# Understanding Churning in Finance: Definition, Types, and Prevention

> **Definition**
>
> Churning is excessive trading by a broker in a client's account in order to generate commissions.

## What Is Churning?

Churning is the excessive trading of assets in a client's account by brokers in order to generate commissions. It is illegal and unethical.

Potential financial implications of churning for clients include potential losses and increased [tax liabilities](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/taxliability.asp).

It's difficult to identify churning because there is no quantitative measure for it. However, frequent buying and selling of stocks or any assets that do little to meet the client's investment objectives may be evidence of churning.

Other forms of churning include unnecessary trading of mutual funds and annuities. Preventive measures include selling and repurchasing them within five years.

Investors should be aware and proactive to safeguard against churning.

### Key Takeaways

*   Churning involves excessive trading by brokers in client accounts to generate commissions and is both illegal and unethical.
*   Reverse churning can occur when brokers do minimal trading in flat-fee accounts, still earning fees.
*   To avoid churning, clients should maintain control over their accounts and understand their commission structures.
*   Frequent trading that increases commission costs without benefiting the client's investment goals may indicate churning.
*   Investors can report suspected churning to the SEC or FINRA, and proven cases can result in severe penalties for brokers.

## Exploring the Impacts of Churning

Churning can lead to big losses in a client's account. Even profitable trades might cause high taxes for the client.

A broker overtrades by excessively buying and selling stocks on the investor’s behalf in order to increase the commissions earned on the transactions.

Sometimes, brokers are motivated to sell new securities [underwritten](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/underwriting.asp) by their firm's investment bank. For instance, they might get a 10% bonus for buying a set number of shares for clients. Such incentives may not be offered with the investors' best interests in mind.

Churning is difficult to detect. An investor might suspect overtrading if trades are frequent, raising costs without meeting investment goals.

## Different Types of Churning in Finance

At its most basic level, churning is defined by excessive trading by a broker to generate commissions. Frequent commission charges without portfolio gains may signal churning.

Churning can also refer to unnecessary trading of [mutual funds](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mutualfund.asp) and [annuities](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/annuity.asp). [A-shares](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/a-shares.asp) of mutual funds, which have an upfront load, are meant for long-term investment. Selling and repurchasing these within five years should be a wise decision.

Most mutual fund companies allow investors to switch into any fund within a fund family without incurring an upfront fee. A broker recommending an investment change should first consider funds within the fund family.

[Deferred annuities](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/deferredannuity.asp) are retirement savings accounts that usually do not have upfront fees like mutual funds. Instead, annuities typically have [surrender charges](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/surrendercharge.asp), a type of penalty for early withdrawal of funds. Surrender charges vary from one to 10 years.

To prevent churning, many states have implemented exchange and replacement rules. These rules allow an investor to compare the new contract and highlight surrender penalties or fees.

> **Tip**
>
> To prevent churning, keep an eye on your account. Read every transaction notice, and review every monthly statement. Know how much commission you're paying.

## Strategies to Prevent Churning in Your Investment Account

Churning can only occur if a broker has discretionary authority over the client's account. A client can avoid this risk by maintaining full control, requiring the client's permission to make changes in the account.

Another way to eliminate churning is to [use a fee-based account](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/102.asp) rather than a commission-based account. Known as a [wrap account](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wrapaccount.asp), this type of account eliminates the incentive for churning. The fee is charged quarterly or annually and is generally 1% to 3% of the assets under management.

The wrap account does not work for all investors. The flat fee can turn out to be excessive if there is little or no trading of the assets in the account. In fact, that situation is indicative of another form of churning called [reverse churning](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/02/120502.asp).

## Evidence Needed to Prove Churning

Churning is serious financial misconduct, but it's not easy to prove. Your best defense is to pay careful attention to your portfolio.

*   You can request that your broker discuss any buy or sell transactions with you in advance. You can explicitly sign that right away when opening the account, but you can opt not to do that.
*   Whether or not you discuss transactions with your broker in advance, you will receive a written notice from everyone. That's a federal requirement. If you're receiving notifications every day or every week, you might be a victim of churning.
*   The above is particularly true if the transactions are in mutual funds, annuities, or insurance products. These are not the kinds of investments that should be traded frequently.
*   When you review your monthly statements, check how much you're paying in commissions. High total commissions mean less profit for you.

If you think your broker is churning, you can report it to the U.S. [Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sec.asp) or the [Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/finra.asp).

## Legal Consequences and Sanctions for Churning

The SEC defines churning as excessive buy and sell actions in an account controlled by a broker to earn more commissions. Brokers who overtrade may be in breach of SEC Rule 15c1-7, which governs manipulative and deceptive conduct.

The SEC looks into complaints about brokers who appear to be putting their own interests over that of their clients.

FINRA governs overtrading under Rule 2111, and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) prohibits the practice under Rule 408(c).

Investors who believe they have been a victim of churning can file a complaint with either the SEC or FINRA.

Churning is a serious offense that can result in job loss, industry ban, and legal issues. FINRA might also fine violators between $5,000 and $116,000.

FINRA also has the right to suspend the broker for anywhere from one month to two years. In more egregious cases, FINRA can suspend the violator for a longer period or even bar the broker indefinitely.

## What Is Credit Card Churning?

Credit card churning involves opening a series of new credit card accounts in order to take advantage of the introductory rewards offered by each, and then closing the accounts or leaving them unused. Credit card churners used to be able to rack up a lot of rewards points by doing this.

This practice is not illegal, but credit card companies don't like it. They have now put in place safeguards to prevent customers from repeatedly opening and closing accounts.

## What Is Reverse Churning?

Churning occurs when a broker who is paid a commission for every trade makes many trades just to boost the commission pot. Reverse churning occurs when a broker who is paid a flat fee does little or no trading to earn that fee, which is a percentage of the assets under management.

To back up a step, investors have a choice to make when opening an account with a broker:

*   An account that pays the broker a commission for each buy and sell order made for the account
*   An account that pays the broker a flat-rate commission, usually ranging from 1% to 3% per year of the total assets under management

Online or discount brokers charge a flat fee for every transaction, with zero fees common for certain transactions up to a limit. This is the do-it-yourself option with no professional advice or management, although online brokers are adding premium tiered services for those who want that.

In the worst-case scenario, an investor could flee a commission-based broker to avoid excess transaction fees, only to open an account with a flat-rate broker who does nothing but take a slice off the top of the account every year.

It might be best for investors to keep control over their accounts, approving or rejecting trades. Also, make it clear at the outset how active you expect the management of your portfolio to be.

## What Is Churning in the Insurance Industry?

Insurance salespeople work on a commission basis. If they attempt to boost their own commissions by persuading their customers to switch insurance products instead of automatically renewing their existing policies, then they are churning.

The practice is illegal in most states.

## The Bottom Line

Churning, the excessive trading of assets in a client's brokerage account to generate commissions for a broker, is illegal and unethical. The potential financial harm it can cause to investors includes increased commission costs and tax liabilities.

Investors must maintain an active role in portfolio decision making to prevent churning. This can include maintaining control over trading decisions and monitoring account activity. Investors also have options like using fee-based accounts to avoid incentives for churning, and they should consider the level of trading activity expected upfront.

Investors who suspect churning can report it to the SEC or FINRA.

Brokers face severe consequences, including heavy fines and sanctions, for engaging in churning.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Stock Market Loss. "[What Does Churning Stocks Mean?](https://www.stockmarketloss.com/securities-law/what-is-churning/)"
>     
> 2.  U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "[Investor Alert: Excessive Trading at Investors’ Expense](https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-bulletins/ia_excessivetrading.html)."
>     
> 3.  U.S. Government Publishing Office. "[§240.15c1-7 Discretionary Accounts](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2011-title17-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title17-vol3-sec240-15c1-7.pdf)."
>     
> 4.  Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. "[Suitability](https://www.finra.org/rules-guidance/key-topics/suitability)."
>     
> 5.  U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "[NYSE Rulemaking](https://www.sec.gov/rules/sro/34-46858.htm)."
>     
> 6.  Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. "[Sanction Guidelines](https://www.finra.org/sites/default/files/Sanctions_Guidelines.pdf)." Page 78.
>     
> 7.  Experian. "[What Is Credit Card Churning?](https://www.experian.com/blogs/ask-experian/what-is-credit-card-churning/)"
>     
> 8.  Gen Re. "[Avoiding Fraud: Life Insurance Sales Practices](https://www.genre.com/knowledge/blog/avoiding-fraud-life-insurance-sales-practices-en.html)."