2 a threatened or attempted physical attack by someone who appears to be able to cause bodily harm if not stopped
4 the crime of forcing a woman to submit to sexual intercourse against her will [syn: rape, violation, ravishment]
1 attack someone physically or emotionally; "The mugger assaulted the woman"; "Nightmares assailed him regularly" [syn: assail, set on, attack]
2 force (someone) to have sex against their will; "The woman was raped on her way home at night" [syn: rape, ravish, violate, dishonor, dishonour, outrage]
3 attack in speech or writing; "The editors of the left-leaning paper attacked the new House Speaker" [syn: attack, round, assail, lash out, snipe]
Assault is a crime of violence against another person. In some jurisdictions, including Australia and New Zealand, assault refers to an act that causes another to apprehend immediate and personal violence, while in other jurisdictions, such as the United States, assault refers only to the threat of violence caused by an immediate show of force. Simple assaults that do not involve any aggravation such as use of a deadly weapon are distinguished from aggravated assaults in some jurisdictions.
Assault is often defined to include not only violence, but any physical contact with another person without their consent. In common law jurisdictions, including England and Wales and the USA, battery is the crime that represents the unlawful physical contact, though this distinction does not exist in all jurisdictions. Exceptions exist to cover unsolicited physical contact which amount to normal social behavior (for example, patting someone on the back): see (in England and Wales) Collins v. Wilcox [1984] 3 All ER 374.
In most jurisdictions, the intention to cause grievous bodily harm (or its equivalent) may amount to the mental requirement to prefer a charge of murder in circumstances where the harm inflicted upon the victim proves fatal. In England and Wales, this fact was criticised by Lord Edmund-Davies in Cunningham [1982] AC 566.
Simple assault can be distinguished without the intent of injury upon another person. Simple assault can consist simply of the violation of one's personal space or touching in a way the victim deemed inappropriate. (i.e. one's personal space consists of arm's reach.)
causes such injury purposely, knowingly, or recklessly in circumstances where the person has exhibited indifference to human life; or
Aggravated assault is usually differentiated from simple assault by the offender's intent (i.e., to murder, to rape etc.), the extent of the injury to the victim, or the use of a deadly weapon, although legal definitions vary between jurisdictions. Sentences for aggravated assault are generally more severe, reflecting the greater degree of harm or malice intended by the perpetrator.
Consent may be a complete or partial defense to assault. In some jurisdictions, most notably England, it is not a defense where the degree of injury is severe, as long as there is no legally recognised good reason for the assault.. This can have important consequences when dealing with issues such as consensual sadomasochistic sexual activity, the most notable case being the Operation Spanner case. Legally recognised good reasons for consent include; surgery, activities within the rules of a game (Burnes), bodily adornment (R v Wilson), or horseplay (Jones and others). However, any activity outside the rules of the game is not legally recognised as a defence of consent.
Police officers and court officials have a general power to use force for the purpose of effecting an arrest or generally carrying out their official duties. Thus, a court officer taking possession of goods under a court order may use force if reasonably necessary. However in Scottish Law, consent is not a defense for assault.
In some jurisdictions, caning and other forms of corporal punishment are a part of the culture. Evidently, if it is a state-administered punishment, e.g. as in Singapore, the officers who physically administer the punishment have immunity. Some states also permit the use of less severe punishment for children in school and at home by parents. In English law, s58 Children Act 2004, limits the availability of the lawful correction defense to common assault under s39 Criminal Justice Act 1988.
Some states allow force to be used in defense of property, to prevent damage either in its own right, or under one or both of the preceding classes of defense in that a threat or attempt to damage property might be considered a crime (in English law, under s5 Criminal Damage Act 1971 it may be argued that the defendant has a lawful excuse to damaging property during the defense and a defense under s3 Criminal Law Act 1967) subject to the need to deter vigilantes and excessive self-help.
In England and Wales, an assault consists of a person intentionally or recklessly causing another person to apprehend immediate and unlawful violence.
Causing a person to apprehend violence can be committed by way of action or words: R v. Ireland [1998] AC 147. Of course, words can also mean that otherwise threatening actions are rendered not capable of being an assault, as in the celebrated case of Tuberville v. Savage (1669 1 Mod 3, T). In that case, the Defendant told the Complainant (while putting his hand on his sword) that he would not stab him, because the circuit judge was visiting town for the local assizes. On that basis, the Complainant was deemed to have known that he was not about to be injured, and no assault was held to have been committed.
Section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 provides that common assault, like battery, is triable only in the magistrates court in England and Wales (unless it is linked to a more serious offense which is triable in the Crown Court). Additionally, if a Defendant has been charged on an indictment with assault occasioning actual bodily harm (ABH), or racially/religiously aggravated assault, then a jury in the Crown Court may acquit the Defendant of the more serious offense, but still convict of common assault if it finds common assault has been committed.
Because common assault is a summary-only offense, its maximum penalty is six months' imprisonment, or a "level 5 fine" (currently up to £5,000). The "starting sentence" for a first time offender pleading guilty is normally a community penalty.
Furthermore, English law also provides for the offense of grievous bodily harm (GBH). GBH may be committed by way of an assault, though an assault is not a necessary ingredient of either inflicting grievous bodily harm pursuant to s20 of the Offences Against The Person Act 1861 or causing grievous bodily harm with intent pursuant to s 18 of the same Act (R v. Ireland [1998] AC 147, per Lord Steyn at p. 160).
If an assault is prosecuted as being racially or religiously aggravated, then it is triable either way (in the Crown Court or magistrates court). The maximum penalty in this case is up to two years' imprisonment, or a fine of up to the statutory maximum.
The offender may intend to resist either his own or someone else's arrest. This offense is also triable either way, and punishable by up to two years' imprisonment.
This offense is triable only in the magistrates court, so the maximum sentence is twelve months' imprisonment. The "starting sentence," however, is a short custodial sentence, and it is considered a more serious offense than common assault.
The constable (normally a police officer) must be acting "in the execution of his duty" for this offense to be made out. If he exceeds the remit of his duty (e.g. acts unlawfully in assaulting the Defendant), the offense will not be made out.
Canadian Law and Self Defence: Truscott: This unique study of how the Criminal Code of Canada relates to self defence is supported by reference to over 60 actual court cases.
A successful entrepreneur for over 40 years, Kevin Harrington has extensive experience in business worldwide. It is Kevin's firm belief that companies can’t become complacent in their marketing and branding, satisfied with doing "business as usual." To truly succeed in today’s competitive world, that's just not enough. New advancements in technology and the growing digital marketplace are offering businesses Omni-Channel marketing strategies, including Brand Response TV (BRTV), ready for you to capitalize on.
As proven thought leaders, Kevin and the AsSeenOnTV.pro team have launched SERVICES ON TV , to help you grow your service organization by building your brand and positioning you to become a premier player within your specific sector. Where typical branding ends, BRTV expands on that by persuading viewers to take action. The Call-to-Action incentivizes the viewer to visit a website or pick up a phone. Although 15 and 60 second image ads historically enable awareness and shift attitudes, Brand Response commercial spots direct viewers to the next level ▬ taking action. BRTV integrates well with your current digital channels and other marketing strategies.
Our BRTV commercial spots for businesses deliver concise messaging, while branding and educating your audience of viewers. We work collaboratively with you and your company in order to remain consistent with your advertising mix. The spots reflect the personality of your organization from script to screen.
The Village it's located at about 800 metres from the sea, it has every imaginable facility. 156 apartments The "Villetta"on ground floor, is composed to 4 apartment with a small [...] »
Modern and comfortable hotel, located just few steps from the pinewood and directly overlooking the sea.It offers to its clientele both private beach and parking place.It is provided with air [...] »
Il Ponte Hotel, open all over the year, offer to its guests bar for breakfast, rooms have tv, private bathroom and telephone with direct call. Internet point service.We offer our guests treatments [...] »
It is situated along the Aurelia Way in a quiet location. It is one of the most ancient buidings of the area. It was in the past post house and halt place for wayfarers, now skillfully restored [...] »
Welcome to IL BORGO Centro Vacanze, a good place for families and nature lovers.Located in the heart of the Tuscan countryside along the Etruscan Coast, Mediterranean scrub and woodland, only [...] »
The Hotel Massimo is located in a very comfortable position, just 150 meters from the sea and a short walk from the beautiful pinewood of Marina di Cecina, to offer you a peaceful holiday on [...] »
The Hotel La Lampara is located in the beautiful town of Cecina Mare, in the heart of Tuscany, along the Etruscan Coast. Florence, Pisa, Siena, Lucca, Volterra and San Gimignano are just a [...] »
Situated in the province of Livorno between the deep blue sea of the “Costa degli Etruschi” and the green of the Tuscany countryside, the Sileoni Hotel is found to approximately 150 mt from the [...] »
The “TINA Cottages” Holiday Flats are a in a brand new complex consisting of three terraced houses with five flats per floor. The cottages are 200 m away from the Hotel Residence Stella del Mare, [...] »
On the seaside walk you can find:A hotel with the familiar climate with private parking place, the comfort of the near beach and the calm of the rooms of the Dependance in PinewoodThe beauty [...] »
Stella del Mare Hotel & Residence is located in Mazzanta, between Vada and Cecina, in the centre of the Etruscan coast, one of the most adorable places in Tuscany. It is situated at 250 metres [...] »
We are at Cecina Mare on the prestigious Costa degli Etruschi 2 steps from the beach, bordering a large pine forest that borders the beach. Living in our rooms is like looking in a dream made [...] »
Hotel Il Settebello is located on the sea a few steps from the beautiful pine forest of Marina di Cecina. The hotel offers quality accommodation, and when it's time to plan their holiday, [...] »
The Posta Hotel is situated in the heart of Cecina, in a completely renewed period building.Born as a small "Meublé", it comprises a total of 14 rooms spread over three floors. The classical [...] »
Agrihotel Elisabetta of Luigi Brunetti is situated on a splendid hill of the antique noble village called Collemezzano, today part of Cecina in the Province of Livorno, only a few kilometres [...] »
Every kind of apartment (studio-apartment, two rooms apartment and three rooms apartment) are located directly on the sea. Some apartments have a balcony and they are composed by television, [...] »
The Hotel is directly on the seaside of Marina of Cecina where at the evening there is a pleasant and animate walk. During the summer access by car to reach the hotel for loading and unloading [...] »
The Village it's located at about 800 metres from the sea, it has every imaginable facility. 156 apartments The Residence is composed of Studio and 2 rooms apartments, . Studio(4 pers.): [...] »
Apartments between country- and seaside, in the very heart of the Etruscan Coast, in Tuscany. Borgo Guglielmo lies in the countryside, 500 metres from San Pietro in Palazzi, a small village near [...] »
Villa Mazzanta is situated between Vada and Cecina, in the very heart of the Etruscan Coast (Tuscany), within easy walking distance of beautiful pinewoods and the sea, which is only 450 meters [...] »
In a quiet corner of Cecina Mare at 200 m from the centre and the beach (sand and shingle) In an old Historical House of the nintheeenth century at the end of Via Ginori ; Apartments completely [...] »
Hotel Posta offers to its guests a comfortable transfer, service ensure an efficient and punctual [...] »
Associazionealbergatoricecina.it is the website for your holidays in Costa degli Etruschi. Created to offer a wide range of offers, here you will find the perfect accommodation and services for you. »
Are you looking for a job in the tourism sector? Send us your CV and your details by submitting the dedicated form. Your profile will be visible to hundreds of tourism operators. Candidates Job offers (0)