# Plunge Protection Team (PPT): Definition and How It Works

## What Is the Plunge Protection Team?

The "Plunge Protection Team" (PPT) is a colloquial name given to the Working Group on Financial Markets. Created in 1988 to provide financial and economic recommendations to the U.S. President during turbulent market times, this group is headed by the Secretary of the Treasury; other members include the Chair of the Board of Governors of the [Federal Reserve](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/federalreservebank.asp), the Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Chair of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (or the aides or officials they designate to represent them).

The name "Plunge Protection Team" was coined by _The Washington Post_ and first applied to the group in 1997.

### Key Takeaways

*   The "Plunge Protection Team" (PPT) is a colloquial name given to the Working Group on Financial Markets by _The Wall Street Journal._
*   The Plunge Protection Team's official mission is to advise the U.S. president during times of economic and stock market turbulence.
*   Critics fear the Plunge Protection Team doesn't just advise, but actively intervenes to prop up stock prices—colluding with banks to rig the market, in effect.

> **Important**
>
> The Plunge Protection Team, composed of high-ranking government financial officials, reports directly and privately to the president of the United States.

## How the Plunge Protection Team (PPT) Works

In March 1988, in the wake of the [stock market crash of 1987,](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stock-market-crash-1987.asp) then-President Ronald Reagan created by executive order the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets. The concept was to create an [informed, but informal, advisory group](https://www.loc.gov/item/fr053055/) on the markets for the president and regulators. Charged with "enhancing the integrity, efficiency, orderliness, and competitiveness of our Nation's financial markets and maintaining investor confidence."

Its original purpose was to report specifically on the Black Monday events of October 19, 1987—during that event, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 22.6%—and, what actions, if any, should be taken. However, the group has continued to meet and report to various presidents over the years, usually (but not always) during turbulent times in the financial markets.

In 1999, it issued a recommendation to Congress, requesting changes in the derivatives markets regulations. It convened during the global credit crisis of 2008. The Plunge Protection Team's latest gathering (as of March 2019) was on Christmas Eve, 2018. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin chaired a conference call with other members of the group, in addition to representatives from the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

## Concerns About the Plunge Protection Team (PPT) 

Though not exactly a secret, the Plunge Protection Team isn't widely covered and doesn't release the minutes of its meetings or its recommendations, reporting only to the president. This behavior leads some observers to wonder if the government's most important financial officials are doing more than analyzing and advising—in fact, that are actively intervening in the markets.

Conspiracy theorists have speculated that the group executes trades on several exchanges when prices are heading downward, collaborating with big banks such as Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley in unrecorded transactions. They often point to a 1989 speech published in _The Wall Street Journal_ by former [Federal Reserve Board](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/frb.asp) of Governors member Robert Heller, which suggested the Fed could directly support the [stock market](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stockmarket.asp) by purchasing [index futures](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/indexfutures.asp) contracts.

## How the Plunge Protection Team (PPT) Might Work

On Monday, February 5, 2018, the [Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dow-jones-total-market-index.asp) experienced a drop that was twice as large as its biggest point decline in history. However, arbitrary and aggressive buying cut the decline in half in one day. On Tuesday and Wednesday of that week, stocks opened lower, and each time aggressive buying buoyed the markets. That aggressive buying, some say, was being orchestrated by the Plunge Protection Team.

Or, to take a more recent example: The Plunge Protection Team's aforementioned teleconference on Dec. 24, 2018. That whole month, the S&P 500 had been heading towards a record decline—the motive for the team's meeting—and the DJIA dropped 650 on the 24th alone. But when trading resumed after Christmas, the DJIA rallied over 1,000 points. On the 27th, it lost half those gains, until a late-day reversal stopped the slide, and caused the market to close 600 points up. That's no coincidence, conspiracy theorists argue.

If true, this sort of manipulation is not unlike the actions of consortia of [private bankers](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/wealth-management/021716/private-banker-job-description-average-salary.asp) and financiers in the late 19th and early 20th century who, during financial panics, would step in to shore up the stock market with massive purchases. The difference, of course, is that the Working Group on Financial Markets is composed of U.S. government officials, and the U.S. is supposed to operate on a free-market system. And also an open one, not one influenced by mysterious forces.