Broad policies are based on mandatory recovery and recycling systems , as well as voluntary industry agreements . In other cases policies focus on packaging for specific purposes , such as beverage containers , or on specific substances , such as polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) .S . Zarrilli , `` Eco-packaging initiatives : impact on international trade and the special conditions of the developing countries '' , paper presented at the UNCTAD/SELA/ECLAC regional seminar on Environmental Policies and Market Access , 19-20 October 1993 ( Bogota ( Colombia ) , 1993 ) .