# Federal Direct Loan Program: Meaning, Types, Pros and Cons

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## What Is the Federal Direct Loan Program?

The Federal Direct Loan Program provides low-interest student loans to post-secondary students (undergraduates and graduate students) and their parents. The William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program, managed by the United States Department of Education, is the only government-backed student loan program in the U.S.

### Key Takeaways

*   The Federal Direct Loan Program offers subsidized and unsubsidized direct loans, PLUS loans, and consolidation loans.
*   Subsidized federal student loans offer the lowest interest rates.
*   Parent PLUS loans often have the highest interest rates of all the government's federal student loans.
*   All loans have maximum amounts set annually, with each successive year allowing for a specified increase.
*   Federal direct loans often have more favorable interest rates than private loans.

## How the Federal Direct Loan Program Works

The Federal Direct Loan Program offers [several types of loans](https://www.investopedia.com/4-types-student-loans-8658001), including subsidized direct loans, unsubsidized direct loans, direct PLUS loans, and direct consolidation loans.

Subsidized direct loans are the only federal student loans based on financial need. The U.S. Department of Education pays the interest on these loans while the student is in school.

### Loan Amounts

All loans granted through the Federal Direct Loan Program have maximum annual amounts and set aggregate amounts. Each successive year allows for an increase in the total maximum yearly loan amount. Students who wish to apply for funding must first submit the [Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA)](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/federal-application-of-student-aid-fafsa.asp).

Undergraduate students can borrow $5,500 to $12,500 per year, depending on their school year and dependency status. These amounts are for both direct subsidized loans and direct unsubsidized loans.

Professional and [graduate students](https://www.investopedia.com/the-big-beautiful-bill-just-lowered-how-much-you-can-borrow-for-graduate-school-heres-where-to-find-more-funding-11769877) may borrow $20,500 yearly in direct unsubsidized loans, and parents of undergraduate students can borrow using a direct PLUS loan.

> **Important**
>
> Your college or university determines the amount of money in federal loans that you can borrow.

## Types of Federal Direct Student Loans

### Direct Subsidized Loans

Direct subsidized loans are for undergraduate students eligible for financial assistance due to their or their families' economic circumstances.

These loans help to cover the costs of a professional career, school, college, or university. Qualified individuals can borrow up to $12,500 annually in direct subsidized loans and $57,500 in total during their undergraduate years.

### Direct Unsubsidized Loans

These federal loans are available to eligible undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. They are not based on financial need. Undergraduate borrowers can borrow up to $12,500 per year and up to $57,500 in total. Graduate and professional students can borrow up to $20,500 per year and up to $138,500 in total.

### Direct PLUS Loans

These loans are offered to parents of undergraduate and graduate or professional students to help offset the costs of education not covered by other financial aid. Eligibility is not based on financial need.

Borrowers with less than stellar credit may access these loans, but they must meet additional criteria.

> **Tip**
>
> No minimum credit score is required for parents to take out a PLUS loan, but they cannot have adverse credit.

### Direct Consolidation Loans

These loans allow a student or family to [combine all eligible federal student loans](https://www.investopedia.com/better-consolidate-student-loans-8695381) into one loan with a single service provider and loan payment. Direct consolidation loans also provide access to additional loan repayment programs.

## How to Get a Federal Direct Loan

1.  To [obtain any federal direct loan](https://www.investopedia.com/where-get-student-loan-8667700) (subsidized or unsubsidized), you must complete the FAFSA form to determine if you qualify.
2.  On the form, you will be asked to create an account with the U.S. Federal Student Aid Office, which will issue you an ID to access the site.
3.  After you file your FAFSA, your college will send you a student financial aid letter outlining your available aid, including federal direct loans.
4.  If you qualify for subsidized direct loans, consider them first because they have a lower interest rate. Unsubsidized direct loans are also available. [PLUS loans](https://www.investopedia.com/how-to-apply-for-a-parent-plus-loan-7569630) are the most costly of the federal direct loans due to fees and higher interest rates.
5.  Once you've decided on the federal direct loans you want, contact your school's financial aid office to take the necessary steps.
6.  The money will be sent directly to the school for tuition, room and board, and other costs. Any money left over is given to you. All of the money must be repaid.

## Pros and Cons of the Federal Direct Student Loan Program

The federal direct student loan program has its advantages and [disadvantages](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/101014/disadvantages-stafford-loans.asp).

### Pros Explained

*   One advantage of federal direct student loans versus private loans is the low, fixed interest rates.
*   Federal loans (except for PLUS loans) don't require strong credit.
*   The government pays the interest on subsidized federal student loans while you're enrolled at school.
*   Federal direct student loans have several pathways to repayment via federal repayment and loan forgiveness plans.

### Cons Explained

*   Only unsubsidized loans are available to graduate students.
*   These students are also charged higher interest rates than undergraduates.
*   Discharging a federal student loan through bankruptcy may be possible in certain cases, but only after you file a separate action in court.
*   Federal direct loans have lower loan limits for undergraduates claimed as dependents on their parents or guardians' income taxes.
*   Students must apply each year for direct loans.

Pros

*   Low, fixed interest rates
    
*   Federal repayment programs can help when it's time to pay loans back
    
*   Good credit not required
    
*   Grace period on repayment after graduation
    

Cons

*   Only unsubsidized direct loans are offered to graduate students
    
*   Parents who take out PLUS loans must pay fees
    
*   Can borrow only a specific amount each year
    
*   Subsidized direct student loans have eligibility criteria
    

## Federal Direct Loans vs. Private Loans

Private lenders also provide student loans that can be used instead of—or in addition to—federal loans. Those seeking student loans should carefully investigate all available options.

Consider the following [differences](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/younginvestors/09/private-or-federal-student-loans.asp):

*   The federal program often has more favorable interest rates and other attractive provisions, such as loan [consolidation and forgiveness](https://www.investopedia.com/stafford-loans-eligible-forgiveness-8681053) programs.
*   Federal direct student loans have a cap on loan amounts. Private loan companies don't often cap how much they will lend.
*   Interest rates may be higher, but private loans may offer more flexibility in how the money can be used. Overall, though, private student loans are usually more expensive than their federal counterparts.
*   Federal direct student loan payments are deferred until you graduate, while not all private loan payments offer the same option.
*   While direct loans may be eligible for student loan forgiveness and repayment plans, [private loans may not](https://www.investopedia.com/private-student-loans-eligible-forgiveness-8678282).

## What Are Interest Rates on Federal Student Loans?

Direct subsidized loans and direct unsubsidized loans for undergraduates disbursed after July 1, 2024, and before July 1, 2025, have an interest rate of 6.53%. Unsubsidized student loans for graduate students have an interest rate of 8.08%. Direct PLUS loans for parents and graduate students have an interest rate of 9.08%, the highest interest rate of all federal student loans.

## Are Student Loans Ever Forgiven?

Depending on the [type of repayment plan](https://www.investopedia.com/student-loan-repayment-options-what-s-the-best-way-to-pay-4772402) you have, your student loan may be forgiven after a certain amount of time.

## How Often Do You Apply for the Federal Direct Loan Program?

You must submit a new Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) every year that you need funding for higher education (undergraduate and graduate).

## The Bottom Line

The Federal Direct Loan Program offers a number of advantages, including low, fixed interest rates, but there are downsides to account for as well. For example, you can only borrow a certain amount each year. Consider all of your financing options before deciding which type of student loan is best for you.  

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Federal Student Aid. "[Direct Subsidized and Direct Unsubsidized Loans](https://studentaid.gov/understand-aid/types/loans/subsidized-unsubsidized)."
>     
> 2.  Federal Student Aid. "[How Much Money Can I Borrow in Federal Student Loans?](https://studentaid.gov/help-center/answers/article/how-much-money-can-i-borrow-federal-student-loans)"
>     
> 3.  Federal Student Aid. "[Direct PLUS Loans Are Federal Loans That Graduate or Professional Students and Parents of Dependent Undergraduate Students Can Use to Help Pay for College or Career School](https://studentaid.gov/understand-aid/types/loans/plus)."
>     
> 4.  Federal Student Aid. "[Consolidating Student Loans](https://studentaid.gov/manage-loans/consolidation)."
>     
> 5.  Federal Student Aid. "[Apply for Financial Aid](https://studentaid.gov/h/apply-for-aid)."
>     
> 6.  Federal Student Aid. "[Federal Student Loan Repayment Plans](https://studentaid.gov/manage-loans/repayment/plans)."
>     
> 7.  Federal Student Aid. "[Student Loan Forgiveness](https://studentaid.gov/manage-loans/forgiveness-cancellation)."
>     
> 8.  Federal Student Aid. "[Discharge in Bankruptcy](https://studentaid.gov/manage-loans/forgiveness-cancellation/bankruptcy)."
>     
> 9.  Federal Student Aid. "[Federal Versus Private Loans](https://studentaid.gov/understand-aid/types/loans/federal-vs-private)."
>     
> 10.  Federal Student Aid. "[Federal Interest Rates and Fees](https://studentaid.gov/understand-aid/types/loans/interest-rates)."