Posted in Canada, Fall 2018, Spring 2016, Student learning outcomes, Student work, Testimonials, Testimonials by instructors, Wikipedia Student Program by Cassidy Villeneuve
This term, Dr. David Webster is trying something new. “This year’s textbook [is] written by previous years’ students,” he announced over Twitter, much to the excitement of his followers.
Dr. Webster has taught his students at Bishop University how to contribute to Wikipedia as a classroom assignment for a few terms now. In his Spring 2016 course, Memory, truth and reconciliation in the developing world, students created new Wikipedia articles on a variety of course-related topics, including Truth and Reconciliation in Cambodia and the International Commission of Investigation on Human Rights Violations in Rwanda since October 1, 1990. 16 of these articles, along with 4 from a 2014 course, are included in a new textbook resource for Dr. Webster’s students to utilize this term and beyond.
The textbook that students will be referencing this term (along with other course materials and readings), written by former students.
Dr. Webster wrote about the experience of having students write for their future classmates back in 2017. The experience provided students with research, writing, and digital literacy skills – as well as a new found confidence. “Now that they are content providers,” he writes, “they won’t look at Wikipedia the same way.”
Wikipedia is a unique platform through which to engage students. They learn to collaborate with each other and with other Wikipedia users as they distill course topics into concise, well-researched, heavily cited articles for the general public. The exercise strengthens research, writing, collaboration, and digital literacy skills – all while providing a public service. Students make academic information (often restricted behind paywalls) available to anyone with internet connection worldwide. Wikipedia is the ultimate open educational resource.
Another instructor in our program, Dr. Clare Talwalker of UC Berkeley, finds a Wikipedia assignment inspiring because it transcends traditional academic timelines. “Students may build on each other’s work in the coming semesters, returning to some of the same articles and slowly improving many important parts of the Wikipedia universe.”
And it turns out that this collaborative nature of a Wikipedia assignment is attractive to students, too. One student in Dr. Webster’s Fall 2016 course reflected,
“One of the main points I have taken away from this course is that public history, and by extension public memory, cannot solely be shaped by individual scholars. They must be created diversely and as collaborative works by all those whom it may affect. Wikipedia is optimal for this presentation.”
Students tend to be more motivated to produce quality work when they know their work can make an impact beyond their course. We’ve received such feedback from instructors and students alike that seeing the measurable impact of their work on Wikipedia makes a difference.
And the passion that the assignment can inspire also has the power to live on beyond the term. Haleigh Marcello at the University of California in San Diego, for example, shared why she found contributing to Wikipedia to be such a “rewarding and fun experience,” and one that she’ll continue to pursue. Similarly, Jane Lee came back to update her Wikipedia article months after her course at Washington University in St. Louis ended and shared how proud she was to work toward a better final product.
“There are few assignments that better illustrate the nature of sources, the research process, and the relevance of student writing,” writes Dr. Webster, whose course (which will utilize the new textbook) started last week. “I’m looking forward to seeing how this class responds to using a textbook written by former students.”
Interested in teaching with Wikipedia? Visit teach.wikiedu.org to get started, or reach out to contact@wikiedu.org with questions.
Thank you for visiting the ALA Library Professional Tips Wiki. The information you are looking for has been moved. Please see http://www.ala.org/tools/atoz/genealogy
Genealogical research has become one of America's favorite pastimes and the American Library Association has excellent resources to help librarians serving genealogists. The [http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/rusa/index.cfm Reference and User Services Association (RUSA)], a division of ALA, offers guidelines for genealogical collections and services, as well as [http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/rusa/development/onlinece.cfm online continuing education courses].
* [http://www.ellisislandrecords.org/ American Family Immigration History Center (AFIHC) - Ellis Island] More than 22 million passengers and members of ships' crews entered the United States through Ellis Island and the Port of New York between 1892 and 1924. Located in the Ellis Island Immigration Museum and on the World Wide Web, the allows visitors to explore the extraordinary collection of immigrant arrival records stored in the Ellis Island Archives.
* [http://www.uscis.gov/genealogy U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Genealogy Program] is a fee-for-service program providing family historians and other researchers with timely access to historical immigration and naturalization records. See newspaper article, [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-genealogy17-2010jan17,0,5618865.story A government genealogy service lets family history leap off the page], Los Angeles Times, 1/17/10.
* [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/genealogy/index-e.html Canadian Genealogy Centre] The equivalent of the U.S. National Archives, whose purpose is to facilitate the discovery of roots and family histories as a basic part of Canadian heritage. And to encourage the use of genealogy and the resources available in libraries and archives as tools for life-long learning.
* [http://www.familysearch.org/ Family Search] Created and run by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), this site contains a large and freely searchable archive. Among the data are: the Social Security Death Index (SSDI), U.S. Federal Census for 1880 or the 1881 census for both the British Isles and Canada, a vital records index containing birth, marriage, and death records from around the world. You can download free software for managing your family tree on your computer. Personal Ancestral File or PAF is both powerful and easy to use even for a novice computer user. A very helpful site and free to all visitors.
* [http://www.fgs.org/ The Federation of Genealogical Societies] is an umbrella organization whose membership is made up of the hundreds of genealogical and historical societies in the United States, as well as some international organizations.
* [http://www.loc.gov/ The Library of Congress] has a tremendous variety of material on many subjects relating to American history, veterans, and other areas sure to be of interest to any genealogist. Of particular interest, you should be sure to see the American Memory section which provides access to many photographs, maps, historic documents, as well as audio and video. An especially useful site for educators.
* [http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/ National Genealogical Society] A non-profit organization that was formed in 1903 for the benefit of all levels of genealogy (beginner to professional) and promotes education, a high standard of research principles and scholarly practices, and interest in genealogy, family history, and a range of other related activities.
* [http://www.1930census.com/ 1930 Census.com] This site is a general reference for the United States Federal Census and is useful for anyone conducting family history research. Since 1790, the U.S. has conducted a federal census every 10 years and these records contain valuable clues regarding the location and makeup of all American families. A great starting point to learn about census for genealogy research.
* [http://www.pier21.ca/ Pier 21] is Canada's equivalent to Ellis Island. From 1928 to 1971, this port received over one million immigrants, wartime evacuees, refugees, troops, war brides and their children. In 1999, Pier 21 reopened after a renovation of the historic building and now pays tribute to those who passed through its doors.
* [http://www.usgenweb.com/ USGenWeb Project] is a group of volunteers working together to provide Web sites for genealogical research in every county and every state of the United States. The Project is non commercial and fully committed to free access of genealogy information for everyone. Organization of the site is by county and state, providing links to all the state Web sites which, in turn, provide gateways to the county. USGenWeb also sponsors important Special Projects at the national level.
Konstantin Tih was a wealthy Bulgarian boyar (or nobleman) whose estates were located in the region of Sofia or Skopje.[1][2] Konstantin stated in his charter to the Saint George Monastery near Skopje that Stefan Nemanja of Serbia was his grandfather.[3] The Byzantine historian, George Pachymeres, described him as a "half-Serbian".[4] He could have been related to the Serbian royal house through either his mother or father.[4] If he was a patrilinear relative of Nemanja, his father, Tih, may have been the son of Nemanja's brother, Tihomir, according to historian Srdjan Pirivatrić.[5] Pirivatrić[6] and other scholars[7][8] also say, Konstantin may have been a son or a nephew of the boyar John Tihomir, who controlled Skopje in the late 12th century. If Konstantin was related to the Serbian royal house through his mother, a daughter or a niece of Nemanja must have been his mother.[9]
Konstantin Tich mounted the Bulgarian throne after the death of Michael II Asen,[10] but the circumstances of his ascension are obscure.[1] Michael Asen was murdered by his cousin, Kaliman in late 1256 or early 1257.[11][1] Before long, Kaliman was also killed, and the male line of the Asen dynasty died out.[11]
Rostislav Mikhailovich, Duke of Macsó (who was Michael and Kaliman's father-in-law), and the boyar Mitso (who was Michael's brother-in-law), laid claim to Bulgaria.[1] Rostislav captured Vidin, Mitso held sway over southeastern Bulgaria, but none of them could secure the support of the boyars who controlled Tarnovo.[12] The latter offered the throne Konstantin who accepted the election.[1]
Konstantin divorced his first wife (whose name is unknown), and married Irene Doukaina Laskarina in 1258.[1] Irene was the daughter of Theodore II Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea, and Elena of Bulgaria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.[1][13] The marriage with a descendant of the Bulgarian royal family strengthened his position.[1][13] He was thereafter called Konstantin Asen.[13] The marriage also forged an alliance between Bulgaria and Nicaea,[10][13] which was confirmed one or two years later, when the Byzantine historian and official George Akropolites came to Tarnovo.[14]
Rostislav Mikhailovich invaded Bulgaria with Hungarian assistance in 1259.[15] In the following year, Rostislav left his duchy to join the campaign of his father-in-law, Béla IV of Hungary, against Bohemia.[15][16] Taking advantage of Rostislav's absence, Konstantin broke into his realm and reoccupied Vidin.[16] He also sent an army to attack the Banate of Severin, but the Hungarian commander, Lawrence, fought the invaders off.[16][15]
The Bulgarian invasion of Severin outraged Béla IV.[16] Soon after he concluded a peace treaty with Ottokar II of Bohemia in March 1261, Hungarian troops stormed into Bulgaria under the command of Béla IV's son and heir, Stephen.[16] They captured Vidin and besieged Lom on the Lower Danube,[15] but they were unable to bring Konstantin to a pitched battle, because he withdrew to Tarnovo.[16] The Hungarian army left Bulgaria before the end of the year, but the campaign restored northwestern Bulgaria to Rostislav.[16]
Konstantin's minor brother-in-law, John IV Laskaris, was dethroned and blinded by his former guardian and co-ruler, Michael VIII Palaiologos, before the end of 1261.[10] Michael VIII's army had occupied Constantinople already in July, thus the coup made him the sole ruler of the restored Byzantine Empire.[10] The rebirth of the empire changed the traditional relations between the powers of the Balkan Peninsula.[17] Furthermore, Konstantine's wife decided to take vengeance of her brother's mutilation and persuaded Konstantine to turn against Michael.[16][18]
Mitso, who still held southeastern Bulgaria, made an alliance with the Byzantines, but an other powerful nobleman, Jacob Svetoslav, who had taken control of the southwestern region, was loyal to Konstantine.[19] Benefiting from a war between the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, Achaea and Epirus, Konstantine invaded Thrace and captured Stanimaka and Philippopolis (now Asenovgrad and Plovdiv in Bulgaria) in the autumn of 1262.[19][20] Mitso was also forced to flee to Mesembria (now Nesebar in Bulgaria).[21] After Konstantine laid siege to the town, Mitso sought assistance from the Byzantines, offering to surrender Mesembria to them in exchange for landed property in the Byzantine Empire.[22] Michael VIII accepted the offer and sent Michael Glabas Tarchaneiotes to help Mitso in 1263.[21]
A second Byzantine army stormed into Thrace and recaptured Stanimaka and Philippopolis.[22] After seizing Mesembria from Mitso, Glabas Tarchaneiotes continued his campaign along the Black Sea and occupied Agathopolis, Sozopolis and Anchialos (now Ahtopol, Sozopol and Pomorie in Bulgaria).[21] Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet took control of Vicina and other ports at the Danube Delta.[22] Glabas Tarchaneiotes attacked Jacob Svetoslav who could only resist with Hungarian assistance, thus he accepted Béla IV's suzerainty.[23][24]
As a consequence of the war with the Byzantines, by the end of 1263, Bulgaria lost significant territories to his two principal enemies, the Byzantine Empire and Hungary.[25] Konstantin could only seek assistance from the Tatars of the Golden Horde to put an end to his isolation.[25] The Tatar khans had been the overlords of the Bulgarian monarchs for almost two decades, although their rule was only formal.[17] A former Sultan of Rum, Kaykaus II, who had been imprisoned at Michael VIII's order, also wanted to regain his throne with the Tatars' help.[25] One of his uncles was a prominent leader of the Golden Horde and he sent messages to him to persuade the Tatars to invade the Byzantine Empire with Bulgarian assistance.[26] According to the Byzantine historian, Nicephorus Gregoras, Kaykaus also approached Konstantin, offering much money to him if he came to release him.[27]
Thousands of Tatars crossed the frozen Lower Danube to invade the Byzantine Empire in late 1264.[27][25] Konstantin soon joined them,[28] although he had fallen from a horse and broken his leg.[29] The united Tatar and Bulgarian armies launched a sudden attack against Michael VIII who was returning from Thessaly to Constantinople, but they could not capture the emperor.[30] Konstantin laid siege the Byzantine fortress of Ainos (now Enez in Turkey), forcing the defenders to surrender.[30] The Byzantines also agreed to release Kaykaus (who soon left for the Golden Horde), but his family was kept imprisoned even thereafter.[28][31]
Konstantine's alliance with the Tatars strengthened his position.[32] Jacob Svetoslav again accepted his suzerainty.[33][32] Taking advantage of a civil war in Hungary, Jacob Svetoslav also invaded the Banate of Severin.[33][32] The Hungarian civil war ended with the division of the country between Béla IV and Stephen in March 1266.[32] Stephen launched a military campaign against Bulgaria and captured Vidin in June.[32] Konstantin tried to resist, but the Hungarians defeated his army and plundered the region of Tarnovo.[32] The Hungarians captured Pleven and other fortresses on the Danube and forced Jacob Svetoslav to again do homage to Stephen.[34] Thereafter Jacob Svetoslav was styled as "emperor of Bulgaria" in the Hungarian royal charters.[34][33]
Charles I of Sicily and Baldwin II, the dispossessed Latin Emperor of Constantinople, made an alliance against the Byzantine Empire in 1267.[35] To prevent Bulgaria from joining the anti-Byzantine coalition, Michael VIII offered his niece, Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene, to the widowed Konstantin in 1268.[29] The emperor also pledged that he would return Mesembria and Anchialos to Bulgaria as her dowry if she gave birth to a son.[29][36] Konstantin married Maria, but Michael VIII broke his promise and did not renounce the two towns after the birth of Konstantin and Maria's son, Michael.[36] Outraged by the emperor's betrayal, Konstantin sent envoys to Charles to Naples in September 1271.[36] The negotiations continued during the following years, showing that Konstantin was willing to support Charles against the Byzantines.[36]
Konstantin broke into Thrace in 1271 or 1272, but Michael VIII persuaded Nogai, the dominant figure in the westernmost territory of the Golden Horde, to invade Bulgaria.[29][37] The Tatars plundered the country, forcing Konstantin to return and abandon his claim to the two towns.[29][37] Nogai set up his capital in Isaccea near the Danube Delta, thus he could easily attack Bulgaria.[37]
Konstantin had been seriously injured after a riding accident and could not move without assistance, because he was paralyzed from the waist down.[38][39] His ambitious wife took control of the government.[40] After Michael VIII's envoys accepted Pope Gregory X's proposal to a church union at the Second Council of Lyon in summer 1274, she became one of the leading opponents of the union.[40][39] She even tried to persuade Baibars, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, to attack the Byzantine Empire.[41] Maria was also determined to secure the throne to her son.[42] Jacob Svetoslav, however, had a strong claim to succeed Konstantin, because his wife was a granddaughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.[42] Maria first adopted Jacob Svetoslav to persuade him to acknowledge her son's right to the throne, but later she had him poisoned.[39] He also had other noblemen captured or executed, which made Konstantin's rule unpopular.[42]
The paralyzed Konstantin could not prevent Nogai's Tatars from making regular plundering raids against Bulgaria.[43] The local inhabitants of the regions which were most exposed to the Tatar raids had to organize the defense without the monarch's support.[43]
Due to the expensive and unsuccessful wars, repeated Mongol raids, and economic instability (Constantine was the first Bulgarian ruler to mint his own coins on a vast scale), the government was faced with a revolt in 1277. The social and economic aspects of this movement have been stressed by Marxist historians,[44] but its true character is elusive. What is clear is that a swineherd or swine-owner named Ivaylo became a leader of the discontented and attracted many (presumably mostly lower-class[45] followers, asserting his control over a significant area. Constantine set out against Ivaylo with his guard, but was decisively defeated and slain in his chariot.
Constantine I was married three times. The names of his first wife and children are unknown. By his second wife, Irene of Nicaea, Constantine had no children. By his third wife, Maria Kantakouzene, he had Michael, who succeeded as co-emperor of Bulgaria 1277–1279.[46]