The 1987 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 106th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; and their 101st season in the National League. This was their 18th season at Three Rivers Stadium. The Pirates finished fifth in the National League East with a record of 80–82.
November 26, 1986 – Traded Pat Clements, Cecilio Guante and Rick Rhoden to the New York Yankees. Received Doug Drabek, Logan Easley and Brian Fisher.
December 5, 1986 – Traded Rick Renteria to the Seattle Mariners. Received a player to be named later. The Seattle Mariners sent Bob Siegel (minors) (December 10, 1986) to the Pittsburgh Pirates to complete the trade.
April 1, 1987 – Traded Tony Peña to the St. Louis Cardinals. Received Mike Dunne, Mike LaValliere and Andy Van Slyke.
June 2, 1987 – Drafted Brian Williams in the 3rd round of the 1987 amateur draft, but did not sign the player.
June 2, 1987 – Drafted Wes Chamberlain in the 4th round of the 1987 amateur draft. Player signed June 12, 1987.
June 2, 1987 – Drafted Mickey Morandini in the 7th round of the 1987 amateur draft, but did not sign the player.
June 2, 1987 – Drafted Kurt Knudsen in the 8th round of the 1987 amateur draft, but did not sign the player.
June 2, 1987 – Drafted Mike Fyhrie in the 19th round of the 1987 amateur draft, but did not sign the player.
June 2, 1987 – Drafted Bob Ayrault in the 26th round of the 1987 amateur draft, but did not sign the player.
June 26, 1987 – Traded Pete Rice (minors) and Shawn Holman to the Detroit Tigers. Received Terry Harper.
July 31, 1987 – Traded Don Robinson to the San Francisco Giants. Received Mackey Sasser and $50,000.
August 7, 1987 – Traded Jim Morrison to the Detroit Tigers. Received a player to be named later and Darnell Coles. The Detroit Tigers sent Morris Madden (August 12, 1987) to the Pittsburgh Pirates to complete the trade.
August 21, 1987 – Traded Rick Reuschel to the San Francisco Giants. Received Scott Medvin and Jeff Robinson.
August 29, 1987 – Traded Johnny Ray to the California Angels. Received a player to be named later and Billie Merrifield (minors). The California Angels sent Miguel Garcia (September 3, 1987) to the Pittsburgh Pirates to complete the trade.
^ From 1882–1906, the team played in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, which became annexed by Pittsburgh as the North Shore in 1907.
2. KDKA (AM) – KDKA is a Class A radio station, owned and operated by CBS Radio and licensed to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Its studios are located at the combined CBS Radio Pittsburgh facility in the Foster Plaza on Holiday Drive in Green Tree, the stations programming is also carried over KDKA-FMs 93.7 HD2 digital subchannel. Its nighttime signal covers much of eastern North America, during the war, Westinghouse received government contracts to develop radio transmitters and receivers for military use. They used recently developed vacuum tube equipment that was capable of audio communication, previous spark gap transmitters could only be used to transmit the dots-and-dashes of Morse code. At the time of the entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917, with the end of the war, the government contracts were canceled. However, Westinghouse moved aggressively to establish itself as a national and international provider of radio communication, the effort to establish Westinghouses radio industry presence was led by company vice president H. P. Davis. However, because of the competitive advantage RCA had in international and marine communications, in September 1920, a newspaper report noted that a new high-power station, to operate under a special or commercial license, is being installed at the Westinghouse plant in East Pittsburgh. This Limited Commercial grant was consistent with the practice being followed at this time. At this time, radio stations in the United States were regulated by the Department of Commerces Bureau of Navigation, beginning with the introduction of licensing in late 1912, the standard practice had been to assign call letters starting with W to radio stations in the eastern United States. Although the original policy was restored a few later, KDKA was permitted to keep its non-standard call sign. Prior to World War I, Frank Conrad had operated an experimental radiotelegraph station, following the war, the U. S. government again allowed the operation of civilian radio stations, and Conrad revived 8XK, which was located in a detached two-story garage at his residence. He used the knowledge gained during the period to upgrade his station to begin making audio transmissions. On October 17,1919 Conrad made the first of what would become a series of entertainment broadcasts. H. P. Davis held a meeting with his radio cabinet. On August 31,1920, the Detroit News, whose Detroit News Radiophone began making daily broadcasts on August 20, had broadcast local primary election results. Westinghouses preparations included the construction of a shack and antenna system on the roof of the nine story K Building at the East Pittsburgh Works in Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania. Frank Conrad had originally planned to broadcast the results over 8XK, in cooperation with the American Radio Relay League. He and Donald G. Little had primary responsibility for constructing a 100 watt vacuum-tube transmitter, a telephoned temporary authorization was received to operate under the call sign of 8ZZ
3. KDKA-TV – KDKA-TV, channel 2, is a CBS owned-and-operated television station located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation, the two stations share studios located at the Gateway Center in downtown Pittsburgh, while KDKA-TVs transmitter is located in the Perry North neighborhood of Pittsburgh. On cable, KDKA is carried on Comcast channels 6 and 802, the furthest south KDKA-TV is carried on cable is in Beverly, West Virginia. The station went on the air on January 11,1949, as WDTV on channel 3, it was owned and operated by the DuMont Television Network. To mark the occasion, a television special aired that day from 8,30 to 11 p. m. ET on WDTV. The remainder of the featured live segments from DuMont, CBS, NBC, and ABC with Arthur Godfrey, Milton Berle, DuMont host Ted Steele. The station also represented a milestone in the industry, providing the first network that included Pittsburgh and 13 other cities from Boston to St. Louis. WDTV was one of the last stations to receive a permit before the Federal Communications Commission-imposed four-year freeze on new television station licenses. WDTV moved its facilities to channel 2 on November 23,1952, DuMonts network of stations on coaxial cable stretched from Boston to St. Louis. These stations were linked together via AT&Ts coaxial cable feed with the sign-on of WDTV allowing the network to broadcast live programming to all the stations at the same time, Stations not yet connected to the coaxial cable received kinescope recordings via physical delivery. Until the end of the freeze, WDTVs only competition came in the form of distant signals from stations in Johnstown, Altoona, Wheeling, West Virginia, however, Pittsburgh saw two UHF stations launch during 1953 – ABC affiliate WENS-TV, and WKJF-TV, an independent station. At the time, UHF stations could not be viewed without the aid of an expensive, set-top converter, and the picture quality was marginal at best with one. UHF stations in the area faced a problem because Pittsburgh is located in a somewhat rugged dissected plateau. These factors played a role in the short-lived existences of both WKJF and WENS, although Pittsburgh was the sixth largest market in the country, the other VHF stations in town were slow to develop. This was because the cities in the Upper Ohio Valley are so close together that they must share the VHF band. WDTV had a de facto monopoly on Pittsburgh television, like its sister stations WABD and WTTG, it was far stronger than the DuMont network as a whole. According to network general manager Ted Bergmann, WDTV brought in $4 million a year, owning the only readily viewable station in such a large market gave DuMont considerable leverage in getting its programs cleared in large markets where it did not have an affiliate. Also, NBC affiliates from Johnstown and Wheeling were able to be received in Pittsburgh, the Wheeling/Steubenville TV market, despite its very close proximity to Pittsburgh and overlapping signals, remains a separate market by FCC standards today
4. Three Rivers Stadium – Three Rivers Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1970 to 2000. It was home to the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, Built as a replacement for Forbes Field, which opened in 1909, the US$55 million multi-purpose facility was designed to maximize efficiency. Ground was broken in April 1968 and an oft behind-schedule construction plan lasted for 29 months, the stadium opened on July 16,1970 when the Pirates played their first game. In the 1971 World Series, Three Rivers Stadium hosted the first World Series game played at night, the following year the stadium was the site of the Immaculate Reception. The final game in the stadium was won by the Steelers on December 16,2000, Three Rivers Stadium also hosted the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team for a single season each. After its closing, Three Rivers Stadium was imploded in 2001, a proposal for a new sports stadium in Pittsburgh was first made in 1948, however, plans did not attract much attention until the late 1950s. The Pittsburgh Pirates played their games at Forbes Field, which opened in 1909. The Pittsburgh Steelers, who had moved from Forbes Field to Pitt Stadium in 1964, were supporters of the project. For their part, according to longtime Pirates announcer Bob Prince, in 1958, the Pirates sold Forbes to the University of Pittsburgh for $2 million. The university wanted the land for expanded graduate facilities, as part of the deal, the university leased Forbes back to the Pirates until a replacement could be built. An early design of the stadium included plans to situate the stadium atop a bridge across the Monongahela River and it was to call for a 70,000 seat stadium with hotels, marina and even 100 lane bowling alley. Plans of the Stadium over the Monongahela were eventually not pursued, a design was presented in 1958 which featured an open center field design—through which fans could view Pittsburghs Golden Triangle. A site on the citys Northside was approved on August 10,1958, due to availability and parking space. The same site had hosted Exposition Park, which the Pirates had left in 1909, the stadium was located in a hard-to-access portion of downtown, making it hard in later years to get in before games and leave after games. Political debate continued over the North Side Sports Stadium and the project was often behind schedule, arguments were made by commissioner Dr. William McCelland that the Pirates and Steelers should fund a higher percentage of the $33 million project. Due to lack of support, however, the arguments faded, ground for Three Rivers Stadium was broken on April 25,1968. Due to the Steelers suggestions, the design was changed to enclose center field. Construction continued, though it became plagued with problems such as thieves stealing materials from the building site, in November 1969, Arthur Gratz asked the city for an additional $3 million, which was granted
5. Jim Leyland – James Richard Jim Leyland is a retired Major League Baseball manager. He currently serves as an assistant to the Detroit Tigers and is the manager of the United States national baseball team. He led the Florida Marlins to a World Series championship in 1997, with the Tigers victory in the 2006 American League Championship Series, Leyland became the seventh manager in history to win pennants in both the National and American Leagues. He is a three-time Manager of the Year Award winner, twice in the National League, Leyland began his baseball career with the Tigers when they signed him as a catcher on September 21,1963. He spent seven seasons as a minor leaguer in the Tigers organization, Leyland was a career.222 hitter in the minor leagues. Leyland was the manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1986 to 1996 and he won two Manager of the Year trophies with the Pirates in 1990 and 1992, and finished as runner-up in 1988 and 1991. Leyland helped develop such All-Stars as Barry Bonds, Jay Bell, Tim Wakefield, Andy Van Slyke, under Leyland, the Pirates went to the National League Championship Series in three straight seasons. The Pirates lost all three of those NLCS, however, with the two going the full seven games against the Atlanta Braves. Although he has moved on in his career, Leyland still keeps his home in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mt. Lebanon, both attended Bishop Canevin High School. One member of Leylands coaching staff while with the Pirates, Terry Collins, in 1997, Leyland was hired by Wayne Huizenga to manage the Florida Marlins and promptly led them to the franchises first championship. The Marlins, in only their fifth year of existence, became the fastest expansion franchise to win a World Series, the Arizona Diamondbacks surpassed the Marlins when they won the World Series in 2001, their fourth season. In the offseason, Huizenga dismantled the team in what known as the fire sale. After Game 7, when asked about rumors that he might retire if Huizenga sold the franchise, Leyland quipped, Leyland indeed remained as the manager, but resigned after the 1998 season, when the Marlins went 54–108. At his press conference, Leyland remarked that he thought his job was to win championships, Leyland was subsequently hired by the Colorado Rockies for the 1999 season, walking away from the final two years of his contract. When he left managing after the 1999 season, he became a Pittsburgh-based scout for the St. Louis Cardinals and it marked the first time Leyland managed in the American League. In the 2006 regular season, Leyland guided the Tigers to a 95–67 record, after the 2006 season ended, Leyland was recognized with the Manager of the Year award for the third time in his career. He became the person to win the award in both leagues, joining La Russa and Bobby Cox. Leyland also won The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award for the American League in 2006, in 2011, Leyland led the Tigers to another 95–67 regular season record, winning the American League Central Division
7. 1969 Major League Baseball season – The 1969 Major League Baseball season was celebrated as the 100th anniversary of professional baseball, honoring the first professional touring baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings. It was the first season of what is now called the Divisional Era, the winners of each division would compete against each other in a League Championship Series, then best-of-five, to determine the pennant winners that would face each other in the World Series. In a year marked by the expansion of the decade, the New York Mets. East Division with a league-best 100–62 record, and sweeping the N. L, West Division Champion Atlanta Braves in three games in the first National League Championship Series, the Miracle Mets became the first expansion team to win a pennant. East Division Champion Orioles, holders of the best record in baseball, West Division Champion Minnesota Twins in three games in the first American League Championship Series. The upstart Mets upset the heavily favored Orioles and won the World Series title in five games, in an effort to counteract a trend of low-scoring games, Major League Baseball adopted two measures during the Baseball Winter Meetings held in December 1968. The strike zone was reduced to the area over home plate between the armpits and the top of the knees of a batter. Also, the height of the mound was reduced from 15 inches to 10 inches. A save became an official MLB statistic to reward relief pitchers who preserve a lead while finishing a game, MLB called for a four-team expansion to take place in 1971 at the 1967 Winter Meetings, the first expansion since 1962. However, there was a complication, influential U. S, the Leagues agreed and moved expansion up to 1969, with the AL putting one of its new franchises in Kansas City. Ewing Kauffman won the bidding for that franchise, naming it the Kansas City Royals, the other AL team was awarded to Seattle. A consortium led by Dewey Soriano and William Daley won the bidding for the Seattle franchise, and named it the Seattle Pilots, a salute to the harbor pilots of the Puget Sound maritime industry. In the NL, one franchise was awarded to San Diego, California, arnholdt Smith, former owner of the AAA Pacific Coast Leagues San Diego Padres, won the bidding for the San Diego franchise, also naming it the Padres. Charles Bronfman, owner of Seagram, won the bidding for the Montreal franchise, naming them the Expos and this was the last NL expansion until the 1993 season. As part of the 1969 expansion, each league was to be split into two divisions of six each, with each league holding a best-of-five League Championship Series to decide the pennant. The AL was divided purely along geographic lines, but when it came to assign divisions in the NL and this alignment also addressed concerns that putting the leagues three strongest clubs—St. Louis, San Francisco, and the Cubs—in the west would result in divisional unequity, the Padres and Expos each finished with 110 losses and at the bottom of their respective divisions. The Royals did better, finishing 69–93 and in fourth in the AL West, the legal fallout of the battle would lead eventually to the expansion for the 1977 season
8. AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh – It is the exclusive home of the Pittsburgh Pirates and Pittsburgh Penguins, and the cable home of the Pittsburgh Steelers.4 million homes. It is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network, the network commenced full-time broadcasts on April 24,1986 as the KBL Entertainment Network, in order to allow other sports besides the Pirates to be included on the network. Its first regular broadcast was a Pirates home game against the New York Mets, the network was initially owned by Tele-Communications Inc. then the largest cable television provider in the Pittsburgh market. KBL quickly expanded its cable coverage, as early as May 9,1986, its cable footprint roughly approximated its present six-state coverage area. On May 4,2009, DirecTV Group Inc, DirecTV would operate its newly acquired FSN-affiliated networks through DirecTV Sports Networks, a new division formed when the split off from Liberty Media was completed on November 19,2009. On December 17,2010, DirecTV Sports Networks announced that its four Fox Sports Networks-affiliated regional outlets would be relaunched under the Root Sports brand. The network officially rebranded as Root Sports Pittsburgh on April 1,2011, for nominal purposes, the Root Sports networks continued to carry programming distributed mainly to the Fox Sports regional networks to provide supplementary sports and entertainment programming. On April 8,2016, DirecTV Sports Networks rebranded under the AT&T name as AT&T Sports Networks, Root Sports Pittsburgh carries more than 350 live sports events annually, featuring a mix of professional, collegiate and high school sports. Since the beginning of the 2013 season, Roots telecasts of Pirates games are blacked out on DirecTV in many portions of the Pirates claimed territory, including the Columbus, Ohio market. Despite the blackout, DirecTV does not allow Pirates games to be shown in the area on its MLB Extra Innings package. The network will continue to do so until July 2019, when ESPN will obtain the rights through the new ACC-ESPN Network, the network also airs replays of all Panthers football games and head coach Pat Narduzzis weekly press conference. It airs magazine programming featuring the Penn State Nittany Lions, Notre Dame Fighting Irish, Villanova Wildcats, and Atlantic Coast Conference
9. National League – Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series, after the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016, the 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs. By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak, additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N. A. Hartford Dark Blues from the N. A. Mutual of New York from the N. A. St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N. A, the only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies. The first game in National League history was played on April 22,1876, at Philadelphias Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, the new leagues authority was tested after the first season. The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878, over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves, in 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city, the NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A. A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, the National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series ending in disputed ties, the NL won four times and the A. A. only once, in 1886. Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded and this undercut the stability of the A. A. Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association, the Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players League, the Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players League counterparts. The labor strife of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association, after the 1891 season, the A. A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the National League and American Association
10. Steve Blass – Stephen Robert Steve Blass is a former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher and a current broadcast announcer for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Blass was born in Canaan, Connecticut, in a 10-year career, he went 103–76 with 896 strikeouts and a 3.63 ERA in 1597 innings pitched. Signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1960, he made his league debut in 1964. In 1969 won 16 with a career-high 147 strikeouts, from 1969 to 1972 he won 60 games, with a career-high 19 victories in 1972. In that season, he made the National League All-Star team and he finished second in the voting for World Series MVP behind teammate Roberto Clemente. Besides his Series performance, Blass is best known for his sudden and his ERA climbed to 9.85 in the 1973 season. He walked 84 batters in 88 2⁄3 innings, and struck out only 27, laboring through the 1973 season, after spending most of 1974 in the minor leagues, he retired from baseball in March 1975. Two months later writer Roger Angell chronicled Blasss travails in an essay in The New Yorker, a condition referred to as Steve Blass disease has become a part of baseball lexicon. The diagnosis is applied to talented players who inexplicably and permanently seem to lose their ability to throw a baseball accurately, the fielders variant of Steve Blass disease is sometimes referred to in baseball terminology as Steve Sax syndrome. Notable victims of Steve Blass disease include Rick Ankiel, Mark Wohlers, Dontrelle Willis, Ricky Romero, Blass worked in the late 1970s as a salesman for a Pittsburgh company that manufactured school class rings. He joined the Pirates TV and radio broadcast team in 1983 as a color commentator. Before the 2005 season, he announced that he would announce only home games then on to spend more time with his family. He was inducted into the Kinston Professional Baseball Hall of Fame in 1997, Blass autobiography, A Pirate For Life, was released on May 1,2012. His memoirs, co-written with Erik Sherman, encompass his struggles with Steve Blass disease and his days as a color commentator for the Pirates
KDKA (1020 kHz AM) is a Class A (clear channel) radio station, owned and operated by Entercom and licensed to …
As part of ongoing facility upgrades, this well-appointed studio went into service in December 1922.
KDKA-TV, virtual channel 2 (UHF digital channel 25), is a CBS owned-and-operated television station licensed to …
Three Rivers Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1970 to 2000. It was home to …
James Richard Leyland (born December 15, 1944) is a retired Major League Baseball manager. He currently serves as a …
AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh is an American regional sports network that is owned by the AT&T Sports Networks subsidiary …
Root Sports technicians during a November 19, 2011 game between the Pittsburgh Penguins and Florida Panthers.
Stephen Robert Blass (born April 18, 1942) is a former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher and a current …
Mike Lange (born March 3, 1948, in Sacramento, California) is an American sportscaster, best known as the radio …
The 1987 Dodgers finished the season in fourth place in the Western Division of the National League. — Offseason …
The 1987 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants' 105th season in Major League Baseball, their 30th season in San …
Lanny Lawrence Frattare (born March 23, 1948) is an American former sportscaster. For 33 years he was a play-by-play …
The 1986 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 105th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; and their 100th in the …
The 1987 Chicago Cubs season was the 116th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 112th in the National League and …
The 2013 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team represented Mississippi State University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Dan Mullen, who was in fifth season with Mississippi State in the 2013 season. The Bulldogs played their home games at Davis Wade Stadium in Starkville, Mississippi, and competed in the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).
August 31 2:30 p.m. vs. No. 13 Oklahoma State* Reliant Stadium • Houston, TX (Texas Kickoff) ABC/ESPN2 L 3–21 35,874
November 16 6:45 p.m. No. 1 Alabama Davis Wade Stadium • Starkville, MS (Rivalry) ESPN L 7–20 57,211
November 28 6:30 p.m. Ole Miss Davis Wade Stadium • Starkville, MS (Egg Bowl) ESPN W 17–10 OT 55,113
December 31 3:00 p.m. vs. Rice* Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium • Memphis, TN (Liberty Bowl) ESPN W 44–7 57,846
The No. 13 Oklahoma State Cowboys have been known more for their offense than their defense. The Cowboys' defense, however, kept Oklahoma State in the game long enough for their offense to wake up against the Mississippi State Bulldogs. J.W. Walsh threw for 135 yards and ran for another 125 and a touchdown to lead Oklahoma State to a 21-3 win over Mississippi State in the Texas Kickoff in Houston’s Reliant Stadium.
Walsh finished 18 of 27 after relieving starter Clint Chelf on the Cowboys' third series. Jeremy Smith rushed for 102 yards and two touchdowns on 15 carries for Oklahoma State (1-0), which piled up 432 yards on offense after struggling for most of the first half.
Mississippi State’s Tyler Russell finished 10 of 16 for 133 yards before being helped off the field and taken to the locker room in the third quarter after being brought down on a scramble. Dak Prescott replaced Russell, throwing for 89 yards on seven of 17 passing. LaDarius Perkins rushed for 50 yards on 16 carries and caught three passes for 52 yards for the Bulldogs (0-1), which had only 333 yards of offense and had trouble keeping drives going, finishing two of 16 on third down conversions. Oklahoma State's defense also had three sacks and intercepted two Mississippi State passes.
Mississippi State marched down the field in 57 yards on 13 plays taking over six minutes off the clock, but the Bulldogs were only able to get Devon Bell's 40-yard field goal to take a 3-0 lead. Russell was 5 of 7 on the drive for 58 yards. Oklahoma State's offense gained only 67 yards with less than four minutes remaining in the first half before Walsh got going. Walsh worked the quarterback keeper three times for gains of 46 yards down the left sideline, 12 yards down the left sideline to the MSU 3 and capping it off with a 3-yard touchdown run to give the Cowboys a 7-3 lead with 2:16 left in the half. The Bulldogs looked to respond before the half as Jameon Lewis weaved the kickoff return 66 yards to the OSU 34, but a holding penalty and a sack by Tyler Johnson stopped the drive.
OSU continued the offensive momentum in the second half, driving 75 yards in 11 plays to take a 14-3 lead on a Smith 1-yard run with 10:41 left in the third. Smith tacked on a 20-yard touchdown run to begin the fourth quarter to up the lead to 21-3.
4 11:42 ASU Tollette George 25-yard touchdown pass from John Gibbs, Jr., Haiden McCraney kick good MSU 44–7
Dak Prescott threw for 174 yards and two touchdowns in his first career start and Mississippi State breezed past Alcorn State 51-7. Mississippi State (1-1) didn't use several regular starters, including quarterback Tyler Russell, who suffered a concussion in the Bulldogs' season-opening loss to Oklahoma State. It didn't matter. The Bulldogs led 21-0 by early in the second quarter and 37-0 by halftime. It was the most points in the first half for the program since 1996. Mississippi State's Ashton Shumpert rushed for 98 yards and two touchdowns. Nick Griffin added 54 yards on the ground and a touchdown.
Alcorn State (1-1), which plays in the Football Championship Subdivision, managed just two first downs in the first three quarters. The Braves scored their only touchdown early in the fourth quarter on a 25-yard pass from John Gibbs Jr. to Tollete George.
The 6-foot-2, 230-pound Prescott showed his poise early in the first quarter by converting two straight passes on 4th and 9 for a first down. The first was an 18-yard strike to Joe Morrow, but it was disallowed after officials ruled Alcorn State had called timeout. A sold out Davis Wade Stadium groaned, but Prescott came right back and hit Malcolm Johnson for a 23-yard gain. Two plays later, Prescott burst through the line for an 11-yard touchdown run and a 7-0 lead. The rout was just beginning. Mississippi State outgained Alcorn State 308-30 in total yards on the way to the huge halftime lead. Prescott completed 12 of 19 passes while also rushing for 20 yards and a touchdown. He didn't play in the second half.
The second half started just as lopsided. Brandon Holloway ran the kickoff back 95 yards to Alcorn's 1-yard line, and Mississippi State scored two plays later for a 44-0 lead with 13:57 left in the third quarter. Alcorn State's George finished with four catches for 80 yards and the Braves' only touchdown. Gibbs was 11 of 25 passing for 135 yards, one touchdown and one interception.
1 4:54 AU Quan Bray 76-yard touchdown pass from Nick Marshall, Brandon Fulse pass from Ryan White AU 11–0
Nick Marshall hit C.J. Uzomah for an 11-yard touchdown with 10 seconds left to lift Auburn to a 24-20 victory over Mississippi State on Saturday night, ending the Tigers' 10-game Southeastern Conference losing streak. Marshall led the Tigers (3-0, 1-0 SEC) down the field with big running and passing plays in easily his best game. The junior-college transfer completed his first five passes for 55 yards in leading Auburn 88 yards over the final 1:56. He then ran 11 yards on 3rd-and-10 before lofting the decisive throw to the right corner of the end zone. The play was reviewed and instant replay officials ruled that the 6-foot-4 tight end, Uzomah, was pushed out of bounds, enabling him to come back.
Subbing for an injured Tyler Russell for a second straight game, quarterback Dak Prescottran for 133 yards and two touchdowns and passed for 213 for Mississippi State (1-2, 0-1). Russell sustained a concussion in the opener against Oklahoma State.
With the game on the line, Marshall suddenly looked like anything but a guy who's had six weeks to learn an offense. He hit freshman Marcus Davis on three straight passes to cover 29 yards, then had a 17-yarder to Jaylon Denson. He also salvaged short gains with a couple of runs before heading out of bounds. Tre Mason's 3-yard run pushed it to the 11 before Auburn called timeout with 15 seconds left. Marshall was 23-of-34 passing for 339 yards and two touchdowns but was intercepted twice. He passed for just 246 yards and two TDs in his first two games as starter combined. Marshall showed a knack for turning potential miscues into big plays. He dropped the shotgun snap, collected it on the bounce and hit a wide-open Quan Bray downfield for a 76-yard touchdown on the opening drive. Ryan White then hit Brandon Fulse for the two-point conversion. In the third quarter, Marshall caught his own batted pass and raced for a 37-yard gain. The Bulldogs forced the Tigers to settle for Cody Parkey's 47-yard field goal after Jamerson Love tackled Corey Grant for a loss. Parkey also had a 40-yarder and 19-yarder.
The Bulldogs were able to keep in check Auburn tailbacks Corey Grant, Tre Mason andCameron Artis-Payne, who had been the strength of the offense. Prescott completed 15 of 28 passes and carried 22 times. LaDarius Perkins gained 36 yards after he was one of seven starters held out of a route of FCS team Alcorn State.
Mississippi State coach Dan Mullen gambled on fourth-and-2 from his own 29 late, and Prescott delivered with a 3-yard gain. That enabled the Bulldogs to burn off another two minutes before punting, though they couldn't get another first down. It proved just enough time for the Tigers.
Mississippi State twice forced turnovers in Auburn territory in the second half, but failed to produce points both times.
Dak Prescott threw for 233 yards and a touchdown, rushed for 53 yards and two touchdowns and caught a 36-yard touchdown pass to lead Mississippi State over Troy 62-7. Prescott's diverse and efficient performance was matched by Jameon Lewis, who caught a 50-yard touchdown pass, rushed for an 8-yard touchdown and threw the 36-yard touchdown that Prescott caught on a trick play. Prescott was starting just his third career game. The 6-foot-2, 230-pound sophomore completed 13 of 21 passes.
Mississippi State (2-2) led 10-7 after the first quarter, but erupted for 35 points in the second quarter to take a 45-7 halftime lead. Troy (2-2) never recovered from the brutal second quarter. Corey Robinson, who is the NCAA's active leader in career passing yards, completed 15 of 25 passes for just 105 yards, one touchdown and one interception. It was the most points Mississippi State has scored in a game since 1994. The Bulldogs finished with 551 total yards.
Besides Prescott and Lewis, Mississippi State didn't have many players with big individual numbers. That's because just about any Bulldog who touched the ball produced. Ten players caught a pass and nine had at least one rushing attempt.
The Troy-Mississippi State series has traditionally been close, with the Trojans even earning one of the biggest wins in school history against the Bulldogs in 2001. But this one turned ugly by halftime.
2 6:28 MSU De'Runnya Wilson 59-yard touchdown pass from Tyler Russell, Devon Bell kick good MSU 23–21
2 0:17 LSU Odell Beckham 14-yard touchdown pass from Zach Mettenberger, Colby Delahoussaye kick good LSU 28–23
4 14:50 LSU Odell Beckham 33-yard touchdown pass from Zach Mettenberger, Colby Delahoussaye kick good LSU 38–26
Zach Mettenberger surveyed the field with plenty of time to throw and then delivered a perfect spiral to Odell Beckham Jr., who stopped short of the sideline, spun inside and galloped 33 yards untouched for the touchdown. It was the ninth and final time the two hooked up for a completion, and it proved to be the knockout blow. Mettenberger threw for 340 yards and two touchdowns, Beckham had 179 yards receiving and two touchdowns and No. 10 LSU blew past Mississippi State for a 59-26 victory.
It was a tight game for three quarters, but Mettenberger's touchdown to Beckham gave LSU a 38-26 lead on the first play of the fourth quarter and Mississippi State couldn't respond. LSU closed the game on a 31-0 run, including four touchdowns in the fourth quarter. Mettenberger completed 25 of 29 passes in another impressive performance during the senior's breakout season. Beckham was his favorite target -- but Jarvis Landry also caught eight passes for 96 yards. It was a nearly flawless performance, and helped erase some of the sting of last week's 44-41 loss to Georgia. LSU's Jeremy Hill added 157 yards rushing and two touchdowns while Kenny Hilliard added 39 yards rushing and three touchdowns. The Tigers (5-1, 2-1 Southeastern Conference) have won 14 straight over Mississippi State (2-3, 0-2) dating back to 1999. LSU has a 21-1 record under Miles following a loss.
Mississippi State's Dak Prescott threw for 106 yards and rushed for 103 more. Jameon Lewis caught seven passes for 111 yards and a touchdown. The Bulldogs' offense was good, especially early, but LSU's was even better. The Tigers' receiver duo of Landry and Beckham was unstoppable, even when Mississippi State appeared to have good coverage, and Mettenberger found them early and often. The Tigers finished with 563 total yards.
LSU needed all those yards, because the defense was gashed for a second straight week. The Tigers gave up nearly 500 yards last week in a loss to Georgia and Mississippi State had some early success with a two-quarterback system. The 6-foot-2, 230-pound Prescott has been terrific in Russell's place, providing much more of a running threat. On the team's first offensive drive, he rewarded Mullen's confidence with a 28-yard touchdown run to pull the Bulldogs to 7-6. Russell entered the game early in the second quarter and also had immediate success, throwing a 20-yard touchdown to Lewis to pull Mississippi State to 21-16 in the second quarter. The Bulldogs took a 23-21 lead on Russell's 59-yard touchdown pass to De'Runnya Wilson, but LSU responded with a 14-yard touchdown pass from Mettenberger to Beckham to take a 28-23 lead into halftime. Russell's second touchdown pass was the 39th of his career, which set a Mississippi State record. He finished 7 of 11 for 146 yards passing.
The teams combined for 608 total yards in the first half -- 334 for LSU and 274 for Mississippi State. LSU's defense tightened in the second half, giving up just three points.
Dak Prescott rushed for 139 yards and 2 touchdowns to lead Mississippi State to a 21-20 win over Bowling Green in a non-conference game Saturday night. After a failed fourth-and-1 by MSU, Bowling Green (5-2) had the ball and 4:21 on the clock at the end of the game, but couldn't get inside field goal range. Mississippi State (3-3) had 422 yards of offense, 245 on the ground as the Bulldogs won their 11th straight nonconference home game.
The game was a back-and-forth affair. Mississippi State opened the game on a 9-play, 75-yard drive that ended in a LaDarius Perkins touchdown. Bowling Green's BooBoo Gates intercepted Prescott on MSU's next offensive series, and the Falcons eventually settled for a 35-yard field goal by Tyler Tate. Prescott responded on the next drive by rushing for a 75-yard touchdown. In the second quarter, Bowling Green answered with a 96-yard drive capped off by a 7-yardAndre Givens touchdown run. Mississippi State countered with a 75-yard drive and a 10-yard Prescott touchdown run with 1:04 left in the second quarter. But quarterback Matt Johnson worked Bowling Green into field goal range, and Tate nailed a 45-yarder to end the first half.
Tate missed a 45-yard field goal on the opening drive of the third quarter, but Bowling Green responded with a 7-play touchdown drive on its next possession, to pull within one point; the eventual final margin. With 4:21 left in the game, Mississippi State went for a fourth-and-1 on the Bowling Green six yard line. Prescott's rush was inches short, and the Bulldogs turned it over on downs. Johnson completed four passes and Green rushed once to get the Falcons to midfield. But then the drive stalled, and Johnson failed to complete a fourth-and-11 to Ryan Burbrink, and Mississippi State ran out the clock.
For MSU, Perkins rushed for 83 yards and one touchdown. Perkins, Joe Morrow and Jameon Lewis each caught four passes. Prescott was also 7-of-11 passing for 75 yards and one interception. Mullen again used both Prescott, a sophomore, and veteran quarterback Tyler Russell throughout the game. Russell finished 12-of-14 for 102 yards.
Johnson was 19-of-33 for 194 yards for Bowling Green. Travis Green rushed for 99 yards and Ryan Burbrink caught four passes for a game-high 66 yards. Bowling Green's Gates was ejected in the second quarter for targeting.
See also: Kentucky Wildcats football, 2013 Kentucky Wildcats football team, and Kentucky–Mississippi State football rivalry
Mississippi State coach Dan Mullen came to the postgame press conference, sat in his chair, adjusted the microphone and then let out a strange noise that was somewhere between a scream and sigh of relief. The Bulldogs had picked up their first Southeastern Conference victory of the season. But it wasn't easy at all. Mississippi State beat Kentucky 28-22 on Thursday night at Davis Wade Stadium. The Bulldogs built a 21-7 lead in the first half, but couldn't secure the game until Kentucky's last drive fell short at Mississippi State's 29 with 21 seconds left.
Dak Prescott threw for 268 yards and two touchdowns and also caught a 17-yard touchdown pass in another impressive all-around performance. He completed a career-high 23 of 34 passes and also rushed for 33 yards. Jameon Lewis had a 19-yard touchdown run, caught a 17-yard scoring pass and also threw the 17-yard touchdown to Prescott on a trick play. Mississippi State (4-3, 1-2 SEC) beat Kentucky (1-6, 0-4) for a fifth straight season. It's the second time this season Lewis has had rushing, receiving and passing touchdowns in a game. The 5-foot-9, 195-pound senior was a quarterback in high school and Mullen relishes his diverse skill set.
Kentucky's Joe Mansour made a 44-yard field goal with 8:15 remaining to pull the Wildcats to 28-22. Mississippi State chewed up 6 minutes of clock the ensuing next drive, but Kentucky had one final chance. The Wildcats methodically moved downfield until Maxwell Smith's fourth-down pass missed its target and Mississippi State escaped.
Kentucky pulled to 21-19 in the third quarter on Jojo Kemp's 14-yard touchdown run. Then in what proved to be a key moment, the Wildcats recovered an onside kick, only to have it disallowed because of an offsides penalty. Mississippi State took advantage. A 74-yard drive ended on the halfback pass from Lewis to Prescott, who handed the ball off before leaking into the open field for the catch, touchdown and 28-19 lead. Prescott, a 6-foot-2, 230-pound sophomore, completed 11 of 18 passes for 160 yards and two touchdowns in the first half, helping Mississippi State to a 21-10 halftime lead.
Prescott's first touchdown pass -- a 60-yard fling to a wide open Malcolm Johnson -- came after he danced out of the pocket while avoiding a sack. Kentucky's defense shifted forward because of Prescott's ability to run, and it gave Johnson time to slip behind the secondary undetected. The Bulldogs had 296 total yards in the first half. Mississippi State started the game with the intention of using two quarterbacks, but Tyler Russell suffered a sprained ankle on his first series and never returned.
Kentucky's offense had a few good early moments -- especially on a 51-yard screen pass from Smith to Timmons that tied the game at 7 -- but the Wildcats became predictable because of their inability to throw downfield. Smith has dealt with pain in his throwing shoulder all season and wasn't close on most of his attempts to complete long passes. Kentucky's Smith completed 18 of 33 passes for 160 yards and one touchdown. Backup Jalen Whitlow led one touchdown drive, but was hampered because of a previous ankle injury. Raymond Sanders had 86 yards rushing.
Mississippi State safety Nickoe Whitley was ejected in the second quarter after earning two personal foul penalties over a span of four plays. The extra 30 yards greatly aided Kentucky on a drive that ended on a 45-yard field goal by Mansour.
Connor Shaw passed for four touchdowns, Mike Davis moved past 1,000 yards this season and the 14th-ranked Gamecocks got five turnovers to defeat the Bulldogs 34-16 for their school-record tying 15th straight home victory Saturday. It had been a long time coming for a group that had been one of the Southeastern Conference's best defenses the past few years. The Gamecocks had collected only 11 turnovers its first eight games, but got five of them -- four off Mississippi State quarterback Dak Prescott -- to pull away in the second half. The Gamecocks (7-2, 5-2 SEC) got 20 points off the turnovers, including 10 in the third quarter as they went from a touchdown up to a 34-10 lead.
Shaw played quarterback just the way he always has -- with an emphasis on results. He missed practice Monday and Tuesday with a virus and was not as sharp as usual. Still, the senior tied his career best with the four touchdown passes. He had scoring throws of 14 and 43 yards to Shaq Roland, 6 yards to Damiere Byrd and 4 yards to Jerell Adams to move to 23-5 as South Carolina's starting quarterback. Shaw can tie Todd Ellis' school record for victories when South Carolina plays Florida here in two weeks. Davis had 128 yards and became the Gamecocks' first 1,000-yard rusher since Marcus Lattimore ran for 1,197 yards his freshman season three years ago. South Carolina won its seventh in row over the Bulldogs (4-4, 1-3).
Prescott threw three interceptions -- he had just three in seven games coming in -- and had a fumble. He did have touchdown runs of 1 and 11 yards, upping his SEC-leading touchdown total to 12.
The Gamecocks got themselves back in the SEC Eastern Division hunt with last week's 27-24, double-overtime victory at then No. 5 Missouri. South Carolina's home streak is the second current longest in the country behind Michigan's 19 in a row.
1 5:45 TAMU Malcome Kennedy 12-yard touchdown pass from Johnny Manziel, Josh Lambo kick good TAMU 7–0
3 7:34 TAMU Malcome Kennedy 21-yard touchdown pass from Johnny Manziel, Josh Lambo kick good TAMU 30–14
3 0:44 MSU LaDarius Perkins 12-yard touchdown pass from Dak Prescott, Dak Prescott pass intercepted TAMU 30–20
4 13:54 TAMU Nehemiah Hicks 2-yard touchdown pass from Johnny Manziel, Josh Lambo kick good TAMU 44–27
4 2:19 MSU De'Runnya Wilson 9-yard touchdown pass from Tyler Russell, Tyler Russell rush failed TAMU 51–41
Johnny Manziel threw for 446 yards and tied a career-high with five touchdown passes to lead No. 15 Texas A&M to a 51-41 win over Mississippi State. The crowd chanted "one more year" late in the game for Manziel, who is eligible for the draft after this season. Whether he comes back remains to be seen, but he went into the stands to celebrate with the student section when the game was over. Manziel denied that he even has entertained the thought that he might not play here again. Among the crowd of 88,504, third largest ever at A&M, on hand to see Manziel play at Kyle Field for the possibly final time was former President George H.W. Bush and former Texas A&M and current St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Michael Wacha. Texas governor Rick Perry was the co-pilot in the pre-game flyover and also attended the game. Manziel set a school career record for total yards with 9,040 and a single-season record with 31 touchdown passes. He became just the second A&M quarterback to run for 2,000 yards in a career and has 3,313 yards passing this year to become the first Aggie with two 3,000-yard passing seasons.
Mississippi State cut the lead to 10 points early in the fourth quarter, but Manziel threw his fifth touchdown pass to make it 44-27 for A&M (8-2, 4-2 Southeastern Conference). The defense grabbed an interception and Ben Malena's 2-yard touchdown run extended the lead to 51-27. Dak Prescott threw for 149 yards and two scores and ran for 154 yards for Mississippi State (4-5, 1-4). Kennedy and Travis Labhart had two touchdown receptions each. Mike Evans had 116 yards receiving to break the school single-season record with 1,263.
Russell started the game in place of Prescott, who missed practice this week after his mother died of cancer on Sunday. Prescott entered the game on Mississippi State's third drive and got the majority of the snaps after that. Manziel evaded the rush and connected with Kennedy for a 21-yard touchdown to extend Texas A&M's lead to 30-14 in the third quarter. The Bulldogs cut the lead to 10 points late in the third quarter on a touchdown pass by Prescott. But A&M made it 37-20 two plays later on a 15-yard run by Williams. That scored was set up by a 75-yard reception by Evans.
The Bulldogs got within 10 points again after a touchdown throw by Tyler Russell with 2:19 remaining. But the onside kick was recovered by A&M. Bulldogs receiver Jameon Lewis threw a touchdown pass to Joe Morrow on a reverse early in the fourth quarter to get within 37-27. Trey Williams returned the ensuing kickoff 100 yards for a touchdown. But it was negated by an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty after he flipped into the end zone.
Manziel was intercepted three times, twice by Jamerson Love. The turnovers helped keep Mississippi State close, but the Bulldogs couldn't keep up.
See also: Alabama Crimson Tide football, 2013 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, and Alabama–Mississippi State football rivalry
Alabama looked lethargic, uninspired, sloppy and downright ordinary against a middling Southeastern Conference team. And the top-ranked Crimson Tide still found a way to win by nearly two touchdowns. T. J. Yeldon rushed for 160 yards and AJ McCarron threw two touchdown passes as Alabama overcame four turnovers to beat Mississippi State 20-7.
It was the lowest scoring game of the season for Alabama (10-0, 7-0 SEC), which led 10-7 midway through the third quarter before pulling away. Alabama has seemed invincible over the past two months, winning seven straight games by at least three touchdowns. But that aura wasn't anywhere to be found at Davis Wade Stadium, with Nick Saban's bunch looking curiously mortal after last week's emotional victory over LSU.
Mississippi State (4-6, 1-5) kept the game far closer than most anticipated, but couldn't take advantage of Alabama's mistakes. Tyler Russell started for the injured Dak Prescott and completed 15 of 24 passes for 144 yards and an interception before leaving with a shoulder injury when the Bulldogs were trying to rally in the fourth quarter. A.J. McCarron tossed two rare interceptions and Yeldon had a costly fumble that led to Mississippi State's only touchdown, but Alabama survived to set up a much-anticipated Iron Bowl with Auburn.
Mississippi State had two chances to get back into the game in the fourth quarter after McCarron's second interception and a fumble by Kenyan Drake gave the Bulldogs field position in Alabama territory. But without Russell, Mississippi State's offense went nowhere. Freshman Damian Williams didn't connect on any of his five pass attempts -- though two of them were good passes that were dropped.
McCarron completed 18 of 32 passes. His first interception in the second quarter was his first in 139 pass attempts. It was the third 100-plus streak without an interception during his career. Alabama parlayed a methodical 14-play, 59-yard opening drive into Cade Foster's 33-yard field goal and a 3-0 lead. But the next four drives were brutal for the Crimson Tide's offense, which managed just two first downs during that span. Mississippi State tried to take advantage with a long drive midway through the second quarter, but it bogged down on the 7 and Evan Sobiesk missed a 24-yard field goal that could have tied the game. A few minutes later, the Tide finally broke through with Yeldon's 50-yard run down the sideline to Mississippi State's 28. McCarron hit Brian Vogler five plays later for an 18-yard touchdown pass with 20 seconds remaining in the second quarter to give Alabama a 10-0 halftime lead.
It looked like that would be all the breathing room Alabama needed, but the mistakes continued in the second half. Yeldon fumbled after a 10-yard run and Mississippi State's Beniquez Brown recovered at Alabama's 48. The Bulldogs then drove downfield and scored thanks to Russell's timely passes and a stroke of luck. Russell fumbled just short of a touchdown, but right tackle Charles Siddoway fell on the ball in the end zone to pull Mississippi State within 10-7. McCarron's 11-yard pass to Norwood pushed the Tide ahead 17-7 with 5:46 left in the third quarter. Alabama's defense held an opponent to seven points or less for the sixth time this season.
2 1:48 MSU LaDarius Perkins 30-yard touchdown pass from Tyler Russell, Devon Bell kick good Tie 10–10
Mississippi State finally got the best of Arkansas in an overtime game and in the state of Arkansas. True Freshman and third-string quarterback Damian Williams scored on a 25-yard touchdown run on the first play of overtime, and the Mississippi State defense made it stand, as the Bulldogs defeated Arkansas 24-17 on Saturday at War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock.
Mississippi State (5-6, 2-5 Southeastern Conference) got an interception by Taveze Calhoun on fourth down to seal the victory and keep its bowl hopes alive. Arkansas gained only one yard on its first three plays, and Calhoun stepped in front of the receiver and snared Brandon Allen's pass, returning it across midfield before being tackled. The Bulldogs lost to Arkansas in overtime contests in 1996, 2000 and 2010, all in Starkville, Miss., and had never defeated the Razorbacks in Arkansas. Mississippi State's best result in the Natural State was a 13-13 tie in 1993. Arkansas still leads the all-time series 15-8-1. The Bulldogs can become bowl eligible with a win over rival Ole Miss on Thanksgiving night in Starkville.
Mississippi State had a chance to win the game in regulation, but Devon Bell's 42-yard field goal drifted wide right with 24 seconds remaining. That came after Arkansas (3-8, 0-7) failed to cash in on its own chance to take the lead late in regulation. With the score tied 17-17, Allen passed to Jeremy Sprinkle for 44 yards to the Mississippi State 12. But Alex Collins fumbled on the next play, and Nickoe Whitley recovered for the Bulldogs at the Arkansas 9.
The Razorbacks took the opening kick and went 56 yards for a touchdown. After Korliss Marshall's kick return gave the Razorbacks a short field, they quickly moved into Mississippi State territory. Javontee Herndon scored, also on an end around, and Arkansas led 7-0.Zach Hocker added a career-best 54-yard field goal in the second quarter to make it 10-0. Arkansas led 10-0 in the first half, but was unable to maintain the lead and lost its eighth consecutive game for the first time in school history. The Bulldogs countered in the final minutes of the second quarter. Bell's 24-yard field goal got them on the scoreboard with 5:08 left. Russell then found LaDarius Perkins on a play action down the middle of the field for a 30-yard touchdown to pull the Bulldogs even.
After a first half that ended in a 10-10 tie, the Razorbacks took a 17-10 lead on a 22-yard run by Julian Horton in the third quarter on an end around. The Bulldogs answered immediately, covering 75 yards in 11 plays, as Tyler Russell connected with Jameon Lewis for a 5-yard touchdown on third down to knot the score. Russell completed 18 of 28 passes for 263 yards and two scores before leaving the game late in regulation with an apparent shoulder injury. Josh Robinson had 17 carries for 101 yards. Arkansas rushed for 225 yards as a team, spread out among nine ball carriers, but managed only 114 yards passing.
2 0:26 UM MSU punt blocked by Collins Moore for no gain for a Touchdown. Andrew Ritter kick good Tie 7–7
With Mississippi State's offense struggling and time slipping away in the Egg Bowl, coach Dan Mullen turned to Dak Prescott and asked him to win the game. Injured shoulder and all, the sophomore quarterback did just that, running for a 3-yard touchdown in overtime to lead the Bulldogs past rival Mississippi 17-10 on a chilly Thursday night at Davis Wade Stadium. Prescott didn't enter the game until the fourth quarter because of a nerve injury to his non-throwing arm that caused him to miss the previous two games. But the sophomore led the Bulldogs (6-6, 3-5 Southeastern Conference) to their tying drive in the fourth quarter and the game winner in overtime. Prescott completed 11 of 20 passes for 115 yards in a performance that will long be remembered in Egg Bowl lore. His game-winning touchdown came on a gutsy call by Mullen, who opted to go for it on fourth-and-1 at the 3 instead of kicking a short field goal. It was an emotional win for the Bulldogs and especially Prescott, whose mother died earlier this month after a yearlong battle with cancer.
Ole Miss had a chance to tie the game in overtime, but the drive ended when quarterback Bo Wallace fumbled and Mississippi State's Jamerson Love recovered the ball in the end zone. The Bulldogs are now bowl eligible for a fourth straight season, the longest streak in school history. Mississippi State has won four of the past five Egg Bowls and five in a row at Davis Wade Stadium.
Mississippi State Freshman Damian Williams, the third-string quarterback, made his first career start because of injuries to Prescott and Tyler Russell. He completed 8 of 18 passes for 82 yards and one interception. Both teams struggled to move the ball in the chilly conditions -- especially through the air. The temperature hovered in the low 30s throughout the night, which is downright frigid by Magnolia State standards. Ole Miss (7-5, 3-5) didn't have an offensive touchdown, scoring only on a field goal and blocked punt in the end zone. The Rebels ended the regular season on a two-game losing streak. The Rebels had one good early drive but it ended with nothing after Andrew Ritter's 27-yard field goal attempt bounced off the left upright.
Wallace threw three interceptions before halftime, and the final one was costly. Mississippi State's Justin Cox grabbed it at the Ole Miss 30, and the Bulldogs' subsequent drive ended with Josh Robinson's 1-yard touchdown run for a 7-0 lead with 1:32 remaining in the second quarter. Ole Miss did nothing on its next possession and quickly punted back to Mississippi State, which looked as though it would ease into halftime with the lead. But a mistake on special teams hurt the Bulldogs when Collins Moore burst through the line and blocked Baker Swedenburg's punt after the snap was bobbled. It was recovered by little-used senior Terrell Grant in the end zone to tie the game at 7. Ole Miss grabbed the lead for the first time early in the third quarter after Ritter's 22-yard field goal gave the Rebels a 10-7 advantage. The points were certainly welcome for the Ole Miss offense, but it was the team's fifth straight trip to the red zone without a touchdown, dating back to last weekend's loss to Missouri.
That lack of efficiency came back to haunt the Rebels. Williams played decently for the Bulldogs and avoided any major mistakes, but with the offense struggling early in the fourth quarter, Mullen turned to Prescott. Mullen said earlier in the week that Prescott wouldn't play in the Egg Bowl, but he looked plenty healthy as he led the Bulldogs down the field on his second drive, completing several impressive passes. The drive ended with Sobiesk's 36-yard field goal to tie it at 10. Mississippi State received the ball one final time but Sobiesk missed a 38-yard field goal wide right at the end of regulation that would have won the game.
1 2:01 MSU LaDarius Perkins 10-yard touchdown pass from Dak Prescott, Evan Sobiesk kick good Tie 7–7
2 4:32 MSU Malcolm Johnson 13-yard touchdown pass from Dak Prescott, Evan Sobiesk kick blocked MSU 20–7
Dak Prescott delivered a performance that would have made his mother proud and make him a dark-horse candidate for the Heisman Trophy in 2014. Prescott threw three touchdown passes and ran for two more scores Tuesday as Mississippi State trounced Rice 44-7 in the most one-sided AutoZone Liberty Bowl victory in the game's 55-year history in Memphis. The sophomore quarterback delivered arguably the finest performance of his career less than two months after his mother, Peggy, died of cancer.
Mississippi State (7-6) wrapped up its fourth straight winning season and prevented Rice (10-4) from winning bowl games in back-to-back years for the first time. All of Mississippi State's losses this season came against teams currently in the Top 25: No. 13 Oklahoma State, No. 2 Auburn, No. 14 LSU, No. 8 South Carolina, No. 20 Texas A&M and No. 3 Alabama. The Bulldogs became bowl eligible by closing the regular season with consecutive overtime victories over Arkansas and Ole Miss. This marks the first time since 1974 that Mississippi State has closed a season with three straight wins.
Nobody faced more adversity than Prescott, who set a Liberty Bowl record by accounting for five touchdowns. Prescott was 17 of 28 for 283 yards passing and also ran for 78 yards on 14 carries. Prescott's performance delighted a partisan crowd of 57,846 and capped a triumphant late-season performance amid personal tragedy for the sophomore quarterback. Prescott came off the bench in the fourth quarter to lead Mississippi State to a 17-10 overtime victory over Ole Miss last month that earned the Bulldogs a bowl bid. Although Prescott and senior Tyler Russell had shared quarterback duties throughout the regular season, Prescott had the job to himself in the Liberty Bowl while Russell recovered from surgery to repair a torn labrum in his throwing shoulder. Prescott responded better than anyone could have reasonably imagined.
Prescott wasn't Mississippi State's only star on a night when the Bulldogs outgained Rice 533-145 and scored the game's final 44 points. Mississippi State's Jameon Lewis caught nine passes for 220 yards to break the Liberty Bowl receiving record held by Houston's Vincent Marshall, who had 201 yards in a 44-36 loss to South Carolina in 2006. Lewis also set the school single-game record.
Not to forget, the Bulldogs also played dominant defense. Rice had won the Conference USA title -- its first outright league championship of any kind since 1957 -- by relying on a rushing attack that was ranked 16th among all Football Bowl Subdivision teams. Rice gained only 61 yards rushing -- 179 below its season average -- on 32 carries against Mississippi State. Charles Ross, who entered the day having rushed for 1,252 yards and 14 touchdowns this season, was held to 28 yards on 10 carries.
Rice took an early lead on Ross' 1-yard touchdown run, but Mississippi State took control by reaching the end zone on six of its next seven possessions. Prescott threw first-half touchdown passes to LaDarius Perkins, Malcolm Johnson and Artimus Samuel before running for two scores in the third quarter.
^ "Alcorn State Braves at Mississippi State Bulldogs (September 7, 2013)". Mississippi State Athletics. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
^ "Mississippi State Bulldogs at Auburn Tigers (September 14, 2013)". Mississippi State Athletics. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
^ "Troy Trojans at Mississippi State Bulldogs (September 21, 2013)". Mississippi State Athletics. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
^ "Louisiana State Tigers at Mississippi State Bulldogs (October 5, 2013)". Mississippi State Athletics. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ "Bowling Green Falcons at Mississippi State Bulldogs (October 12, 2013)". Mississippi State Athletics. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
^ "Kentucky Wildcats at Mississippi State Bulldogs (October 24, 2013)". Mississippi State Athletics. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
^ "Mississippi State Bulldogs at Arkansas Razorbacks (November 23, 2013)". Mississippi State Athletics. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
^ "Ole Miss Rebels at Mississippi State Bulldogs (November 28, 2013)". Mississippi State Athletics. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
^ "Rice Owls vs Mississippi State Bulldogs (December 31, 2013)". Mississippi State Athletics. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
3. Mississippi – Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300 feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
4. NRG Stadium – NRG Stadium, formerly Reliant Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium, in Houston, Texas, United States. NRG Stadium has a capacity of 71,795, a total area of 1,900,000 square feet with a 97,000 sq ft playing surface. The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowl XXXVIII on February 1,2004, Super Bowl LI on February 5,2017, NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues, which are collectively called NRG Park. The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year, the stadium was constructed at the cost of $352 million. NRG Stadium is the first facility in the NFL to have a retractable roof, in February 2017, NRG Stadium hosted Super Bowl LI. It also hosted all 10 of the University Interscholastic Leagues Texas high school championship games at the conclusion of the 2015 season. The Houston NFL Holdings group came to Populous to begin the design for the first-ever NFL retractable roof football stadium in 1997. The intention was to create a stadium to replace the Astrodome that would operate like an open-air facility but have the intimacy. With the design for football and the square footage requirements of the rodeo, groundbreaking for the stadium was on March 9,2000 and the building was officially topped off in October 2001. The stadium opened on August 24,2002, with a game between the Miami Dolphins and Houston Texans which the Dolphins won 24–3. The stadium hosted its first regular season NFL football game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans on September 8,2002, construction was completed in 30 months. The first rodeo was held in the stadium in February 2003, during a Texans preseason game on August 30,2012, against the Minnesota Vikings, an intoxicated fan fell to his death from an escalator. On March 19,2014, the stadium was renamed NRG Stadium, after NRG Energy, during the 2015 season, a permanent artificial surface was installed at NRG Stadium. The Texans had used a natural surface since the stadium opened, in recent years, the stadium installed artificial turf to be used during high school and college games while keeping the grass for Texans games. After the Texans home opener, complaints about the field conditions led to the installation of the artificial surface for Texans games. The surface brand is UBU Speed, which is part of Act Global, on the night of September 12–13,2008 the stadium sustained damage from Hurricane Ike forcing the Houston Texans home opener scheduled for September 14 to be postponed. Part of the roof cladding came off, and there was wind and that game was rescheduled to week 8, which was to have been the bye week for both the Texans and Bengals. The Bengals bye week was moved from October 26 to November 9, the stadium reopened on October 5,2008 when the Texans hosted the Indianapolis Colts and hosted three additional home games in October
5. Houston – Houston is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 square miles, it also is the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land. Houston was founded on August 28,1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5,1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded, the burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the citys population. Houstons economy has an industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics. Leading in health care sectors and building equipment, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits than any city except for New York City. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled, the city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has a visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District. In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the general at the Battle of San Jacinto. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the slave trade. New Orleans was the center of trade in the Deep South. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War, many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5,1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor, in the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas
6. Auburn, Alabama – Auburn is a city in Lee County, Alabama, United States. It is the largest city in eastern Alabama with a 2015 population of 62,059 and it is a principal city of the Auburn-Opelika Metropolitan Area. Auburn is a town and is the home of Auburn University. It is Alabamas fastest-growing metropolitan area and the nineteenth fastest-growing metro area in the United States since 1990, U. S. News ranked Auburn among its top ten list of best places to live in the United States for the year 2009. The citys unofficial nickname is “The Loveliest Village On The Plains, ” taken from a line in the poem The Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith, inhabited in antiquity by the Creek, the land on which Auburn sits was opened to settlement in 1832 with the Treaty of Cusseta. The first settlers arrived in the winter of 1836 from Harris County and these settlers, led by Judge John J. Harper, intended to build a town that would be the religious and educational center for the area. Auburn was incorporated on February 2,1839, in what was then Macon County, by that time, Methodist and Baptist churches had been established, and a school had been built and had come into operation. In the mid-1840s, separate academies for boys and girls were established in addition to the primary school and this concentration of educational institutions led to a rapid influx of families from the planter class into Auburn in the 1840s and 1850s. By 1858, of the roughly 1,000 free residents of Auburn, in 1856, the state legislature chartered a Methodist college, the East Alabama Male College in Auburn. This college, now Auburn University, opened its doors in 1859, with the advent of the Civil War in 1861, Auburn quickly emptied. All of the closed, and most businesses shuttered. Auburn was the site of a hospital for Texan Confederate soldiers, after the Civil War, Auburn’s economy entered a prolonged depression that would last the remainder of the century. Public schools did not reopen until the mid-1870s, and most businesses remained closed, a series of fires in the 1860s and 1870s gutted the downtown area. Passage of the Hatch Act in 1887 allowed for expansion of research facilities on campus. In 1892, the became the first four-year college in Alabama to admit women. This, combined with increased interest in agriculture and engineering and new funding from business licenses. By 1910, Auburns population had returned to its antebellum level, SIAA Conference championships won by the Auburn college’s football team brought attention and support to Auburn, and helped fill the citys coffers. Fortunes were quickly reversed with the collapse of prices in the early 1920s
7. Williams-Brice Stadium – Williams-Brice Stadium is the home football stadium for the South Carolina Gamecocks, the college football team representing the University of South Carolina in Columbia, South Carolina. It is currently the 20th largest college stadium in the NCAA and is located on the corner of George Rogers Boulevard. Carolina football teams consistently attract standing-room-only crowds to Williams-Brice Stadium and it hosted the annual Palmetto Capital City Classic between Benedict College and Johnson C. Smith University until the last game in 2005. The stadium was built in 1934 with help of federal Works Progress Administration funds as Columbia Municipal Stadium. It originally seated 17,600 people in what roughly corresponds to the level of the current facilitys east and west grandstand seats. In 1941, the stadium was deeded to USC and renamed Carolina Stadium, One end of the stadium was filled in during the 1940s, turning it into a horseshoe. Capacity was almost doubled, to 34,000, More than a decade later, the other end was filled in, turning the stadium into a bowl. The stadiums first major renovation began in 1970, when the surface was replaced with AstroTurf. From 1971 to 1972, the west grandstand was completely rebuilt, the renovation was funded by the estate of Martha Williams and Howard Brice, who left some of their estate to USC for stadium renovation and expansion. Her late husband, Thomas H. Brice, played football for the Gamecocks from 1922 to 1924, in their honor, the expanded stadium was officially renamed Williams-Brice Stadium on September 8,1972 by a bequeath from their nephews Tom and Phil Edwards. In 1982, the east grandstands were finally double-decked, increasing capacity to 72,400, however, unlike the west grandstand, the east grandstand was never rebuilt, and is the only remaining portion of the original 1934 structure. During the 1983–84 offseason, at the urging of new coach Joe Morrison, over the last 10 years, nearly $30 million of renovations and improvements have taken place at Williams-Brice Stadium, bringing the official capacity to 80,250. The addition of the deck in the south end zone includes The Zone. The box seats, executive suites, and athletic training facilities at the stadium have also been upgraded, just prior to the 2008 football season the stadium underwent a complete upgrade to the main sound system. During this upgrade the added a large array of subwoofers under the scoreboard to enhance the feel of their entrance music. Installation of this system was done by local Columbia company ACS Sound, for the 2008 season, the stadium was 17th in average attendance and 13th in total attendance. On October 6,2012, the stadiums attendance record was set when 85,199 fans watched the #6 Gamecocks beat #5 Georgia by the score of 35–7. The stadium is considered one of the loudest venues in the country, during a game against Florida in 2001, ESPN announcers indicated that they had to shout to hear each others comments inside the pressbox
8. Columbia, South Carolina – Columbia is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of South Carolina, with a population of 133,803 as of 2015. The city serves as the county seat of Richland County, the name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States, originating from the name of Christopher Columbus. The city is located approximately 13 miles northwest of the center of South Carolina. It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River, in 1860, the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention, which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Columbia were a people called the Congaree, in May 1540, a Spanish expedition led by Hernando de Soto traversed what is now Columbia while moving northward. The expedition produced the earliest written records of the area. From the creation of Columbia by the South Carolina General Assembly in 1786, the Congarees, a frontier fort on the west bank of the Congaree River, was the head of navigation in the Santee River system. A ferry was established by the government in 1754 to connect the fort with the growing settlements on the higher ground on the east bank. Like many other significant early settlements in colonial America, Columbia is on the line from the Piedmont region. The fall line is the spot where a river becomes unnavigable when sailing upstream, State Senator John Lewis Gervais of the town of Ninety Six introduced a bill that was approved by the legislature on March 22,1786, to create a new state capital. There was considerable argument over the name for the new city, according to published accounts, Senator Gervais said he hoped that in this town we should find refuge under the wings of COLUMBIA, for that was the name which he wished it to be called. One legislator insisted on the name Washington, but Columbia won by a vote of 11–7 in the state senate, the site was chosen as the new state capital in 1786, due to its central location in the state. The State Legislature first met there in 1790, after remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper rivers in a 22-mile-long section and it was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850, the commissioners designed a town of 400 blocks in a 2-mile square along the river. The blocks were divided into lots of 0.5 acres and sold to speculators, buyers had to build a house at least 30 feet long and 18 feet wide within three years or face an annual 5% penalty. The perimeter streets and two streets were 150 feet wide
9. Kyle Field – Kyle Field is the football stadium located on the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. It has been the home to the Texas A&M Aggie football team in rudimentary form since 1904 and it is known as the Home of the 12th Man. Within the state of Texas, Kyle Field has the largest regular seating capacity, Kyle Fields largest game attendance was 110,631 people when Texas A&M lost to the Ole Miss Rebels with the score of 20–35 on October 11,2014. This was the largest football game attendance in the state of Texas, in the fall of 1904, Edwin Jackson Kyle, an 1899 graduate of Texas A&M and professor of horticulture, was named president of the General Athletics Association. Kyle wanted to secure and develop a field to promote the schools athletics. Texas A&M was unwilling to provide funds, so Kyle fenced off a section of the southwest corner of campus that had been assigned to him for agricultural use. Using $650 of his own money, he purchased a grandstand from the Bryan fairgrounds. On November 10,1904, the Texas A&M Board of Directors set this area as a permanent athletic field, after the stands were built, students supported naming the field after its founder and builder. In 1921, the November game between the Texas A&M Aggies and their archrival the University of Texas at Kyle Field became the first college game to offer a live. The Aggies enjoyed a season in 1919, accumulating a combined score of 275–0. Aggie supporters began to clamor for a stadium, but only $2,400 were raised by 1920, in 1927, the school chose to build a new stadium, at a cost of $345,001.67. The new stadium opened later that year, in 1929, grandstands were added on the north and west ends, turning the facility into a 33, 000-seat horseshoe. Capacity was raised to 41,500 in 1953 when a second deck. More of second deck and other improvements were added in 1967 to raise the capacity to 48,000 at a cost of $1,840,000, in 1974, two large flagpoles were added at the south end of the stadium in memory of Lt. William B. Blocker, Texas A&M class of 1945, expansion continued in 1980, when a third deck was added to Kyle Field, bringing the capacity to 70,000. Construction took place during the season, and students were allowed into the area as each row of seating was added. In 1981, 16-foot -high letters spelling out KYLE FIELD were installed, the Bernard C. Richardson Zone was added in 1999 at a cost of $32.9 million raising the capacity to 82,600. For high-demand games, temporary bleachers are installed in the end zone
NRG Stadium (pronounced as N-R-G Stadium), formerly Reliant Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium, in Houston, Texas, …
The 2013 Missouri Tigers football team (also called "Mizzou") represented the University of Missouri in the 2013 NCAA …
The 2013 Southeastern Conference football season began on August 29 with Ole Miss visiting Vanderbilt, and will …
The 2013 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina in the 2013 NCAA Division …
South Carolina Gamecocks offense (in white) prepares to snap the ball against the Arkansas Razorbacks defense
The 2013 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football …
The AdvoCare Texas Kickoff is an annual college football game played on the opening weekend of the college football …
SEC TV (formerly SEC Network) was a syndicated package featuring live broadcasts of college football and basketball …
The 2013 SEC Championship Game was a college football game that was played on Saturday, December 7, 2013 in the Georgia …
The 2013 Alcorn State Braves football team represented Alcorn State University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football …
Comcast Sports Southeast and Charter Sports Southeast (CSS) was an American regional sports network for the Southern …
The 2013 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The …
The 2013 Rice Owls football team represented Rice University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team …
The 2013 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the University of Georgia in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football …
The 2013 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represents Vanderbilt University during the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS …
LOMOcean Design, previously known as Craig Loomes Design Group ltd., was incorporated in 1993, but has some designs that date back to 1986.[2]
The company designs custom, one off boats, and the boats designed range between 10 metres in length, such as the Police Strike Craft,[3] to vessels as big as 148 metres in length such as the Moonset trimaran super yacht.[4] The boats use advanced composite materials, such as carbon fibre and kevlar,[5] as well as aluminium and other such materials.[6] The company has become known for designing a range of wave-piercing catamarans and trimarans, most notably, Earthrace,[7] and Tûranor PlanetSolar.[8] Other than the wave-piercing designs, the company has also designed mono hull boats as well as power catamarans.[9] The boats include fire fighting boats, global circumnavigating boats, pleasure yachts, coastguard boats and research vessels.[10]
The Moonset wave-piercing trimaran is a concept boat and has not yet been built.[11] This 148 metre concept design has been based on the design of Earthrace, the round-the-world record holder for a power boat.[12] Moonset uses the hull form of Earthrace, and can still be used as a luxury yacht.[13] The boat does this by using a similar wave-piercing trimaran hull form[14] as Earthrace (Ady Gil).[15] A wave-piercing hull is when a boat pushes through a wave[16] instead of over it by slightly submerging the boat.[17] The design has a three level owner's suite,[18] a private owners lounge and enough rooms for 28 guests.[19] The boat can also potentially have art galleries, libraries,[20] conference spaces, private lounges, bar facilities, helicopter facilities and fold-out balconies.[21] The company's website says that the boat is "Capable at crossing the Atlantic at 40 knots without a spill from your wine glass"[22]
Aquavette was launched in 2004 and was built by Calibre Boats.[23] It is an 11-metre-long (36 ft) catamaran[24] that has been designed as a pleasure boat with a focus on sport fishing.[25] This boat has two sleeping compartments and a meter long fishing deck.[26] Aquavette has also been designed in a way that it can be transported around New Zealand on a trailer.[27] Aquavette has a top speed of 40 knots and a cruise speed of 25 knots.[28]
The motor yacht Black Pearl, also known as DP-08, was launched on 29 December 2010 in New Zealand and was built by Diverse Projects.[29][30] The boat has been designed as a long-range passage-making vessel that will be used for a world cruise that will start in the Mediterranean and will end in Australia.[31] DP-08 is powered by two Caterpillar C18 ACERT 600 horsepower (450 kW) engines[32] and has a trans-Atlantic range of 2,200 nautical miles (4,100 km) and due to the mono hull form, it is able to cruise at 13 knots (24 km/h).[33] Black Pearl will be fitted with zero speed stabilizers.[34]
The DMS Interceptor was built by DMS (Destination Marine Services) for the Royal Malaysian Customs. The design is a follow-up on work for both the Malaysian Police and the Royal Malaysian Customs.[35] Four of these boats have been built[36] for DMS in Johor in South Malaysia.[37] The series of 16.5 metre boats have a top speed of 65 knots and are used for the task of intercepting other boats as an enforcer of customs laws in the waters in and around Malaysia.[38]
Excalibre was designed to suit the "typical New Zealand Outdoorsman".[39][40] This means that the boat has been designed for sport fishing, bottom fishing, spear fishing, diving and swimming.[41] Excalibre is 11.6 metres long, has a top speed of 30 knots and a cruise speed of 24 knots.[42]
Hawere is 15 metres long and has a draft of 1.2 metres.[43] It is a research vessel that was built for the University of Auckland and it currently operates in the Leigh[44] Marine Laboratory, north of Auckland.[45] A two speed gearbox is installed in the boat so that the boat can operate while performing survey work, trolling or during dredging exercises.[46] The boat has a top speed of 27 knots, cruise speed of 18 knots and a range of 375 nautical miles.[47]
Massive Attack is a power boat that has been designed for water skiing and the possibility of offshore powerboat racing.[48] The hull is light and weighs 225 kg.[49] Massive Attack is 5.9 metres long and has a top speed of 80 miles per hour.[50]
Patrol One was built in Mauritius by Diogene Marine and was designed to be used as a private yacht in the Indian Ocean surrounding Mauritius.[51] It is a trimaran which means that the boat is stable in rough seas.[52] Patrol One is able to travel at speeds of up to 29 knots[53] across the 250 nautical mile stretch of water between the islands of Mauritius and Saint Brandon and back again without refuelling.[54]
Tûranor PlanetSolar is a boat that was launched on 31 March 2010 and is entirely powered by solar panels. The boat aims to set the world circumnavigation record for a solar powered vessel, promoting the potential of solar power. It is the world's largest solar powered vessel.
Power Sail is the name of a range of 15 and 20 metre long boats.[55] The boats can both motor and sail at 18 knots.[56] This is because the boat has a Z-drive system that means that the motor can retract horizontally and is covered by a door. When the boat is sailing, the motor is retracted to reduce drag.[57]
Rhythm was launched in early 2003 and is used as a private fishing boat in New Zealand.[58] The boat was designed to look similar to some US lobster boats, but it uses modern hull technology[59] Rhythm is 13.5 metres long and has a top speed of 27 knots and a cruise speed of 20 knots.[60]
Sampitres was launched in 2002 and was built by Vaudrey Miller Yachts.[61] It is a pleasure boat designed for long distance trips or to be used as a day boat. Sampitres is similar to Ultimate Lady and is also a wave-piercing catamaran.[62] Sampitres has a range of 3490 nautical miles which means that it is capable of trans-Atlantic travel. The boat not as wide as Ultimate Lady, which means that it can be parked in the Mediterranean which is known for its tight berthing situations.[63][64] It was listed as a finalist for the 2002 Super Yacht Society International design award.[65] The boat can travel at a maximum speed of 28 knots and is 23.7 metres in length.
Spirit was launched in 1999 and was built by Friendship Yachts.[66] Spirit is a pleasure boat that uses wave-piercing technology which means that the boat is more stable and faster in rough seas.[67] The boat has three cabins, a jacuzzi,[68] and a platform at the aft of the boat that can be lowered from a metre above the water line to 500 mm below the water line for swimming, fishing and retrieving tender boats.[69] Spirit is 24.6 metres long and has a top speed of 25 knots and cruises at 22 knots.[70]
Ultimate Lady was launched in 1998 and was designed to be used for long distance fishing trips and as a charter boat.[71] It was one of the first wave-piercing catamarans designed to be used as a private motor yacht.[72][73] A wave-piercing catamaran is a hull form that means that the two outer hulls go through waves instead of over them which means that the boat is more stable and can go faster in rough water.[74] The boat has received the International Super Yacht Society Award in the 23–32 m category. Also, the boat has received awards in fishing competitions.[75][76] Ultimate Lady is available as a charter boat to hire.[77][78] Ultimate Lady is 26.7 metres long and has a beam of 10 metres,[79] and can reach a maximum speed of 30 knots and has a cruise speed of 25 knots.[80] Ultimate Lady has a range of 3000 nautical miles.[81]
The Yellow Water Taxi is a series of boats designed in collaboration with Grant Reed Designs and they are operational in the Waitematā Harbour in Auckland.[82] The fleet of Yellow Water Taxis were launched in 2003.[83] The taxis are 11.25 metres long and can be powered by either propellers or water jets which are powered by one Scania diesel engine.[84][85]
^ "''Black Pearl'' article part 2". Superyachttimes.com. 26 February 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
^ Norfolk Island Government Ultimate Lady media release Archived 19 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
1. Naval architecture – Naval architecture also known as naval engineering, is an engineering discipline dealing with the engineering design process, shipbuilding, maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation, preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are required for ships being modified. Naval architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and damage control rules, the word vessel includes every description of watercraft, including non-displacement craft, WIG craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water. The principal elements of architecture are, Hydrostatics concerns the conditions to which the vessel is subjected to while at rest in water. This involves computing buoyancy, and other properties, such as trim. Hydrodynamics concerns the flow of water around the hull, bow, and stern. Resistance – resistance towards motion in water primarily caused due to flow of water around the hull, powering calculation is done based on this. Propulsion – to move the vessel through water using propellers, thrusters, water jets, engine types are mainly internal combustion. Some vessels are powered using nuclear or solar energy. Ship motions – involves motions of the vessel in seaway and its responses in waves, controllability – involves controlling and maintaining position and direction of the vessel. Arrangements involves concept design, layout and access, fire protection, allocation of spaces, ergonomics, construction depends on the material used. Other joining techniques are used for materials like fibre reinforced plastic. Traditionally, naval architecture has been more craft than science, the suitability of a vessels shape was judged by looking at a half-model of a vessel or a prototype. Ungainly shapes or abrupt transitions were frowned on as being flawed and this included rigging, deck arrangements, and even fixtures. Subjective descriptors such as ungainly, full, and fine were used as a substitute for the precise terms used today. A vessel was, and still is described as having a ‘fair’ shape and these tools are used for static stability, dynamic stability, resistance, powering, hull development, structural analysis, green water modelling, and slamming analysis. Data is regularly shared in international conferences sponsored by RINA, Society of Naval Architects, computational Fluid Dynamics is being applied to predict the response of a floating body in a random sea
2. Auckland – Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
3. Composite material – The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for reasons, common examples include materials which are stronger, lighter. More recently, researchers have begun to actively include sensing, actuation, computation and communication into composites. The most advanced examples perform routinely on spacecraft and aircraft in demanding environments, the earliest man-made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for building construction. Ancient brick-making was documented by Egyptian tomb paintings, wattle and daub is one of the oldest man-made composite materials, at over 6000 years old. Concrete is also a material, and is used more than any other man-made material in the world. As of 2006, about 7.5 billion cubic metres of concrete are made each year—more than one metre for every person on Earth. 2181–2055 BC and was used for death masks Cob Mud Bricks, concrete was described by Vitruvius, writing around 25 BC in his Ten Books on Architecture, distinguished types of aggregate appropriate for the preparation of lime mortars. For structural mortars, he recommended pozzolana, which were volcanic sands from the beds of Pozzuoli brownish-yellow-gray in colour near Naples. Natural cement-stones, after burning, produced cements used in concretes from post-Roman times into the 20th century, the glass fiber is relatively strong and stiff, whereas the polymer is ductile. Thus the resulting fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong, flexible, concrete is the most common artificial composite material of all and typically consists of loose stones held with a matrix of cement. Concrete is a material, and will not compress or shatter even under quite a large compressive force. However, concrete cannot survive tensile loading, therefore, to give concrete the ability to resist being stretched, steel bars, which can resist high stretching forces, are often added to concrete to form reinforced concrete. Fibre-reinforced polymers or FRPs include carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer or CFRP, and glass-reinforced plastic or GRP, if classified by matrix then there are thermoplastic composites, short fiber thermoplastics, long fibre thermoplastics or long fibre-reinforced thermoplastics. There are numerous thermoset composites, including paper composite panels, many advanced thermoset polymer matrix systems usually incorporate aramid fibre and carbon fibre in an epoxy resin matrix. Shape memory polymer composites are high-performance composites, formulated using fibre or fabric reinforcement and they can also be reheated and reshaped repeatedly without losing their material properties. These composites are ideal for such as lightweight, rigid, deployable structures, rapid manufacturing. Although high strain composites exhibit many similarities to shape memory polymers, Composites can also use metal fibres reinforcing other metals, as in metal matrix composites or ceramic matrix composites, which includes bone, cermet and concrete
4. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer – Carbon fiber reinforced polymer, carbon fiber reinforced plastic or carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic, is an extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastic which contains carbon fibers. The spelling fibre is common in British Commonwealth countries, the binding polymer is often a thermoset resin such as epoxy, but other thermoset or thermoplastic polymers, such as polyester, vinyl ester or nylon, are sometimes used. The composite may contain other fibers, such as an aramid, aluminium, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene or glass fibers, the properties of the final CFRP product can also be affected by the type of additives introduced to the binding matrix. The most frequent additive is silica, but other such as rubber. The material is referred to as graphite-reinforced polymer or graphite fiber-reinforced polymer. In product advertisements, it is referred to simply as graphite fiber for short. In this case the composite consists of two parts, a matrix and a reinforcement, in CFRP the reinforcement is carbon fiber, which provides the strength. The matrix is usually a resin, such as epoxy. Because CFRP consists of two elements, the material properties depend on these two elements. The reinforcement will give the CFRP its strength and rigidity, measured by stress, unlike isotropic materials like steel and aluminum, CFRP has directional strength properties. The properties of CFRP depend on the layouts of the carbon fiber, the following equation, E c = V m E m + V f E f is valid for composite materials with the fibers oriented in the direction of the applied load. Typical epoxy-based CFRPs exhibit virtually no plasticity, with less than 0. 5% strain to failure, although CFRPs with epoxy have high strength and elastic modulus, the brittle fracture mechanics present unique challenges to engineers in failure detection since failure occurs catastrophically. As such, recent efforts to toughen CFRPs include modifying the existing epoxy material, One such material with high promise is PEEK, which exhibits an order of magnitude greater toughness with similar elastic modulus and tensile strength. However, PEEK is much more difficult to process and more expensive, despite its high initial strength-to-weight ratio, a design limitation of CFRP is its lack of a definable fatigue endurance limit. This means, theoretically, that stress cycle failure cannot be ruled out, environmental effects such as temperature and humidity can have profound effects on the polymer-based composites, including most CFRPs. While the carbon fibers themselves are not affected by the moisture diffusing into the material, the carbon fibers can cause galvanic corrosion when CRP parts are attached to aluminum. The primary element of CFRP is a filament, this is produced from a precursor polymer such as polyacrylonitrile, rayon. Precursor compositions and mechanical processes used during spinning filament yarns may vary among manufacturers, after drawing or spinning, the polymer filament yarns are then heated to drive off non-carbon atoms, producing the final carbon fiber
5. Kevlar – Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora. Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965, this material was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components and it is also used to make modern drumheads that withstand high impact. When used as a material, it is suitable for mooring lines. A similar fiber called Twaron with roughly the same structure was developed by Akzo in the 1970s, commercial production started in 1986. Poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide – branded Kevlar – was invented by Polish-American chemist Stephanie Kwolek while working for DuPont, in 1964, her group began searching for a new lightweight strong fiber to use for light but strong tires. The polymers she had been working with at the time, poly-p-phenylene-terephthalate and polybenzamide, formed liquid crystal while in solution, the solution was cloudy, opalescent upon being stirred, and of low viscosity and usually was thrown away. However, Kwolek persuaded the technician, Charles Smullen, who ran the spinneret, to test her solution and her supervisor and her laboratory director understood the significance of her accidental discovery and a new field of polymer chemistry quickly arose. By 1971, modern Kevlar was introduced, however, Kwolek was not very involved in developing the applications of Kevlar. Kevlar is synthesized in solution from the monomers 1, 4-phenylene-diamine, the result has liquid-crystalline behavior, and mechanical drawing orients the polymer chains in the fibers direction. Hexamethylphosphoramide was the solvent initially used for the polymerization, but for safety reasons, DuPont replaced it by a solution of N-methyl-pyrrolidone, as this process had been patented by Akzo in the production of Twaron, a patent war ensued. Kevlar production is expensive because of the difficulties arising from using concentrated sulfuric acid, needed to keep the water-insoluble polymer in solution during its synthesis and spinning. Several grades of Kevlar are available, Kevlar K-29 – in industrial applications, such as cables, asbestos replacement, brake linings, Kevlar K49 – high modulus used in cable and rope products. When Kevlar is spun, the fiber has a tensile strength of about 3,620 MPa. The polymer owes its high strength to the many inter-chain bonds and these inter-molecular hydrogen bonds form between the carbonyl groups and NH centers. Additional strength is derived from aromatic stacking interactions between adjacent strands, the presence of salts and certain other impurities, especially calcium, could interfere with the strand interactions and care is taken to avoid inclusion in its production. Kevlars structure consists of relatively rigid molecules tend to form mostly planar sheet-like structures rather like silk protein. Kevlar maintains its strength and resilience down to temperatures, in fact
6. Catamaran – A catamaran is a multi-hulled watercraft featuring two parallel hulls of equal size. It is a craft, deriving its stability from its wide beam. Being ballast-free and therefore lighter than a monohull, catamarans often have a draft than comparably-sized monohulls. The two hulls combined also often have a smaller hydrodynamic resistance than comparable monohulls, requiring less power from either sails or motors. The catamarans wider stance on the water can reduce both heeling and wave-induced motion, as compared with a monohull, and can give reduced wakes, Catamarans range in size from small to large. The structure connecting a catamarans two hulls ranges from a simple frame strung with webbing to support the crew to a bridging superstructure incorporating extensive cabin and/or cargo space, Catamarans from Polynesia and Maritime Southeast Asia became the inspiration for modern catamarans. Catamaran-type vessels were first developed as early as 1500 BCE by the Polynesian peoples and these early examples were likely related to outrigger canoes and consisted of two canoes bound together with a wooden frame, sometimes accompanied by a sail. Despite their simplicity they were effective, allowing seafaring Polynesians to voyage to distant Pacific islands. Catamarans were seldom constructed in the West before the 19th century, the word catamaran is derived from the Tamil word, kattumaram, which means logs bound together. The 17th-century English adventurer and privateer William Dampier encountered the Tamil people of southeastern India during his first circumnavigation of the globe and he was the first to write in English about the primitive watercraft he observed in use there. In his 1697 account of his trip, A New Voyage Round the World, he wrote and these are but one Log, or two, sometimes of a sort of light Wood. So small, that they carry but one Man, whose legs, however, the unusual design met with skepticism and was not a commercial success. The design remained relatively unused in the West for almost 160 years until the early 19th-century, Crisp described it as a fast sailing fine sea boat, she traded during the monsoon between Rangoon and the Tenasserim Provinces for several years. Later that century, the American Nathanael Herreshoff constructed a sailing boat of his own design. The craft, Amaryllis, raced at her maiden regatta on June 22,1876 and her debut demonstrated the distinct performance advantages afforded to catamarans over the standard monohulls. It was as a result of event, the Centennial Regatta of the New York Yacht Club, that catamarans were barred from regular sailing classes. In 1936 Eric de Bisschop built a Polynesian double canoe in Hawaii, in 1939, he published his experiences in a book, Kaimiloa, which was translated into English in 1940. The Prout Brothers, Roland and Francis, experimented with catamarans in 1949 and converted their 1935 boat factory in Canvey Island, Essex and their Shearwater catamarans won races easily against the monohulls
7. Trimaran – A trimaran is a multihull boat that comprises a main hull and two smaller outrigger hulls which are attached to the main hull with lateral beams. Trimarans are most commonly sail-driven yachts designed for recreation or racing, the name trimaran is a 20th-century word concocted from Tri and maran. It is thought to have been invented by Victor Tchetchet, a pioneering, the first trimarans were built by indigenous Polynesians and other Pacific islanders almost 4,000 years ago, and some of the current US terminology is derived from them. Sailing catamarans and trimarans gained popularity during the 1960s and 1970s and he is credited with coining the term, trimaran. In the 1950s and 60s, Arthur Piver designed and built plywood kit trimarans, which were adopted by other homebuilders, Some of these achieved ocean crossings, nonetheless. Following the homebuilt movement, production became available. Some trimarans in the 19–36-foot lengths are designed as day-sailers which can be transported on a road trailer and these include the original Farrier - Corsair folding trimarans - and original John Westell swing-wing folding trimaran and like trimarans. The trimaran concept has also used for both passenger ferries and warships. For example, in 2005 the 127-metre trimaran Benchijigua Express was delivered by Austal to Spanish ferry operator Fred Olsen, S. A. for service in the Canary Islands. Capable of carrying 1,280 passengers and 340 cars, or equivalents, at speeds up to 40 knots, a modern warship, the RV Triton was commissioned by British defence contractor QinetiQ in 2000. In October 2005, the United States Navy commissioned for evaluation the construction of a General Dynamics LCS trimaran designed, the DARPA is experimenting with the trimaran design, and in 2012 awarded SAIC a contract to perform Phases 2 through 4 of the ACTUV Program. The contract is expected to be completed by August 2015, according to American usage, there are three terms that describe the main components of catamarans and trimarans, namely, “vaka”, “aka” and “ama”. These terms come from the Malay and Polynesian language group terms for parts of the outrigger canoe Vaka is the canoe or main hull, aka is the framework member that connects the vaka to the ama. Ama is the outrigger, connected to the vaka by an aka, in cruising trimarans the wings are solid and cabin accommodation extends over them, while in racing trimarans accommodation is limited to the main hull and the wings are open sheets of netting. In comparison to outrigger canoes, trimarans typically feature a sail and are not primarily designed to be paddled, in addition, trimaran floats are much more buoyant than those of outrigger canoes to support a large sailplan. They contribute to drag when heavily immersed, and their level of immersion indicates when to reef, two types of trimaran exist, the regular trimaran and the open trimaran, which features a trampoline between the hulls instead of plating. Trimarans have a number of advantages over comparable monohulls, given two boats of the same length, the trimaran has a shallower draft, a wider beam, less wetted area, and is able to fly more sail area. In addition, because of the righting moment provided by the wide beam, as a result of the wide beam, the trimaran offers much better straight-line performance than a monohull, is able to sail in shallower water, and maintains its stability in stronger winds
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Mollicutes is a class of bacteria[2] distinguished by the absence of a cell wall. The word "Mollicutes" is derived from the Latin mollis (meaning "soft" or "pliable"), and cutis (meaning "skin"). Individuals are very small, typically only 0.2–0.3 μm (200-300 nm) in size and have a very small genome size. They vary in form, although most have sterols that make the cell membrane somewhat more rigid. Many are able to move about through gliding, but members of the genus Spiroplasma are helical and move by twisting. The best-known genus in the Mollicutes is Mycoplasma.
Mollicutes are parasites of various animals and plants, living on or in the host's cells. Many cause diseases in humans, attaching to cells in the respiratory or urogenital tracts, particularly species of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma are plant pathogens associated with insect vectors.
Whereas formerly the trivial name "mycoplasma" has commonly denoted any member of the class Mollicutes, it now refers exclusively to a member of the genus Mycoplasma.
Analysis of the genomes of mycoplasmas gives solid support for the hypothesis that mycoplasmas have developed from Gram-positive bacteria by a process of reductive evolution. By adopting a parasitic mode of life with use of nutrients from their hosts, mycoplasmas were able to reduce their genetic material considerably. On the other hand, mycoplasma lost the genes for many assimilative processes. Thus, Mycoplasma possibly became the smallest self-replicating organism in nature. Mycoplasma genitalium, with 580,000 base pairs, has an especially small genome size. Some phytoplasmas also have a very small genome size. The genera with the smallest genome are considered to be phylogenetically the most "recent" mollicutes.
To maintain their parasitic mode of life the mollicutes have developed rather sophisticated mechanisms to colonize their hosts and resist the host immune system.[3]
The classification of the Mollicutes has always been difficult. The individuals are tiny, and being parasites, they have to be cultivated on special media. Until now, many species could not be isolated at all. In the beginning, whether they were fungi, viruses, or bacteria was not clear. Also, the resemblance to L-forms was confusing. At first, all members of the class Mollicutes were generally named "mycoplasma" or pleuropneumonia-like organism (PPLO). Mollicutes other than some members of genus Mycoplasma were still unidentified. The first species of Mycoplasma/Mollicutes, that could be isolated was Mycoplasma mycoides. This bacterium was cultivated by Nocard and Roux in 1898.[4]
In 1956, D.G. Edward and E.A. Freundt made a first proposal for classifying and naming PPLOs. They left undecided, however, whether they belong to the bacteria (prokaryotes, in 1956 called "Schizomycetes") or to the eukaryotes. As type species (name-giving species) of the PPLOs/mycoplasmas, Edward and Freundt proposed Mycoplasma mycoides, being the causative organism of bovine pleuropneumonia and referring to the pleuropneumonia-like organisms. Until then, Mycoplasma mycoides was known as Asterococcus mycoides, but later that name was not recognized as valid. In their publication of 1956, they described 15 species of Mycoplasma.[5] In 1967 the class Mollicutes, containing the order Mycoplasmatales, was proposed by the Subcommittee on Taxonomy of the Mycoplasmata.[1] Now, the name Mycoplasma should exclusively be used for members of the genus Mycoplasma, rather than the use as a trivial name for any mollicute. As the trivial name has been used in literature for a long time, this is yet not always the case.
Traditionally, the taxonomy of bacteria was based on similarities and differences in morphology (Linnaean taxonomy).
In 1962, R.G.E. Murray proposed to divide the kingdom Bacteria into three divisions (= phyla) on the basis of the cell wall types:
Gram-positive "Firmacutes", with a thicker cell wall and more peptidoglycan (the name was later changed in "Firmicutes"), and
For classification and nomenclature of Mollicutes, there are special rules, which are maintained by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes (formerly the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB) Subcommittee on taxonomy of Mycoplasmatales).[8]
Traditionally, Mollicutes taxonomy has been based on serology and phenotypic characteristics. However, most modern classifications are based on DNA or RNA sequences, especially 16S rRNA sequences[9] (see Figure).
The results of Mollicutes phylogenetic analyses have been controversial. Some taxonomists place them in Firmicutes, others in Tenericutes. Woese et al. suggested that the Mollicutes might have been derived from different branches of bacteria. They concluded, that the Mollicutes are not a phylogenetically coherent group and therefore do not form a distinct higher level taxon. Instead, they cluster within Gram-positive bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes.[10] The results of molecular phylogenetic analyses have partly depend on the chosen molecular marker, like rRNA, elongation factor or another protein.[11] Phylogenetic trees based on phosphoglycerate kinase (Pgk) amino acid sequences' indicated a monophyletic origin for the Mollicutes within the Firmicutes.[12]
An early edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology placed class Mollicutes within phylum Firmicutes,[13][14] whereas in the announced 2nd edition, they are moved to a separate phylum Tenericutes.[15][16][17] The change is motivated by "their unique phenotypic properties, in particular the lack of rigid cell walls, and the general low support by alternative markers".[11] In the Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea (TOBA Release 7.7), March 2007, the Mollicutes are a class in the phylum Firmicutes.[18]
2. Bacteria – Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods, Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only half of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology, There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants, Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of bodies and bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In March 2013, data reported by researchers in October 2012, was published and it was suggested that bacteria thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest known part of the oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, You can find microbes everywhere—theyre extremely adaptable to conditions, the vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, though many are beneficial particularly in the gut flora. However several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy. The most common fatal diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. Once regarded as constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and these evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea. The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, for about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. In 2008, fossils of macroorganisms were discovered and named as the Francevillian biota, however, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea, here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea
3. Micrometer – Micrometers are usually, but not always, in the form of calipers, which is why micrometer caliper is another common name. The spindle is a very accurately machined screw and the object to be measured is placed between the spindle and the anvil, the spindle is moved by turning the ratchet knob or thimble until the object to be measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and the anvil. Micrometers are also used in telescopes or microscopes to measure the apparent diameter of celestial bodies or microscopic objects, the micrometer used with a telescope was invented about 1638 by William Gascoigne, an English astronomer. Colloquially the word micrometer is often shortened to mike or mic, the word micrometer is a neoclassical coinage from Greek micros, meaning small, and metron, meaning measure. The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary says that English got it from French, neither the metre nor the micrometre nor the micrometer as we know them today existed at that time. However, the people of that time did have much need for, and interest in, the word was no doubt coined in reference to this endeavor, even if it did not refer specifically to its present-day senses. In 1844 details of Whitworths workshop micrometer were published and this was described as having a strong frame of cast iron, the opposite ends of which were two highly finished steel cylinders, which traversed longitudinally by action of screws. The ends of the cylinders where they met was of hemispherical shape, one screw was fitted with a wheel graduated to measure to the ten thousandth of an inch. His object was to furnish ordinary mechanics with an instrument which, the micrometer caliper was introduced to the mass market in anglophone countries by Brown & Sharpe in 1867, allowing the penetration of the instruments use into the average machine shop. Brown & Sharpe were inspired by earlier devices, one of them being Palmers design. In 1888 Edward W. Morley added to the precision of micrometric measurements, each type of micrometer caliper can be fitted with specialized anvils and spindle tips for particular measuring tasks. For example, the anvil may be shaped in the form of a segment of screw thread, in the form of a v-block, universal micrometer sets come with interchangeable anvils, such as flat, spherical, spline, disk, blade, point, and knife-edge. The term universal micrometer may also refer to a type of micrometer whose frame has modular components, allowing one micrometer to function as outside mic, depth mic, step mic, blade micrometers have a matching set of narrow tips. They allow, for example, the measuring of a narrow o-ring groove, pitch-diameter micrometers have a matching set of thread-shaped tips for measuring the pitch diameter of screw threads. Limit mics have two anvils and two spindles, and are used like a snap gauge, the part being checked must pass through the first gap and must stop at the second gap in order to be within specification. The two gaps accurately reflect the top and bottom of the tolerance range, bore micrometer, typically a three-anvil head on a micrometer base used to accurately measure inside diameters. Tube micrometers have a cylindrical anvil positioned perpendicularly to a spindle and is used to measure the thickness of tubes. Micrometer stops are micrometer heads that are mounted on the table of a milling machine, bedways of a lathe, or other machine tool
4. Phytoplasma – Phytoplasmas are obligate bacterial parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in their plant-to-plant transmission. Phytoplasmas were discovered in 1967 by Japanese scientists who termed them mycoplasma-like organisms or MLOs, since their discovery, phytoplasmas have resisted all attempts at in vitro culture in any cell-free medium, routine cultivation in an artificial medium thus remains a major challenge. Although phytoplasmas have recently reported to be grown in a specific artificial medium. Phytoplasmas are characterized by the lack of a wall, a pleiomorphic or filamentous shape, a diameter normally less than 1 μm. Phytoplasmas are pathogens of important plants, including coconut, sugarcane. Phytoplasmas are most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and they are transmitted from plant to plant by vectors in which they both survive and replicate. Viral and phytoplasmic infections share some symptoms, Phytoplasmas are Mollicutes, which are bound by a triple-layered membrane, rather than a cell wall. The phytoplasma cell membranes studied to date usually contain a single immunodominant protein of unknown function that constitutes most of the protein in the membrane, a typical phytoplasma is pleiomorphic or filamentous in shape and is less than 1 μm in diameter. Like other prokaryotes, phytoplasmic DNA is distributed throughout the cytoplasm, Phytoplasmas can infect and cause various symptoms in more than 700 plant species. One characteristic symptom is abnormal floral organ development including phyllody, phytoplasma-harboring flowering plants may nevertheless be sterile. The expression of genes involved in maintaining the apical meristem or in the development of organs is altered in the morphologically affected floral organs of phytoplasma-infected plants. These symptoms may be attributable to stress caused by the rather than a specific pathogenetic process. Many phytoplasma-infected plants develop a bushy or witches broom appearance due to changes in their growth patterns. Most plants exhibit apical dominance but infection can trigger the proliferation of auxiliary shoots, such symptoms are actually useful in the commercial production of poinsettias. Infection triggers more axillary shoot production, the plants thus produce more than a single flower. Many plant pathogens produce virulence factors that modulate or interfere with normal host processes to the benefit of the pathogens. In 2009, a protein, termed “tengu-su inducer”, was identified from a phytoplasma causing yellowing of onions. TENGU induces characteristic symptoms, including witches’ broom and dwarfism, transgenic expression of TENGU in Arabidopsis plants induced sterility in male and female flowers
5. Trivial name – In chemistry, a trivial name is a nonsystematic name for a chemical substance. That is, the name is not recognized according to the rules of any system of chemical nomenclature such as IUPAC inorganic or IUPAC organic nomenclature. A trivial name is not a name and is usually a common name. Generally, trivial names are not useful in describing the properties of the thing being named. Properties such as the structure of a chemical compound are not indicated. And, in cases, trivial names can be ambiguous or will carry different meanings in different industries or in different geographic regions. On the other hand, systematic names can be so convoluted, as a result, a limited number of trivial chemical names are retained names, an accepted part of the nomenclature. Trivial names often arise in the language, they may come from historic usages in, for example. Many trivial names pre-date the institution of formal naming conventions, all elements that have been isolated have trivial names. In scientific documents, international treaties, patents and legal definitions and this need is satisfied by systematic names. One such system, established by the International Union of Pure, other systems have been developed by the American Chemical Society, the International Organization for Standardization, and the World Health Organization. However, chemists still use names that are not systematic because they are traditional or because they are more convenient than the systematic names. The word trivial, often used in a sense, was intended to mean commonplace. In addition to names, chemists have constructed semi-trivial names by appending a standard symbol to a trivial stem. Some trivial and semi-trivial names are so used that they have been officially adopted by IUPAC. Traditional names of elements are trivial, some originating in alchemy, IUPAC has accepted these names, but has also defined systematic names of elements that have not yet been prepared. It has adopted a procedure by which the scientists who are credited with preparing an element can propose a new name, once the IUPAC has accepted such a name, it replaces the systematic name. Nine elements were known by the Middle Ages – gold, silver, tin, mercury, copper, lead, iron, sulfur, and carbon
6. Eukaryote – A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes belong to the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota, the presence of a nucleus gives eukaryotes their name, which comes from the Greek εὖ and κάρυον. Eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, in addition, plants and algae contain chloroplasts. Eukaryotic organisms may be unicellular or multicellular, only eukaryotes form multicellular organisms consisting of many kinds of tissue made up of different cell types. Eukaryotes can reproduce asexually through mitosis and sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion. In mitosis, one cell divides to produce two identical cells. In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two rounds of division to produce four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. These act as sex cells resulting from genetic recombination during meiosis, the domain Eukaryota appears to be monophyletic, and so makes up one of the three domains of life. The two other domains, Bacteria and Archaea, are prokaryotes and have none of the above features, eukaryotes represent a tiny minority of all living things. However, due to their larger size, eukaryotes collective worldwide biomass is estimated at about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes first developed approximately 1. 6–2.1 billion years ago, in 1905 and 1910, the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowsky argued three things about the origin of nucleated cells. Firstly, plastids were reduced cyanobacteria in a symbiosis with a non-photosynthetic host, secondly, the host had earlier in evolution formed by symbiosis between an amoeba-like host and a bacteria-like cell that formed the nucleus. Thirdly, plants inherited photosynthesis from cyanobacteria, the split between the prokaryotes and eukaryotes was introduced in the 1960s. The concept of the eukaryote has been attributed to the French biologist Edouard Chatton, the terms prokaryote and eukaryote were more definitively reintroduced by the Canadian microbiologist Roger Stanier and the Dutch-American microbiologist C. B. van Niel in 1962. In his 1938 work Titres et Travaux Scientifiques, Chatton had proposed the two terms, calling the bacteria prokaryotes and organisms with nuclei in their cells eukaryotes. However he mentioned this in one paragraph, and the idea was effectively ignored until Chattons statement was rediscovered by Stanier. In 1967, Lynn Margulis provided microbiological evidence for endosymbiosis as the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria in cells in her paper. In the 1970s, Carl Woese explored microbial phylogenetics, studying variations in 16S ribosomal RNA and this helped to uncover the origin of the eukaryotes and the symbiogenesis of two important eukaryote organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts
7. Phosphoglycerate kinase – Phosphoglycerate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group from 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP producing 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP. Like all kinases it is a transferase, PGK is a major enzyme used in glycolysis, in the first ATP-generating step of the glycolytic pathway. In gluconeogenesis, the reaction catalyzed by PGK proceeds in the direction, generating ADP and 1. In humans, two isozymes of PGK have been so far identified, PGK1 and PGK2, PGK is present in all living organisms as one of the two ATP-generating enzymes in glycolysis. In the gluconeogenic pathway, PGK catalyzes the reverse reaction, under biochemical standard conditions, the glycolytic direction is favored. In the Calvin cycle in photosynthetic organisms, PGK catalyzes the phosphorylation of 3-PG, producing 1, 3-BPG and ADP, as part of the reactions that regenerate ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate. PGK has been reported to exhibit thiol reductase activity on plasmin, leading to angiostatin formation, the enzyme was also shown to participate in DNA replication and repair in mammal cell nuclei. The human isozyme PGK2, which is expressed during spermatogenesis, was shown to be essential for sperm function in mice. Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles, PGK is found in all living organisms and its sequence has been highly conserved throughout evolution. The enzyme exists as a 415-residue monomer containing two nearly equal-sized domains that correspond to the N- and C-termini of the protein, 3-phosphoglycerate binds to the N-terminal, while the nucleotide substrates, MgATP or MgADP, bind to the C-terminal domain of the enzyme. This extended two-domain structure is associated with large-scale hinge-bending conformational changes, the two domains of the protein are separated by a cleft and linked by two alpha-helices. At the core of each domain is a 6-stranded parallel beta-sheet surrounded by alpha helices, the two lobes are capable of folding independently, consistent with the presence of intermediates on the folding pathway with a single domain folded. Though the binding of either substrate triggers a change, only through the binding of both substrates does domain closure occur, leading to the transfer of the phosphate group. Magnesium ions are complexed to the phosphate groups the nucleotide substrates of PGK. It is known that in the absence of magnesium, no enzyme activity occurs and it is theorized that the ion may also encourage domain closure when PGK has bound both substrates. Without either substrate bound, PGK exists in an open conformation, then, in the case of the forward glycolytic reaction, the beta-phosphate of ADP initiates a nucleophilic attack on the 1-phosphate of 1, 3-BPG. The Lys219 on the enzyme guides the group to the substrate. In the glycolytic pathyway,1, 3-BPG is the donor and has a high phosphoryl-transfer potential
8. Phenotype – A phenotype is the composite of an organisms observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior. A phenotype results from the expression of a genetic code, its genotype, as well as the influence of environmental factors. When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the population of a species, the species is called polymorphic. A well-documented polymorphism is Labrador Retriever coloring, while the color depends on many genes, it is clearly seen in the environment as yellow, black. This genotype-phenotype distinction was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organisms heredity and what that heredity produces, the distinction is similar to that proposed by August Weismann, who distinguished between germ plasm and somatic cells. The term phenotype has sometimes incorrectly used as a shorthand for phenotypic difference from wild type. Despite its seemingly straightforward definition, the concept of the phenotype has hidden subtleties and it may seem that anything dependent on the genotype is a phenotype, including molecules such as RNA and proteins. It may seem that this goes beyond the intentions of the concept with its focus on the organism in itself. Either way, the term phenotype includes traits or characteristics that can be visible by some technical procedure. A notable extension to this idea is the presence of molecules or metabolites that are generated by organisms from chemical reactions of enzymes. Another extension adds behavior to the phenotype, since behaviors are also observable characteristics, behavioral phenotypes include cognitive, personality, and behavioral patterns. Some behavioral phenotypes may characterize psychiatric disorders or syndromes, phenotypic variation is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection. It is the organism as a whole that contributes to the next generation. Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection, the plant Hieracium umbellatum is found growing in two different habitats in Sweden. These habitats alternate along the coast of Sweden and the habitat that the seeds of Hieracium umbellatum land in, the concept of phenotype can be extended to variations below the level of the gene that affect an organisms fitness. For example, silent mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence of a gene may change the frequency of guanine-cytosine base pairs. The term extended phenotype refers to the idea that a phenotype is not restricted to biological processes, the concept generalized by Richard Dawkins explains that phenotype includes all the influence a gene has on the environment and other organisms. ”There are three types of extended phenotypes. The first describes an organism using architectural constructions to modify their environment for living, the most common example given by Dawkins is the beaver
9. L-form bacteria – L-form bacteria, also known as L-phase bacteria, L-phase variants, and cell wall-deficient bacteria, are strains of bacteria that lack cell walls. They were first isolated in 1935 by Emmy Klieneberger-Nobel, who named them L-forms after the Lister Institute in London where she was working. Some parasitic species of bacteria, such as mycoplasma, also lack a cell wall, bacterial morphology is determined by the cell wall. Since the L-form has no wall, its morphology is different from that of the strain of bacteria from which it is derived. Typical L-form cells are spheres or spheroids, for example, L-forms of the rod-shaped bacterium Bacillus subtilis appear round when viewed by phase contrast microscopy or by transmission electron microscopy. Although L-forms can develop from Gram-positive as well as from Gram-negative bacteria, in a Gram stain test, the cell wall is important for cell division, which, in most bacteria, occurs by binary fission. This process usually requires a wall and components of the bacterial cytoskeleton such as FtsZ. The ability of L-form bacteria to grow and divide in the absence of both of these structures is highly unusual, and may represent a form of division that was important in early forms of life. This novel mode of division seems to involve the extension of thin protrusions from the cells surface, the lack of cell wall in L-forms means that division is disorganised, giving rise to a variety of cell sizes, from very tiny to very big. L-forms can be generated in the laboratory from many species that usually have cell walls. This is done by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis with antibiotics or treating the cells with lysozyme, the L-forms are generated in a culture medium that is the same osmolarity as the bacterial cytosol, which prevents cell lysis by osmotic shock. Some studies have identified mutations that occur, as these strains are derived from normal bacteria, one such point mutation is in an enzyme involved in the mevalonate pathway of lipid metabolism that increased the frequency of L-form formation 1, 000-fold. The reason for this effect is not known, but it is presumed that the increase is related to this role in making a lipid important in peptidoglycan synthesis. Another methodology of induction relies on nanotechnology and landscape ecology, microfluidics devices can be built in order to challenge peptidoglycan synthesis by extreme spatial confinement. The two extreme viewpoints on this question are that L-form bacteria are either laboratory curiosities of no significance or important. Research on L-form bacteria is continuing, the formation of strains of bacteria lacking cell walls has also been proposed to be important in the acquisition of bacterial antibiotic resistance. L-form bacteria may be useful in research on early forms of life and these strains are being examined for possible uses in biotechnology as host strains for recombinant protein production. Here, the absence of a wall can allow production of large amounts of secreted proteins that would otherwise accumulate in the periplasmic space of bacteria
10. Microbiological culture – A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under controlled laboratory conditions. Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested and it is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology and used as a tool to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined medium. Furthermore, the culture is more generally used informally to refer to selectively growing a specific kind of microorganism in the lab. Microbial cultures are foundational and basic methods used extensively as a research tool in molecular biology. It is often essential to isolate a pure culture of microorganisms, a pure culture is a population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types. A pure culture may originate from a cell or single organism. For the purpose of gelling the microbial culture, the medium of agarose gel is used, agar is a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed. A cheap substitute for agar is guar gum, which can be used for the isolation, there are several types of bacterial culture methods that are selected based on the agent being cultured and the downstream use. One method of culture is liquid culture, in which the desired bacteria are suspended in a liquid nutrient medium, such as Luria Broth. This allows a scientist to grow up large amounts of bacteria for a variety of downstream applications, liquid cultures are ideal for preparation of an antimicrobial assay in which the experimenter inoculates liquid broth with bacteria and lets it grow overnight. Then they would take aliquots of the sample to test for the activity of a specific drug or protein. As an alternative, the microbiologist may decide to use static liquid cultures and these cultures are not shaken and they provide the microbes with an oxygen gradient. Microbiological cultures can be grown in petri dishes of differing sizes that have a layer of agar-based growth medium. Once the growth medium in the dish is inoculated with the desired bacteria. After the desired level of growth is achieved, agar plates can be stored upside down in a refrigerator for a period of time to keep bacteria for future experiments. There are a variety of additives that can be added to agar before it is poured into a plate, some types of bacteria can only grow in the presence of certain additives. This can also be used when creating engineered strains of a bacteria that contain an antibiotic-resistance gene, when the selected antibiotic is added to the agar, only bacterial cells containing the gene insert conferring resistance will be able to grow. This allows the researcher to select only the colonies that were successfully transformed, stab cultures are similar to agar plates, but are formed by solid agar in a test tube
A micrometer (my-KROM-i-tər), sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated …
Modern micrometer with a reading of 1.639 mm ± 0.005 mm. Assuming no zero error, this is also the measurement.
Phytoplasmas are obligate bacterial parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in …
In chemistry, a trivial name is a nonsystematic name for a chemical substance. That is, the name is not recognized …
A plaque commemorating a mine in Ytterby where ore was obtained from which four new elements were isolated.
Phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) (PGK 1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group …
Diagram showing glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. Note that phosphoglycerate kinase is used in both directions.
L-form bacteria, also known as Sam Cannon, L-phase variants, and cell wall-deficient (CWD) bacteria, are strains of …
Phase contrast image of L-form cells from Bacillus subtilis showing a range of sizes. Scale bar is 5 micrometers.
Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to …
Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membrane. Without a cell wall, they are …
Carl Richard Woese (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist. Woese is …
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all …
The Firmicutes (Latin: firmus, strong, and cutis, skin, referring to the cell wall) are a phylum of bacteria, most of …
Genome size is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a single genome. It is typically measured in terms …
Bacterial taxonomy is the taxonomy, i.e. the rank-based classification, of bacteria. — In the scientific classification …
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer …
Sterols, also known as steroid alcohols, are a subgroup of the steroids and an important class of organic molecules. …
16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the component of the 30S small subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome that binds to the …
Ryan Lamonte Pickett Sr. (born October 8, 1979) is a former American football nose tackle who played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Ohio State. Pickett was selected with the 29th pick of the first round in the 2001 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams. He also played for the Green Bay Packers and Houston Texans. With the Packers, he beat the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV.
Pickett was a consensus All-American selection, named one of the top 25 players in the country by the National Recruiting Advisor and earned All-State honors at Zephyrhills High. He recorded 119 tackles with seven sacks as a senior.
Pickett was also a force for the Zephyrhills basketball team, averaging 10 points and 10 rebounds per game. He also was the school's first baseman on the baseball team until his senior season.
Pickett played college football at Ohio State University from 1998 to 2000. He was a three-year starter and played both defensive tackle positions. Pickett played in every game as a true freshman and started the final nine games at right defensive tackle. He totaled 22 stops (17 solo), two sacks, and five tackles for loss. As a sophomore, Ryan started the whole season at right defensive tackle. He also was named All-Big Ten honorable mention with career-highs of 48 tackles (34 solo) and three sacks. In Pickett's junior season, he switched sides and played left defensive tackle. He totaled 39 tackles (21 solo), three sacks and two forced fumbles in 1999. After Pickett's junior season he chose to forgo his senior season and enter the NFL Draft.
All values from Ohio State Pro Day, except for height and weight, which were measured at the NFL Combine[1][2]
Pickett was selected with the 29th pick of the first round in the 2001 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams. On July 28, 2001, Pickett signed a five-year, $5.995 million contract with the Rams.[3] Pickett's contract includes a $2.615 million signing bonuses. His base salaries were $504,000 in 2001, $530,000 in 2002, $656,000 in 2003, $782,000 in 2004 and $908,000 in 2005.[4]
In his rookie season with the Rams, Pickett took a backup role on the defensive front along with playing some special teams. He played 11 games during his rookie year with 19 tackles and half a sack. He helped the Rams into Super Bowl XXXVI, eventually to lose to the New England Patriots 17-20. In 2002, Pickett had a breakout year starting 14 games at left defensive tackle and finishing the season second on the team in tackles with 67 (45 solo). In 2003 and 2004 he maintained his above average play at the defensive tackle and nose tackle positions for the St. Louis Rams and was a vital part of their defense both in the regular season and in playoff contests. In 2005, Pickett had his highest statistical season to date. He started all 16 of the Rams games and racked up a career high 65 tackles (47 solo), which was the highest total for any defensive lineman in the NFL that season. After the 2005 season Pickett became a highly touted unrestricted free agent.
On March 17, 2006, the Green Bay Packers signed Pickett to a four-year, $14-million free-agent contract.[5] In his first season with the Packers, Pickett started in all 16 of the Packers regular season games and collected 92 tackles (45 solo), one fumble recovery, and a career-best seven passes defensed. In 2007 Pickett played in 14 games (14 starts) and totaled 39 tackles and recorded his first sack as a Packer. In 2008, he had 48 tackles, started all 16 games, and registered 1.5 sacks and knocked away three passes. In 2009, Pickett accepted the new role to the sole nose tackle position with Dom Capers using the new 3-4 defense style. Pickett started 13 games with 33 tackles and 2 passes defended.
On February 25, 2010, the Packers applied their Franchise Tag on Pickett, but eventually signed him to a 4-year, $28 million deal on March 12, 2010. With B. J. Raji gaining playing time, Pickett transition to defensive end as the Packers mostly used a 3-4 type defense but sometimes played defensive tackle during 4-3 scheme usages. During the 2010 year, Pickett played 14 games with 32 tackles, 1 sack, 1 pass defended, and 1 fumble recovery.
Pickett trailed only Charles Woodson as the longest-tenured NFL player on the Packers' defense. He started and had two tackles in Super Bowl XLV but, more importantly, was instrumental in one of the game's biggest plays. On the first play of the fourth quarter, the Pittsburgh Steelers were trailing the Packers 21-17, but had a second-and-two at the Packers' 33-yard-line. Steelers running back Rashard Mendenhall took a handoff and was immediately met in the backfield by Pickett. Pickett had Mendelhall wrapped up, allowing Clay Matthews to force a fumble by sandwiching Mendenhall between himself and Pickett. Packers' linebacker Desmond Bishop recovered the fumble and the Packers offense would march down the field to extend their lead to 28-17. The Packers would go on to a 31-25 victory, bringing Green Bay their first championship title in fourteen years.[6][7]
In the 2011 season, Pickett continued his role at defensive end while B. J. Raji took over as the sole nose tackle. Pickett finished the year starting 14 games with 33 tackles and 2 passes defended. The Packers finished the season with a 15-1 record for an NFC North pennant, but lost to the New York Giants by a score of 20-37 in the divisional round.
In the 2012 season, Pickett started all 16 games with 51 tackles and 1 pass defended. The Packers clinched another NFC North pennant with an 11-5 record, but lost in the divisional round to the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 31-45.
In the 2013 season, the defensive line was marred by various injuries, as Pickett regained his role as the sole nose tackle while B. J. Raji played defensive end. Pickett played all 16 games at nose tackle with 19 tackles and 2 passes defended. The Packers clinched yet another NFC North pennant with an 8-7-1 record, but again lost to the 49ers 20-23 in the Wild Card round.
In response of Louis Nix III going on injured reserve due to knee injuries, Pickett was signed by the Houston Texans on September 24, 2014.[8] Pickett made 13 starts with 20 tackles and 3 passes defended.
Pickett's primary home is in San Diego, California, and he spends most of his time there when he's not in Green Bay or traveling with the team. He and his wife, Jennifer, are the parents to six children, the youngest of whom is six-years-old.
In 2012, he formed The Ryan Pickett Foundation, which addresses issues in foster care by providing emotional and monetary relief to children who were placed within the foster care system. Proceeds are split equally between The American Foundation of Counseling Services of Green Bay and Casa de Amparo in San Diego.[10]
Through his foundation, Pickett hosted his first Celebrity Golf Classic in 2013 at the Barona Creek Golf Course in Lakeside, California, just outside San Diego. His celebrity guests included Aaron Rodgers, Clay Matthews, Marshall Faulk and Sterling Sharpe among others.[11]
1. Green Bay Packers – The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference North division. They are also the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, organized and it is the only non-profit, community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games are played at Lambeau Field, the Packers are the last vestige of small town teams common in the NFL during the 1920s and 1930s. Founded in 1919 by Earl Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, between 1919 and 1920, the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest. They joined the American Professional Football Association, the forerunner of todays NFL, the Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine NFL titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowl victories. They won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers head coach of the same name and their two further Super Bowl wins came in 1997 and 2011. The Packers are long-standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, and Detroit Lions, the Bears–Packers rivalry is one of the oldest in NFL history, dating back to 1921. The Green Bay Packers were founded on August 11,1919 by former high-school football rivals Earl Curly Lambeau, Lambeau solicited funds for uniforms from his employer, the Indian Packing Company. He was given $500 for uniforms and equipment, on the condition that the team be named for its sponsor, the Green Bay Packers have played in their original city longer than any other team in the NFL. On August 27,1921, the Packers were granted a franchise in the new pro football league that had been formed the previous year. Financial troubles plagued the team and the franchise was forfeited within the year, before Lambeau found new financial backers and these backers, known as the Hungry Five, formed the Green Bay Football Corporation. After a near-miss in 1927, Lambeaus squad claimed the Packers first NFL title in 1929 with an undefeated 12–0–1 campaign, among the many impressive accomplishments of these years was the Packers streak of 29 consecutive home games without defeat, an NFL record which still stands. The arrival of end Don Hutson from Alabama in 1935 gave Lambeau, credited with inventing pass patterns, Hutson would lead the league in receptions eight seasons and spur the Packers to NFL championships in 1936,1939 and 1944. An iron man, Hutson played both ways, leading the league in interceptions as a safety in 1940, Hutson claimed 18 NFL records when he retired in 1945, many of which still stand. In 1951, his number 14 was the first to be retired by the Packers, after Hutsons retirement, Lambeau could not stop the Packers slide. He purchased a large lodge near Green Bay for team members, rockwood Lodge was the home of the 1946-1949 Packers, though the 1947 and 1948 seasons produced a record of 12-10-1, and 1949 was even worse at 3-9
2. Ohio State Buckeyes football – Ohio State has played their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio since 1922. Football was introduced to the university by George Cole and Alexander S. Lilley in 1890, Ohio State was a football independent from 1890 to 1901 before joining the Ohio Athletic Conference as a charter member in 1902. The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1912 became members of the Big Ten Conference, Ohio State won their first national championship in 1942 under head coach Paul Brown. Following World War II, Ohio State saw sparse success on the field with three separate coaches and in 1951 hired Woody Hayes to coach the team. Under Hayes, Ohio State won over 200 total games,13 Big Ten championships and five national championships, following Hayes dismissal in 1978, Earle Bruce and later John Cooper coached the team to a combined seven conference championships between them. Jim Tressel was hired as coach in 2001 and led Ohio State to its seventh national championship in 2002 with a win in the Fiesta Bowl. Ohio State won seven Big Ten championships under Tressel and appeared in eight Bowl Championship Series games, on November 28,2011, two-time National Championship winning coach and Ohio native Urban Meyer became head coach. Meyer led his team to five championships in his first five seasons as well as a school record 24 straight victories. He led OSU to both the Big Ten and the first College Football Playoff National Championship of its kind in the 2014 season, giving Meyer his third title overall. In the spring of 1890, George Cole, an undergraduate, the Buckeyes first game, played on May 3,1890, at Delaware, Ohio, against Ohio Wesleyan University, was a victory. OSUs first home game took place at 2,30 p. m. on November 1,1890, the Ohio State University played the University of Wooster on this site, which was then called Recreation Park. Just east of historic German Village, the park occupied the side of Schiller between Ebner and Jaeger in what is now Schumacher Place. The weather was perfect, and the crowd cheered loudly, nonetheless, OSU lost to Wooster, 64–0. Wooster, physically fit for the game, showed OSU that training is critical to winning, thus, the tradition of training continues. Over the next eight years, under a number of coaches, the played to a cumulative record of 31 wins,39 losses. The first game against the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, was a 34–0 loss in 1897, a year that saw the low point in Buckeye football history with a 1–7–1 record. Jack Ryder was Ohio States first paid coach, earning $150 per season, in 1899 the university hired John Eckstorm to bring professional coaching skills to the program and immediately went undefeated. In 1901, however, center John Segrist was fatally injured in a game against Western Reserve University, although the schools athletic board let the team decide its future, Eckstorm resigned
3. 2001 NFL Draft – The 2001 NFL draft was the 66th annual meeting of National Football League franchises to select newly eligible football players. The draft, which is referred to as the NFL Player Selection Meeting, was held at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Each team is assigned one pick per round with the order based generally on the order of finish in the previous season with the team with the worst record receiving the first draft slot. The draft was broadcast on ESPN and ESPN2, due to previous trades, the Dallas Cowboys and Tennessee Titans did not have selections in the first round. More than half of the players selected in the drafts first round would eventually be elected to at least one Pro Bowl. After being a starter for the Panthers in his first season, during which Carolina posted a 1–15 record. The last player selected, who receives the unofficial title Mr. Irrelevant, was Tevita Ofahengaue of Brigham Young University. Ofahengaue never played in the NFL and in 2011 was charged with stealing gasoline from a company in Salt Lake City. There were 31 compensatory selections distributed among 16 teams during rounds three through seven, with the Jacksonville Jaguars and Buffalo Bills receiving 4 picks each. The University of Miami was the college with the most players selected in the first round, with Dan Morgan, Damione Lewis, Santana Moss, across the whole draft, however, Florida State University had the most players selected, a total of nine compared to Miamis seven. No teams elected to any players in the 2001 supplemental draft. In the explanations below, denotes trades that took place during the draft, Round one Round two Round three Round four Round five Round six Round seven The 246 players chosen in the draft were composed of, General references 2001 NFL Draft. Archived from the original on December 8,2008, archived from the original on November 6,2013. Pro Football Hall of Fame –2001 Draft History, archived from the original on May 15,2007
4. History of the St. Louis Rams – The professional American football franchise now known as the Los Angeles Rams played in St. Louis, Missouri, as the St. Louis Rams from the 1995 through the 2015 seasons. The Rams franchise relocated from Los Angeles to St. Louis in 1995 and their last game played at the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis was against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17,2015, which they won, 31–23. The Rams last game as a St. Louis-based club was on January 3,2016, against the San Francisco 49ers at Levis Stadium, but the overall mediocrity of the Cardinals, combined with stadium issues, caused game attendance to dwindle. And once again the Bidwills, the family owned the Cardinals. The cities they looked at included Baltimore, Phoenix, New York City, nonetheless, Cardinals fans were unhappy at losing their team, and Bill Bidipll, fearing for his safety, stayed away from several of the 1987 home games. Their last home game was on December 13,1987, in which the Cardinals won 27–24 over the New York Giants in front of 29,623 fans on a late Sunday afternoon. Not long after the 1987 season, Bidipll agreed to move to the Phoenix area on a deal with state and local officials. They planned to play at Arizona State Universitys Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe on a basis while a new stadium was being built. Unfortunately for the Cardinals, the savings and loan crisis derailed financing for the stadium, prior to the Rams 1979 Super Bowl season, owner Carroll Rosenbloom drowned in an accident. His widow, Georgia Frontiere, inherited 70% ownership of the team, Frontiere fired her step-son, Steve Rosenbloom, and assumed total control of the franchise. As had been planned prior to Carroll Rosenblooms death, the Rams moved from their home at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980. Also, Southern Californias population patterns were changing, there was growth in L. A. s affluent suburbs. Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 as the home of the California Angels Major League Baseball franchise, to accommodate the Rams move, the ballpark was reconfigured with luxury suites and enclosed to accommodate crowds of about 65,000 for football. In 1982 the Coliseum was occupied by the Los Angeles Raiders, the combined effect of these two factors was to force the Rams traditional fan base to be split between two teams. Making matters even worse, at time the Rams were unsuccessful on the field. Although it was not apparent at the time, the Rams loss in the 1989 NFC Championship Game marked the end of an era, the Rams would not have another winning season in Los Angeles for the remainder of the century, and beyond. The first half of the 1990s featured four straight 10-loss seasons, no playoff appearances, the return of Chuck Knox as head coach would not boost the Rams fortunes. Knoxs run-oriented offense brought about the end of offensive coordinator Ernie Zampeses tenure in 1993, general manager John Shaw was perceived by some to continually squander NFL Draft picks on sub-standard talent
5. 2005 NFL season – The 2005 NFL season was the 86th regular season of the National Football League. Regular season play was held from September 8,2005 to January 1,2006, the playoffs began on January 7. This also marked the first time that a Sixth-seeded team, who by the nature of their seeding would play every game on the road, would advance to and win the Super Bowl. The season formally concluded with the Pro Bowl, the leagues all-star game, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu and this marked the final season that ABC held the rights to televise Monday Night Football after thirty-six years of airing the series. When the TV contracts were renewed near the end of the season, NBC bought the right to televise Sunday Night Football, marking the first time that the network broadcast NFL games since Super Bowl XXXII in 1998. Meanwhile, CBS and Fox renewed their contracts to the American Football Conference. The game drew an NFL regular season record of 103,467 paid fans and it was a home game for the Cardinals, mostly because the team rarely sold out at their then-home field, Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona. This season was the last year that the Cardinals played at Sun Devil Stadium, the Saints first home game on September 18 against the New York Giants was moved to Giants Stadium on September 19. The impromptu Monday Night doubleheader with the already scheduled was a success. As a result of the doubleheader, the NFL designated its second weekend, September 18 and 19, as Hurricane Relief Weekend. The Saints remaining home games were split between the Alamodome in San Antonio and Louisiana State Universitys Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Being forced to travel to 13 of their 16 games and practice in substandard facilities and conditions in San Antonio, the Saints finished 3–13, their worst season since 1999. The last NFL team to abandon their city during a season was the hapless 1952 Dallas Texans. The Chiefs won the game, 30–20, and became the first visiting team to travel, since the game was planned for Sunday afternoon, it is one of the few times in history that the Dolphins wore their road jerseys in a home game played at night. The horse-collar tackle, in which a defender grabs inside the back or side of a shoulder pads. Peel-back blocks below the waist and from the back are now illegal, unnecessary roughness would be called for blocks away from the play on punters or kickers, similar to the same protection quarterbacks have after interceptions. When time is stopped by officials prior to the snap for any reason while time is in, previously, the play-clock would be reset to 25 seconds. During field goal and extra point attempts, the team will be penalized for unsportsmanlike conduct if it calls consecutive timeouts in an attempt to ice the kicker
8. 2014 NFL season – The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League. The 2014 league year began at 4 pm EST on March 11, the per-team salary cap was set at US$133 million, a $10 million increase from the previous year. A total of 471 players were eligible for some form of free agency at the beginning of the free agency period, in addition, a number of highly paid players were released after the start of the league year to allow their teams to regain space under the salary cap. These players were defensive end Greg Hardy, tight end Jimmy Graham, placekicker Nick Folk, players given the transition tag were Jason Worilds and Alex Mack. Mack signed a five-year, $42 million offer sheet with the Jacksonville Jaguars which included $26 million in guaranteed money, the Browns matched the offer and retained Mack who became the leagues highest paid center. One restricted free agent switched teams in 2014, wide receiver Andrew Hawkins of the Bengals was signed by the Browns, restricted free agents are players with three or fewer seasons in the league whose contracts have expired. Teams may tender contract offers which allow them to match offers from other teams, Hawkins was tendered at the minimum level, which means the Bengals would not receive any draft compensation. The Browns signed him to a $13.6 million, four-year offer, Saints safety Rafael Bush signed an offer from the Falcons, but the Saints retained Bush by matching the offer. The 2014 NFL Draft was held May 8–10,2014, in New York City, the draft process began with the NFL Scouting Combine, where draft-eligible players were evaluated by team personnel, which was held in Indianapolis on February 19–25. The draft included a number of 98 non-seniors. In the draft the Houston Texans made University of South Carolina defensive end, there was discussion leading up to the draft as to the future of the event in New York City, where it had been held since 1965. Given the increased interest in the draft over the past decade, there was a belief that the event may have outgrown Radio City Music Hall, the possibility of extending the draft to four days was also being discussed. On October 2,2014, Auditorium Theatre in Chicago was announced as the site for the following years draft. Training camps for the 2014 season were held in late July through August, teams may start training camp no earlier than 15 days before the teams first scheduled preseason game. Prior to the start of the season, each team played four preseason exhibition games. The preseason schedule got underway with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Sunday evening, the Hall of Fame game is a traditional part of the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame induction weekend celebrating new Hall of Fame members. It was played at Fawcett Stadium which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, the game, which was televised in the U. S. on NBC, featured the New York Giants and Buffalo Bills, with the Giants winning 17–13. The others who were inducted into the Hall of Fame are linebacker Derrick Brooks, punter Ray Guy, defensive end Claude Humphrey, offensive tackle Walter Jones, the 65-game preseason schedule wrapped up on Thursday, August 28, a week before the start of the regular season
9. USA Today – USA Today is an internationally distributed American daily middle-market newspaper that serves as the flagship publication of its owner, the Gannett Company. Founded by Al Neuharth on September 15,1982, it operates from Gannetts corporate headquarters on Jones Branch Drive in McLean, Virginia and it is printed at 37 sites across the United States and at five additional sites internationally. USA Today is distributed in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, with an international edition distributed in Canada, Asia and the Pacific Islands, Gannett formally announced the launch of the paper on April 20,1982. USA Today began publishing on September 15,1982, initially launching in the Baltimore and Washington, on July 2,1984, the newspaper switched from a largely black-and-white to a color publication, featuring full color photography and graphics in all four sections. On April 8,1985, the paper published its first special bonus section, a 12-page section called Baseball 85, on May 6,1986, USA Today began printing production of its international edition in Switzerland. On April 15, USA Today launched an international printing site. On August 28,1995, an international publishing site was launched in Frankfurt, Germany, to print. On October 4,1999, USA Today began running advertisements on its front page for the first time. The paper launched a sixth printing site for its international edition on May 15,2000, in Milan, Italy, followed on July 10 by the launch of a printing facility in Charleroi. That November, USA Today migrated its operations from Gannetts previous corporate headquarters in Arlington, in 2010, USA Today launched the USA Today API for sharing data with partners of all types. On August 27,2010, USA Today announced that it would undergo a reorganization of its newsroom and it also announced that the paper would shift its focus away from print and place more emphasis on its digital platforms and launch of a new publication called USA Today Sports. On September 14,2012, USA Today underwent the first major redesign in its history, to accomplish this goal, Gannett migrated its newspaper and television station websites to the Presto platform and the USA Today site design throughout 2013 and 2014. On January 4,2014, USA Today acquired the book and film review website, on September 3,2014, USA Today announced that it would lay off roughly 70 employees in a restructuring of its newsroom and business operations. In October 2014, USA Today and OpenWager Inc. entered into a partnership to release a Bingo app called USA TODAY Bingo Cruise, USA Today is known for synthesizing news down to easy-to-read-and-comprehend stories. In the main edition circulated in the United States and some Canadian cities, each consists of four sections, News, Money, Sports. The international edition of the paper features two sections, News and Money in one, with Sports and Life in the other, atypical of most daily newspapers, the paper does not print on Saturdays and Sundays, the Friday edition serves as the weekend edition. USA Today prints each complete story on the front page of the section with the exception of the cover story. The cover story is a story that requires a jump
10. Tackle (football move) – Most forms of football have a move known as a tackle. The primary and important purposes of tackling are to dispossess an opponent of the ball, the word is used in some contact variations of football to describe the act of physically holding or wrestling a player to the ground. In others, it simply one or more methods of contesting for possession of the ball. It can therefore be used as both a defensive or attacking move, in Middle Dutch, the verb tacken meant to grab or to handle. By the 18th century, a use was applied to harnesses or equipment used with horses. Modern use in football comes from the sport of rugby. In any such case, the ball becomes dead, the down is over, a tackle is known as a quarterback sack when the quarterback is tackled behind the line of scrimmage while attempting to throw a pass. A tackle for loss indicates a tackle that causes a loss of yardage for the running back or wide receiver. When a player who does not have the ball is taken down it is referred to as a block. Tackles can also be made by grabbing the ball carriers jersey, as mentioned above, the referee can declare that a play is dead if the ball carriers forward progress has been stopped, even if he has not actually been taken to the ground. To protect players from potentially catastrophic injury, there are restrictions on tackles. At no time may a defensive player tackle a player by grabbing the facemask of their helmet, doing so incurs a 15-yard penalty. A similar penalty is assessed to any player attempting to contact with his helmet against another opponents helmet. Grabbing a ball carrier by the pads behind his neck and pulling him down is known as a horse collar, a method which has been made illegal at all levels of American football. However, in the NFL a player can continue forward for one step, place kickers and punters are afforded an even greater protection from being tackled. Once the play is ruled complete, no contact is permitted, a player who makes contact with an opponent after the play is charged with unnecessary roughness and his team is assessed a 15-yard penalty. However, a player who plays on the line can block below the knees as long the block is five yards of the line. In the National Football League, tackles are tracked as a statistic by a scorekeeper hired by the home team
The Ohio State Buckeyes football team is a college football team that competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football …
Former Buckeyes RB Archie Griffin, the only two-time Heisman Trophy winner in college football history (1974–75)
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Whew. I can’t even begin to explain how out of control our April & May are turning out to be. Bennett and I are trying to grow and groom our own businesses all while traveling for family, holidays, birthdays, weddings and business. IT IS NUTS. If this is how other people live, kudos to them and can I please get some pointers on how to get the proper amount of sleep?
Anywho. We had such an amazing weekend. Saturday thru Monday was jam packed with travel, exploration, family, besties, history, learning, sunshine and celebration. I thought I’d split the picture sharing into two different days because we took too many pictures and I didn’t want to overload one post with them.
I went from being a bad friend to being a slightly-less bad friend on Saturday when we finally made it to my BFF Jessie’s house. Jess has only owned her own home for FOREVER now and I haven’t seen it until now. Yes, I suck. I can come up with lots of reasons and excuses but really I just didn’t make the time to see her. Sorry Jess! Your house is great and I loved seeing you!
I’m not sure why, but my beautiful friend refused to be in pictures. So I don’t have any actual photograph evidence that she was there with me but I promise that we were together. She even was super sweet and took us out to get Easter egg decorating supplies so we could make them with Louis. Target had these ah-dorable pirate decorations that were necessary to get and use.
On Sunday, we took our time getting ready and then headed into DC. Jessie lives a little under two hours away from the heart of our nation’s capital and we arrived just in time to enjoy some lunch at some swanky place with Eric & Julie. It was delicious. And really good to see the newlyweds!
I’ve been to DC twice in my life. Once was for David’s inauguration and the second was for E&J’s wedding. During both of those trips, I somehow managed to see nothing besides the buildings we were doing things in. I never seem to schedule vacations with extra swing time to explore the places we are visiting. This time around, I was determined to actually SEE the city.
We drove past nearly all of the monuments and historical landmarks and eventually parked near the Jefferson Memorial and paid it a visit. It was lovely.
We picked the best weekend ever to be there. It wasn’t super crowded, I think because of the holiday, and the weather was awesome. We weren’t cold. We weren’t sweating. We were perfect. And when we did get a little hot from walking around in the bright sunshine, a breeze would hit us and cool us right now. It was like we ordered it up that way.
It was fun to see Louis react to different things. You never know what is actually going to strike the interest of a 3-year old. He surprisingly loved seeing everything. So did I. I never knew how visually pleasing DC really is. Being able to see the Washington Monument or the Capitol Building from anywhere you are is really neat.
I surprised myself with how taken I was inside of the memorial. It’s a beautiful structure but reading the quotes all over the walls really got to me. My favorite was this. Because, well…
Louis liked it because he thought the ceiling looked like R2D2. I can’t disagree either. I totally can see it too!
The cherry blossoms were in full bloom still while we were there. Which was awesome because they are stunning. STUNNING. Washington DC isn’t really that far from our house and yet they are full-force in spring already. We seem to be a few weeks behind. There were beautiful flowers everywhere and it was great to be around.
Day one in the heart of the city was super successful. I am the furthest thing from a city gal and I totally loved every second of our exploration. Who knew?
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Raise a glass to the last Sunday of summer ’17! In the winery, the SB is fermenting happily, have yet to pick our Cabernet. #napaharvest
Mother’s Day has come to an end, and like many mums I was lucky enough to spend the day relaxing with my family. I was spoilt with a nice breakfast, a new pair of pj’s and a fun filled day with the kids.
I received hand-made gifts from the kids this morning, with them all bringing tears to my eyes like most years. This year I received a wonderful hand-written card by my son. It was a beautiful card, one that makes your heart melt in wonder that I actually created this amazing, caring young boy. This year however I took additional meaning from the words he had written.
In it he had written that I was the best mum ever. He thanked me for looking after him, said I was beautiful and pretty. On the front, he had written a few words that in his opinion described me and these included helpful, loveable, kind and nice. After the initial overwhelm of love and emotion that usually follow these gifts, I took time to reflect on the adventures of a being a mum.
I would like to think that I am a good mum, but we all have our days. I raise my voice, I count to three, I sometimes lose my mind on days where they just don’t listen. On most days, I think I can do better. Most days I rush around, trying desperately to get to school pickup and not be late. Most days I raise my voice and juggle a million things. Most days I feel guilt for working when I think I should be home cooking a brilliant meal, fresh for the dinner at night rather than reheating something I made on the weekend. Most days I feel I perhaps don’t pay enough attention, work from home too much or am too busy doing the work around the house. Sometimes I forget to read to the kids at night, sometimes it is just too cold to go to swimming lessons and sometimes a bit of cheeky take-away is all that can be mustered after a busy day or week.
BUT, what I realised today, after reading the hand-written card, was that the way my child sees me verses the way I see myself is truly different. I always think I can do better and strive every day to make positive changes, however my son sees me as a kind, helpful, loveable mum. My son knows that I am here for him, that I love him and that he and his sister mean the world to me. But to really understand this, has taken me many years.
I now realise that I am a good enough mum. That whilst some days are a little challenging, I am doing my best and doing it with love. I have raised two small humans and I know from their behaviours and communication that I have raised them well. Two beautiful souls who are just starting their journey into life, who I will continue to guide and hold their hands with kindness and love.
So today on Mother’s Day I want all the mums reading this to know, that you are good enough. No matter the shitty days we might have, the challenges that are thrown our way or the growing demands on our time, we are doing the best we can and we are doing it with love – and that my fellow mums is all we can do.