Topics: Marketing, Marketing strategy, Marketing plan Pages: 3 (1180 words) Published: November 6, 2008
A product form has reached this stage when it becomes clear the market is no longer able to sustain itself. Like the Maturity stage, the Decline stage may last a long time especially for products that have been adopted by a large percentage of the market who are not inclined to change how they satisfy their needs (i.e., Laggards). Since the end of the product form is seen as inevitable, there are no sub-stages here. Characteristics:
·Competition: As time goes on firms drop out until no one is producing the product. ·Target Market: Mostly consists of Laggards who have been loyal to this type of product for a long time and have not moved on to newer products. ·Product: No new improvements are introduced and some models are discontinued. ·Prices: May be rising as competitors drop out and companies still in the market have little incentive to engage in price competition. Also, there may be a large loyal market they may not be sensitive to price increases. However, some companies looking to get out of market, but have existing inventory, may drastically markdown product to encourage rapid sales. ·Promotion: Companies limit promotions to occasional reminders to loyal customers though overall little is spent. ·Distribution: With declining demand distributors are removing products. The marketer may even make the decision to remove the product from unprofitable distributors. Sales may shift to online distribution or via non-traditional channels. ·Profits: For companies remaining, profits may be stable and possibly big if this stage takes a long time to play out. Brand Strategy:
Marketers are faced with Market Exit strategies when they reach the Decline stage. There are two ways marketers can address this. First, companies may consider a "milking" strategy that involves getting the most out of the product in terms of sales without spending any additional funds to support the product. This strategy works best if a sizable market remains that is...
...New product Li Yuan Dip Fin 16B1 1. Idea generation-there are many sources to help them to generate the new idea. Business analysis-what is the potential for sale, costs, and benefit? 2. Idea generation is the first stage of new product development. The idea is creative thinking. that is new product ideas or creative process. Lack of good new product idea has become the bottleneck of industry of new product development. A good new product idea is a key of new product development success. Companies usually from internal and external sources find new product ideas. First, from the internal sources, in the company of internal personnel the research and development department, sales staff and senior management personnel of new product design is extremely important and a wide range of sources. Research and development of new product design department is the most important source of content. Sales personnel often communicate with customer, Familiar with the user's requirements; Initiative asks the user what the new demand of product. Collect the suggestions of user for enterprise in new product development direction. Senior management department in the examination and adjust enterprise general management strategy, may get a new product...
...I am the CEO of L'oreal, a global personal care products company. We provide our customers with cosmetics, beauty and perfumes. Although we are in the cosmetics business now for 97 years, we are having difficulties with our shampoo line, which represents one-half of our annual sales in a normal year. But in 2005 it proofed to become our only product that didn't work out the way we planned. Our shampoos are now in a declining phase and this affects our sales intensively. This is why we were looking for a strategy to maintain our existing level of operating income although our difficulties in the shampoo sector. Our strategy implies a few steps: PRICING, PROMOTION and PLACEMENT Contract Shampoo Line We will not produce new shampoos anymore for the next 6 months. We will try to liquidate our remaining stock. Our liquidation method consists of adding one shampoo to every new eye cream. We will then elevate the price of the eye cream a little bit. We are able to do this because this is a new and innovative product that does not have competition from outside companies. We have exclusivity on this special eye cream with nutrients and minerals from the Dead Sea. So we could afford to sell a little more expensive and add a shampoo to each eye cream to liquidate our stock. With the price of such a package (eye cream and shampoo) we cover the shampoo's cost price. So we don't even intend to lose money or whatsoever with...
...Maturity Stage This stage view the company new product become less new and it is now standardized, well known and established in the current market. It is increasingly distributed to larger markets in national or even in international dimensions. Price wars intensify against competitor brands and substitution products will cause the company production facilities move to location to have cheaper labour in order for the company to control costs. Sales volume in this stage will be maximized as the market saturation is reached. Public consumption will becomes dependent upon the brand name and image of the company. Parity pricing is the norm in this stage where company must not set price too high in order to not loss of market share meanwhile price cannot be too low because will lead price war. Brand preference and features diversification will be the advantage of the company. The company in this stage will struggle to maintain and increase market share. Decline Stage After the period of stable growth stage, the revenue and profit generated from sales of the product starts dipping because to market saturation and this is where product reaches the decline stage. The company will put efforts to cut production and distribution costs. This is because the company main concern is to...
...THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE A product's life cycle (PLC) can be divided into several stages characterized by the revenue generated by the product. The life cycle concept may apply to a brand or to a category of product. Its duration may be as short as a few months for a fad item or a century or more for product categories such as the gasoline-powered automobile. Product development is the incubation stage of the product life cycle. There are no sales and the firm prepares to introduce the product. As the product progresses through its life cycle, changes in the marketing mix usually are required in order to adjust to the evolving challenges and opportunities. The four stages of product life cycle are: 1.	Introduction stage 2.	Growth stage 3.	Maturity stage 4.	Decline stage Nonetheless, the product life cycle concept helps marketing managers to plan alternate marketing strategies to address the challenges that their products are likely to face. It also is useful for monitoring sales results over time and comparing them to those of products having a similar life cycle. INTRODUCTION STAGE When the product is introduced, sales will be low until customers become aware...
...﻿Product Life Cycle Stages As consumers, we buy millions of products every year. And just like us, these products have a life cycle. Older, long-established products eventually become less popular, while in contrast, the demand for new, more modern goods usually increases quite rapidly after they are launched. Because most companies understand the different product life cycle stages, and that the products they sell all have a limited lifespan, the majority of them will invest heavily in new product development in order to make sure that their businesses continue to grow. Product Life Cycle Stages Explained The product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its own characteristics that mean different things for business that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular products. Introduction Stage – This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching a new product. The size of the market for the product is small, which means sales are low, although they will be increasing. On the other hand, the cost of things like research and development, consumer testing, and the marketing needed to launch the product can be very high, especially if it’s a competitive...
...Selling & Major Account Management The Idea Generation Stage of the New Product Development Process: Can Key Account Management Systems Help? By Geoffrey L. Gordon, Dan C. Weilbaker, Rick E. Ridnour, and Kimberly Judson The failure rate of new products continues to be high; yet, those developed with some customer input have a greater probability of commercial success. Industrial (B-to-B) salespeople, employed by organizations utilizing key account management (KAM) systems, should be well suited to serve as a conduit between customers and employees who hold primary responsibility for new product development (NPD) efforts. The current exploratory, descriptive study targeting sales managers examines the role the sales force employed by organizations utilizing KAM systems plays in the idea generation stage of the NPD process. Managerial implications and recommendations as to how to improve processes are provided. Introduction The failure rate of all new products continues to be in the range of 40-to-90 percent (Cannon 2005; Clancy and Stone 2005; Stevens and Burley 2003). As the business environment gets increasingly competitive, companies are faced with the challenge to improve new products(s)/service(s) development (hereafter referred to as products(s)) success rates while simultaneously guiding their products to market at an...
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt are both cradles of civilization. Both contributed greatly to human development through their achievements, failures, peoples, scientific accomplishments, philosophies, religions, and contributions.
Mesopotamia is a rich flat plain created by deposits from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. At the southern end of this plain developed the first recognizable civilization, in the area known as Sumer. In 3000 B.C. Sumer contained a dozen or more city-states, each ruled by its own king and worshiped its own patron deity. The citizens of these city-states were classified into three classes: nobles and priests, commoners, and slaves. In the center of a Sumerian city usually stood a tower culminating in a temple for the patron god of the city. The Sumerians believed that this patron god owned the whole city. The Geography of this city helped a lot with the trade, and led to mathematics as well. The Sumerians developed a precise system of mathematical notation called the sexagesimal, in which the number sixty is the main element. We even use this system in our world today! The Sumerian' chief contribution to later civilizations was writing, even though their script was pictographic.
Through these pictographic scripts historians found a long narrative known as the Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is a great hero and ruler who sets out to recover cedar from northern lands. He travels with his companion Enkidu, who is killed by the storm god, Enlil. Mourning the loss of his companion and confronted by death himself, Gilgamesh travels the world in search of eternal life. He ends up finding the plant of eternal youth, but a serpent swallows it while he is bathing. The epic ends with his death and funeral. The Sumerians believed that the gods created people to be their slaves.
The first Great Warlord came from the region of Akkad, an area north of Babylon. His name was Sargon, and he conquered...
...CHAPTERS 1 and 2, HUMAN ORIGINS AND EARLY CIVILIZATIONS THE ORIGINS OF HUMANKIND Competing Theories of Evolution and creation: (Theories) OUT OF AFRICA THEORY MULTI -REGIONAL THEORY THE GENESIS MYTH The Theory of Evolution *	*Classifies humans as primates *	*Explains that a crucial development occurred when the ape family differentiated into tree-dwelling types and ground-dwelling types (hominids) *Development of the Genus “Homo” Hominids: not found in the order they lived *	*Australopithecu africanuss: Raymond dart: Earliest ground-dwelling ape; discovered in South Africa in 1924 *	*Homo habilis: a. Louis S. B. Leakey found 1.75 million-year-old fossil in 1964 at Olduvai Gorge; b. Creature walked erect, had well-developed thumb, probably used tools *	*Homo ergaster - . Turkana Boy, 1.6 million-year-old fossil, found in Kenya, 1984 *	* Homo erectus in Asia; c. Used fire, standardized tools; Emerged 1.8 million years ago in Africa, migrated to Near East, Asia, Europe *	* Neanderthal Man: . Discovered in Neander Valley in Germany in 1857; Adapted to cold climates, 40,000–200,000 years ago; Inhabited parts of Europe, Asia, Africa; Used fire, wore fur, made stone-tipped spears, lived in caves, stone shelters; . No longer classified as Homo sapiens *	*Homo sapiens: a. Developed 150,000 years ago; b. Cro-Magnon Man appeared at least 40,000 years ago’ c. Scientists debate whether Homo sapiens originated in Africa and...
...Early civilizations formed years and years back. Two of these civilizations include ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. The mentioned societies had such advancements that people in their time did not really have. Since the regions were near each other, they obtained many ideas from one another. Though they had similar ideas, there were also differences. These similarities and differences included topics in culture, economy, and government and politics. One of the major similarities both Egypt and Mesopotamia had to due with was their culture. Culture played a very important role in early civilization formation. Both of them had a polytheism religion. According to Merriam-Webster's dictionary, polytheism means “belief in or worship of more than one god”. They used gods in stories to explain how nature works since they didn't know how things happened themselves. The reason for this comparison is because the civilians needed a way to clarify how things took place in nature. Another similarity is that much architecture was portrayed religion in everyday life. Even though there was a contrast in the two structures, the pyramids at Giza and the ziggurats of the ancient Near East both had to due with the same purpose, which was religion. The pyramids were constructed to be a resting place for rulers when they died. The Egyptians would also perform religious rituals here for their king so that he would...
...1 The Birth of Civilization Mohenjo-Daro Figure. Scholars believe this limestone statue from about 2500 B.C.E. depicts a king or a priest from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley in present-day Pakistan. Does this figure seem to emphasize the features of a particular person or the attributes of a particular role? Hear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS “culture” considered a defining trait of human beings? EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST TO ABOUT 1000 B.C.E. page 5 HOW DID control over water resources influence early Middle Eastern civilizations? ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN EMPIRES page 14 HOW DID conquest and trade shape early empires in the Near East? EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION page 16 WHAT INFLUENCES did the first Indus valley civilization have on later Indian religious and social practices? EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION page 23 WHY DID large territorial states arise in ancient China? THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS page 27 HOW DID agriculture influence the development of civilizations in Mesoamerica? 1 he earliest humans lived by hunting, fishing, and collecting wild plants. Around 10,000 years ago, they learned to cultivate plants, herd...
Explain how and why different groups of customers are targeted for selected products at McDonalds (P5).
• Explain demographics, Geographic’s, psychographics and why companies use these methods to segment the market effectively • Explain different methods used to segment markets e.g. ACORN, Mosaic • Explain the different target markets of McDonalds – identify 4 product ranges and describe in detail the target market for each product • Describe the different needs of each target segment
Market segmentation is where marketers split the market into groups with similarities that would make it easy to target their product to the consumers, if they do not do this then they could waste money and time on targeting the wrong people. The company would be trying to maximise their sales so that they can gain as much money as possible. Using market segmentation could mean a business could gain a commercial advantage as they would be advertising to a specific audience, they would be matching target audience and the product effectively.
Demographics are where the companies target market would be to a group because of their Gender, age, race/nationality, family size, occupation and education. For example McDonalds advertise happy meals to children because they would keep bugging their parents to take them to get them it.
Geographic’s are where the companies target market would be to a group because of where they live, for example an expensive store wouldn’t come to Burnley because most of the residents are working class and don’t have a lot of money.
Psychographics are where the companies target market would be to a group because of personality, lifestyle and interests. For example subway would advertise to people with a healthy lifestyle.
These segmentation methods are used to split up the market so business can find the perfect target market, if companies didn’t use these methods then the companies wouldn’t have a good understanding of the people they are trying to advertise to.
ACORN or A Classification of Residential Neighbourhoods, is used to segment the market into different classifications, the classifications are split up into 5 categories, which are:
• Wealthy Achievers – wealthy people who already have good, well-paid jobs, • Urban Prosperity – wealthy people who are aspiring to have good, well-paid jobs, • Comfortably Off – people aren’t particularly wealthy but have a decent sized house etc. • Hard Pressed - lower classed people, who are live in high rise flats etc. • Moderate Means – working class people, live in terraces.
Another method of segmentation the public are is a system created by Experian called Mosaic, this assigns people to groups based on their post code, neighbourhood etc. and it makes assumptions about peoples likes, dislikes and lifestyles based on their postcode area.
• A Career professionals living in sought after locations • B Younger families living in newer homes
• D Close-knit, inner city and manufacturing town communities • E Educated, young, single people living in areas of transient populations • F People living in social housing with uncertain employment in deprived areas • G Low income families living in estate based social housing • H Upwardly mobile families living in homes bought from social landlords • I Older people living in social housing with high care needs • J Independent older people with relatively active lifestyles • K People living in rural areas far from urbanisation
McDonalds target markets are happy meals, saver menu, portion sizes, fillet o’Fish, breakfast and hot drinks; the happy meal is targeted towards children as they will use pester power to make their parents take them to McDonalds. They sell small...
...﻿Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Segmentation, targeting, and positioning together comprise a three stage process. We first (1) determine which kinds of customers exist, then (2) select which ones we are best off trying to serve and, finally, (3) implement our segmentation by optimizing our products/services for that segment and communicating that we have made the choice to distinguish ourselves that way. Segmentation involves finding out what kinds of consumers with different needs exist. In the auto market, for example, some consumers demand speed and performance, while others are much more concerned about roominess and safety. In general, it holds true that “You can’t be all things to all people,” and experience has demonstrated that firms that specialize in meeting the needs of one group of consumers over another tend to be more profitable. Generically, there are three approaches to marketing. In the undifferentiated strategy, all consumers are treated as the same, with firms not making any specific efforts to satisfy particular groups. This may work when the product is a standard one where one competitor really can’t offer much that another one can’t. Usually, this is the case only for commodities. In the concentrated strategy, one firm chooses to focus on one of several segments that exist while leaving other segments to competitors. For example, Southwest Airlines focuses on price...
...﻿P5: Explain How and Why Groups of Customers Are Targeted for Selected Products. In this essay I will be explaining how and why groups of customers are targeted for 6 selected products. Market segmentation is the technique used to enable a business to better target it products at the right customers. It is about identifying the specific needs and wants of customer groups and then using those insights into providing products and services which meet customer needs. (http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/business-studies/comments/qa-what-is-market-segmentation). In more detail the different types of market segmentation is firstly: Geographic market segments focus on the location of the customers. Customers that live and work in different states or areas of the country may have different needs when it comes to products and services. For example, customers living in Florida do not have a need for snow shovels, but the same company may produce beach shovels it could sell to Florida customers. Demographic market segments are some of the most popular ways for companies to segment its customers. Demographics consist of characteristics such as the age, sex or family size of the customers. Additional demographic data may include income, education and occupation. Religion, race and nationality are other dividing factors in market segmentation. Income segmentation is another strategy used by...
...Market Segmentation Introduction The process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly identifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. Its objective is to design a marketing mix that precisely matches the of customers in the targeted segment. Few companies are big enough to supply the needs of an entire market; most must breakdown the total demand into segments and choose those that the company is best equipped to handle. Four basic factors that affect market segmentation are (1) clear identification of the segment, (2) measurability of its effective size, (3) its accessibility through promotional efforts, and (4) its appropriateness to the policies and resources of the company. The four basic market segmentation-strategies are based on (a) behavioral (b) demographic, (c) psychographic, and (d) geographical differences. Geographic segmentation: Where? A market can be divided according to where consumers are located. On a trip abroad you might have noticed that people enjoy more outdoor activities than back home. You could also be surprised by the amount of people that like drinking hot coffee at the beach in Rio de Janeiro. If you visit this website you will see differences in food preferences around the world. Understanding cultural differences between countries could be pivotal for business success, consequently marketers will need to tailor...
...A Practical Guide To Market Segmentation There are ten basic steps in finding unique segments in your customer base. Segmentation can be created by looking at factors such as purchase history, industry, need, and behaviour. B2B International shares their segmentation methodology in this white paper. STEP 1: ALWAYS MAKE KEY ACCOUNTS A SEGMENT ON THEIR OWN Every company needs to segment its customers. Customers aren’t all the same and they shouldn’t be treated as such. Virtually every business to business company has key accounts and these are recognised as different and given special treatment. The 80/20 rule which determines that 20% of customers account for 80% of turnover focuses special activity on those large accounts which determine the future of a business. For many business to business companies these key accounts amount to just a couple of handful of customers. It is quite reasonable therefore that such large and crucial customers should be treated as individuals, scoping products and services to exactly meet their needs. This is segmentation at its best – segments of one. STEP 2: APPLY MARKET SEGMENTATION ANALYSIS TO THE SMALLER CUSTOMERS However, the corollary of the 80/20 rule is that 80% of customers account for only 20% of revenue. Eighty per cent of customers are, by definition, relatively small accounts and they dominate the customer population. Clearly they should not be...
...Segmentation and Target Market MKT/571 August 26, 2013 Meraj Khan Segmentation and Target Market Target Market, Segmentation and Positioning of McDonald’s McDonald’s is a fast food giant and is one of the best known burger chains in the world. McDonald’s builds its brand equity by listening to its customers and continually adjusting its communication and marketing methods. Because McDonald’s faces stiff competition around the world from other fast food chains it must continually adapt. This paper will show how McDonald’s is segmented in the fast food industry, its target markets, and the selection process for that target market. Developing a marketing strategy is very important and to do that it is important to understand the company’s target customers. Once the customer base is understood, communication to that customer base is easier. This also translates into marketing to the customer base in the most effective way possible. McDonald’s segmented its products by psychographic, behavioral, and demographic characteristics. Their products are targeted at children, students, families, and business-people. The immense size of these market segments is why McDonald’s targets them, and the growth rate projections come into play as well. These segments tend to generate massive profit margins. Market Segmentation Market segmentation is the dividing of a one market into smaller market segments. The...
...Target Identification Using Segmentation Technique Muqaddas Abid Department of Computer Science COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Attock, Pakistan muqaddasabid3@gmail.com Abstract --- Target identification is an important field that attracted a lot of interest in computer vision. The paper presents a simple target detection which can be implemented on a proposed automated tracking system. An edge detection algorithm accompanied by Sobel filtering and morphological processing steps are applied to segment the desired target from acquired image. Further object identification techniques are being employed for object detection in segmented image. This 2D target identification prototype can be employed in future to make an automated tracking system present in unmanned ground vehicles. Keywords ---- Target identification; edge detection; tracking system; segmented image; unmanned ground vehicles. I. INTRODUCTION Application of multiple image processing techniques for developing an algorithm for identification of template target is the main theme of this paper [1]. Target identification is an important field that attracted a lot of interest in computer vision [2]. Target identification in computer vision is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Humans recognize a multitude of objects in images with little effort, despite the fact that the image of the objects may vary somewhat in different viewpoints, in many different...
Topics: American Civil War, United States, Native Americans in the United States Pages: 2 (472 words) Published: January 22, 2013
AP History Take home test Yasser Benamirouche1-compare and contrast president Polk's willingness to go to war against Mexico over Texas but not against Britain over Oregon. I believe that there is political and economical reasons behind that.. Britain is a much stronger enemy and I do not think it was a good idea to go to war with them because it might end badly for the U.S while Mexico that just got its freedom it was an “easy target” I believe and it kinda was the case because the United States one the war and got Texas and more. A second reason will be that Polk; being from the Jacksonian party which stood for slavery; wanted to get Texas and make it a slave state which will give more power to the slave states while if they got Oregon it would have been a free state which is not what Jacksonian democrat would want. Those were the political reasons now with the economical reasons, getting Texas would open a gateway to California and therefor the trade with Southern America which will be very profitable for the United States of America. 2-what are the reason that American settlers were so eager to go west in this time period? Discuss the hardships they would have faced on their journey West. American settlers moving West was motivated by different ideas like that the settlers were responsible of spreading Christianity and that the United States was meant to spread in the continent making a “making a new heaven on earth” and it was documented and it became the practical document “ Manifest Destiny which was used by democrats to explain their expansions “ the War with Mexico etc.. 3-Asses the validity of the following statement”although Americans percieved manifest destiny as a benevolent movement, it was in fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others” I believe what was said is very true, the Manifest Disteny was a way to explain the unexplainable which is going to war and taking over lands by killing its native habitants like in the War of...
...Racism; An epidemic of the 21st Century. Harley Sudell April 2014 Introduction Racism is something that is becoming increasingly evident in our society. To accept everyone as equal is fundamental to being an Australian and living in Australia. Australia is a multi-cultural and multi-racial society and for us to live in harmony we all need to see other races and other cultures as our equals. Discussion As a 10 year old Primary Student I see racism first hand when I look around my environment. Examples of racism may be seen in the school playground, on television, in comics and journals and even sometimes amongst my friends. The fight against racism has been important in the developed world now for many decades. Before the Second World War, racism was seen as almost acceptable. There were many examples throughout the British Commonwealth and in places like India, which was a British Colony, the local people were seen as almost second class citizens by the occupying British forces and there were many examples of the local people being treated as little more than servants. Ghandi, who was one of the leaders of the Indian people advocated non-violent protest, and eventually achieved a massive swing in public opinion against racism. We can all do our bit to stop racism, such as joining in with children from other cultures in our playground games...
...﻿ Racism is an ongoing force that negatively impacts the lives of Americans every day. The racist mindset in America stems from the times of slavery, where blacks were thought to be inferior to whites. Throughout history, the ideas of race and racism has evolved and developed several different meanings. Today, we can still see the devastating effects of racism on people of color, as well as whites. “Racism, like other forms of oppression, is not only a personal ideology based on racial prejudice, but a system involving cultural messages and institutional policies and practices as well as beliefs and actions of individual” (Tatum, pg. 9). As a result of this system, it leaves the oppressed at a great disadvantage in society. This includes access to social, cultural, and economic resources and decision-making. In order for change to come about and for the American society to reach racial inequality, we first have to acknowledge the problem openly, which our society has yet to do. Su (2006) mentions that it is unethical to practice without the knowledge, expertise, and skills needed to provide culturally relevant services to an increasingly diverse population. This semester has given me some time to think about the different concerns that are impacting our community, placements, and the community of our clients. I work at a homeless shelter in an urban community in Boston. More...
...﻿Ignorance, Racism, Media and Today’s Society By dagirluluv, Lynn, MA Media’s portrayal of black society has huge implications for both the black community’s self-identification and non-black societies expectations of the black community. According to a study conducted in 2009, media consistently portrays black people as violent and aggressive, minorities as criminals and white people as the victims. (Elizabeth Behm-Morawitz, et al) Alongside their overrepresentation as criminals in the news, blacks also are underrepresented as victims compared with their on-air counterparts (Dixon & Linz, 2000b). This portrayal would make anyone second guess a black person's intentions. It’s forcing black people out of the invisible social circle and labeling him or her a dangerous person. “As black men...we always feel like we’re on trial, like we have to be on our best behavior. If you’re not you never know what’s gonna go wrong. You never know who’s gonna perceive you differently” This was stated in 2006 during a media project named , “Being a black man” in the Washington Post. “The image of a few black men now has been taken as who the black man is. The black man and manhood in our community need to be defined, defined by black men themselves.” Minority reporters account for less than 13% of the population working in the newsroom. How can a white reporter effectively portray black men and women if he or she has nothing but media to go off of. The black community has...
... RACISM AND CASTEISM WITH THE SPECIAL REFENCE TO I KNOW WHY THE CAGED BIRD SINGS AND KARUKKU Maya Angelou’s turbulent experiences through late childhood and adolescence transformed into an almost positive force in her adult life as they helped enlighten, inspire, motivate and shape and very being .They provided her with the vehement fuel that drives her achingly powerful words and allowed her the knowledge and wisdom that led to self –discovery (finding one’s inner self), two endeavors that most of humanity is never able or perhaps willing to acquire. From an apprehensive child growing up in a small town in Arkansas, Maya Angelou has evolved into an influential, wish, and respected women. She has overcome obstacles and has grown into one of the elite intellectual people of this country, and perhaps the world. Along her numerous struggles, various people have given her positive guidance and passed down their knowledge to her. Among these people was Mrs. Bertha Flowers, a person in which Maya respected greatly. She was a dignified person that Maya could strive to achieve the gratitude that Mrs. Flowers gave to the people around her, a sense of appreciation. In her life story, Maya Angelou attributes her characterists she has acquired today, being influential wise and respected, to Mrs. Flower, who shows her the power of a voice, the knowledge of literature and pride in her race, and turns a self-conscious girl, into one of the...
...﻿ Term-Paper Racism is defined as the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior, is racist. In the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn the theme of racism is shown. At the time when this story occurred, people looked at blacks as slaves, and not humans. Because of this, they abused and neglected black slaves. Huck thought no differently of Jim; he only copied what he had thought was expected. No one cared to consider that perhaps blacks are people, and perhaps they have feelings, too. This mindset of superiority of the whites influenced many events. Slaves tried running away to freedom; if a slave was caught escaping they would be killed and/or tortured. Throughout all of history we are able to see the way racist attitudes impact events and influence the behaviors of people. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Jim is a runaway slave and Huck is assisting Jim. Society at that time looked down at Blacks and mistreated them. “Pap always said it warn’t no harm to borrow things if you was meaning to pay them back some time,… then he reckoned it wouldn’t be no harm to borrow the others.” Pap was influenced and...
...﻿Racism has been a controversial topic for many decades. Is racism the cause for our unjust society? Has it changed over the years? After reading Black Boy by Richard Wright, Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, Public Justice Report: Racism Still Divides Black and White America by Tom Skinner, and What Race Has to Do With It by Gary Younge, these documents show that even after the progress in civil right reforms over the last four decades, Black Americans go through struggles and experience discrimination today. The novel Black Boy, tells a story about a black boy’s upbringing and the obstacles he goes through growing up in the South. Not only does he experience personal discrimination, he observes how others of his color are degraded as well. In the novel Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the grandson of slaves tells a story about invisibility and how it is through invisibility that blacks "get by" in society. In the interview “Public Justice Report,” Tom Skinner explains how the law isn't reality and that for there to be a change on how others view each other, despise their color, they must be given the same opportunity as each other. In the article “What Race Has To Do With It” by Gary Younge he says that "race is about power and it is through power that resources are distributed. Race will disappear as an issue when racism disappears as a material force. In the meantime, it will be a tool to leverage resentment. People...
Building effective teams doesn't just happen; it requires thought, action and perseverance. This essay is talking about how effective group works in a team and also in an organisation. The report explains the steps of how the groups are made in an organization to have a complete team building exercise where the task is to form a group of 3 to 4 members depending on the work to be done in the team, and to build trust and good relations between the group members by communicating with each other and to avoid conflicts and stay in contact with each other as long as possible. It also reviews different types of frame work within the teams to promote the teams and also the organisation. Harris & Harris (1996) also explain that a team has a common goal or purpose where team members can develop effective, mutual relationships to achieve team goals. Teams and teamwork help to promote deep learning that occurs through interaction, problem solving, dialogue, cooperation and collaboration (Johnson & Johnson, 1995).
Team work has become an important part of the working culture and many organisations now look at team work skills when evaluating a person for employment. Most organisations realise the team work is important because either the product is sufficiently complex that it requires a team with multiple skills to produce, and / or a better product will result when a team approach is taken. Therefore, it is important that people learn the function in a team environment so that they will have team work skills when they enter the work place. A work team is an interdependent collection of individuals who share responsibility for specific outcomes for their organisations. Not everyone who works together or is in proximity belongs to a team. A team is a group of people who are interdependent with respect to information, resources and skills and who seek to combine their efforts to achieve a common goal.
Teams can do a variety of things. They can make products, provide services, negotiate deals, coordinate projects, offer advice, and make decisions. In this section we'll describe the four most common types of teams you're likely to find in an organization: problem-solving teams, self-managed work teams, cross-functional teams, and virtual teams. In problem-solving teams, members share ideas or offer suggestions on how work processes and methods can be improved. Rarely, however, are these teams given the authority to individually implement any of their suggested actions. These are work teams of eight to ten employees and supervisors who have a shared area of responsibility and meet regularly to discuss their quality problems, investigate causes of the problems, recommend solutions, and take corrective actions. Self-managed work teams are groups of employees (typically 10 to 15 in number) who perform highly related or interdependent jobs and take on many of the responsibilities of their former supervisors. Typically, this includes planning and scheduling of work, assigning tasks to members, collective control over the pace of work, making operating decisions, taking action on problems, and working with suppliers and customers. Fully self-managed work teams even select their own members and have the members evaluate each other's performance. Cross functional teams are made up of employees from about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task. The entire major auto mobile manufacturers-including Toyota, Honda, Nissan, BMW, GM, Ford, and DaimlerChrysler currently use this form of team to coordinate complex projects. Cross-functional teams are an effective means for allowing people from diverse areas within an organization or even between organizations to exchange information, develop new ideas and solve problems, and coordinate complex projects. The previous types of teams do their work face-to-face. Virtual teams use computer...
http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/the-five-stages-of-team-development-a-case-study.html viewed on 25th august 2011.
Thompson, LL, 2011, Making the team: a guide for managers, 4th ed, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
...What is the developmental stage and process of your team or group? Being in the U.S. Army we are always broken down into squads, platoons, companies, battalions, or higher. Today we are going to keep it at the lower level. In this paper we are going to look at a squad size element of employees (12). We are going to look into the stages of developing and processing analyzing where exactly where the squad stands in these stages. I conducted a thirty two question Teamwork Survey giving it to the 12 employees/soldiers. Each employee came from a different walk of life. All have different perception about things or aspects of their jobs. All have different treats. Some had self perception. Seeing themselves for something they are not, others social perception believing in common stereotypes. With these two types of perception there is always a clash within the squad. In this paper we will look into ways to developmental stage and the processing stage of this team. Dealing with a very diverse group you will always have difference in option. Dealing with someone who thinks that they are never the problem or thinks they are always the solution is very complex thing. Someone who suffer from self-enhancement tends to be a tad bit to over confident seeing themselves in a more positive light than others see us.This is the tendency for people to underestimate their performance, undervalue capabilities, and see events in a way that puts them in a more negative light. We may...
...Benefits One of the most valuable strength of teamwork is that it helps to complete work faster. Because large task can be broken down into smaller assignments so task should be split up. Smaller tasks also require less time and brain power so they don’t waste your time when working or studing. You will be unforgettably successful in making the event or activity for each member of the team. Work distributing not only reduces each individual burden,but also increases responsibility and better brainstorming. For example,let’s look at the picture. When one individual builds house all on your own,besides the long duration and the risk of the contribution stopping mid way.there may be faults and damages in many aspects of the house. However ,when different people with various skills anh knowledge come together to do different jobs,the house will be completed in a much shorter time. Finally, there would be a house that is beautiful and inhabitable. Another benefit of teamwork is the contribution of members for general work. Everyone has different strengthen. In a team,different strengthen from different people can be combined. As a result, better work was made. Combining many skills such as analysis,communication also leads to increased creativity. Members of the team can share informations,ideas,experiences with each other. Moreover,when working together, people can catch and fix other’s mistake....