# Debt Restructuring: What It Is, How It Works, and Key Types

![Debt Restructuring](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/M_YuR3PURAlWBaNS7am-24WvcxA=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/debtrestructuring.asp_final-a64fcb2c01704710bc55061e4304ce7d.png)

*Because it can benefit borrowers and lenders, restructuring is typically preferable to bankruptcy. — Investopedia / NoNo Flores*

> **Definition**
>
> Debt restructuring allows a person, business, or sovereign entity to renegotiate their loan terms with their creditor. This typically involves reducing the interest rate and/or increasing the repayment term.

## What Is Debt Restructuring?

Debt restructuring is a process used by companies, individuals, and even countries to avoid the risk of [defaulting](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/default2.asp) on their existing debts, such as by negotiating lower interest rates. Debt restructuring provides a less expensive alternative to [bankruptcy](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bankruptcy.asp) when a debtor is in financial turmoil, and it can work to the benefit of both borrower and lender.

### Key Takeaways:

*   Debt restructuring allows companies, individuals, and countries to alter loan terms, reducing the risk of default and potential bankruptcy.
*   Companies might use debt-for-equity swaps and renegotiate interest rates or repayment dates to manage financial obligations.
*   Sovereign nations can transfer private debt to public institutions, potentially softening the impact of a default on their economy.
*   Individuals can negotiate loan terms independently or with [assistance](https://www.investopedia.com/the-best-debt-relief-companies-8763179), but must be wary of potential scams when seeking help.

## How Debt Restructuring Works

Some companies seek to restructure their debt when they're facing the prospect of bankruptcy. The [debt restructuring process](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/040715/what-are-some-strategies-companies-commonly-use-reduce-their-debt-capital-ratio.asp) typically involves getting lenders to agree to reduce the interest rates on loans, extend the dates when the company’s liabilities are due to be paid, or both. These steps improve the company’s chances of paying back its obligations and staying in business. Creditors know they would get less if the company went bankrupt or [liquidated](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/liquidation.asp).

Debt restructuring can be a win-win for both sides because the business avoids bankruptcy and the lenders typically receive more than they would've through a bankruptcy proceeding.

The process works much the same for individuals and nations, although on vastly different scales.

> **Important**
>
> Individuals hoping to restructure their debts can hire a debt relief company to help in the negotiations. But they should make sure they're dealing with a reputable one, not a scam.

## Different Forms of Debt Restructuring Explained

### Corporate Debt Restructuring Strategies

Businesses have several tools to restructure their debts. One is a [debt-for-equity swap](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/06/debtequityswap.asp). This happens when creditors cancel some or all of a company's debts for equity (part ownership). A swap is preferred when the debt and company assets are large, and closing the business would be unwise. The creditors would rather take control of the distressed company, if that's necessary, as an ongoing concern.

A company seeking to restructure its debt might also renegotiate with its bondholders to "take a [haircut](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/haircut.asp)"—meaning that a portion of the outstanding interest payments will be written off or a portion of the balance won't be repaid.

A company will often issue [callable bonds](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/07/callable_bonds.asp) to protect itself from a situation in which it can't make its interest payments. A bond with a callable feature can be redeemed early by the issuer in times of decreasing interest rates. This allows the issuer to restructure debt in the future because the existing debt can be replaced with new debt at a lower interest rate.

In rare cases, a company can issue [income bonds](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/incomebond.asp) that promise to repay the principal only without coupon or dividend payments.

### Sovereign Debt Restructuring Approaches

Countries have often faced default on their [sovereign debt](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sovereign-debt.asp) throughout history. In modern times, some countries opt to restructure their debt with bondholders. This may involve moving debt from the private to public sector, which can better handle default impacts.

Sovereign bondholders may also have to take a haircut by agreeing to accept a reduced percentage of what they're owed, perhaps 25% of their bonds' full value. The [maturity dates](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/maturitydate.asp) on bonds can also be extended, giving the government issuer more time to secure the funds it needs to repay its bondholders.

Unfortunately, this type of debt restructuring doesn't have much international oversight, even when restructuring efforts cross borders.

### Personal Debt Restructuring Options

Individuals facing insolvency can try to renegotiate terms with their creditors and the tax authorities. For instance, if someone can't pay a $250,000 mortgage, they might negotiate to reduce it to $187,500. In return, the lender might receive 40% of the house sale proceeds when it's sold by the mortgagor.

Individuals can negotiate on their own or with help from a trustworthy debt relief company. This is an area that's rife with scams, so they should make sure they know whom they're involving. Investopedia publishes a regularly updated list of the [best debt relief companies](https://www.investopedia.com/the-best-debt-relief-companies-8763179).

## The Bottom Line

Debt restructuring offers a viable option for companies, individuals, and countries to manage financial distress and avoid bankruptcy. By renegotiating loan terms, reducing interest rates, extending payment deadlines, or converting debt into equity, stakeholders can potentially secure more favorable outcomes. Individuals should exercise caution and seek reputable assistance to avoid scams, while businesses might consider debt-for-equity swaps or issuing callable bonds. Countries often negotiate with bondholders to avert default. Ultimately, debt restructuring can benefit all parties involved by providing a strategic pathway to financial stability.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Federal Trade Commission. "[Debt Relief and Credit Repair Scams](https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/media-resources/consumer-finance/debt-relief-credit-repair-scams)."