# Ombudsman: Roles, Types, Advantages & Disadvantages Explained

![Ombudsman](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/gETX_I-ENPD_9MNMVHu6g2Sd5go=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ombudsman.asp-final-388e361de8ba4e81a1487ec01459e075.jpg)

*— Investopedia / Jake Shi*

## What Is an Ombudsman?

Ombudsmen play a crucial role in maintaining accountability across businesses, government, and other entities by investigating public complaints and mediating solutions. Whether addressing issues in [financial institutions](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financialinstitution.asp) or protecting consumer rights, ombudsmen resolve conflicts impartially, often influencing significant systemic changes.

Ombudsmen may be called by different names in some countries, including titles such as a public advocate or national defender.

### Key Takeaways

*   An ombudsman is an official who investigates complaints against institutions and works to resolve them through mediation or recommendations.  
    
*   Ombudsmen can be specialized in various sectors, including industry, organizations, media, advocacy, and classical ombudsmen who address broad issues like corruption.  
    
*   Decisions made by ombudsmen might not be legally binding but are typically influential in resolving disputes and fostering organizational trust.  
    
*   Although investigations are impartial and free for complainants, time-consuming or complex cases may lead to delays in reaching resolutions.  
    
*   Ombudsmen cannot provide legal advice, and their suggested remedies may influence judicial outcomes if the complainant pursues legal action.  
    

## Understanding the Function of an Ombudsman

An ombudsman typically has a broad mandate that allows them to address overarching concerns in the public, and sometimes the [private](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/private-sector.asp), sector. That said, sometimes an ombudsman’s mandate extends over only a specific sector of society—for example, a children’s ombudsman may be tasked with protecting the rights of the young people of a nation, while, in Belgium, the various linguistic and regional communities have their own ombudsmen.

In the United States, members of the [United States Congress](https://www.investopedia.com/government-and-policy-4689793) serve as ombudsmen at the national level, representing the interests of their constituents and maintaining staff tasked with advocating for constituents faced with administrative difficulties, especially those caused by maladministration.

> **Important**
>
> An ombudsman is free for consumers to use and is typically paid via levies and case fees.

Ombudsmen exist in many countries and organizations. They can be appointed nationally, locally, or within large organizations. Ombudsmen may focus exclusively on and deal with complaints regarding a particular organization or public office, or they may have wider ranges.

Depending on the jurisdiction, an ombudsman's decision may or may not be legally binding. Even if not binding, the decision often carries significant weight.

## Exploring Different Types of Ombudsmen

While the general duty of the ombudsman is the same, the types of grievances they handle and resolution services they provide may differ according to their appointment. Ombudsmen can be found in organizations, governments, schools, and other institutions.

### Role of an Industry Ombudsman

An industry ombudsman, such as a telecommunications or [insurance](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/insurance.asp) ombudsman, may deal with consumer complaints about unfair treatment the consumer received from a company that operates within that industry. Often—and especially at the government level—an ombudsman will seek to identify systemic issues that can lead to widespread rights violations or poor quality of service to the public by the government or institution in question.

### Responsibilities of an Organizational Ombudsman

A large public entity or other organization may have its own ombudsman—an example being the California Department of Health Care Services. Depending on the appointment, an ombudsman may investigate specific complaints about the services or other interaction a consumer has had with the entity concerned.

An ombudsman within an organization may also have a primary function of dealing with internal issues, such as complaints by employees, or, if an educational institution, complaints by its students.

### National and Classical Ombudsman Functions

Ombudsmen duties may be more wide-ranging nationally. For example, some countries have ombudsmen in place to deal with issues such as [corruption](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/corruption.asp) or abuses of power by public officials. Furthermore, some countries have ombudsmen whose main function is to protect human rights within those countries.

While an ombudsman is usually publicly appointed, they will typically have a large degree of independence and autonomy in fulfilling their function. This is to enable the official to act in a fair and impartial way to all parties involved in a complaint.

### The Role of an Advocate Ombudsman

An advocate ombudsman, just as the name suggests, advocates for people who have filed grievances or for those with whom the grievances concern. They can be found in the private or public sectors but are typically found championing for long-term care residents, aging adults, the underserved, and those who cannot advocate for themselves.

### Responsibilities of a Media Ombudsman

A media or news ombudsman who receives complaints about news reporting. The media ombudsman promotes accurate and transparent news reporting in an environment that fosters trust with the general public. Having a media ombudsman can help media outlets avoid lengthy and costly litigation involving false reporting and claims of defamation.

Media ombudsmen work with journalists, editors, and other media professionals to investigate and respond to complaints. Often, to promote transparency in operations, they publish their response to a broader audience.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> People may complain to a media ombudsmen if they feel that a broadcast is particularly lewd or offensive.

## Advantages and Disadvantages of an Ombudsman

Ombudsmen provide a channel for people to submit complaints against institutions (e.g., governments, businesses, organizations, news outlets, and schools) without influence from the accused. They offer fair, unbiased investigations and mediation services at no cost to the complainant.

Where corruption is present, ombudsmen can investigate, expose, and help correct illegal behaviors. Ombudsmen prevent government power abuse, such as unfair laws or uncontrolled citizen restrictions. They also help restore confidence in the system and its ability to fairly address issues.

Ombudsmen inform on policies and procedures while promoting communication and resolving issues as an unbiased party.

On the other hand, an ombudsman offers no benefit when their work produces lackluster or no results. A lack of dedication and service erodes the trust of the complainant and the audience they are appointed to serve. Complex claims usually take longer to resolve. Investigations take time and may require additional resources. Despite the recommendation or resolution, the institution has the final say on how to resolve the issue.

Unlike lawyers, ombudsmen are impartial—except in cases where they advocate for the rights of others. While some have legal training, they cannot give legal advice. If the complainant disapproves of the resolution, they may pursue other actions, such as suing the institution. An ombudsman cannot, however, investigate a case after it is submitted to a court.

### Pros and Cons of Ombudsmen

Pros

*   Facilitates customer or public complaints
    
*   Unbiased and objective
    
*   Can restore and maintain confidence in organizations or institutions
    

Cons

*   Poor performance can erode trust
    
*   Cannot provide legal advice
    
*   Complex issues can take a lot of time to resolve
    

> **Fast Fact**
>
> If legal action is later pursued for the same complaint, the ombudsman's suggested remedy can influence judicial decisions.

## What Is the Role of an Ombudsman?

An ombudsman is someone appointed to investigate complaints against an institution and seek resolutions to those complaints. Some have full authority to investigate and resolve issues, and some have limited capacity to only investigate and provide suggested resolutions to a governing authority or the institution subject to the complaint.

## Which Type of Ombudsman Do I Need?

If seeking the services of an ombudsman, the type you need is dependent on the nature of your grievance and the institution which has aggrieved you. If the complainee is a member of an organization, seek an ombudsman dedicated to resolving issues for that organization and likewise for other entities.

If in the UK, Ireland; or British Crown Dependencies or Overseas Territories, the Ombudsman Association is a great starting point for finding an ombudsman for your particular situation. In the U.S., the United States Ombudsman Association provides a list of websites for public ombudsmen in the United States and parts of Canada.

## How Long Does an Ombudsman Investigation Take?

Investigations conducted by ombudsmen vary. The length is determined by the type and complexity of the complaint, available resources to resolve the complaint, as well as other factors. If simple, it could be six to eight weeks.

## What Powers Does an Ombudsman Have?

An ombudsman has the power to investigate and file complaints against otherwise influential organizations or high-ranking officials. They often have the power to request key documents, interview individuals, and order a legal investigation if necessary. If agreed to, ombudsmen rulings are legally binding.

## The Bottom Line

An ombudsman investigates complaints against businesses, government entities, and other organizations, seeking resolutions that are fair and impartial. This role can restore confidence in these institutions by ensuring accountability.

Ombudsmen operate across various sectors, including media and finance, and their decisions, while not always legally binding, often carry significant weight. However, their effectiveness can be limited if investigations take too long or if their findings are not acted upon by the institution.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  UConn Ombuds Office. "[Types of Ombuds](https://ombuds.uconn.edu/types-of-ombuds/#)."
>     
> 2.  International Ombudsman Association. "[Ombuds Frequently Asked Questions](https://www.ombudsassociation.org/ombuds-faq)."
>     
> 3.  Ombudsman Association. "[Find an Ombudsman](https://www.ombudsmanassociation.org/find-ombudsman)."
>     
> 4.  United States Ombudsman Association. "[Ombudsman Websites](https://www.usombudsman.org/about/ombudsman-websites/)."
>     
> 5.  Ombudsman Services. "[The Complaints Process](https://www.ombudsman-services.org/how-it-works/process)."