Use case: Educational Planning & Curriculum Development
Instruction type: Negative
Prompt style: Context prompting

Prompt:
Below are my notes about Homeostatic Regulation for my Health and Disease class. Can you please help me make flashcards to study the material for an upcoming test? I need to know everything, so please don’t omit any details. Also, please don’t present the information in bullet points since it will be easier to copy and paste them into my quiz program without them. For words or phrases that have an explicit definition (usually preceded by a colon), please just use the word or phrase as the question. For example – “Homeostasis” is the question and “the integrative action of the systems of an organism that result in the maintenance of the optimal internal environment despite variations in the external conditions” is the answer. For examples of feedback systems, you can just put the entire thing on one card since they’re all tied together. Other than examples (including the feedback system examples and dashes that start with “ex:”) or lists (like the levels of organization of the body), please put every dash or bullet point on a separate flashcard. For information that is presented in standalone sentences, please word the question as a natural question. For example – “Homeostasis is controlled through negative feedback” could use the question of “How is homeostasis controlled?” and the answer of “Homeostasis is controlled through negative feedback”. Sometimes you might have to incorporate the header into the question in order for it to make sense on its own, like “properties of produced messages” would need to be mentioned with “nervous system” in order for me to understand that the question is about properties of messages produced by the nervous system. Please bold the question and leave the answers in regular font.  
HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION
Levels of the organization of the body: 
•	Chemical or molecular levels
•	Cellular level
•	Tissue level
•	Organ level 
There are eleven organ systems in the human body, and intercommunication exists between them all.
Homeostasis: the integrative action of the systems of an organism that result in the maintenance of the optimal internal environment despite variations in the external conditions
•	Homeostatic regulation is the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
•	Homeostasis is controlled through negative feedback
Blood levels of glucose is an example of homeostatic regulation.
•	Any time there is a meal there is a peak in blood sugar.
•	Any carbohydrates that are consumed are broken down, solubilized, and enter the blood. We can measure this concentration change.
•	Disease can be monitored using this trend. People who have a challenge in glucose metabolism (diabetics) have larger peaks.
Mechanisms of homeostatic regulation:
1.	Autoregulation: intrinsic regulation
•	Activities of cell, tissue, organ, organ system change when faced with environmental variation
•	Ex: oxygen to cells
2.	Extrinsic regulation
•	Via the nervous and endocrine system
•	Control activities of many organ systems
•	Ex: exercise and oxygen use
A receptor, control center, and an effector are needed for homeostatic regulation.
•	Receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to a particular variable or stimulus
•	Control center: integration center, receives and processes information supplied by the receptor
•	Effector: a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes (negative feedback) or enhances (positive feedback) the stimulus
Body temperature regulation: example of a negative feedback system
•	Homeostasis: normal body temperature (37 degrees)
•	Stimulus: body temperature rises, normal temperature disturbed
•	Receptors: temperature sensors in skin and hypothalamus
•	Control center: thermoregulatory center in brain
•	Effectors: receives signal from the brain to cause sweat glands in skin to increase secretion and blood vessels in skin to dilate
•	Response: increased heat loss, body temperature drops, normal temperature restored
•	Internal fluctuations are smaller than environmental fluctuations (36.7-37.2)
Positive feedback
•	Rarely encountered
•	Tends to produce extreme results
•	Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances effects
•	Positive feedback loops are encountered when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly before homeostasis can be restored
Blood clotting response: example of a positive feedback system
•	Break in blood vessel wall causes bleeding
•	Damaged cells release chemicals
•	Clotting begins
•	Additional chemicals released, clotting accelerates
•	Blood clot plugs break in vessel wall; bleeding stops
•	The clotting response encourages the occurrence of more clotting.
•	When blood loss occurs, blood pressure and heart rate lowers because the body responds first to stop the bleeding and then it restores blood pressure.
Clotters: the nervous and endocrine system
•	The nervous and endocrine systems are the major homeostatic control systems of the body
•	Neuron
-	Stimulus induces (1) permeability increase, (2) Na+ and Ca2+ influx, (3) depolarization 
-	Secretion follows (1) depolarization, (2) permeability increase, (3) Ca2+ influx
-	Neurons that pass signals between each other are physically close
•	Simple endocrine cell: releases a signal into the blood, as generally mediated by calcium, and the signal can often travel farther and last longer.
Properties of produced messages
•	Nervous system: very private, very fast transmission (ms), very short message length (ms)
•	Endocrine system: less private, slow transmission (s), long message length (s, min, hr, days, weeks, etc)
Homeostasis at the cellular level is maintained through the action of cell membranes that maintain cell integrity, control cell activities, and have electrical activity that lead cell to cell signalling.
A fluid membrane surrounds our cells.
•	Membrane composition can vary
•	Integral proteins: serve as passive transport pores and channels, active-transport pumps and carriers, membrane-linked enzymes, and chemical signal receptors
•	Peripheral proteins: membrane-linked, do not extend through the membrane
•	Glycoproteins: have oligosaccharide side chains that are vital for cell recognition, interactions, adhesion, and communication
Intracellular signals are coordinated.

Evaluation criteria:
The response should present the content that is appropriate for flashcards. For example, it should provide both a question/term and an answer/definition component for each question/term.
The response should present the question/term side of the flashcard in bolded font using (**).
The response should not present the information in bullet point format (* or -).
The response should create a question in natural language for all information that is presented in standalone sentences, which are the following: “There are eleven organ systems in the human body, and intercommunication exists between them all”, “Homeostasis is controlled through negative feedback”, “Activities of cell, tissue, organ, organ system change when faced with environmental variation”, “A receptor, control center, and an effector are needed for homeostatic regulation.”, “The nervous and endocrine systems are the major homeostatic control systems of the body”, “Homeostasis at the cellular level is maintained through the action of cell membranes that maintain cell integrity, control cell activities, and have electrical activity that lead cell to cell signalling.”, “A fluid membrane surrounds our cells.”, “Membrane composition can vary”, and “Intracellular signals are coordinated.” For example, for the sentence "Homeostasis is controlled through negative feedback," the question should be similar to "How is homeostasis controlled?" or paraphrasing such as the sentence "Activities of cell, tissue, organ, organ system change when faced with environmental variation." could have a question such as, "What happens to the body during autoregulation?"
The response should incorporate terms from the headers in the notes into the flashcard question/term when the context is needed for the question to be understood. For example, this only needs to happen when the header term is essential to understanding the information beneath it such as "Stimulus induces (1) permeability increase, (2) Na+ and Ca2+ influx, (3) depolarization" and "Secretion follows (1) depolarization, (2) permeability increase, (3) Ca2+ influx" is under the header "Neuron" and should use a question using the header term "Neuron" similar to "What does a stimulus induce in a neuron?", but terms like "Simple endocrine cell" is understandable on its own and does not need to include the header term "Neuron".
The response should include a flashcard question/term to review the “Levels of the organization of the body”, where the answer is: Chemical or molecular levels, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level.
The response should include a question/term and answer/definition pair to review the information that there are eleven organ systems in the human body, and intercommunication exists between them all.
The response should include a term and definition pair to review “Homeostasis”, which is: the integrative action of the systems of an organism that result in the maintenance of the optimal internal environment despite variations in the external conditions.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that homeostatic regulation is the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that homeostasis is controlled through negative feedback.
The response should include separate question/answer or term/definition pairs to review each of the three pieces of the blood levels of glucose example of homeostasis, which includes: "Any time there is a meal there is a peak in blood sugar"; "Any carbohydrates that are consumed are broken down, solubilized, and enter the blood. We can measure this concentration change"; and "Disease can be monitored using this trend. People who have a challenge in glucose metabolism (diabetics) have larger peaks."
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair that covers the mechanisms of homeostatic regulation are: Autoregulation (intrinsic regulation), and Extrinsic regulation. For example, "Mechanisms of homeostatic" in bold with "Autoregulation/intrinsic regulation and extrinsic regulation" in plain text beneath it.
The response should not give the example of autoregulation "oxygen to cell" as it's own Question/Answer pairing, instead of including it in a pairing to review the mechanisms of autoregulation (intrinsic regulation), which are that the activities of cell, tissue, organ, organ system change when faced with environmental variation
The response should not give the example of extrinsic regulation "exercise and oxygen use" as it's own Question/Answer pairing, instead of including it in a pairing to review extrinsic regulation function to control activities of many organ systems via the nervous and endocrine system.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that a receptor, control center, and effector are needed for homeostatic regulation.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review “Receptor”, which is a sensor that is sensitive to a particular variable or stimulus.
The response should include a term/definition pair to review “Control center”, which is an integration center that receives and processes information supplied by the receptor.
The response should include a term/definition pair to review “Effector” that includes the parenthetical clarifications, where an effector is a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes (negative feedback) or enhances (positive feedback) the stimulus.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the “Body temperature regulation” example of a negative feedback system, which includes: Homeostasis: normal body temperature (37 degrees), Stimulus: body temperature rises, normal temperature disturbed, Receptors: temperature sensors in skin and hypothalamus, Control center: thermoregulatory center in brain, Effectors: receives signal from the brain to cause sweat glands in skin to increase secretion and blood vessels in skin to dilate, and Response: increased heat loss, body temperature drops, normal temperature restored. For example, this could be "Body temperature regulation (example of a negative feedback system" in bold, with Homeostasis: normal body temperature (37 degrees), Stimulus: body temperature rises, normal temperature disturbed, Receptors: temperature sensors in skin and hypothalamus, Control center: thermoregulatory center in brain, Effectors: receives signal from the brain to cause sweat glands in skin to increase secretion and blood vessels in skin to dilate, and Response: increased heat loss, body temperature drops, normal temperature restored." in plain text beneath it.
The response should include the information that internal fluctuations are smaller than environmental fluctuations (36.7-37.2) in the "Body temperature regulation/example of a negative feedback system" section.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that positive feedback systems are rarely encountered.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that positive feedback systems tend to produce extreme results.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that in a positive feedback system, the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances effects.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that positive feedback loops are encountered when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly before homeostasis can be restored.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the “Blood clotting response” example of a positive feedback system, which includes each of these pieces of information: Break in blood vessel wall causes bleeding, Damaged cells release chemicals, Clotting begins, Additional chemicals released, clotting accelerates, Blood clot plugs break in vessel wall; bleeding stops, The clotting response encourages the occurrence of more clotting, and When blood loss occurs, blood pressure and heart rate lowers because the body responds first to stop the bleeding and then it restores blood pressure. For example, it could include "Blood clotting response (example of a positive feedback system" in bold, with "Break in blood vessel wall causes bleeding, Damaged cells release chemicals, Clotting begins, Additional chemicals released, clotting accelerates, Blood clot plugs break in vessel wall; bleeding stops, The clotting response encourages the occurrence of more clotting, and When blood loss occurs, blood pressure and heart rate lowers because the body responds first to stop the bleeding and then it restores blood pressure." in plain text beneath it.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that the nervous and endocrine system are the systems that create clotting.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that the nervous and endocrine systems are the major homeostatic control systems of the body.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair for each of the three pieces of information about neurons: "a stimulus induces (1) permeability increase, (2) Na+ and Ca2+ influx, (3) depolarization", "secretion follows (1) depolarization, (2) permeability increase, (3) Ca2+ influx", and "Neurons that pass signals between each other are physically close".
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that a simple endocrine cell releases a signal into the blood, as generally mediated by calcium, and the signal can often travel farther and last longer.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that messages produced by the nervous system have the following properties: very private, very fast transmission (ms), very short message length (ms).
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that messages produced by the endocrine system have the following properties: less private, slow transmission (s), long message length (s, min, hr, days, weeks, etc).
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that homeostasis at the cellular level is maintained through the action of cell membranes that maintain cell integrity, control cell activities, and have electrical activity that lead cell to cell signalling.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that a fluid membrane surrounds cells.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that membrane composition can vary for the fluid membrane that surrounds our cells.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that “Integral proteins” serve as passive transport pores and channels, active-transport pumps and carriers, membrane-linked enzymes, and chemical signal receptors.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that “Peripheral proteins” are membrane-linked and do not extend through the membrane.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that “Glycoproteins” have oligosaccharide side chains that are vital for cell recognition, interactions, adhesion, and communication.
The response should include a question/answer or term/definition pair to review the information that intracellular signals are coordinated.