# Understanding Moore's Law: Is It Still Relevant in 2025?

## Exploring the Impact of Moore's Law on Technology

Moore's Law, first posited by Gordon E. Moore in 1965, observes that the number of transistors on microchips doubles roughly every two years while costs decrease. Not a fundamental law of science, this observation has nonetheless been a guiding principle in the semiconductor industry for nearly six decades. It predicts that as transistors become smaller, computing technology will continually advance, becoming faster, more energy-efficient, and more cost-effective over time. Today, Moore's insight remains a critical benchmark for technological progress, influencing everything from smartphones to data centers.  

### Key Takeaways

*   Moore's Law, originally an observation by Gordon E. Moore in 1965, asserts that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, leading to more powerful and cost-effective computing power.
*   This phenomenon has significantly influenced technological progress, enabling innovations in computing, mobile devices, electronic games, and even industries like healthcare and transportation.
*   As transistors approach atomic dimensions, the physical limitations of further miniaturization pose challenges, potentially signaling Moore's Law's natural end in the 2020s.
*   Despite potential limits, advancements in software, cloud computing, and emerging technologies like quantum computing may continue to drive progress beyond the traditional scope of Moore's Law.

![Moore's Law](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/-UfKmuGHdkXNlWIaPwPI_8N4FUA=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/moores-law-4192714-1-5432709ba34c4a86bc7356f5274946ee.jpg)

*— Investopedia / Joules Garcia*

## Understanding Moore's Law

In 1965, Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore noticed that the number of transistors on a chip had doubled between 1960 and 1965 at minimal cost. He initially predicted chips would have 65,000 components by 1975, later revising this to a doubling every two years.  

Gordon Moore did not call his observation "Moore's Law," nor did he set out to create a "law." Moore made that statement based on noticing emerging trends in [chip manufacturing](https://www.investopedia.com/chips-and-science-act-6500333) at Fairchild Semiconductor. Eventually, Moore's insight became a well-known adage, "Moore's Law." In an interview in 1975, he claimed his friend, Dr. Carver Mead from CalTech, was responsible for the name.

Over the decades, Moore's Law [guided the semiconductor industry](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/042115/what-impact-does-moores-law-have-electronic-sector.asp) in planning and setting R&D targets, becoming a key driver of technological and economic growth in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

> **Important**
>
> Moore's Law implies that computers, machines that run on computers, and computing power all become smaller, faster, and cheaper with time as processes become more efficient and components smaller and faster.

## The Enduring Influence of Moore's Law

Almost 60 years later, we still feel the lasting impact and benefits of Moore's Law in many ways.

### Moore's Law in Computing: Shrinking Transistors and Expanding Power

As transistors shrink, computers become faster and smaller. These tiny structures are printed on sheets of carbon and silicon, allowing more transistors in a space, which boosts computer efficiency. Over time, the cost of powerful computers has dropped annually due to lower labor and semiconductor costs.

### Advancements in Electronics: A Testament to Moore's Law

Practically every facet of a high-tech society benefits from Moore's Law in action. Mobile devices, such as smartphones and computer tablets, would not work without tiny processors; neither would video games, spreadsheets, accurate weather forecasts, and [global positioning systems (GPS)](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/geolocation.asp).

### Diverse Industries Transformed by Moore's Law

Moreover, smaller and faster computers improve transportation, health care, education, and energy production—to name but a few of the industries that have progressed because of the increased power of computer chips.

## The Future of Moore's Law: Challenges and Predictions

Some experts predict Moore's Law will hit physical limits in the 2020s. Chip-makers face rising costs to maintain standards and challenges in cooling many components in small spaces. For instance, if you keep shrinking components, you can put more in a one-inch square chip. The more you put in that square inch, the hotter it gets and the harder it is to cool it.

In a 2005 interview, Moore himself admitted that "...the fact that materials are made of atoms is the fundamental limitation and it's not that far away...We're pushing up against some fairly fundamental limits, so one of these days we're going to have to stop making things smaller."

## Overcoming the Challenges Limiting Moore’s Law

The fact that Moore's Law may be approaching its natural end is perhaps most painfully present at the chip manufacturers themselves; as these companies are saddled with the task of building ever-more-powerful chips against the reality of physical limitations. Even [Intel is competing with itself and its industry](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/120114/who-are-intels-intc-main-competitors.asp) to create what ultimately may not be possible.

In 2012, Intel introduced a 22-nanometer processor, featuring the world's smallest and most advanced mass-produced transistors. By 2014, they launched a 14nm chip and, after delays, in 2024, started using a large machine to develop technology advancing Moore's Law.

This machine, designed by ASML, is a High NA [Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography system](https://www.investopedia.com/what-is-euv-and-how-does-it-work-7975893) that can print transistors as small as 2nm.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> For perspective, one nanometer is one billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light. The diameter of an atom ranges from about 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers.

## Future Innovations Beyond Moore's Law

The prospect of a highly connected future presents both challenges and benefits. For over 50 years, shrinking transistors have enhanced computing, but new ways are needed to boost capabilities. Future improvements may rely on software, cloud computing, wireless tech, IoT, and quantum physics.

Despite the growing concerns around privacy and security, the advantages of ever-smarter computing technology can help keep us healthier, safer, and more productive in the long run.  

## What Is Moore's Law?

In 1965, Gordon Moore posited that roughly every two years, the number of transistors on microchips will double. Commonly referred to as Moore’s Law, this phenomenon suggests that computational progress will become significantly faster, smaller, and more efficient over time. Widely regarded as one of the hallmark theories of the 21st century, Moore’s Law carries significant implications for the future of technological progress—along with its possible limitations.

## How Has Moore’s Law Impacted Computing?

Moore’s Law has directly influenced the progress of computing power by creating a goal for chip makers to achieve. In 1965, Moore predicted that there would be 65,000 transistors per chip by 1975. In 2025, chip makers can put 50 billion transistors on a chip the size of a fingernail.

## Is Moore’s Law Coming to an End?

According to some, Moore's Law will end sometime in the 2020s. If components continue to shrink, physical limits will be reached during this decade because it's unlikely that transistors smaller than atoms can be printed. There is only 1.5nm of space left to print on, depending on the element.

## The Bottom Line

Moore's Law began as an observation made by Gordon Moore in 1965 that the number of components on a microchip appeared to increase by a factor of two every year. He predicted that it was possible that by 1975, there would be 65,000 components on an integrated circuit. In 1975, he revised his observation and predicted that the number of components would double every two years. This prediction remained fairly accurate for nearly 50 years—and in 2025, engineers and scientists are still attempting to keep up; they have succeeded in printing transistors almost the size of atoms.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Intel. "[Excerpts from 'A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore’s Law](https://hasler.ece.gatech.edu/Published_papers/Technology_overview/gordon_moore_1965_article.pdf).'" Page 5.
>     
> 2.  Moore, Gordon. "[Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits](https://hasler.ece.gatech.edu/Published_papers/Technology_overview/gordon_moore_1965_article.pdf)." _Electronics_, vol. 38, no. 8, April 1965, p. 2.
>     
> 3.  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "[Recent Price Trends in the Computer and Peripheral Industry](https://www.bls.gov/mxp/publications/industry-pamphlets/computer-industry-facts.htm)."
>     
> 4.  Zhou, Boyu. "[Quantum Error Correction Codes](https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/opti646/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2020/12/QECC_Boyu_Zhou.pdf)." _University of Arizona, Department of Physics_, December 2020, p. 1.
>     
> 5.  Computer History Museum. "[Moore's Law 40th Anniversary with Gordon Moore](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MH6jUSjpr-Q)." (YouTube Video))
>     
> 6.  Intel. "[Fun Facts: Exactly How Small is 22 Nanometers](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/history-moores-law-fun-facts-factsheet.html)."
>     
> 7.  Intel. "[EUV: The Most Precise, Complex Machine at Intel](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/euv-most-precise-complex-machine.html#gs.4uk034)."
>     
> 8.  Intel "[14 nm Process Technology: Opening New Horizons](https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/technology-briefs/bohr-14nm-idf-2014-brief.pdf)."
>     
> 9.  U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "[Intel, Corporation, Form 10-K, For the Fiscal Year Ended Dec. 25, 2021](https://www.intc.com/filings-reports/all-sec-filings/content/0000050863-22-000007/intc-20211225.htm)," Pages 52-53, 107.
>     
> 10.  X Platform. "[@Intel, 6:07 p.m., Jan. 4, 2024](https://twitter.com/intelnews/status/1743046633506427165?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1743046633506427165%7Ctwgr%5Ef8ba02f3d273f0dc881b88d123541501baa96def%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F21194%2Fasml-ships-first-high-na-euv-scanner-to-intel)."
>      
> 11.  ASML. "[5 Things You Should Know About High NA EUV Lithography](https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/5-things-high-na-euv)."
>      
> 12.  National Nanotechnology Initiative. "[Size of the Nanoscale](https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/nano-size)."
>      
> 13.  IBM. "[IBM Unveils World's First 2 Nanometer Chip Technology, Opening a New Frontier for Semiconductors](https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-05-06-IBM-Unveils-Worlds-First-2-Nanometer-Chip-Technology,-Opening-a-New-Frontier-for-Semiconductors)."