A depot ship is an auxiliary ship used as a mobile or fixed base for submarines, destroyers, minesweepers, fast attack craft, landing craft, or other small ships with similarly limited space for maintenance equipment and crew dining, berthing and relaxation. Depot ships may be identified as tenders in American English. Depot ships may be specifically designed for their purpose or be converted from another purpose.
Depot ships provide services unavailable from local naval base shore facilities. Industrialized countries may build naval bases with extensive workshops, warehouses, barracks, and medical and recreation facilities. Depot ships operating within such bases may provide little more than command staff offices,[1] while depot ships operating at remote bases may perform unusually diverse support functions. Some United States Navy submarine depot ships operating in the Pacific during World War II included sailors with Construction Battalion ratings to clear recreational sites and assemble buildings ashore,[2] while the Royal Navy mobile naval bases included specialized amenities ships to meet recreational needs of British Pacific Fleet personnel.[3]
Services provided by a depot ship depend upon whether typical client warship missions are measured in hours, or days, or weeks. A warship crew may be expected to remain at their stations for missions measured in hours, but longer missions may require provisions for dining, sleeping, and personal hygiene. The crew of small warships may carry individual combat rations and urinate or defecate from the weather deck. Longer missions typically require storage provisions for drinking water and preserved food, and some resting area for the crew, although rest may be limited to a sheltered spot to sit or recline. Cooking may be limited to warming food on an exhaust vent, and buckets may be used for bathing, laundry, and sanitary waste. Habitability standards vary among navies, but client warships large enough to include a head, bunks, a shower, a kitchen stove, refrigerated food storage, a drinking water distillation unit, and a laundry require little more than medical and repair service from a depot ship. Depot ships are similar to repair ships, but provide a wider range of services to a smaller portion of the fleet. Depot ships undertake repair work for a flotilla of small warships, while repair ships offer more comprehensive repair capability for a larger variety of fleet warships. Depot ships also provide personnel and resupply services for their flotilla. Some depot ships may transport their short-range landing or attack craft from home ports to launch near the scene of battle.[4] The following summary of World War II depot ships indicates the range of locations and warships served:
HMS St. Columba was the depot ship for the boom defence vessels at Greenock. The survey ship HMS Endeavour (J61) served as a depot ship for boom defence in Singapore and the Mediterranean Sea.[5]
Requisitioned merchant ships HMS Aberdonian (F74) and Vienna (F138) and the French Belfort (U63) were used as depot ships for Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy. Aberdonian started at Fort William, Scotland, but spent most of the war at Dartmouth, Devon, while Vienna was in the Mediterranean. The Loch-class frigates Loch Assynt (K438) and Loch Torridon (K654) became coastal forces depot ships HMS Derby Haven and Woodbridge Haven, respectively.[5]
USS Black Hawk was with the Asiatic Fleet in 1941 and transferred to Alaska for the remainder of the war.[7]
HMS Hecla (F20) was based at Greenock and Iceland before being sunk in the Mediterranean during Operation Torch.[9]
HMS Vindictive was a repair ship before being converted to a Home Fleet destroyer depot ship in 1945.[5]
HMS Sandhurst (F92) was a converted merchant ship used as a depot ship for coastal convoy escorts at Dover, Derry and Greenock.[8]
The first landing craft carrier was completed by Japan in 1935.[10] The United States Navy began launching dock landing ships in 1943.[11] The 8,580-ton Beachy Head-class ships HMS Buchan Ness, Dodman Point, Dungeness, Fife Ness, Girdle Ness and Spurn Point were used as depot ships for Ramped Cargo Lighters during the last year of World War II.[12]
Nettlebeck, Brommy and Van der Groeben were depot ships for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd R boat flotillas, respectively. The 1st and 3rd flotillas were at Kiel, and the 2nd was at Cuxhaven.[13] HMS Ambitious (F169), Celebrity and St. Tudno served as depot ships for minesweepers. Ambitious was stationed at Scapa Flow, and St. Tudno was at the Nore.[5] Japan requisitioned Chohei Maru, Rokusan Maru and Teishu Maru from civilian service as depot ships for minesweepers.[14]
Tsingtau and Tanga were depot ships for the 1st and 2nd E-boat flotillas at Kiel and Hamburg, respectively.[13] Kamikaze Maru, Nihonkai Maru, Shinsho Maru and Shuri Maru were requisitioned from civilian service as depot ships for Japanese Motor Torpedo Boats.[14]
HMS Marshal Soult and the French ships Courbet, Paris, Coucy and Diligente were used as depot ships for vessels patrolling the English Channel after the Second Armistice at Compiègne.[5]
Includes both Seaplane carriers and ships intended to support the operation of large Flying boats, known as seaplane tenders in United States usage.
Wilhelm Bauer provided command facilities and submarine crew accommodations for the 7th U-boat Flotilla.[1]
Donau provided command facilities and submarine crew accommodations for the 1st U-boat Flotilla.[13]
USS Fulton was depot ship for Squadron 8 in Pearl Harbor, Midway Atoll, Brisbane, New Guinea, Saipan and Subic Bay.[24]
USS Griffin was stationed in Newfoundland in late 1941 before serving in Brisbane and then in Pearl Harbor and Fremantle as depot ship for Squadron 12.[25]
USS Holland was depot ship for Squadron 2 with the Asiatic Fleet before moving to Australia, Saipan and Guam.[26]
HMS Maidstone served at Rosyth and in the South Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and Pacific.[9]
USS Otus was under conversion from civilian service at Manila when Japan attacked and became a landing craft depot ship at Fremantle.[30]
Weichsel provided command facilities and submarine crew accommodations for the 3rd U-boat Flotilla.[13]
HMS Wolfe (F37) was depot ship for the 3rd submarine flotilla until transferred to the Eastern Fleet in 1944.[5]
Some depot ships support a naval base. HMAS Platypus was the base ship at Darwin, Australia during World War II.[8] In the Royal Navy, under section 67 of the Naval Discipline Act 1866, the provisions of the act only applied to officers and men of the Royal Navy borne on the books of a warship. When shore establishments began to become more common it was necessary to allocate the title of the establishment to an actual vessel which became the nominal depot ship for the men allocated to the establishment and thus ensured they were subject to the provisions of the Act.[36]
^ "Euryale". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. United States Navy. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
State Highway 60 is a state highway servicing the far northwest of the South Island of New Zealand. Running between the settlements of Richmond (south of Nelson) and Collingwood, it is 116 kilometres (72 mi) long and lies entirely within the Tasman District. It is the northernmost highway in the South Island and is a popular tourist route, servicing Motueka, Abel Tasman National Park, Golden Bay, and Farewell Spit.
The highway starts at Richmond at a roundabout junction with SH 6 and proceeds in the northwesterly direction across the Waimea Plains. Near Mapua, the road deviates onto the Ruby Bay bypass (Mamaku Drive) and emerges on the shores of the Moutere Inlet adjacent to Tasman Village. The highway then passes along the edge of Motueka Estuary and through the major town of Motueka. Just past Riwaka, the road to Kaiteriteri and Abel Tasman National Park branches off to the right while SH 60 branches to the left. The highway then rises towards Takaka Hill and the notorious Eureka Bend (elevation 791 metres above sea level).[1] The highway then descends into the Takaka Valley and passes through the town of Takaka. The highway then hugs the coastline of Golden Bay before terminating at Collingwood.[2]
At first there was no road connecting the coastal areas about Bronte, Mapua and Tasman. Early settlers had roads from landing sites on Waimea Inlet and along ridges, and they avoided crossing the peripheral swampy valleys. When the Coastal Highway was constructed it was gravel and the Inland (Moutere) Highway was the main highway. At some point in about the 1970s, the coastal route became the main route.[citation needed]
In 2003, the terminus at Collingwood was curtailed 1.1 km to the intersection of Collingwoood-Bainham Main Road.[3]
Until 2010, before the construction of the Ruby Bay bypass, SH 60 followed the coastline around Mapua.[4][5][6]
^ "Revoking Sections of State Highway and Declaring New Sections of State Highway". NZ Gazette. 11 December 2003. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
^ "Declaring a Section of State Highway-State Highway 60, Coastal Highway, Tasman District". NZ Gazette. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
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It disturbed me to see your newspaper uncritically using the term ‘Fetö’ – standing for the so-called ‘Fethullah Gülen Terrorist Organisation’, which is a rather bizarre creation of the paranoid Erdoğan propaganda machine. It is true that, with most dissenting voices silenced and most of the opposition press closed, Erdoğan’s propaganda now reigns supreme in Turkey. Nevertheless, I see this as no reason to accept uncritically the messages that this machine churns out.
Fethullah Gülen stands at the head of a shady sect that also has a huge business network and whose tentacles stretch around the world. This movement has generally been known in Turkey as the ‘Cemaat’ or ‘congregation’. However, there is absolutely no known connection between this organisation and terror in any form.
Essentially, Gülen and Erdoğan, even if stemming from slightly different versions of political Islam, were partners in arms for decades when they were fighting to overthrow the secular Turkish state. They and their movements only suddenly fell out with one another in the second half of 2013, well after the Islamists had usurped the Turkish state, and the dispute was really over sharing out the booty.
This parting of ways led to anti-corruption investigations being brought against Erdoğan and his cronies, spearheaded by the vast body of people that the Gülen movement had infiltrated into the ranks of the police and judiciary. The leaked tapes that appeared at the time offered clear evidence that those at the top of the Islamist AKP government were up to their necks in corruption.
However, Erdoğan was able to save his bacon by rapidly dismissing large numbers of people from the police and judiciary and replacing them with his own placemen who immediately closed down all of the corruption investigations. It is essentially this event – the attempt to prosecute leading members of the government for epic-scale corruption – that the Erdoğan propaganda machine labels ‘terrorism’. Yet, by no stretch of the imagination can the bringing of penal proceedings against those accused of corruption be deemed to be an act of terror. The term ‘Fetö’ is a misnomer.