# Understanding the Eclectic Paradigm: Definition, Examples, and Benefits

![Eclectic Paradigm: A three-tiered evaluation framework companies can follow to determine if it is beneficial to pursue foreign direct investment.](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/l7HhM8JZHtiTbMejKrDTUdLHxBY=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Eclecticparadigm_final-1e9a7595b3a642f688cdcadd0ab9671f.png)

*— Investopedia / Michela Buttignol*

## What Is an Eclectic Paradigm?

The eclectic paradigm, also known as the OLI framework, provides a strategic evaluation method for companies considering foreign direct investments (FDI). By analyzing ownership, location, and internalization advantages, businesses can determine the most cost-effective and beneficial approaches to expand internationally while maintaining quality. This paradigm is instrumental in assessing whether performing specific functions in one location offers greater value compared to national or international alternatives.

### Key Takeaways

*   The Eclectic Paradigm, also known as the OLI model, is a framework used by businesses to evaluate the benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI).  
    
*   This paradigm considers three main factors: ownership, location, and internalization advantages.  
    
*   Ownership advantages involve proprietary information and rights that provide a competitive edge, such as branding and patents.  
    
*   Location advantages assess whether operating in a specific country offers significant benefits, like resource availability and cost-effectiveness.  
    
*   Internalization advantages determine if it is more beneficial for a company to produce in-house or partner with local businesses in a foreign market.

## How the Eclectic Paradigm Framework Operates

The eclectic paradigm examines the full relationships and interactions among different parts of a business. The paradigm provides a strategy for operation expansion through FDI. The goal is to find out if one approach offers more value than other national or international options for making goods or services. 

Businesses use the eclectic paradigm to find cost-effective options that still maintain quality in promising scenarios. 

## The Three Pillars of the Eclectic Paradigm: Ownership, Location, Internalization

For FDI to be beneficial, the following advantages must be evident:

The first factor, ownership advantages, includes a company's proprietary information and [ownership rights](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/actual-owner.asp). These may consist of branding, copyright, trademark or patent rights, plus the use and management of internally-available skills. Ownership advantages are typically considered to be intangible. These advantages give a business a competitive edge, like having a reputation for reliability. 

The second factor is location advantage, which involves evaluating if a country offers a comparative advantage for certain business functions. These considerations, often fixed, involve comparing resource availability and costs between different locations. [Location advantage](https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0410/the-5-factors-of-a-good-location.aspx) can refer to natural or created resources, but either way, they are generally immobile, requiring a partnership with a foreign investor in that location to be utilized to full advantage.

Finally, **internalization advantages**, signal when it is better for an organization to produce a particular product in-house, versus contracting with a third-party. Sometimes it's cheaper for a company to run operations from another market while keeping work in-house. If a business [outsource](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/outsourcing.asp)s production, it might need to negotiate with local producers. However, taking an outsourcing route only makes financial sense if the contracting company can meet the organization’s needs and quality standards at a lower cost. Perhaps the foreign company can also offer a greater degree of local market knowledge, or even more skilled employees who can make a better product.

## Case Study: Eclectic Paradigm in Action

According to Research Methodology, an independent research and analyst firm, the eclectic paradigm were applied by [Shanghai Vision Technology Company](https://research-methodology.net/dunning-eclectic-paradigm/), in its decision to export its 3D printers and other innovative tech offerings. While their choice strongly considered the disadvantage of higher tariffs and transportation costs, their [internationalization strategy](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/internationalization.asp) ultimately allowed them to flourish in new markets.

## The Bottom Line

The eclectic paradigm, or OLI framework, offers a strategic model used by companies to evaluate the benefits of foreign direct investment. By analyzing ownership, location, and internalization advantages, businesses can determine whether expanding operations through FDI will yield greater value than other alternatives. This approach emphasizes cost-effectiveness while maintaining quality, helping companies like Shanghai Vision Technology Company successfully navigate international markets despite potential drawbacks such as higher tariffs and transportation costs. Understanding the eclectic paradigm empowers companies to make informed decisions about international expansion.