# Economic Value of Equity (EVE): Definition and Risks

## What Is the Economic Value of Equity (EVE)?

The Economic Value of Equity (EVE) calculates the difference between the present values of a bank's asset and liability cash flows, serving as a tool for assessing long-term interest rate risk. This measurement is crucial for asset-liability management, regulatory compliance, and creating models that forecast the effects of interest rate fluctuations on capital.

EVE is simply the [net present value](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/npv.asp) (NPV) of a bank's cash flows from its balance sheet. Banks use this calculation in [asset-liability management](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/asset-liabilitymanagement.asp) to measure changes in economic value.

> **Important**
>
> EVE risk is defined as a bank's value sensitivity to changes in market rates.

### Key Takeaways

*   The Economic Value of Equity (EVE) is a cash flow calculation measuring the net present value of a bank's assets and liabilities.
*   EVE assesses long-term interest rate risk, differing from earnings at risk, which focuses on short-term risks.
*   Banks use EVE to evaluate total capital sensitivity to interest rate changes and conduct stress tests.
*   Calculating EVE for products with uncertain durations like deposits can be challenging due to future cash flow uncertainties.
*   Financial regulators require banks to regularly perform EVE calculations to ensure proper risk management.

## How the Economic Value of Equity (EVE) Works

The economic value of equity is a cash flow calculation that subtracts the present value of the expected cash flows on liabilities from the present value of all expected asset cash flows. This value is used as an estimate of total capital when evaluating the sensitivity of total capital to fluctuations in interest rates. A bank may use this measure to create models that indicate how interest rate changes will affect its total capital.

The fair market values of a bank's assets and liabilities are directly linked to interest rates. A bank constructs models with all constituent assets and liabilities that show the effect of different interest rate changes on its total capital. This [risk analysis](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/risk-analysis.asp) is a key tool that allows banks to prepare against constantly changing interest rates and to perform stress tests.

An internationally accepted standard for determining interest rate risk is to _stress-test_ EVE. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision recommends a plus and minus 2% stress test on all interest rates, and US bank regulations require regular analysis of EVE.

Don't confuse the economic value of equity with a bank's earnings profile. Higher interest rates might increase a bank's earnings, but they often decrease EVE. This is due to the inverse relationship between asset values and interest rates, unlike the direct relationship with liabilities. However, EVE and bank earnings do bear a relationship in that the higher the EVE, the greater the potential for increased future earnings generated from the [equity](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/equity.asp) base.

> **Important**
>
> Bank regulators require banks to conduct periodic EVE calculations.

## Challenges and Limitations of Economic Value of Equity (EVE)

Calculating a bond's net present value is easy, but it's tough to predict future cash flows for deposit accounts and other financial tools without maturity. These products often have uncertain durations and uneven cash flows. EVE modelers must make assumptions for certain liabilities, which may deviate from reality. Moreover, since EVE is a detailed calculation, it's hard to model complex products with embedded options. This complexity leaves room for interpretation and subjective judgment by modelers or their supervisors.

## The Bottom Line

The economic value of equity (EVE) is a critical tool for banks to assess long-term interest rate risk by evaluating the net present value of assets and liabilities. Unlike short-term measures, EVE helps banks manage their asset-liability strategies by estimating the effect of interest rate changes on total capital.

However, calculating EVE involves assumptions and complexities, particularly with products lacking fixed maturity dates and those with embedded options. Despite its limitations, financial regulators mandate periodic EVE calculations to ensure banks maintain a robust assessment of their financial health.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Federal Reserve System. “[Commercial Bank Examination Manual, October 2023](https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/cbem.pdf),” Page 857.
>     
> 2.  Bank for International Settlements. “[Stress Testing Principles](https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d450.htm).”