I hope that before now you have sent your translations to Mr Clarke and obtained his opinion. Was I right in understanding from a letter of yours that you had intended to do so, before he lost his father? I think I was,—but I am sure it would not be right in you, or fair to your own reputation, to make any unnecessary delay in applying to him. Whatever his decision may be, it cannot induce me to alter mine. I am unalterable about it. I may be unalterably wrong, of course.
The epigram which you sent to me, I forgot to mention when I wrote last. Should I have forgotten to mention it, if I had not forgotten to admire it? I dare say you have written many, which I should admire, since we parted.
How pleased I was to hear from Mrs Boyd of your being quite well. May that pleasure not be as transient as I have found others to be! If I can now, or hereafter, do one thing little or great for you, do not refuse to let me hear of it.
I have nothing to say which is likely to interest you—except, May God bless you—and I can say that without writing it on paper–
Letter Text Sidmouth. Friday [19 October 1832] My dearest friend, I hope that before now you have sent your translations to Mr Clarke and obtained his opinion. Was I right in understanding from a letter of yours that you had intended to do so, before he lost his father? I think I was,—but I am sure it would not be right in you, or fair to your own reputation, to make any unnecessary delay in applying to him. Whatever his decision may be, it cannot induce me to alter mine. I am unalterable about it. I may be unalterably wrong, of course. The epigram which you sent to me, I forgot to mention when I wrote last. Should I have forgotten to mention it, if I had not forgotten to admire it? I dare say you have written many, which I should admire, since we parted. How pleased I was to hear from Mrs Boyd of your being quite well. May that pleasure not be as transient as I have found others to be! If I can now, or hereafter, do one thing little or great for you, do not refuse to let me hear of it. I have nothing to say which is likely to interest you—except, May God bless you—and I can say that without writing it on paper– Yours affectionately E B Barrett.
"Role of apoptosis-inducing factor, proline dehydrogenase, and NADPH o" by Sathish Kumar Natarajan and Donald F. Becker
Flavoproteins catalyze a variety of reactions utilizing flavin mononucleotide or flavin adenine dinucleotide as cofactors. The oxidoreductase properties of flavoenzymes implicate them in redox homeostasis, oxidative stress, and various cellular processes, including programmed cell death. Here we explore three critical flavoproteins involved in apoptosis and redox signaling, ie, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), proline dehydrogenase, and NADPH oxidase. These proteins have diverse biochemical functions and influence apoptotic signaling by unique mechanisms. The role of AIF in apoptotic signaling is two-fold, with AIF changing intracellular location from the inner mitochondrial membrane space to the nucleus upon exposure of cells to apoptotic stimuli. In the mitochondria, AIF enhances mitochondrial bioenergetics and complex I activity/assembly to help maintain proper cellular redox homeostasis. After translocating to the nucleus, AIF forms a chromatin degrading complex with other proteins, such as cyclophilin A. AIF translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus is triggered by oxidative stress, implicating AIF as a mitochondrial redox sensor. Proline dehydrogenase is a membrane-associated flavoenzyme in the mitochondrion that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of proline oxidation. Upregulation of proline dehydrogenase by the tumor suppressor, p53, leads to enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species that induce the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. NADPH oxidases are a group of enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species for oxidative stress and signaling purposes. Upon activation, NADPH oxidase 2 generates a burst of superoxide in neutrophils that leads to killing of microbes during phagocytosis. NADPH oxidases also participate in redox signaling that involves hydrogen peroxide-mediated activation of different pathways regulating cell proliferation and cell death. Potential therapeutic strategies for each enzyme are also highlighted.
"Characterization of General Esterases from Methyl Parathion-Resistant " by Xuguo Zhou, Michael E. Scharf et al.
Published in Journal of Economic Entomology Volume 96, Issue 6 (December 2003) pp. 1855–1863. This article is the copyright property of the Entomological Society of America and may not be used for any commercial or other private purpose without specific written permission of the Entomological Society of America. Used by permission.
A consistent correlation between elevated esterase activity and methyl parathion resistance among Nebraska western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, populations has previously been documented. Characterization of general esterase activity using naphtholic esters as model substrates indicated that differences between resistant and susceptible strains could be maximized by optimizing assay conditions. The optimal conditions identified here were similar to those reported for other insect species. The majority of general esterase activity was found in the cytosolic fractions of resistant populations, whereas the activity was more evenly distributed between cytosolic and mitochondrial/nuclear fractions in the susceptible population. General esterase activity was predominately located in the adult thorax and abdomen. Although there were significant differences in general esterase activities between resistant and susceptible populations, the differences exhibited in single beetle activity assays did not provide sufficient discrimination to identify resistant individuals. In contrast, single larva activity assays provided greater discrimination and could be considered as an alternative to traditional bioassay techniques.
"Comparative binding of Cry1Ab and Cry1F Bacillus thuringiensis " by Sek Yee Tan, Bonifacio F. Cayabyab et al.
The European (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) and Asian corn borers (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée) are closely related and display similar sensitivity to Cry1 toxins. In this study, we compared the binding patterns of Cry1Ab and Cry1F toxins between both Ostrinia spp., as well as the expression of putative cad­herin and aminopeptidase-N (APN)-like protein receptors. Additionally, cDNA sequences of these putative toxin receptors from both Ostrinia species were compared. Ligand blots for both species indicated a similar binding pattern for Cry1Ab with the strongest immunoreactive band at 260 kDa in both species. In addition, similar expression of the putative cadherin- and APN-like protein re­ceptors were observed at 260 and 135 kDa, respectively. A high degree of sim­ilarity (98% amino acid sequence identity) of cDNA sequences for both puta­tive receptor sequences was observed. The Cry1F ligand blot revealed that O. furnacalis and O. nubilalis BBMV exhibited slightly different binding patterns, with strong binding to putative proteins at 150 and 140 kDa, respectively. Both proteins appeared to also bind Cry1Ab, although the signal intensity was much reduced with Cry1Ab. O. furnacalis showed an additional but weaker band at 210 kDa relative to the 150 kDa band. Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius), which was used as an outgroup species, exhibited different binding patterns than ei­ther Ostrinia species, with both Cry1Ab and Cry1F toxins binding to a 210 kDa protein. These results support the previous experiments indicating that O. nu­bilalis and O. furnacalis share similar patterns of susceptibility to Cry toxins.