# Basel II Explained: Banking Regulations, Purpose, and Key Reforms

## What Is Basel II?

Released in 2004, Basel II is a pivotal [banking regulation](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/financial-regulatory-body.asp) framework by the [Basel Committee on Banking Supervision](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/baselcommittee.asp). It strengthens the principles of Basel I by setting comprehensive guidelines for minimum capital requirements and regulatory supervision, aiming to enhance transparency and risk management in the banking sector.

### Key Takeaways

*   Basel II is a set of international banking regulations introduced in 2004 to strengthen minimum capital requirements and enhance regulatory supervision and market discipline.  
    
*   The accord is built on three pillars: minimum capital requirements, regulatory supervision, and market discipline, with a focus on banks maintaining a capital reserve of at least 8% of their risk-weighted assets.  
    
*   Despite its intentions, Basel II was criticized for underestimating risks during the 2008 financial crisis, leading to the development of Basel III for improved oversight and regulation.  
    
*   Basel II introduced risk-weighted assets and required banks' capital ranking into three tiers to ensure better risk management.  
    
*   The Basel Committee, which oversees these accords, lacks enforcement power but relies on member countries' regulators to implement and potentially enforce stricter rules.  
    

## How Basel II Enhances Banking Supervision and Market Discipline

Basel II is the second of three [Basel Accords](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/basel_accord.asp). It is based on three main "pillars": minimum capital requirements, regulatory supervision, and market discipline. Minimum capital requirements play the most important role in Basel II and obligate banks to maintain certain ratios of capital to their risk-weighted assets.

Because banking regulations varied significantly among countries before the introduction of the Basel Accords, the unified framework of Basel I (and subsequently, Basel II) helped countries standardize their rules and alleviate market anxiety regarding risks in the banking system. The Basel Framework currently consists of 14 standards.

The Basel Committee is made up of 45 members from 28 countries and other jurisdictions, representing central banks and supervisory authorities. It has no legal authority to enforce its rules but relies on the regulators in its member countries to do so. Those regulators are expected to follow the Basel rules in full but also have the discretion to impose even stricter ones. For example, in the United States, the regulators are the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

## Core Requirements of Basel II for Banks

Building on Basel I, Basel II provided guidelines for the calculation of [minimum regulatory capital ratios](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/risk-based-capital-requirement.asp) and confirmed the requirement that banks maintain a capital reserve equal to at least 8% of their risk-weighted assets.

Basel II divides the eligible regulatory capital of a bank into three tiers. The higher the tier, the more secure and [liquid](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/liquidity.asp) its assets.

[Tier 1 capital](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tier1capital.asp) represents the bank's core capital and is composed of common stock, as well as disclosed reserves and certain other assets. At least 4% of the bank's capital reserve must be in the form of Tier 1 assets.

> **Important**
>
> Minimum capital requirements play the most important role in Basel II and obligate banks to maintain certain ratios of capital to their risk-weighted assets.

[Tier 2](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tier2capital.asp) is considered supplementary capital and consists of items such as revaluation reserves, hybrid instruments, and medium- and long-term subordinated loans. [Tier 3](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tier3capital.asp) consists of lower-quality unsecured, subordinated debt.

Basel II refined the definition of risk-weighted assets to help calculate if banks meet their capital reserve requirements. Risk weighting aims to discourage banks from taking on excessive risk with their assets. The main innovation of Basel II in comparison to Basel I is that it takes into account the credit rating of assets in determining their risk weights. The higher the credit rating, the lower the [risk weight](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/riskweightedassets.asp).

## Strengthening Bank Oversight and Transparency Under Basel II

Regulatory supervision is the second pillar of Basel II and provides a framework for national regulatory bodies to deal with various types of risks, including systemic risk, liquidity risk, and legal risks.

The [market discipline](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/market-discipline.asp) pillar introduces various disclosure requirements for banks' risk exposures, risk assessment processes, and capital adequacy. It is intended to foster greater transparency into the soundness of a bank's business practices and allow investors and others to compare banks on equal footing.

## Evaluating the Advantages and Limitations of Basel II

On the plus side, Basel II clarified and expanded on Basel I regulations. It helped address new financial products and innovations since Basel I's debut in 1988.

Basel II was not entirely successful, however, and has even been called a miserable failure in its central mission of making the financial world safer.

The 2008 [subprime mortgage](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/subprime-meltdown.asp) crisis and [Great Recession](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/great-recession.asp) revealed that Basel II underestimated banking risks. The financial system was overleveraged and undercapitalized, even with Basel II's rules.

Even the Bank for International Settlements, the organization behind the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, today acknowledges, "The banking sector entered the financial crisis with too much leverage and inadequate liquidity buffers. These weaknesses were accompanied by poor governance and risk management, as well as inappropriate incentive structures. The dangerous combination of these factors was demonstrated by the mispricing of credit and liquidity risks and excess credit growth."

In response to the financial crisis, the Basel Committee introduced new risk management and supervision guidelines to strengthen Basel II in 2008 and 2009. These reforms, along with others in 2010 and later, began the next Basel Accord, Basel III, which is still being phased in as of 2022.

## What Is Basel II?

Basel II is a set of international banking regulations established by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, based in Basel, Switzerland. Basel II was introduced in 2004 and aimed to be implemented over several years.

## Did Basel II Replace Basel I?

Basel II built upon Basel I, refining and clarifying some of its rules as well as adding new ones, but did not replace it altogether.

## What Was Wrong With Basel II?

The beginning of the subprime mortgage meltdown in 2007 and the ensuing worldwide financial crisis showed that the regulations created under Basel I and Basel II were inadequate for curtailing the risks that some banks were taking, and the dangers they posed to the worldwide financial system. Basel III, introduced during the financial crisis and [still being phased in](https://www.investopedia.com/basel-iv-5218598), intends to better address those risks.

## The Bottom Line

Basel II created a framework for international banking standards, focusing on capital requirements, regulatory supervision, and market discipline to address risks in the global financial system. Despite its advances over Basel I, Basel II fell short during the 2008 financial crisis, highlighting weaknesses in risk calculation and capital adequacy. These issues led to the development of Basel III, striving for more robust regulatory standards.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Bank for International Settlements. "[History of the Basel Commitee](https://www.bis.org/bcbs/history.htm)."
>     
> 2.  Bank for International Standards. "[Background to the Basel Framework](https://www.bis.org/baselframework/background.htm)."
>     
> 3.  Bank for International Settlements. "[Basel Committee Membership](https://www.bis.org/bcbs/membership.htm)."
>     
> 4.  Bank for International Settlements. "[Basel Committee Charter](https://www.bis.org/bcbs/charter.htm)."
>     
> 5.  Moody's Analytics. "[Regulation Guide: An Introduction](https://www.moodysanalytics.com/-/media/whitepaper/2011/11-01-03-Regulation-Guide-Introduction.pdf)," Page 4.
>     
> 6.  Business Information Industry Association. "[Basel II a Failure? – BIS Is Now Working on Basel III](https://www.biia.com/basel-ii-a-failure-bis-is-now-working-on-basel-iii)."