# Understanding Rebates: Definition, Types, and Comparison to Discounts

![Rebate: A sum of money credited or returned to a customer on completion of a transaction or a portion of interest or dividends paid by a short seller to the owner of the security being sold short.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/Cpsvf_x-pskTqCMeROPMGzrNhy4=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/rebate.asp-final-81861d85238348799fb30f4c30a0a787.png)

*Rebates are often used by business as a marketing tool, since they are helpful in drawing the interest of customers. — Investopedia*

> **Definition**
>
> A rebate is a sum of money returned to a buyer after a transaction, or it can refer to a fee paid by a short seller to the owner of borrowed securities.

## What Is a Rebate?

A rebate is broadly defined as a return or credit of money to a customer after a transaction is completed. In financial markets, rebates are common in short-sale transactions, where [short sellers](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shortselling.asp) pay a portion of interest or dividends to the stock's lender, typically through a [margin account](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marginaccount.asp).

Beyond trading, rebates are widely used in marketing, such as mail-in rebates for appliances or cash-back offers on vehicles, to encourage purchases. Unlike discounts, which reduce the price upfront, rebates often require post-purchase actions and may be conditional, making them more complex.  

### Key Takeaways

*   A rebate is money returned to a buyer after a purchase, often used as a marketing tool to attract customers.
*   Rebates differ from discounts; rebates are collected post-purchase, whereas discounts are deducted before buying.
*   Short sellers pay rebate fees in a short-sale transaction, a fee to the lender of borrowed shares.
*   In short sales, rebates are facilitated by margin accounts, requiring significant sums to be held against potential losses.
*   Vehicle rebates are often funded by manufacturers and must be fully passed on to the consumer by dealers.

## The Role of Rebates as a Marketing Tool

Businesses offer rebates for many reasons, mainly because they are a potent marketing tool, drawing customers who are attracted to the prospect of receiving cash back on expensive items.

While companies sometimes take a loss on a rebated product, they often find a way to squeeze out a profit on them. And even when they do take a loss, customers who purchase items with rebates may buy other items in the store, giving the business a [net profit](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/net_margin.asp).

Some companies "price protect" certain products by offering rebates on others, hoping that sales of products with rebates will allow them to keep other products at a higher price point.

### The Dynamics of Mail-In Rebates

The mail-in rebate is one of the most familiar types of consumer rebates.

Since they require a certain amount of effort, some consumers fail to take advantage of them. Many businesses take this into account when deciding to offer a [mail-in rebate](https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0810/how-mail-in-rebates-rip-you-off.aspx). Knowing in advance that only a certain proportion of customers will take the cash back, companies can estimate an average price reduction less than the rebate amount.

### How Vehicle Rebates Work and Impact Vehicle Sales

Rebates are commonly offered on sales of new vehicles.

Typically, the vehicle manufacturer pays for the rebate rather than the dealer. The manufacturer gives money to the dealer, who then transfers it to the consumer.

By law, dealers must pass on the full amount of the rebate to the customer, provided the customer qualifies for it.

Rebates sometimes harm the resale value of vehicles since they effectively lower their sticker price.

## Comparing Rebates, Discounts, and Interest Rate Reductions

Rebates are collected after payment, while discounts are taken before purchase. Discounts are more likely to be offered by retailers, while rebates are more likely to be offered by manufacturers, such as automakers.

Reduced [interest rates](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/interestrate.asp), by contrast, lower the monthly payments on large purchases such as vehicles.

Car shoppers are sometimes presented with a choice of a rebate or a reduced interest rate when purchasing a car. The rebate option will give the buyer more immediate cash in hand, but a lower interest rate can provide more significant savings in the long run.

## Understanding Rebates in Securities Trading

A short seller in the financial markets is betting that a stock or other asset will decline in price.

Short sellers sell [securities](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/security.asp) that they do not own. In order to do that, the trader must first borrow the stock from its owner and deliver it to the buyer. When a trader short-sells, the stock must reach the buyer by the [settlement date](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/settlementdate.asp).

The goal of selling short is to profit from a price decline in a stock by buying it at a lower price after the sale.

Short selling carries [unlimited risk](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/unlimitedrisk.asp) because share prices can rise endlessly. That said, a trader can exit a short sale at any time to cap the risk.

If [dividends](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dividend.asp) are paid during the period that the stock is borrowed, the borrower must pay the dividends to the lender. Similarly, if [bonds](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bond.asp) are sold short, any interest paid on the borrowed bond must be forwarded to the lender.

When a short seller borrows shares, the seller or the seller's broker might pay a rebate fee with interest to the lender of the shares.

It is difficult for individual investors to qualify for a rebate as it requires holding a substantial sum in a trading account. Generally, large institutions, [market makers](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketmaker.asp), and traders with broker/dealer status are beneficiaries of rebates.

### What to Know About Short Sale Rebate Fees

When a short seller borrows shares to make delivery to the buyer, the seller must pay a rebate fee. This fee depends on the dollar amount of the sale and the availability of the shares in the marketplace. If the shares are difficult or expensive to borrow, the rebate fee will be higher.

In some instances, the brokerage firm will force the short seller to buy the securities in the market before the settlement date. This is referred to as a forced [buy-in](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/buyin.asp). A brokerage firm may require a forced buy-in if it believes that the shares might not be available on the settlement date.

Before going short, a trader should check with their broker what the short sale rebate fee is for that stock. If the fee is too high, it may not be worth shorting the stock.

### Utilizing Margin Accounts in Short Stock Rebates

[Regulation T](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/regulationt.asp) requires all short sales to be in a margin account.. A margin account requires the investor to deposit 150% of the value of the short sale trade. For instance, a $10,000 short sale requires a $15,000 deposit.

Since short sellers are exposed to unlimited losses, a substantial deposit is required to protect the brokerage firm from potential losses in a customer’s account. If the price of the security increases, the short seller will be asked to deposit more money to protect against larger losses. If the price continues to rise on a position, causing a larger loss, and the borrower is unable to deposit more capital, the short position will be liquidated.

The borrower is liable for all losses, even if those losses are greater than the capital in the account.

For example, assume a trader shorts 100 shares at $50. They are short $5,000 worth of stock and are therefore required to maintain a balance of 50% more than that, or $7,500. If the stock drops, there is no problem, since the short seller is making money. But if the stock rises rapidly, the trader could face significant losses and may be required to put more money in the account.

If the stock jumps overnight to $80 per share and the trader is unable to get out before that, it will cost them $8,000 to get out of that position. The trader must increase the account capital to $12,000 to keep the trade open, or exit the trade and take the loss. If they take the loss, it is -$30 per share, multiplied by 100 shares, which is -$3,000. This will be deducted from the $7,500 balance, leaving them with only $4,500, minus fees.

## Real-World Rebate Example

Suppose a trader borrows $10,000 worth of stock ABC with the intention of shorting it. The trader has agreed to a 5% simple interest rate on the trade settlement date. This means that the trader's account balance should be $10,500 by the time the trade is settled.

The trader is responsible for transferring $500 to the investor, or the person they borrowed the shares from to make the trade, on the trade settlement date.

## The Bottom Line

Rebates serve two distinct purposes: as marketing incentives for consumers and as payments in securities trading. Consumer rebates, unlike discounts, are often claimed after purchase and help businesses attract buyers while boosting sales.

In short selling, rebates involve compensating the lender of borrowed shares, typically managed through a margin account and carrying added complexities and fees. Understanding these differences, and the risks and costs of short selling, is essential for making informed financial decisions.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  New York State Attorney General. “[Advertising Guidelines for Auto Dealers](https://ag.ny.gov/publications/advertising-guidelines-auto-dealers).”
>     
> 2.  U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. “[Investor Bulletin: an Introduction to Short Sales](https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-and-bulletins/ib_shortsalesintro).”
>     
> 3.  Kotak Securities. “[Stock Loan Rebate: Defining Meaning, Considerations and Practical Examples](https://www.kotaksecurities.com/share-market/what-is-a-stock-loan-rebate/).”
>     
> 4.  Code of Federal Regulations. "[Part 220—Credit by Brokers and Dealers (Regulation T)](https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=5bba5701d15494aad3b884c5fd933290&mc=true&node=pt12.3.220&rgn=div5)."
>     
> 5.  Charles Schwab. “[Short Selling: the Risks and Rewards](https://www.schwab.com/learn/story/ins-and-outs-short-selling).”