# Understanding Lagging Indicators: Economics, Business, and Trading

## What Is a Lagging Indicator?

A lagging indicator is an economic or business metric that shows changes only after the broader economy has started to shift. They cannot forecast future economic shifts, but they can confirm existing trends.

Lagging indicators can be contrasted with leading indicators, which anticipate future changes before they occur. They are essential tools for validating economic and financial analysis. Unemployent and inflation rates are both considered lagging indicators, because changes cannot be observed until after the fact.

### Key Takeaways

*   Lagging indicators, such as the unemployment rate and corporate profits, provide insights into past economic, financial, or business trends but do not predict future movements.  
    
*   These indicators confirm long-term trends after significant changes have occurred, offering stability compared to more volatile leading indicators.  
    
*   In business, lagging indicators help measure the impact of past management decisions on performance, like sales or customer satisfaction, although they are challenging to influence directly.  
    
*   Technical lagging indicators, like moving averages, are used in financial markets to confirm trends, though they may indicate changes after substantial price movements have already happened.  
    
*   Lagging indicators are different from leading ones as they are backward-looking and based on historical data, serving as tools to verify changes rather than forecasting future outcomes.

## Analyzing the Role of Lagging Indicators in Economics and Finance

A lagging indicator is a financial sign that becomes apparent only after a large shift has taken place. Therefore, lagging indicators confirm long-term trends, but they do not predict them. This is useful because oftentimes, many leading indicators are volatile, and short-term fluctuations in them can obscure turning points or lead to false signals.

Looking at lagging indicators is one way to confirm whether a shift in the economy has actually occurred.

## How Business Lagging Indicators Reflect Past Performance

The U.S. Conference Board [publishes](https://www.conference-board.org/data/bci/index.cfm?id=2160) a monthly index of [lagging indicators](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cilagi.asp) along with its index of [leading indicators](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/leadingindicator.asp). These include lagging indicators such as the average duration of unemployment, the average prime rate charged by banks, and the change in the Consumer Price Index for Services.

Some general examples of lagging indicators include the unemployment rate, corporate profits, and labor cost per unit of output. Interest rates can also be good lagging indicators since rates change as a reaction to severe movements in the market. Other lagging indicators are economic measurements, such as [gross domestic product](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gdp.asp) (GDP), the [consumer price index](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/consumerpriceindex.asp) (CPI), and the [balance of trade](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bot.asp) (BOT).

These indicators [differ](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/what-are-leading-lagging-and-coincident-indicators/) from leading indicators, such as retail sales and the stock market, which are used to forecast and make predictions.

## Understanding Technical Lagging Indicators in Asset Trading

Lagging indicators in business are a kind of [key performance indicator](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/kpi.asp) (KPI) which measure business performance after the fact, such as sales, customer satisfaction, or revenue churn. They can be difficult or impossible to influence directly.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> Businesses use tools to measure, track, and compare various leading and lagging indicators of performance.

They show the outcomes of business decisions and provide insight into how a business is run. Businesses can also track leading indicators that measure internal performance, such as customer engagement or employee satisfaction, which can be influenced more directly and lead to changes in lagging indicators. 

Businesses can use [business intelligence](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/business-intelligence-bi.asp) tools such as dashboards to measure, track, and compare various leading and lagging indicators of performance.

## Technical Lagging Indicators

Technical indicators lag behind current asset prices, showing trends only after price changes occur. One example of a lagging [technical indicator](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/technicalindicator.asp) is a [moving average](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/movingaverage.asp) crossover.

Unlike other lagging indicators that compare different economic variables to each other, a technical indicator compares the value of a given variable to its own moving average over a given interval or other historical characteristics. [Technical traders](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/trading/02/091802.asp) use a short-term average crossing above a long-term average as confirmation when placing buy orders since it suggests an increase in momentum.

The drawback of using this method in asset trading is that a significant move may have already occurred, resulting in the trader entering a position too late. Note that similar technical approaches can be applied to economic indicators such as GDP or other measures of economic performance, as lagging indicators to confirm a change in trend.

## What Is a Lagging vs. a Leading Indicator?

Leading indicators are forward-looking. They provide information about likely future outcomes. Lagging indicators are backward-looking and provide information about the effects of past inputs.

## Is MACD a Leading or Lagging Indicator?

The moving average convergence/divergence (MACD or MAC-D) is a lagging technical indicator that is used in investing. It shows the relationship between two exponential moving averages for a security's price. Because this price information is historical data, MACD is a lagging indicator.

## Is Inflation a Leading or Lagging Indicator?

Inflation is a lagging [economic indicator](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economic_indicator.asp). It is reported after prices have already risen, which means the data it uses is historical. This type of lagging indicator provides important information about the economy that is used to set public policy.

## The Bottom Line

Lagging indicators are correlated to economic, financial, or business inputs. They are based on historical data, which means they change after a change has already happened in those inputs. This is different from leading indicators, which provide information about likely future changes.

Economic lagging indicators, such as the unemployment rate or inflation, provide information about past economic changes. Business lagging indicators usually provide information about how a change in management or strategy has impacted performance. Technical indicators are used in investing. They provide information about market trends, momentum, and the prices of securities.