# Options Contracts Explained: Types, How They Work, and Benefits

> **Definition**
>
> An options contract is an agreement between two parties for a potential transaction on an underlying security at a preset price, called the strike price, before or on the expiration date.

## What Is an Options Contract?

An options contract is a financial agreement that grants the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a particular asset (like a stock) at a preset price within a given period. As financial markets have grown increasingly complex and, at times, more volatile, options have emerged as a potent way to guard against uncertainty and capitalize on price changes. In just a couple of decades, options, with their ability to leverage gains, manage risk, and strategic flexibility, have moved from an esoteric tool for professionals into a mainstream vehicle.

Many investors, from individuals to big institutions, use options for speculation, hedging, and earning income. Options trading volume has grown by 150% in the past decade and 15 times since 2000. Retail investor interest surged to nearly 50% of all trades during the pandemic and has stayed above 40% since..

Below, we take you through what you need to know about these contracts, how they work, who trades them and why, and the advantages and pitfalls to avoid should you add them to your trading strategy.

### Key Takeaways

*   Options contracts provide the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a preset price within a specified time frame.
*   There are two primary types of options: call options, allowing for asset purchase, and put options, allowing for asset sale.
*   Options can be used for hedging against potential losses, speculating on market movements, or generating income, but they come with significant risks.
*   The value of an option is influenced by factors such as the underlying asset's price, the strike price, remaining time until expiration, and market volatility.
*   Successful options trading requires a strong understanding of market conditions, option pricing factors, and strategic planning.

![Options Contract](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/PIKHZjn4Mpzp8YuDaO6usC6m6CI=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/optionscontract.asp-FINAL-369818cf68054f9eb1b4139dd3a413e7.png)

*— Investopedia / Jiaqi Zhou*

## How Options Contracts Work

Options contracts are valued based on the [underlying securities](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/underlying-security.asp#:~:text=Underlying%2C%20used%20in%20both%20equities,SSF%29%3A%20Meaning%2C%20Risks%2C%20Benefits). These contracts allow the buyer to buy or sell—depending on the type of contract they hold—the underlying asset at a price set out in the agreement, either within a specific time frame or at the expiration date. The underlying assets include currencies, stocks, indexes, interest rates, exchange-traded funds, and more.

Option contracts outline the underlying security, the strike price, and the expiration date. A standard stock option contract covers 100 shares but can change due to stock splits, dividends, or mergers.

Options are generally used for hedging purposes, but can also be employed to speculate on price moves. The contracts generally cost a fraction of what the underlying shares would. Options can provide leverage, meaning that the premium allows you to be exposed to a larger position of shares for a fraction of the cost of buying the underlying security. The option buyer pays a premium to the seller for this right. Traders buy calls when volume is low, and the market trends up because call options gain value as the asset's price increases.

Traders can adapt options strategies to different market conditions. They buy or sell options based on their market outlook and often combine options with owning the asset itself.

## Call and Put Options Explained

There are two types of options contracts: [puts](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/putoption.asp) and [calls](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/calloption.asp). Both can be bought to speculate (to profit on price changes) or hedge exposure (that is, to insure positions you already have or may have). They can also be sold to generate income.

In general, call options can be bought as a leveraged bet on the appreciation of a stock or index, while put options are purchased to profit from price declines. The buyer of a call option has the right, but not the obligation, to buy the number of shares covered in the contract at the strike price. Put buyers, meanwhile, have the right, but not the obligation, to sell the shares at the strike price specified in the contract.

Option sellers, known as writers, are obligated to perform their side of the trade if the buyer decides to execute (or "assigns") the call option and buy the underlying security or execute a put option to sell. Here's how it occurs:

*   **Call option contract**: In a call option transaction, a position is opened when a contract or contracts are bought from the seller. The seller is paid a premium to assume the obligation of selling shares at the strike price. The position is called a [covered call](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/coveredcall.asp) if the seller holds the shares to be sold.
*   **Put option contract**: Buyers of put options often speculate on price declines in the underlying asset and own the right to sell the shares at the strike price. If the share price drops below the strike price before or at expiration, the buyer can sell the shares to the option seller at the strike price or sell the contract if the shares are not held in the portfolio.

When trading volume or volatility is relatively low and the market is trending upward, traders often buy one or more calls since call options tend to appreciate in value as the underlying asset's price rises. Meanwhile, traders tend to buy puts when volume or volatility is relatively low and the market is trending downward since puts increase in value when the market declines. During market downturns, option traders often sell calls, while they sell puts when the market is advancing.  

> **Important**
>
> American options can be exercised any time before the expiration date of the option, while European options can only be exercised on the expiration date or the exercise date.

## Strategies for Hedging and Speculation Using Options

Options can be an effective tool for [hedging](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hedge.asp) as they allow investors to protect their investments against downside risk while retaining the possibility of upside gain. Hedging usually means taking an offsetting position in a related security like a call or put option. Suppose you're a portfolio manager focusing on equities. You want to protect the portfolio from a potential downturn and might buy put options for the stocks on the portfolio. If stock prices drop, put options rise in value, offsetting portfolio losses.

Options are also widely used for [speculative](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/06/speculateoptions.asp) purposes because of their inherent leverage. Since options allow you to control a large amount of a stock or other underlying asset through a relatively small premium, they can offer increased speculative prospects. Suppose you expect a company's stock price will rise and buy call options. If the stock price increases beyond the strike price of the options, you earn a profit that is a multiple of the initial premium paid. On the other hand, if an investor believes a stock's price is about to fall, they might buy put options. A drop in the stock price below the strike price can lead to significant gains relative to the initial premium.

Let's put this idea of leverage into action. Suppose ABC stock trades at $100 per share. You think that the price is about to jump in the next month. You can do two things:

1.  Buy 100 shares of ABC stock at $100 per share. This would cost you $10,000 (100 shares × $100 per share).
2.  Buy one call option contract with a strike price of $100 and an expiration date one month from now. Let's assume the premium (cost) of the option is $2 per share. Since each option contract is 100 shares, the total cost of the option would be $200 (100 shares × $2 per share).

Now, let's fast forward one month and assume the stock price has risen to $120 per share. Congratulations, your analysis was correct. If you took the first choice above, you would profit $2,000 (less fees and taxes): ($120 - $100) × 100 shares.

In the second scenario, the option you bought [at-the-money](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/atthemoney.asp) is now [in-the-money](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/inthemoney.asp). The likely price for the one call you bought would now have risen to $20 per contract. $20 x 100 = $2,000, less the premium paid of $200 for a total gain of $1,800. But say instead you had decided to spend the $10,000 on the same option position, and all the variables remained the same. The initial $10,000 would have got you (10,000 / 200) = 50 option contracts. When the price of the underlying rises to $120 per share, the options would have likely risen to $20 x 100 = $2000 per contract. You bought 50 contracts, and therefore, the total price of the position would be $2,000 x 50 = $100,000. Less the cost of the options ($200 x 50 = $10,000) Total profit without factoring in fees and taxes $100,000 - $10,000 = $90,000.

This shows you the potential for profit using the leverage that options trading allows. However, options are a wasting financial instrument and are, therefore, subject to increased risk of loss.

> **Tip**
>
> One strategy options traders use is called a protective put. This is a popular strategy because it generates income and reduces some risk of being long on the stock alone. To execute the plan, you buy the underlying asset as you usually would and simultaneously write—or sell—a call option on those same shares.

## Weighing the Risks and Rewards of Options Trading

Options trading involves simple hedging strategies to complex speculative ventures. While the potential for profit with options can be substantial, the risks are significant.

Calls and puts are potent tools to improve or protect a portfolio's performance against losses. However, they require an excellent understanding of market dynamics and the factors influencing option pricing, such as [time decay](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/timedecay.asp) and volatility.

Before participating in options trading, you should understand whether the market conditions and underlying securities are favorable. In addition, consider the time frame involved. You should try to match the option's expiration with the expected timing of the asset's price moves. Finally, you need a clear plan for when to sell or exercise the option based on the asset's performance.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> If an option reaches expiration with a strike price higher than the asset's market price, it expires worthless or "out of the money."

## Risks and Benefits of Trading Call Options

Trading call options can involve high risks. There is a potential loss of the entire premium paid. If the stock doesn't rise above the strike price by expiration, the call option will expire worthless, resulting in a total loss of the premium. There's also the risk of time decay. Options are time-sensitive instruments. The value of call options erodes as the expiration date approaches, which can result in losses if the stock's price doesn't rise above the strike price by expiration.

Moreover, call options are sensitive to volatility. The price of call options can fluctuate widely because of price changes for the underlying stock. High volatility can increase premium costs that are not linked to favorable moves in the stock price.

Despite these risks, call options have several advantages. Buying call options gives you more control over a relatively larger amount of stock than just purchasing the stock outright for the same amount. This leverage means that returns can be amplified. In addition, the maximum loss for buying call options is limited to the premium paid, no matter how much the underlying stock decreases in price. Lastly, calls can be used for various strategic purposes, including speculative gains, income via premium collection, and as part of more complex options strategies.

## Understanding the Pros and Cons of Put Options

Just like call options, put options can expire worthless, leading to a total loss of the premium paid. This can occur if the stock price remains above the strike price. Also, put options suffer from time decay, meaning that they lose value as the expiration date nears, particularly if the stock price is not moving as expected. In highly [volatile](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/volatility.asp) markets, the cost of puts can go up, making them an expensive form of insurance.

Nonetheless, there are rewards for employing put options. Puts provide a way to profit from a decline in the stock price without needing to short the stock, which can involve further risks and costs. Puts can also protect you from declines in other investments in a portfolio by offsetting potential losses in the value of the underlying stocks. Lastly, like calls, buying puts has a risk limited to the premium paid, offering a predefined risk profile.

## Example: How Options Contracts Work

Company ABC's shares trade at $60, and a call writer is looking to sell calls at $65 with a one-month expiration. If the share price stays below $65 and the options expire, the call writer keeps the shares and can collect another premium by writing calls again.

If the share price rises above $65, the buyer purchases the shares from the seller for $65. The call-buyer can also sell the options if purchasing the shares is not the desired outcome.

## Are There Other Derivatives Like Options?

There are several financial derivatives like options, including [futures](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/110614/futures-derivatives-and-liquidity-more-or-less-risky.asp) contracts, forwards, and swaps. Each of these derivatives has specific characteristics, uses, and risk profiles. Like options, they are for hedging risks, speculating on future movements of their underlying assets, and improving portfolio diversification.

## What Are Some Options Trading Strategies?

Options trading strategies range from basic to highly complex, involving single or multiple and simultaneous options positions, including covered calls, protective puts, bull and bear spreads, straddles, strangles, butterfly spreads, and calendar spreads.  

Each options strategy comes with its own set of risks and rewards. Before employing them, you should consider your market outlook, risk tolerance, and investment goals.

_For more on these strategies, see Investopedia's [10 Options Strategies Every Investor Should Know](https://www.investopedia.com/trading/options-strategies/)._

## What Is Natural Hedging?

[Natural hedging](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/natural-hedge.asp#:~:text=A%20natural%20hedge%20is%20a%20strategy%20that%20seeks%20to%20mitigate,some%20intrinsic%20or%20natural%20mechanism.) is a risk management strategy to mitigate the potential negative effects of price or interest rate changes and other financial risks. It involves structuring the portfolio so that gains in one asset can offset losses in another without using derivatives.

## The Bottom Line

Options contracts allow investors to strategically manage risk or enhance returns by giving them the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price before a specific date. There are two main types: call options, which provide the right to purchase, and put options, which offer the right to sell. These instruments serve multiple purposes, including hedging, speculation, and income generation, thanks to their flexibility and potential for leverage. However, successful options trading necessitates a deep understanding of market dynamics and the specific mechanics of these contracts due to their inherent risks and complexity.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  New York Stock Exchange. "[Trends in Options Trading](https://www.nyse.com/data-insights/trends-in-options-trading)."
>     
> 2.  Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. "[Options](https://www.finra.org/investors/investing/investment-products/options)."
>     
> 3.  A. Gottesman. "[Derivatives Essentials: An Introduction to Forwards, Futures, Options, and Swaps](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119280941)," Chapter 2. John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
>     
> 4.  U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "[An Introduction to Options](https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-bulletins/ib_introductionoptions)."
>     
> 5.  Mark Sebastian, with L. Celeste Taylor. "[Trading Options for Edge](https://books.google.com/books/about/Trading_Options_for_Edge.html?id=5ok9nQAACAAJ)," Pages 9-13. DEG Press, 2022.