The Complainant is Philip Morris USA Inc. of Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, represented by Arnold & Porter of Washington, DC, United States of America.
The Complaint was filed with the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center (the�“Center”) on June�25,�2004. On June�28,�2004, the Center transmitted by email to eNom, Inc. a request for registrar verification in connection with the domain name at issue. On June�29,�2004, eNom, Inc. transmitted by e-mail to the Center a partial verification response confirming that the language of the proceedings is English and that the domain name would remain under Registrar Lock throughout the proceeding. In addition to eNom, Inc.’s partial response, the Center made a WHOIS printout, which showed that the disputed domain name was registered with eNom, Inc., and that the current Registrant of the disputed domain name, as well as the administrative, technical and billing contacts, were listed as ‘n/a.’ The Center verified that the Complaint satisfied the formal requirements of the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Policy”), the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Rules”), and the WIPO Supplemental Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Supplemental Rules”).
In accordance with the Rules, paragraphs 2(a) and 4(a), the Center formally notified the Respondent of the Complaint, and the proceedings commenced on July�1,�2004. In accordance with the Rules, paragraph 5(a), the due date for Response was July�21,�2004. The Respondent did not submit any response. Accordingly, the Center notified the Respondent’s default on July�22,�2004.
The Center appointed David J.A. Cairns as the sole panelist in this matter on July�26,�2004. The Panel finds that it was properly constituted. The Panel has submitted the Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality and Independence, as required by the Center to ensure compliance with the Rules, paragraph 7.
On August�2,�2004, the Panel issued Procedural Order No. 1 pursuant to paragraph 12 of the Rules, requesting from the Parties further statements or documents as to the rights within the meaning of paragraph 4(a)(i) of the Policy (if any) of the Complainant (Philip Morris USA Inc.) in the six registered trademarks owned by Philip Morris Incorporated annexed as Exhibit C to the Complaint, and requiring the Parties to submit any such further documents or statements no later than August�3,�2004. Procedural Order No. 1 also advised the Parties of their right of reply to any additional statements or documents submitted by the other Party, such reply to be filed no later than August�4,�2004.
On August�3,�2004, the Complainant submitted a letter in response to Procedural Order No. 1, and additional exhibits consisting of trademark assignment abstracts of title from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The Respondent did not make any submission in response to Procedural Order No. 1, nor exercise its right of reply to the Complainant’s letter and additional exhibits.
The complainant is a Virginia corporation with its principal place of business at Richmond, Virginia, United States of America. The Complainant was previously known as Philip Morris Incorporated, and changed its name to its present name on January�15,�2003. It manufactures, markets and sells cigarettes.
MARLBORO is one of the world’s most valuable brand names. The following registered trademarks incorporating the word MARLBORO appear on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (hereafter, the “Registered Trademarks”):
(c) Registration Nos. 938,510, 1,039,413, 1,544,782 and 1,651,628, first registered July�25,�1972; May�11,�1976; June�20,�1989; and July�23,�1991, respectively, for various packet designs including the word MARLBORO.
The Registered Trademarks were all previously in the name of Philip Morris International. The Complainant’s change of name was registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office in February 2003.
The disputed domain name was registered through eNom, Inc. The Registrant, Administrative Contact, Technical Contact and Billing Contact details of the registration were all completed in an identical manner, with ‘n/a’ for all fields except State Provinces (‘NJ’) and Country (‘AF’), and, therefore, provide no meaningful information about the Respondent.
The Administrative Panel has attempted to access the disputed domain name to view its content, but has been unable to do so.
The Complainant states that it is the registered owner of the Registered Trademarks, and has used the MARLBORO trademark in connection with its tobacco and smoking-related products for many decades. It has invested heavily in the MARLBORO mark, which is now famous and one of the most valuable brands in the world.
The Complainant states that the Respondent has registered the disputed domain name and used it to attract Internet users to an active website offering for sale the Complainant’s cigarettes, as well as competing brands of cigarettes. The Complainant wrote to the Respondent at an e-mail address displayed on the website, demanding the cancellation of the website and other action. The Respondent replied that it had cancelled the disputed domain name and deleted the associated website. The Complainant states that those statements were false, the website is still active and although the Respondent no longer offers cigarettes for sale, it does use the website as a commercial directory with links to other sites, including those that sell smoking cessation products.
The Complainant states that the disputed domain name is confusingly similar to the Registered Trademarks because it wholly incorporates the valuable MARLBORO trademark. It alleges that the addition of a word to a famous trademark is insufficient to overcome a finding of confusing similarity. Further, when users arrive at the Respondent’s website, they may mistakenly believe that they are being directed to a website sponsored by the Complainant, enabling the Respondent to wrongfully capitalise on the Complainant’s goodwill in the Registered Trademarks.
The Complainant further alleges that the Respondent has violated various provisions of the Lanham Act, the Federal Trademark Dilution Act, and the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act.
The Complainant states that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain name. It does not have any trademark registrations for MARLBORO or any variations thereof, and is not a licensee of, nor has it obtained permission from, the Complainant.
Further, the Respondent has registered the disputed domain name in bad faith by doing so with knowledge of the Complainant’s rights in the Registered Trademarks. It is inconceivable that the Respondent was unaware of a brand with such worldwide fame. The Respondent has also used the disputed domain name in bad faith by attempting to attract Internet users, for commercial gain, to a website by creating a likelihood of confusion with the Registered Trademarks.
For these reasons, the Complainant requests that this Administrative Panel issue a decision ordering the transfer of the disputed domain name to the Complainant.
The Panel is required to decide the complaint on the basis of the statements and documents submitted and in accordance with the Policy, the Rules, and any rules and principles of law that it deems appropriate.
The Policy requires the Complainant to prove all three of the following elements to be entitled to the relief sought: (i) that the disputed domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the Complainant has rights; and (ii) that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the disputed domain name; and (iii) that the Respondent’s domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith. Paragraph 4(b) of the Policy elaborates some circumstances that shall be evidence of the registration and use of a domain name in bad faith. Paragraph 4(c) sets out various circumstances which, if found by the Panel to be proved based on the evaluation of all the evidence presented, shall demonstrate that the Respondent has rights and legitimate interests in the disputed domain name.
The Administrative Panel accepts that the Complainant is the owner of the Registered Trademarks, and that MARLBORO is a famous trademark.
The disputed domain name is not identical to any of the Registered Trademarks, but does entirely incorporate the MARLBORO trademark, adding the prefix ‘cheap’. The practice of adding a prefix or suffix to a well-known trademark has been the subject of numerous UDRP Decisions. Whether, in these circumstances, the trademark and the disputed domain name are confusingly similar depends on many factors, including the relative distinctiveness of the trademark and the non-trademark elements of the domain name, and whether the non-trademark elements detract from or contradict the function of the trademark as an indication of origin (see: Pfizer Inc v. The Magic Islands, WIPO Case No. D2003-0870 (December�31,�2003); Gianfranco Ferre’ S.p.A. v. GFF Inc., WIPO Case No. D2004-0198 (May�3,�2004)).
In the present case, the disputed domain name is confusingly similar to the Registered Trademarks for the following reasons: (i) MARLBORO is an invented work (although phonetically almost identical to the geographical name ‘Marlborough’) with a high degree of inherent distinctiveness reinforced by longstanding international recognition so as now to amount to a famous mark; (ii) ‘cheap’ is an ordinary descriptive word; (iii) the word ‘cheap’ exploits the trademark signification of MARLBORO as an indication of origin as consumers will understand the disputed domain name to refer to the sale of the Complainant’s products at special prices. The prefix ‘cheap’ does nothing to dispel and serves only to reinforce the connection in the public mind between the word MARLBORO and Complainant: see Philip Morris Incorporated v. Alex Tsypkin WIPO Case No. D2002-0946 (February�13,�2003).
Therefore, for these reasons, there is a confusing similarity between the Complainant’s Registered Trademarks and the disputed domain name, and so the first element required by the Policy is satisfied.
Paragraph 4(c) of the Policy provides a list of three circumstances, any of which is sufficient to demonstrate that the Respondent has rights or legitimate interests in the domain name.
From the Complainant’s evidence, it is clear that the Respondent, before any notice of the dispute, was using the domain name in connection with an offering of goods or services, viz., the Complainant’s own cigarette brands, competing cigarette brands, and smoking-cessation products.
The Respondent appears to be a parallel importer of cigarettes, offering for sale not only the Complainant’s products, but also competing brands of cigarettes and smoking-cessation products. To offer competing brands for sale using a domain name confusingly similar to the Complainant’s trademark is not a bona fide offering of goods within the meaning of paragraph 4(c)(i) of the Policy: see Pfizer Inc v. The Magic Islands, WIPO Case No. D2003-0870 (December�31,�2003); Nikon, Inc. and Nikon Corporation v. Technilab, Inc., WIPO Case No. D2000-1774 (February�26,�2001).
Paragraphs 4(c)(ii) and (iii) of the Policy are clearly not applicable in this case because there is no evidence that the Respondent is commonly known by the disputed domain name, and there is clearly a commercial use of the disputed domain name with the intention of commercial gain.
In the absence of any response from the Respondent providing any evidence to support any possible basis on which the Respondent may have acquired rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name, the Administrative Panel, therefore, concludes that the Respondent has no legitimate rights or interests in respect of the domain name.
Paragraph 4(b) of the Policy sets out four non-exclusive circumstances any of which, if found by the Administrative Panel, shall be evidence of registration and use of a domain name in bad faith.
Paragraph 4(b)(iv) refers to circumstances indicating the use of the domain name with the intention to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to the website or other on-line location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the complainant’s mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of the Respondent’s website or location or of a product or service on the website or location.
The MARLBORO trademark is one of the most famous brands in the world and was undoubtedly adopted by the Respondent in conjunction with the adjective ‘cheap’ to attract the maximum number of potential cigarette purchasers to its website. The Administrative Panel accepts that some of these users will be attracted to the Respondent’s website in the belief that it has some connection with the Complainant’s trademark as to source, affiliation or endorsement; for example, that it relates to some form of promotional activity by the Complainant or an affiliated entity. Accordingly, the circumstances referred to in paragraph 4(b)(iv) of the Policy are satisfied.
Further, the total failure to provide any contact details with the registration, and the false statements as to the cancellation of the domain name and the deletion of the associated website made in response to the Complainant’s letter, are corroborative evidence of bad faith in this case.
For these reasons, the Administrative Panel concludes that the disputed domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith by Respondent.
For all the foregoing reasons, in accordance with Paragraphs 4(i) of the Policy and 15 of the Rules, the Panel orders that the domain name <cheapmarlboro.com> be transferred to the Complainant.
There are many symptoms of hypokalemia. Hypokalemia is a medical condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood. As with vitamin and mineral deficiencies, symptoms worsen as one loses more potassium. A blood test is able to diagnose hypokalemia. The ability to cure hypokalemia depends on the underlying cause.
Potassium plays a vital role within the human body. Found mainly within cells, the sodium-potassium pumps located along the cell walls maintain proper cell volume. Without potassium, the body as a whole cannot function properly. As potassium levels decrease, symptoms begin to appear.
The first symptoms of hypokalemia are unnoticeable by the patient. The most common symptom at this early stage is rising blood pressure; the body loses its ability to maintain proper blood volume. Another one of the mild symptoms of hypokalemia is irregular heartbeat. Though more serious, a patient may still not notice any change in his or her quality of life.
As hypokalemia worsens, so do the symptoms. At this point, the potassium imbalance affects the muscles' ability to contract. One begins to feel muscular pain and muscular fatigue. General weakness is another symptom that develops due to moderate hypokalemia.
Severe hypokalemia produces severe, life-threatening symptoms. Full body paralysis, breakdown of skeletal muscles and respiratory failure develop quickly without medical intervention. Patient death is certain without treatment. If one lives in a developed country, the symptoms of hypokalemia rarely progress to this point; medical testing can quickly diagnose hypokalemia and the underlying condition that caused it.
A blood test revels one's potassium levels. Depending on one's symptoms of hypokalemia, a physician may run a battery of tests to determine if the condition has caused any permanent damage to other parts of the body. An electrocardiogram is necessary if a physician discovers an irregular heartbeat. A patient may undergo other tests if his or her urine is brown; this indicates the muscle breakdown described. During the diagnostic process, the most important test is the one that discovers the underlying cause of a patient's hypokalemia.
Treating the symptoms of hypokalemia requires treating the underlying cause affecting the patient. In most cases, the cause is a simple dietary potassium deficiency, correctable through supplement use and/or dietary changes. For some patients, though, correcting hypokalemia is not as easy. Hypokalemia is an early symptom of type 1 diabetes; as the body flushes out excess glucose through urine, potassium is eliminated as well. A patient with type 1 diabetes faces the prospect of hypokalemia for the rest of his or her life.
The ACOA funded program, STEP, was formally completed on April 7th. Since then the working group has taken the strategic plan and created an action list that works toward achieving the 22 outcomes listed in the plan, with the overall goal being to advance tourism opportunities for Musquodoboit Harbour to Sherbrooke. The working group has welcomed some new members who have expressed interest throughout the STEP process and we are looking forward to continuing to work with the community as we move forward. At a recent planning meeting, our working group agreed on a name that would carry us into the next phase of our work. After careful consideration, the group decided upon the name ‘Wild Islands Tourism Advancement Partnership’ (WITAP).