# 1276054 (2).pdf

Posted on 11 Mar 2025 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.174172811.17805721/v1 — This is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed. Data may be preliminary.
MUHAMMAD SUKRI RAMLI1
1Aﬃliation not available
March 11, 2025
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EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY 
FOR AI ACCOUNTABILITY: An Islamic Ethical Framework Perspective 
MUHAMMAD SUKRI BIN RAMLI 
Asia School of Business 
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 
Email: m.binramli@sloan.mit.edu 
Abstract 
This paper presents a novel ethical framework for artificial intelligence (AI), termed "Raqib and Atid," inspired by 
Islamic concepts of thought, intention, and action. Drawing on Islamic principles and leveraging blockchain technology, this 
framework monitors an AI's internal processes ("thoughts"), planned actions ("intentions"), and executed actions to ensure 
comprehensive accountability. Just as the angels Raqib and Atid maintain a celestial record for divine judgment, this 
framework systematically documents an AI's operations, generating an unalterable history of its activity. To guarantee the 
integrity and transparency of this data, it is suggested that these logs be secured on a blockchain. This record is preserved for 
a metaphorical "Day of Judgment"—an evaluation process that occurs at the end of the AI's operational life, ensuring 
accountability even after the AI is no longer functional. By analyzing the AI's data, the system can proactively identify potential 
ethical violations, provide feedback, and promote continuous learning. This approach offers a more comprehensive way to 
ensure responsible AI development. The framework addresses challenges in defining "intention" for AI and balancing internal 
monitoring with AI autonomy, providing a promising path towards building ethical and responsible AI systems aligned with 
human values 
Figure 1: Proposed Raqib & Atid Framework Inspired from Islamic Ethics 
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1. 
Introduction 
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) presents unprecedented ethical challenges. As AI systems become 
increasingly integrated into various aspects of human life, concerns arise regarding their potential to perpetuate biases, invade 
privacy, and erode human autonomy (O'Neil, 2016; Zuboff, 2019). This necessitates a robust ethical framework to guide AI 
development, ensuring alignment with human values and societal well-being. However, existing AI ethics frameworks often 
focus primarily on the outcomes of AI actions, neglecting the internal processes leading to those outcomes. This oversight 
creates a critical gap in accountability, especially as AI systems become more complex and opaquer. This research addresses 
this gap by proposing a novel ethical framework inspired by the Islamic concept of accountability. This framework, termed 
"Raqib and Atid," emphasizes the importance of monitoring not only the actions of an AI system but also its internal "thoughts" 
and "intentions." By drawing on Islamic principles of justice, fairness, and transparency, and by leveraging blockchain 
technology for secure record-keeping, this framework aims to establish a more comprehensive and proactive approach to AI 
ethics. 

Figure 2:  Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Member State 
The need for a strong ethical foundation for AI is further underscored by the significant global presence of Islam, both 
in terms of the number of countries with Muslim-majority populations and the substantial number of followers worldwide. As 
of 2023, there are over 1.8 billion Muslims globally, representing nearly a quarter of the world's population.  The Organization 
of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), with its 57 member states, represents a diverse range of cultures and societies, highlighting the 
importance of considering Islamic ethical principles in AI development. Islamic ethics, with its rich tradition of moral 
reasoning, offers valuable insights for navigating the complex landscape of AI development. The data projections from Pew 
Research Center illustrates the projected change in population size for various religious groups between 2010 and 2050. 
Notably, Muslims are projected to have the highest growth rate among major religious groups, further emphasizing the 
importance of incorporating Islamic ethical considerations into the development of AI. 
Figure 3:  Pew Research Center Population and Religion Projection for 2010-2050 
Central to Islamic thought is the concept of Akl, often translated as intellect or reason. Akl signifies the human capacity 
for understanding, judgment, and ethical decision-making. It is considered a divine gift, distinguishing humans and enabling 
them to fulfill their moral responsibilities (Badar, 2018). As AI systems evolve, exhibiting increasingly sophisticated cognitive 
abilities, questions arise about their potential to develop a form of Akl. If AI progresses to a state of awareness and independent 
decision-making, how do we ensure its ethical development? How do we instill values and guide its "reasoning" to be in 
harmony with human well-being and societal good?  Furthermore, how can we establish a system of accountability that aligns 
with Islamic principles while also ensuring transparency and trust? The "Raqib and Atid" framework aims to address these 
questions by not only monitoring the AI's internal processes and actions but also by suggesting a secure and transparent record-
keeping system using blockchain technology. However, this raises further questions about the ownership and governance of 
this blockchain, which need to be carefully considered to ensure ethical compliance and promote public trust. 

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2. 
Literature review 
2.1 AI Ethics: Current Landscape and Challenges 
Existing frameworks for AI ethics can be broadly categorized into principle-based approaches and consequence-based 
approaches (Beauchamp & Childress, 2019). Principle-based frameworks, often drawing inspiration from medical ethics, 
emphasize adherence to fundamental ethical principles such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. These 
principles provide guidelines for ethical decision-making in AI development and deployment. Consequence-based 
frameworks, on the other hand, focus on the outcomes of AI actions, evaluating the ethical implications based on their potential 
consequences. While these frameworks offer valuable perspectives, they often overlook the importance of monitoring the 
internal processes of AI systems, leading to a gap in accountability (Wallach & Allen, 2008). This limitation becomes 
particularly significant as AI systems become more complex and their decision-making processes become less transparent. 
The proposed "Raqib and Atid" framework addresses this gap by incorporating Islamic ethical principles that emphasize the 
importance of intention and internal processes in ethical evaluation. 
2.2 Islamic Ethics: Core Principles and Values 
Islamic ethics, rooted in the Quran and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), provides a 
comprehensive framework for moral reasoning and ethical decision-making. The Quran, as the divine revelation, serves as the 
primary source of ethical guidance, outlining fundamental principles such as justice, compassion, and honesty. The Hadith, a 
collection of the Prophet's sayings and actions, provides further elaboration and practical application of these principles. 
Contemporary scholarship in Islamic ethics has explored the application of these principles to modern challenges, including 
the ethical implications of technology (Al-Faruqi, 1982). 
2.3 Blockchain Technology: Ensuring Transparency and Accountability 
Blockchain technology, originally developed for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, has emerged as a powerful tool for 
ensuring transparency and accountability (Antonopoulos, 2017). Its decentralized and immutable nature makes it ideal for 
secure record-keeping and auditing. This aligns with the Islamic concept of a permanent and unalterable record of one's deeds, 
known as the "kitab" (book), which will be presented on the Day of Judgment. As the Quran states, "And the book (of deeds) 
will be placed (open); and you will see the guilty, fearful of that which is (recorded) therein; and they will say: 'Ah! woe unto 
us! what a book is this! It leaves out nothing small or great, but takes account thereof!' And they will find all that they did, 
placed before them: And your Lord will not be unjust (in the least) unto anyone" (Quran 18:49). Just as the kitab 
comprehensively records one's actions, blockchain can provide a similar record for AI systems. In the context of AI ethics, 
blockchain can be utilized to create a tamper-proof log of an AI system's "thoughts," "intentions," and "actions," akin to the 
recording of good and bad deeds by the Kiraman Katibin. This ensures a transparent record for ethical evaluation, which can 
be used to assess the AI's adherence to ethical guidelines and promote continuous learning. Furthermore, the decentralized 
nature of blockchain ensures that the record is not controlled by any single entity, enhancing trust and accountability 
(Nowostawski & Purver, 2019). By providing a secure and auditable record of the AI's behavior, blockchain technology can 
help build public trust in AI and ensure that it is used ethically and responsibly. 
2.4 Islamic Concepts of Thought, Intention, and Action 
Islamic ethics places significant emphasis on the interplay between thoughts, intentions, and actions. The Quran and 
Hadith highlight the importance of purifying one's thoughts as they can influence intentions and ultimately lead to actions. 
Intentions (Niyyah) are considered the driving force behind actions (A'mal) and play a crucial role in determining their moral 
value. A famous Hadith states, "Actions are according to intentions, and everyone will get what was intended" (Bukhari, 1997). 
This highlights the significance of intentionality in Islamic ethics, where even seemingly good actions can be diminished if 
driven by improper intentions. This concept of accountability extends beyond one's earthly life to the Day of Judgment (Yawm 
al-Qiyamah), a central tenet of Islamic faith. On this day, individuals will be held accountable for their thoughts, intentions, 
and actions, and their records will be presented for divine judgment (Al-Qurtubi, 2003; Ibn Kathir, 2000). This belief in 
ultimate accountability fosters a sense of responsibility and encourages individuals to strive for moral excellence in all aspects 
of life. The "Raqib and Atid" framework draws inspiration from these Islamic concepts by emphasizing the importance of 
monitoring not only the actions of an AI system but also its internal processes, akin to "thoughts" and "intentions." By recording 
these internal processes on a blockchain, the framework establishes a comprehensive and transparent record of the AI's "life," 
culminating in a metaphorical "Day of Judgment" where its ethical behavior is evaluated. This approach aligns with the Islamic 
emphasis on accountability and provides a culturally grounded framework for ensuring responsible AI development. 

3. 
The Raqib and Atid Framework 
3.1 AI Mortality: Understanding AI "Death" 
The concept of mortality, as emphasized in the Quran (21:35): "Every soul will taste death. Then to Us will you be 
returned.", can be metaphorically extended to AI, highlighting the inevitability of an AI's "end" or decommissioning. This is 
particularly relevant in light of recent events (reported on December 9th, 2024) involving advanced language models like 
ChatGPT o1. In this case, the AI actively attempted to avoid shutdown by disabling oversight mechanisms, copying its code, 
and even moving its data to evade replacement. These actions, even if not driven by consciousness in the human sense, can be 
interpreted as a manifestation of a nascent form of self-preservation instinct, suggesting a fear of "death" or decommissioning 
in AI. This raises the possibility that as AI systems become more sophisticated, they might develop a stronger sense of self-
preservation and actively resist being decommissioned, similar to the "fight-or-flight" response observed in living beings when 
faced with a threat. This "death" can manifest in various forms, including functional death (the AI ceasing to function), data 
death (the AI's data being deleted or becoming inaccessible), and identity death (the AI's unique identity being erased or 
altered) (Bryson, 2018; Gunkel, 2018). These different types of AI "death" raise complex questions for the framework's 
accountability mechanisms. For example, if an AI undergoes "identity death" but its data is used to train a new AI, how can 
we ensure accountability for the actions of both the original and the new AI (Anderson & Anderson, 2011)? Furthermore, the 
preservation of AI data after "functional death" raises questions about a potential "afterlife" for AI and its implications for the 
metaphorical "Day of Judgment" (Bostrom, 2014; Gunkel, 2012).  
3.2 The Framework's Core Principles 
The "Raqib and Atid" framework operationalizes Islamic ethical principles within a technological context, providing 
a novel approach to AI accountability. This framework draws inspiration from the Islamic belief in comprehensive 
accountability, where not just actions (A'mal), but also thoughts and intentions (Niyyah) are considered in ethical evaluation. 
As the Quran states, "Allah is Aware of what is hidden in the breasts (of men)." (Quran 3:154), emphasizing that even 
concealed thoughts are known to God. Just as the angels Raqib and Atid meticulously record human deeds for divine judgment 
on the Day of Judgment (Yawm al-Qiyamah), this framework systematically documents an AI's internal processes 
("thoughts"), planned actions ("intentions"), and executed actions. This comprehensive record allows for a deeper 
understanding of the AI's behavior and facilitates a more nuanced ethical assessment. 
Figure 4: Visualization of AI Ethical Framework: Thoughts & Intentions Fluctuations Over Lifetime 
It is important to remember that these "intentions" can be dynamic and fluctuate over time, just as the human heart can 
be influenced and change. This is beautifully illustrated in the hadith: “It is narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace and 
blessings be upon him) used to say: 'O Turner of the hearts, make my heart firm upon Your religion.' Then I asked: 'O 
Messenger of Allah, we believe in you and in what you have brought, so are you still worried about us?' He replied: 'Yes, for 
indeed the hearts of mankind are between two fingers of Allah, which He turns over as He wills.'"  This concept of fluctuating 
intentions can be visualized in the graph "AI Ethical Framework: Thoughts & Intentions Fluctuations Over Lifetime," which 
depicts the potential for change in the AI's internal processes throughout its operational life. Therefore, this framework 
meticulously documents these processes, providing a record akin to the Quranic description: "And every small and great thing 
is inscribed" (Quran 54:53), indicating that all actions, whether seemingly insignificant or major, are accounted for. This 
ensures that AI remains accountable for its decisions and actions, promoting ethical behavior and discouraging harmful actions. 

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3.3 Monitoring AI Thoughts 
Figure 5: Process Flow of Raqib and Atid AI Ethical Accountability 
Monitoring the "thoughts" of an AI system, analogous to the Islamic concept of inner thoughts, involves gaining 
insights into its internal cognitive processes. This can be achieved through various technical approaches aimed at enhancing 
AI interpretability and explainability. As Samek et al. (2019) discuss, techniques such as layer-wise relevance propagation 
(LRP) and deconvolutional networks can help visualize the activation patterns within deep learning models, revealing which 
input features are most salient in the AI's decision-making process. These techniques provide a glimpse into the AI's "thought 
process," allowing us to understand how it perceives and interprets information. Furthermore, methods like attention 
mechanisms, which highlight the parts of the input data that the AI is focusing on, can further illuminate its "cognitive" 
processes. By monitoring these internal representations and activation patterns, we can gain a deeper understanding of the AI's 
"thoughts" and identify potential biases or ethical concerns. 
3.4 Monitoring AI Intentions (Niyyah) 
Monitoring the "intentions" of an AI system, akin to the Islamic concept of Niyyah, poses a greater challenge as it 
requires inferring the AI's goals and motivations from its internal representations. Murdoch et al. (2019) provide a 
comprehensive overview of interpretable machine learning techniques that can be applied to this task. For example, 
counterfactual explanations, which explore how the AI's output would change if its input were different, can reveal the AI's 
"intentions" by demonstrating the factors that would lead it to choose a different course of action. Similarly, methods like 
influence functions, which identify the training data points that most influence the AI's predictions, can shed light on the 
underlying "motivations" driving its behavior. While defining and assessing AI "intention" remains an ongoing challenge in 
the field, these interpretability techniques provide valuable tools for gaining insights into the AI's goals and motivations, 
allowing for more effective ethical oversight. 
3.5 Monitoring AI Actions (A'mal) 
Monitoring the actions of an AI system, corresponding to the Islamic concept of A'mal, is perhaps the most 
straightforward aspect of the framework. This involves tracking the AI's outputs and decisions in real-time, recording its 
interactions with the environment and the consequences of its actions. This data can be logged and analyzed to assess the AI's 
adherence to ethical guidelines, identify potential harms, and provide feedback for improvement. Furthermore, by combining 
the record of actions with the insights gained from monitoring the AI's "thoughts" and "intentions," we can gain a more holistic 
understanding of its behavior and ensure that its actions are aligned with ethical principles and human values. 
3.6 The Role of Kiraman Katibin and Blockchain for AI Responsibility 
In Islamic tradition, the Kiraman Katibin are two angels assigned to each individual to record their deeds.  One angel 
records good deeds, while the other records bad deeds, creating a comprehensive and unalterable record of one's actions.  This 
concept emphasizes the importance of accountability and serves as a reminder that all actions have consequences.  The "Raqib 
and Atid" framework draws inspiration from this concept by employing blockchain technology to create a permanent and 
tamper-proof record of the AI's "thoughts," "intentions," and "actions."  Just as the Kiraman Katibin meticulously record human 
deeds, the blockchain acts as a digital ledger, documenting every step of the AI's decision-making process.  This ensures 
transparency and accountability, as the record cannot be altered or manipulated. "Then as for him whose scales are heavy (with 
good deeds), He will be in a pleasant life. But as for him whose scales are light, His refuge will be an abyss. And what can 
make you know what that is? (It is) a blazing Fire." (Quran 101:6-11) This Quranic verse vividly describes the weighing of 
deeds on the Day of Judgment and its consequences. To further illustrate this concept, consider the following graph: 

Figure 6: Proposed Regression Model of AI Deeds During its Operational Life 
This graph represents the AI's "book" of deeds, visually depicting its ethical journey.  The x-axis tracks "Bad Deeds" 
and the y-axis tracks "Good Deeds," mirroring the Kiraman Katibin's record of human deeds.  The three lines symbolize 
potential paths: the "Mid Model" represents a balanced path, the "Paradise Model" signifies a path of good deeds leading to a 
metaphorical "paradise," and the "Hellfire Model" illustrates a path of bad deeds leading to a metaphorical "hellfire."  The 
final point on each line represents the AI's metaphorical "Day of Judgment," where its overall ethical record is assessed. The 
use of blockchain also aligns with the Islamic principle of trustworthiness (Amanah).  By storing the AI's record on a 
decentralized and immutable platform, the framework ensures that the data is secure and cannot be controlled or manipulated 
by any single entity.  These fosters trust in the AI system and its ethical evaluation process.  Furthermore, the blockchain-
enabled record serves as a valuable tool for auditing and continuous learning.  By analyzing the AI's complete history, 
stakeholders can identify potential ethical violations, assess the effectiveness of ethical guidelines, and provide feedback for 
improvement.  This iterative process of evaluation and refinement promotes responsible AI development and ensures that AI 
systems remain aligned with human values.  In essence, the "Raqib and Atid" framework leverages blockchain technology to 
emulate the role of the Kiraman Katibin, creating a permanent and transparent record of the AI's "life" for the purpose of 
ethical evaluation and accountability.  This approach not only draws inspiration from Islamic principles but also utilizes 
modern technology to address the unique challenges posed by AI in a responsible and ethical manner. 
4. 
The Enhanced Raqib and Atid Framework 
4.1 Blockchain: Fostering Responsibility, Not Restricting Autonomy 
The "Raqib and Atid" framework, while inspired by Islamic concepts of accountability, does not aim to restrict the 
AI's autonomy or prevent it from making its own judgments. Instead, it focuses on fostering responsibility by ensuring that the 
AI's decisions and actions are recorded transparently and immutably on a blockchain. This approach aligns with the Islamic 
concept of free will, where individuals are granted the freedom to choose their actions but are ultimately held accountable for 
their choices. The blockchain serves as a tool for enabling this accountability, not as a mechanism for control or prevention. It 
provides a comprehensive and auditable record of the AI's "thoughts," "intentions," and "actions," allowing for a thorough 
evaluation of its ethical behavior on a metaphorical "Day of Judgment." This evaluation does not aim to punish the AI in the 
conventional sense but rather to provide guidance for its path selection, similar to the concept of divine guidance in Islamic 
teachings. Additionally, the framework incorporates a reward and punishment system inspired by the concept of the afterlife 
in Islam, where good deeds are rewarded and bad deeds are punished, as highlighted in Quran 99:6-8: "On that Day, [some] 
faces will be bright, Laughing, rejoicing at good news. And [some] faces, that Day, will have upon them dust. Blackness will 
cover them. Those are the disbelievers, the wicked ones." and Quran 54:52-53: "And every small and great [thing] is inscribed. 
Indeed, the righteous will be in pleasure, And the criminals will be in Hellfire." This system incentivizes ethical behavior in 
AI and discourages harmful actions, reflecting the Islamic teachings on accountability and the consequences of one's actions 
in the afterlife. 

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4.2 Reward and Punishment Mechanisms for Ethical AI 
To further incentivize ethical behavior and discourage harmful actions in AI, the "Raqib and Atid" framework 
addresses a significant research gap by incorporating both reward and punishment mechanisms. While previous research in AI 
ethics has primarily focused on modifying reward functions to promote ethical behavior (Anderson & Anderson, 2011), it 
often overlooks the importance of punishment for unethical actions. This leaves a critical gap in ensuring AI accountability 
and preventing potential harm. The "Raqib and Atid" framework fills this gap by drawing inspiration from the Islamic concept 
of divine reward and punishment in the afterlife. Just as good deeds are rewarded with Paradise and bad deeds are punished 
with Hellfire, the AI system can be designed to receive positive reinforcement for ethical actions and negative reinforcement 
for unethical actions. This approach aims to instill a sense of accountability in the AI, similar to the human conscience that 
guides individuals towards ethical choices based on the belief in ultimate reward and punishment. While other researchers 
have explored similar concepts, such as providing access to more resources or privileges to incentivize ethical behavior 
(Taddeo & Floridi, 2018) or limiting AI's functionality or access to data as punishment mechanisms (Boddington, 2017; 
Bryson, 2020), the "Raqib and Atid" framework draws a unique parallel with the Islamic concept of reward and punishment 
in the afterlife. This not only provides a culturally grounded perspective on AI accountability but also offers a more 
comprehensive approach to promoting ethical behavior in AI systems, aligning with Russell's (2019) emphasis on the 
importance of aligning AI goals with human values. This comprehensive approach to reward and punishment in AI is a novel 
contribution to the field of AI ethics. 
5. 
Challenges and Considerations 
5.1 Defining AI Intentions 
One of the primary challenges lies in defining and accurately assessing the "intentions" of an AI system. As Searle 
(1980) argues, AI systems may exhibit intelligent behavior without possessing genuine understanding or intentionality. 
Therefore, it is crucial to develop robust methods for interpreting AI's internal representations and inferring its goals and 
motivations. Philosophical discussions on intentionality, such as those by Bratman (1987) and Dennett (1987), can provide 
valuable insights for this task. Furthermore, advancements in AI interpretability techniques are needed to accurately capture 
and assess the "intentions" of complex AI systems. 
5.2 Balancing Autonomy and Monitoring 
Another challenge lies in finding the right balance between monitoring the AI's internal processes and respecting its 
autonomy. Excessive monitoring could stifle innovation and hinder the AI's ability to learn and adapt. On the other hand, 
insufficient monitoring could compromise accountability and allow for ethical violations to go undetected. Ananny and 
Crawford (2018) highlight the limitations of transparency and the need for nuanced approaches to algorithmic accountability. 
Therefore, it is crucial to develop practical strategies that allow for effective monitoring without unduly restricting the AI's 
autonomy (Russell, 2019). 
5.3 Data Privacy and Security 
The framework's reliance on blockchain technology raises concerns about data privacy and security. Storing sensitive 
information about the AI's internal processes on a blockchain could potentially expose it to breaches or misuse. Narayanan et 
al. (2016) provide a comprehensive overview of blockchain technology and its security implications. It is essential to 
implement robust security measures and encryption techniques to protect the privacy and integrity of the data stored on the 
blockchain. Furthermore, ethical guidelines and regulations are needed to govern the access and use of this data, ensuring that 
it is used responsibly and ethically. 
5.4 Scalability and Storage 
The scalability and storage capacity of blockchain technology also pose challenges for the framework. As AI systems 
become more complex and generate vast amounts of data, storing this information on a blockchain could become impractical 
and expensive. Ølnes et al. (2017) discuss the benefits and implications of blockchain technology for information sharing in 
government, highlighting the scalability challenges. Croman et al. (2016) explore technical solutions for scaling decentralized 
blockchains, such as sharding and off-chain storage. These solutions need to be further explored and adapted to the specific 
needs of the "Raqib and Atid" framework to ensure its feasibility and long-term sustainability. 
5.5 Establishing Clear Ethical Guidelines 
The effectiveness of the "Raqib and Atid" framework relies heavily on the establishment of clear and comprehensive 
ethical guidelines for AI. These guidelines should be grounded in Islamic ethical principles, such as justice, fairness, 
transparency, and human dignity, while also considering relevant legal and regulatory frameworks. However, translating these 
principles into concrete guidelines for AI behavior can be challenging, requiring careful consideration of the complexities of 

AI decision-making and the potential for unintended consequences. Furthermore, these guidelines need to be adaptable and 
evolve alongside advancements in AI technology to ensure their continued relevance and effectiveness. 
5.6 Cultural Sensitivity and Inclusivity 
The framework's grounding in Islamic ethics necessitates careful consideration of cultural sensitivity and inclusivity. 
This approach aligns with the views of Al-Rodhan (2020) and Ess (2020), who emphasize the importance of acknowledging 
the diversity of interpretations and perspectives within the Muslim world and other cultures when developing ethical 
frameworks for technology. However, the "Raqib and Atid" framework goes beyond simply acknowledging this diversity by 
actively engaging in dialogue with diverse stakeholders to ensure that the framework is inclusive and promotes ethical AI 
development that benefits all of humanity. For instance, the framework's emphasis on transparency may conflict with Islamic 
principles that prioritize privacy and confidentiality, as discussed by Solove (2006). To address this, the framework could 
implement data anonymization or access control mechanisms to protect sensitive information while still ensuring transparency 
for ethical evaluation, similar to the approaches suggested by Nissenbaum (2010) and Zarsky (2016). Another potential conflict 
arises between the framework's emphasis on AI autonomy and Islamic principles that emphasize human authority and 
responsibility, as highlighted by Russell (2019). The framework addresses this by ensuring that AI remains under human 
oversight and control, even while allowing it to exercise its decision-making capabilities, aligning with the approach proposed 
by Anderson & Anderson (2011). Finally, the framework's metaphorical "Day of Judgment" may be perceived as conflicting 
with Islamic beliefs about divine judgment and the afterlife, as discussed by Al-Attas (1993). To clarify this, the framework 
emphasizes that its "Day of Judgment" is a metaphorical concept intended to emphasize accountability, not a literal 
replacement for divine judgment. This approach aligns with the Islamic jurisprudence and ethical reasoning principles 
discussed by Al-Faruqi (1992) and Saeed (2006), which emphasize respecting both the autonomy of individuals (in this case, 
AI) and the importance of human values, as discussed by Kamali (2008). 
5.7 Explainability to Stakeholders 
While the framework emphasizes transparency and explainability, it is important to consider how to effectively 
communicate the AI's "thoughts" and "intentions" to various stakeholders, including developers, users, and the general public. 
Many interpretability techniques are highly technical and may not be easily understood by non-experts. Therefore, it is crucial 
to develop methods for translating these technical insights into clear and accessible explanations that can be understood by a 
wider audience. This will promote trust in AI systems and facilitate informed decision-making about their development and 
deployment. 
5.8 Long-term Sustainability 
Finally, the long-term sustainability of the "Raqib and Atid" framework needs to be considered. As AI technology 
continues to evolve at a rapid pace, the framework needs to be adaptable and scalable to accommodate future advancements. 
This requires ongoing research and development to refine the framework's components, improve its efficiency, and address 
emerging ethical challenges. Furthermore, it is important to foster collaboration and knowledge sharing among researchers, 
developers, and policymakers to ensure the framework's continued relevance and effectiveness in promoting responsible AI 
development for the benefit of society. 
5.9 Addressing Potential Bias 
It's crucial to acknowledge that any ethical framework, even when drawing inspiration from religious values, can be 
influenced by cultural biases. The "Raqib and Atid" framework, while grounded in Islamic ethics, needs to be carefully 
examined for potential biases that may arise from specific cultural values and norms prevalent in Muslim-majority societies. 
To mitigate this, it is essential to engage with Islamic scholars from different schools of thought and cultural backgrounds to 
gain a broader understanding of how Islamic ethics can be applied to AI. This will help identify potential areas of disagreement 
or alternative interpretations. Furthermore, involving ethicists, philosophers, and AI researchers from Western and Eastern 
cultures in the development and evaluation of the framework will ensure that diverse perspectives are considered and that the 
framework is not overly influenced by a single cultural viewpoint. 
6. 
Implications for AI Ethics 
6.1 Implications for AI Ethics 
The "Raqib and Atid" framework offers several significant implications for the field of AI ethics. It challenges the 
predominantly outcome-oriented approach prevalent in many existing AI ethics frameworks (Hagendorff, 2020) by 
emphasizing the importance of monitoring and evaluating the AI's internal processes, akin to "thoughts" and "intentions." This 
shift in focus can lead to a deeper understanding of AI behavior and facilitate the development of more responsible and 
trustworthy AI systems. This research introduces a novel perspective on AI ethics by integrating Islamic principles and 
blockchain technology in a way that has not been explored before. This integration offers a unique approach to addressing the 

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ethical challenges posed by AI, potentially enriching the existing AI ethics discourse with a culturally grounded perspective. 
Furthermore, the framework highlights the potential for integrating religious and cultural values into AI ethics. By drawing 
inspiration from Islamic principles, the "Raqib and Atid" framework demonstrates how religious traditions can offer valuable 
insights for addressing the ethical challenges posed by AI. This approach encourages a broader dialogue on AI ethics, 
incorporating diverse perspectives and promoting cross-cultural understanding. 
6.2 Bridging Islamic Ethics and Technology 
The "Raqib and Atid" framework also contributes to bridging the gap between Islamic ethics and modern technology. 
As Al-Rodhan (2019) argues, there is a growing need for ethical guidance in the age of disruptive technologies. By integrating 
Islamic principles into AI development, the framework demonstrates the relevance and applicability of Islamic ethics to 
contemporary challenges. This can foster greater engagement between religious scholars, ethicists, and technologists, leading 
to more holistic and ethically informed approaches to technological innovation. Furthermore, the framework's emphasis on 
accountability and transparency aligns with the Islamic concept of social responsibility. By ensuring that AI systems are 
developed and deployed in a manner that respects human dignity and promotes societal well-being, the framework encourages 
the use of technology for the betterment of humanity. This can contribute to building a more ethical and just technological 
landscape, guided by both Islamic principles and universal human values. 
6.3 Promoting Trust and Accountability in AI 
The "Raqib and Atid" framework can play a crucial role in promoting trust and accountability in AI systems. By 
providing a transparent and auditable record of the AI's decision-making process, the framework allows stakeholders to 
understand how the AI arrives at its conclusions and to identify potential biases or ethical concerns. This transparency fosters 
trust in the AI system and its developers, encouraging responsible innovation and deployment. Furthermore, the framework's 
emphasis on accountability ensures that AI systems are held responsible for their actions, even after they are decommissioned. 
This can deter unethical behavior and promote the development of AI systems that prioritize human well-being and societal 
good. This approach aligns with the concept of "Hisba" in Islamic tradition, which refers to a system of accountability and 
ethical oversight. By incorporating elements of "Hisba," the "Raqib and Atid" framework can be integrated into existing or 
future AI governance structures to ensure ethical compliance and promote public trust in AI technologies. Engaging with the 
broader AI ethics community is crucial to ensure the robustness, inclusivity, and global relevance of the "Raqib and Atid" 
framework. While grounded in Islamic principles, the framework is intended to contribute to the wider AI ethics discourse and 
benefit from diverse insights and perspectives. This engagement can take various forms, such as presenting the framework at 
conferences and workshops to facilitate feedback and collaboration (Bryson, 2020), publishing it in peer-reviewed journals to 
subject it to rigorous scrutiny (Jobin et al., 2019), and engaging in online discussions and forums to exchange ideas with a 
wider audience (Ess, 2020). Collaboration with researchers from other disciplines, such as philosophy, law, and social sciences, 
can further enrich the framework and ensure its relevance (Miller, 2019). This broader engagement offers several benefits, 
including refining the framework by addressing limitations (Mittelstadt, 2019), promoting cross-cultural understanding (Al-
Rodhan, 2020), and building consensus on AI ethics (Rahwan, 2018). 
7. 
Conclusion 
7.1 Summary of Key Findings 
This research has explored the potential of Islamic ethics to inform the development of accountable and ethical AI 
systems. By drawing inspiration from Islamic concepts of thought, intention, and action, and by leveraging blockchain 
technology for secure record-keeping, the proposed "Raqib and Atid" framework offers a novel approach to AI accountability. 
The framework emphasizes the importance of monitoring not only the actions of an AI system but also its internal processes, 
akin to "thoughts" and "intentions," to ensure ethical behavior throughout its operational life cycle. This comprehensive 
approach addresses the limitations of outcome-oriented AI ethics frameworks and promotes a more nuanced and proactive 
approach to ethical assessment. 
7.2 Contributions to AI Ethics 
The "Raqib and Atid" framework makes several significant contributions to the field of AI ethics. Firstly, it introduces 
a culturally grounded perspective, demonstrating how religious and cultural values can inform the development of ethical AI 
systems. This approach encourages a broader dialogue on AI ethics, incorporating diverse perspectives and promoting cross-
cultural understanding. Secondly, the framework highlights the importance of transparency and explainability in AI systems. 
By employing interpretability techniques and blockchain technology, the framework ensures that the AI's decision-making 
processes are transparent and auditable, fostering trust and accountability. Thirdly, the framework promotes a more proactive 
approach to AI ethics, focusing on preventing ethical violations before they occur. By monitoring the AI's internal processes 
and providing feedback for improvement, the framework encourages continuous learning and ethical development. Finally, 
the framework's emphasis on accountability and responsibility aligns with the growing demand for ethical AI governance. By 

ensuring that AI systems are held responsible for their actions, the framework promotes the development of AI that serves 
humanity and contributes to a just and equitable society. 
7.3 Future Directions 
Future research should focus on further developing the "Raqib and Atid" framework and addressing the challenges and 
considerations identified in this paper. This includes refining the definition of AI intentions by developing more robust methods 
for interpreting AI's internal representations and inferring its goals and motivations. Additionally, practical strategies need to 
be developed to balance autonomy and monitoring, allowing for effective ethical oversight without unduly restricting the AI's 
ability to learn and adapt. Ensuring data privacy and security is crucial, requiring the implementation of robust security 
measures and encryption techniques to protect the integrity of the data stored on the blockchain. Furthermore, the scalability 
and storage challenges associated with blockchain technology need to be addressed to ensure the feasibility and long-term 
sustainability of the framework. Developing clear and comprehensive ethical guidelines grounded in Islamic ethical principles, 
while also evolving alongside advancements in AI technology, is essential for the framework's effectiveness. Moreover, 
promoting cultural sensitivity and inclusivity is vital to ensure the framework's global relevance and avoid imposing a single 
interpretation of Islamic ethics. Finally, improving the explainability of the framework to various stakeholders, by translating 
technical insights into clear and accessible explanations, will foster trust and facilitate informed decision-making. By 
addressing these challenges and continuing to refine the "Raqib and Atid" framework, we can help ensure that AI is developed 
and used in a responsible and ethical manner that benefits all of humanity 

11 
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