# Negotiable Order of Withdrawal Account: Overview, History

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## What Is a Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW) Account?

A Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW) Account is an interest-earning [demand deposit](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/demanddeposit.asp) account. Customers with such accounts are permitted to write drafts against money held on deposit. They are also known as " NOW Accounts."

### Key Takeaways

*   A NOW Account was a popular interest-earning demand deposit account before reforms from the Dodd-Frank Act, which was passed in 2010 in response to the financial crisis.
*   NOW Accounts served as an interest-bearing option for liquid funds.
*   The Dodd-Frank Act repealed Regulation Q, which prohibited interest payment on demand deposit accounts.
*   Today, banks usually no longer offer NOW Accounts because they can offer a range of interest rates on ordinary checking accounts and other savings instruments.

## Understanding the Negotiable Order of Withdrawal Account

In the search to optimize returns on liquid funds, investors have [several choices](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/091815/5-best-alternatives-bank-saving-accounts.asp), including interest-bearing [checking accounts](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/checkingaccount.asp), high-yield savings accounts, money market accounts, and certificates of deposit (CDs).

People seeking these types of accounts often turn to [commercial banks](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/commercialbank.asp), mutual savings banks, and savings and loan associations.

Up until 2011, NOW Accounts were a viable choice for consumers looking to get at least some return from their idle cash. Before the 2010 [Dodd-Frank Act](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dodd-frank-financial-regulatory-reform-bill.asp), U.S. banking regulations distinguished between "NOW Accounts" and "demand deposit accounts," although similarities existed. This was because [Regulation Q (Reg Q)](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/regulationq.asp) prohibited banks from paying any interest on demand deposit checking accounts.

> **Important**
>
> NOW Accounts and Super NOW Accounts were demand deposit alternatives with a temporary holding period that could pay some interest. In 2011, Dodd-Frank repealed Req Q, allowing banks to pay interest on demand deposits, eliminating any advantage that NOW Accounts offered.

## History of Negotiable Order of Withdrawal Accounts

The history of preventing depositors from earning interest on accounts dates back to the [Great Depression](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/great_depression.asp). Significant bank turmoil marked this era in the 1930s. Many viewed the interest payments on demand deposits as “excessive competition,” leading to diminished profit margins. This was primarily a factor for large New York banks.

As [interest rates](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/082113/understanding-interest-rates-nominal-real-and-effective.asp) rose in the 1950s, many banks began trying to get around the ban. This started with non-monetary rewards, such as offering more convenient features, additional branch offices, and giveaways of consumer goods to attract new customers.

Implicit interest also gradually gained traction. This included preferred [loan](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/loan.asp) rates, which banks often correlated with customers' demand deposit balances. Banks also began to display below-cost charges for common services, such as check-clearing.

Ronald Haselton, the former president and chief executive officer of the Worcester, Massachusetts-based Consumer Savings Bank, was the first to officially develop the NOW Account. This directly challenged the ban on [interest](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/interest.asp) payments on deposit accounts. In 1974, Congress permitted NOW Accounts in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. In 1976, the allowance was extended to all of New England with a 5% interest rate ceiling. These accounts also required a seven-day advance notice.

### Note

In 1980, access to NOW Accounts was expanded nationwide. Then, in 1986, the 5% ceiling was lifted on these accounts. The ceiling removal led to a new iteration of the NOW Account, the [Super NOW Account](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/supernowaccount.asp). Super NOW Accounts were known for offering higher interest rates than regular NOW Accounts.

Later, provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act led to the repeal of Reg Q in 2011. The repeal fully eliminated the prohibition on interest-earning checking accounts, giving banks much broader latitude to develop interest-paying checking account offerings.

## NOW Accounts vs. Demand Deposit Accounts

Today, NOW Accounts are generally a thing of the past. Beyond the interest benefit, their main difference from demand deposit checking accounts when they were widely available was the seven-day holding period, which required customers to plan ahead for a possible seven-day advance notice. Not all banks invoked the holding period, but it was the main attribute that characterized the accounts, along with their measurable interest rate.

After the repeal of Req Q, checking account offerings became more widely varied. Throughout history, checking accounts have been relied on for [immediate withdrawals](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fdic-insured-account.asp). They are also relied on by banks for some short-term cash funding needs.

In general, competition among mainstream banks is relatively low, with most banks offering little to no interest. Accounts that offer the highest relative interest rates usually have extensive requirements for balance levels, routine direct deposits, and [debit card](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/debitcard.asp) usage. Specialty checking account products can also include cash-back offers or other simple extra features.

## Why Did NOW Accounts Cease To Be Offered by Banks?

Today, NOW Accounts aren't technically banned or discontinued, but since 2011, when Regulation Q was repealed, the prohibition on interest-earning checking accounts is gone. So banks were given much more latitude to offer interest-paying checking account offerings and didn't need to continue NOW Accounts.

## What's the Full Name of a NOW Account?

A NOW Account is the abbreviated name for a Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW) Account, which is an interest-earning demand deposit checking account.

## What Is a Demand Deposit Account?

A demand deposit account is a bank account in which the funds held can be withdrawn at any time without giving the bank advance notice. They are usually thought of as checking accounts, are highly liquid, and offer little to no interest.

## The Bottom Line

A Negotiable Order of Withdrawal, or NOW, Account was a popular type of interest-earning demand deposit account before banking system reforms made by the Dodd-Frank Act, which was passed in 2010 in response to the financial crisis.

NOW Accounts were an interest-bearing option for liquid funds. But after the Dodd-Frank Act repealed Regulation Q, which banned paying interest on demand deposit accounts, banks have no reason to offer NOW Accounts because they can instead offer a range of interest on various checking accounts and other savings instruments.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  The Federal Reserve. "[Federal Reserve Issues Final Rule To Repeal Regulation Q, Which Prohibited the Payment of Interest on Demand Deposits](https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/bcreg20110714a.htm)."
>     
> 2.  The New York Times. "[BUSINESS PEOPLE: Haselton Brothers' Role in Banking Innovations](https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/04/business/business-people-haselton-brothers-role-in-banking-innovations.html)."
>     
> 3.  Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. " ['NOW' Accounts](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/federal-reserve-bank-new-york-circulars-466/7292-accounts-476109/fulltext)."
>     
> 4.  Frodin, Joanna H. and Startz, Richard. "[The NOW Account Experiment and the Demand for Money](https://rodneywhitecenter.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/7911.pdf)," Page 4. Working Paper, Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research, University of Pennsylvania, The Wharton School.
>     
> 5.  Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "[NOW Accounts Go Nationwide](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/frbatlreview/pages/66420_1980-1984.pdf)," Page 1.
>     
> 6.  Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "[Requiem for Regulation Q: What It Did and Why It Passed Away](https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/publications/review/86/02/Requiem_Feb1986.pdf)," Page 31.