# Contrarian Investing: Strategy, Risks, and Rewards

## What Is a Contrarian?

Contrarian investing is an [investment style](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investing_style.asp) in which investors purposefully go against prevailing market trends by selling when others are buying and buying when most investors are selling. [Berkshire Hathaway](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/041714/how-warren-buffett-made-berkshire-hathaway-worldbeater.asp) Chair and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Warren Buffett is a famous contrarian investor.

Contrarian investors believe that people who say the market is going up do so only when they are fully invested and have no further [purchasing power](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/purchasingpower.asp). At this point, the market is at a peak. So, when people predict a downturn, they have already sold out, and the market can only go up at this point.

### Key Takeaways

*   Contrarian investing involves making investment decisions that go against prevailing market trends, with the aim of profiting from price movements when markets overreact due to emotions like fear and greed.
*   Prominent figures such as Warren Buffett and Michael Burry embody contrarian strategies, often betting against or in favor of market sentiment when it diverges from an asset's intrinsic value.
*   A major challenge for contrarian investors is accurately identifying undervalued opportunities, which requires extensive research and a deep understanding of fundamental analysis.
*   While contrarian investing can deliver substantial returns when executed successfully, it involves significant risks. The approach can result in long waiting periods and potential losses if market sentiment remains unfavorable.
*   Contrarian investing shares similarities with value investing, as both seek to capitalize on market inefficiencies by acquiring assets believed to be undervalued based on their intrinsic worth.  
    

## How Contrarian Investing Works

Contrarian investing is, as the name implies, a strategy that involves going against the grain of [investor sentiment](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/06/investorsentiment.asp) at a given time. The principles behind contrarian investing can be applied to individual stocks, an industry as a whole, or even entire markets.

A contrarian investor enters the market when others are feeling negative about it. The contrarian believes the value of the market or stock is below its [intrinsic value](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/intrinsicvalue.asp) and thus represents an opportunity. In essence, an abundance of pessimism among other investors has pushed the price of the stock below what it should be, and the contrarian investor will buy that before the broader sentiment returns and the share prices rebound.

According to [David Dreman](https://www.forbes.com/sites/investor/people/daviddreman/?sh=9f19c9378672), contrarian investor and author of _Contrarian Investment Strategies: The Next Generation_, investors overreact to news developments and overprice "hot" stocks and underestimate the earnings of distressed stocks. This overreaction results in limited upward price movement and steep falls for stocks that are "hot" and leaves room for the contrarian investor to choose underpriced stocks.

## Key Factors to Consider in Contrarian Investing

Contrarian investors often target distressed stocks and then sell them once the share price has recovered and other investors begin targeting the company as well. Contrarian investing is built around the idea that the [herd instinct](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/herdinstinct.asp) that can take control of market direction doesn't make for a good investing strategy.

However, contrarians may miss out on market gains if bullish sentiment proves correct and they've already sold. Similarly, an undervalued stock targeted by contrarians as an investment opportunity may remain undervalued if the market sentiment remains bearish.

## Comparing Contrarian and Value Investing Strategies

Contrarian investing is similar to [value investing](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/valueinvesting.asp) because both value and contrarian investors look for stocks whose share price is lower than the intrinsic value of the company. Value investors often think the market overreacts to news, causing short-term stock prices to not reflect a company's long-term fundamentals.

Many value investors hold that there is a fine line between value investing and contrarian investing, since both strategies look for undervalued securities to turn a profit based on their reading of the current [market sentiment](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketsentiment.asp).

## Notable Contrarian Investors and Their Success Stories

The most prominent example of a contrarian investor is [Warren Buffett](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/01/071801.asp). "Be fearful when others are greedy, and greedy when others are fearful" is one of his most famous quotes and sums up his approach to contrarian investing.

At the height of the [2008 financial crisis](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/credit-crisis.asp), when markets were tumbling amidst a wave of bankruptcy filings, Buffett counseled investors to buy American stocks. As an example, he purchased equities for American companies, including investment bank Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. ([GS](https://www.investopedia.com/markets/quote?tvwidgetsymbol=gs)). Ten years later, his advice proved to be correct. From 2008 to 2018, Goldman's stock had jumped by approximately 239%.

[Michael Burry](https://www.scionasset.com/), a California-based neurologist-turned-hedge fund owner, is another example of a contrarian investor. Through his research in 2005, Burry determined that the subprime market was mispriced and overheated. His hedge fund, Scion Capital, shorted risky parts of the subprime mortgage market and profited. His story was written up into a book, _[The Big Short](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/020115/big-short-explained.asp),_ by Michael Lewis and has been made into a movie of the same name.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> Sir John Templeton was a noted contrarian investor and founded the Templeton Growth Fund in 1954. With dividends reinvested, a $10,000 investment in the fund at inception was worth $2 million by 1992.

## Challenges and Risks of Contrarian Investing

Investors interested in employing a contrarian investing strategy should be aware of some of the strategy's drawbacks. Finding undervalued stocks can be tough, and contrarians often spend a lot of time researching. Simply doing the opposite of market sentiment is not enough. It's important for contrarians to develop their skills in [fundamental analysis](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fundamentalanalysis.asp) to accurately measure a security's intrinsic value.

Contrarians may have periods where their portfolios underperform. It may take a significant amount of time before an undervalued stock begins to show gains. In the meantime, the contrarian investor may have to endure [paper losses](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/paperprofitorloss.asp) on their investments.  

## What Is Contrarian Investing?

Contrarian investing refers to an investing strategy that looks for profit opportunities in trades that go against current market sentiment. For example, if the market is [bullish](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bull.asp), the contrarian investor is bearish and will look for opportunities to sell. Conversely, if the [market is bearish](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bearmarket.asp), the contrarian is bullish and will look for opportunities to buy.

## Who Are Some Famous Contrarian Investors?

Berkshire Hathaway's Warren Buffett and [Charlie Munger](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/charlie-munger.asp) are two of the most well-known contrarian investors. David Dreman, investment company founder and author of several books on contrarian investing, is another prominent contrarian. Ray Dalio, [Sir John Templeton](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sirjohntempleton.asp), [Michael Burry](https://www.investopedia.com/who-is-michael-burry-5235600), and [George Soros](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/120913/george-investing-soros-way.asp) are all investors who have made a name for themselves as contrarians.

## How Have Billionaire Contrarians Used Deep Value to Beat the Market?

Deep value investing is a term often used in conjunction with billionaire contrarians who pick their stock investments based on their analysis that a particular company is trading at many multiples below intrinsic or [book value](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental-analysis/09/book-value-basics.asp). These billionaires look for companies with share prices that have been unfairly and significantly discounted by the market. They will then acquire large stakes in these companies with the anticipation that over time they will profit from the share price increase.

### Note

Investopedia does not provide tax, investment, or financial services and advice. The information is presented without consideration of the investment objectives, risk tolerance, or financial circumstances of any specific investor and might not be suitable for all investors. Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Berkshire Hathaway Inc. "[Chairman's Letter - 1986](https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1986.html)."
>     
> 2.  Berkshire Hathaway Inc. "[Chairman's Letter - 2008](https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/2008ltr.pdf)," Page 16.
>     
> 3.  Yahoo Finance. "[Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (GS) - Historical Data](https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/GS/history?p=GS)."
>     
> 4.  The Templeton Foundation. "[Sir John Templeton 1912-2008](https://www.templeton.org/about/sir-john)."