The first edition in 1952 listed 60 disorders. Some claim that this proliferation of disorders indicates an attempt of therapists to expand their market; others see the rise in disorders as evidence of better diagnostic tools. According to Allison, mpd was called "Hysterical Dissociative disorder" in dsm-ii and did not have its own code number. Mpd was listed and coded in dsm-iii, but removed in dsm-iv and replaced with did. It is possible, of course, that some cases of mpd emerge spontaneously without input from the mpd community, while other cases-perhaps most cases-of mpd have been created by therapists with the cooperation of their patients who have been influenced by authors and film makers. In either case, the suffering of the person with mpd is equally pitiable and deserving of our understanding, not derision. Finally, there are some mps who do not consider their condition to be a disorder, and whose main suffering comes from the thought of what others will think or do if they find out.
Ralph Allison, has posted his diagnosis of Kenneth bianchi, the so-called Hillside Strangler, in which the therapist admits he has changed his mind several times. Bianchi, now a convicted serial dealer killer serving a life sentence, was diagnosed as having mpd by defense psychiatrist Jack. Watkins used hypnosis on bianchi and "Steve" emerged to an explicit suggestion from the therapist. "Steve" was allegedly bianchi&apos;s alter who did the murders. Prosecution psychiatrist Martin. Orne, an expert on hypnosis, argued successfully before the court that the hypnosis and the mpd symptoms were a sham. Allison claims, but offers no evidence, that the controversy over mpd is one between therapists, who defend the standard model, and teachers, who deny mpd exists. The battle took place in committee when preparing the dsm-iv, he claims. The teachers won and mpd was removed and did replaced. The dsm-iv is the current version (1994) of the American Psychiatric Association&apos;s diagnostic statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It lists 410 mental disorders, up from145 in dsm-ii (1968).
A defender of this model,. Coons, claims that "the relationship of multiple personality to child abuse was not generally recognized until the publication of Sybil." The mpd community suffered another serious attack on its credibility when. Bennett Braun, the founder of the International Society for the Study of Disassociation, had his license suspended over allegations he book used drugs and hypnosis to convince a patient she killed scores of people in Satanic rituals. The patient claims that Braun convinced her that she had 300 personalities, among them a child molester, a high priestess of a satanic cult, and a cannibal. The patient told the Chicago Tribune: "I began to add a few things up and realized there was no way i could come from a little town in Iowa, be eating 2,000 people a year, and nobody said anything about." The patient won.6. Luke&apos;s Hospital, and another therapist. Defenders of mpd the defenders of the mpd/did standard model of genesis, diagnosis, and treatment argue that the disease is underdiagnosed because its complexity makes it very difficult to identify. Coons, who is in the department of Psychiatry at the Indiana University School of Medicine, claims that "there is a professional reluctance to diagnose multiple personality disorder." he thinks this "stems from a number of factors including the generally subtle presentation of the symptoms, the. Coons also claims that demonic possession was "a forerunner of multiple personality." Another defender of the standard model of mpd,.
It writings is now known that Mason had no mpd symptoms before therapy with Wilbur, who used hypnosis and other suggestive techniques to tease out the so-called "personalities." Newsweek (January 25, 1999) reports that, according to historian Peter. Swales (who first identified Mason as Sybil "there is strong evidence that the worst abuse in the book could not have happened.". Herbert Spiegel, who also treated "Sybil believes Wilbur suggested the personalities as part of her therapy and that the patient adopted them with the help of hypnosis and sodium pentothal. He describes his patient as highly hypnotizable and extremely suggestible. Mason was so helpful that she read the literature on mpd, including The Three faces of eve. The sybil episode seems clearly to be symptomatic of an iatrogenic disorder. Yet, the sybil case is the paradigm for the standard model of mpd.
It should be noted that books and films have had a strong influence on the belief in the nature of mpd,. G., sybil, The Three faces of eve, the five of me, or The minds of Billy milligan. These mass media presentations influence not only the general public&apos;s beliefs about mpd, but they affect mpd patients as well. For example, flora Rheta Schreiber&apos;s Sybil is the story of a woman with sixteen personalities allegedly created in response to having been abused as a child. Before the publication of Sybil in 19 television movie starring Sally fields as Sybil, there had been only about 75 reported cases of mpd. Since sybil there have some 40,000 diagnoses of mpd, mostly in North America. Sybil has been identified as Shirley ardell Mason, who died of breast cancer in 1998 at the age. Her therapist has been identified as Cornelia wilbur, who died in 1992, leaving Mason 25,000 and all future royalties from Sybil. Schreiber died in 1988.
However, an mpd patient typically has no memory of sexual abuse upon entering therapy. Only after the therapist encourages essay the patient do memories of sexual abuses emerge. Furthermore, the typical mpd patient does not begin statement manifesting "alters" until after treatment begins (Piper 1998). Mpd therapists counter these charges by claiming that their methods are tried and true, which they know from experience, and those therapists who never treat mpd don&apos;t know what to look for. multiple selves exist, and have existed in other cultures, without being related to the notion of a mental disorder, as is the case today in North America.
According to Spanos, "Multiple identities can develop in a wide variety of cultural contexts and serve numerous different social functions." neither childhood sexual abuse nor mental disorder is a necessary condition for multiple personality to manifest itself. Multiple personalities are best understood as "rule-governed social constructions." They "are established, legitimated, maintained, and altered through social interaction." In a number of different historical and social contexts, people have learned to think of themselves as "possessing more than one identity or self, and can. Along with providing rules and models, the culture, through its socializing agents, must also provide legitimation for multiple self enactments." Again, Spanos is not saying that mpd does not exist, but that the standard model of (a) abuse, (b) withdrawal of original self, and then. Nor is the psychological baggage that goes with that model: repression, recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse, integration of alters in therapy. Nor are the standard diagnostic techniques: hypnosis, including past life regression, and Rorschach tests.
Furthermore, we had our experts-the priests and theologians-to tell us how to identify the possessed and how to exorcise the demons. An elaborate theological framework bolstered this worldview, and an elaborate set of social rituals and behaviors validated it on a continuous basis. In fact, every culture, no matter how primitive and pre-scientific, had a belief in some form of demonic possession. It had its shamans and witch doctors who performed rituals to rid the possessed of their demons. In their own sociocognitive contexts, such beliefs and behaviors were seen as obviously correct, and were constantly reinforced by traditional and customary social behaviors and expectations.
Most educated people today believe that the behaviors of witches and other possessed persons-as well as the behaviors of their tormentors, exorcists, and executioners-were enactments of social roles. With the exception of religious fundamentalists (who still live in the world of demons, witches, and supernatural magic educated people do not believe that in those days there really were witches, or that demons really did invade bodies, or that priests really did exorcise those. Yet, for those who lived in the time of witches and demons, these beings were as real as anything else they experienced. In Spanos&apos; view, what is true of the world of demons and exorcists is true of the psychological world filled with phenomena such as repression of childhood sexual trauma and its manifestation in such disorders as mpd. Spanos makes a very strong case for the claim that "patients learn to construe themselves as possessing multiple selves, learn to present themselves in terms of this construal, and learn to reorganize and elaborate on their personal biography so as to make it congruent with. It should be distressing to those trying to defend the integrity of psychotherapy that a patient&apos;s diagnosis depends upon the preconceptions of the therapist.
How could so many people behave as if their bodies have been invaded by numerous entities or personalities, if they hadn&apos;t really been so invaded? How could so many people actually experience past lives under hypnosis, a standard procedure of some therapists who treat roles mpd? How could the defense mechanism explanation for mpd, in terms of repression of childhood sexual trauma and dissociation, not be correct? How could so many people be so wrong about so much? Spanos&apos; answer makes it sound almost too easy for such a massive amount of self-deception and delusion to develop: it&apos;s happened before and we all know about. Most educated people today do not try to explain epilepsy, brain damage, genetic disorders, neurochemical imbalances, feverish hallucinations, or troublesome behavior by appealing to the idea of demonic possession. Yet, at one time, all of Europe and America would have accepted such an explanation.
That is not to say that our biology is not a significant determining factor in the development of our ideas about selves, including our own self. It is to say, however, that before we go off worrying about how to metaphysically explain one or a hundred selves in one body, or one self monopoly in a hundred bodies, we might want to consider that a phenomenological analysis of behavior which takes that. Being a social construct does not make the self any less real, by the way. And Spanos should not be taken to deny either that the self exists or that mpd exists. But if thinkers of Dennett&apos;s stature accept mpd as something which needs explaining in terms of psychological dynamics limited to the psyche of the abused rather than in terms of social constructs, the task of convincing therapists who treat mpd to accept Spanos&apos; way of thinking. How could it be possible that most mpd patients have been created in the therapist&apos;s laboratory, so to speak? How could it be possible that so many people, particularly female people 85 of mpd patients are female, could have so many false memories of childhood sexual abuse? .
or "alters" arising out of the ashes of a destroyed "original self.". A rather common view of mpd is given by philosopher Daniel Dennett.the evidence is now voluminous that there are not a handful or a hundred but thousands of cases of mpd diagnosed today, and it almost invariably owes its existence to prolonged early childhood abuse. Nicholas Humphrey and i investigated mpd several years ago "Speaking for Our Selves: An Assessment of Multiple. Personality disorder raritan, 9,. 68-98 and found it to be a complex phenomenon that extends far beyond individual brains and the sufferers. These children have often been kept in such extraordinary terrifying and confusing circumstances that i am more amazed that they survive psychologically at all than i am that they manage to preserve themselves by a desperate redrawing of their boundaries. What they do, when confronted with overwhelming conflict and pain, is this: They "leave." They create a boundary so that the horror doesn&apos;t happen to them; it either happens to no one, or to some other self, better able to sustain its organization under such. Dennett exhibits minimal skepticism about the truth of the mpd accounts, and focuses on how they can be explained metaphysically and biologically. For all his brilliant exploration of the concept of the self, the one perspective he doesn&apos;t seem to give much weight to is the one Spanos takes: that the self and the multiple selves of the mpd patient are social constructs, not needing a metaphysical.
Memory and other aspects of consciousness are said to be divided up among "alters" in the mpd. The number of "alters" identified by various therapists ranges from several to tens to hundreds. There are even some reports of several thousand identities dwelling in one person. There does not seem to be any consensus among therapists as to what an "alter". Yet, there is general agreement that the cause of mpd is repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. The evidence for this claim has been challenged, however, and there are very few reported cases of mpd afflicting children. Spanos argues that repressed memories of childhood abuse and multiple personality disorder are "rule-governed for social constructions established, legitimated, and maintained through social interaction." In short, Spanos argues that most cases of mpd have been created by therapists with the cooperation of their patients and the.
Students often ask me whether multiple personality disorder (MPD) really exists. I usually reply that the symptoms attributed to it are as genuine as hysterical paralysis and seizures. Paul McHugh, multiple personality disorder (MPD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by having at least one "alter" personality that controls behavior. The paper "alters" are said to occur spontaneously and involuntarily, and function more or less independently of each other. The unity of consciousness, by which we identify our selves, is said to be absent in mpd. Another symptom of mpd is significant amnesia which can&apos;t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. In 1994, the American Psychiatric Association&apos;s dsm-iv replaced the designation of mpd with did: dissociative identity disorder. The label may have changed, but the list of symptoms remained essentially the same.
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In the almost two year life of this blog, I have yet to compile a ‘best of’ list list simply because I would not write about a book unless I thought it was already head and shoulders above the rest. This is the beauty of writing a blog; it is by nature exclusionary. No one is paying for my services (sadly), or directing my attentions, therefore I can toss my voice into the blogosphere with nary a concern for my job or the feelings of an author or illustrator who failed to meet my exacting standards. I write about the books that I love. Period. In terms of the number of children’s books published every year, it is a very small number indeed, but in terms of the amount of time I can devote to them through this blog, it is a dauntingly large list. I wish I had more time. And more bookshelves.
The other problem is that I don’t just write about newly published books. The oldy oldensteins on my shelves insist that I shine a spotlight on them from time to time, and I happily oblige. It’s the least I could do.
Nevertheless, I respectfully admit that a few titles have stayed close to my heart this year, closer than others perhaps, like an unforgettable conversation with a friend, or a dog that just won’t leave your side.
I Want My Hat Back by Jon Klassen. Yep, this book is on everyone’s list, and deservedly so. The concept and execution are the very essence of simplicity, and yet Klassen has somehow managed to create the funniest, and one of the most beautiful books of the year. A wide-eyed bear loses his hat, and is rightfully suspicious of his woodland compatriots. And make no mistake, he will get his hat back. Oh yes.
The Chronicles of Harris Burdick by Chris Van Allsburg. Could it get any better? I mean, seriously? The breathtaking , single panel illustrations by Van Allsburg, first published in 1984 as The Mysteries of Harris Burdick, fleshed out with 15 wondrously strange fictions by an esteemed group of writers, including Stephen King, Jon Scieszka, Sherman Alexie, and Kate DiCamillo. A longer review will follow in the coming days, but suffice to say this book is a must-have. Prior to the publication of Chronicles, I had thought the beautiful-bordering-on-creepy art was enough to send my mind a wandering, but I could not have imagined these stories. It’s an exquisite collaboration between Mr Van Allsburg, the assembled writers, and of course, the elusive…Harris Burdick.
The Conference of Birds by Peter Sis (to be reviewed). Not a picture book per se, but an illustrated version of an epic, 12th century Persian poem. An unusual and achingly gorgeous book for all ages, but especially appealing to those who appreciate pretty pictures with their poetry. Or poetry with their pretty pictures. Either way, it’s a masterpiece.
Say Hello to Zorro by Carter Goodrich. This book makes me happy…when I think of it, which is often. As an illustrator, as a writer, as a collector of picture books, and especially as a dog owner (if only temporary), Say Hello to Zorro is sweet perfection. As the story unfolds, a content pup’s world is thrown into chaos with the arrival of a tiny pug. The watercolour pictures of Zorro napping on the couch, or interacting with his hairy usurper are hilarious, and charming, and wonderfully right. And…and….a sequel, Zorro Gets an Outfit, will be published in 2012. Happiness!
Me…Jane by Patrick McDonnell. Jane Goodall’s early life as imagined through the paintbrush of the superb illustrator, cartoonist, human, and my personal hero-Patrick McDonnell. It also includes some of Goodall’s own sketches. Me…Jane is a wonderful introduction to the work of the well-known chimpologist and animal advocate, by the creator of Mutts, and one of the best Christmas books of all time, The Gift of Nothing.
Along a Long Road by Frank Viva. This is definitely the coolest book on my list. There are no words, just an oddly shaped fellow, on his oddly shaped bike, riding along a long road from morning to night. The graphic images are produced entirely on computer, which normally would be a turn-off for my retro-sensibilities, but the visuals are stunning. Nominated for a Governor General’s Award.
Ten Birds by Cybèle Young. OK, I’ll admit that I have a soft spot for pen & ink. It’s my favourite medium…when I’m drawing…which is not often these days. But then, why bother when there are artists like Young, who do such a magnificent job with lines and cross-hatches? The premise of this book is delightful; ten birds attempt to cross a bridge, and at no point does logic enter into their various solutions…with one exception. Ten Birds is the 2011 winner of the Governor General’s Award for Illustration.
Big Wolf & Little Wolf: Such a Beautiful Orange! by Nadine Brun-Cosme and Olivier Tallec. This is the final book in an enchanting trilogy about the thoughtful and occasionally harrowing adventures of a pair of wolves who live on a garden patch in the middle of a city. The stories are whimsical, and quietly contemplative, and the lovely illustrations are full of that European ‘quirk’ mentioned in my Foreign Bookshelf post. Such a Beautiful Orange is not really about an orange, although the sudden disappearance of the fruit does start the narrative rolling, resulting in a kind of ‘long night of the soul’ for Big Wolf as he searches for his missing friend. Sounds heavy but it’s not. The books are as sweet and beautiful as a freshly plucked orange.
Fox and Hen Together, Rooster’s Revenge & The Chicken Thief by Béatrice Rodriguez. Yeah, I know only two of these books were published in 2011, but as with the ‘Wolf trilogy’, the ‘Chicken trilogy’ must be considered as a whole, although each story can be appreciated as a singleton. What I love about these fractured farmyard tales is the subtle eccentricity of the storytelling and the art. The books are beautiful, but weird, and I snickered through all three of them.
Oops…one more, and again…not published in 2011 but new to me this year: When Night Didn’t Come by Poly Bernatene. This book is so rich in colour, turning the pages is like opening a chest of jewels. The story, though strange and at times, undecipherable, is as titled~on one peculiar day, night and all it’s accoutrements, like the moon and the stars, fails to rise. Where did it go? I’m still not sure I know, but the journey is magical.
Lastly, although this blog does not usually review novels, I have to mention Okay for Now by Gary D. Schmidt. This is one of the best YA books I’ve read in recent years. Set in 1968, it is a humourous, but incredibly moving story about struggle, and loss, and most surprisingly, the transformative power of art, in this case John James Audubon. I absolutely loved it. Also, in the swirl of heated opinion circling around an article about the prevalence of so-called dystopian children’s literature on bookshelves, I read a response by Sherman Alexie which I found so bang-on, I had to re-read The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. Not published in 2011, but newly re-discovered. That counts right? Read it.
Bah! I still feel bad for excluding titles from this list, but you know where to find them. Thanks to all the authors and illustrators who bring colour and light to my life.
I’m glad you decided to to a “best of” list because you have introduced me to several new books and now I am very much looking forward to reading them
Hooray for Okay for Now! That’s a book that never gets old on rereading. And When Night Didn’t Come looks spectacular–can’t wait to check it out.