The Man of Steel attempts to help The Dark Knight learn how to control his newfound superpowers. But has the Caped Crusader let his new abilities go to his head? Meanwhile, Clark deals with suddenly being powerless--and unable to protect the world.
Tested with NTFS and found on this site: http://forensicir.blogspot.com/2008/01/virtualbox-and-forensics-tools.html The first 32256 bytes is the MBR
In the last tutorial, you learnt about C++ Data-types, Operators and Strings. In this tutorial, you'll learn about variables and how to get input from the user. Let's get started!
Variables are used to store values. Variables are so central to programming that you'll almost never come across which doesn't use variables.
A good analogy for the variable is a box. You can imagine the name of the variable as the label on the box, and the value of the variable as what's stored inside it.
Above, age, weight and gender are variables of data-types integer, floating-point and character respectively.
We can also use more complicated expressions to assign a value to a variable. Here's an example where we define two variables, and then store the result of their addition in a third variable:
Remember we said all expressions in C++ evaluate to a single value? The result of evaluating a variable is simply the value stored inside it. So, the step-by-step breakdown of evaluating expression a + b above would be:
When you store a new value in a variable, the old value gets tossed out. This means we can't get back to "Commonlounge" again, unless we stored it in some other variable. For example:
Above, when we did y = x, y now has the value "Commonlounge" inside it. Then we updated the value of x to "David", but y is unchanged.
An error! As you can see, C++ raises an error saying that the variable has not been declared, or in other words, that the variables doesn't exist. If you encounter the not declared in this scope error later, check your code to see if you've mistyped any names.
We can name a variable anything we want, such as age, grade, marks etc. However, there are some restrictions:
Must start with a letter or the underscore character. (it cannot start with a number). For example, var and var3 are allowed, but 2var is not.
Apart from the above strict restrictions, here are some other guidelines that are helpful when choosing variable names:
Descriptive variable names will make it easier to avoid mistakes, and easier to fix mistakes when you do make them. For example, my_age is a much better variable name than n.
In the last tutorial, you learnt how to print values, but you haven't yet learnt how to take input. Taking input from the user will allow us to write much more interesting programs.
To accept input from the user in C, we use the cin command, with the >> operator. (The command is quite similar to cout.) For example, here's how to accept user input and store it in the number variable:
Have fun with cin command and use it with things that we have learnt so far. For example, try inputting strings!
Apart from different data-types, like int, float, char, etc, C++ has modifiers. Modifiers allow you to create a variable of a particular data-type, but with some differences.
Sizes mentioned above are true for most modern systems. Sizes may be different for really old computers.
As noted above, the different modifiers change how much space the variable takes in memory. Because of this, each of these have different limits on the minimum and maximum value the variable can store.
As you can see, the value 3 billion is too large to store in an int. Hence, we get some gibberish as the result. This is called integer overflow. On the other hand, the same addition worked completely fine when we used long long int.
The main difference between a float and a double is the number of digits of precision. A float value is accurate to 6-7 significant digits, while double values are accurate to 15-16 significant digits. Here's a simple program to demonstrate the difference:
As you can see, the float variable has garbage digits after 8 significant digits, whereas double variable has garbage digits after 15 significant digits.
In the appendices below, we introduce assignment operations and increment / decrement operator. These operators are just shorthands for certain things that we need to do often in C++, i.e. they are not conceptually new things in C++. Rather, they make the code more concise.
The simplest assignment operator we all know is = operator. This assigns left hand side value to right hand side variable as we saw above.
In addition to using the = operator to assign a value to a variable, we also have operators like +=, -=, *=, etc. Here's how you can use these operators:
Modifying the policy could help 700,000 people gain coverage and lower health spending for 1.6 million
The ACA encourages workers to retain employer coverage by restricting their eligibility for marketplace subsidies
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) aims to increase the number of Americans with health coverage by expanding access to Medicaid and establishing marketplaces where people can compare private plans and, if eligible, receive premium and cost-sharing subsidies. Partly to reduce the law’s fiscal impact, the ACA encourages workers with access to employer-provided coverage to retain that coverage by restricting their eligibility for marketplace subsidies. This “affordability firewall” means that all members of a family are ineligible for subsidies if at least one member has access to employer-provided insurance in which his or her contribution for a single premium is less than 9.56 percent of household income.
Because of the firewall, many families whose incomes would make them eligible for subsidies for marketplace plans are penalized for having access to employer coverage. Even though their required contribution for an employer family plan may be substantially higher than the contribution for a single plan, these families do not qualify for marketplace subsidies. In contrast, families that are eligible for subsidies in the marketplaces pay no more than 9.56 percent of their income for a family premium if they enroll in benchmark coverage, and many will pay considerably less, depending on their income. Figure 1 illustrates this difference by comparing premium contributions for two families of the same size and income.1
Figure 1: Family Health Insurance Premium Contributions, Employer Coverage Compared with Marketplace Benchmark Plan
Sen. Al Franken (D-Minn.) proposed a modification to the firewall that would allow dependents to receive subsidies—but not the worker—when the family employer premium contribution exceeds 9.56 percent of the worker’s household income.3 We estimated the changes this modification would bring about in coverage, federal spending, and family out-of-pocket spending. To conduct this analysis we used the COMPARE microsimulation, a health economic model developed by RAND.
If the Franken proposal were implemented, we estimate that 2.3 million individuals who are not currently eligible for subsidies because of the firewall would become eligible and enroll in subsidized coverage in the individual marketplaces (Figure 2). These newly subsidized enrollees would include three groups: 1) 700,000 individuals who would have been covered by an employer plan under current law;4 2) 900,000 individuals who would have purchased unsubsidized individual coverage under current law; and 3) 700,000 people who would have been uninsured under current law.5 We also estimate that, in addition to the 2.3 million newly subsidized enrollees, there would be 400,000 low-income children whose parents would enroll them in Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program when they moved from an employer to a marketplace plan.
Figure 2. Projected Health Insurance Coverage Changes in 2017 Under the ACA and Under the Proposed Modification to the Affordability Firewall
We also considered the impact of this policy change on government spending and revenue, accounting for increases in marketplace subsidies and Medicaid spending, decreases in uncompensated care, decreases in individual mandate revenue from the uninsured, and increases in tax revenue due to increased wages that may occur if employers’ spending on health insurance declines. The net impact under the policy change is an increase of $3.9 billion in federal spending relative to what the government is expected to spend under current ACA policy.
Elimination of the firewall would significantly reduce financial burdens for individuals who become newly eligible for marketplace coverage. Table 1 shows the average out-of-pocket spending and average total health care spending that these individuals face under the ACA and under the modification.6 We find that the modification would reduce their out-of-pocket spending by $305 per year, and their total health care spending by $2,080 per year compared with their spending under current policy. Out-of-pocket spending falls because some individuals become eligible for cost-sharing reductions when they become newly subsidized; others use subsidies to enroll in more generous plans. The table also shows that their risk of spending more than 10 percent of income on health care would fall dramatically—from 87.3 percent to 57.6 percent. Their risk of spending more than 20 percent of income on health care would fall by more than two-thirds.
We project that by spending about $1,700 per newly subsidized individual the government would extend insurance to another 700,000 people and substantially reduce health care spending for 1.6 million individuals who are insured but face high health care costs under current ACA policy.
1According to the most recent Kaiser Family Foundation/Health Research and Educational Trust annual survey of employer benefits, the average worker contributes $1,071 annually for single coverage, and $4,955 annually for family coverage. See this survey at http://kff.org/health-costs/report/2015-employer-health-benefits-survey/ (Last accessed 10/09/15).
2The $4,955 estimate from the Kaiser survey represents the average employer contribution across all family sizes and income levels. In contrast, the $3,075 figure represents the maximum potential marketplace spending for a family of four at 200 percent of the federal poverty level, assuming the family decides to enroll in a benchmark silver plan.
3U.S. Senate, S 2434, Family Coverage Act, 2014. As of September 15, 2015: https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2434
5We also estimated that enrollment in Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program) would increase by 400,000 as explained in the full report.
6Average out-of-pocket spending refers to how much one of these individuals spends on average on health care in a year in cost sharing at the point of service. It includes copayments and deductibles, but not premium contributions. Average total health care spending refers to the annual total cost of health care for one of these individuals, taking into account all sources of coverage. These sources are the employer (if under employer coverage) or the federal government (if under subsidized marketplace coverage) and the individual or the individual’s family. Average total health care spending includes both out-of-pocket spending and premium contributions.
7Note that not all family members become newly subsidized. In particular, if a worker’s single employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) contribution is affordable, he or she will be ineligible to receive marketplace subsidies while the rest of the family becomes eligible based on the cost of a family ESI plan. Similarly, any family members eligible for CHIP or Medicaid will remain ineligible for marketplace subsidies.
8This dollar figure is arrived at by dividing the increase in federal spending ($3.9 billion) by the total number of newly subsidized (2.3 million individuals). The modification will also benefit workers with access to employer coverage since they would be paying single premiums instead of family premiums.
Edith Cowan University students run free exercise class at Banksia Grove Community Centre | Community News Group
Michael and Anne-Marie Pattinson with daughter Sophie (front) with Mayor Tracey Roberts and exercise and sport science student Jadon Gielingh.
FREE fitness classes could be held at Wanneroo community centres next year after a pilot program produced positive results this month.
The joint ECU and City of Wanneroo four-week program provided six one-hour sessions a week at the Banksia Grove Community Centre.
Wanneroo Mayor Tracey Roberts said four Bachelor of Science students created the program based on community feedback.
‘The exercise sessions were designed to be inclusive as all classes enabled young children to be present while their mothers and fathers were exercising,’ she said.
Classes included flexibility and core strengthening, classes with a pram, personal training and ‘bummy and tummy’ toning.
‘The intention is for this program to be used as a future model for more ECU students to engage with and deliver quality physical activities for the community and within City community centres,’ Mrs Roberts said.
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