# Bailouts Explained: Key Concepts, Mechanisms, and Historical Cases

## What Is a Bailout?

A bailout happens when a government or big organization gives money to a struggling company or industry to avoid failure. Bailouts can save jobs, support key industries, boost investor confidence, and stabilize the economy. They can take the form of loans, cash infusions, and/or stock purchases. Governments may also look at corporate restructuring and management changes, if necessary. Major financial institutions and U.S. automakers received bailouts through the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) from the U.S. federal government during the 2008 financial crisis. 

### Key Takeaways

*   A bailout involves financial support to prevent a company or industry's collapse, protecting the broader economy from severe disruption.  
    
*   Notable bailouts include the U.S. government's 2008 intervention to stabilize financial institutions during the financial crisis.  
    
*   Bailouts can prevent job losses and maintain economic stability but also pose risks like moral hazard, promoting risky corporate behavior.  
    
*   Terms of bailouts often require restructuring, management changes, and increased accountability to ensure long-term financial stability.  
    
*   Historical examples of bailouts span numerous industries and countries, highlighting their global significance in economic stability.

## How Bailouts Influence Industries and Economies

Bailouts usually target companies whose failure would seriously harm the [economy](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economy.asp), not just one sector.

A company with many workers might get a bailout to prevent high unemployment. Sometimes, other companies buy the failing business in a bailout takeover. Often, other companies will step in and acquire the failing business, known as a bailout takeover.

Letting a company fail can seriously affect it and the broader economy, as seen in [contagion](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/contagion.asp) cases. Here are more reasons why bailouts may be necessary.

*   **Job losses**: If a company fails, it may result in significant job losses, which can have ripple effects throughout the economy. Unemployment can lead to reduced consumer spending, decreased tax revenue, and a higher burden on social safety net programs.
*   **Economic instability**: When a large company fails, it can cause economic instability, particularly if it has significant ties to other companies or industries. This can lead to a domino effect, with other companies failing and causing even more economic damage.
*   **Loss of investor confidence**: Allowing a company to fail can erode investor confidence and lead to a wider loss of trust in the financial system and stock market at large. This can make it more difficult for other companies to raise capital, potentially leading to a downward spiral in the economy.
*   **Legal complications**: The process of allowing a company to fail can be complicated and messy, particularly if the company has many outstanding debts or complex legal obligations. This can result in lengthy legal proceedings that can be costly and time-consuming.

Overall, letting a company fail is sometimes necessary but seen as a last resort, often avoided with bailouts or other financial help.

## Major Bailouts in History and Their Outcomes

The U.S. government has a [long history of bailouts](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/government-financial-bailout.asp) going back to the Panic of 1792. Since that time, the government has assisted financial institutions during the 1989 savings and loan bailout, rescued insurance giant American International Group ([AIG](https://www.investopedia.com/markets/quote?tvwidgetsymbol=aig)), funded the government-sponsored home lenders Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and stabilized banks during the 2008 "too big to fail" bailout, officially known as the [Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/emergency-economic-stability-act.asp) (EESA). Further, the financial industry is not the only one to receive rescue funds throughout the years. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation ([LMT](https://www.investopedia.com/markets/quote?tvwidgetsymbol=lmt)), Chrysler, General Motors ([GM](https://www.investopedia.com/markets/quote?tvwidgetsymbol=gm)), and the airline industry also received government and other bailout support.

In 2010, Ireland bailed out Anglo-Irish Bank Corporation for €29.3 billion. Greece received European Union (EU) bailouts which topped the scale at around €326 billion. However, Greece is not alone in needing outside help to manage debts. Other rescues include South Korea in 1997, Indonesia in 1999, Brazil in 1998, 2001, and 2002, and Argentina in 2000 and 2001.

Many businesses that [receive rescue funding](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090716/why-bank-bailins-will-be-new-bailouts.asp) eventually repay their loans. Chrysler and GM repaid their Treasury obligations, as did AIG. However, AIG received aid that wasn't just financial, making it harder to track.

As you can see, bailouts take many shapes and forms. Also, with each new bailout, the record books are reopened, and a new biggest recipient award is updated. Consider some of these other historical financial rescues.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> During the Panic of 1792, debt from the Revolutionary War led the government to bail out the 13 United States.

### Lessons From the 2008 Financial Crisis Bailout

The U.S. government offered one of the most massive bailouts in history in 2008 in the wake of the global financial crisis. The rescue targeted the largest [financial institutions](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/061615/what-are-major-categories-financial-institutions-and-what-are-their-primary-roles.asp) in the world who experienced severe losses from the collapse of the [subprime mortgage](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/subprime_mortgage.asp) market and the resulting [credit crisis](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/credit-crisis.asp). Banks, which had been providing an increasing number of mortgages to borrowers with low credit scores, experienced massive loan losses as many people defaulted on their mortgages.

Financial institutions such as Countrywide, Lehman Brothers, and Bear Stearns failed, and the government responded with a massive assistance package. On Oct. 3, 2008, President George W. Bush signed into law the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which led to the creation of the [Troubled Asset Relief Program](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/troubled-asset-relief-program-tarp.asp) (TARP). TARP allowed for the United States Department of the Treasury to spend up to $700 billion to purchase toxic assets from the balance sheets of dozens of financial institutions. By its end, TARP disbursed over $443 billion to financial institutions. This figure represents the biggest bailout in financial history to date.

> **Fast Fact**
>
> Bear Stearns, a major investment bank with $2 billion in profits in 2006, was acquired by JP Morgan Chase in 2008.

### Rescuing the Auto Industry: A Closer Look at Financial Interventions

Automakers such as Chrysler and General Motors (GM) were also knocked down during the 2008 financial crisis. The automakers sought a taxpayer bailout as well, arguing that, without one, they would not be able to stay solvent.

Automakers were under pressure as slumping sales plunged amid the dual impacts of surging gas prices and an inability for many consumers to get auto loans. More specifically, the high prices at the pump caused sales of the manufacturers' SUVs and larger vehicles to plummet. Simultaneously, the public found it difficult to get financing, including auto loans, during the financial crisis as banks tightened their lending requirements, further hampering auto sales.

While intended for financial companies, the two automakers ended up [drawing roughly $63.5 billion from TARP](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/12/auto-industry.asp) to stay afloat. In June 2009, Chrysler, now Fiat-Chrysler ([FCAU](https://www.investopedia.com/markets/quote?tvwidgetsymbol=fcau)), and GM emerged from bankruptcy and remain among the larger auto producers today.

As of April 2021, the U.S. Treasury has recouped $377 billion of the $443 billion it dispersed, and GM and Chrysler paid back their TARP loans years ahead of schedule. The U.S. Treasury ultimately wrote off approximately $66 billion, including stock losses.

## Why Bailout a Company?

A company may need a bailout if it is facing severe financial difficulties that threaten its survival, such as mounting debts, declining revenue, or a sudden downturn in the market. A bailout can provide the company with the necessary funds to continue operating, restructure its operations, and pay off its debts. Usually, a company would be bailed out only if allowing it to fail would have significant consequences for the wider economy.

The benefits of a bailout are that it can prevent the collapse of a company or organization and its industry, preserve jobs, and maintain economic stability. This is especially true if a company's collapse will have ripple effects that can bring about even more corporate failures.

## What Are the Risks of Bailouts?

The risks of a bailout include the possibility of [moral hazard](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/moralhazard.asp), where companies may become reckless and take on too much risk knowing that they will be bailed out if they do fail. Another risk is the cost to taxpayers or other investors who may have to foot the bill for the bailout without seeing much upside.

## What Are the Terms of a Bailout?

The terms of a bailout will vary on a case-by-case basis; however, there will usually be set conditions or requirements for receiving a bailout, such as a restructuring plan or changes to the company's management and operations. Bailouts may also come with certain strings attached, such as limitations on executive compensation, debt limits, or increased oversight and accountability measures. These conditions are intended to ensure that the company is able to become financially stable and avoid the need for future bailouts.

## The Bottom Line

A bailout occurs when a third party, usually a government or government agency, steps in to save a company or companies by providing them with capital, credit, and other forms of support. A bailout is usually initiated when the consequences of allowing the company or companies to fail would lead to contagion and create even greater systemic risk. In addition to the government, other corporations, private individuals, or non-profit organizations may also get involved. When a company accepts a bailout, it will often see its management team replaced and its debts restructured. The company may also be put up for sale. As a result, existing shareholders may not always be saved by a bailout.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  U.S. Congress. "[Public Law 110-343, Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008](https://www.congress.gov/110/plaws/publ343/PLAW-110publ343.htm)."
>     
> 2.  Irish Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General. "[2010 Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General Volume 1](https://www.audit.gov.ie/en/find-report/publications/report%20on%20the%20accounts%20of%20the%20public%20services/central-government-and-revenue-accounts-of-public-services-2010.pdf)," Page 36.
>     
> 3.  Council on Foreign Relations. "[Greece's Debt, 1974 - 2018](https://www.cfr.org/timeline/greeces-debt-crisis-timeline)."
>     
> 4.  National Bureau of Economic Research. "[The U.S. Panic of 1792: Financial Crisis Management and the Lender of Last Resort](https://users.nber.org/~confer/2006/si2006/dae/sylla.pdf)," Page 5.
>     
> 5.  Congressional Budget Office. "[Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program—July 2021](https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57341)."
>     
> 6.  U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "[JPMorgan Chase and Bear Stearns Announce Amended Merger Agreement and Agreement for JPMorgan Chase to Purchase 39.5% of Bear Stearns](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/19617/000089882208000320/pressrelease.htm)."
>     
> 7.  U.S. Department of the Treasury. "[Auto Industry Program Review](https://home.treasury.gov/data/troubled-assets-relief-program/automotive-programs/overview)."