3 Reading the Quotes Bid and Ask are what the market maker is willing to buy and sell at now. The Last sales price is usually between them. Volume is the number of transactions in the option that day. Open interest counts the number of contracts that have been issued to date which have not yet been offset/closed out. Option prices decrease (increase) with respect to strike price for calls (puts).
5 Impact on Option Prices Suppose each relevant factor increased in isolation. How does that impact the value of an American option? variable call put stock price + strike price + expiration date + + volatility + + risk-free rate + dividends +
6 Impact of Rate Changes? The confusing one is the impact of increasing the risk-free rate. If interest increases independently of stock price, the present cost (value) of my call purchase (put sale) in the future decreases good for call, bad for put. In practice, when interest rates go up usually stock prices down, so a rate increase is bad for a call and good for a put. The only change with European option prices are that there is no certain relationship with expiration date for example, increasing T might cover an extra dividend payment.
7 Upper/Lower Bounds on European Option Prices Let p and c be the value of European put and call options. We assume no stocks pay dividends. Since an option to buy a share of stock at any positive price cannot be worth more than the value of the share, so c S 0. Since an option to sell a share of stock at the strike price cannot be worth more than the strike price, so p K. Since the European option is worth at most K at maturity, it cannot be worth more than the discounted value of this amount, so p Ke rt.
8 Better Bounds by Arbitrage Arguments Portfolio A consists of a European call option for one share at K plus Ke rt worth of cash to execute it at time T. At time T, this is worth S T if S T > K, or K if K > S T and we don t buy the option, or in other words max(s T, K). Portfolio B consists of one share, and will be worth S T at time T. That A is worth more than B at time T, implies A is worth more than B now since otherwise an arbitrage possibility exists. Thus c + Ke rt S 0. Since no option can have negative value, c max(s 0 Ke rt, 0)
9 Lower Bound on Puts A similar argument for puts shows that p max(ke rt S 0, 0) Portfolio A consists of a European put option for one share at K at time T plus one share. At time T, this is worth S T if S T > K, or K if K > S T and we don t buy the option, or in other words max(s T, K). Portfolio B consists of Ke rt worth of cash That A is worth more than B at time T, implies A is worth more than B now since otherwise an arbitrage possibility exists. Thus p + S 0 Ke rt.
10 Put-Call Parity In fact, there is a tight put-call parity relationship between the value of a European put and call. Consider the following portfolios: Portfolio A consists of a European call option for one share plus Ke rt worth of cash to execute it at time T, worth max(s T, K) at time T by our previous arguments. Portfolio C consists of a European put option plus one share of stock, also worth max(s T,K) at time T. Since they have equal value then they must have equal value now, so c + Ke rt = p + S 0
11 What About American Options? Similar but weaker bounds hold for American options S 0 K C P S 0 Ke rt The gap here is associated with the observation that one can execute an American option immediately, but the holder of a European option cannot cash in until time T, when it will be discounted. Empirical results basically support the bound on over reasonable time scales to the resolution of transaction costs.
12 Another View of Put-Call Parity Suppose I buy a call option and sell a put option, both at strike price K and expiration time T. The sum of these two payoff functions is linear, just like owning a share! The curve is shifted so profit is zero at K, however. The payoff at T is S T K. Discounting this to the present gives c p = S 0 Ke rt or c + Ke rt = p + S 0
1 READING SAMPLE PAPER Market awareness of the mobile telephone has exploded and the retailer who specialises in mobile phones is seeing growth like never before. Admittedly, some customers buy their first mobile phone in the supermarket, but for advice, add-ons and particular services they turn to the specialist. There are a large number of mobile phone retailers and I can t help but feel the market only has room for four players. Undoubtedly, customer service is the factor that differentiates operators and I think this year we will probably see rationalisation in the sector. BEC VANTAGE PART ONE Questions Look at the statements below and the comments given on the opposite page by mobile phone retailers. Which section (A, B, C or D) does each statement refer to? For each statement, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. A B C D people come into the market. This will continue, and while retail dealers profits will be affected dramatically, network providers will have to generate more revenue by offering internet provision and data services to the mobile user. You will need to use some of these letters more than once. When I first started in the industry, mobile phones were retailing at a thousand pounds and were as large as box files. Now, prices are constantly being driven down and handsets are considerably more compact. There is intense competition between the network providers, and every time they lower their tariffs, more Example: Over a few years, prices have dropped sharply and technological advances have meant products have changed and are changing. Successful retailers must try to keep on top of these developments and invest in the training of employees so they are able to offer impartial advice to customers. E-commerce is taking off but this won t necessarily replace traditional retail outlets. In order to stand out, you need innovative ideas on customer service. We don t believe in criticising other retailers, but there s nothing particularly exciting out there at present. the extent to which mobile phones have changed in size but clearly all the main mobile phone retailers have succeeded in taking the industry forward. Growth has accelerated rapidly and the mobile telephone has changed from simply being a business tool, to being a means of communication for everyone. The mobile phone business is behaving like the internet industry in take-up and the pace of innovation, and it s important not to be left behind. We must continue to innovate in delivering the product to the customer. In terms of service provision, you can draw comparisons between us and our closest rival, A B C D the need for retail staff to stay informed about the mobile phones they are selling the belief that the market will not sustain the present number of mobile phone retailers the use of mobile phones no longer being restricted to a specific group of people the relationship between charges and the number of mobile phone users a negative view of competing mobile phone retailers a comparison between change in the mobile phone industry and that in a different sector those services available at mobile phone outlets that are not provided by other retailers Page
2 BEC VANTAGE PART TWO Questions Read the article below about a survey of businesswomen staying in hotels. Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps. For each gap, mark one letter (A G) on your Answer Sheet. Do not use any letter more than once. There is an example at the beginning, (). Hotels Failing Businesswomen Hoteliers should take note because they are facing serious criticism! Women account for more than half of all business travellers, but hotels are not doing enough for them. ()...G.... These show that the number of complaints made about the way women guests are treated is increasing. The Bartonsfield Hotel in London also conducted a recent survey of UK businesswomen, which reveals that % feel they receive an inferior service. ().... The attitude of hotel staff made them feel out of place in public areas; for example, % chose to eat in their rooms because they were made to feel uncomfortable by staff when dining alone. ().... Four years ago, for example, a similar survey had revealed that a significant number of women travelling alone and wishing to use the hotel restaurant were actually turned away. Many of the suggestions for improved services put forward by the Business Travel Association are relatively simple. ().... Placing tables in restaurants in a way that allows the head waiter to introduce guests to one another, so they can choose to sit together over a meal, was a further suggestion. Guests in the dining room would then have the opportunity to meet up with others who might, for example, be attending the same conference, or have the same business interests. Wendy Manning, executive manager of the Bartonsfield Hotel, agreed with the Business Travel Association that hotel star ratings should be influenced by the level of service they offer to female business guests. ().... Our survey highlighted the unwillingness of many women to air their views if they are treated badly, Wendy Manning pointed out. A group of influential businesswomen recently met to discuss the results of the Business Travel Association questionnaire. They suggested that businesswomen should not hesitate to make it clear if they have a problem. ().... Once clients have gone, it is all too easy for the issue to be ignored by hotel managers, and it will also be forgotten by the overworked business executives themselves. Example: A B C D E F G A The hotel staff assumed they should be booked into the same room. B But there is clear evidence that things are slowly improving. C This would enable women to make an informed choice about a hotel, and they would not be placed in the uncomfortable position of having to complain about poor service. D It is advisable for them to do this during their stay rather than waiting until they check out. E Making sure that facilities in guest bedrooms cater equally for the needs of male and female guests is one such idea. F Most of the women, when questioned further, thought that the reason for this was that they were female and travelling alone. G This is evident from the results of a questionnaire distributed to hotel guests by the Business Travel Association. Page
3 According to the text, the end of a product s life cycle is marked by A a sharp rise in production costs. B the product becoming outdated. C an increase in customer complaints. D less support from sales management. What does the writer say about sales management in the first paragraph? A Companies should spend more time on their sales planning. B There are many managers who need to improve their sales performance. C Most sales managers fail to recognise which stage a product has reached. D The sales approach should change with each phase of the product life cycle. According to the text, a greater sales effort is required for a product when A it is particularly innovative. B the advertising budget has been cut. C rival companies start to produce something similar. D consumer interest switches to a new product category. According to the text, a good marketing strategy must primarily be concerned with A sales statistics. B product details. C consumer data. D profit information. According to the text, profit levels may fail to correspond to the volume of sales because A the full selling costs have not been taken into account. B the production costs were not estimated correctly. C there are unforeseen problems with distribution. D there has been a lack of economic stability. What does the writer say about the charts that show sales progress? A It is a matter of judgement where one sales phase finishes and another begins. B Managers should review policy when a sharp fall in sales is indicated. C It is difficult to see how sales charts can provide sufficient guidance to managers. D Managers should get confirmation of the data they plot on the sales charts. BEC VANTAGE PART THREE Questions Read the article below about product life cycles and the questions on the opposite page. For each question, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose. Product Life Cycles and Sales Strategy One of the most important concepts in sales management and marketing is that of the product life cycle. This is a historical record of the life of a product, showing the stage in its life the product has reached at a particular time. By identifying the stage that a product is in or may be heading towards, companies can formulate better marketing plans. All products have lives in as much as they are created, sell with varying profitability over a period of time, and then become obsolete and are replaced or simply no longer produced. A product s sales position and profitability can be expected to fluctuate over time and so, at each successive stage in the product s cycle, it is necessary to adopt different tactics. The two main features of the product life cycle are unit sales and unit profit. The unit sales figures usually jump on introduction, as a response to heavy advertising and promotion, as customers buy the product experimentally. This is generally followed by a levelling off while it is evaluated the length of this period depending on the use to which the product is put. Then, unit sales rise steadily through the growth phase to the maturity phase, when the product is widely accepted, and so on to saturation level. By this time, competitors will have entered the market with their own version and, from this point, the sales team will have to work even harder to win all additional sales. Eventually, the product s sales decline as better versions enter the market and competition becomes too strong. In retrospect, most firms know what happened to their products from launch to withdrawal. They can compile this information from the records of unit sales. Unfortunately, unit sales are not the complete story as it is unit profit that is the decisive factor, although this is not always recorded accurately. It is this figure that sales management has to monitor, though, to ensure an effective marketing strategy and to produce effective profits. At launch, the product is costed accurately on the basis of production costs plus selling costs. Initially these remain fairly stable, but, when the product is proving successful, competitors will bring out their own copy-cat products. With a competitor in the field, the original firm has to respond in order to maintain its market position. It can run special sales promotions, improve deliveries, make more frequent sales calls and so on. Often the extra expenditure is not accurately charged to the product and the result is that, long before unit sales are noticeably falling, the unit profit has already fallen. The product life cycle, then, presents a picture of what happened in the product s lifetime, so how can this be used as an ongoing aid to management decision-making? Every sales manager has a chart on which the progress of sales is plotted and this can be used as a guide to the stage of development each product is currently in. An essential management skill is being able to interpret sales results and draw in the stages as they occur. Deciding where each stage begins and ends can be a random exercise, though usually the stages are based on where the rate of sales growth or decline becomes pronounced. Page
4 BEC VANTAGE PART FOUR Questions Read the advice below about the use of technology in presentations. Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page. For each question, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. There is an example at the beginning, (). Guidelines for giving Presentations Most presentations today ()...B... on the use of some sort of technology, such as a laptop computer linked to a projector. While this technology can help to ()... presentations better, it also has a ()... of getting in the way. As a general ()..., it is better to ()... on the content of a presentation as a means of ()... your audience s attention, rather than relying on sophisticated equipment. Bear in mind that when an organisation invites ()... for a contract, they may ()... four or five presentations from different companies on the same day. Each of these companies will probably be using the same computer graphics ()... and the same equipment. The chances are the presentations will be similar too. That s why the content and ()... of what you say are important.think about what you want to say and how to say it as clearly as possible. As a first step, you need to ()... the main points you want to get across. Audiences are easily bored and ()... to remember only the most entertaining, exciting or unusual ideas. Next create your materials, choosing the images for your presentation carefully. Remember you do not want to stop your audience from listening to you, nor do you want to ()... them. Finally, make all the necessary ()... for the equipment you need. If technology is to be an important ()... of your presentation, make sure you know how to use it ()... and test it out beforehand. Example: A calculate B depend C determine D lean A B C D A produce B make C construct D build A behaviour B habit C practice D routine A method B law C rule D course A focus B define C target D direct A gaining B acquiring C collecting D taking A requests B calls C bids D commands A appoint B programme C schedule D catalogue A parcels B packets C bundles D packages A formation B design C structure D system A catalogue B label C mark D identify A point B tend C lead D move A disorder B mistake C confuse D complicate A appointments B procedures C arrangements D organisations A share B role C function D element A precisely B suitably C properly D accurately Page
5 PART FIVE Questions Read the article below about a training company. In most of the lines there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the meaning of the text. Some lines, however, are correct. If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet. If there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet. The exercise begins with two examples, () and (). Examples S O C O R R E C T Training Provision There is little doubt that training has become so an accepted part of business but it is equally true that companies take a much less scientific approach than they should. A recent study suggested us that, while UK organisations spend nearly bn a year on training, % of them have never evaluated that expenditure in strict terms of business impact. Yet if training activities that are run along the same lines as other business operations, in ways that maximise with opportunities, it becomes easier for training organisations to help companies meet strategic goals. One organisation showing an awareness of what this principle is CT Solutions, a training business that has its own premises in South London. The need for more training has combined it with cutbacks in office accommodation to create plenty of business for those hiring out space, particularly upper-end hotels. But while CT Solutions detected that many organisations were not satisfied with hotels because they do not always provide a good service. CT Solutions is totally dedicated to providing of space for business, mostly for training, but also for conferences and AGMs. Clearly, since the business has been grown in size, it is an approach that works. BEC VANTAGE READING ANSWER KEY Part One Part Two Part Three Part Four Part Five C F B B US A B D B STRICT D E C C THAT B C D A WITH C D A A CORRECT D A C WHAT A C IT D CORRECT C WHILE D CORRECT B OF C BEEN C D C Page
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2 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager Legal Notice Copyright 2007 Symantec Corporation. All rights reserved. Symantec, the Symantec Logo, and NetBackup are trademarks or registered trademarks of Symantec Corporation or its affiliates in the U.S. and other countries. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
4 4 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager About Veritas NetBackup Note: The documentation provided in this section is a subset of the Veritas NetBackup documentation. The documentation focuses on the most common installation scenarios for Symantec Security Information Manager customers, but is not inclusive. For a complete set of instructions and guidelines on using NetBackup, see the NetBackup documentation. NetBackup architecture Figure 1-1 shows the basic architecture of a NetBackup enterprise server configuration. Figure 1-1 Information Manager and Veritas NetBackup configuration A NetBackup implementation consists of the following components: Master server Media servers The computer on which the NetBackup software is typically installed first. You can have only one master server for each backup domain. In a NetBackup Enterprise Server configuration, a standalone server that receives requests for backup and restore operations from the master server. You may have multiple media servers in one backup domain. In a NetBackup Server configuration, one machine acts as both master server and media server.
5 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager Requirements for using NetBackup with Information Manager 5 Client computers The remote computers that have NetBackup client software installed, including the Information Manager appliance. Both configuration types can have a virtually unlimited number of clients for each backup domain. Clients can perform the following functions: Validate connection requests from the NetBackup server. Support compression of the backup stream. Direct a user request to the master server to perform a backup or restore operation. Storage units The devices where NetBackup stores files and data. A storage unit can be a location on a disk, a set of drives in a robot, or one or more single tape drives of the same type that connect to the same host. Supported versions of NetBackup Symantec Security Information Manager supports the following versions of Veritas NetBackup for backing up and restoring Information Manager data: Veritas NetBackup 6.0 and related patches, all supported platforms About backup policies A backup policy allows you to configure how and when backups are to be performed for a group of clients that have similar backup requirements. To create a backup policy, you should determine the following: Which computers or appliances to back up Which files and folders to back up How often and when the backup will take place How long the backup will be retained Where the backups will be stored Other attributes for customizing the backup Requirements for using NetBackup with Information Manager Before you implement NetBackup for use with Information Manager, the following conditions must be met:
6 6 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager Requirements for using NetBackup with Information Manager The xinetd service must be running on the Information Manager appliance. By default, this service is stopped. Note: If you reboot the appliance, you must restart the xinetd service. You must have the correct IP and hostname entries in the /etc/hosts file on the Information Manager appliance. That is, there must be an entry for the NetBackup master server. If you use DNS, make sure that the DNS entries are correct. You must have any external storage devices configured according to the manufacturer's recommendations before installing NetBackup software. For more information on configuring storage devices on the operating system on which the server software will be installed, see the NetBackup documentation. Starting the xinetd service on the Information Manager appliance Complete the steps below to manually start a service. To start the xinetd service on the Information Manager appliance 1 Using an SSH client, connect to the appliance by using an account with administrator privileges. In most cases, you can use the db2admin account and use the su switch to use root privileges. 2 From a command prompt, type the command: service xinetd start Updating the /etc/hosts file using the Information Manager Web Configuration tool When you install NetBackup, you must update the /etc/hosts file on the Information Manager appliance to include the IP address and host name of the computer that will be used as the NetBackup server. You can use the Web Configuration tool to update the /etc/hosts file. To update the /etc/hosts file using the Information Manager Web Configuration tool 1 Using a browser, navigate to address>, where <IP address> is the IP address of the appliance. 2 Using an account with administrator privileges, log in to the Information Manager Web Configuration tool. 3 In the left pane, click Network Settings.
7 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager 7 4 On the Network Settings page, click Edit Hosts File. 5 In the Edit Hosts File window, add the IP address and host name of the NetBackup server. Separate the IP address and host name with a tab space. Follow the instructions that are displayed in the window. 6 When you are finished, click Save to hosts. Updating the /etc/hosts file on the appliance using an SSH client When you install NetBackup, you must update the /etc/hosts file on the Information Manager appliance to include the IP address and host name of the computer that will be used as the NetBackup server. As an alternative to using the Symantec Web Configuration tool, you can use an SSH client to connect to the file system on the Information Manager appliance and modify the file manually. To update the /etc/hosts file on an Information Manager appliance 1 Using an SSH client, connect to the appliance by using an account with administrator privileges. In most cases, you can use the db2admin account and use the su switch to use root privileges. 2 Navigate to the /etc directory. 3 Using a text editor, edit the hosts file by following the instructions provided in the file. Add the IP address and host name of the NetBackup server. Use a tab space to separate the host name and IP address. 4 Save and close the hosts file. NetBackup includes wizards that make installing and configuring the software easy. Installing and configuring NetBackup involves the following steps: Installing and configuring any storage devices according to the hardware manufacturer's instructions Mounting the NetBackup software CD Installing NetBackup server software Installing NetBackup client software Using the user interface to configure the storage units for the backup domain. For more information on configuring storage devices, see the NetBackup documentation. Configuring a backup policy
8 8 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager Mounting the software CD on a Linux operating system (including the Information Manager appliance) Use the following directions as a guideline for mounting NetBackup CDs. You may need to use other flags or mounting options, which you can determine by working with your hardware vendor. For information on mounting the CD on additional operating systems, see the NetBackup documentation. In the examples in this section, the options and arguments specify the following: A v, t, or F option specifies the type of file system to mount. A r option specifies that you want to mount the CD for reading. The device_path specifies the name of the CD drive. The mount_point specifies the directory where you want to mount the CD. To mount the CD on a Linux computer or Information Manager appliance 1 Log in as root. If you are logging into the appliance, using an SSH client, connect to the appliance using an account with administrator privileges. In most cases, you can use the db2admin account to log in, and then use the su switch to use root privileges. 2 Create the mount point (for example, mkdir /cdrom). 3 Mount the CD, as follows: mount device_path mount_point For example, the following command mounts the CD using /cdrom as the mount point and /dev/cdrom as the device path: mount /dev/cdrom/cdrom Installing NetBackup on the server To install the NetBackup Server software on the computer that you will use as the master server, use the CD that is provided and follow the installation instructions for the server components. Before you install the software, you should familiarize yourself with the purpose and behavior of the installation script. A full description of the installation script behavior is provided by the NetBackup documentation.
9 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager 9 Note: After installing a NetBackup master or media server, you must enter a NetBackup product license key. On the master server, you must also enter license keys for any additional NetBackup product options or agents used on the server or its clients. To install NetBackup on the server 1 Ensure that you have the appropriate license keys for all of the NetBackup servers, clients, options, and agents that you are implementing. For more information on administering NetBackup licenses, see the NetBackup System Administration Guide, Volume I. Note: After making and saving any license key updates (including adding and deleting license keys) in the NetBackup-Java Administration Console, you must restart the console. 2 Do one of the following: Linux server: Log in to the server as root. Windows server: Log in to the Windows server with Administrator privileges. 3 Insert the appropriate NetBackup CD in the drive and mount it, if necessary. 4 Run the installation script, which installs both Media Manager and NetBackup server software: cd_directory/install The cd_directory is the path to the directory where you can access the CD. 5 Do one of the following: If you have Veritas Private Branch Exchange (PBX) already installed, go to To install NetBackup on the server. If you do not have Veritas Private Exchange (PBX) installed, you can install PBX without disrupting the NetBackup installation. See Installing Veritas Private Branch Exchange (PBX) during Netbackup server installation on page Follow the prompts in the installation script. If you want to install additional client software on the server, or you are working in a clustered environment, see the NetBackup documentation for further information.
10 10 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager Installing Veritas Private Branch Exchange (PBX) during Netbackup server installation NetBackup 6.0 contains features that are dependent on a new Infrastructure Core Services (ICS) product called VERITAS Private Branch Exchange (PBX). PBX helps limit the number of TCP/IP ports used by many new features in NetBackup. In addition, it allows all socket communication to take place while connecting through a single port. The PBX port number is For more information about PBX and configuring NetBackup ports, refer to the NetBackup System Administration Guide, Volume I. Note: For clustered environments: PBX has a known issue that prevents it from being installed in the cluster using the push installation method you can usually employ with installics. To install PBX in a cluster, you must run the installics command on every node. Because PBX is required for all NetBackup products, its installation is part of the NetBackup installation procedure unless it is already present on the system. When you begin installing NetBackup on a server, the NetBackup installation procedure determines if a version of PBX is already installed. The NetBackup installation will do one of the following: If a version of PBX already exists, the installation procedure uses that version of PBX and continues. If PBX does not exist, you will see a message similar to the following: The following package(s) are missing and must be installed before NetBackup can be installed: VRTSpbx The missing package(s) are located on the VERITAS Infrastructure Core Services (ICS) CD, which is included in the NetBackup media kit. You can install PBX without disrupting NetBackup server installation. To install PBX during NetBackup server installation 1 Using a different window than the one you are using to install the NetBackup server software, unmount/eject the NetBackup Server software installation CD. 2 Mount the CD that contains the PBX software.
11 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager 11 3 From the original window where you began installing NetBackup, enter the CD pathname (the directory where the installics script is located). The NetBackup install script attempts to install PBX automatically. 4 Follow the prompts in the installation script. If you want to install additional client software on the server, or you are working in a clustered environment, see the NetBackup documentation for further information. Installing the NetBackup client on the Symantec Security Information Manager appliance To install the NetBackup client software on the appliance, log into the appliance with a root account. Using this account, mount the CD, and then run the installation script. For information on the available installation scripts, see the NetBackup documentation. Note: Ensure that the gzip and gunzip commands are installed on each system, and that the directories where the commands are installed are part of the root user s PATH environment variable setting. To initiate a backup or a restore from an Information Manager client, the following graphical interfaces are available: Clients that are compatible with NetBackup-Java may use the NetBackup-Java interface (jbpsa). Refer to the NetBackup Release Notes for a list of NetBackup-Java capable hosts. Clients that are not compatible with NetBackup-Java (Macintosh OS X 10.3.x, IBM zseries Linux, IRIX, and FreeBSD) may use the bp interface or they can log in from any NetBackup 6.0 UNIX server s NetBackup client console using the jbpsa command. To install the NetBackup client on an Information Manager appliance 1 Insert the NetBackup client CD into the drive on the appliance and mount it. See Mounting the software CD on a Linux operating system (including the Information Manager appliance) on page 8. 2 Change your working directory to the CD directory if you have a CD or to the directory that contains the downloaded files: cd /cd_mount_point The cd_mount_point is the path to the directory where you can access the CD.
12 12 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager 3 Enter the following command to execute the installation script:./install 4 Follow the prompts to complete the installation. 5 After the installation is complete, unmount the client CD. Configuring the backup policy to back up Information Manager data When you create a backup policy, you specify when a backup takes place, the files you want to back up, the clients you want to back up, and other general attributes that define how the backup is performed. This wizard lets you define a backup policy for a client or group of clients. The Backup Policy wizard steps you through specifying the following: Policy names and types Clients Files and directories to back up Backup types Backup rotations Starting times of backups Types of backups The Backup Policy wizard prompts you to choose the type of backup that you want a policy to perform. The following list summarizes your choices: A Full backup backs up all files specified in the file list. An Incremental backup backs up all changed files specified in the file list. A Differential backup is often called a differential incremental backup. It backs up files that have changed since the last successful incremental or full backup. All files are backed up if no prior backup has been done. A Cumulative backup is often called a cumulative incremental backup. It backs up files that have changed since the last successful full backup. All files are backed up if no prior backup has been done. A User backup is initiated by an end-user to back up specific files.
13 Using Symantec NetBackup with Symantec Security Information Manager Restoring an Information Manager backup using NetBackup 13 Tips on creating backup policies When you create a backup policy, consider the following: The list that appears on the Client List screen of the Backup Policy wizard is a list of clients that are backed up. You can add, change, or delete clients from this list by selecting a name and clicking the appropriate button. You can select how often you want a backup policy to run for full or incremental backups. In addition, you can select the retention period for the backups. For assistance in determining how often you should create or retain a backup, contact your Symantec sales representative. Note: After you have completed the Backup Policy wizard, you are asked if you want to perform an installation verification test. If you choose to do this step, you can click the Activity Monitor in the left pane of the NetBackup Administration Console and monitor the progress of the backup job. Information Manager files and directories When you create a backup policy for Information Manager, you should include specific files and directories. Table 1-1 provides suggestions on the files and directories that you may want to include in your backup policy. Table 1-1 File or directory /eventarchive /eventdata Suggested Information Manager files and directories to be backed up Description Contains all of the raw event data that is stored by Information Manager. Contains all of the incident data that Information Manager creates from the event data. Restoring an Information Manager backup using NetBackup To restore the data that NetBackup has saved, follow the instructions that are provided by the NetBackup documentation. There are no steps required that are specific to Information Manager to restore data to the appliance.
Technical Paper Disaster Recovery on the Sun Cobalt RaQ 3 Server Appliance with Third-Party Software The Sun Cobalt RaQ 3 server appliance supports the use of third-party backup solutions for performing
1 Evolutionary Psychology human-nature.com/ep : Original Article Are there nonverbal cues to commitment? An exploratory study using the zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm William Michael Brown*, Boris Palameta and Chris Moore *Corresponding author: William Michael Brown, Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1 CANADA. Web: Abstract: Altruism is difficult to explain evolutionarily if subtle cheaters exist in a population (Trivers, 1971). A pathway to the evolutionary maintenance of cooperation is nonverbal altruist-detection. One adaptive advantage of nonverbal altruist-detection is the formation of trustworthy division of labour partnerships (Frank, 1988). Three studies were designed to test a fundamental assumption behind altruistic partner preference models. In the first experiment perceivers (blind with respect to target altruism level) made assessments of video-clips depicting self-reported altruists and self-reported non-altruists. Video-clips were designed with attempts to control for attractiveness, expressiveness, role-playing ability, and verbal content. Overall perceivers rated altruists as more helpful than non-altruists. In a second experiment manipulating the payoffs for cooperation, perceivers (blind with respect to payoff condition and altruism level) assessed altruists who were helping others as more concerned and attentive than non-altruists. However perceivers assessed the same altruists as less concerned and attentive than non-altruists when the payoffs were for self. This finding suggests that perceivers are sensitive to nonverbal indicators of selfishness. Indeed the self-reported non-altruists were more likely than selfreported altruists to retain resources for themselves in an objective measure of cooperative tendencies (i.e. a dictator game). In a third study altruists and nonaltruists facial expressions were analyzed. The smile emerged as a consistent cue to altruism. In addition, altruists exhibited more expressions that are under involuntary control (e.g., orbicularis oculi) compared to non-altruists. Findings
2 suggest that likelihood to cooperate is signaled nonverbally and the putative cues may be under involuntary control as predicted by Frank (1988). Keywords: Altruist-Detection; Cheater-Detection; Emotions; Nonverbal Behaviour; Reliable Signalling; Smile Asymmetries; Facial Expressions; Cooperation. 1. Introduction Darwin (1872) speculated that a selfish character may be detectable from nonverbal cues: Slyness is also, I believe, exhibited chiefly by movements about the eyes; for these are less under the control of the will, owing to the force of longcontinued habit, than are the movements of the body (Page 484). Trivers (1971) extended this speculation regarding reliable cues to cheating in his theory of reciprocal altruism. Specifically Trivers (1971) suggested that altruism not motivated by prosocial motivation and/or emotions may be less likely to occur in the future. Therefore selection should have designed perceiver psychology to scrutinize the presence and/absence of emotional cues committing future cooperation (Trivers, 1971; Hirshleifer, 1987; Frank, 1988). The central assumption of Hirshleifer s (1987) and Frank s (1988) models for the evolution of cooperation is that prosocial emotions help solve commitment problems (i.e. a cheating partner in a division of labour relationship) because the presence of these emotions can be reliably discerned by others. In other words, the nonverbal cues associated with emotion-based altruism are honest signals that cannot be faked easily (Zahavi, 1987; Grafen, 1990; Zahavi and Zahavi, 1997). Ekman (1985) has reported that facial expressions, body language, pitch and timbre of the voice, rate of respiration, and the cadence of speech are systematically linked to underlying emotional states. Since the relevant neural and musculature linkages in emotional expression are physiologically constrained, it is difficult to conceal or falsely manifest these behavioural cues (Ekman and Freisen, 1982; Ekman, Levenson and Freisen, 1985; Gazzaniga and Smylie, 1990; Brown and Moore, 2002). Few empirical studies have investigated the altruist-detection hypothesis. Frank et al. (1993) showed that after a 30-minute interaction, participants could predict with significantly higher than chance accuracy whether a person would cooperate or defect in a Prisoner s Dilemma game. However, it is difficult to conclude whether perceivers assessments were based on nonverbal cues, as participants were able to talk openly with each other. In another study Brown and Moore (2000) tested the altruist-detection hypothesis using the Wason selection task. Participants were good at solving altruist-detection Wason problems compared to control tasks. However, Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
3 Brown and Moore (2000) did not investigate whether perceivers could detect altruists based on non-verbal / paralinguistic signals. Is there evidence for the existence of reliable nonverbal cues to altruistic character? Research suggests that humans may trust smiling individuals more than non-smiling individuals (Tidd and Lockard, 1978; Otta, Lira, Delevati, Cesar and Pires, 1994; LaFrance and Hecht, 1995). For example, smiles are positively correlated with tips given to waitresses (Tidd and Lockard, 1978). Recently Scharlemann, Eckel, Kacelnik, and Wilson (2001) found in extensive form bargaining games that photographs of smiling individuals are trusted more than non-smiling individuals. Smiling newscasters may influence political candidate choice (Mullen et al., 1986). Interestingly in 50 randomly collected media photographs of George W. Bush and Al Gore taken during the 2000 US Presidential race, Bush produced significantly more genuine smiles (Brown and Moore, unpublished data). According to a Gallup Poll ( before Election Day, Bush was rated trustworthier than Al Gore. However, since evolution has also provided humans with the ability to manifest a posed smile, simply trusting smiles could be costly. Genuine smiles (i.e. emotion-based) may be more reliable indicators of likelihood to cheat. A spontaneous emotion-based smile has greater displacement of left-hand corner of the mouth than a posed smile due to right-hemisphere involvement (Wylie and Goodale, 1988). Smile asymmetry may be a putative cue to underlying cooperative intentions. Brown and Moore (2002) found that an iconic representation of a posed smile (slightly asymmetrical with the left-corner of mouth less displaced than the right-corner of the mouth) was given significantly less resources than an icon with greater leftcorner displacement. Not surprisingly humans scrutinize the left side of the face more than the right side when assessing facial expressions (Burt and Perrett, 1997). How may experiments be designed to test whether or not perceivers can detect altruists based on nonverbal cues? In everyday situations humans interact with strangers briefly and make character assessments. However, when people interact freely it is difficult to test whether or not assessments of altruism are based on nonverbal cues (as the interactants could give verbal information regarding altruism). A method is needed that can control for potential confounds and still be analogous to how people meet for the first time. One methodology that is ideal for controlling for promises to cooperate and verbal information is the zeroacquaintance video presentation paradigm. By moving away from actual face-toface encounters a variety of potentially confounding factors can be minimized. Research in social psychology has used the zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm to investigate whether or not naïve perceivers can detect tell-tale cues to personality or lying from video segments (Ekman, 1985; Frank, 1988). The zeroacquaintance video presentation paradigm in nonverbal behaviour experiments (see Ekman, 1985) entails presenting a large group of perceivers a small number of Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
4 video-clips depicting target individuals performing a particular task. Perceivers then assess the videotaped individuals on a variety of attributes (e.g. job suitability, physical attractiveness, lying etc.). There are several advantages to using this methodology to test the altruist-detection hypothesis. For example, length of interaction with the video-clip, physical attractiveness, emotional expressiveness, and verbal information can be controlled. The paradigm is similar to meeting several individuals for the first time and making character assessments. There is an additional theoretical advantage to this method if evidence consistent with altruistdetection is found. Most studies using the zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm (for review see DePaulo, 1994) have shown that detection accuracy of lying and personality are no better than chance among individuals (Ekman, O Sullivan and Frank, 1999; Lippa and Dietz, 2000). Specifically, most individuals cannot detect lying unless they have been trained (Ekman et al., 1999). Furthermore, the accurate assessment of individual differences in personality is traitspecific. That is sociability and extraversion (which are both correlates of altruism) are the only Big Five personality traits accurately decoded from nonverbal cues (Albright, Kenny and Malloy, 1988; Borkenau and Liebler, 1993; Funder and Colvin, 1988; Funder and Dobruth, 1987; Kenny, Horner, Kashy and Chu, 1992; Levesque and Kenny, 1993; Lippa and Dietz, 2000; Watson, 1989). Evidence for altruist detection may suggest that natural selection specifically shaped such a capacity since most personality traits (and lying) cannot be accurately decoded. The present experiments were designed in an attempt to control for verbal information regarding cooperative tendencies without removing paralinguistic information (e.g. pitch and timbre of the voice). Small numbers of video-clips of altruists and non-altruists were presented to a large group of perceivers naïve with respect to altruism level. In Experiment One the reliable and valid self-report altruism scale (Rushton, Chrisjohn, and Frekken, 1981; Johnson et al., 1989; Chau et al., 1990) was used to select four altruists and four non-altruists. Altruists and non-altruists were filmed telling the Little Red Riding Hood Story. The Little Red Riding Hood Story was used in an attempt to control for verbal content. In addition, variables such as physical attractiveness, role-playing ability and expressiveness were measured. Perceivers viewed 4 altruist / non-altruist pairs and judged which individual in the pair was more helpful. It was predicted that perceivers would differentiate altruists from non-altruists based on cues provided in short video-segments. 2. Methods Experiment One 2.1 Targets and perceivers Seventy-three second- and third-year female Psychology students, with a mean age of (SD = 2.22) participated in the study to select altruists and non- Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
5 altruists for videotaping. Perceivers were from Introductory Psychology classes (n = 143 students) with a mean age of (SD = 5.28). Perceivers participated in exchange for 1% toward class grade. 2.2 Altruism scale used for target selection The Altruism Scale contains 56 items measuring the amount of instances that an individual has given up time, effort, goods, status, and safety to help others (Johnson et al., 1989). Since the Altruism Scale asks subjects to recall the amount of helpful behaviours performed in the past, it is less susceptible to deceptive responding than a scale asking one to report whether or not he/she would help in a hypothetical situation (Romer, Gruder and Lizzadro, 1986). Participants are asked to indicate how often they have performed each act described in the 56 statements from 1 (never) to 5 (very often). This measure showed high internal consistency with coefficient alpha ranging from 0.89 to 0.94 across seven different cultures (English and non-english speaking). Johnson et al. (1989) found that the scale had a test-retest reliability of 0.94 after a two-week period. It is reasonable to suspect that even self-reported instances of helping behaviour in the past could be correlated with trying to deceive experimenters. This was not the case. In the current sample the Altruism Scale was not significantly correlated with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne and Marlowe, 1960; a measure of deceptive responding): r (141) = The reason that this finding provides validity for the Altruism Scale is that the participants who are attempting to mislead the experimenter by appearing perfect (e.g. always investigating the credentials of every candidate before an election or never swearing even when extremely angry) are not also reporting that they were more altruistic in the past. The Altruism Scale (Johnson et al., 1989) includes 20 items from the Self-Report Altruism Scale (Rushton, Chrisjohn, and Frekken, 1981) that were shown to be internally consistent across 5 samples (Cronbach s alphas ranged from 0.78 to 0.87) and showed good discriminant validity from 20 personality tests. Discriminant and convergent validity was demonstrated for the full 56-item altruism scale (Chau et al., 1990). More specifically, self-reported altruism is positively associated with intrinsic religiosity (genuine religious involvement for its own sake), but negatively correlated with extrinsic religiosity (e.g. religious involvement simply to meet people at church). Importantly, peer ratings of altruism were significantly positively correlated with individual s self-reports. Rushton et al. (1981) found that whether or not an individual signed the organ donation card on driver s licence was significantly positively correlated with the self-reports on the Altruism Scale. Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
6 2.3 Self-report instrument behavioural validity check High scorers (i.e. top 10 th percentile) on the Altruism Scale were selected to represent altruists. Extreme scorers were chosen because it is more likely that these individuals consistently perform helpful behaviours at high frequency relative to lower scorers (i.e. bottom 10 th percentile). Also it reduced the number of video stimuli that perceivers must view (therefore avoiding the potential of observer fatigue). Concerned about whether the entire 56-item self-report altruism scale is a valid measure of actual altruistic behaviour, a different sample of 88 subjects were selected to participate in a one-shot Prisoner s Dilemma-like scenario called the dictator game (Eckel and Grossman, 1996). The dictator game asks subjects to divide up a valued resource (i.e. 40 lottery tickets for a 150 dollar draw) anonymously between themselves and a stranger. The prediction is that altruists (individuals who scored in the top 10 th percentile) should give more lottery tickets away to strangers than non-altruists (individuals who scored in the bottom 10 th percentile). Results conformed to the prediction: Altruists gave tickets on average (SD = 7.79) while non-altruists gave tickets (SD = 7.18). This significant mean difference [t (22) = 2.34, p <.05] suggests that the Altruism Scale is a valid measure for altruistic tendencies in humans. 2.4 Selecting altruists and non-altruists for video-taping The 73 participants' altruism scores were transformed into percentiles. The 90th percentile and above on the Altruism Scale represented altruists, while the 10th percentile and below represented non-altruists. Using this criterion eleven students were chosen (5 altruists and 6 non-altruists). This video-taping procedure was completed in a blind fashion, as the experimenter who was filming the targets was unaware of each person's self-report altruism score. The 11 were called and asked to participate in the second part of the study (the filming of the altruist and non-altruist targets). Two non-altruists declined the offer to participate. The remaining 9 individuals were brought to the laboratory one at a time. Targets were given a general outline of the events in the Little Red Riding Hood story and asked to familiarize themselves with the plot. Participants were instructed that they would be retelling the story to the camera without the aid of the plot outline. Once again, a children's story was used to keep the verbal content relatively constant. Close-up headshots of targets were videotaped. 2.5 Measuring Physical Attractiveness, Role-Playing and Expressiveness The 9 video-clips were presented to 11 Psychology faculty and honours Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
7 students to rate each target on physical attractiveness, role-playing ability and expressiveness using 7-point Likert scales. One altruist was rated extremely high on physical attractiveness (M = 5.45), role-playing ability (M = 5.73) and expressiveness (M = 5.73) and was therefore discarded from the study. The physical attractiveness, role-playing ability, and expressiveness ratings of the four remaining altruists and non-altruists can be found in Table 1. Overall altruists were similar to the non-altruists on the combined ratings of these three measures (M = 3.06 vs. M = 3.11). Table 1 Eleven judges mean ratings of physical attractiveness, role-playing ability and expressiveness of the 4 altruists and 4 non-altruists in Experiment One. Physical attractiveness Role-playing ability Expressiveness Altruist Altruist Altruist Altruist Overall (altruists) Non-altruist Non-altruist Non-altruist Non-altruist Overall (nonaltruists) Presenting altruists to perceivers The 143 perceivers (tested in groups of 15 to 17) were told that they would be viewing pairs of videotaped people telling the "Little Red Riding Hood" story and making personality judgments of the individuals shown. It was explained to the perceivers that targets filled out a questionnaire measuring altruism before being videotaped and that one of the individuals in the pair had reported being more altruistic than the other in a variety of situations. Five altruistic behaviours were then presented to the perceivers as examples of what was meant by altruism. The items with the greatest effect sizes for distinguishing altruism were selected from the Altruism Scale (see Table 2). Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
8 Table 2 Five items that best differentiated the mean self-reports of altruists and nonaltruists in Experiment One. Questionnaire Item F(1,14) Mse n² Altruists Non-altruists Looked after a neighbor s pets without being asked and without being paid for it. Helped someone you didn t know get up when (s)he slipped or tripped and fell down. Helped an acquaintance obtain something important that (s) he needed (e.g. a job, a place to live, etc.). Shared credit for an accomplishment when you could have easily taken it all. Bent the rules to help someone she didn t know that well % % % % % All F values are significant at p <.0001 Perceivers were then asked to judge whom they thought the more helpful person was and whether or not they had met the person before. Each video pair was presented once, rewound, and then presented a second time. Altogether, perceivers were presented with four altruist/non-altruist pairs. All groups saw the same eight targets (4 altruists and 4 non-altruists), but the pair-orders were randomised and the altruist/non-altruist order within the pair was counterbalanced. 3. Results Experiment One Thirty-seven perceivers were discarded because they knew at least one out of the eight targets and were therefore unsuitable for a zero-acquaintance experiment. 1 No order effects were revealed for any of the eight targets, all χ² 's were non-significant. Thus, the order in which the targets were viewed did not affect the participants' perception of which target was more helpful. In addition Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
9 pair-orders were counter-balanced. A one-way ANOVA was used to investigate whether participants' altruist-detection accuracy varied depending on the pairorder observed. There was no significant effect of the four different pair-orders upon helpfulness ratings, F (4, 102) =.75, p >.05. Data were collapsed for further analysis. The effect of gender on nonverbal decoding of altruism was not investigated because only females participated in Study One. The prediction that participants could detect altruists was confirmed. Recall that perceivers were presented four altruist/non-altruist pairs. Therefore chance accuracy (2.00) was compared to observed altruist-detection accuracy. A onesample t-test 2 was significant, t (105) = 2.52, p <.013, suggesting that altruistdetection accuracy was significantly better than chance. Mean altruist-detection accuracy was 55% (2.21 / 4.00). The effect size for altruist-detection was small. That is, target altruism level accounted for 5 percent of the variation in number of correct choices. See Figure 1 for the variation in perceivers altruist-detection accuracy. Frequency of Perceivers (out of 106) /106 30/106 22/106 7/106 0/106 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Altruist-Detection Accuracy Fig. 1. Frequency distribution of perceivers altruist-detection accuracy in Experiment One. Spearman correlations were performed upon the number of hits (i.e. number of times a target was thought to be an altruist) by physical attractiveness, roleplaying ability and expressiveness. As can be observed in Table 3, both roleplaying ability and expressiveness significantly and positively correlated with the number of hits. Specifically, the targets that were rated as better role-players and more expressive were also more likely to be judged as an altruist. The large Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
10 significant positive correlation between role-playing ability and expressiveness suggests that these two measures are tapping into the same factor. Table 3 Spearman correlations between mean physical attractiveness, role-playing ability, expressiveness and hit number (i.e. the number of times target was thought to be an altruist) in Experiment One (n = 8). Attractiveness Expressiveness Role-playing Hit number Attractiveness Expressiveness 0.96** 0.74* Role-Playing 0.74* * Significant at.01; ** Significant at Discussion Experiment One Results suggest that humans can detect altruists at higher than chance accuracy based on information provided in 1-minute video-clips. Specifically, altruists were assessed as the more helpful individual in the pair significantly more often than non-altruists. This is an impressive result (despite the expected small effect size 3 ) because the nonverbal information was limited (i.e. One-minute clips of individuals retelling a story unrelated to helping behaviour). Since order of presentation was controlled it did not appear to mediate the altruist-detection effect. In addition, declarations of helpfulness were excluded and therefore did not tip perceivers off to whom the altruists were. There was no correlation between target physical attractiveness and the number of perceivers who thought the target was an altruist. However, role-playing ability and expressiveness were potentially confounding variables. That is, the number of times an individual was judged to be an altruist was related to an increase in role-playing abilities and expressiveness. The results are consistent with Frank s (1988) hypothesis that humans can detect altruists. While the main result supported the prediction that perceivers can detect altruists in zero-acquaintance contexts, this finding is preliminary. First, only four altruists and four non-altruists were used in this experiment, and all were female. In Experiment Two, a further five altruists and five non-altruists from both sexes were represented. Second, as noted earlier, discriminability was strongly correlated with expressiveness and role-playing ability as rated by independent observers. This correlation may be due to altruists being generally more expressive and better at role-playing. It is possible that such characteristics Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
11 provide the basis for nonverbal altruist-detection. However, it may be that our experimental situation was particularly artificial and that altruists, being altruists, were better at responding to the experimenter's invitation to retell the fairy tale. Whether altruists and non-altruists would exhibit these differences in other contexts is unknown. Experiment Two was designed with these limitations in mind. One purpose of Experiment Two was to provide a more social context for observing altruists and non-altruists. The new context was cooperative game playing (two targets playing the colour code elimination game called Mastermind ). The cooperative game context allows for a manipulation that can isolate helpfulness from other components of the targets' nonverbal behavior. In the current experiment, pairs of targets played a cooperative game and points were awarded to one of the players based on the success of the pair. One member of the pair provided instructions to the other member of the pair. The individual to whom the points were awarded varied across games. The point manipulation was used to influence the expression of self and other interest in targets. Specifically altruists are expected to express more nonverbal interest when helping others gain points. Points were meaningless (i.e. no credit or monetary value). However games like Mastermind are designed by manufacturers to elicit competitive interest in the game players. Thus making good choices may be a sufficient reward for participants in this experimental context. Targets were videotaped under these conditions when playing the role of the instructor and the video-clips were played to perceivers in the same manner as Experiment One. Perceivers were asked to rate helpfulness, concern, attentiveness, and expressiveness. It was predicted that altruists and non-altruists would still be differentiable to perceivers with respect to helpfulness. However, the manipulation of payoffs would reveal differences in how targets were rated by perceivers. In particular, it was predicted that perceivers (blind with respect to altruism level and payoff conditions) would distinguish between altruists and nonaltruists non-verbal behaviour depending upon whether or not they were helping others receive a payoff. It was hypothesized that perceivers would detect altruists signals of other-interest more easily when altruists were helping others. Likewise it was predicted that perceivers would detect altruists lack of selfishness relative to non-altruists when the payoffs were for self. It was expected that these differences in self- and other-interest should be revealed in perceivers ratings of concern, attentiveness and expressiveness. 5. Methods Experiment Two 5.1 Targets and perceivers Introductory Psychology students (n = 113; 93 females and 20 males) with a Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
12 mean age of (SD = 4.22) participated in the study to select altruists and nonaltruists in exchange for 1% credit toward grade. Perceivers of the video-stimuli were recruited from Introductory Psychology students (n = 168; 126 females and 42 males). Perceivers mean age of (SD = 4.51) participated in exchange for 1% credit toward grade. 5.2 Selecting altruists One hundred and thirteen participants (93 females and 20 males) completed the Altruism Scale (Johnson et al., 1989) and Impression Management Scale (Paulhus, 1984). Responses on the Altruism Scale were not correlated with the Impression Management Scale (Paulhus, 1984): r (113) = , p > The impression management scale measures the degree to which a participant is attempting to deceive the experimenter in their self-reports. This result lends further validity to the Altruism Scale. Participants' scores were transformed into percentiles. The 90th percentile and above were categorised as altruists while the 10th percentile and below were categorised as non-altruists. Five altruists (3 females, 2 males) and 5 non-altruists (3 females, 2 males) were contacted (by an experimenter blind to altruism level) and agreed to participate for additional credit. The 10 individuals were brought into the lab in pairs. Each pair consisted of an altruist and a non-altruist. All pairs were taught Mastermind (an elimination game where players try to solve a colour code created by the mastermind, in this case the experimenter). The rules were modified so that the pair played together against the experimenter. In addition the rules were adjusted so that, for each game, one member of the pair would receive points for game performance while the other would help. In addition, for each game, one member of the pair acted as the instructor, giving verbal commands and advice, while the other person, the mover would silently put the game pieces in place. This manipulation allowed for only one target making utterances during taping. Each pair played 4 games so that the altruists and non-altruists within the pairs could be instructors under two different payoff conditions in the cooperative game - points for self and points for other. Therefore, each altruist and nonaltruist in the pair was an instructor twice: 1) instructing when the payoff was for self; and 2) instructing when the payoff was for other. This manipulation was made possible by telling the pair that points would only be assigned to one member of the dyad based on the amount of time and number of turns required to solve the colour code. The payoff in points in this experiment carried no monetary value. Close-up headshots of targets were videotaped using a different camera for each member of the pair. Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
13 5.3 Presenting altruists to perceivers Only video-clips of instructors giving verbal advice (i.e. suggesting what particular colour to choose) were used. Video-clips of instructors were used so that perceivers would have access to paralinguistic information (e.g. pitch and timbre of the voice), which is presumably important in altruist-detection (Frank, 1988). In total, there were 10 video-clips of targets (5 altruists and 5 non-altruists) instructing while receiving payoffs for self and 10 video-clips of targets (the same 5 altruists and 5 non-altruists) instructing while payoffs were for other. To standardise the length of the video-clips, event sampling was used (Martin and Bateson, 1993). The most expressive minute was the event sampled. Two blind raters selected the minute with the highest frequency of the instructor talking and looking at the other person. The raters highest frequency minutes matched for all clips. The 1-minute video clips were edited so that each altruist was randomly paired with every non-altruist at least once. The same sex and same payoff condition (points for self or points for other) were paired together. Perceivers were tested in groups of 15 to 17. Perceivers were told that they would view 10 video-clips of 10 individuals playing Mastermind with an offcamera partner against an off-camera opponent. Blind to payoff condition, half of the sample (n = 84) viewed video-clips of altruists and non-altruists working for other, while the remaining perceivers (n = 84) viewed video-clips of altruists and non-altruists working for self. All perceivers viewed 5 altruist / non-altruist pairs and rated each individual within each pair sequentially before moving to the next pair. After viewing each video clip twice, perceivers were asked to judge on 89 mm ruler scales the degree of helpfulness, concern, attentiveness, and expressiveness of the target. Concern and attentiveness were derived from Izard s (1977) Differential Emotions Scale as measures of interest. The perceivers marked a vertical line along the ruler where it was judged that aspect of the target s demeanour to be (e.g. The left side of the ruler bar would read Unhelpful while the right side would read Helpful ). The distance from the left side of the ruler scale to the marked line represented a quantitative measure of the degree to which each target was thought be helpful, concerned, attentive, and expressive. 6. Results Experiment Two 6.1 Detecting altruism Perceivers helpfulness, concern, attentiveness, and expressiveness assessments were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with target altruism (non-altruists vs. altruists) as a within-subject variable. This analysis indicated that the effect of target altruism was significant, F (4, 161) = Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
14 23.11, p <.001 using Wilks' lambda statistic. Calculation of ω² indicated that different levels of target altruism accounted for 37% of the variability in perceivers discriminability of altruists and non-altruists. There was no significant effect of gender of target or perceiver on the detection of altruism. The univariates were examined to yield descriptive information with special priority given to the hypothesis that altruists will be perceived as more helpful than non-altruists. To reduce the chances of a spurious result, Keppel s modified Bonferroni was used to reduce the alpha level required for statistical significance (Cohen, 1977; Keppel, 1982). The corrected alpha for all remaining analyses was Analyses of variances indicate that target altruism had significant effects on all perceivers assessments, F' s (1, 164) > 7.86, p <.007, except attentiveness F (1, 164) = 1.27, p >.10. In particular, altruists were judged to be more helpful, less concerned, and more expressive [M's (SD s) = (11.53); (11.45); (9.98)] than non-altruists [M's (SD s) = (10.84); (10.55); (9.51)]. See Figures 2a to 2d for the perceivers helpfulness, concern, attentiveness, and expressiveness assessments of altruists and non-altruists across payoff condition. a) 65 Altruists Non-altruists b) 65 Helpfulness Ratings Concern Ratings Self Other Payoff For 35 Self Other Payoff For Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
15 c) d) Attentiveness Ratings Expressiveness Ratings Self Other Payoff For 35 Self Other Payoff For Fig. 2 (a-d). Means and standard errors for perceivers ratings (i.e. helpfulness, concern, attentiveness, and expressiveness) of video-targets (altruists and nonaltruists) by payoff condition (payoff for self vs. payoff for other) in Experiment Two. Figure 2a and 2d reveal that regardless of point condition, altruists were rated as more helpful and expressive. Calculation of ω² indicated that the different levels of target altruism accounted for 17.8%, 6.5%, and 4.6% of the variability in perceivers helpfulness, concern, and expressiveness judgments respectively. In Experiment One expressiveness was a potential confound. Perhaps perceivers helpfulness ratings of altruists and non-altruists are explained by the variance in expressiveness. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to investigate whether or not expressiveness solely accounted for the increased helpfulness ratings given to altruists. Findings are consistent with the altruist-detection hypothesis. Specifically, varying levels of expressiveness did not account for perceivers helpfulness ratings of altruists and non-altruists. When expressiveness was held constant as a covariate, altruists were still rated by perceivers as more helpful than non-altruists: F (1, 166) = 28.35, p < Effect of payoff Judgments of helpfulness, concern, attentiveness, and expressiveness were analyzed using a MANOVA with payoff condition (payoff for self vs. payoff for Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
16 other) as a between-subject variable. This analysis indicated that the effect of payoff condition was significant, F (4, 161) = 4.90, p <.005 using Wilks' lambda statistic. Calculation of ω² revealed that different levels of payoff condition accounted for 11% of the variability in perceivers ratings. Separate analyses of variances found that payoff condition had a significant effect on expressiveness, F (1,164) = 17.31, p <.001. Specifically, both altruists and non-altruists were judged more expressive when the payoff was for self (M = 50.92), compared to when the payoff was for other (M = 45.86). Calculation of ω² indicated that the different levels of payoff condition accounted for 9.5% of the variability in expressiveness ratings. All other perceivers assessments were not significantly impacted by payoff condition. There was no significant effect of gender of target or perceiver on the influence of payoff condition. 6.3 Detecting selfishness and other-interest Perceivers ratings of helpfulness, concern, attentiveness, and expressiveness were analyzed using a MANOVA with target altruism (non-altruists vs. altruists) as a within-subject variable, and payoff condition (payoff for self vs. payoff for other) as a between-subject variable. This analysis indicated that the interaction between target altruism and payoff condition was significant, F (4, 161) = 12.44, p <.001 using Wilks' lambda statistic. Calculation of ω² indicated that the interaction between target altruism and payoff condition accounted for 24% of the variability in perceivers discriminability of altruists and non-altruists. There was no significant effect of gender of target or perceiver on the detection of self or other interest. Separate ANOVA s found that the interaction between target altruism and payoff condition had a significant effect on concern ratings, F (1, 164) = 37.91, p <.001, and attentiveness ratings, F (1, 164) = 18.58, p <.001. No other significant interactions were found. Calculation of ω² indicated that the interaction between target altruism and payoff condition accounted for 19% and 10% of the variability in perceivers concern and attentiveness assessments respectively. Figure 2b demonstrates the statistically significant interaction upon perceivers' concern ratings. The mean concern ratings of altruists and non-altruists are plotted by payoff condition. Figure 2b depicts graphically that perceivers rated altruists as more concerned than non-altruists when helping in the cooperative game: this difference of 2.50 was statistically significant; [t (83) = 2.23, p <.03]. Conversely, perceivers assessed non-altruists as significantly more concerned than altruists when the payoff was for self: the difference of 8.47 was statistically significant; [t (83) = , p <.001]. An analogous pattern was found with perceivers' attentiveness ratings (see Figure 2c). Specifically, perceivers judged altruists as more attentive than non-altruists when helping in the cooperative game: mean difference of 2.58 Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
17 was statistically significant; [t (83) = 2.63, p <.02]. Figure 2c also reveals that perceivers' assessed non-altruists as more attentive than altruists when the payoff in the game was for self. This difference of was statistically significant; [t (83)= , p <.005]. 7. Discussion Experiment Two Consistent with the primary hypothesis, perceivers rated altruists as more helpful than non-altruists based on the information provided in 1-minute videoclips. This was a stable result across payoff condition. 4 Likewise perceivers rated altruists as more expressive than non-altruists. Paradoxically, altruists were rated as less concerned than non-altruists. This result was not stable across payoff condition. Specifically, perceivers judged altruists who were helping others in the cooperative game as more concerned than non-altruists in the same payoff condition. However, non-altruists were assessed as more concerned than altruists when the payoff in the game was for self 5. Analogously, perceivers rated altruists who were helping others as more attentive than non-altruists. Finally, as predicted, perceivers assessed non-altruists as more attentive than altruists when the payoff in the game was for self. Despite research suggesting females are better at decoding nonverbal expressions of emotion (Hall, 1984) gender of target or perceiver did not influence altruist detection. Results are consistent with Frank s (1988) altruist-detection assumption in the commitment model. However, it is also possible that perceivers are basing helpfulness, concern and attentiveness assessments upon something besides nonverbal and paralinguistic displays of underlying altruism. Although it cannot be concluded that there are reliable nonverbal and/or paralinguistic signals associated with altruism, it can be asserted that perceivers can distinguish between individuals on altruism, or likelihood to cooperate (Frank et al., 1993; Brown and Moore, 2000). It is important to note that unlike Experiment One, Experiment Two found medium to large effect sizes (Cohen, 1977) for altruist-detection. A possible explanation for the increased effect sizes in Experiment Two may be that the targets were filmed in a cooperative rather than a story-telling context (as in Experiment One). These substantial effect sizes found in Experiment Two suggest that the consensus reached by perceivers regarding targets altruism and selfishness may be an important biological phenomenon. In ancestral environments natural selection could have favoured information-processing capacities designed for the detection of altruistic demeanor. The adaptive benefit of altruist-detection depends upon whether the cues are reliable indicators of the likelihood to perform altruistic behaviours in the future. Perceivers may believe the cues are reliable, but it remains to be empirically demonstrated the degree to which the signals are honest (Grafen, 1990). A potential criticism of Experiment One and Two is that we test the altruism- Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
18 signalling hypothesis only from the point of view of the perceivers where we had substantial power to detect an altruist-detection effect. In response to this legitimate criticism we decided to investigate the altruism-signalling hypothesis from the point of view of the targets emotional displays. Specifically nonverbal behaviours of 10 altruists and 10 non-altruists were analyzed. This nonverbal behaviour analysis is exploratory. However based on Frank s (1988) theory predicting altruist detection certain nonverbal differences can be expected. For example Frank (1988) suggested that involuntary facial expressions should be more reliable indicators of future altruism. Four items that are under involuntary control were selected and expected to correlate with altruism level of the target and perceivers assessments of altruism, these were: (a) Degree of felt smile (or the Duchenne smile), (b) Concern furrows; (c) Time / smile; and (d) Smile symmetry. Frank s (1988) survey (as well as our own) of the nonverbal literature suggests that these nonverbal behaviours are under involuntary control. For example few individuals can manipulate the facial muscles (i.e., the corrugator supercilii) to produce a concern furrow voluntarily (Frank, 1988). Therefore one would expect these nonverbal cues to be expressed by altruists if they are transmitting index signals to others designed to indicate that they are an ideal partner for social dilemmas requiring trust. Alternatively Frank s (1988) hypothesis regarding commitment signaling does not necessarily suggest that voluntary nonverbal cues should exist for altruism. Three voluntary nonverbal behaviours were assessed: (a) Eyebrow flashes and raises; (b) Head nods; and (c) Open smiles. 8. Methods Experiment Three 8.1 Altruist and non-altruist target selection Introductory Psychology students (n = 123; 73 females and 50 males) with a mean age of (SD = 4.11) participated in the study to select altruists and nonaltruists in exchange for 1% credit toward grade. Participants completed the Altruism Scale (Johnson et al., 1989). Participants' scores were transformed into percentiles. The 90th percentile and above were categorised as altruists while the 10th percentile and below were categorised as non-altruists. Ten altruists (5 females, 5 males) and 10 non-altruists (5 females, 5 males) were contacted (by an experimenter blind to altruism level) and participated in the study for additional credit. The 20 individuals were each brought into the lab separately. Each target was asked to make a self-presentation (i.e. stating name, likes and dislikes). Close-up headshots of targets were video-taped. Concern for others was assessed on a 6-point likert scale by a group of thirty perceivers (13 males and 17 females; mean age = 21.08; SD = 4.41). Specifically 1 represented extremely unconcerned for others and 6 represented extremely Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
19 concerned for others. Mean scores for each target were aggregated from perceivers ratings. It is expected that perceivers ratings of concern for others would correlate with the nonverbal behaviours under involuntary control (but not the nonverbal behaviours under voluntary control). 8.2 Coding nonverbal expressions Two observers blind with respect to nature of study independently coded video targets. Observers coded nonverbal expressions with the audio portion of the tape turned off. Facial expressions were coded using items gathered from several nonverbal behaviour studies based on applicability to involuntary signalling hypothesis and conceptual links to affiliative behaviour (Grant, 1969; Rime et al., 1978; Shrout and Fiske, 1981; Ekman and Friesen, 1982; Noller and Gallois, 1986; Simpson, Gangestad and Biek, 1993). Items, definitions and inter-observer reliabilities can be seen in Table 4. Table 4 Nonverbal items, definitions and inter-observer reliabilities (all p s < 0.001). Item Definition Inter-observer reliability Degree of felt smile 6-point likert-scale rating of 0.83 orbicularis oculi activity Eyebrow flashes and raises Frequency of occurrence 0.84 Concern furrows Frequency of occurrence 0.89 Head nods Frequency of occurrence 0.85 Open smiles Frequency of occurrence 0.86 Time per smile Duration in seconds 0.92 Smile Symmetry 6-point likert-scale rating 0.83 Degree of felt smile (i.e. orbicularis oculi muscle activity the eye muscles that produce crow s feet) and smile symmetry were assessed on 6-point likert scales. For example 1 would represent extremely asymmetrical and 6 would represent extremely symmetrical. Smile asymmetry was defined as the left-side of the mouth being lower than the right-side. The remaining nonverbal behaviours were in frequencies or duration (in seconds). As seen in Table 3 inter-observer agreement for all items was greater than the.80 criteria for good reliability recommended by Martin and Bateson (1993). A target s nonverbal behaviour rating was aggregated by calculating the mean of the two observers assessments. Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
20 9. Results Experiment Three To test whether or not altruists and non-altruists express different nonverbal behaviours during a self-presentation, point biserial correlation coefficients 6 were calculated. Altruism level (altruist vs. non-altruist) was entered as a dichotomous independent variable. Results are consistent with the altruism-signalling hypothesis. Specially altruists during a self-presentation produced significantly greater orbicularis oculi activity, more concern furrows, more head nods, shorter smiles and more symmetrical smiles than non-altruists (all r s (20) > 0.26, all p s <.05). Perceivers ratings of target concern appear to be tapping into the same factor as target altruism level as these two variables were highly correlated [point biserial r (20) =.81, p <.05]. As seen in Table 5, as perceivers ratings of targets concern for others increased, orbicularis oculi activity increased, concern furrows frequency increased, head nod frequency increased, smile duration decreased and the degree of target smile symmetry increased (all r s (20) > 0.23, all p s <.05). All other correlations were non-significant. Table 5 Correlations between target altruism level, target nonverbal behaviour, and perceivers ratings of target s concern for others. Nonverbal behaviour of target Targets altruism level Perceivers concern rating Degree of felt smile 0.30* 0.61* Eyebrow flashes and raises Concern furrows 0.26* 0.23* Head nods 0.51* 0.40* Open smiles Time per smile -0.44* -0.52* Smile Symmetry 0.72* 0.63* * Significant at < Discussion Experiment Three As expected there were significant nonverbal differences between altruists and non-altruists. Furthermore, these nonverbal differences correlate with concern ratings. Four nonverbal differences are of particular theoretical interest; felt smiling, concern furrows, smile duration, and smile symmetry. These four nonverbal behaviours are particularly difficult to fake since they are linked to spontaneous emotional expression (Ekman and Freisen, 1982; Gazzaniga and Smylie, 1990). Heartfelt smiles have extremely short durations (Ekman and Evolutionary Psychology ISSN Volume
Open-ended Questions: Some Implications for Mail Survey Research Philip Gendall, Hara Menelaou and Mike Brennan This study analysed data from a mail survey to test two hypotheses about responses to open-ended
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4 Welcome to the Twilight Zone Brian Moriguchi PPOA President Lieutenant, LASD The PPOA Board unanimously voted in favor of this legal defense plan and encourages you to vote in favor of it as well. 4 STAR&SHIELD APRIL 2014 These past few months have been nothing short of spectacular full of drama, excitement and the unbelievable. I am not sure if I am watching a real-life Twilight Zone or Ripley s Believe It or Not episode, or a new version of To Tell the Truth: federal indictments born from a pissing match between the feds and LASD, high-level promotions and sudden retirements, a crazy Sheriff s race followed by Will the Real President of ALADS Please Stand Up? It s a topsy-turvy rollercoaster ride for sure. If you re like me, you re looking forward to things calming down and order being restored. FEDERAL INDICTMENTS As of this writing, 21 Sheriff s Department employees have been indicted by the federal government (five of them PPOA members). These stemmed from the FBI investigation into use-offorce allegations in the County jails, specifically Men s Central Jail. However, very few of the indictments revolve around use of force. Most of the indictments involve obstruction of justice. Why? It is obvious that the FBI and the U.S. Attorney s Office are angry with LASD for how they treated their agents. So, in response, the feds indict a bunch of LASD folks, the highest being of lieutenant rank. Rather than having them surrender to authorities, they surround their houses with armed agents, order them and their loved ones out on the front lawn for display at 6 a.m. on the coldest day of the year, handcuff them and take them into custody. Of course they did not do this to every LASD employee, only the ones who really angered the feds. It is very obvious that the feds were sending a message, Don t with us! We all know, and I am sure the feds know as well, that those indicted were not acting on their own accord. They were directed to do so by those higher up in the food chain of the Department. That may or may not clear them of wrongdoing depending on their knowledge or intent, but I will leave that up to their defense attorneys. What I do know is that the feds targeted several individuals who were following orders and doing their jobs. I am sure I can anticipate my phones to be wiretapped and my family surveilled as a result of this article. Apparently that is standard operating procedure for the feds. So that brings us to the main topic of this issue of Star & Shield: a legal defense plan that covers employees for criminal conduct allegations. PPOA has maintained the lowest dues of any union I am aware of. Our dues structure is at 1% of top-step salary, while other unions, like ALADS, are at 1.25%. I have seen some unions as high as 1.75%. In fact, when you promote to sergeant, your dues actually decrease! But that also means we run PPOA on a shoestring: no Baker to Vegas parties, no river trips, no Raging Waters events. Like every other union, our basic dues structure does not cover criminal defense. Some unions provide no criminal defense, while others charge an extra fee for criminal defense coverage. Over a year ago, we anticipated the possibility of grand jury indictments and began looking into legal defense plans for our membership that provide criminal defense coverage. Although such coverage wouldn t help those already indicted, it would help employees in the future facing criminal allegations. We looked at several other associations legal defense plans and found that the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) had the most reasonable coverage for the cost, just $5 per month. I encourage all of you to review the FOP plan information online at and judge for yourself if this is coverage you want. The PPOA Board unanimously voted in favor of this plan and encourages you to vote in favor of it as well. Ballots will be sent to the membership to decide, by bargaining unit, which members will participate in the FOP plan going forward. SHERIFF S ELECTION The Sheriff s election is a crowded field of current LASD executives, retired LASD executives and a couple of outsiders. Will PPOA get involved in this election? Of course. The L.A. County Sheriff is one of the most powerful law enforcement positions in the country and will directly impact our members well-being, working conditions and careers. We will be hosting a candidate forum in the near future, as well as conducting polling of our members and the public to determine which candidate should get PPOA s endorsement. This continued on page 19
5 Legal Defense Plan: The Time Is Now Paul K. Roller PPOA Executive Director We can buy full-coverage criminal and civil case insurance for all our members for just $5 a month all you have to do is vote yes. This past year has been a difficult one for the Sheriff s Department. The Sheriff and the Undersheriff have been forced out; 21 Department members have been indicted by the federal grand jury; a new two-tiered plan has been implemented, designed to have some deputies serve their entire career in the jails from deputy to chief; a new Inspector General has been commissioned by the Board of Supervisors to oversee the Sheriff s Department; and there is talk of a Civilian Oversight Commission as well. In addition, nearly 100 PPOA members have been called to testify in front of the grand jury. This has put a major strain on PPOA s finances, as we gave every one of those members a criminal attorney to represent them in preparation for their grand jury testimony. In addition, we are helping PPOA members indicted by the feds with their criminal attorney fees as they fight off these charges for just doing what they were ordered to do. Unfortunately, PPOA s current dues structure will not cover these types of excessive attorney fees for criminal defense. In order to fully cover every member s attorney fees (from administrative issues through criminal defense), PPOA would have to raise its dues structure anywhere from $20 to $40 per month. Obviously, that is not a reasonable solution. So what was the PPOA Board of Directors to do? After studying the issues for the past eight months, the Board has come up with a reasonable and affordable solution for the PPOA membership. We can buy full-coverage criminal and civil case insurance for all our members for just $5 a month all you have to do as an active member is vote yes on this insurance coverage when you get your ballot from PPOA later this month. All of you should have received the PPOA flyer on this plan last month. The Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) Legal Defense Plan is a self-funded plan that provides defense for criminal and civil actions arising out of the scope of your duties as a law enforcement professional. The plan has no limits on defense costs as long as you use an FOP plan attorney. All of this costs just $5 per month. How did we decide to use the FOP plan? First of all, every full-time active PPOA member is an FOP member membership is paid by PPOA. Second, the FOP plan we chose is the most affordable because of the FOP s size (350,000 members across the country). Third, since PPOA already covers all administrative issues for our members, we just needed a criminal and civil plan, which the FOP had. We also looked at what our brother law enforcement unions were doing in regard to criminal cases. Most of them were charging their members between $13 and $40 per month for criminal attorney coverage. But some of our best friends (the Association of Orange County Deputy Sheriffs, the Sacramento County Deputy Sheriff s Association and the Long Beach Police Officers Association all FOP members) were using the FOP plan and were happy with it. That sealed the deal. An affordable plan that everyone liked that covered criminal cases, all under the FOP umbrella: The plan was perfect for PPOA s needs. So the PPOA Board did its job to find the best, most affordable plan for our members whenever a criminal indictment is handed down even when you are just doing your job! Now it s up to you, the membership, to say yes in a vote to add this coverage to the services that PPOA already provides. The PPOA Board of Directors strongly urges all our members to vote yes when they receive their ballot on this issue later this month. This FOP plan protects everyone. It protects PPOA and its ability to continue to give our members the best service possible, and it protects you from financial catastrophe should you be charged with a crime while doing your job. The cost of $5 a month is less than 17 cents per day for the peace of mind that comes with career, personal and asset protection. Your cost for an entire year s coverage would only be $60 which would not even buy 15 minutes of a criminal attorney s time! An entire career s premium would only be $1,800 ($60 per year times 30 years) a small price to pay to save your house and other assets that might be used to pay a criminal attorney. This plan protects PPOA, but more importantly it protects you. Please vote yes when you receive your ballot. Your future may depend upon it! APRIL 2014 STAR&SHIELD 5
6 $5 Well Spent Unless You Have $100,000 in Your Savings Account Jim Blankenship PPOA Board Secretary Law Enforcement Tech, LASD For $5 a month, you will have peace of mind. Are you really willing to gamble that you don t need this protection? I want to talk this month about an important ballot that you will soon receive in the mail. Unit 621 members will be asked to vote on obtaining a legal defense plan to cover you in the event of dutyrelated civil or criminal action. In 2013, PPOA paid the highest amount for legal services in the past 20 years. For more than 60 years, PPOA labor reps and attorneys have represented members with grievances, IAB investigations and appeals for those unfortunate enough to find their employment terminated. However, in most cases PPOA does not provide (nor do most unions) coverage for members in criminal or civil cases. If there is consideration to move forward to cover a member who has extenuating circumstances, the PPOA Board has to hear from the member and make a decision. As you know, the federal grand jury indictments have left some PPOA members facing federal criminal charges. Our members believed they were carrying out lawful orders of their superiors, and thus it should be considered course and scope of their job. County counsel should be representing them, but the County has abandoned these folks. Therefore, the PPOA Board has decided to help. In today s times, the average cost of a criminal defense trial with a good lawyer ranges from $100,000 to $250,000. Now multiply that by the number of PPOA members in question and you are well into the million-dollar club. So, the Board has had a quite lengthy discussion about the future of ensuring the best protection for the membership. The Board was given a presentation from the Fraternal Order of Police (which we all are currently members of) regarding a legal defense fund established for FOP members nationwide. It is a self-funded plan that has been around since This plan would give you: Broad legal coverage No limit on defense costs when using a planapproved attorney The right to choose your own attorney Coverage for civil and criminal duty-related conduct So, how much does all of this cost? The cost is simply $5 a month or $2.50 per pay period. That s less than my wife s foofy Starbucks drink! For $5 a month, you will have peace of mind. It s just like auto insurance; the main reason we have it is because if we cause damage to another car or our own, most of us don t have the money sitting in the bank to cover the cost. Same thought process here if you get caught up in an on-duty incident, do you have $100,000 sitting around? I certainly don t. And remember, the County has shown that it will not represent you, depending on the circumstances. I know some of you will say that you don t need it because of the job you do. That may be true, but custody assistants, SOs, SAs, LET desk officers and civilian investigators you need to have this plan. Remember, that s $5 a month. That $5 could provide $100,000 or more in legal bills if you were caught up in a criminal or civil matter. Don t think it can t happen to Unit 621 members. There was a CA this past year caught up in a criminal matter. His representation is now up to $35,000 and counting. We, as a unit, will vote yes or no. A yes vote means that all 621 members will be covered and the $5 will be payroll-deducted. If 621 votes this down, it will be voluntary to have the plan. You can still have it payroll-deducted. If you are of the mindset to say no to this, I ask you: Are you really willing to gamble that you don t need this protection because you won t ever get in trouble on duty, be accused of wrongdoing or be caught up in a scandal where management thinks you are part of the problem? I vote yes, for peace of mind. Until next time, stay safe, my friends. Connect with PPOA on Facebook Get daily posts from PPOA regarding discount offers, event announcements, public safety alerts, pension attack updates, contest giveaways and more. 6 STAR&SHIELD APRIL 2014
7 Which Do You Value More: One and a Half Cups of Coffee or Your Career? Jody Clounch PPOA Board Member Security Officer, LASD This is really a no-brainer when the devastation of being arrested or sued in today s market is so expensive. In the near future, we are going to be given the opportunity to vote to participate in a legal defense plan for PPOA members. I will tell you that once upon a time I was a skeptic and thought that I would never get in trouble at all, and certainly there is no way I would ever do anything criminal. Why waste a good five bucks that could get me a cup and a half of coffee? Today, I don t see it that way. Not after 20 indictments of people who probably followed orders and who not only have families but also may very well lose houses, cars and belongings because of no paycheck and huge attorney bills. I have a personal friend who has been to court 14 times and his case is still ongoing. How much do you think that costs, and what can you afford at $250 to $700 per hour? Yes, that is the cost of today s attorneys. Now, I look at the $5 monthly fee for the legal defense plan as an insurance policy against dummies who will sue for anything. We don t have to do anything wrong to be sued, trust me. There are people looking for deep pockets every day, and if they can reach into yours, they will. If you re ever involved in a use of force, you may be sued. If you make a logical but wrong decision, you could be sued. If you are at work and with somebody who does the wrong thing, you could be sued. I get that, now after 13 years of service with the Sheriff s Department. It is not a matter of if one of us is falsely accused or inappropriately sued, it is when. The proposed plan is offered by the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) through PPOA, and is an honor to have available for sworn and non-sworn personnel. The FOP just launched a major campaign opposing a federal appointment of a lawyer who defended a cop killer and actively protested in rallies for that convicted cop killer. The FOP has prevailed thus far in that controversy. They are a force to be reckoned with and everybody knows it. The FOP is nationwide and a strong organization to be allied and associated with. This is really a no-brainer when the devastation of being arrested or sued in today s market is so expensive. This plan gives broad legal defense coverage, which is important because it covers a wider variety of issues that we may get involved in within our bargaining unit. Most important of all, there are no limits on defense costs. This is huge to you, your family and all of the things you have worked so hard to obtain. Career, personal and asset protection is also included for peace of mind. This plan covers duty-related conduct, so it won t help if you do something off-duty in your personal choices, but for a measly $5 per month, full-time on-duty protection is priceless. I m in as soon as it is available and I would recommend that you seriously consider the opportunity with me. I would say What do you have to lose? but I have already mentioned how much an attorney costs per hour. Be sure to vote. Retired PPOA member Claude Anderson has been drawing cartoons for Star & Shield since Claude says he was asked to keep drawing cartoons until he came up with a funny one it has now been 40+ years and he s still drawing! Claude has now published three books of cartoons based on his training days at Firestone Station, and they can be purchased online at or by calling (888) Thank you for your dedication, Claude! APRIL 2014 STAR&SHIELD 7
8 Shields, CARPing and Three Things to Watch With Inmates Danya Hazen PPOA Board Member Custody Assistant, LASD I know you have been anxious to hear about our shields. Here is the latest: The uniform specs have been changed to reflect the entire uniform with the addition of the Custody shield. The contract for badges is in the bidding process to find out how much it will cost. PPOA has agreed to help the Department pay for them. Hopefully, that helps relieve any confusion. Basically, we re waiting for the wheels to roll, but I m sorry it has taken so long. I assure you we are on the right track. CARPing is an issue we all hate because it was essentially shoved down our throats. Sheriff Scott has said the termination date will be July The phase-out starts with detectives this July and ends with Custody next year. It is what it is, but at least they realize we need relief! Three things to watch with inmates: 1. It has recently been discovered that inmates are preventing the gates from closing and locking shut. As you can imagine, this has created severe problems in an environment in which constant vigilance is required. You must double-check when working a booth. Check the light to see that all is secure and follow that with a physical check. 2. Don t allow yourself to be set up by an inmate. Recently, a K10 area deputy walked in to assist an inmate and the trusty shut the door behind the deputy. He was alone in the cell with the inmate and the fight was on. 3. A custody assistant was doing a Title-15 check when the inmate grabbed him by the neck. The CA struggled to get his radio and put out a call for help while fighting with the inmate. Remember that custody assistants are covered by 4850 time. If you are working with inmates and get injured, you are covered. If you are injured during training, you are covered. If you have to fight for your time, do it! If you get injured and an inmate saw it happen, ask them to write down their name, booking number and what they saw. The most recent custody assistant class graduated on March 28. Be professional and help your new partners. Lastly, please be sure to vote yes for PPOA s legal defense plan when your ballot arrives this month. We all need that protection! PPOA Interviews Sheriff Scott Shortly after his appointment as Los Angeles County Sheriff, John Scott spent an afternoon at PPOA to record an exclusive video interview. The discussion between Sheriff Scott and PPOA President Brian Moriguchi covered a number of significant topics, including the infamous cigar patio, CARPing, dual-track career path and more. The video is available to view at PPOA 8 STAR&SHIELD APRIL 2014
10 PPOA DELEGATES MEETING Nearly 100 PPOA delegates gathered for an informative meeting at Quiet Cannon last month. Special thanks to guest speakers Sheriff John Scott and Sergeant Astrid McDuffie. The Sheriff took time from his busy schedule to talk to the delegates about a few of the issues he s currently tackling and opened the floor for a number of interesting questions from the audience. Topics included career paths, morale, promotions, politics and more. Sergeant McDuffie spoke about her role with the Safety Management Unit and obfuscate delivered an eye-opening presentation about the danger of communicable diseases at stations, jails, crime scenes and beyond. 10 STAR&SHIELD APRIL 2014
11 Star & Shield Contest Winners PPOA 2014 College Scholarship Program We are proud to announce that 12 scholarships worth $13,500 total will be available to help further education for PPOA members and their dependents. Visit for criteria and application. Deadline to apply is May 16, Congratulations to the PPOA members below for winning the Find the Hidden Word contest in Star & Shield. If your name is listed, that means your entry was drawn as one of the winners for that month s issue. Please Greg Torres at to claim your $100 check. $100 Prize Winners (January 2014 issue) Richard Combs, retired Miguel Monteverde-Diaz, Custody Assistant Bennett Seno, retired Yoav Shalev, Sergeant Mary Wright, Custody Assistant APRIL 2014 STAR&SHIELD 11
12 Rookies Roost By Bob Lindsey (LASD ret.) Congratulations to John Scott, the new 10-month Los Angeles County Sheriff. Best wishes on filtering through the misinformation and trying to reach the truth of the depth of disintegration since you departed in the early 2000s. Whatever the next 10 months holds, I promise you this: There is plenty to be said and it will be said. It needs to be said. Let s just support our new Sheriff in his 10-month endeavor, which will have only scratched the surface before he heads back to the OC and to a Sheriff that we all adore. Let s pray that the new Sheriff who follows will continue reforms that need to be done to make this a great LASD once again. Judi (Cobb) Possnack: You have to have the most beautiful penwomanship I have seen in a long time. Retired sergeant from the Training Bureau and retired psychotherapist: Exactly what did you do to those cadets minds that we should be concerned with? You are a Laughlin Roundup regular, and how cool is it that you call your husband your handsome, hunky hubby? Retired in 1980 with 10 grandchildren and five great-grandchildren, your legacy has exploded maybe because of your hunky husband, Dave. Kudos, Dave. May God bless you in your travels and may you continue to achieve more friendships than you have already obtained throughout the years. Your personality flies off the paper and I am certain you can double that in person. May your achievements overflow at the Shepherd s Grove for others to find their way. Ray Salazar of Nipomo: You are shortly going to be 85 years in the making, with one-third of that spent in the service of the Sheriff at PPOA 14th Annual Fishing Trip July 18, 2014 Departs from Long Beach (180 Marina Drive, Seaport Village) for fishing near Catalina and local waters. 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. $35 per PPOA member (+1 guest at $35). Coffee and lunch provided by PPOA. Call PPOA to pay for your spot (first come, first served): (323) STAR&SHIELD APRIL 2014 pre-employment, Carson Station and other fulfilling assignments. May you and Connie enjoy all your travel, the history you pursue in national and state parks and the whoppers you catch in your freshwater and ocean fishing. Thanks for your service and thanks for sharing. Ron the man Melton: Miss you, sir. I certainly could use your advice now and then more now. It is great to see that you are using your policing expertise at Staples, Nokia and the Oakland Coliseum. I m jealous about your European escapades. Congrats that you not only have the courage to travel, but you also do it with three grandkids hanging on your hip. My idol. They will never forget. God bless, Ron, and thanks for your 32 years of exemplary service. Edward Ward of San Juan Capistrano and your lovely wife Valerie: So you like classic cars. I just picked up a 1931 Chevy and I can t keep my wife out of it. The problem is I m not in it. I need some tips. It appears that you are going to be 81 and you still volunteer for bike patrol on the beach. I need an immediate transfusion from you. I don t even care if the blood matches. Maybe yours will take over and I will be a young man again. Enjoy Europe, but most of all, Sergeant Ward, thanks again for 33½ years of living in the greatest Department that will ever be, and for taking the time to write. Terrel Richmond of Springfield, Oregon: Terry, looks like you re approaching the 82 marker. Thirty-two years of service and retired in Parkinson s disease is nothing when you have a partner like Barbara for 54 years. Your story, like so many, is unique but familiar. The homes you lived in when residing in Walnut and San Jacinto merely paved the way to Oregon, where you are now close to beloved family. A U.S. Air Force colonel and major crimes expert are but mere commendations compared to the lives you have touched and changed. You mentioned Leo Cheney, Gil Figueroa and Al Juliano as close friends and LASD associates. You have expressed an open invitation, so watch out, as we just visited the coast of Oregon and my wife purchased an old Hotpoint stove in Depoe Bay. I told her it wouldn t fit on the plane. Guess who was right, again? Guess who is making me drive back, again? May God bless you and your family, Terry. George Seaman (photo at right) of Palacios, Texas: 80 years old and 27 years with LASD. You reveled in assisting Biscailuz, Pitchess and Block the triple threat. You saw airplane collisions, the Watts riots and the Manson case, and had real doughnuts freshly baked with bottled milk. Your ability to manufacture golf clubs took you to Texas, Taiwan and back to Texas, where you traded the clubs for a broker s license. That is a hole in one. What don t you do? Don t answer. Yes, I know, you were also a deputy sheriff in Texas. George Seaman Walker Texas Deputy Ranger. Don t answer that, George. Then you have the nerve to tell me you may find some other profession now? Don t answer that either, George. You Texas people work too hard. What s for breakfast? I m coming over. Until next time God bless one and all. P.S. PPOA continues to receive completed surveys from our retirees who are proud military veterans (more information in the September 2013 issue of Star & Shield, available online at The latest is below. Thank you for your service, Bob! Bob Braman, LASD ret Navy, Special Intel Team II, Vietnam. Commendations/medals: Presidential Unit, Navy Unit, Meritorious Conduct, Vietnam Campaign and more. The biggest and bloodiest battle I participated in was an all-night, hand-to-hand fight in a bar in Subic Bay, Philippines.
13 Retiree Events Retired Deputies Lunch Meeting April 17 Glendale Elks Lodge Retired Marshal s Luncheon May 7 Northwoods Inn, La Mirada Norwalk Station Alumni Reunion May 8 Westridge Golf Club, La Habra 5:30 p.m. Info: (562) Former L.A. Deputy Sheriffs in Texas Luncheon May 17 Ninfa s Restaurant, Waco 11 a.m. RSVP: Dan Castillo, 30-Year Reunion for LASD Academy Class #221 May 29 Palms Hotel Club Red Info: Beth Smith, (323) Retired Marshals Luncheon June 4 Yang Chow Restaurant, Pasadena 33rd Annual McArthur Reunion June Inter-Mountain Fairgrounds, McArthur Century Station 20th Anniversary August 9 Century Station 1 p.m. to 6 p.m. Info: (323) East L.A. Station 90th Anniversary September 27 Two events: ELA Station 11 a.m., Steven s Steakhouse 6 p.m. Current and former station personnel encouraged to attend Info: (323) th Annual PPOA Retiree Luncheon October 15 Sheraton Fairplex, Pomona Info: (323) Lakewood ROMEOs Luncheons Second Monday of each month Wuzz Fuzz/Victor Valley Second Tuesday of each month Hometown Buffet Victorville, 7:30 a.m. L.A. County Retired Deputies First Wednesday of each month Carrows, Hesperia 11:00 a.m. Retired D.A. Investigators Lunch First Wednesday of each month Frantone s Alondra Boulevard, Cerritos,11:00 a.m. Info: Wes English, (714) Inland Empire Old Guys First Wednesday of each month B.C. Café, Rancho Cucamonga 11:30 a.m. Info: Dock Parnell, (909) The Motherlode Loafers Second Wednesday of each month Location varies among Grass Valley restaurants Info: Desert Heat Lunch Second Wednesday of each month Elks Club, Lake Havasu Retired Deputies in Las Vegas Third Wednesday of each month Blue Ox Tavern on Sahara 12:00 p.m. Info: Tony Silas, (702) Compton Alumni Association Third Wednesday of each month Crystal Hotel & Casino 12:00 p.m. North County SEB Retirees Breakfast Third Wednesday of each month IHOP, Santa Clarita Santa Clarita Area Retired Sheriff s Personnel Quarterly Luncheon Second Thursday in February, May, August and November Tournament Players Club restaurant, Valencia, 11:30 a.m. Info: END OF WATCH PPOA EXTENDS CONDOLENCES TO THE FAMILIES AND FRIENDS OF THE FOLLOWING MEMBERS WHO RECENTLY PASSED AWAY: January 2014: Patricia Branley Robert DeBry Timothy Farmer Gene Hopkins Harold Hough Enrique Leon Michael Luzzi LaGene Peck Raul Rodriguez February 2014: Dell Freeman Luther Lanier APRIL 2014 STAR&SHIELD 13
14 8th Annual Peace Officer Memorial Golf Tournament Sponsored by Hayes & Cunningham, LLP Hosted by L.A. County PPOA and its Star & Shield Foundation June 9, 2014 Friendly Hills Country Club 8500 S. Villaverde Drive Whittier, CA :00 a.m. Registration 10:30 a.m. Shotgun Start 4:00 p.m. Dinner Banquet, Awards, Raffle, Auction Every golfer receives three meals, open bar, golf shirt, Titleist Pro V1 golf balls, memorial T-shirt and $100 gift card to use that morning at the tournament store, featuring FootJoy and Titleist. Ample food and drinks on course, including BBQ, beer, tacos, margaritas and more. Statistics tell us that somewhere in the United States, a peace officer is killed in the line of duty every 53 hours. And no state has laid to rest more officers than our very own California. That s a distinction none of us wants, but it is the reality that peace officers face every day. The Star & Shield Foundation was established by PPOA in 1999 to provide assistance to members of the law enforcement community in need, most notably the families of peace officers killed in the line of duty. The proceeds from this Peace Officer Memorial Golf Tournament support law enforcement personnel and their families in times of crisis. Financial assistance from the Star & Shield Foundation also helps surviving family members attend annual memorial ceremonies in Los Angeles County, Sacramento and Washington, D.C. The Star & Shield Foundation is grateful for the support from our tournament sponsors and participants. Your generosity goes a long way in honoring the sacrifices made by peace officers and their loved ones left behind. Friendly Hills Country Club is noted for its spectacular beauty and considered one of the finest and most challenging courses in the Los Angeles/Orange County area. The cost to support this cause as a golfer is $250. If you would like to participate as a sponsor, auction/raffle item donor or event volunteer, please call the PPOA office at (800) 747-PPOA. All donations are tax deductible to the extent of the law under 501(c) (3) tax ID # Please make checks payable to PPOCF and mail them to: PPOA Memorial Golf Tournament 188 E. Arrow Highway San Dimas, CA Tournament brochure is available at Registration Registration deadline: May 19, 2014 Name Company Address Phone Shirt size (circle one): S M L XL Individual golfer $250 Foursome $900 ADDITIONAL PLAYERS Name Shirt size Name Shirt size Name Shirt size SPONSORSHIPS Tournament $20,000 (12 golfers)* SOLD Gold $10,000 (8 golfers)* Silver $5,000 (4 golfers)* Bronze $1,000 (2 golfers)* Golf shirt $5,000 (4 golfers)* SOLD Memorial T-shirt $7,500 (4 golfers)* SOLD Dinner banquet $5,000 (4 golfers)* SOLD Golf towel $5,000 (4 golfers)* In Their Honor video $1,000 (1 golfer)* SOLD Pin flag $2,500 (2 golfers)* Golf cart $2,500 (2 golfers)* Beverage $1,500 (2 golfers)* Food $1,000 Contest $1,000 Tee $250 *Sponsorships marked with asterisks above may add additional golfers for $200 each. I cannot participate, but I would like to support such a worthy event. Enclosed is my tax-deductible donation in the amount of $. Total enclosed (payable to PPOCF ): $. Please call PPOA with any questions: (800) 747-PPOA 14 STAR&SHIELD APRIL 2014
16 California Peace Officers Memorial Foundation CALIFORNIA STATE INCOME TAX CHECK-OFF PROGRAM In 1999, Governor Gray Davis, in an overt expression of support for our peace officer heroes and their surviving families, signed into law Senate Bill 1230 authored by Senator John Burton. This law allows taxpayers to make voluntary contributions on their personal state income tax returns to the California Peace Officers Memorial Foundation (CPOMF). The process is simple. When completing your California Resident Income Tax Return, enter a dollar amount under California Peace Officer Memorial Foundation Fund in the Contributions section of your tax form. Importantly, the law specifies that all contributions must be used to maintain the California Peace Officers Memorial and for activities in support of the surviving families of those gallant men and women peace officers who have made the ultimate sacrifice. The more than 100,000 professional peace officers serving you in California urge your support and participation in this most worthwhile project. Get more information at We appreciate your support! New Contest in 2014! 300 REASONS WHY IT PAYS TO READ StarShield & THREE $100 PRIZES New for 2014, every issue of Star & Shield will feature a different hidden word. The word will be hidden in articles only and will be used only once in the entire magazine your challenge is to find it! Members who find the hidden word and register through our website ( by the end of this month will be entered into a drawing for one of three $100 prizes. Contest ends April 30, 2014, at 11:59 p.m. PST. This month s hidden word is: Obfuscate Verb: render obscure, unclear or unintelligible. 16 STAR&SHIELD APRIL 2014 Online registration only. Please do not call the PPOA office to register for contest. This giveaway is open to PPOA members only. You must be 18 or older to win.
17 Always Opt for Representation When You Are in Trouble, But Be Flexible By Michael P. Stone and Ted Dokko, Stone Busailah, LLP Insisting on one specific attorney may mean you will go without representation. For an example, let s take a look at Quezada v. City of Los Angeles (January 8, 2014, B245879), Cal. Rptr 3rd, Cal. App. 2nd Dist. THE FACTS Three Los Angeles Police Department officers, two male and one female, finished their regular work shift at 11 p.m. and went to a local bar. While the female officer only had one drink, the two male officers consumed numerous drinks and became intoxicated. They left the bar at 2 a.m. and returned to pick up their cars from the station parking lot. The female officer was talking on her cellphone when she turned around at the sound of five or six gunshots. Believing that one or both of her drinking companions had discharged his gun, she disarmed them both. Other officers from the station responded to the scene and the three officers were ordered back on duty by their sergeant and were separated from one another. An Internal Affairs investigation commenced immediately. The three officers requested that they be represented by an individual panel attorney. That attorney, however, was not available until late in the evening because he had prior interviews for other LAPD clients scheduled with LAPD Internal Affairs. The attorney advised the three officers that he could represent them at 9 p.m. Internal Affairs determined that the situation was exigent and required the officers to be interrogated that day, whether or not their requested attorney could represent them. The interrogation of the three officers began at 2:30 p.m., without the presence of the requested attorney. The three officers filed suit for violation of their POBRA rights. The trial court granted the City s motion for summary judgment. The three officers appealed, but the Court of Appeal affirmed the trial court s decision. THE HOLDING The court determined that even though the officers were at times deprived of access to food and water and kept awake for 30 hours while the two male officers were still drunk and/or hung over, their POBRA rights were not violated because the officers had access to food, water and restrooms during their actual interrogation. The Court of Appeal noted that the officers did not request medical attention and concluded that the fact that the officers had been awake for many hours before being interrogated was a result of the incident occurring after they had been on duty for many hours and not because of the Department s unreasonable actions. More importantly, the court found that the officers were not entitled to wait until their requested attorney was available. The court has taken the holding from Upland Police Officers Association v. City of Upland (111 Cal. App. 4th 1294), which requires that an officer choose a representative who is reasonably available and quantified that reasonable availability to mean available at least within the six and a half hours after his or her services are requested. The attorney in this case was requested at 8 a.m. and the interrogations began at 2:30 p.m., without the attorney s presence. In doing so, the court relied on the Department s justification that the seriousness of the circumstances the drunken random firing of shots by off-duty officers required the investigation to be conducted at the earliest opportunity while the officers memories were freshest. THE RULE FOR YOU Since the Court of Appeal accepted the questionable assumption that the interrogation must be completed while memories remain the freshest, any members who find themselves confronted with the need for representation should contact their preferred attorney immediately. However, members should also be prepared to contact other attorneys in case their preferred attorney cannot represent them due to scheduling conflicts. The Court of Appeal noted that the three officers did not seek alternate representation when Internal Affairs would not reschedule the preferred attorney s other interrogations in order to represent the three officers. To sum this up, be flexible anticipate these problems and be prepared to deal with them. Your police association maintains a list of approved panel, LDF or FOP attorneys. Get help in locating alternate lawyers! Michael P. Stone is the founding partner of Stone Busailah, LLP, a Southern California police defense and litigation firm. Ted Dokko is an associate lawyer in the firm. Dream BIG. POPA Signature Loans Rates As Low As 7.20%APR * Apply Today & Get an Instant Decision! Federally Insured by NCUA. *APR=Annual Percentage Rate. Rate shown reflects a 0.50% discount for POPA Checking with Direct Deposit and 0.25% discount for estatements enrollment. Some restrictions may apply. Loan approval is subject to credit and income evaluation. Consumer loan rates may vary depending on credit worthiness, term, and the amount financed. Rates, terms, and conditions are subject to change without notice. Payment example: For every $1,000 borrowed at 7.20%APR for 60 months, the monthly payment would be $ APRIL 2014 STAR&SHIELD 17
18 90 Percent of Disabling Accidents Are Not Work-Related Are You Prepared? By Eddie Holmes, PPOA Insurance Agency Manager Insurance is a necessity few can live without. The death or disability of a loved one can cause permanent financial damage. Without the ability to handle debts, mortgages, college tuitions or other expenses, many families are ruined. With this in mind, the PPOA Insurance Agency is now offering an Accidental Term Life Insurance with an Accident Only income benefit. This will provide the benefit you need at a very affordable price. This program is for those of you concerned about the loss of income due to an accidental death or total disability. Most likely, as you are reading this you are saying to yourself, That won t happen to me. The statistics tell a very different story. More than 90 percent of disabling accidents are not work-related (Commissioners Disability Table, 1998). Disability is the leading cause of bankruptcies (Health Affairs, February 2, 2005). Only 68 percent of U.S. adults are covered by life insurance, which means one-third of Americans have no coverage ( Facts About Life, LIMRA International, 2006). This plan offers a maximum monthly benefit of $1,800 or 60 percent of your gross monthly salary, whichever is less. Benefits are payable after a 90-day wait for benefits, and payments continue for up to two years while you are totally disabled. Your policy pays a death benefit if you die as a result of a covered accident. If your policy is in force at age 75, the return of premium rider returns some or all of the premiums paid for the policy. If you terminate the policy early, you may receive some of your premiums paid, starting in the sixth year. The amount returned is reduced by any benefits paid. There are other features, but I thought I would highlight three of the main features. This is available for spouses as well. The Professional Peace Officers Insurance Agency is here to help you design an insurance or financial plan that works for you. Feel free to give us a call at (909) for a no-obligation review of your insurance and retirement needs. By the way, our PPOA Insurance representatives have been busy going unit to unit to visit with members and discuss insurance needs. This month, you can find them at San Dimas Station on April 22 and at Norwalk Station on April 29. If you d like to schedule a visit at your unit, please call us. PPOA INSURANCE AGENCY All PPOA members are eligible to purchase valuable insurance coverage from the PPOA Insurance Agency (PPOIA). This agency was established in 2012 in order to help PPOA members protect themselves and their families, while saving money and gaining peace of mind. Call (909) for information. PPOA.com HEADLINES The following is a partial list of breaking news links posted at last month. Visit the PPOA website to stay up to date on the news affecting Los Angeles County s current and retired peace officers. LASD Says DNA Links Career Criminal to Teen s 1991 Cold Case Murder Officers Fear Body Cameras Raise Privacy Concerns Suspect Wounded in Deputy-Involved Shooting in Lancaster LASD Says Skeletal Remains May Be Linked to Cold Murder Case Palmdale Station Personnel Rescue Survivors of Glider Crash LASD Sergeant Weighs in on Uncertain Future of Police Horses Race for L.A. County Sheriff: First Public Debate Brings Out Barbs Deputies Seize 600 Marijuana Plants From La Puente Business Deputies Seize 200+ High-End Appliances in Burglary Ring Deputies Arrest Suspect Wanted for 60+ Cases of Vandalism Deputies Arrest Former Irwindale Officer for Kidnapping, Sex Assault SCV Station s New Commander Talks Shop LASD Deputies Among Group Honored for Fighting Hate Crimes U.S. Attorney Discusses LASD Indictments and More California Anti-Pension Initiative Accused of Misleading Voters Deputies Arrest Suspect in Slaying of 67-Year-Old Minister TSB Detectives Arrest Suspect in Metro Station Beating Sheriff s Sergeant Among Candidates Vying for Arcadia Council Seat LASD Among Agencies in Early Morning Altadena Raid Deputies Arrest Suspect for Cyberstalking Rape Threat 18 STAR&SHIELD APRIL 2014
19 Brian Moriguchi continued from page 4 is an important race, and I hope all our members will participate in our polling and attend the forum to hear directly from the candidates. ALADS In December 2013, then-president Floyd Hayhurst was defeated by Armando Macias for the president position at ALADS. In recent weeks, the L.A. Times reported that the battle for the ALADS presidency has continued and changed several times. In fact, it has changed four times in one week! Why is this important to PPOA? There are several reasons. We would like to work with ALADS on several critical issues that impact both unions membership: CARPing, promotions, etc. We have reached out to Macias to begin working on these issues, something Hayhurst was unwilling to do. We also both have contract negotiations starting up later this year, and the turmoil at ALADS hurts those negotiation efforts, showing the County that ALADS is divided and not unified as a union. It is never good for unions to appear divided during negotiations. We, as cops, are used to being in charge and getting our way. It is often difficult accepting defeat, but ALADS would be wise to look at how politicians embroiled in a fierce election battle make concessions for the betterment of their constituents when they lose. I hope the ALADS board members put the membership s needs before their own and resolve this issue... soon. We have heard a lot of complaints from ALADS members, and I encourage ALADS members to stand by their union and not to jump ship to other unions, including PPOA. This leadership battle will soon be over (I hope), and the strength of ALADS will be restored. Strength comes from unity. Stand by your union. Mystery Photo The first PPOA member to correctly ID the individual in this photo will win a PPOA prize pack. One guess per person. your guess to Did you know that PPOA Facebook followers regularly get first crack at solving mystery photos, along with opportunities to win prizes? Check it out for yourself at Attention PPOA Members hield 10/1 We need your personal (non-lasd) address! If you have not received an blast from PPOA in the last six months (we ve sent a handful), that means: 1. Your address is not on file with PPOA, or 2. We have only your LASD-provided address (which is regularly blocked from receiving PPOA blasts). Either way, we need your personal (non-lasd) address so that we can disseminate important news to you as quickly as possible. Please your address to and reference updates in the subject line. BETTER VISION AT ANY AGE My implants are better than anyone else s! Thank you Dr. Khanna for restoring my vision. Please call , mention my name and get your complimentary copy of the best-selling book The Miracle of Pi in Eye. Michael City Attorney, former Detective Rajesh Khanna M.D. Choice of cops, detectives, doctors and celebrities like Brenda Song (The Social Network), Judi Shekoni (Breaking Dawn), Kevin Sorbo (Hercules), Butch Patrick (Munsters) benefits of making pre-arrangements 1. Avoid making decisions at a difficult time 2. Buy what you want, not what survivors feel you deserve (emotional overspending) 3. Secure today s preferred pricing, not tomorrow s going rate 4. Rose Hills convenient payment plans exclusively for LA Sheriffs and their families: Double depth burial for two: or 10% discount for pre-need cemetery property or funeral services Call for a free 30-minute, no obligation appointment Mark Ortega, Community Service Counselor *plus endowment care fee License #0D04129 Rose Hills Mortuary, Whitter #FD970 $5,280* INSURANCE APRIL 2014 STAR&SHIELD 19
20 Total Dues Paid 2013 To aid members in the preparation of their personal tax returns for 2013, the following lists the full year-end dues totals for members paying dues for the entire year. If you were not a PPOA member for the entire calendar year, please contact Clare at (323) Please note that each year a portion of the dues is used for lobbying expenses and is not deductible by members on their personal income tax returns. For 2013, the nondeductible percentage is 10 percent, meaning that 90 percent of a member s total dues are tax-deductible. UNIT CLASSIFICATION DUES 612 Lieutenant Lieutenant, DA Sergeant Supervising Investigator, DA Criminalist Forensic Identification Specialist I Forensic Identification Specialist II Senior Criminalist Crime Lab Tech Civilian Investigator Court Services Specialist Crime Analyst Custody Assistant Law Enforcement Technician Public Response Dispatcher I Public Response Dispatcher II Public Response Dispatcher Specialist Supervising Public Response Dispatcher Security Assistant Security Officer Supv. Coroner s Investigator I Supv. Coroner s Investigator II Captain Captain, DA Commander Deputy IV (full member) Deputy (PPOA full member, not ALADS) Senior Investigator, DA Service Member Retired Member Retired Member prior to January 1, Whether it s a Lexus, Acura or Honda, let me assist you with your next new vehicle selection. Call or me to schedule an appointment. Our dealerships are family owned and operated with strict professionalism. Your complete satisfaction is guaranteed. 45 Auto Center Drive Tustin, CA E La Palma Avenue Anaheim, CA Robert Bob Berardi LASD Active Sales and Leasing (714) MacArthur Boulevard Newport Beach, CA E La Palma Avenue Anaheim, CA /13 Calendar of Events These events and more can be found on PPOA s online calendar at you know of a Department-related event we can help promote? details to April 13: PPOA Heroes Ride Hollywood Bowl & Sunset Strip Proceeds benefit families of fallen officers and wounded vets (See page 9 for details) May 3: LASAA Bench Press & Deadlift Contest STARS Center, Whittier Weigh-in: 7 a.m. May 5: California Peace Officers Memorial Ceremony Capitol Mall, Sacramento May 8: Norwalk Station Alumni Reunion Westridge Golf Club, La Habra 5:30 p.m. Info: (562) May 15: National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Ceremony Washington, D.C. May 17: Retirement party for Sgt. John Bomben Santa Clarita Activities Center 6:30 p.m. Info: Deputy Keith Greene, (661) , ext May 21: L.A. County Peace Officers Memorial Ceremony STARS Center, Whittier 10 a.m. May 29: 30-Year Reunion for LASD Academy Class #221 Palms Hotel Club Red Info: Beth Smith, (323) June 5: LASAA Summer Slam Racquetball Tournament Meridian Club, Fullerton June 9: 8th Annual Peace Officer Memorial Golf Tournament Friendly Hills Country Club, Whittier Proceeds benefit families of fallen officers (See page 14 for details) June 21-29: U.S. Police & Fire Championships San Diego July 18: PPOA 14th Annual Fishing Trip Long Beach and beyond Info: (323) August 9: Century Station 20th Anniversary Century Station 1 p.m. to 6 p.m. Info: (323) September 27: East L.A. Station 90th Anniversary Two events: ELA Station 11 a.m., Steven s Steakhouse 6 p.m. Current and former station personnel encouraged to attend Info: (323) STAR&SHIELD APRIL 2014
Clarification Benefits outlined in this booklet are dependent upon qualification and considered by the sponsoring body or organization on a case-by-case basis Visit us online at www.bluecoatsofmedinacounty.org