# Exchange Rates: What They Are, How They Work, and Why They Fluctuate

![Exchange Rate](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/OfIJcnnAAqt5GBi4dlZ747ApeBM=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Exchange-Rate-1b1df02db6a14eee998e1b76d5c9b82d.jpg)

*Exchange rates are set globally by financial institutions, money managers, and speculators who trade currencies continuously. — Xiaojie Liu / Investopedia*

> **Definition**
>
> An exchange rate is the value at which one currency can be exchanged for another.

## What Is an Exchange Rate?

An exchange rate is the value of a nation’s [currency](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/currency.asp) compared to another.

Exchange rates have a strong impact on a nation’s trade with other nations, its tourism industry, and the prices its consumers pay for imports.

Exchange rates are either free-floating, where they respond to [foreign exchange market](https://www.investopedia.com/best-brokers-for-forex-trading-4587882) supply and demand, or fixed, where they are pegged to another currency.

Exchange rates fluctuate because of factors such as economic activity, foreign exchange market dynamics, and interest rates.

### Key Takeaways

*   Exchange rates dictate how much one currency is worth relative to another and influence a nation's trade, tourism, and import prices.
*   Exchange rates may be either floating, where they respond to foreign exchange market supply and demand, or fixed, where they are [pegged](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/pegging.asp) to another currency.
*   Factors influencing exchange rates include interest rates, economic activity, GDP, and unemployment in the relevant countries.
*   The forex market, a decentralized global marketplace for trading currencies, facilitates trillions of dollars in daily transactions and has no physical presence.
*   Significantly fluctuating exchange rates can impact the cost of imported goods, demand for exports, and levels of foreign investment and tourism.

## How Exchange Rates Are Determined

The exchange rate between any two currencies is commonly determined by interest rates, economic activity, gross domestic product (GDP), and the unemployment rate in each of the countries.

Market exchange rates are set globally by financial institutions, money managers, and speculators who [trade currencies](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/unsterilized.asp) continuously. This is known as the forex or f/x market, which has no physical presence or owner. Changes in rates can occur hourly or daily with small changes or in large incremental shifts.

An exchange rate is commonly quoted using an acronym for the national currency it represents. USD represents the U.S. dollar. EUR represents the euro. It would be EUR/USD if you were quoting the currency pair for the dollar and the euro.

> **Important**
>
> Exchanging U.S. dollars for Japanese yen is labeled USD/JPY. An exchange rate of 100 means that one dollar equals 100 yen.

## Factors Influencing Exchange Rate Movements

Exchange rates can be [free-floating or fixed](https://www.investopedia.com/trading/floating-rate-vs-fixed-rate/). Free-floating exchange rates rise and fall with changes in the [foreign exchange market](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/forex/f/foreign-exchange-markets.asp). A fixed exchange rate is [pegged](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/currency-peg.asp) to the value of another currency. The Hong Kong dollar is pegged to the U.S. dollar between 7.75 and 7.85, keeping its value within this range.

Exchange rates have a [spot rate](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/spot_rate.asp) or cash value that’s the current market value. They may also have a forward value that’s based on expectations for the currency to rise or fall vs. its spot price. 

Forward rate values [change](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/08/how-often-to-exchange-rates-fluctuate.asp) based on expected future interest rates in different countries. Traders may buy the dollar vs. the euro if they speculate that the eurozone will ease monetary policy vs. the U.S., causing a downward trend in the value of the euro.  

## Practical Examples of Exchange Rate Calculations

A traveler to Germany from the United States wants $200 for the equivalent amount of euros on arrival in Germany. The sell rate is the rate at which a [traveler sells foreign currency](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/082615/best-places-exchange-currency-boston.asp) in exchange for local currency. The buy rate is the rate at which one buys foreign currency back from travelers to exchange it for local currency.

If the current exchange rate is 1.05, $200 will net €190.48 in return. In this case, the equation is: dollars ÷ exchange rate = euro:

> $200 ÷ 1.05 = €190.48

  
Suppose €66 is remaining after the trip. The change from euros to dollars will be $67.32 if the exchange rate has dropped to 1.02:

> €66 × 1.02 = $67.32

  
The Japanese yen is calculated differently. The dollar is placed in front of the yen in this case, as in USD/JPY. The equation for USD/JPY is dollars × exchange rate = yen.

A traveler to Japan would get ¥11,000 if they want to convert $100 into yen and the exchange rate is 110. Convert the yen back into dollars by dividing the amount of the currency by the exchange rate:

> $100 × 110 = ¥11,000.00

\-or-

> ¥11,000.00/110 = $100

Note that none of these travelers will be getting the market price when they exchange currency. The bank or currency exchange store that they do business with will add its fee to the transaction.  

## How Do Exchange Rates Affect the Supply and Demand of Goods?

Changes in exchange rates affect businesses by increasing or decreasing the cost of supplies and finished products that are purchased from another country. It changes, for better or worse, the demand abroad for their exports and the domestic demand for imports. Significant changes in a currency rate can encourage or discourage foreign tourism and investment in a country.

## What Is the Forex?

The [forex market](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/forex/f/forex-market.asp), also known as the f/x, is an over-the-counter marketplace for trading currencies. This 24-hour market is responsible for trillions of dollars in daily trading activity as central banks, financial institutions, and speculators swap currencies to profit from their price movements or hedge against future price movements.

## What Is a Restricted Currency?

A restricted currency has its value set by the government.

Some countries have restricted currencies, meaning they restrict the exchange of their currency to within their borders or establish both an onshore rate and an offshore rate.

China is an example. The Chinese government sets a midpoint value for the currency every day, allowing the yuan to trade in a band of 2% from this midpoint.

## The Bottom Line

An exchange rate is the value at which one nation’s currency can be exchanged for another. Exchange rates are important in relation to a country’s import prices, tourism, and trade.

Free-floating exchange rates rise and fall with foreign exchange (forex or f/x) market changes, while fixed exchange rates are pegged to another currency’s value. Both have an impact on global financial markets.

Exchange rates affect not only import prices but also export demand, both of which influence domestic economies and consumer prices.

The forex is an over-the-counter marketplace where currencies are traded around the clock by various financial institutions and speculators.

The economic activity, GDP, interest rates, and unemployment figures of the paired countries influence their exchange rates. Small or big changes in rates can occur hourly or daily.

It's important to understand exchange rates for your own financial management, from travel to international transactions. Be aware of the additional fees that a financial institution will apply to currency exchanges.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Harvard Business Services. “[How Exchange Rates Affect Your Business](https://www.delawareinc.com/blog/exchange-rates/).”
>     
> 2.  Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. “[U.S. Dollars to Euro Spot Exchange Rate](https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DEXUSEU).”
>     
> 3.  Hong Kong Monetary Authority. “[How Does the LERS Work?](https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-functions/money/linked-exchange-rate-system/how-does-the-lers-work)”
>     
> 4.  Trading Economics. “[Chinese Yuan](https://tradingeconomics.com/china/currency).”