# Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC): Definition & Role

> **Definition**
>
> The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces laws against workplace discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, and genetic information.

## What Is the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)?

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is the agency responsible for enforcing federal laws regarding discrimination or harassment against a job applicant or an employee in the United States. The EEOC was formed by Congress to enforce Title VII of the [Civil Rights Act of 1964](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/civil-rights-act-1964.asp), opening its door for business on July 2, 1965. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and as of 2021, it maintains 37 other field offices throughout the United States in 15 districts.

### Key Takeaways

*   The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) investigates charges brought against employers regarding discrimination against employees and job applicants.
*   It was created by Congress in 1964 to enforce Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
*   Companies are subject to the law if they have 15 or more employees (20 or more employees for age discrimination cases).
*   The laws apply to all aspects of work, including hiring, firing, promotions, harassment, training, wages, and benefits.

> **Important**
>
> Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the EEOC has closed all of its physical field offices. However, you can still file a discrimination charge online or by phone at 1-800-669-4000.

## How the EEOC Works

The EEOC enforces [federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/120914/8-federal-laws-protect-employees.asp) because of a person’s race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information. In addition, it is against the law to discriminate against a person who complains about discrimination, has filed a charge of discrimination, or has participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit. (In fact, 55.8% of charges filed with the EEOC in the 2020 fiscal year were for retaliation.) Indeed, [business ethics have changed considerably](https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/022615/how-have-business-ethics-evolved-over-time.asp) since the turbulent 1960s first roiled their relatively placid waters.

> **Important**
>
> On June 15, 2020, in a 6-to-3 ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that protections against discrimination by sex in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act protect LGBTQ workers. Justice Neil M. Gorsuch, who wrote the opinion, stated: “Today, we must decide whether an employer can fire someone simply for being homosexual or transgender. The answer is clear. An employer who fires an individual for being homosexual or transgender fires that person for traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex. Sex plays a necessary and undisguisable role in the decision, exactly what Title VII forbids.”

## The EEOC’s Authority and Role

The EEOC is vested with the authority to investigate any charges of discrimination brought against employers, who are generally subject to EEOC laws if they have at least 15 employees (in the case of age discrimination, that minimum rises to 20). Many labor unions and employment agencies fall under its jurisdiction as well.

The EEOC’s role is to fairly and accurately assess allegations in the charge and then make a finding. If it finds discrimination has occurred, then it will try to settle the charge. It also has the authority to file a lawsuit to protect individuals and the interests of the public.

The laws enforced by the EEOC apply to all types of work situations, processes, and functions. This includes the hiring and firing of employees, harassment among the staff or management, job training, promotions, wages, and benefits. Another role of the EEOC is to seek to prevent discrimination before it can occur.

## How Does the EEOC Prevent Discrimination?

The EEOC works on preventing [workplace discrimination](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/021215/guide-affirmative-action-and-business.asp) through outreach and a variety of educational and technical assistance programs.

*   EEOC representatives make no-cost presentations (on a limited basis) to professional associations, conferences, employer groups, and nonprofits, explaining the mission of the EEOC, the laws it enforces, and how the charge/complaint process works.
*   Field offices have designated small business liaisons to assist small businesses with their questions.
*   The EEOC also provides targeted information and resources for veterans with disabilities.
*   Youth@Work is an EEOC program designed to educate young workers about their workplace rights, including informing them about real cases involving teen workers and how to file a complaint.
*   The EEOC also offers more in-depth training to employers for a fee through its EEOC Training Institute.

> **Important**
>
> Employers are liable for both their own behavior and that of their staff members, even including independent contractors.

## What to Do If You Feel You’ve Been Discriminated Against at Work

If you believe you’ve been discriminated against at work because of your race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information, then you can file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC. This is a signed statement, describing how an employer, union, or labor organization engaged in employment discrimination, that asks the EEOC to take remedial action. All of the laws enforced by the EEOC, except for the Equal Pay Act, require you to file a charge of discrimination before you can file a job discrimination lawsuit against your employer.

There are time limits of either 180 or 300 calendar days, depending on certain circumstances. You can file a charge through the EEOC Public Portal after you submit an online inquiry and have an intake interview with an EEOC staff member.

## Examples of EEOC Jurisdiction

The EEOC may specifically investigate not only employers for violations but also members of their staff accused of engaging in harassment or discrimination. For example, if a manager refuses to interview or hire qualified job candidates solely because of their ethnicity or race, then the employer can be held accountable for allowing racist behavior to persist. This also can be applied to employers who permit harassment to continue unchecked. And although the EEOC itself says that [independent contractors](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/independent-contractor.asp) are not subject to anti-discrimination laws, in 2009, the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in _Halpert v. Manhattan Apartments_ that companies can be held liable for independent contractors who act on their behalf.

The EEOC has filed lawsuits against companies where corrective action was not taken after derogatory slurs, threats, assaults, unwanted sexual comments, or inappropriate touching occurred in the workplace. Companies also can be penalized for not warning employees about past misconduct committed by another employee or manager with whom they are directed to work.

EEOC lawsuits might seek monetary damages, including [punitive](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/punitive-damages.asp) and [compensatory](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/compensatory-damages.asp) damages and injunctive relief. In fiscal year 2020, the EEOC received 67,448 charges of workplace discrimination, with 38% of claims being allegations of discrimination based on race or color. Charges for sex-based harassment, which includes charges for sexual harassment, clocked in at 11,497, down by nearly 1,300 from 2019.

The EEOC is open to attempts to settle cases before the issue is investigated and possibly taken to trial. It offers a mediation procedure, an informal process in which two parties can work with a neutral mediator to see if they can reach a reconciliation of their differences. The mediator doesn’t ultimately make a determination, however, serving only to help the two parties reach a settlement on their own. If mediation fails, then the EEOC proceeds to formally investigate the complaint.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Timeline of Important EEOC Events](https://www.eeoc.gov/youth/timeline-important-eeoc-events).”
>     
> 2.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[EEOC Field Offices](https://www.eeoc.gov/field-office).”
>     
> 3.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[EEOC Continues to Serve the Public During COVID-19 Crisis](https://www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/eeoc-continues-serve-public-during-covid-19-crisis).”
>     
> 4.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Overview; Authority & Role](https://www.eeoc.gov/overview).”
>     
> 5.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Retaliation — FAQs](https://www.eeoc.gov/youth/retaliation-faqs#:~:text=When%20you%20file%20an%20EEOC,complaint%20involved%20a%20different%20company.).”
>     
> 6.  U.S. Equal Opportunity Employment Commission. “[EEOC Releases Fiscal Year 2020 Enforcement and Litigation Data](https://www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/eeoc-releases-fiscal-year-2020-enforcement-and-litigation-data)."
>     
> 7.  Supreme Court of the United States. “[Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia; Opinion of the Court](https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/17-1618_hfci.pdf),” Page 2.
>     
> 8.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[No-Cost Outreach Programs](https://www.eeoc.gov/no-cost-outreach-programs).”
>     
> 9.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Small Business Liaisons](https://www.eeoc.gov/employers/small-business-liaisons).”
>     
> 10.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[EEOC Efforts for Veterans with Disabilities](https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/eeoc-efforts-veterans-disabilities).”
>      
> 11.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Youth@Work: Welcome](https://www.eeoc.gov/youth).”
>      
> 12.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[EEOC Training Institute](https://eeotraining.eeoc.gov/profile/web/index.cfm?PKWebId=0x2547b105).”
>      
> 13.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Filing a Charge of Discrimination with the EEOC](https://www.eeoc.gov/filing-charge-discrimination).”
>      
> 14.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Time Limits for Filing a Charge](https://www.eeoc.gov/time-limits-filing-charge).”
>      
> 15.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Public Portal](https://publicportal.eeoc.gov/Portal/Login.aspx).”
>      
> 16.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Coverage](https://www.eeoc.gov/employers/coverage-0).”
>      
> 17.  Loeb & Loeb LLP. “[Employer Can Be Liable for Discrimination by an Independent Contractor Acting on Behalf of the Employer](https://www.loeb.com/en/insights/publications/2009/12/employer-can-be-liable-for-discrimination-by-an-__).”
>      
> 18.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[EEOC Releases Fiscal Year 2020 Enforcement and Litigation Data](https://www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/eeoc-releases-fiscal-year-2020-enforcement-and-litigation-data).”
>      
> 19.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Charges Alleging Sex-Based Harassment (Charges Filed with EEOC) FY 2010 – FY 2021](https://www.eeoc.gov/statistics/charges-alleging-sex-based-harassment-charges-filed-eeoc-fy-2010-fy-2020).”
>      
> 20.  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. “[Questions And Answers About Mediation](https://www.eeoc.gov/questions-and-answers-about-mediation).”