stasvinokur/cve-and-cwe-dataset-1999-2025 huggingface dataset:
CVE-2009-2397 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-22)
Directory traversal vulnerability in download.php in Audio Article Directory allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via directory traversal sequences in the file parameter.
CVE-2009-2398 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-22)
Directory traversal vulnerability in test/index.php in PHP-Sugar 0.80 allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via a ..// (dot dot slash slash) in the t parameter.
CVE-2009-2399 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-94)
PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in dm-albums/template/album.php in DM FileManager 3.9.4, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the SECURITY_FILE parameter.
CVE-2009-2400 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-89)
SQL injection vulnerability in the PHP (com_php) component for Joomla! allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the id parameter to index.php.
CVE-2009-2401 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in PHPEcho CMS 2.0-rc3 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a forum post.
CVE-2009-2402 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-89)
SQL injection vulnerability in index.php in the forum module in PHPEcho CMS 2.0-rc3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the id parameter in a thread action, a different vector than CVE-2008-0355.
CVE-2009-2403 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-787)
Heap-based buffer overflow in SCMPX 1.5.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or execute arbitrary code via a long string in a .m3u playlist file.
CVE-2009-2404 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-119)
Heap-based buffer overflow in a regular-expression parser in Mozilla Network Security Services (NSS) before 3.12.3, as used in Firefox, Thunderbird, SeaMonkey, Evolution, Pidgin, and AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), allows remote SSL servers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a long domain name in the subject's Common Name (CN) field of an X.509 certificate, related to the cert_TestHostName function.
CVE-2009-2405 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the Web Console in the Application Server in Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform (aka JBoss EAP or JBEAP) 4.2.0 before 4.2.0.CP08, 4.2.2GA, 4.3 before 4.3.0.CP07, and 5.1.0GA allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) monitorName, (2) objectName, (3) attribute, or (4) period parameter to createSnapshot.jsp, or the (5) monitorName, (6) objectName, (7) attribute, (8) threshold, (9) period, or (10) enabled parameter to createThresholdMonitor.jsp. NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.
CVE-2009-2406 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-119)
Stack-based buffer overflow in the parse_tag_11_packet function in fs/ecryptfs/keystore.c in the eCryptfs subsystem in the Linux kernel before 2.6.30.4 allows local users to cause a denial of service (system crash) or possibly gain privileges via vectors involving a crafted eCryptfs file, related to not ensuring that the key signature length in a Tag 11 packet is compatible with the key signature buffer size.
CVE-2009-2407 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-119)
Heap-based buffer overflow in the parse_tag_3_packet function in fs/ecryptfs/keystore.c in the eCryptfs subsystem in the Linux kernel before 2.6.30.4 allows local users to cause a denial of service (system crash) or possibly gain privileges via vectors involving a crafted eCryptfs file, related to a large encrypted key size in a Tag 3 packet.
CVE-2009-2408 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-295)
Mozilla Network Security Services (NSS) before 3.12.3, Firefox before 3.0.13, Thunderbird before 2.0.0.23, and SeaMonkey before 1.1.18 do not properly handle a '\0' character in a domain name in the subject's Common Name (CN) field of an X.509 certificate, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof arbitrary SSL servers via a crafted certificate issued by a legitimate Certification Authority. NOTE: this was originally reported for Firefox before 3.5.
CVE-2009-2409 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-295)
The Network Security Services (NSS) library before 3.12.3, as used in Firefox; GnuTLS before 2.6.4 and 2.7.4; OpenSSL 0.9.8 through 0.9.8k; and other products support MD2 with X.509 certificates, which might allow remote attackers to spoof certificates by using MD2 design flaws to generate a hash collision in less than brute-force time. NOTE: the scope of this issue is currently limited because the amount of computation required is still large.
CVE-2009-2410 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-287)
The local_handler_callback function in server/responder/pam/pam_LOCAL_domain.c in sssd 0.4.1 does not properly handle blank-password accounts in the SSSD BE database, which allows context-dependent attackers to obtain access by sending the account's username, in conjunction with an arbitrary password, over an ssh connection.
CVE-2009-2411 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-189)
Multiple integer overflows in the libsvn_delta library in Subversion before 1.5.7, and 1.6.x before 1.6.4, allow remote authenticated users and remote Subversion servers to execute arbitrary code via an svndiff stream with large windows that trigger a heap-based buffer overflow, a related issue to CVE-2009-2412.
CVE-2009-2412 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-189)
Multiple integer overflows in the Apache Portable Runtime (APR) library and the Apache Portable Utility library (aka APR-util) 0.9.x and 1.3.x allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via vectors that trigger crafted calls to the (1) allocator_alloc or (2) apr_palloc function in memory/unix/apr_pools.c in APR; or crafted calls to the (3) apr_rmm_malloc, (4) apr_rmm_calloc, or (5) apr_rmm_realloc function in misc/apr_rmm.c in APR-util; leading to buffer overflows. NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.
CVE-2009-2414 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-119)
Stack consumption vulnerability in libxml2 2.5.10, 2.6.16, 2.6.26, 2.6.27, and 2.6.32, and libxml 1.8.17, allows context-dependent attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) via a large depth of element declarations in a DTD, related to a function recursion, as demonstrated by the Codenomicon XML fuzzing framework.
CVE-2009-2415 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-189)
Multiple integer overflows in memcached 1.1.12 and 1.2.2 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via vectors involving length attributes that trigger heap-based buffer overflows.
CVE-2009-2416 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-416)
Multiple use-after-free vulnerabilities in libxml2 2.5.10, 2.6.16, 2.6.26, 2.6.27, and 2.6.32, and libxml 1.8.17, allow context-dependent attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) via crafted (1) Notation or (2) Enumeration attribute types in an XML file, as demonstrated by the Codenomicon XML fuzzing framework.
CVE-2009-2417 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-310)
lib/ssluse.c in cURL and libcurl 7.4 through 7.19.5, when OpenSSL is used, does not properly handle a '\0' character in a domain name in the subject's Common Name (CN) field of an X.509 certificate, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof arbitrary SSL servers via a crafted certificate issued by a legitimate Certification Authority, a related issue to CVE-2009-2408.
CVE-2009-2419 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-399)
Use-after-free vulnerability in the servePendingRequests function in WebCore in WebKit in Apple Safari 4.0 and 4.0.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTML document that references a zero-length .js file and the JavaScript reload function. NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.
CVE-2009-2420 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-20)
Apple Safari 3.2.3 does not properly implement the file: protocol handler, which allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files or cause a denial of service (launch of multiple Windows Explorer instances) via vectors involving an unspecified HTML tag, possibly a related issue to CVE-2009-1703.
CVE-2009-2421 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-20)
The CFCharacterSetInitInlineBuffer method in CoreFoundation.dll in Apple Safari 3.2.3 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a "high-bit character" in a URL fragment for an unspecified protocol.
CVE-2009-2422 (severity: CRITICAL, weakness: CWE-287)
The example code for the digest authentication functionality (http_authentication.rb) in Ruby on Rails before 2.3.3 defines an authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest block that returns nil instead of false when the user does not exist, which allows context-dependent attackers to bypass authentication for applications that are derived from this example by sending an invalid username without a password.
CVE-2009-2423 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-89)
SQL injection vulnerability in category.php in Ebay Clone 2009 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the cate_id parameter in a list action.
CVE-2009-2424 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in search.php in Ebay Clone 2009 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the mode parameter.
CVE-2009-2425 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-20)
Tor before 0.2.0.35 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) via a malformed router descriptor.
CVE-2009-2426 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: NVD-CWE-Other)
The connection_edge_process_relay_cell_not_open function in src/or/relay.c in Tor 0.2.x before 0.2.0.35 and 0.1.x before 0.1.2.8-beta allows exit relays to have an unspecified impact by causing controllers to accept DNS responses that redirect to an internal IP address via unknown vectors. NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.
CVE-2009-2427 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-89)
SQL injection vulnerability in co-profile.php in Jobbr 2.2.7 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the emp_id parameter.
CVE-2009-2428 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-89)
Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in Tausch Ticket Script 3 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the (1) userid parameter to suchauftraege_user.php and the (2) descr parameter to vote.php; and other unspecified vectors.
CVE-2009-2429 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-255)
SmartFilter Web Gateway Security 4.2.1.00 stores user credentials in cleartext in admin_backup.xml files and uses insecure permissions for these files, which allows local users to gain privileges. NOTE: the provenance of this information is unknown; the details are obtained solely from third party information.
CVE-2009-2430 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: NVD-CWE-Other)
Unspecified vulnerability in auditconfig in Sun Solaris 8, 9, 10, and OpenSolaris snv_01 through snv_58, when Solaris Auditing is enabled, allows local users with an RBAC execution profile for auditconfig to gain privileges via unknown attack vectors.
CVE-2009-2431 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-20)
WordPress 2.7.1 places the username of a post's author in an HTML comment, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by reading the HTML source.
CVE-2009-2432 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-264)
WordPress and WordPress MU before 2.8.1 allow remote attackers to obtain sensitive information via a direct request to wp-settings.php, which reveals the installation path in an error message.
CVE-2009-2433 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-119)
Stack-based buffer overflow in the AddFavorite method in Microsoft Internet Explorer allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) and possibly have unspecified other impact via a long URL in the first argument.
CVE-2009-2434 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-119)
Buffer overflow in the syscall implementation in IBM AIX 5.3 allows local users to gain privileges via unspecified vectors.
CVE-2009-2435 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-255)
The Sametime server in IBM Lotus Instant Messaging and Web Conferencing 6.5.1 generates error messages for a failed logon attempt with different time delays depending on whether the user account exists, which allows remote attackers to enumerate valid usernames.
CVE-2009-2436 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-89)
SQL injection vulnerability in page.php in Online Dating Software MyPHPDating 1.0 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the page_id parameter.
CVE-2009-2437 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in index.php in Rentventory 1.0.1 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) username (aka Login) and (2) password parameters in a login action.
CVE-2009-2438 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in index.php in the search module in ClanSphere 2009.0 and 2009.0.2 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the text parameter in a list action. NOTE: this might overlap CVE-2008-1399.
CVE-2009-2439 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-89)
Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in Web Development House Alibaba Clone allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the (1) IndustryID parameter to category.php and the (2) SellerID parameter to supplier/view_contact_details.php. NOTE: this is a product that was developed by a third party; it is not associated with alibaba.com or the Alibaba Group.
CVE-2009-2440 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in index.php in JNM Guestbook 3.0 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the page parameter.
CVE-2009-2441 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in ogp_show.php in Online Guestbook Pro 5.1 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the entry parameter.
CVE-2009-2442 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in public/index.php in Linea21 1.2.1 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the search parameter in a resultats-recherche action.
CVE-2009-2443 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-264)
Siteframe 3.2.3, and other 3.2.x versions, allows remote attackers to obtain configuration information via a direct request to phpinfo.php, which calls the phpinfo function.
CVE-2009-2444 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-22)
Directory traversal vulnerability in maillinglist/setup/step1.php.inc in ADbNewsSender before 1.5.6, and 2.0 before RC2, allows remote attackers to include and execute arbitrary local files via a .. (dot dot) in the path_to_lang parameter to setup/index.php.
CVE-2009-2445 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-200)
Oracle iPlanet Web Server (formerly Sun Java System Web Server or Sun ONE Web Server) 6.1 before SP12, and 7.0 through Update 6, when running on Windows, allows remote attackers to read arbitrary JSP files via an alternate data stream syntax, as demonstrated by a .jsp::$DATA URI.
CVE-2009-2446 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-134)
Multiple format string vulnerabilities in the dispatch_command function in libmysqld/sql_parse.cc in mysqld in MySQL 4.0.0 through 5.0.83 allow remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (daemon crash) and possibly have unspecified other impact via format string specifiers in a database name in a (1) COM_CREATE_DB or (2) COM_DROP_DB request. NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.
CVE-2009-2447 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in ogp_show.php in Online Guestbook Pro 5.1 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) search or (2) display parameter.
CVE-2009-2448 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in ogp_show.php in Online Guestbook Pro 5.1 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the search_choice parameter. NOTE: the provenance of this information is unknown; the details are obtained solely from third party information.
CVE-2009-2449 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-22)
Directory traversal vulnerability in maillinglist/admin/change_config.php in ADbNewsSender before 1.5.6 allows remote attackers to include and execute arbitrary local files via a .. (dot dot) in the path_to_lang parameter.
CVE-2009-2450 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-119)
The OAmon.sys kernel driver 3.1.0.0 and earlier in Tall Emu Online Armor Personal Firewall AV+ before 3.5.0.12, and Personal Firewall 3.5 before 3.5.0.14, allows local users to gain privileges via crafted METHOD_NEITHER IOCTL requests to \Device\OAmon containing arbitrary kernel addresses, as demonstrated using the 0x830020C3 IOCTL.
CVE-2009-2451 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-89)
Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in index.php in MIM:InfiniX 1.2.003 and possibly earlier versions allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the (1) month and (2) year parameters in a calendar action, or (3) a search term in the search form.
CVE-2009-2452 (severity: HIGH, weakness: NVD-CWE-Other)
Multiple unspecified vulnerabilities in Citrix Licensing 11.5 have unknown impact and attack vectors, related to "underlying components of the License Management Console."
CVE-2009-2453 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-264)
Citrix XenApp (formerly Presentation Server) 4.5 Hotfix Rollup Pack 3 does not apply an access policy when it is defined with the Access Gateway Advanced Edition filters, which allows attackers to bypass intended access restrictions via unknown vectors.
CVE-2009-2454 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Citrix Web Interface 4.6, 5.0, and 5.0.1 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
CVE-2009-2455 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in webadmin/admin.php in @mail 5.6.1 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) type and (2) func parameters. NOTE: the provenance of this information is unknown; the details are obtained solely from third party information.
CVE-2009-2456 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: NVD-CWE-Other)
The DS\NDSD component in Novell eDirectory 8.8 before SP5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (ndsd core dump) via an LDAP request containing multiple . (dot) wildcard characters in the Relative Distinguished Name (RDN).
CVE-2009-2457 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-94)
The DS\NDSD component in Novell eDirectory 8.8 before SP5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a malformed bind LDAP packet.
CVE-2009-2458 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: NVD-CWE-Other)
Unspecified vulnerability in Sun Fire V215 Server, when using XVR-100 graphic cards on system boards with part number 375-3463 and a hardware dash level -04 or later, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (panic) via unknown vectors.
CVE-2009-2459 (severity: HIGH, weakness: NVD-CWE-Other)
Multiple unspecified vulnerabilities in mimeTeX, when downloaded before 20090713, have unknown impact and attack vectors related to the (1) \environ, (2) \input, and (3) \counter TeX directives.
CVE-2009-2460 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-119)
Multiple stack-based buffer overflows in mathtex.cgi in mathTeX, when downloaded before 20090713, have unspecified impact and remote attack vectors.
CVE-2009-2461 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-264)
mathtex.cgi in mathTeX, when downloaded before 20090713, does not securely create temporary files, which has unspecified impact and local attack vectors.
CVE-2009-2462 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-399)
The browser engine in Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12 and Thunderbird allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via vectors related to (1) the frame chain and synchronous events, (2) a SetMayHaveFrame assertion and nsCSSFrameConstructor::CreateFloatingLetterFrame, (3) nsCSSFrameConstructor::ConstructFrame, (4) the child list and initial reflow, (5) GetLastSpecialSibling, (6) nsFrameManager::GetPrimaryFrameFor and MathML, (7) nsFrame::GetBoxAscent, (8) nsCSSFrameConstructor::AdjustParentFrame, (9) nsDOMOfflineResourceList, and (10) nsContentUtils::ComparePosition.
CVE-2009-2463 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-189)
Multiple integer overflows in the (1) PL_Base64Decode and (2) PL_Base64Encode functions in nsprpub/lib/libc/src/base64.c in Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12, Thunderbird before 2.0.0.24, and SeaMonkey before 1.1.19 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors that trigger buffer overflows.
CVE-2009-2464 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-399)
The nsXULTemplateQueryProcessorRDF::CheckIsSeparator function in Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12, SeaMonkey 2.0a1pre, and Thunderbird allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via vectors related to loading multiple RDF files in a XUL tree element.
CVE-2009-2465 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-399)
Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12 and Thunderbird allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) or execute arbitrary code via vectors involving double frame construction, related to (1) nsHTMLContentSink.cpp, (2) nsXMLContentSink.cpp, and (3) nsPresShell.cpp, and the nsSubDocumentFrame::Reflow function.
CVE-2009-2466 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-399)
The JavaScript engine in Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12 and Thunderbird allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via vectors related to (1) nsDOMClassInfo.cpp, (2) JS_HashTableRawLookup, and (3) MirrorWrappedNativeParent and js_LockGCThingRT.
CVE-2009-2467 (severity: HIGH, weakness: NVD-CWE-Other)
Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12 and 3.5 before 3.5.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via vectors involving a Flash object, a slow script dialog, and the unloading of the Flash plugin, which triggers attempted use of a deleted object.
CVE-2009-2468 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-189)
Integer overflow in Apple CoreGraphics, as used in Safari before 4.0.3, Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12, and Mac OS X 10.4.11 and 10.5.8, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a long text run that triggers a heap-based buffer overflow during font glyph rendering, a related issue to CVE-2009-1194.
CVE-2009-2469 (severity: HIGH, weakness: CWE-399)
Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12 does not properly handle an SVG element that has a property with a watch function and an __defineSetter__ function, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted document, related to a certain pointer misinterpretation.
CVE-2009-2470 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-20)
Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12, and 3.5.x before 3.5.2, allows remote SOCKS5 proxy servers to cause a denial of service (data stream corruption) via a long domain name in a reply.
CVE-2009-2471 (severity: HIGH, weakness: NVD-CWE-Other)
The setTimeout function in Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12 does not properly preserve object wrapping, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary JavaScript with chrome privileges via a crafted call, related to XPCNativeWrapper.
CVE-2009-2472 (severity: MEDIUM, weakness: CWE-79)
Mozilla Firefox before 3.0.12 does not always use XPCCrossOriginWrapper when required during object construction, which allows remote attackers to bypass the Same Origin Policy and conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via a crafted document, related to a "cross origin wrapper bypass."