# Understanding Collusion: Definition, Examples, and Prevention

## What Is Collusion?

Collusion is a secret and unlawful agreement where competitors work together to disrupt market balance, aiming for mutual advantage. Typically illegal in the U.S., collusion involves activities like price fixing and insider information exchange. These deceptive practices give colluding parties an unfair market edge.

### Key Takeaways

*   Collusion is an illegal, secretive agreement between companies to disrupt market equilibrium for collective gain.
*   Common collusive practices include price fixing, synchronized advertising, and sharing insider information.
*   U.S. antitrust laws and the potential for defection act as significant deterrents to collusion.
*   The 2015 court ruling against Apple highlights the legal ramifications of collusive actions.
*   Whistleblower laws protect individuals who report collusion from retaliation.  
    

## Exploring Different Forms of Collusion

Collusion can take many forms across market types. Groups collectively obtain an unfair advantage in each scenario.

One of the most common ways of colluding is [price fixing](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fixing.asp). This occurs when there are a small number of companies in a particular supply marketplace, commonly referred to as an [oligopoly](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/oligopoly.asp). These businesses offer the same product and form an agreement to set the price level. Prices may be forcibly lowered to drive out smaller competitors or they may have an inflated level to support the interest of the group at a disadvantage to the buyer.

> **Important**
>
> Price fixing reduces competition and creates higher barriers for new businesses.

Collusion may also occur when companies synchronize their advertising campaigns. The partnering businesses might want to limit the consumers’ knowledge about a product or service for an added advantage in this case.

Collective partnering through the use of [insider information](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/insiderinformation.asp) can also be a type of collusion in the financial industry. Colluding groups might have the opportunity to gain several advantages through the sharing of private or [preliminary information](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/preliminaryprospectus.asp). This financial collusion can allow the parties to enter and exit trades before the shared information is publicly available.

## Key Deterrents of Collusion Practices

Collusion is an illegal practice in the United States and this significantly deters its use. [Antitrust](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/antitrust.asp) laws aim to prevent collusion between companies. They make it complicated to coordinate and execute an agreement to collude. It's also difficult for companies to partake in collusion in industries that have strict supervision.

Defection is another key deterrent to collusion. A company that initially agrees to take part in a collusion agreement might defect and undercut the profits of the remaining members. The company that defects might also act as a [whistleblower](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/whistleblower.asp) and report the collusion to the appropriate authorities.

## A Case Study: Apple's E-Book Pricing Controversy

A New York appeals court upheld a 2013 ruling against tech behemoth Apple in 2015. The multinational technology giant appealed the lower court's finding that the company had illegally conspired with five of the biggest book publishers on the pricing of ebooks.

The court sided with the plaintiffs. Apple's goals were to promote the new iPad and stop Amazon from lowering ebook prices. The case led to a $450 million settlement in which Apple paid purchasers twice their losses.

## What Are Duopolies?

A duopoly exists when just two firms dominate a market but it can also refer to a market in which two firms control more than 70% of the market share.

## What Are Some Antitrust Laws?

Antitrust laws limit and [regulate the market power of a firm](https://www.investopedia.com/apple-anti-trust-cases-what-they-mean-for-you-11730298) to protect against competition because competition benefits consumers. The Sherman Act was the first antitrust law passed in 1890. It was followed by the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Act in 1914. The Clayton Act was last amended in 1976. These are all federal laws.

## What Are Some Whistleblower Laws?

Whistleblower laws can be imposed at both the federal and state level. The most common of them protect employees from retaliation such as termination or discrimination for disclosing acts of wrongdoing by a company or firm. The federal Whistleblower Protection Act shields all government employees.

## Final Thoughts on Collusion and Market Influence

Collusion involves secret agreements between competing entities to manipulate market conditions or pricing to gain unfair advantages. This practice is illegal in the United States, and both antitrust and whistleblower laws are in place to deter such activities and protect individuals who report them.

Understanding these laws is crucial for safeguarding market integrity and ensuring fair competition. If you suspect or witness collusion, consult a legal expert to address potential violations and protect your rights.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Yahoo! Finance. "[Apple Slapped With $450 Million Fine for Price-Fixing](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/apple-slapped-450-million-fine-045246124.html)."
>     
> 2.  Economicshelp.org. "[Duopoly](https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/duopoly/)."
>     
> 3.  Federal Trade Commission. "[The Antitrust Laws](https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-laws)."
>     
> 4.  Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute. "[Whistleblower Law](https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/whistleblower_law)."