# Official Settlement Account: What It Is and How It Works

## What Is an Official Settlement Account?

An official settlement account (OSA) is a special type of account used in international [balance of payments (BoP)](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bop.asp) accounting to keep track of central banks' reserve asset transactions with one other. The official settlement account keeps track of transactions involving gold, foreign exchange reserves, bank deposits and [special drawing rights (SDRs).](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sdr.asp)

Essentially, this type of account keeps track of transactions related to international reserves and central bank assets that are transferred among nations to settle either a balance of payment deficit or surplus.

### Key Takeaways

*   An official settlement account is used to track and account for international balance of payments between central banks.
*   It is used to settle transfers of assets and global monetary reserves that circulate among nations' central banks.
*   Countries look to these accounts to monitor capital outflows and inflows to and from other countries.

## Understanding Official Settlement Accounts

OSAs are used in international balance of payments accounting, and represent the [current account](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/currentaccount.asp) and the [capital account](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalaccount.asp) of central banks. The current account keeps a record of a country's imports and exports of goods, services, income and transfers, and whether the country is a net creditor or net debtor.

The capital account records the change in foreign and domestic investments, government borrowing and private sector borrowing. When there is either a balance of payments deficit or surplus, inflows of [reserve assets](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/reserve-assets.asp) or outflows of reserve assets bring the ledger back into balance. This is recorded in the official settlement account.

The Bank for International Settlements ([BIS](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bis.asp)) is an international financial institution that aims to promote global monetary and financial stability and maintains oversight of official settlement accounts. The BIS is sometimes called the "central bank for central banks" because it provides banking services to institutions such as the European Central Bank and Federal Reserve.

## Importance of Official Settlement Account

OSAs are integral to a nation's balance of payments accounting which tracks its international transactions. These accounts help monitor a country's financial health by recording inflows and outflows of foreign currency. This data is vital for policymakers and central banks to make informed decisions regarding exchange rate policies, [trade regulations](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/regulated-market.asp), and monetary stability. It can also be useful for manufacturers or distributors to understand how broader markets are performing.

Second, OSAs are essential for maintaining foreign exchange reserves. Governments hold these reserves in OSAs to ensure liquidity and stability in international trade. This money can be used to stabilize [exchange rates](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/exchangerate.asp), protect against speculative attacks, and support domestic currency values in times of economic turbulence. it can also be used in short-term periods where quicker turnaround of needing foreign capital is needed.

Last, OSAs facilitate a country's ability to engage in international trade and finance. By holding foreign currency in an OSA, nations can honor their international financial obligations and manage their external payments effectively. This lets countries maintain their credibility in the global financial system and transact with essentially any other country it chooses around the world.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> In July 2023, the U.S. international trade deficit increased from $63.7 billion to $65 billion.

## Monitoring an Official Settlement Account

Nations keep an eye on the official settlement account to gauge their economic health in the global economy. If there are continual outflows of reserve assets for a country, it means that its competitiveness in producing exported goods is relatively weak, or it's business environment is not as attractive as that offered by other countries for direct foreign investment.

A nation running chronic current account [deficits](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/deficit.asp) may then formulate policy prescriptions to improve the quality of its goods for export or seek exchange rate adjustments to make their exports more price competitive. It also may try to create better conditions for international companies looking to build new factories abroad. Tax incentives, infrastructure projects, and workforce training programs could be promoted by a country to address unwanted outflows recorded in its official settlement account.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> An example of the use of official settlement accounts is the Exchange Stabilization Fund. The fund is used to buy or sell currencies, and all transactions require authorization from the Secretary of the Treasury.

## Official Settlement Account vs. Regular Accounts

On the surface, OSAs and [regular bank accounts](https://www.investopedia.com/personal-finance/banking-101/) may appear similar. However, there are several key differences in their purpose, ownership, and functionality.

OSAs are reserved for government use and are primarily employed to manage a country's international transactions and foreign exchange reserves. Whereas generally any member of the public can set up a regular bank account, OSAs are much more niche and not used by the general public for receiving income, making payments, or [saving money](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/031215/why-saving-money-important.asp).

Another key distinction is in ownership. OSAs are owned and operated by a government's central bank or treasury department, making them public assets designed for official government transactions. Regular bank accounts, on the other hand, are privately owned by individuals or entities, granting only the account holders control over their funds and transactions.

Last, the type assets held in these accounts differ. OSAs often contain foreign currency reserves crucial for international trade and exchange rate management. Regular bank accounts primarily hold domestic currency used for shorter-term deployment or long-term savings.

## What Types of Transactions Are Recorded in an Official Settlement Account?

OSAs record a wide range of international transactions, including imports and exports, foreign debt payments, foreign exchange market interventions, and investments in foreign assets. Note that any given OSA may include any single specific type of transaction above.

## Can a Country Have Multiple Official Settlement Accounts in Different Currencies?

Yes, some countries may maintain multiple OSAs in different currencies, especially if they have significant international trade relationships with multiple countries. In addition, governments may have an OSA for each specific type of transaction such as a debt payment account or exchange account.

## What Is the Relationship Between the Official Settlement Account and a Country's Exchange Rate Policy?

OSAs play a key role in implementing a country's exchange rate policy. If the national currency is depreciating, the central bank can use foreign currency reserves to purchase its own currency, which increases demand and can help strengthen the exchange rate. Conversely, if the currency is appreciating too much and impacting exports, the central bank can sell foreign currency to weaken the exchange rate.

## Can Official Settlement Account Balances Be Used to Gauge a Country's Economic Stability?

The balance in the OSA is closely linked to a country's balance of payments, which tracks all its international transactions. A surplus in the OSA indicates that a country is earning more foreign currency than it is spending, which can be a sign of economic stability. In addition, a healthy OSA with ample foreign exchange reserves can act as a financial cushion during times of economic crisis, perhaps meaning that entity is in greater economic health.

## The Bottom Line

Official settlement accounts are specialized accounts typically managed by a country's central bank or treasury department, designed to record and manage international financial transactions. These accounts play a pivotal role in the country's balance of payments accounting, allowing for the tracking of inflows and outflows of foreign currency.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Bureau of Economic Analysis. "[International Trade in Goods and Services](https://www.bea.gov/data/intl-trade-investment/international-trade-goods-and-services)."
>     
> 2.  U.S. Department of the Treasury. "[Exchange Stabilization Fund](https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/international/exchange-stabilization-fund)."