# Lehman Formula Explained: Commission Calculation for Investment Banks

## What Is the Lehman Formula?

The Lehman Formula, developed by [Lehman Brothers](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lehman-brothers.asp) in the 1960s, is a compensation model used by investment banks to structure commission fees based on the value of client transactions. Known for its tiered fee structure, the formula provides a transparent and straightforward way for clients to estimate costs and for banks to incentivize profit-driven performance.

### Key Takeaways

*   The Lehman Formula, developed by Lehman Brothers in the 1960s, determines the commission fees investment banks earn based on a tiered transaction value structure.  
    
*   It originally featured a 5-4-3-2-1 commission ladder, but adjustments are common today to align with inflation and transaction complexity.  
    
*   Investment banks use the Lehman Formula's methods—MDA, TVA, and PVA—to adapt fee structures to different deal and client scenarios.  
    
*   Despite its advantages, the Lehman Formula can lead to short-term focus and misaligned incentives, attracting regulatory scrutiny on compensation practices.  
    
*   While mainly used in investment banking, the Lehman Formula's tiered structure is applicable in various financial contexts like private placements and litigation.

## How the Lehman Formula Works

As a provider of global [investment banking](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investment-banking.asp) services, Lehman Brothers needed a way to clearly convey to its potential clients the fees they would charge for their services. It typically involved a sliding scale of percentages applied to different dollar amounts so that different tiers of money would receive different rates.

The Lehman formula is simple and allows clients to quickly estimate transaction fees. It's not uncommon for large investment banking firms to assist clients with transactions worth hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. The Lehman formula structures the investment banking fee on a percentage of the transaction amount with a set of tiered fees.

## Strategies for Investment Bank Revenue Generation

Investment banks help companies, governments, and agencies raise money through [securities](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/newissue.asp). An investment bank might help a company that has never issued stock to successfully complete its [initial public offering](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/ipo.asp) (IPO). Other typical services that investment bankers provide include offering merger and acquisition (M&A) advice, developing reorganization strategies, or helping a company through a spinoff.

Investment banks have multiple ways to earn money. The can charge flat fees for each transaction, earn commissions based on the dollar amount of the transaction, or a combination of both. In the case of an IPO, an investment bank might provide [underwriting](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/underwriting.asp) services. The bank might buy stock in the IPO and then sell the shares to investors. The difference between what the bank purchased the IPO shares for and what they earn selling them to investors is the bank's profit.

> **Important**
>
> Some investment banks that underwrite an IPO undertake the risk that they will not be able to sell the IPO shares for a higher price to investors, thus losing money on the trade.

## Lehman Formula in Practice: Examples

The original structure of the Lehman Formula is a 5-4-3-2-1 ladder, as follows:

*   5% of the first $1 million involved in the transaction
*   4% of the second $1 million
*   3% of the third $1 million
*   2% of the fourth $1 million
*   1% of everything thereafter (above $4 million)

Today, [investment bankers](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investmentbanker.asp) often use a multiple of the original Lehman Formula to account for inflation, like the double Lehman Formula. This structure is also more common in middle market transactions because of their complexity and longer close periods.  

*   10% of the first $1 million involved in the transaction
*   8% of the second $1 million
*   6% of the third $1 million
*   4% of the fourth $1 million
*   2% of everything thereafter (above $4 million)

## Key Methods for Applying the Lehman Formula

There are several different ways the Lehman Formula can be used in terms of deciding what baseline dollar amount to use. Each of the three primary ways are discussed below.

### Million Dollar Amount (MDA)

The Million Dollar Amount method, known as MDA, is the traditional approach where percentages are applied to distinct value brackets in a transaction. This is the example demonstrated above.

To further illustrate, imagine a substantial $12 million stock transaction. In this case:

*   The first $1 million may incur a 6% fee, totaling $60,000.
*   The next $4 million might involve a 5% fee, amounting to $200,000.
*   For the following $5 million, a 4% fee is applied, resulting in $200,000.
*   Lastly, the remaining $2 million may have a 3% fee, equaling $60,000.

The total fee using the MDA method for this $12 million transaction would be $520,000, as the MDA method aggregates the fees for each tier. Notice that the percentages and tiers do not need to be aligned; firms can adjust either based on the deal or client. MDA is often preferred when dealing with smaller transactions due to its potential for generating higher fees in such cases.

### Total Value Amount (TVA)

The Total Value Amount method, or TVA, takes a different approach by applying the highest percentage fee to the entire transaction value. For example, consider a substantial $18 million stock sale where the highest applicable fee is 4%. In this scenario, the 4% fee is applied to the entire $18 million, resulting in a fee of $720,000.

TVA is efficient and clear for large transactions, making fee [transparency](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/transparency.asp) greater. Clients may prefer the simplicity of the fee structure; it also provides a certain level of guarantee of what the fee may be. Consider a company that may not know whether a stock sale will be $15 million or $25 million; should there be a higher fee rate at the higher end, it may be more favorable for a company to stick to a single fixed rate for every tier to better lock in forecasted fee amounts.

### Pertinent Value Amount (PVA)

Last, Pertinent Value Amount, or PVA, functions similarly to TVA but introduces a tiered fee structure for transactions exceeding a specified threshold. This method really only works with larger deals that appear to cross over this threshold; otherwise, there is little incentive for the firm implementing the fee structure to agree to the deal.

Let's take an example of a $10 million stock sale under the PVA method. The first $4 million might incur a 2% fee, amounting to $80,000. The remaining $6 million may be subject to a 1% fee, resulting in an additional $60,000. The total fee using the PVA method for this $10 million transaction would be $140,000.

In this situation, it may not be known what the ultimate sale value will be. A company may be wary to agree to fees without knowing what the base cost will be. In this case, the company can be assessed a higher rate on a lower dollar threshold, then a single lower rate on a higher tier. This method blends the two methods above by having both a tier structure but also a simplified, more straightforward approach.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> The concept of the Lehman Formula can be found in other industries. For example, financial advisors for personal investors may charge different fees for different services that may scale based on dollar amounts.

## Pros and Cons of the Lehman Formula

### Pros of the Lehman Formula

Investment banking compensation is often performance-based, which means that a significant portion of an investment banker's earnings is tied to their individual and team performance. This structure incentivizes bankers to work diligently, generate revenue, and create value for their clients and their firms. By directly linking compensation to results, the Lehman Formula encourages bankers to excel in their roles and strive for positive, large outcomes.

Investment bankers play a crucial role in helping clients achieve their financial objectives, whether it's [raising capital](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/032515/what-are-different-ways-corporations-can-raise-capital.asp), executing mergers and acquisitions, or entering capital markets. This compensation structure is designed to align with these client goals. For example, if an investment banker successfully advises a client on a large merger that enhances [shareholder value](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shareholder-value.asp), their compensation is reflective of the value created for the client.

Investment banking compensation structures can be flexible, allowing firms to tailor packages to the unique needs and preferences of their employees and the specific demands of their business. For example, the Lehman Formula can be adjusted with different fee rates for different dollar tiers for different clients. This flexibility enables firms to adapt to changing market conditions and evolving business strategies while still striving to land large clients.

### Cons of the Lehman Formula

Performance-based pay can make bankers focus on short-term gains and quick deals. Bankers may prioritize transactions that yield quick financial rewards over long-term strategic considerations. This can potentially lead to decisions that neglect the broader interests of clients and the firm as long as the [upfront fee](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/front-endload.asp) can be collected regardless of performance monitoring.

Chasing big fees and commissions can lead to misaligned incentives. Individuals may prioritize their own financial interests over those of clients, potentially resulting in conflicts of interest, unethical behavior, or lack of incentive to perform well as fees may not be based on outcomes.

The performance-based compensation structures in investment banking have faced regulatory scrutiny, particularly following the 2008 financial crisis. Regulatory reforms have been introduced to address concerns about excessive risk-taking and incentive misalignment, including the possibility of bonuses incentivizing risky behavior.  In an IPO, firms using the Lehman Formula should consider fees and long-term market effects.

Pros

*   Motivates higher performance and revenue generation
    
*   Aligns some client objectives with firm objectives
    
*   May retain talent based on incentive compensation
    
*   May be flexible based on deal or client
    

Cons

*   May encourage shorter-term focus that derails true long-term value
    
*   May generate misalignment of incentives
    
*   May come under further scrutiny in the face of financial downturns
    

## The Rise and Fall of Lehman Brothers

Lehman Brothers was previously considered one of the major players in the global banking and financial services industries. However, on Sept. 15, 2008, the firm declared bankruptcy, largely due to its exposure to [subprime mortgages](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/subprime_mortgage.asp). Lehman Brothers also had a reputation for [short selling](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shortselling.asp) in the market.

A subprime mortgage is a type of mortgage that is normally issued by a lending institution to borrowers with relatively poor credit ratings. These borrowers will generally not receive [conventional mortgages](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/conventionalmortgage.asp) given their larger-than-average risk of default. Due to this risk, lenders will often charge higher interest rates on subprime mortgages.

Lenders began issuing [NINJA loans](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/ninja-loan.asp)—a step beyond subprime mortgages—to people with no income, no job, and no assets. Many issuers also required no down payment for these mortgages. When the housing market began to decline, many borrowers found their home values lower than the mortgage they owed. Interest rates associated with these loans (called "[teaser rates](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/teaserrate.asp)”) were variable, meaning they started low and ballooned over time, making it very hard for borrowers to pay down the principal of the mortgage. These loan structures resulted in a domino effect of defaults.

The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers was one of the largest bankruptcy filings in U.S. history. Although the stock market was in modest decline prior to these events, the Lehman bankruptcy, coupled with the prior collapse of [Bear Stearns](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bear-stearns.asp), significantly depressed the major U.S. indexes in late Sept. and early Oct. 2008. After the [fall of Lehman Brothers](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp), the public became more knowledgeable about the forthcoming credit crisis and the recession of the late 2000s.

## Why Is Incentive Compensation Important in Investment Banking?

Incentive compensation is crucial in investment banking as it motivates employees to perform at their best. It aligns their interests with those of clients and the firm, attracts and retains top talent, and offers flexibility in structuring compensation packages.

## Is the Lehman Formula Flexible?

The Lehman Formula operates by applying specific percentages to different value brackets within a stock transaction. It calculates fees accordingly, and each can be tailored to specific transaction sizes and structures.

## What Are the Risks Associated With Incentive Compensation?

Risks include the potential for excessive risk-taking to boost short-term performance, a short-term focus that may neglect long-term considerations, conflicts of interest when individual and firm goals misalign, and the possibility of unethical behavior to meet performance targets. In the context of the Lehman Formula, a company should not simply strive to perform a deal for the short-term financial benefit; it must be mindful of longer-term and market implications of its actions.

## Is the Lehman Formula Only Used in Investment Banking?

While it's most commonly associated with investment banking, the Lehman Formula can be applied in various financial contexts where transaction-based compensation is determined based on value. It's also used in private placements and acquisitions. A similar fee-type structure may also be used in litigation where a legal firm may receive certain compensation based on the award amount broken into tiers.

## Are There Regulatory Requirements for Using the Lehman Formula?

While there may not be specific regulations dictating the use of the Lehman Formula, regulatory bodies may scrutinize compensation arrangements, including those based on the formula, to ensure they do not encourage excessive risk-taking or unethical behavior.

## The Bottom Line

The Lehman Formula provides a structured approach for investment banks to calculate transaction-based compensation, applying a tiered fee structure to ensure alignment with the transaction value.

Key methods include Million Dollar Amount (MDA), Total Value Amount (TVA), and Pertinent Value Amount (PVA), each offering flexibility in compensation strategy. With its straightforward methodology, the Lehman Formula helps clients anticipate fees, yet firms must carefully align incentives to avoid conflicts of interest and ensure ethical practices in financial dealings.  

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  MergersCorp. "[The Double Lehman Formula](https://mergerscorp.com/blog/the-double-lehman-formula/)."
>     
> 2.  VentureFirst. "[An Introduction to Success Fees and the Lehman Formula](https://venturefirst.com/an-introduction-to-success-fees-and-the-lehman-formula/)."