# What Is the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)?

> **Definition**
>
> A bank’s capital adequacy ratio measures its capital buffer as a proportion of risk‑adjusted credit exposures.

## What Is the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)?

The capital adequacy ratio (CAR) expresses how much capital a bank holds compared to its risk‑weighted asset base. Also known as the capital-to-risk weighted assets ratio (CRAR), the ratio is watched by regulators to determine a bank's risk of failure. It's used to protect depositors and promote the stability and efficiency of financial systems around the world.  

### Key Takeaways

*   CAR is critical to ensure that banks have a large enough financial cushion to absorb a reasonable amount of losses before they become insolvent.
*   CAR is used by regulators to determine capital adequacy for banks and to run stress tests.
*   Tier 1 and tier 2 capital are both used to measure CAR.
*   The downside of using CAR is that it doesn't account for the risk of a potential run on the bank or what would happen in a financial crisis.

![Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/TofWw8kszJjJQMNy5im_bhOJBlc=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Capitaladequacyratio-ef6e6de7def842a3932a686ded58474b.jpg)

*CAR helps banks manage risk as it ensures they have enough capital to absorb potential losses. — Investopedia / Michela Buttignol*

## Understanding CAR

The capital adequacy ratio is calculated by dividing a bank's capital by its risk-weighted assets. Under the current Basel rules, banks must meet the following requirements at all times:

1.  Common Equity Tier 1 must be at least 4.5% of [risk-weighted assets](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/riskweightedassets.asp) (RWA).
2.  Tier 1 capital must be at least 6% of RWA.
3.  Total capital must be at least 8.0% of RWA  
    

A minimum capital adequacy ratio is critical in ensuring that banks have enough cushion to absorb a reasonable amount of losses before they become insolvent and consequently lose depositors’ funds.

The capital used to calculate the capital adequacy ratio is divided into two tiers. The two capital tiers are added together and divided by risk-weighted assets to calculate a bank's capital adequacy ratio. Risk-weighted assets are calculated by looking at a bank's loans, evaluating the risk and then assigning a weight. When measuring [credit exposures](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/credit-exposure.asp), adjustments are made to the value of assets listed on a lender’s balance sheet.

All of the loans the bank has issued are weighted based on their degree of [credit risk](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/creditrisk.asp). For example, loans issued to the government could be weighted at 0.0% risk, while those given to individuals are assigned a weighted score of 100.0%, reflecting the higher credit risk.

There are three types of capital:

*   Common Equity Tier 1,
*   Additional Tier 1 and
*   Tier 2 Capital

The differences between them are highlighted below.

### Common Equity Tier-1 Capital

Tier-1 capital, or core capital, consists of common shares issued by the bank, stock surplus from the sale of other Tier 1 instruments, retained earnings, and other comprehensive income. It also includes common shares issued by the bank's subsidiaries that are held by minority shareholders. Tier-1 capital is the capital that is permanently and easily available to absorb and cushion losses suffered by a bank without causing the bank to stop operating.

### Additional Tier 1 Capital

Additional Tier 1 consists of assets that are not common equity, but can still be used to absorb losses without impacting the bank's operations. It consists of perpetual bonds and hybrid debt with no maturity date, where any dividends and coupons are paid out at the bank's discretion. These instruments must be subordinate to depositors and other creditors; i.e., they are paid out last in the event of liquidation.

Additional Tier 1 also includes similar instruments issued by the bank's subsidiaries, and the stock surplus from the sale of other AT1 instruments.

### Tier-2 Capital

Tier-2 capital is gone-concern capital, meaning that it can absorb losses if the bank fails. It consists of long-term debt and hybrid securities with a maturity of greater than five years. They must also be subordinate to depositors and other creditors. In the event of a crisis, the bank must be able to write off this debt or convert it to common equity.

Tier 2 capital also includes the stock surplus from the sale of Tier 2 assets, or qualifying assets issued by the bank's subsidiaries.

### Risk-Weighted Assets

Risk-weighted assets are used to determine the minimum amount of capital that must be held by banks and other institutions to reduce the risk of [insolvency](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/insolvency.asp). The [capital requirement](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalrequirement.asp) is based on a [risk assessment](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/risk-assessment.asp) for each type of bank asset. For example, a loan that is secured by a [letter of credit](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/letterofcredit.asp) is considered to be riskier and requires more capital than a mortgage loan that is secured by a house.

Off-balance sheet agreements, such as [foreign exchange](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreign-exchange.asp) contracts and guarantees, also have credit risks. Such exposures are converted to their credit equivalent figures and then weighted in a similar fashion to that of on-balance sheet credit exposures. The [off-balance sheet](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/off-balance-sheet-obs.asp) and on-balance sheet credit exposures are then added together to obtain the total risk-weighted credit exposures.

## The CAR Formula

﻿ $CAR = \dfrac{Tier~1~Capital + Tier~2~Capital}{Risk~Weighted~Assets}$﻿

## Example

Suppose Acme Bank has $20 million in tier-1 capital and $5 million in tier-2 capital. It has loans that have been weighted and calculated at $65 million. The capital adequacy ratio of Acme Bank is therefore 38% (($20 million + $5 million) / $65 million).

A CAR of 38% is a high capital adequacy ratio. That means that Acme Bank should be able to weather a financial downturn and losses associated with its loans. It is less likely than banks with less than minimum CARs to become insolvent.

## Why the Capital Adequacy Ratio Matters

*   Minimum capital adequacy ratios are critical. They can reveal whether individual banks have enough financial cushion to absorb a reasonable amount of loss so that they don't become insolvent and consequently lose depositors’ funds.
*   Broadly, the capital adequacy ratios can help ensure the efficiency and stability of a nation’s financial system by lowering the risk of banks collapsing. Generally speaking, a bank with a high capital adequacy ratio is considered safe and likely to meet its financial commitments.
*   During the winding up process, funds belonging to depositors are given a higher priority than the bank’s capital. So depositors are only at risk of losing their savings if a bank registers a loss that exceeds the amount of capital it possesses. Thus, the higher the bank’s capital adequacy ratio, the higher the degree of protection for depositors' assets.  
    

> **Important**
>
> All things considered, a bank with a high capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is perceived as healthy and in good shape to meet its financial obligations.

## CAR vs. the Solvency Ratio

Both the capital adequacy ratio and the [solvency ratio](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/solvencyratio.asp) provide ways to evaluate a company's ability to meet financial obligations.

However, the capital adequacy ratio is applied specifically to banks and measures their abilities to overcome financial losses related to loans they've made. The solvency ratio debt evaluation metric is used to measure whether a company has enough available cash to meet its own short- and long-term debt obligations. Solvency ratios below 20% indicate an increased likelihood of default.

Analysts often favor the solvency ratio because it measures actual cash flow rather than net income, not all of which may be readily available to a company to meet debt obligations. The solvency ratio is best used to compare debt situations of similar firms within the same industry, as certain industries tend to be significantly more debt-heavy than others.

## CAR vs. Tier-1 Leverage Ratio

The [tier-1 leverage ratio](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tier-1-leverage-ratio.asp) is related to the capital adequacy ratio. The tier-1 leverage ratio compares a bank's [core capital](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/core-capital.asp) with its total assets. It is calculated by dividing Tier-1 capital by a bank's average total consolidated assets and certain off-balance sheet exposures. The higher the tier-1 leverage ratio is, the more likely a bank can withstand negative shocks to its [balance sheet](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/balancesheet.asp).

## Limitation of Using CAR

*   One limitation of CAR is that it fails to account for expected losses during a bank run or financial crisis that can distort a bank's capital and cost of capital.
*   Many analysts and bank executives consider the [economic capital](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economic-capital.asp) measure to be a more accurate and reliable assessment of a bank's financial soundness and risk exposure than the capital adequacy ratio.
*   The calculation of economic capital, which estimates the amount of capital a bank needs on hand to ensure its ability to handle its [current outstanding risk](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/economic-capital.asp), is based on the bank's financial health, credit rating, expected losses, and confidence level of solvency.
*   By including such economic possibilities as expected losses, this measurement is thought to represent a more realistic appraisal of a bank's actual [financial health and risk level](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/adjusted-capital-ratio.asp).

## What Are the Basel Accords?

They are a trio of regulatory agreements formed by the [Basel Committee on Bank Supervision](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/baselcommittee.asp). The Committee weighs in on regulations that concern a bank's [capital risk](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalrisk.asp), market risk, and [operational risk](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/operational_risk.asp). The purpose of the agreements is to ensure that banks (and other financial institutions) always have enough capital to deal with unexpected losses.

## What's the Minimum Capital Adequacy Ratio Allowed?

Under the current Basel rules, banks must meet the following requirements at all times:

1.  Common Equity Tier 1 must be at least 4.5% of risk-weighted assets (RWA).
2.  Tier 1 capital must be at least 6% of RWA.
3.  Total capital must be at least 8.0% of RWA.

  

## What's the Purpose of the Capital Adequacy Ratio?

The capital adequacy ratio is intended to ensure that banks have enough funds available to handle a reasonable amount of losses and prevent insolvency.  

## The Bottom Line

CAR, or the capital adequacy ratio, is a comparison of the available capital that a bank has on hand to its risk-weighted assets. The ratio provides a quick idea of whether a bank has enough funds to cover losses and remain solvent under difficult financial circumstances. The higher the CAR, the better able a bank should be to meet its financial obligations when under stress.

Under the current Basel rules, banks must meet the following requirements at all times: Common Equity Tier 1 must be at least 4.5% of risk-weighted assets; Tier 1 capital must be at least 6% of RWA; and total capital must be at least 8.0% of RWA.  

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Bank of International Settlements. "[Risk-based Capital Requirements](https://www.bis.org/basel_framework/chapter/RBC/20.htm?inforce=20230101&published=20201126)."
>     
> 2.  Accounting Tools. "[Capital Adequacy Ratio Definition](https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/capital-adequacy-ratio.html)."
>     
> 3.  Reserve Bank of New Zealand. "[Capital Adequacy Ratios for Banks - Simplified Explanation and example of Calculation](https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~igiddy/articles/capital_adequacy_calculation.pdf)," Page 1.
>     
> 4.  Bank of International Settlements. "[Definition of Eligible Capital](https://www.bis.org/basel_framework/chapter/CAP/10.htm?inforce=20191215&published=20200605)."
>     
> 5.  Accounting Tools. "[Solvency Ratio](https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/solvency-ratio-definition-and-usage.html)."
>     
> 6.  Bank for International Settlements. "[History of the Basel Committee](https://www.bis.org/bcbs/history.htm)."