.0, 104.0]]
>>> neville_interpolate((1,2,3,4,6), (6,7,8,9,11), 99)[0]
104.0
>>> neville_interpolate((1,2,3,4,6), (6,7,8,9,11), '')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'int'
"""
n = len(x_points)
q = [[0] * n for i in range(n)]
for i in range(n):
q[i][1] = y_points[i]
for i in range(2, n):
for j in range(i, n):
q[j][i] = (
(x0 - x_points[j - i + 1]) * q[j][i - 1]
- (x0 - x_points[j]) * q[j - 1][i - 1]
) / (x_points[j] - x_points[j - i + 1])
return [q[n - 1][n - 1], q]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Python program to show how to interpolate and evaluate a polynomial
using Neville's method.
Nevilleβs method evaluates a polynomial that passes through a
given set of x and y points for a particular x value (x0) using the
Newton polynomial form.
Reference:
https://rpubs.com/aaronsc32/nevilles-method-polynomial-interpolation
"""
def neville_interpolate(x_points: list, y_points: list, x0: int) -> list:
"""
Interpolate and evaluate a polynomial using Neville's method.
Arguments:
x_points, y_points: Iterables of x and corresponding y points through
which the polynomial passes.
x0: The value of x to evaluate the polynomial for.
Return Value: A list of the approximated value and the Neville iterations
table respectively.
>>> import pprint
>>> neville_interpolate((1,2,3,4,6), (6,7,8,9,11), 5)[0]
10.0
>>> pprint.pprint(neville_interpolate((1,2,3,4,6), (6,7,8,9,11), 99)[1])
[[0, 6, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 7, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 8, 104.0, 0, 0],
[0, 9, 104.0, 104.0, 0],
[0, 11, 104.0, 104.0, 104.0]]
>>> neville_interpolate((1,2,3,4,6), (6,7,8,9,11), 99)[0]
104.0
>>> neville_interpolate((1,2,3,4,6), (6,7,8,9,11), '')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'int'
"""
n = len(x_points)
q = [[0] * n for i in range(n)]
for i in range(n):
q[i][1] = y_points[i]
for i in range(2, n):
for j in range(i, n):
q[j][i] = (
(x0 - x_points[j - i + 1]) * q[j][i - 1]
- (x0 - x_points[j]) * q[j - 1][i - 1]
) / (x_points[j] - x_points[j - i + 1])
return [q[n - 1][n - 1], q]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
This is pure Python implementation of fibonacci search.
Resources used:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_search_technique
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v fibonacci_search.py
For manual testing run:
python3 fibonacci_search.py
"""
from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache
def fibonacci(k: int) -> int:
"""Finds fibonacci number in index k.
Parameters
----------
k :
Index of fibonacci.
Returns
-------
int
Fibonacci number in position k.
>>> fibonacci(0)
0
>>> fibonacci(2)
1
>>> fibonacci(5)
5
>>> fibonacci(15)
610
>>> fibonacci('a')
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: k must be an integer.
>>> fibonacci(-5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: k integer must be greater or equal to zero.
"""
if not isinstance(k, int):
raise TypeError("k must be an integer.")
if k < 0:
raise ValueError("k integer must be greater or equal to zero.")
if k == 0:
return 0
elif k == 1:
return 1
else:
return fibonacci(k - 1) + fibonacci(k - 2)
def fibonacci_search(arr: list, val: int) -> int:
"""A pure Python implementation of a fibonacci search algorithm.
Parameters
----------
arr
List of sorted elements.
val
Element to search in list.
Returns
-------
int
The index of the element in the array.
-1 if the element is not found.
>>> fibonacci_search([4, 5, 6, 7], 4)
0
>>> fibonacci_search([4, 5, 6, 7], -10)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([-18, 2], -18)
0
>>> fibonacci_search([5], 5)
0
>>> fibonacci_search(['a', 'c', 'd'], 'c')
1
>>> fibonacci_search(['a', 'c', 'd'], 'f')
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([], 1)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([.1, .4 , 7], .4)
1
>>> fibonacci_search([], 9)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(100)), 63)
63
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(100)), 99)
99
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 3)), -97)
1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 3)), 0)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 5)), 0)
20
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 5)), 95)
39
"""
len_list = len(arr)
# Find m such that F_m >= n where F_i is the i_th fibonacci number.
i = 0
while True:
if fibonacci(i) >= len_list:
fibb_k = i
break
i += 1
offset = 0
while fibb_k > 0:
index_k = min(
offset + fibonacci(fibb_k - 1), len_list - 1
) # Prevent out of range
item_k_1 = arr[index_k]
if item_k_1 == val:
return index_k
elif val < item_k_1:
fibb_k -= 1
elif val > item_k_1:
offset += fibonacci(fibb_k - 1)
fibb_k -= 2
else:
return -1
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
This is pure Python implementation of fibonacci search.
Resources used:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_search_technique
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v fibonacci_search.py
For manual testing run:
python3 fibonacci_search.py
"""
from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache
def fibonacci(k: int) -> int:
"""Finds fibonacci number in index k.
Parameters
----------
k :
Index of fibonacci.
Returns
-------
int
Fibonacci number in position k.
>>> fibonacci(0)
0
>>> fibonacci(2)
1
>>> fibonacci(5)
5
>>> fibonacci(15)
610
>>> fibonacci('a')
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: k must be an integer.
>>> fibonacci(-5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: k integer must be greater or equal to zero.
"""
if not isinstance(k, int):
raise TypeError("k must be an integer.")
if k < 0:
raise ValueError("k integer must be greater or equal to zero.")
if k == 0:
return 0
elif k == 1:
return 1
else:
return fibonacci(k - 1) + fibonacci(k - 2)
def fibonacci_search(arr: list, val: int) -> int:
"""A pure Python implementation of a fibonacci search algorithm.
Parameters
----------
arr
List of sorted elements.
val
Element to search in list.
Returns
-------
int
The index of the element in the array.
-1 if the element is not found.
>>> fibonacci_search([4, 5, 6, 7], 4)
0
>>> fibonacci_search([4, 5, 6, 7], -10)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([-18, 2], -18)
0
>>> fibonacci_search([5], 5)
0
>>> fibonacci_search(['a', 'c', 'd'], 'c')
1
>>> fibonacci_search(['a', 'c', 'd'], 'f')
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([], 1)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([.1, .4 , 7], .4)
1
>>> fibonacci_search([], 9)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(100)), 63)
63
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(100)), 99)
99
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 3)), -97)
1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 3)), 0)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 5)), 0)
20
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 5)), 95)
39
"""
len_list = len(arr)
# Find m such that F_m >= n where F_i is the i_th fibonacci number.
i = 0
while True:
if fibonacci(i) >= len_list:
fibb_k = i
break
i += 1
offset = 0
while fibb_k > 0:
index_k = min(
offset + fibonacci(fibb_k - 1), len_list - 1
) # Prevent out of range
item_k_1 = arr[index_k]
if item_k_1 == val:
return index_k
elif val < item_k_1:
fibb_k -= 1
elif val > item_k_1:
offset += fibonacci(fibb_k - 1)
fibb_k -= 2
else:
return -1
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | def bin_exp_mod(a: int, n: int, b: int) -> int:
"""
>>> bin_exp_mod(3, 4, 5)
1
>>> bin_exp_mod(7, 13, 10)
7
"""
# mod b
assert b != 0, "This cannot accept modulo that is == 0"
if n == 0:
return 1
if n % 2 == 1:
return (bin_exp_mod(a, n - 1, b) * a) % b
r = bin_exp_mod(a, n // 2, b)
return (r * r) % b
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
BASE = int(input("Enter Base : ").strip())
POWER = int(input("Enter Power : ").strip())
MODULO = int(input("Enter Modulo : ").strip())
except ValueError:
print("Invalid literal for integer")
print(bin_exp_mod(BASE, POWER, MODULO))
| def bin_exp_mod(a: int, n: int, b: int) -> int:
"""
>>> bin_exp_mod(3, 4, 5)
1
>>> bin_exp_mod(7, 13, 10)
7
"""
# mod b
assert b != 0, "This cannot accept modulo that is == 0"
if n == 0:
return 1
if n % 2 == 1:
return (bin_exp_mod(a, n - 1, b) * a) % b
r = bin_exp_mod(a, n // 2, b)
return (r * r) % b
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
BASE = int(input("Enter Base : ").strip())
POWER = int(input("Enter Power : ").strip())
MODULO = int(input("Enter Modulo : ").strip())
except ValueError:
print("Invalid literal for integer")
print(bin_exp_mod(BASE, POWER, MODULO))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """Breath First Search (BFS) can be used when finding the shortest path
from a given source node to a target node in an unweighted graph.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
graph = {
"A": ["B", "C", "E"],
"B": ["A", "D", "E"],
"C": ["A", "F", "G"],
"D": ["B"],
"E": ["A", "B", "D"],
"F": ["C"],
"G": ["C"],
}
class Graph:
def __init__(self, graph: dict[str, list[str]], source_vertex: str) -> None:
"""
Graph is implemented as dictionary of adjacency lists. Also,
Source vertex have to be defined upon initialization.
"""
self.graph = graph
# mapping node to its parent in resulting breadth first tree
self.parent: dict[str, str | None] = {}
self.source_vertex = source_vertex
def breath_first_search(self) -> None:
"""
This function is a helper for running breath first search on this graph.
>>> g = Graph(graph, "G")
>>> g.breath_first_search()
>>> g.parent
{'G': None, 'C': 'G', 'A': 'C', 'F': 'C', 'B': 'A', 'E': 'A', 'D': 'B'}
"""
visited = {self.source_vertex}
self.parent[self.source_vertex] = None
queue = [self.source_vertex] # first in first out queue
while queue:
vertex = queue.pop(0)
for adjacent_vertex in self.graph[vertex]:
if adjacent_vertex not in visited:
visited.add(adjacent_vertex)
self.parent[adjacent_vertex] = vertex
queue.append(adjacent_vertex)
def shortest_path(self, target_vertex: str) -> str:
"""
This shortest path function returns a string, describing the result:
1.) No path is found. The string is a human readable message to indicate this.
2.) The shortest path is found. The string is in the form
`v1(->v2->v3->...->vn)`, where v1 is the source vertex and vn is the target
vertex, if it exists separately.
>>> g = Graph(graph, "G")
>>> g.breath_first_search()
Case 1 - No path is found.
>>> g.shortest_path("Foo")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: No path from vertex: G to vertex: Foo
Case 2 - The path is found.
>>> g.shortest_path("D")
'G->C->A->B->D'
>>> g.shortest_path("G")
'G'
"""
if target_vertex == self.source_vertex:
return self.source_vertex
target_vertex_parent = self.parent.get(target_vertex)
if target_vertex_parent is None:
msg = (
f"No path from vertex: {self.source_vertex} to vertex: {target_vertex}"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
return self.shortest_path(target_vertex_parent) + f"->{target_vertex}"
if __name__ == "__main__":
g = Graph(graph, "G")
g.breath_first_search()
print(g.shortest_path("D"))
print(g.shortest_path("G"))
print(g.shortest_path("Foo"))
| """Breath First Search (BFS) can be used when finding the shortest path
from a given source node to a target node in an unweighted graph.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
graph = {
"A": ["B", "C", "E"],
"B": ["A", "D", "E"],
"C": ["A", "F", "G"],
"D": ["B"],
"E": ["A", "B", "D"],
"F": ["C"],
"G": ["C"],
}
class Graph:
def __init__(self, graph: dict[str, list[str]], source_vertex: str) -> None:
"""
Graph is implemented as dictionary of adjacency lists. Also,
Source vertex have to be defined upon initialization.
"""
self.graph = graph
# mapping node to its parent in resulting breadth first tree
self.parent: dict[str, str | None] = {}
self.source_vertex = source_vertex
def breath_first_search(self) -> None:
"""
This function is a helper for running breath first search on this graph.
>>> g = Graph(graph, "G")
>>> g.breath_first_search()
>>> g.parent
{'G': None, 'C': 'G', 'A': 'C', 'F': 'C', 'B': 'A', 'E': 'A', 'D': 'B'}
"""
visited = {self.source_vertex}
self.parent[self.source_vertex] = None
queue = [self.source_vertex] # first in first out queue
while queue:
vertex = queue.pop(0)
for adjacent_vertex in self.graph[vertex]:
if adjacent_vertex not in visited:
visited.add(adjacent_vertex)
self.parent[adjacent_vertex] = vertex
queue.append(adjacent_vertex)
def shortest_path(self, target_vertex: str) -> str:
"""
This shortest path function returns a string, describing the result:
1.) No path is found. The string is a human readable message to indicate this.
2.) The shortest path is found. The string is in the form
`v1(->v2->v3->...->vn)`, where v1 is the source vertex and vn is the target
vertex, if it exists separately.
>>> g = Graph(graph, "G")
>>> g.breath_first_search()
Case 1 - No path is found.
>>> g.shortest_path("Foo")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: No path from vertex: G to vertex: Foo
Case 2 - The path is found.
>>> g.shortest_path("D")
'G->C->A->B->D'
>>> g.shortest_path("G")
'G'
"""
if target_vertex == self.source_vertex:
return self.source_vertex
target_vertex_parent = self.parent.get(target_vertex)
if target_vertex_parent is None:
msg = (
f"No path from vertex: {self.source_vertex} to vertex: {target_vertex}"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
return self.shortest_path(target_vertex_parent) + f"->{target_vertex}"
if __name__ == "__main__":
g = Graph(graph, "G")
g.breath_first_search()
print(g.shortest_path("D"))
print(g.shortest_path("G"))
print(g.shortest_path("Foo"))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Hey, we are going to find an exciting number called Catalan number which is use to find
the number of possible binary search trees from tree of a given number of nodes.
We will use the formula: t(n) = SUMMATION(i = 1 to n)t(i-1)t(n-i)
Further details at Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_number
"""
"""
Our Contribution:
Basically we Create the 2 function:
1. catalan_number(node_count: int) -> int
Returns the number of possible binary search trees for n nodes.
2. binary_tree_count(node_count: int) -> int
Returns the number of possible binary trees for n nodes.
"""
def binomial_coefficient(n: int, k: int) -> int:
"""
Since Here we Find the Binomial Coefficient:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient
C(n,k) = n! / k!(n-k)!
:param n: 2 times of Number of nodes
:param k: Number of nodes
:return: Integer Value
>>> binomial_coefficient(4, 2)
6
"""
result = 1 # To kept the Calculated Value
# Since C(n, k) = C(n, n-k)
if k > (n - k):
k = n - k
# Calculate C(n,k)
for i in range(k):
result *= n - i
result //= i + 1
return result
def catalan_number(node_count: int) -> int:
"""
We can find Catalan number many ways but here we use Binomial Coefficient because it
does the job in O(n)
return the Catalan number of n using 2nCn/(n+1).
:param n: number of nodes
:return: Catalan number of n nodes
>>> catalan_number(5)
42
>>> catalan_number(6)
132
"""
return binomial_coefficient(2 * node_count, node_count) // (node_count + 1)
def factorial(n: int) -> int:
"""
Return the factorial of a number.
:param n: Number to find the Factorial of.
:return: Factorial of n.
>>> import math
>>> all(factorial(i) == math.factorial(i) for i in range(10))
True
>>> factorial(-5) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() not defined for negative values
"""
if n < 0:
raise ValueError("factorial() not defined for negative values")
result = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
result *= i
return result
def binary_tree_count(node_count: int) -> int:
"""
Return the number of possible of binary trees.
:param n: number of nodes
:return: Number of possible binary trees
>>> binary_tree_count(5)
5040
>>> binary_tree_count(6)
95040
"""
return catalan_number(node_count) * factorial(node_count)
if __name__ == "__main__":
node_count = int(input("Enter the number of nodes: ").strip() or 0)
if node_count <= 0:
raise ValueError("We need some nodes to work with.")
print(
f"Given {node_count} nodes, there are {binary_tree_count(node_count)} "
f"binary trees and {catalan_number(node_count)} binary search trees."
)
| """
Hey, we are going to find an exciting number called Catalan number which is use to find
the number of possible binary search trees from tree of a given number of nodes.
We will use the formula: t(n) = SUMMATION(i = 1 to n)t(i-1)t(n-i)
Further details at Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_number
"""
"""
Our Contribution:
Basically we Create the 2 function:
1. catalan_number(node_count: int) -> int
Returns the number of possible binary search trees for n nodes.
2. binary_tree_count(node_count: int) -> int
Returns the number of possible binary trees for n nodes.
"""
def binomial_coefficient(n: int, k: int) -> int:
"""
Since Here we Find the Binomial Coefficient:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient
C(n,k) = n! / k!(n-k)!
:param n: 2 times of Number of nodes
:param k: Number of nodes
:return: Integer Value
>>> binomial_coefficient(4, 2)
6
"""
result = 1 # To kept the Calculated Value
# Since C(n, k) = C(n, n-k)
if k > (n - k):
k = n - k
# Calculate C(n,k)
for i in range(k):
result *= n - i
result //= i + 1
return result
def catalan_number(node_count: int) -> int:
"""
We can find Catalan number many ways but here we use Binomial Coefficient because it
does the job in O(n)
return the Catalan number of n using 2nCn/(n+1).
:param n: number of nodes
:return: Catalan number of n nodes
>>> catalan_number(5)
42
>>> catalan_number(6)
132
"""
return binomial_coefficient(2 * node_count, node_count) // (node_count + 1)
def factorial(n: int) -> int:
"""
Return the factorial of a number.
:param n: Number to find the Factorial of.
:return: Factorial of n.
>>> import math
>>> all(factorial(i) == math.factorial(i) for i in range(10))
True
>>> factorial(-5) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() not defined for negative values
"""
if n < 0:
raise ValueError("factorial() not defined for negative values")
result = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
result *= i
return result
def binary_tree_count(node_count: int) -> int:
"""
Return the number of possible of binary trees.
:param n: number of nodes
:return: Number of possible binary trees
>>> binary_tree_count(5)
5040
>>> binary_tree_count(6)
95040
"""
return catalan_number(node_count) * factorial(node_count)
if __name__ == "__main__":
node_count = int(input("Enter the number of nodes: ").strip() or 0)
if node_count <= 0:
raise ValueError("We need some nodes to work with.")
print(
f"Given {node_count} nodes, there are {binary_tree_count(node_count)} "
f"binary trees and {catalan_number(node_count)} binary search trees."
)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
An AND Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results to 1 (True) if both the
inputs are 1, and 0 (False) otherwise.
Following is the truth table of an AND Gate:
------------------------------
| Input 1 | Input 2 | Output |
------------------------------
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
------------------------------
Refer - https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/logic-gates-in-python/
"""
def and_gate(input_1: int, input_2: int) -> int:
"""
Calculate AND of the input values
>>> and_gate(0, 0)
0
>>> and_gate(0, 1)
0
>>> and_gate(1, 0)
0
>>> and_gate(1, 1)
1
"""
return int((input_1, input_2).count(0) == 0)
def test_and_gate() -> None:
"""
Tests the and_gate function
"""
assert and_gate(0, 0) == 0
assert and_gate(0, 1) == 0
assert and_gate(1, 0) == 0
assert and_gate(1, 1) == 1
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_and_gate()
print(and_gate(1, 0))
print(and_gate(0, 0))
print(and_gate(0, 1))
print(and_gate(1, 1))
| """
An AND Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results to 1 (True) if both the
inputs are 1, and 0 (False) otherwise.
Following is the truth table of an AND Gate:
------------------------------
| Input 1 | Input 2 | Output |
------------------------------
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
------------------------------
Refer - https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/logic-gates-in-python/
"""
def and_gate(input_1: int, input_2: int) -> int:
"""
Calculate AND of the input values
>>> and_gate(0, 0)
0
>>> and_gate(0, 1)
0
>>> and_gate(1, 0)
0
>>> and_gate(1, 1)
1
"""
return int((input_1, input_2).count(0) == 0)
def test_and_gate() -> None:
"""
Tests the and_gate function
"""
assert and_gate(0, 0) == 0
assert and_gate(0, 1) == 0
assert and_gate(1, 0) == 0
assert and_gate(1, 1) == 1
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_and_gate()
print(and_gate(1, 0))
print(and_gate(0, 0))
print(and_gate(0, 1))
print(and_gate(1, 1))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | def dencrypt(s: str, n: int = 13) -> str:
"""
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13
>>> msg = "My secret bank account number is 173-52946 so don't tell anyone!!"
>>> s = dencrypt(msg)
>>> s
"Zl frperg onax nppbhag ahzore vf 173-52946 fb qba'g gryy nalbar!!"
>>> dencrypt(s) == msg
True
"""
out = ""
for c in s:
if "A" <= c <= "Z":
out += chr(ord("A") + (ord(c) - ord("A") + n) % 26)
elif "a" <= c <= "z":
out += chr(ord("a") + (ord(c) - ord("a") + n) % 26)
else:
out += c
return out
def main() -> None:
s0 = input("Enter message: ")
s1 = dencrypt(s0, 13)
print("Encryption:", s1)
s2 = dencrypt(s1, 13)
print("Decryption: ", s2)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
main()
| def dencrypt(s: str, n: int = 13) -> str:
"""
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13
>>> msg = "My secret bank account number is 173-52946 so don't tell anyone!!"
>>> s = dencrypt(msg)
>>> s
"Zl frperg onax nppbhag ahzore vf 173-52946 fb qba'g gryy nalbar!!"
>>> dencrypt(s) == msg
True
"""
out = ""
for c in s:
if "A" <= c <= "Z":
out += chr(ord("A") + (ord(c) - ord("A") + n) % 26)
elif "a" <= c <= "z":
out += chr(ord("a") + (ord(c) - ord("a") + n) % 26)
else:
out += c
return out
def main() -> None:
s0 = input("Enter message: ")
s1 = dencrypt(s0, 13)
print("Encryption:", s1)
s2 = dencrypt(s1, 13)
print("Decryption: ", s2)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | def kruskal(
num_nodes: int, edges: list[tuple[int, int, int]]
) -> list[tuple[int, int, int]]:
"""
>>> kruskal(4, [(0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5), (2, 3, 1)])
[(2, 3, 1), (0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5)]
>>> kruskal(4, [(0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5), (2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 1), (0, 3, 2)])
[(2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 1), (0, 1, 3)]
>>> kruskal(4, [(0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5), (2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 1), (0, 3, 2),
... (2, 1, 1)])
[(2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1)]
"""
edges = sorted(edges, key=lambda edge: edge[2])
parent = list(range(num_nodes))
def find_parent(i):
if i != parent[i]:
parent[i] = find_parent(parent[i])
return parent[i]
minimum_spanning_tree_cost = 0
minimum_spanning_tree = []
for edge in edges:
parent_a = find_parent(edge[0])
parent_b = find_parent(edge[1])
if parent_a != parent_b:
minimum_spanning_tree_cost += edge[2]
minimum_spanning_tree.append(edge)
parent[parent_a] = parent_b
return minimum_spanning_tree
if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
num_nodes, num_edges = list(map(int, input().strip().split()))
edges = []
for _ in range(num_edges):
node1, node2, cost = (int(x) for x in input().strip().split())
edges.append((node1, node2, cost))
kruskal(num_nodes, edges)
| def kruskal(
num_nodes: int, edges: list[tuple[int, int, int]]
) -> list[tuple[int, int, int]]:
"""
>>> kruskal(4, [(0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5), (2, 3, 1)])
[(2, 3, 1), (0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5)]
>>> kruskal(4, [(0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5), (2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 1), (0, 3, 2)])
[(2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 1), (0, 1, 3)]
>>> kruskal(4, [(0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5), (2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 1), (0, 3, 2),
... (2, 1, 1)])
[(2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1)]
"""
edges = sorted(edges, key=lambda edge: edge[2])
parent = list(range(num_nodes))
def find_parent(i):
if i != parent[i]:
parent[i] = find_parent(parent[i])
return parent[i]
minimum_spanning_tree_cost = 0
minimum_spanning_tree = []
for edge in edges:
parent_a = find_parent(edge[0])
parent_b = find_parent(edge[1])
if parent_a != parent_b:
minimum_spanning_tree_cost += edge[2]
minimum_spanning_tree.append(edge)
parent[parent_a] = parent_b
return minimum_spanning_tree
if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
num_nodes, num_edges = list(map(int, input().strip().split()))
edges = []
for _ in range(num_edges):
node1, node2, cost = (int(x) for x in input().strip().split())
edges.append((node1, node2, cost))
kruskal(num_nodes, edges)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
This is a Python implementation of the circle sort algorithm
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v circle_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python3 circle_sort.py
"""
def circle_sort(collection: list) -> list:
"""A pure Python implementation of circle sort algorithm
:param collection: a mutable collection of comparable items in any order
:return: the same collection in ascending order
Examples:
>>> circle_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> circle_sort([])
[]
>>> circle_sort([-2, 5, 0, -45])
[-45, -2, 0, 5]
>>> collections = ([], [0, 5, 3, 2, 2], [-2, 5, 0, -45])
>>> all(sorted(collection) == circle_sort(collection) for collection in collections)
True
"""
if len(collection) < 2:
return collection
def circle_sort_util(collection: list, low: int, high: int) -> bool:
"""
>>> arr = [5,4,3,2,1]
>>> circle_sort_util(lst, 0, 2)
True
>>> arr
[3, 4, 5, 2, 1]
"""
swapped = False
if low == high:
return swapped
left = low
right = high
while left < right:
if collection[left] > collection[right]:
collection[left], collection[right] = (
collection[right],
collection[left],
)
swapped = True
left += 1
right -= 1
if left == right and collection[left] > collection[right + 1]:
collection[left], collection[right + 1] = (
collection[right + 1],
collection[left],
)
swapped = True
mid = low + int((high - low) / 2)
left_swap = circle_sort_util(collection, low, mid)
right_swap = circle_sort_util(collection, mid + 1, high)
return swapped or left_swap or right_swap
is_not_sorted = True
while is_not_sorted is True:
is_not_sorted = circle_sort_util(collection, 0, len(collection) - 1)
return collection
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(circle_sort(unsorted))
| """
This is a Python implementation of the circle sort algorithm
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v circle_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python3 circle_sort.py
"""
def circle_sort(collection: list) -> list:
"""A pure Python implementation of circle sort algorithm
:param collection: a mutable collection of comparable items in any order
:return: the same collection in ascending order
Examples:
>>> circle_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> circle_sort([])
[]
>>> circle_sort([-2, 5, 0, -45])
[-45, -2, 0, 5]
>>> collections = ([], [0, 5, 3, 2, 2], [-2, 5, 0, -45])
>>> all(sorted(collection) == circle_sort(collection) for collection in collections)
True
"""
if len(collection) < 2:
return collection
def circle_sort_util(collection: list, low: int, high: int) -> bool:
"""
>>> arr = [5,4,3,2,1]
>>> circle_sort_util(lst, 0, 2)
True
>>> arr
[3, 4, 5, 2, 1]
"""
swapped = False
if low == high:
return swapped
left = low
right = high
while left < right:
if collection[left] > collection[right]:
collection[left], collection[right] = (
collection[right],
collection[left],
)
swapped = True
left += 1
right -= 1
if left == right and collection[left] > collection[right + 1]:
collection[left], collection[right + 1] = (
collection[right + 1],
collection[left],
)
swapped = True
mid = low + int((high - low) / 2)
left_swap = circle_sort_util(collection, low, mid)
right_swap = circle_sort_util(collection, mid + 1, high)
return swapped or left_swap or right_swap
is_not_sorted = True
while is_not_sorted is True:
is_not_sorted = circle_sort_util(collection, 0, len(collection) - 1)
return collection
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(circle_sort(unsorted))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Code contributed by Honey Sharma
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sort
"""
def cycle_sort(array: list) -> list:
"""
>>> cycle_sort([4, 3, 2, 1])
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> cycle_sort([-4, 20, 0, -50, 100, -1])
[-50, -4, -1, 0, 20, 100]
>>> cycle_sort([-.1, -.2, 1.3, -.8])
[-0.8, -0.2, -0.1, 1.3]
>>> cycle_sort([])
[]
"""
array_len = len(array)
for cycle_start in range(array_len - 1):
item = array[cycle_start]
pos = cycle_start
for i in range(cycle_start + 1, array_len):
if array[i] < item:
pos += 1
if pos == cycle_start:
continue
while item == array[pos]:
pos += 1
array[pos], item = item, array[pos]
while pos != cycle_start:
pos = cycle_start
for i in range(cycle_start + 1, array_len):
if array[i] < item:
pos += 1
while item == array[pos]:
pos += 1
array[pos], item = item, array[pos]
return array
if __name__ == "__main__":
assert cycle_sort([4, 5, 3, 2, 1]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
assert cycle_sort([0, 1, -10, 15, 2, -2]) == [-10, -2, 0, 1, 2, 15]
| """
Code contributed by Honey Sharma
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sort
"""
def cycle_sort(array: list) -> list:
"""
>>> cycle_sort([4, 3, 2, 1])
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> cycle_sort([-4, 20, 0, -50, 100, -1])
[-50, -4, -1, 0, 20, 100]
>>> cycle_sort([-.1, -.2, 1.3, -.8])
[-0.8, -0.2, -0.1, 1.3]
>>> cycle_sort([])
[]
"""
array_len = len(array)
for cycle_start in range(array_len - 1):
item = array[cycle_start]
pos = cycle_start
for i in range(cycle_start + 1, array_len):
if array[i] < item:
pos += 1
if pos == cycle_start:
continue
while item == array[pos]:
pos += 1
array[pos], item = item, array[pos]
while pos != cycle_start:
pos = cycle_start
for i in range(cycle_start + 1, array_len):
if array[i] < item:
pos += 1
while item == array[pos]:
pos += 1
array[pos], item = item, array[pos]
return array
if __name__ == "__main__":
assert cycle_sort([4, 5, 3, 2, 1]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
assert cycle_sort([0, 1, -10, 15, 2, -2]) == [-10, -2, 0, 1, 2, 15]
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Implementing Deque using DoublyLinkedList ...
Operations:
1. insertion in the front -> O(1)
2. insertion in the end -> O(1)
3. remove from the front -> O(1)
4. remove from the end -> O(1)
"""
class _DoublyLinkedBase:
"""A Private class (to be inherited)"""
class _Node:
__slots__ = "_prev", "_data", "_next"
def __init__(self, link_p, element, link_n):
self._prev = link_p
self._data = element
self._next = link_n
def has_next_and_prev(self):
return (
f" Prev -> {self._prev is not None}, Next -> {self._next is not None}"
)
def __init__(self):
self._header = self._Node(None, None, None)
self._trailer = self._Node(None, None, None)
self._header._next = self._trailer
self._trailer._prev = self._header
self._size = 0
def __len__(self):
return self._size
def is_empty(self):
return self.__len__() == 0
def _insert(self, predecessor, e, successor):
# Create new_node by setting it's prev.link -> header
# setting it's next.link -> trailer
new_node = self._Node(predecessor, e, successor)
predecessor._next = new_node
successor._prev = new_node
self._size += 1
return self
def _delete(self, node):
predecessor = node._prev
successor = node._next
predecessor._next = successor
successor._prev = predecessor
self._size -= 1
temp = node._data
node._prev = node._next = node._data = None
del node
return temp
class LinkedDeque(_DoublyLinkedBase):
def first(self):
"""return first element
>>> d = LinkedDeque()
>>> d.add_first('A').first()
'A'
>>> d.add_first('B').first()
'B'
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise Exception("List is empty")
return self._header._next._data
def last(self):
"""return last element
>>> d = LinkedDeque()
>>> d.add_last('A').last()
'A'
>>> d.add_last('B').last()
'B'
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise Exception("List is empty")
return self._trailer._prev._data
# DEque Insert Operations (At the front, At the end)
def add_first(self, element):
"""insertion in the front
>>> LinkedDeque().add_first('AV').first()
'AV'
"""
return self._insert(self._header, element, self._header._next)
def add_last(self, element):
"""insertion in the end
>>> LinkedDeque().add_last('B').last()
'B'
"""
return self._insert(self._trailer._prev, element, self._trailer)
# DEqueu Remove Operations (At the front, At the end)
def remove_first(self):
"""removal from the front
>>> d = LinkedDeque()
>>> d.is_empty()
True
>>> d.remove_first()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: remove_first from empty list
>>> d.add_first('A') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<data_structures.linked_list.deque_doubly.LinkedDeque object at ...
>>> d.remove_first()
'A'
>>> d.is_empty()
True
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise IndexError("remove_first from empty list")
return self._delete(self._header._next)
def remove_last(self):
"""removal in the end
>>> d = LinkedDeque()
>>> d.is_empty()
True
>>> d.remove_last()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: remove_first from empty list
>>> d.add_first('A') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<data_structures.linked_list.deque_doubly.LinkedDeque object at ...
>>> d.remove_last()
'A'
>>> d.is_empty()
True
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise IndexError("remove_first from empty list")
return self._delete(self._trailer._prev)
| """
Implementing Deque using DoublyLinkedList ...
Operations:
1. insertion in the front -> O(1)
2. insertion in the end -> O(1)
3. remove from the front -> O(1)
4. remove from the end -> O(1)
"""
class _DoublyLinkedBase:
"""A Private class (to be inherited)"""
class _Node:
__slots__ = "_prev", "_data", "_next"
def __init__(self, link_p, element, link_n):
self._prev = link_p
self._data = element
self._next = link_n
def has_next_and_prev(self):
return (
f" Prev -> {self._prev is not None}, Next -> {self._next is not None}"
)
def __init__(self):
self._header = self._Node(None, None, None)
self._trailer = self._Node(None, None, None)
self._header._next = self._trailer
self._trailer._prev = self._header
self._size = 0
def __len__(self):
return self._size
def is_empty(self):
return self.__len__() == 0
def _insert(self, predecessor, e, successor):
# Create new_node by setting it's prev.link -> header
# setting it's next.link -> trailer
new_node = self._Node(predecessor, e, successor)
predecessor._next = new_node
successor._prev = new_node
self._size += 1
return self
def _delete(self, node):
predecessor = node._prev
successor = node._next
predecessor._next = successor
successor._prev = predecessor
self._size -= 1
temp = node._data
node._prev = node._next = node._data = None
del node
return temp
class LinkedDeque(_DoublyLinkedBase):
def first(self):
"""return first element
>>> d = LinkedDeque()
>>> d.add_first('A').first()
'A'
>>> d.add_first('B').first()
'B'
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise Exception("List is empty")
return self._header._next._data
def last(self):
"""return last element
>>> d = LinkedDeque()
>>> d.add_last('A').last()
'A'
>>> d.add_last('B').last()
'B'
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise Exception("List is empty")
return self._trailer._prev._data
# DEque Insert Operations (At the front, At the end)
def add_first(self, element):
"""insertion in the front
>>> LinkedDeque().add_first('AV').first()
'AV'
"""
return self._insert(self._header, element, self._header._next)
def add_last(self, element):
"""insertion in the end
>>> LinkedDeque().add_last('B').last()
'B'
"""
return self._insert(self._trailer._prev, element, self._trailer)
# DEqueu Remove Operations (At the front, At the end)
def remove_first(self):
"""removal from the front
>>> d = LinkedDeque()
>>> d.is_empty()
True
>>> d.remove_first()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: remove_first from empty list
>>> d.add_first('A') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<data_structures.linked_list.deque_doubly.LinkedDeque object at ...
>>> d.remove_first()
'A'
>>> d.is_empty()
True
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise IndexError("remove_first from empty list")
return self._delete(self._header._next)
def remove_last(self):
"""removal in the end
>>> d = LinkedDeque()
>>> d.is_empty()
True
>>> d.remove_last()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: remove_first from empty list
>>> d.add_first('A') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<data_structures.linked_list.deque_doubly.LinkedDeque object at ...
>>> d.remove_last()
'A'
>>> d.is_empty()
True
"""
if self.is_empty():
raise IndexError("remove_first from empty list")
return self._delete(self._trailer._prev)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """Convert a positive Decimal Number to Any Other Representation"""
from string import ascii_uppercase
ALPHABET_VALUES = {str(ord(c) - 55): c for c in ascii_uppercase}
def decimal_to_any(num: int, base: int) -> str:
"""
Convert a positive integer to another base as str.
>>> decimal_to_any(0, 2)
'0'
>>> decimal_to_any(5, 4)
'11'
>>> decimal_to_any(20, 3)
'202'
>>> decimal_to_any(58, 16)
'3A'
>>> decimal_to_any(243, 17)
'E5'
>>> decimal_to_any(34923, 36)
'QY3'
>>> decimal_to_any(10, 11)
'A'
>>> decimal_to_any(16, 16)
'10'
>>> decimal_to_any(36, 36)
'10'
>>> # negatives will error
>>> decimal_to_any(-45, 8) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: parameter must be positive int
>>> # floats will error
>>> decimal_to_any(34.4, 6) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: int() can't convert non-string with explicit base
>>> # a float base will error
>>> decimal_to_any(5, 2.5) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
>>> # a str base will error
>>> decimal_to_any(10, '16') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
>>> # a base less than 2 will error
>>> decimal_to_any(7, 0) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: base must be >= 2
>>> # a base greater than 36 will error
>>> decimal_to_any(34, 37) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: base must be <= 36
"""
if isinstance(num, float):
raise TypeError("int() can't convert non-string with explicit base")
if num < 0:
raise ValueError("parameter must be positive int")
if isinstance(base, str):
raise TypeError("'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer")
if isinstance(base, float):
raise TypeError("'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer")
if base in (0, 1):
raise ValueError("base must be >= 2")
if base > 36:
raise ValueError("base must be <= 36")
new_value = ""
mod = 0
div = 0
while div != 1:
div, mod = divmod(num, base)
if base >= 11 and 9 < mod < 36:
actual_value = ALPHABET_VALUES[str(mod)]
else:
actual_value = str(mod)
new_value += actual_value
div = num // base
num = div
if div == 0:
return str(new_value[::-1])
elif div == 1:
new_value += str(div)
return str(new_value[::-1])
return new_value[::-1]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
for base in range(2, 37):
for num in range(1000):
assert int(decimal_to_any(num, base), base) == num, (
num,
base,
decimal_to_any(num, base),
int(decimal_to_any(num, base), base),
)
| """Convert a positive Decimal Number to Any Other Representation"""
from string import ascii_uppercase
ALPHABET_VALUES = {str(ord(c) - 55): c for c in ascii_uppercase}
def decimal_to_any(num: int, base: int) -> str:
"""
Convert a positive integer to another base as str.
>>> decimal_to_any(0, 2)
'0'
>>> decimal_to_any(5, 4)
'11'
>>> decimal_to_any(20, 3)
'202'
>>> decimal_to_any(58, 16)
'3A'
>>> decimal_to_any(243, 17)
'E5'
>>> decimal_to_any(34923, 36)
'QY3'
>>> decimal_to_any(10, 11)
'A'
>>> decimal_to_any(16, 16)
'10'
>>> decimal_to_any(36, 36)
'10'
>>> # negatives will error
>>> decimal_to_any(-45, 8) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: parameter must be positive int
>>> # floats will error
>>> decimal_to_any(34.4, 6) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: int() can't convert non-string with explicit base
>>> # a float base will error
>>> decimal_to_any(5, 2.5) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
>>> # a str base will error
>>> decimal_to_any(10, '16') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
>>> # a base less than 2 will error
>>> decimal_to_any(7, 0) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: base must be >= 2
>>> # a base greater than 36 will error
>>> decimal_to_any(34, 37) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: base must be <= 36
"""
if isinstance(num, float):
raise TypeError("int() can't convert non-string with explicit base")
if num < 0:
raise ValueError("parameter must be positive int")
if isinstance(base, str):
raise TypeError("'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer")
if isinstance(base, float):
raise TypeError("'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer")
if base in (0, 1):
raise ValueError("base must be >= 2")
if base > 36:
raise ValueError("base must be <= 36")
new_value = ""
mod = 0
div = 0
while div != 1:
div, mod = divmod(num, base)
if base >= 11 and 9 < mod < 36:
actual_value = ALPHABET_VALUES[str(mod)]
else:
actual_value = str(mod)
new_value += actual_value
div = num // base
num = div
if div == 0:
return str(new_value[::-1])
elif div == 1:
new_value += str(div)
return str(new_value[::-1])
return new_value[::-1]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
for base in range(2, 37):
for num in range(1000):
assert int(decimal_to_any(num, base), base) == num, (
num,
base,
decimal_to_any(num, base),
int(decimal_to_any(num, base), base),
)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
The algorithm finds distance between closest pair of points
in the given n points.
Approach used -> Divide and conquer
The points are sorted based on Xco-ords and
then based on Yco-ords separately.
And by applying divide and conquer approach,
minimum distance is obtained recursively.
>> Closest points can lie on different sides of partition.
This case handled by forming a strip of points
whose Xco-ords distance is less than closest_pair_dis
from mid-point's Xco-ords. Points sorted based on Yco-ords
are used in this step to reduce sorting time.
Closest pair distance is found in the strip of points. (closest_in_strip)
min(closest_pair_dis, closest_in_strip) would be the final answer.
Time complexity: O(n * log n)
"""
def euclidean_distance_sqr(point1, point2):
"""
>>> euclidean_distance_sqr([1,2],[2,4])
5
"""
return (point1[0] - point2[0]) ** 2 + (point1[1] - point2[1]) ** 2
def column_based_sort(array, column=0):
"""
>>> column_based_sort([(5, 1), (4, 2), (3, 0)], 1)
[(3, 0), (5, 1), (4, 2)]
"""
return sorted(array, key=lambda x: x[column])
def dis_between_closest_pair(points, points_counts, min_dis=float("inf")):
"""
brute force approach to find distance between closest pair points
Parameters :
points, points_count, min_dis (list(tuple(int, int)), int, int)
Returns :
min_dis (float): distance between closest pair of points
>>> dis_between_closest_pair([[1,2],[2,4],[5,7],[8,9],[11,0]],5)
5
"""
for i in range(points_counts - 1):
for j in range(i + 1, points_counts):
current_dis = euclidean_distance_sqr(points[i], points[j])
if current_dis < min_dis:
min_dis = current_dis
return min_dis
def dis_between_closest_in_strip(points, points_counts, min_dis=float("inf")):
"""
closest pair of points in strip
Parameters :
points, points_count, min_dis (list(tuple(int, int)), int, int)
Returns :
min_dis (float): distance btw closest pair of points in the strip (< min_dis)
>>> dis_between_closest_in_strip([[1,2],[2,4],[5,7],[8,9],[11,0]],5)
85
"""
for i in range(min(6, points_counts - 1), points_counts):
for j in range(max(0, i - 6), i):
current_dis = euclidean_distance_sqr(points[i], points[j])
if current_dis < min_dis:
min_dis = current_dis
return min_dis
def closest_pair_of_points_sqr(points_sorted_on_x, points_sorted_on_y, points_counts):
"""divide and conquer approach
Parameters :
points, points_count (list(tuple(int, int)), int)
Returns :
(float): distance btw closest pair of points
>>> closest_pair_of_points_sqr([(1, 2), (3, 4)], [(5, 6), (7, 8)], 2)
8
"""
# base case
if points_counts <= 3:
return dis_between_closest_pair(points_sorted_on_x, points_counts)
# recursion
mid = points_counts // 2
closest_in_left = closest_pair_of_points_sqr(
points_sorted_on_x, points_sorted_on_y[:mid], mid
)
closest_in_right = closest_pair_of_points_sqr(
points_sorted_on_y, points_sorted_on_y[mid:], points_counts - mid
)
closest_pair_dis = min(closest_in_left, closest_in_right)
"""
cross_strip contains the points, whose Xcoords are at a
distance(< closest_pair_dis) from mid's Xcoord
"""
cross_strip = []
for point in points_sorted_on_x:
if abs(point[0] - points_sorted_on_x[mid][0]) < closest_pair_dis:
cross_strip.append(point)
closest_in_strip = dis_between_closest_in_strip(
cross_strip, len(cross_strip), closest_pair_dis
)
return min(closest_pair_dis, closest_in_strip)
def closest_pair_of_points(points, points_counts):
"""
>>> closest_pair_of_points([(2, 3), (12, 30)], len([(2, 3), (12, 30)]))
28.792360097775937
"""
points_sorted_on_x = column_based_sort(points, column=0)
points_sorted_on_y = column_based_sort(points, column=1)
return (
closest_pair_of_points_sqr(
points_sorted_on_x, points_sorted_on_y, points_counts
)
) ** 0.5
if __name__ == "__main__":
points = [(2, 3), (12, 30), (40, 50), (5, 1), (12, 10), (3, 4)]
print("Distance:", closest_pair_of_points(points, len(points)))
| """
The algorithm finds distance between closest pair of points
in the given n points.
Approach used -> Divide and conquer
The points are sorted based on Xco-ords and
then based on Yco-ords separately.
And by applying divide and conquer approach,
minimum distance is obtained recursively.
>> Closest points can lie on different sides of partition.
This case handled by forming a strip of points
whose Xco-ords distance is less than closest_pair_dis
from mid-point's Xco-ords. Points sorted based on Yco-ords
are used in this step to reduce sorting time.
Closest pair distance is found in the strip of points. (closest_in_strip)
min(closest_pair_dis, closest_in_strip) would be the final answer.
Time complexity: O(n * log n)
"""
def euclidean_distance_sqr(point1, point2):
"""
>>> euclidean_distance_sqr([1,2],[2,4])
5
"""
return (point1[0] - point2[0]) ** 2 + (point1[1] - point2[1]) ** 2
def column_based_sort(array, column=0):
"""
>>> column_based_sort([(5, 1), (4, 2), (3, 0)], 1)
[(3, 0), (5, 1), (4, 2)]
"""
return sorted(array, key=lambda x: x[column])
def dis_between_closest_pair(points, points_counts, min_dis=float("inf")):
"""
brute force approach to find distance between closest pair points
Parameters :
points, points_count, min_dis (list(tuple(int, int)), int, int)
Returns :
min_dis (float): distance between closest pair of points
>>> dis_between_closest_pair([[1,2],[2,4],[5,7],[8,9],[11,0]],5)
5
"""
for i in range(points_counts - 1):
for j in range(i + 1, points_counts):
current_dis = euclidean_distance_sqr(points[i], points[j])
if current_dis < min_dis:
min_dis = current_dis
return min_dis
def dis_between_closest_in_strip(points, points_counts, min_dis=float("inf")):
"""
closest pair of points in strip
Parameters :
points, points_count, min_dis (list(tuple(int, int)), int, int)
Returns :
min_dis (float): distance btw closest pair of points in the strip (< min_dis)
>>> dis_between_closest_in_strip([[1,2],[2,4],[5,7],[8,9],[11,0]],5)
85
"""
for i in range(min(6, points_counts - 1), points_counts):
for j in range(max(0, i - 6), i):
current_dis = euclidean_distance_sqr(points[i], points[j])
if current_dis < min_dis:
min_dis = current_dis
return min_dis
def closest_pair_of_points_sqr(points_sorted_on_x, points_sorted_on_y, points_counts):
"""divide and conquer approach
Parameters :
points, points_count (list(tuple(int, int)), int)
Returns :
(float): distance btw closest pair of points
>>> closest_pair_of_points_sqr([(1, 2), (3, 4)], [(5, 6), (7, 8)], 2)
8
"""
# base case
if points_counts <= 3:
return dis_between_closest_pair(points_sorted_on_x, points_counts)
# recursion
mid = points_counts // 2
closest_in_left = closest_pair_of_points_sqr(
points_sorted_on_x, points_sorted_on_y[:mid], mid
)
closest_in_right = closest_pair_of_points_sqr(
points_sorted_on_y, points_sorted_on_y[mid:], points_counts - mid
)
closest_pair_dis = min(closest_in_left, closest_in_right)
"""
cross_strip contains the points, whose Xcoords are at a
distance(< closest_pair_dis) from mid's Xcoord
"""
cross_strip = []
for point in points_sorted_on_x:
if abs(point[0] - points_sorted_on_x[mid][0]) < closest_pair_dis:
cross_strip.append(point)
closest_in_strip = dis_between_closest_in_strip(
cross_strip, len(cross_strip), closest_pair_dis
)
return min(closest_pair_dis, closest_in_strip)
def closest_pair_of_points(points, points_counts):
"""
>>> closest_pair_of_points([(2, 3), (12, 30)], len([(2, 3), (12, 30)]))
28.792360097775937
"""
points_sorted_on_x = column_based_sort(points, column=0)
points_sorted_on_y = column_based_sort(points, column=1)
return (
closest_pair_of_points_sqr(
points_sorted_on_x, points_sorted_on_y, points_counts
)
) ** 0.5
if __name__ == "__main__":
points = [(2, 3), (12, 30), (40, 50), (5, 1), (12, 10), (3, 4)]
print("Distance:", closest_pair_of_points(points, len(points)))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | import argparse
import datetime
def zeller(date_input: str) -> str:
"""
Zellers Congruence Algorithm
Find the day of the week for nearly any Gregorian or Julian calendar date
>>> zeller('01-31-2010')
'Your date 01-31-2010, is a Sunday!'
Validate out of range month
>>> zeller('13-31-2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Month must be between 1 - 12
>>> zeller('.2-31-2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '.2'
Validate out of range date:
>>> zeller('01-33-2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Date must be between 1 - 31
>>> zeller('01-.4-2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '.4'
Validate second separator:
>>> zeller('01-31*2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Date separator must be '-' or '/'
Validate first separator:
>>> zeller('01^31-2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Date separator must be '-' or '/'
Validate out of range year:
>>> zeller('01-31-8999')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Year out of range. There has to be some sort of limit...right?
Test null input:
>>> zeller()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: zeller() missing 1 required positional argument: 'date_input'
Test length of date_input:
>>> zeller('')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Must be 10 characters long
>>> zeller('01-31-19082939')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Must be 10 characters long"""
# Days of the week for response
days = {
"0": "Sunday",
"1": "Monday",
"2": "Tuesday",
"3": "Wednesday",
"4": "Thursday",
"5": "Friday",
"6": "Saturday",
}
convert_datetime_days = {0: 1, 1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4, 4: 5, 5: 6, 6: 0}
# Validate
if not 0 < len(date_input) < 11:
raise ValueError("Must be 10 characters long")
# Get month
m: int = int(date_input[0] + date_input[1])
# Validate
if not 0 < m < 13:
raise ValueError("Month must be between 1 - 12")
sep_1: str = date_input[2]
# Validate
if sep_1 not in ["-", "/"]:
raise ValueError("Date separator must be '-' or '/'")
# Get day
d: int = int(date_input[3] + date_input[4])
# Validate
if not 0 < d < 32:
raise ValueError("Date must be between 1 - 31")
# Get second separator
sep_2: str = date_input[5]
# Validate
if sep_2 not in ["-", "/"]:
raise ValueError("Date separator must be '-' or '/'")
# Get year
y: int = int(date_input[6] + date_input[7] + date_input[8] + date_input[9])
# Arbitrary year range
if not 45 < y < 8500:
raise ValueError(
"Year out of range. There has to be some sort of limit...right?"
)
# Get datetime obj for validation
dt_ck = datetime.date(int(y), int(m), int(d))
# Start math
if m <= 2:
y = y - 1
m = m + 12
# maths var
c: int = int(str(y)[:2])
k: int = int(str(y)[2:])
t: int = int(2.6 * m - 5.39)
u: int = int(c / 4)
v: int = int(k / 4)
x: int = int(d + k)
z: int = int(t + u + v + x)
w: int = int(z - (2 * c))
f: int = round(w % 7)
# End math
# Validate math
if f != convert_datetime_days[dt_ck.weekday()]:
raise AssertionError("The date was evaluated incorrectly. Contact developer.")
# Response
response: str = f"Your date {date_input}, is a {days[str(f)]}!"
return response
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description=(
"Find out what day of the week nearly any date is or was. Enter "
"date as a string in the mm-dd-yyyy or mm/dd/yyyy format"
)
)
parser.add_argument(
"date_input", type=str, help="Date as a string (mm-dd-yyyy or mm/dd/yyyy)"
)
args = parser.parse_args()
zeller(args.date_input)
| import argparse
import datetime
def zeller(date_input: str) -> str:
"""
Zellers Congruence Algorithm
Find the day of the week for nearly any Gregorian or Julian calendar date
>>> zeller('01-31-2010')
'Your date 01-31-2010, is a Sunday!'
Validate out of range month
>>> zeller('13-31-2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Month must be between 1 - 12
>>> zeller('.2-31-2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '.2'
Validate out of range date:
>>> zeller('01-33-2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Date must be between 1 - 31
>>> zeller('01-.4-2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '.4'
Validate second separator:
>>> zeller('01-31*2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Date separator must be '-' or '/'
Validate first separator:
>>> zeller('01^31-2010')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Date separator must be '-' or '/'
Validate out of range year:
>>> zeller('01-31-8999')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Year out of range. There has to be some sort of limit...right?
Test null input:
>>> zeller()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: zeller() missing 1 required positional argument: 'date_input'
Test length of date_input:
>>> zeller('')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Must be 10 characters long
>>> zeller('01-31-19082939')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Must be 10 characters long"""
# Days of the week for response
days = {
"0": "Sunday",
"1": "Monday",
"2": "Tuesday",
"3": "Wednesday",
"4": "Thursday",
"5": "Friday",
"6": "Saturday",
}
convert_datetime_days = {0: 1, 1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4, 4: 5, 5: 6, 6: 0}
# Validate
if not 0 < len(date_input) < 11:
raise ValueError("Must be 10 characters long")
# Get month
m: int = int(date_input[0] + date_input[1])
# Validate
if not 0 < m < 13:
raise ValueError("Month must be between 1 - 12")
sep_1: str = date_input[2]
# Validate
if sep_1 not in ["-", "/"]:
raise ValueError("Date separator must be '-' or '/'")
# Get day
d: int = int(date_input[3] + date_input[4])
# Validate
if not 0 < d < 32:
raise ValueError("Date must be between 1 - 31")
# Get second separator
sep_2: str = date_input[5]
# Validate
if sep_2 not in ["-", "/"]:
raise ValueError("Date separator must be '-' or '/'")
# Get year
y: int = int(date_input[6] + date_input[7] + date_input[8] + date_input[9])
# Arbitrary year range
if not 45 < y < 8500:
raise ValueError(
"Year out of range. There has to be some sort of limit...right?"
)
# Get datetime obj for validation
dt_ck = datetime.date(int(y), int(m), int(d))
# Start math
if m <= 2:
y = y - 1
m = m + 12
# maths var
c: int = int(str(y)[:2])
k: int = int(str(y)[2:])
t: int = int(2.6 * m - 5.39)
u: int = int(c / 4)
v: int = int(k / 4)
x: int = int(d + k)
z: int = int(t + u + v + x)
w: int = int(z - (2 * c))
f: int = round(w % 7)
# End math
# Validate math
if f != convert_datetime_days[dt_ck.weekday()]:
raise AssertionError("The date was evaluated incorrectly. Contact developer.")
# Response
response: str = f"Your date {date_input}, is a {days[str(f)]}!"
return response
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description=(
"Find out what day of the week nearly any date is or was. Enter "
"date as a string in the mm-dd-yyyy or mm/dd/yyyy format"
)
)
parser.add_argument(
"date_input", type=str, help="Date as a string (mm-dd-yyyy or mm/dd/yyyy)"
)
args = parser.parse_args()
zeller(args.date_input)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | # Information on binary shifts:
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bitwise-operations-on-integer-types
# https://www.interviewcake.com/concept/java/bit-shift
def logical_left_shift(number: int, shift_amount: int) -> str:
"""
Take in 2 positive integers.
'number' is the integer to be logically left shifted 'shift_amount' times.
i.e. (number << shift_amount)
Return the shifted binary representation.
>>> logical_left_shift(0, 1)
'0b00'
>>> logical_left_shift(1, 1)
'0b10'
>>> logical_left_shift(1, 5)
'0b100000'
>>> logical_left_shift(17, 2)
'0b1000100'
>>> logical_left_shift(1983, 4)
'0b111101111110000'
>>> logical_left_shift(1, -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: both inputs must be positive integers
"""
if number < 0 or shift_amount < 0:
raise ValueError("both inputs must be positive integers")
binary_number = str(bin(number))
binary_number += "0" * shift_amount
return binary_number
def logical_right_shift(number: int, shift_amount: int) -> str:
"""
Take in positive 2 integers.
'number' is the integer to be logically right shifted 'shift_amount' times.
i.e. (number >>> shift_amount)
Return the shifted binary representation.
>>> logical_right_shift(0, 1)
'0b0'
>>> logical_right_shift(1, 1)
'0b0'
>>> logical_right_shift(1, 5)
'0b0'
>>> logical_right_shift(17, 2)
'0b100'
>>> logical_right_shift(1983, 4)
'0b1111011'
>>> logical_right_shift(1, -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: both inputs must be positive integers
"""
if number < 0 or shift_amount < 0:
raise ValueError("both inputs must be positive integers")
binary_number = str(bin(number))[2:]
if shift_amount >= len(binary_number):
return "0b0"
shifted_binary_number = binary_number[: len(binary_number) - shift_amount]
return "0b" + shifted_binary_number
def arithmetic_right_shift(number: int, shift_amount: int) -> str:
"""
Take in 2 integers.
'number' is the integer to be arithmetically right shifted 'shift_amount' times.
i.e. (number >> shift_amount)
Return the shifted binary representation.
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(0, 1)
'0b00'
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(1, 1)
'0b00'
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(-1, 1)
'0b11'
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(17, 2)
'0b000100'
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(-17, 2)
'0b111011'
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(-1983, 4)
'0b111110000100'
"""
if number >= 0: # Get binary representation of positive number
binary_number = "0" + str(bin(number)).strip("-")[2:]
else: # Get binary (2's complement) representation of negative number
binary_number_length = len(bin(number)[3:]) # Find 2's complement of number
binary_number = bin(abs(number) - (1 << binary_number_length))[3:]
binary_number = (
"1" + "0" * (binary_number_length - len(binary_number)) + binary_number
)
if shift_amount >= len(binary_number):
return "0b" + binary_number[0] * len(binary_number)
return (
"0b"
+ binary_number[0] * shift_amount
+ binary_number[: len(binary_number) - shift_amount]
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| # Information on binary shifts:
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bitwise-operations-on-integer-types
# https://www.interviewcake.com/concept/java/bit-shift
def logical_left_shift(number: int, shift_amount: int) -> str:
"""
Take in 2 positive integers.
'number' is the integer to be logically left shifted 'shift_amount' times.
i.e. (number << shift_amount)
Return the shifted binary representation.
>>> logical_left_shift(0, 1)
'0b00'
>>> logical_left_shift(1, 1)
'0b10'
>>> logical_left_shift(1, 5)
'0b100000'
>>> logical_left_shift(17, 2)
'0b1000100'
>>> logical_left_shift(1983, 4)
'0b111101111110000'
>>> logical_left_shift(1, -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: both inputs must be positive integers
"""
if number < 0 or shift_amount < 0:
raise ValueError("both inputs must be positive integers")
binary_number = str(bin(number))
binary_number += "0" * shift_amount
return binary_number
def logical_right_shift(number: int, shift_amount: int) -> str:
"""
Take in positive 2 integers.
'number' is the integer to be logically right shifted 'shift_amount' times.
i.e. (number >>> shift_amount)
Return the shifted binary representation.
>>> logical_right_shift(0, 1)
'0b0'
>>> logical_right_shift(1, 1)
'0b0'
>>> logical_right_shift(1, 5)
'0b0'
>>> logical_right_shift(17, 2)
'0b100'
>>> logical_right_shift(1983, 4)
'0b1111011'
>>> logical_right_shift(1, -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: both inputs must be positive integers
"""
if number < 0 or shift_amount < 0:
raise ValueError("both inputs must be positive integers")
binary_number = str(bin(number))[2:]
if shift_amount >= len(binary_number):
return "0b0"
shifted_binary_number = binary_number[: len(binary_number) - shift_amount]
return "0b" + shifted_binary_number
def arithmetic_right_shift(number: int, shift_amount: int) -> str:
"""
Take in 2 integers.
'number' is the integer to be arithmetically right shifted 'shift_amount' times.
i.e. (number >> shift_amount)
Return the shifted binary representation.
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(0, 1)
'0b00'
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(1, 1)
'0b00'
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(-1, 1)
'0b11'
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(17, 2)
'0b000100'
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(-17, 2)
'0b111011'
>>> arithmetic_right_shift(-1983, 4)
'0b111110000100'
"""
if number >= 0: # Get binary representation of positive number
binary_number = "0" + str(bin(number)).strip("-")[2:]
else: # Get binary (2's complement) representation of negative number
binary_number_length = len(bin(number)[3:]) # Find 2's complement of number
binary_number = bin(abs(number) - (1 << binary_number_length))[3:]
binary_number = (
"1" + "0" * (binary_number_length - len(binary_number)) + binary_number
)
if shift_amount >= len(binary_number):
return "0b" + binary_number[0] * len(binary_number)
return (
"0b"
+ binary_number[0] * shift_amount
+ binary_number[: len(binary_number) - shift_amount]
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Implementation of an auto-balanced binary tree!
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v avl_tree.py
For testing run:
python avl_tree.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import math
import random
from typing import Any
class MyQueue:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.data: list[Any] = []
self.head: int = 0
self.tail: int = 0
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
return self.head == self.tail
def push(self, data: Any) -> None:
self.data.append(data)
self.tail = self.tail + 1
def pop(self) -> Any:
ret = self.data[self.head]
self.head = self.head + 1
return ret
def count(self) -> int:
return self.tail - self.head
def print_queue(self) -> None:
print(self.data)
print("**************")
print(self.data[self.head : self.tail])
class MyNode:
def __init__(self, data: Any) -> None:
self.data = data
self.left: MyNode | None = None
self.right: MyNode | None = None
self.height: int = 1
def get_data(self) -> Any:
return self.data
def get_left(self) -> MyNode | None:
return self.left
def get_right(self) -> MyNode | None:
return self.right
def get_height(self) -> int:
return self.height
def set_data(self, data: Any) -> None:
self.data = data
def set_left(self, node: MyNode | None) -> None:
self.left = node
def set_right(self, node: MyNode | None) -> None:
self.right = node
def set_height(self, height: int) -> None:
self.height = height
def get_height(node: MyNode | None) -> int:
if node is None:
return 0
return node.get_height()
def my_max(a: int, b: int) -> int:
if a > b:
return a
return b
def right_rotation(node: MyNode) -> MyNode:
r"""
A B
/ \ / \
B C Bl A
/ \ --> / / \
Bl Br UB Br C
/
UB
UB = unbalanced node
"""
print("left rotation node:", node.get_data())
ret = node.get_left()
assert ret is not None
node.set_left(ret.get_right())
ret.set_right(node)
h1 = my_max(get_height(node.get_right()), get_height(node.get_left())) + 1
node.set_height(h1)
h2 = my_max(get_height(ret.get_right()), get_height(ret.get_left())) + 1
ret.set_height(h2)
return ret
def left_rotation(node: MyNode) -> MyNode:
"""
a mirror symmetry rotation of the left_rotation
"""
print("right rotation node:", node.get_data())
ret = node.get_right()
assert ret is not None
node.set_right(ret.get_left())
ret.set_left(node)
h1 = my_max(get_height(node.get_right()), get_height(node.get_left())) + 1
node.set_height(h1)
h2 = my_max(get_height(ret.get_right()), get_height(ret.get_left())) + 1
ret.set_height(h2)
return ret
def lr_rotation(node: MyNode) -> MyNode:
r"""
A A Br
/ \ / \ / \
B C LR Br C RR B A
/ \ --> / \ --> / / \
Bl Br B UB Bl UB C
\ /
UB Bl
RR = right_rotation LR = left_rotation
"""
left_child = node.get_left()
assert left_child is not None
node.set_left(left_rotation(left_child))
return right_rotation(node)
def rl_rotation(node: MyNode) -> MyNode:
right_child = node.get_right()
assert right_child is not None
node.set_right(right_rotation(right_child))
return left_rotation(node)
def insert_node(node: MyNode | None, data: Any) -> MyNode | None:
if node is None:
return MyNode(data)
if data < node.get_data():
node.set_left(insert_node(node.get_left(), data))
if (
get_height(node.get_left()) - get_height(node.get_right()) == 2
): # an unbalance detected
left_child = node.get_left()
assert left_child is not None
if (
data < left_child.get_data()
): # new node is the left child of the left child
node = right_rotation(node)
else:
node = lr_rotation(node)
else:
node.set_right(insert_node(node.get_right(), data))
if get_height(node.get_right()) - get_height(node.get_left()) == 2:
right_child = node.get_right()
assert right_child is not None
if data < right_child.get_data():
node = rl_rotation(node)
else:
node = left_rotation(node)
h1 = my_max(get_height(node.get_right()), get_height(node.get_left())) + 1
node.set_height(h1)
return node
def get_right_most(root: MyNode) -> Any:
while True:
right_child = root.get_right()
if right_child is None:
break
root = right_child
return root.get_data()
def get_left_most(root: MyNode) -> Any:
while True:
left_child = root.get_left()
if left_child is None:
break
root = left_child
return root.get_data()
def del_node(root: MyNode, data: Any) -> MyNode | None:
left_child = root.get_left()
right_child = root.get_right()
if root.get_data() == data:
if left_child is not None and right_child is not None:
temp_data = get_left_most(right_child)
root.set_data(temp_data)
root.set_right(del_node(right_child, temp_data))
elif left_child is not None:
root = left_child
elif right_child is not None:
root = right_child
else:
return None
elif root.get_data() > data:
if left_child is None:
print("No such data")
return root
else:
root.set_left(del_node(left_child, data))
else: # root.get_data() < data
if right_child is None:
return root
else:
root.set_right(del_node(right_child, data))
if get_height(right_child) - get_height(left_child) == 2:
assert right_child is not None
if get_height(right_child.get_right()) > get_height(right_child.get_left()):
root = left_rotation(root)
else:
root = rl_rotation(root)
elif get_height(right_child) - get_height(left_child) == -2:
assert left_child is not None
if get_height(left_child.get_left()) > get_height(left_child.get_right()):
root = right_rotation(root)
else:
root = lr_rotation(root)
height = my_max(get_height(root.get_right()), get_height(root.get_left())) + 1
root.set_height(height)
return root
class AVLtree:
"""
An AVL tree doctest
Examples:
>>> t = AVLtree()
>>> t.insert(4)
insert:4
>>> print(str(t).replace(" \\n","\\n"))
4
*************************************
>>> t.insert(2)
insert:2
>>> print(str(t).replace(" \\n","\\n").replace(" \\n","\\n"))
4
2 *
*************************************
>>> t.insert(3)
insert:3
right rotation node: 2
left rotation node: 4
>>> print(str(t).replace(" \\n","\\n").replace(" \\n","\\n"))
3
2 4
*************************************
>>> t.get_height()
2
>>> t.del_node(3)
delete:3
>>> print(str(t).replace(" \\n","\\n").replace(" \\n","\\n"))
4
2 *
*************************************
"""
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.root: MyNode | None = None
def get_height(self) -> int:
return get_height(self.root)
def insert(self, data: Any) -> None:
print("insert:" + str(data))
self.root = insert_node(self.root, data)
def del_node(self, data: Any) -> None:
print("delete:" + str(data))
if self.root is None:
print("Tree is empty!")
return
self.root = del_node(self.root, data)
def __str__(
self,
) -> str: # a level traversale, gives a more intuitive look on the tree
output = ""
q = MyQueue()
q.push(self.root)
layer = self.get_height()
if layer == 0:
return output
cnt = 0
while not q.is_empty():
node = q.pop()
space = " " * int(math.pow(2, layer - 1))
output += space
if node is None:
output += "*"
q.push(None)
q.push(None)
else:
output += str(node.get_data())
q.push(node.get_left())
q.push(node.get_right())
output += space
cnt = cnt + 1
for i in range(100):
if cnt == math.pow(2, i) - 1:
layer = layer - 1
if layer == 0:
output += "\n*************************************"
return output
output += "\n"
break
output += "\n*************************************"
return output
def _test() -> None:
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
if __name__ == "__main__":
_test()
t = AVLtree()
lst = list(range(10))
random.shuffle(lst)
for i in lst:
t.insert(i)
print(str(t))
random.shuffle(lst)
for i in lst:
t.del_node(i)
print(str(t))
| """
Implementation of an auto-balanced binary tree!
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v avl_tree.py
For testing run:
python avl_tree.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import math
import random
from typing import Any
class MyQueue:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.data: list[Any] = []
self.head: int = 0
self.tail: int = 0
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
return self.head == self.tail
def push(self, data: Any) -> None:
self.data.append(data)
self.tail = self.tail + 1
def pop(self) -> Any:
ret = self.data[self.head]
self.head = self.head + 1
return ret
def count(self) -> int:
return self.tail - self.head
def print_queue(self) -> None:
print(self.data)
print("**************")
print(self.data[self.head : self.tail])
class MyNode:
def __init__(self, data: Any) -> None:
self.data = data
self.left: MyNode | None = None
self.right: MyNode | None = None
self.height: int = 1
def get_data(self) -> Any:
return self.data
def get_left(self) -> MyNode | None:
return self.left
def get_right(self) -> MyNode | None:
return self.right
def get_height(self) -> int:
return self.height
def set_data(self, data: Any) -> None:
self.data = data
def set_left(self, node: MyNode | None) -> None:
self.left = node
def set_right(self, node: MyNode | None) -> None:
self.right = node
def set_height(self, height: int) -> None:
self.height = height
def get_height(node: MyNode | None) -> int:
if node is None:
return 0
return node.get_height()
def my_max(a: int, b: int) -> int:
if a > b:
return a
return b
def right_rotation(node: MyNode) -> MyNode:
r"""
A B
/ \ / \
B C Bl A
/ \ --> / / \
Bl Br UB Br C
/
UB
UB = unbalanced node
"""
print("left rotation node:", node.get_data())
ret = node.get_left()
assert ret is not None
node.set_left(ret.get_right())
ret.set_right(node)
h1 = my_max(get_height(node.get_right()), get_height(node.get_left())) + 1
node.set_height(h1)
h2 = my_max(get_height(ret.get_right()), get_height(ret.get_left())) + 1
ret.set_height(h2)
return ret
def left_rotation(node: MyNode) -> MyNode:
"""
a mirror symmetry rotation of the left_rotation
"""
print("right rotation node:", node.get_data())
ret = node.get_right()
assert ret is not None
node.set_right(ret.get_left())
ret.set_left(node)
h1 = my_max(get_height(node.get_right()), get_height(node.get_left())) + 1
node.set_height(h1)
h2 = my_max(get_height(ret.get_right()), get_height(ret.get_left())) + 1
ret.set_height(h2)
return ret
def lr_rotation(node: MyNode) -> MyNode:
r"""
A A Br
/ \ / \ / \
B C LR Br C RR B A
/ \ --> / \ --> / / \
Bl Br B UB Bl UB C
\ /
UB Bl
RR = right_rotation LR = left_rotation
"""
left_child = node.get_left()
assert left_child is not None
node.set_left(left_rotation(left_child))
return right_rotation(node)
def rl_rotation(node: MyNode) -> MyNode:
right_child = node.get_right()
assert right_child is not None
node.set_right(right_rotation(right_child))
return left_rotation(node)
def insert_node(node: MyNode | None, data: Any) -> MyNode | None:
if node is None:
return MyNode(data)
if data < node.get_data():
node.set_left(insert_node(node.get_left(), data))
if (
get_height(node.get_left()) - get_height(node.get_right()) == 2
): # an unbalance detected
left_child = node.get_left()
assert left_child is not None
if (
data < left_child.get_data()
): # new node is the left child of the left child
node = right_rotation(node)
else:
node = lr_rotation(node)
else:
node.set_right(insert_node(node.get_right(), data))
if get_height(node.get_right()) - get_height(node.get_left()) == 2:
right_child = node.get_right()
assert right_child is not None
if data < right_child.get_data():
node = rl_rotation(node)
else:
node = left_rotation(node)
h1 = my_max(get_height(node.get_right()), get_height(node.get_left())) + 1
node.set_height(h1)
return node
def get_right_most(root: MyNode) -> Any:
while True:
right_child = root.get_right()
if right_child is None:
break
root = right_child
return root.get_data()
def get_left_most(root: MyNode) -> Any:
while True:
left_child = root.get_left()
if left_child is None:
break
root = left_child
return root.get_data()
def del_node(root: MyNode, data: Any) -> MyNode | None:
left_child = root.get_left()
right_child = root.get_right()
if root.get_data() == data:
if left_child is not None and right_child is not None:
temp_data = get_left_most(right_child)
root.set_data(temp_data)
root.set_right(del_node(right_child, temp_data))
elif left_child is not None:
root = left_child
elif right_child is not None:
root = right_child
else:
return None
elif root.get_data() > data:
if left_child is None:
print("No such data")
return root
else:
root.set_left(del_node(left_child, data))
else: # root.get_data() < data
if right_child is None:
return root
else:
root.set_right(del_node(right_child, data))
if get_height(right_child) - get_height(left_child) == 2:
assert right_child is not None
if get_height(right_child.get_right()) > get_height(right_child.get_left()):
root = left_rotation(root)
else:
root = rl_rotation(root)
elif get_height(right_child) - get_height(left_child) == -2:
assert left_child is not None
if get_height(left_child.get_left()) > get_height(left_child.get_right()):
root = right_rotation(root)
else:
root = lr_rotation(root)
height = my_max(get_height(root.get_right()), get_height(root.get_left())) + 1
root.set_height(height)
return root
class AVLtree:
"""
An AVL tree doctest
Examples:
>>> t = AVLtree()
>>> t.insert(4)
insert:4
>>> print(str(t).replace(" \\n","\\n"))
4
*************************************
>>> t.insert(2)
insert:2
>>> print(str(t).replace(" \\n","\\n").replace(" \\n","\\n"))
4
2 *
*************************************
>>> t.insert(3)
insert:3
right rotation node: 2
left rotation node: 4
>>> print(str(t).replace(" \\n","\\n").replace(" \\n","\\n"))
3
2 4
*************************************
>>> t.get_height()
2
>>> t.del_node(3)
delete:3
>>> print(str(t).replace(" \\n","\\n").replace(" \\n","\\n"))
4
2 *
*************************************
"""
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.root: MyNode | None = None
def get_height(self) -> int:
return get_height(self.root)
def insert(self, data: Any) -> None:
print("insert:" + str(data))
self.root = insert_node(self.root, data)
def del_node(self, data: Any) -> None:
print("delete:" + str(data))
if self.root is None:
print("Tree is empty!")
return
self.root = del_node(self.root, data)
def __str__(
self,
) -> str: # a level traversale, gives a more intuitive look on the tree
output = ""
q = MyQueue()
q.push(self.root)
layer = self.get_height()
if layer == 0:
return output
cnt = 0
while not q.is_empty():
node = q.pop()
space = " " * int(math.pow(2, layer - 1))
output += space
if node is None:
output += "*"
q.push(None)
q.push(None)
else:
output += str(node.get_data())
q.push(node.get_left())
q.push(node.get_right())
output += space
cnt = cnt + 1
for i in range(100):
if cnt == math.pow(2, i) - 1:
layer = layer - 1
if layer == 0:
output += "\n*************************************"
return output
output += "\n"
break
output += "\n*************************************"
return output
def _test() -> None:
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
if __name__ == "__main__":
_test()
t = AVLtree()
lst = list(range(10))
random.shuffle(lst)
for i in lst:
t.insert(i)
print(str(t))
random.shuffle(lst)
for i in lst:
t.del_node(i)
print(str(t))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 9,543 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate | <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | pre-commit-ci[bot] | "2023-10-02T23:32:55Z" | "2023-10-07T19:32:28Z" | 60291738d2552999545c414bb8a8e90f86c69678 | 895dffb412d80f29c65a062bf6d91fd2a70d8818 | [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. <!--pre-commit.ci start-->
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.291 β v0.0.292](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.0.291...v0.0.292)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.5 β v2.2.6](https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell/compare/v2.2.5...v2.2.6)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 1.1.0 β 1.2.0](https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt/compare/1.1.0...1.2.0)
<!--pre-commit.ci end--> | """
Numerical integration or quadrature for a smooth function f with known values at x_i
This method is the classical approach of suming 'Equally Spaced Abscissas'
method 2:
"Simpson Rule"
"""
def method_2(boundary, steps):
# "Simpson Rule"
# int(f) = delta_x/2 * (b-a)/3*(f1 + 4f2 + 2f_3 + ... + fn)
h = (boundary[1] - boundary[0]) / steps
a = boundary[0]
b = boundary[1]
x_i = make_points(a, b, h)
y = 0.0
y += (h / 3.0) * f(a)
cnt = 2
for i in x_i:
y += (h / 3) * (4 - 2 * (cnt % 2)) * f(i)
cnt += 1
y += (h / 3.0) * f(b)
return y
def make_points(a, b, h):
x = a + h
while x < (b - h):
yield x
x = x + h
def f(x): # enter your function here
y = (x - 0) * (x - 0)
return y
def main():
a = 0.0 # Lower bound of integration
b = 1.0 # Upper bound of integration
steps = 10.0 # define number of steps or resolution
boundary = [a, b] # define boundary of integration
y = method_2(boundary, steps)
print(f"y = {y}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| """
Numerical integration or quadrature for a smooth function f with known values at x_i
This method is the classical approach of suming 'Equally Spaced Abscissas'
method 2:
"Simpson Rule"
"""
def method_2(boundary, steps):
# "Simpson Rule"
# int(f) = delta_x/2 * (b-a)/3*(f1 + 4f2 + 2f_3 + ... + fn)
h = (boundary[1] - boundary[0]) / steps
a = boundary[0]
b = boundary[1]
x_i = make_points(a, b, h)
y = 0.0
y += (h / 3.0) * f(a)
cnt = 2
for i in x_i:
y += (h / 3) * (4 - 2 * (cnt % 2)) * f(i)
cnt += 1
y += (h / 3.0) * f(b)
return y
def make_points(a, b, h):
x = a + h
while x < (b - h):
yield x
x = x + h
def f(x): # enter your function here
y = (x - 0) * (x - 0)
return y
def main():
a = 0.0 # Lower bound of integration
b = 1.0 # Upper bound of integration
steps = 10.0 # define number of steps or resolution
boundary = [a, b] # define boundary of integration
y = method_2(boundary, steps)
print(f"y = {y}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |