# What Is a Mutual Insurance Company? Definition, Investments, and Profits

![Mutual Insurance Company](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/H7aH07Q3N8Gu3kJFeuEBO3UUYTI=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/mutualinsurancecompany2-515413e473f64030956d1ed6098d55f6.png)

*— Investopedia / Julie Bang*

> **Definition**
>
> A mutual insurance company is a policyholder-owned insurance provider that offers coverage at or near cost while distributing profits back to members as dividends or reduced premiums.

## What Is a Mutual Insurance Company?

A mutual insurance company is owned by its policy owners instead of shareholders. It provides safe, stable, and diverse investments that grow over time. This gives the company long-term stability so members can trust it will be around when they need it. Mutual insurance companies aren't publicly traded, so it's trickier to value them; there are no stock signals, there's less transparency, and management decides how much to return to members. If a mutual company decides to demutualize and become stockholder-owned, its policyholders usually get cash or shares in the new company.

### Key Takeaways

*   Mutual insurance companies are owned by policyholders and aim to provide insurance at or near cost.  
    
*   Profits from mutual insurance companies can be returned to members as dividends or reduced premiums.  
    
*   Unlike stock insurers, mutual insurance companies aren't publicly traded and focus on long-term investments.  
    
*   Demutualization occurs when a mutual insurance company converts to a publicly traded stock company.  
    
*   Mutual insurance companies originated in the 17th century, with Benjamin Franklin founding the first U.S. company in 1752.

## How Mutual Insurance Companies Operate

The goal of a mutual insurance company is to provide its members with insurance coverage at or near cost. When mutual insurance companies profit, they share it with members through [dividends](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dividend.asp) or [premium](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/insurance-premium.asp) reductions.

Not being traded on stock exchanges, mutual insurance companies focus on long-term benefits without short-term profit pressure. As a result, they invest in safer, low-yield assets. Since they aren't [publicly traded](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/publiccompany.asp), it's harder for policyholders to assess the financial health or dividend calculations of mutual insurers.

Large companies may form mutual insurance firms for self-insurance by combining [divisions or partnering with similar businesses](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/investmentbankfig.asp). For instance, doctors might pool funds for better coverage and lower premiums due to shared risks.

When a mutual insurance company switches from being member-owned to being traded on the [stock market](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stockmarket.asp), it is called “demutualization,” and the mutual insurance company becomes a stock insurance company. This shift may result in policyholders gaining shares in the newly floated company. Most often this is done as a form of raising capital. Stock insurance companies can raise capital by distributing shares, whereas mutual insurance companies can only raise capital by borrowing money or increasing rates.

## The Evolution and History of Mutual Insurance Companies

Mutual insurance as a concept began in England in the late 17th century to cover losses due to fire. It began in the United States in 1752 when Benjamin Franklin established the Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses From Loss by Fire. Mutual insurance companies now exist nearly everywhere around the world.

In the past 20 years, the insurance industry has gone through major changes, particularly after 1990s-era legislation removed some of the barriers between insurance companies and banks. As such, the rate of demutualization increased as many mutual companies wanted to diversify their operations beyond insurance and to access more capital.

Some companies converted completely to [stock ownership](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/011916/mutual-vs-publically-traded-insurance-companies.asp), while others formed mutual holding companies that are owned by the policyholders of a converted mutual insurance firm.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Insurance Information Institute. "[Brief History](https://www.iii.org/publications/insurance-handbook/brief-history#:~:text=1684%20Participants%20in%20the%20Friendly,mutual%20fire%20company%20was%20formed.)."