# What Is T-Distribution in Probability? How Do You Use It?

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> **Definition**
>
> A t-distribution is a statistical tool used to estimate how likely different outcomes are when working with small samples and an unknown population standard deviation.

## What Is T-Distribution?

T-distribution, also known as Student’s t-distribution, is a statistical function that creates a [probability distribution.](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/probabilitydistribution.asp) The t-distribution is similar to the [normal distribution](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/normaldistribution.asp), with its bell shape, but it has heavier tails.

It is used for estimating population parameters for small sample sizes or unknown variances. T-distributions have a greater chance of extreme values than normal distributions, and as a result have fatter tails. The t-distribution is the basis for computing [t-tests](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/t-test.asp) in statistics.

### Key Takeaways

*   The t-distribution is a continuous probability distribution of the z-score when the estimated standard deviation is used in the denominator rather than the true standard deviation.
*   The t-distribution, like the normal distribution, is bell-shaped and symmetric, but it has heavier tails, which means that it tends to produce values that fall far from its mean.
*   T-tests are used in statistics to estimate significance.

## What Does a T-Distribution Tell You? 

Tail heaviness is determined by a parameter of the t-distribution called [degrees of freedom](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/degrees-of-freedom.asp), with smaller values giving heavier tails, and with higher values making the t-distribution resemble a standard normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a [standard deviation](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/standarddeviation.asp) of 1.

![Image](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/uFKB6BYv9O2eIUkFFPFHW6qZV6k=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/dotdash_Final_T_Distribution_Definition_Oct_2020-01-fdfa54d385de4cfca5957da94bbab89f.jpg)

*— Image by Sabrina Jiang © Investopedia 2020*

When a sample of n observations is taken from a normally distributed population having mean M and standard deviation D, the sample mean, m, and the sample standard deviation, d, will differ from M and D because of the randomness of the sample.

A z-score can be calculated with the population standard deviation as Z = (x – M)/D, and this value has the normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1.

But when using the estimated standard deviation, a t-score is calculated as T = (m – M)/{d/sqrt(n)}, and the difference between d and D makes the distribution a t-distribution with (n - 1) degrees of freedom rather than the normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1.

## Example of How to Use a T-Distribution

Take the following example for how t-distributions are put to use in statistical analysis. First, remember that a confidence interval for the mean is a range of values, calculated from the data, meant to capture a “population” mean. This interval is m +- t\*d/sqrt(n), where t is a critical value from the t-distribution.

For instance, a 95% confidence interval for the mean return of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) in the 27 trading days before Sept. 11, 2001, is -0.33%, (+/- 2.055) \* 1.07 / sqrt(27), giving a (persistent) mean return as some number between -0.75% and +0.09%. The number 2.055, the amount of standard errors to adjust by, is found from the t-distribution.

> **Important**
>
> Because the t-distribution has fatter tails than a normal distribution, it can be used as a model for financial returns that exhibit excess kurtosis, which will allow for a more realistic calculation of Value at Risk (VaR) in such cases.

## T-Distribution vs. Normal Distribution 

Normal distributions are used when the population distribution is assumed to be normal. The t-distribution is similar to the normal distribution, just with fatter tails. 

Both assume a normally distributed population. T-distributions thus have higher kurtosis than normal distributions. The probability of getting values very far from the mean is larger with a t-distribution than a normal distribution.

![Normal vs. T-Distribution](https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/Db3QBJcfEFvfbj6U0BmdAididYA=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/norm_vs_t2-1024x941-f3559a8fd4e947d49723541273a7d162.png)

*Normal vs. t-distribution.*

## Limitations of Using a T-Distribution 

The t-distribution can skew exactness relative to the normal distribution. Its shortcoming only arises when there’s a need for perfect normality.

The t-distribution should only be used when the population standard deviation is not known. If the population standard deviation is known and the sample size is large enough, the normal distribution should be used for better results.

## Explain Like I'm 5

A t-distribution is a probability distribution similar to a normal distribution except that it gives more weight to extreme outcomes, which is why it has heavier tails, reflecting greater uncertainty due to small sample sizes. It helps predict how likely certain outcomes are when only a limited amount of data is available.

So, when you want to know how close your sample results are to what's true for the whole group, a t-distribution will give you a better estimate than a normal distribution. This is important in scenarios where being off by just a little can have drastic consequences, such as scientific studies.  

## What Is the T-Distribution in Statistics?

The t-distribution is used in statistics to estimate the population parameters for small sample sizes or undetermined variances. It is also referred to as the Student’s t-distribution.

## When Should the T-Distribution Be Used?

The t-distribution should be used if the population sample size is small and the standard deviation is unknown. If not, then the normal distribution should be used.

## What Does Normal Distribution Mean?

Normal distribution is a term for a probability bell curve. It is also called the [Gaussian distribution](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/10/gaussian-models-statistics.asp).

## The Bottom Line

The t-distribution is used in statistics to estimate the significance of population parameters for small sample sizes or unknown variations. Like the normal distribution, it is bell-shaped and symmetric. Unlike normal distributions, it has heavier tails, which result in a greater chance for extreme values.

> **Article Sources**
>
> 1.  Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean. “[Introductory Statistics](https://openstax.org/details/books/introductory-statistics/),” Pages 443-447. OpenStax, 2018. Download PDF.