# Kicker: What it is, How it Works, and Types

## What Is a Kicker?

A kicker is a right, [exercisable warrant](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/warrant.asp), or other feature that is added to a debt instrument to make it more desirable to potential investors by giving the debt holder the potential option to purchase shares of the issuer.

In real estate, a kicker is an added expense that must be paid on a mortgage in order to get a loan approved. An example would be an equity stake in the receipts of a retail or rental property.

A kicker is also called a [sweetener](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sweetener.asp) or a wrinkle.

### Key Takeaways

*   A kicker, also known as a sweetener or a wrinkle, is a feature added to a debt instrument that makes it more desirable to prospective lenders or investors.
*   Kickers provide investors with an extra incentive to purchase debt securities (such as a preferred share or bond) because they add to the investors' expected return on investment (ROI).
*   Two popular types of equity kickers are convertible bonds and warrants to purchase stocks.
*   For investment real estate loans, a common type of kicker is for the borrower to offer the lender a share of the total income or gross rental receipts generated from the investment property.

## How a Kicker Works

Kickers are features that are added to "get the deal done" as they are exclusively for the benefit of lenders and used to add to their expected [return on investment](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/returnoninvestment.asp) (ROI).

For example, a lender may be wary of loaning money to a [startup company](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/startup.asp), which may need the money to finance early-stage operations. Without a financial track record showing steady sales growth and profits, the startup may face an uphill battle in obtaining funding. The young company may need to structure an equity deal to entice the lender, offering a kicker of equity ownership in the company. In return for loaning money to the company, the lender will receive a stake in the company and a certain percentage of future profits.

## Equity Kickers

In effect, a kicker is an extra incentive to encourage investors to purchase debt securities, such as a bond or [preferred share](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/preferredstock.asp). When a bond has an [embedded option](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/embeddedoption.asp) that may be exercised by the bondholder to purchase equity at the issuing firm at a discount price, the option is said to be a kicker. An investor will be incentivized to purchase a bond with a kicker as this allows the investor to participate in any increase in the value of equity ownership.

Two common types of equity kickers are a [convertible feature](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/convertiblebond.asp) on some bonds that allows the bonds to be exchanged for shares of stock, and [warrants](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/warrant.asp) to purchase stocks that are sold in combination with a new bond issue.

> **Important**
>
> Equity kickers are often used for leveraged buyouts (LBOs), management buyouts (MBOs), and equity recapitalizations since they are considered too risky for traditional financing offered by senior, secured lenders.

A company that adds a kicker (for example, a [rights offering](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rightsoffering.asp)) to a bond issue is only doing so to get the entire issue into the hands of investors. The kicker may or may not actually be usable at any time during the life of the bond. Often a certain breakpoint must be reached, such as a stock price above a certain level, before the kicker has any real value.

For example, a bondholder that has the right to purchase shares in the company for $20 per share, will only exercise this right if the shares are trading above $20. Otherwise, there’s no financial advantage to purchasing the shares.

## Real Estate Kickers

In real estate loans, a lender may be offered, in addition to interest on the loan, a share in the total income or [gross rental receipts](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gross-receipts.asp) that will be generated from the investment property being financed, if the income exceeds a specified amount. This benefit may be offered by the borrower or demanded by the lender to sweeten the loan deal.

If the borrower is unable to make a large down payment on the property or there is some circumstance that makes the transaction a credit risk, the lender may require some type of equity kicker or percentage ownership in the property. For example, the lender may agree to a real estate investment loan provided they receive a percentage of the sales proceeds after the borrower renovates the property and resells it at a higher price.

## Special Considerations

The term kicker should not be confused with the term [kickback](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/kickback.asp), which is an illegal payment given as compensation for preferential treatment. In real estate transactions, individuals and companies that violate the prohibition against kickbacks can face civil and criminal liability. From a legal viewpoint, all settlement costs have to be disclosed in consumer loans as part of the finance charges.

Congress enacted the [Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/real-estate-settlement-procedures-act-respa.asp) (RESPA), which became effective in June 1975, to protect consumers from abusive settlement practices, such as kickbacks. RESPA requires lenders, mortgage brokers, or servicers of home loans to provide borrowers with disclosures regarding the nature and costs of the real estate settlement process.﻿﻿

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Federal Reserve Board. "[Consumer Compliance Handbook, Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act](https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/supmanual/cch/respa.pdf)." Accessed Dec. 22, 2020.