Other strategies for business/technology learning include informal activities such as newsletters, presentations, reports, and service-level results placed in common areas to communicate the effectiveness of their CIO organizations.
They had nothing to refer to for professional development. 
mnli hypothesis: They had nothing to refer to for professional development.  premise: Other strategies for business/technology learning include informal activities such as newsletters, presentations, reports, and service-level results placed in common areas to communicate the effectiveness of their CIO organizations.