Determining how to provide good tutoring functions is an important research direction of intelligent tutoring systems. In this study, the authors develop an intelligent tutoring system with good tutoring functions, called “FUDAOWANG.” The research domain that FUDAOWANG treats is junior middle school mathematics, which belongs to the objective mature domain. Its characteristic is that the knowledge employed is the mature knowledge accepted by most people. FUDAOWANG uses automatic reasoning technology about objective mature problems to realize its intelligence. Based on the results of the automatic reasoning, FUDAOWANG synthetically applies the problem-based tutoring and advanced education concepts to achieve the tutoring functions of stepwise prompt, detailed answers, rethinking after solution, consolidated exercise, etc. The evaluation of FUDAOWANG shows that it is helpful to students in improving learning achievements and cultivating good learning habits.
With the increasing of science and technology, more and more technologies are applied in the field of education. A lot of education software that claimed to be able to help children study has appeared on the market. Does the education software can help students? What functions of good education software that teachers and students need should have?
Students in general need the software to solve difficult problems in their study or work with them to explore problems, rather than the software only providing some fixed contents of problem sets. Students who learn better wish the software could provide the environment of training their innovation abilities, instead of simply imparting knowledge. Teachers hope the software could also be powerful teaching assistants to help them answer the general questions raised by students, so that they have time and energy to do more creative work.
So far, many scholars and research institutions have made a big effort, and have developed many actual intelligent tutoring systems. In 1970s, the research of intelligent tutoring systems focused on the problem generation, particularly at the microcosmic level. The typical intelligent tutoring systems include Scholar (Carbonell, 1970), WHY (Stevens & Collins, 1977), SOPHE (Brown & Burton, 1975), WEST (Brown & Burton, 1976), BUGGY (Brown & Burton, 1978), GUIDON (Clancey, 1979), etc. In 1980s, the research was emphasized particularly on the learners and the learning process. The research of intelligent tutoring systems emphasized model tracing. The typical intelligent tutoring systems of this period included LISP Tutor (Anderson, Boyle, & Reiser, 1985), Geometry Tutor (Anderson, Boyle, & Yost, 1985), PROUST (Johnson, 1986), PIXIE (Sleeman, 1982), etc. In 1990s, the research focused on learner control. The typical intelligent tutoring systems of this period included Smithtown (Shute & Glaser, 1990), Bridge (Shute, 1991), Stat Lady (Shute & Gawlick-Grendell, 1996), SQL-Tutor (Mitrovic, 2003), Auto-Tutor (Graesser, 2004), etc. In the 21st century, the research emphasis turned to be the adaptive learning support, focusing on the results of cognitive science research (especially on learning mechanism research) and the design of learning process and learning environment. VC Prolog Tutor (Peylo, Thelen, Rollinger, & Gust, 2000), SCoT-DC (Clark, Fry, Ginzton, Peters, Pon-Barry, & Thomsen-Gray, 2001), Slide Tutor (Crowley & Medvedeva, 2006), AHP-Tutor (Ishizaka & Lust, 2004), MATHEMA (Alexandros, Maria, & Georgios, 2009), Mathtutor (Aleven, McLaren, & Sewall, 2009) are the typical intelligent tutoring systems of this period.
The successful development of these systems provided the tutoring of various fields, and promoted the progress of education technology. On one hand, an intelligent tutoring system serving as an intelligent system is the result of the comprehensive application of artificial intelligence technologies. It reflects the development level of artificial intelligent technologies. It is unimaginable that a tutoring system can tutor students without intelligence. On the other hand, an intelligent tutoring system acting as a tutoring system must be able to tutor. It must have good tutoring functions, so it can serve students better. Consequently, how to improve the intelligence and how to provide good tutoring functions both are the important research directions for establishing intelligent tutoring systems.
British passengers will have the opportunity to travel aboard the new ms Eurodam, between Denmark and Dover in July 2009.
The cruise line will offer one two-day itinerary and two four-day sailings, which are said to be for passengers with "less time on their hands".
Richard D Meadows, executive vice president of marketing, sales and guest programmes, explained: "We understand that some travellers are looking for a quick and relaxing holiday, which is why we developed these shorter, exciting itineraries."
Whatever length of voyage passengers choose, they are guaranteed to have an unforgettable premium cruise experience, he added.
In related news, Holland America Line recently announced that the ms Veendam will embark on a number of South America sailings from 2009, taking in countries such as Chile, Ecuador and Peru.
Continuing my chilli growing obsession, I've got my hands on some Scorpion Butch Trinidad and Moruga seeds to try and germinate and grow and I've just got the first success with a couple of sprouts coming through right around the New Year mark. A good present to start the new year!
Now these chillies are exceptionally hot being rated at 1.4mil and 2mil SHU respectively for the Trinidad and the Moruga varieties. I've had people ask why grow something so hot, and my answer is, why not, I like the idea of growing and cultivating chills from seeds and the hotter the more accomplished I feel.
So this is what I started with, some seeds, 10 per pack. I planted two of each and got one sprout of each as well, maybe the other seeds will germinate too, but one of both is a good start.
I started off planting the seeds in a shallow plastic container with some potting mix I had lying around, nothing special. I planted them about 1-2cm deep, watered, covered up and put in a spot that would get lots of sun. Oh yeah, also labeled, which is which, although you can tell between the Trinidad and Moruga once their fruit, I wanted to know the whole time.
At this point it was time to transfer to a real pot so I went out and got some seed raising potting mix to help the plants along.
The way I fill my pots is like this, half of the pot is filled with the rough mature plant potting mix (it's cheap!).
Then I use the seed raising mix to fill the rest, this should provide a better environment for the young plant and won't cost too much to fill the entire pot because this mix is about 4-5 times more expensive than the stuff at the bottom of the pot.
Once the mix is in and watered, I poked a hole in the centre about an inch deep and transplanted the seedlings along with their newly established roots.
Now it's just a matter of waiting until they grow into mature plants and hopefully will give lots of fruit.
American One Sheet from the 1959 re-release of the western with John Wayne, Martha Scott. Distribut... Get Details
American One Sheet from the 1939 original release of the western with Tim McCoy. Distributed by Vic... Get Details
American One Sheet from the 1943 re-release of the western with John Wayne. Distributed by Republic... Get Details
American One Sheet from the 1950 re-release of the western with John Wayne. Distributed by Republic... Get Details