# Understanding Outside Directors: Role, Benefits, and Challenges

An outside director is a member of a company's board of directors who is not an employee or stakeholder in the company. Outside directors are paid an annual [retainer fee](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/retainer-fee.asp) in the form of cash, benefits and/or [stock options](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stockoption.asp). Corporate governance standards require public companies to have a certain number or percentage of outside directors on their boards. In theory, outside directors are more likely to provide unbiased opinions.

An outside director is also referred to as a "[non-executive director](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/non-executive-director.asp)."

### Key Takeaways

*   An outside director is a member of a company's board who is not an employee or stakeholder in the company. They provide an unbiased perspective due to the lack of direct ties to the company.
*   Corporate governance standards mandate that public companies include a certain number or percentage of outside directors on their boards to promote balanced decision-making.
*   While outside directors may offer less conflict of interest, they might lack the detailed insight of insiders, which could impact their decision-making efficiency.
*   The case of Enron illustrates the essential role of outside directors in upholding corporate governance and protecting shareholder interests, highlighting both their potential responsibilities and liabilities.
*   Strong corporate governance policies are crucial in mitigating risks of corporate fraud and ensuring that a company's objectives align with its stakeholders' interests.

## Advantages and Challenges of Outside Directors

In theory, outside directors are advantageous for the company because they have less [conflict of interest](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/conflict-of-interest.asp) and may see the big picture differently than [insiders](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/insider.asp). The downside of outside directors is that since they are less involved with the companies they represent, they may have less information upon which to base decisions and fewer incentives to perform. Also, outside directors can face out-of-pocket liability if a judgment or settlement occurs that is not completely covered by the company or its insurance. This occurred in class-action suits against Enron and WorldCom.

[Board members](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/boardoftrustees.asp) with direct ties to the company are called "inside directors." These can be from the ranks of a company’s senior officers or executives, as well as any person or entity that beneficially owns more than 10% of a company's [voting shares](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/votingshares.asp).

## Case Study: Outside Directors' Role in the Enron Scandal

Outside directors have an important responsibility to uphold their positions with integrity and protect and help grow shareholder wealth. In the case of [Enron](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/enron.asp) (as mentioned above), many accused the company’s outside directors of being negligent in their oversight of Enron. In 2003, plaintiffs and Congress accused Enron's outside directors of allowing the company’s former CEO, Andrew S. Fastow, to enter into deals that created a significant conflict of interest with shareholders as he concocted a plan to make the company appear to be on solid financial footing, despite the fact that many of its subsidiaries were losing money.

## The Impact of Outside Directors on Corporate Governance

As the Enron example showed, it’s important to set and support clear [corporate governance policies](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/corporategovernance.asp) to mitigate the risk of such fraud. Corporate governance is a comprehensive system of rules that controls and directs a company. These protocols balance the interests of a company's many stakeholders, including shareholders, management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government and the community. They also help a company attain its objectives, offering action plans and [internal controls](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/internalcontrols.asp) for performance measurement and corporate [disclosure](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/disclosure.asp).

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Stanford Law Review. "[Outside Director Liability](https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/print/article/outside-director-liability/)."
>     
> 2.  U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "[Officers, Directors, and 10% Shareholders](https://www.sec.gov/smallbusiness/goingpublic/officersanddirectors)."
>     
> 3.  U.S. Government Printing Office. "[The Role of the Board of Directors in Enron's Collapse](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-107SPRT80393/html/CPRT-107SPRT80393.htm)."