# Middle Office: Role & Importance in Financial Services Firms

![Middle Office: A department within a financial services institution that's generally in charge of risk management and information technology.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/rcCSH5gKYYneInOPNV43swhwPds=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/middleoffice.asp-final-fcd228e3cad54988b5f349982600bbe1.png)

*— Investopedia / Mira Norian*

> **Definition**
>
> The middle office is a department within financial services firms that manages risk, processes transactions, and oversees information technology, acting as a bridge between the front and back offices.

## What Is the Middle Office?

The middle office is the department in financial firms that lies between the front and back offices. It manages risk, calculates profits and losses, and oversees information technology (IT). Middle offices became prevalent with the increasing complexity of financial assets and technology.

These professions typically require a bachelor's degree, although advanced degrees in business or finance are common.

### Key Takeaways

*   The middle office manages risk and IT resources, bridging the front and back office in a financial firm.  
    
*   It ensures the accurate processing of complex financial transactions, including compliance documentation.  
    
*   Middle office roles emerged due to the increasing complexity of modern financial transactions and technology.  
    
*   These positions typically require at least a bachelor's degree, with many professionals holding advanced degrees.  
    
*   Some middle office functions have been outsourced to countries with skilled, English-speaking workers at lower costs.

## The Functionality and Operations of the Middle Office

A financial services company is logically broken up into three parts: The [front office](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/frontoffice.asp) includes sales personnel and corporate finance, the middle office manages risk and IT resources, and the [back office](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/backoffice.asp) provides administrative, support, and payment services. The middle office draws on the resources of both the front and the back offices.

Middle office and back office jobs generally do not directly produce revenue but are essential to managing risk and ensuring that transactions are correctly executed. They are considered an essential part of the company's infrastructure.

In the early days of foreign exchange and [investment banking](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investment-banking.asp), responsibilities were generally split between the front office and the back office. Front office personnel included the salespeople, traders, and deal makers. Most had college degrees and many had MBAs. Back office personnel performed the clerical work and were only required to have high school diplomas.

As transactions and technology grew more complex, other functions developed and split off from the back office, creating the middle office. These employees usually have at least a bachelor's degree, and increasing numbers of them have either an MBA or a master's degree in technology.

> **Important**
>
> On job sites, financial services companies generally identify these positions as "middle office" opportunities.

## Key Responsibilities and Skills of Middle Office Personnel

Middle office staff ensure front office deals are accurately booked, processed, and paid for. This can include managing a wide range of International [Swap Dealers Association](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/isda.asp) (ISDA) agreements, tracking deals' profits and losses, and ensuring that all required compliance documents have been completed. Some firms have specialized legal support teams as part of the middle office.

IT roles range from keeping payment systems operational to designing software for trading strategies. IT middle office personnel also manage contracted software systems that are used for trading, such as Bloomberg and [Reuters 3000](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/reuters.asp). They support both the front and back office and are often on call 24 hours to ensure that essential market data is constantly captured and monitored.

## Trends and Challenges in the Middle Office

For some years, financial services companies have been moving back-office functions overseas in order to cut costs. Since the financial crisis of 2008, some middle office functions also have moved off-shore. The countries getting those jobs generally have a strong population of highly-educated workers and strong English language skills but a substantially lower pay scale. Popular target countries include Ireland and India.