# The Golden Rule of Government Spending: Definition, Applications, US Approach

## What Is the Golden Rule of Government Spending?

The golden rule of government spending is a [fiscal policy](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fiscalpolicy.asp) that a government should borrow only to invest, not to fund current spending. In other words, the government should borrow money only to make investments that will produce long-term benefits for the future. Current spending, or spending on short-term needs, should be funded by tax revenues.

### Key Takeaways

*   The golden rule of government spending is a fiscal policy that a government should borrow only to invest in projects that will create long-term, future benefits.
*   Under the rule, current expenditures should be financed through taxation, not by issuing new sovereign debt.
*   Variations of the golden rule have been employed by several European and Asian countries; however, the U.S. government has not adopted this principle.
*   When adopted, the golden rule generally incorporates flexibility to address economic emergencies, such as the 2008 financial crisis and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. 

## Understanding the Golden Rule

Supporters of the golden rule of government spending, which limits borrowing to funding investments, generally seek to protect future generations from being overburdened by debt attributable to borrowing for current expenditures. Some economists emphasize that other policies also affect future generations’ debt burden. They contend that the golden rule is not the optimal way to achieve intergenerational fairness. Others support the golden rule to realize a different goal: limiting the size of government.

The golden rule in fiscal policy has been implemented in a number of countries. While its application varies from country to country, the basic premise of spending less than the government takes in is always at its foundation. Most countries that have adopted the rule—the United States is not one of them—have had to make changes in their constitution or statutes.

Some countries have experienced a reduction in deficits as a share of [gross domestic product (GDP)](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gdp.asp) as a result. Governments may also need more flexible fiscal policies during economic downturns and emergencies.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> The golden rule in government spending is different than the ethical golden rule, "do unto others as you would have them do unto you," which can be found in the places like Talmud, the New Testament, and the Koran.

## International Applications of the Golden Rule

Over the last 30 years, a number of countries, particularly nations with advanced economies, have adopted fiscal policies incorporating some form of the golden rule. Whether effected as law or as the policy of a governing party, these policies generally provided exceptions for economic emergencies.  

At various times, golden rule policies have helped Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and  
Germany reduce spending growth and debt levels. The United Kingdom adopted a golden rule policy in 1998. By 2007 economic problems and shortfalls in tax revenues undercut compliance. Even before the international financial crisis in 2008, the economy's need for government support and stimulus led the UK to abandon the policy.

The European Union’s experience with the golden rule indicates that, because of economic unpredictability, the policy operates better as a guideline than as an absolute requirement. In 1997, the European Union adopted a [Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stability-growth-pact.asp) to monitor and stabilize the [Economic and Monetary Union](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/emu.asp) and to coordinate fiscal policy among EU members. EU member states were to implement fiscal policies designed to achieve deficits no higher than 3% of GDP and maintain a debt level below 60% of GDP. In 2005, the rules were revised to allow greater flexibility; additional rules and oversight policies were adopted following the 2008 financial crisis.

As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, the EU suspended the SGP borrowing limits until 2023. Some members are seeking further amendments to provide more flexibility in the future. And in May 2022, the EU announced that it was proposing a further suspension of the limits through 2023.

## No Golden Rule for the United States

The United States federal government has not adopted a fiscal policy reflecting the golden rule. Although some commentators on U.S. fiscal policy urge the adoption of a golden rule, others recommend a more flexible, multi-faceted approach.  From time to time, policymakers have proposed legislation—even a Constitutional amendment—that would require a balanced budget.

Currently, the federal government is subject to a legislated budget ceiling. When the government’s borrowing authority nears its limit, the [debt ceiling](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/debt-ceiling.asp) is increased by Congressional action, often generating political debate. In 1985, Congress passed the Gramm-Rudmann-Hollings bill, which  
specified annual deficit targets that, if missed, would trigger an automatic [sequestration](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sequestration.asp) process. The following year the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional.

## Why Is Not Borrowing for Current Expenses Called the 'Golden Rule' of Government Spending?

Supporters believe that limiting government borrowing to funding only projects that will pay off in the future protects future generations. This is because they won't be burdened by debt from borrowing for expenditures that benefited people in the past, but not them. It is called the "golden rule" to compare it to the ethical golden rule and show that its supporters believe it is equally fundamental.

## Is the European Union Following the Golden Rule of Government Spending Now?

In May 2022, the European Commission announced that it was proposing to extend its suspension of borrowing limits through 2023. Key goals were funding the transition to a digitized green economy not dependent on Russian gas and recovering from the pandemic.

## What Is the US Debt Limit?

The debt limit is the total amount of money the U.S. is authorized to borrow to meet obligations such as Social Security and Medicare benefits, military salaries, interest on the national debt, and tax refunds. To date, the U.S. government has never defaulted on its debts.

## The Bottom Line

The golden rule that goes deep into ancient history has a more modern incarnation—the golden rule of government spending. This concept believes that future generations shouldn't be burdened with debt incurred by governments for current-day expenditures that long predate them. Instead, it decrees, governments should only take on debt to pay for investments that will produce long-term benefits for the future.

A number of countries have experimented with fiscal policy that seeks to adhere to this rule, though not the United States. It has periodically needed to be suspended in times of financial emergency. In fact, in the EU, borrowing limits are still on a hiatus that began in 2020.  

> **Article Sources**
>
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>     
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> 3.  Zeyneloglu, Irem. "[Fiscal Policy Effectiveness and The Golden Rule of Public Finance](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1303070118300489)." _Central Bank Review_, vol. 18, no. 3, September 2018, pp. 85-93.
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> 4.  Institute for Fiscal Studies. “[The IFS Green Budget 2009 – Chapter 5. The Fiscal Rules and Policy Framework](https://ifs.org.uk/sites/default/files/2022-08/09chap5.pdf).” Pages 81-82, 85, 97-98
>     
> 5.  European Commission, Economy and Finance. "[History of the Stability and Growth Pact](https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-and-fiscal-governance/stability-and-growth-pact/history-stability-and-growth-pact_en)."
>     
> 6.  European Parliament. "[Implementation of the Stability and Growth Pact Under Pandemic Times](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2021/659655/IPOL_IDA%282021%29659655_EN.pdf)." Pages 3-4.
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