Researchers have ex-plored the topic of CLI in the areas of lexical style ( Jarvis et al 2012a ) , lexical n-grams ( Jarvis & Paquot , 2012 ) , character n-grams ( Tsur & Rappo-prot , 2007 ) , using variables related to cohesion , lexical sophistication , syntactic complexity and conceptual knowledge ( Crossley & McNamara , 2012 ) , error patterns ( Bestgen , et al 2012 ; Wong & Dras , 2009 ) , and a combination of these ap-proaches ( Jarvis et al 2012b ; Koppel et al 2005 ; Mayfield Tomokiyo & Jones , 2001 , Wong & Dras , 2009 ) . Such studies have demonstrated relatively strong success rates for classifying an L2 writing sample based on the L1 of the writer . For instance , Jarvis and Paquot ( 2012 ) , using 1-4-grams as pre-dictor variables on a subset of argumentative es-says included in the International Corpus of Learner English ( ICLE ) ( Granger et al 2009 ) achieved a 53.6 % classification accuracy for 12 groups of L1s . Crossley and McNamara ( 2012 ) used features related to cohesion , lexical sophisti-cation , syntactic complexity , and conceptual knowledge taken from the computational tool Coh-