In literature, an epigraph is a short quotation that is set at the beginning of a text or section of a text to suggest the theme of what’s to come. The epigraph can be a quote from a famous person, an excerpt or full text of a poem, phrase, lyric, or definition. Epigraphs can be a sort of preface or can set the mood or tone of the following work. Epigraphs can also invite the reader to make a comparison between what the epigraph says and what the rest of the text is about. Some authors use epigraphs to tie their own literature to the greater body of literature in the world.
The word epigraph comes from the Greek word epigraphein, which means “to write on.” The contemporary definition of epigraph was introduced into English in the mid-19th century, when it came to mean a motto or pithy sentence that prefaces a book or chapter of a book.
While there is a literary meaning of epigraph, the word epigraph can also refer to inscriptions on buildings, statues, and coins. Non-literary epigraphs work to figuratively label and give some sense of the symbolic meaning of these buildings, statues, and coins. Here are some examples of epigraphs that are used in everyday life that are not literary epigraphs:
Statue of Liberty: Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. (From Emma Lazarus’s sonnet “New Colossus”)
Epigraphs became popular in the early eighteenth century, when reading for pleasure became common amongst middle-class citizens. Before this time, people who read literature had generally read all of the canon. When reading surged in popularity as a pastime, authors found it necessary to provide a small excerpt from some work in the canon to give readers a small anchor to the literary tradition. This was concurrent with authors’ optimistic and sometimes presumptuous desires to show how their own new works of literature fit into the canon. The tradition of the epigraph was ubiquitous for a time; some authors began to create fake quotes to use as epigraphs partly to demonstrate their frustration with the literary canon. Epigraphs remain relatively popular today, though, as authors find ways to present the main theme or their works in brief through the words of other writers.
Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in the early nineteenth century when examples of epigraphs were quite ubiquitous. She uses a quote from John Milton’s Paradise Lost in which a human speaks to his maker (i.e., God); the comparison here is that in Shelley’s novel man himself ill-advisedly becomes the maker.
Then wear the gold hat, if that will move her; If you can bounce high, bounce for her too, Till she cry “Lover, gold-hatted, high-bouncing lover, I must have you!” — Thomas Parke D’Invilliers
The epigraph example in The Great Gatsby is one that F. Scott Fitzgerald created himself. Fitzgerald is somewhat light-hearted, therefore, in this use of epigraph. It still serves the purpose that others epigraphs do, which is to highlight a theme of the novel to come. In this case, the epigraph suggests that a man must wear nice things (and be of a high class) to impress a woman.
Harper Lee’s famous novel To Kill a Mockingbird includes the important perspectives of both Atticus Finch, a lawyer, and his children. While not all lawyers might maintain a childlike empathy with the world, Atticus works hard to be fair and impart this fairness in his daughter, the narrator.
Chinua Achebe includes a pertinent example of epigraph in his novel No Longer at Ease. He quotes from T.S. Eliot, whose poem mirrors the post-colonial condition that Achebe explores at length in his novel. Just as with the difficult journey the Magi took, the protagonist in Achebe’s novel travels from Nigeria to England, and when he returns to Nigeria he finds himself no longer at ease when he returns back to his home country.
Ray Bradbury’s dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 contains this epigraph example that encourages going against the rules. While the protagonist of the novel, Guy Montag, originally is part of a society that discourages reading and enforces the burning of books, he later changes his views. The quote from Juan Ramón Jiménez is a brilliantly succinct way of presenting the rebellious nature that Guy embodies.
And Jacob’s anger was kindled against Rachel; and he said, Am I in God’s stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb?
And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go in unto her; and she shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her. —Genesis 30:1-3
Margaret Atwood quotes from the Bible in her dystopian novel The Handmaid’s Tale. This short excerpt from Genesis is the basis for Atwood’s entire societal issue, which is the use of women basically as breeding machines. Just as there’s no sense in this passage that the maid Bilhah’s own body or feelings matter, so too is there a lack of protection for the protagonist in Atwood’s novel, or women like her.
The reader should realize himself that it could not have happened otherwise, and that to give him any other name was quite out of the question. — Nikolai Gogol, “The Overcoat”
Jhumpa Lahiri’s recent novel The Namesake focuses on a character who is named Gogol Ganguli, named as such for his father’s favorite author. This naming choice haunts the protagonist of Lahiri’s novel because it is so unusual. Yet the epigraph example here presents the key dilemma; that Gogol’s story would not have happened otherwise if he had been named anything else.
All the lives we could live, all the people we will never know, never will be, they are everywhere. That is what the world is. –Aleksander Hemon, The Lazarus Project
Colum McCann quotes Aleksander Hemon’s The Lazarus Project to open his contemporary novel Let the Great World Spin. In McCann’s brilliant novel many people witness one event, which is a tight-rope walker walking between the Twin Towers in New York City. McCann then follows many different stories of people before, during, and after they witness the event, showing the interconnectedness of all people.
Answer: A is the correct answer. The epigraph from Balzac perfectly and neatly sets up the conflict between financial fortune and criminal activity that is so central to the novel about the mafia.
An epigraph is a stand-alone quotation that appears before the beginning of a text. Epigraphs tend to be used as a literary device in fictional writing to engage a reader’s curiosity and imagination regarding the narrative.
Epigraphs are less common in academic writing because the goal of the writing is to demonstrate the author’s critical thinking on a topic using an evidence-based, analytical approach. Academic writing connects with readers through demonstrating the author’s critical thinking and understanding, rather than connecting via engaging the readers’ imaginations or interpretations of the material. When taking an evidence-based approach to writing, academic authors typically use quotations as research evidence within a paragraph, and the quotations are accompanied by an explanation of the connection between the quotation and the claim it supports. Since epigraphs are stand-alone quotations at the beginning of the text, readers don’t yet have the necessary information to understand why the quotation is important to the larger discussion presented in the text.
If the text is a well-known phrase by an individual, authors must make sure to use a reputable source, such as the published transcript of a speech or something the person in question actually wrote. There are many websites that provide quotations, but contributors may not have checked if the quotation’s wording or attribution is correct. For example, many people credit Mahatma Gandhi with the phrase “be the change you wish to see in the world”, yet he never actually said the phrase (Morton, 2011). Therefore, please avoid websites that compile quotations; instead, go to a reputable source for the quotation.
If the rest of the document is formatted according to the APA Style rules, so too must the epigraph be correctly formatted. The quotation should be formatted like a block quotation (Hume-Pratuch, 2013, para. 3) with the double-spaced text indented from the left margin and no quotation marks. Also, the text should be in the same font as the rest of the work and should not be italicized. Finally,
on the line below the end of the epigraph, the author’s name (and only the author’s last name if he or she is well-known) and the source’s title should be given. This credit line should be flush right, preceded by an em dash. An epigraph’s source is not listed in the References section. (para. 3).
If the source of the epigraph is “a scholarly book or journal and a quotation used by permission” (Hume-Pratuch, 2013, para. 4), the citation takes a different form: “cite the author, year, and page number at the end of the epigraph, in parentheses with no period—just as you would for a block quote. The source should be listed in the References section” (para. 4). For example:
For more information on formatting epigraphs according to the APA Style rules, please visit “How to Format an Epigraph” in the APA Style Blog.
Do you have questions about this tip or any other writing matter? Please contact the Writing Centre as we would be pleased to assist you.
Morton, B. (2011, August 30). Falser words were never spoken. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/
Senge, P. (2006). The fifth discipline: The art & practice of the learning organization. New York, NY: Doubleday.
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To set up DB2 mainframe to work as a MobiLink consolidated database, you must run a setup procedure that adds MobiLink system tables, stored procedures, triggers, and views that are required for MobiLink synchronization. You can perform this task using SQL or JCL methods.
Create a buffer pool with a page size of 8K or greater and row-level locking for MobiLink schema. Row-level locking is required to handle concurrent synchronizations to the same tables. For this example, name the buffer pool BP8K.
If you do not already have one, create a Workload Manager environment for MobiLink schema procedures and name is something like MLWLM.
Set up an ODBC DSN for your DB2 mainframe consolidated database using the ODBC driver that is provided with your DB2 database. See:
Set up the DB2 mainframe environment using the common steps listed in Setting up DB2 mainframe as a consolidated database.
Run the edited copy of the syncd2m_jcl.sql setup script, located in install-dir\MobiLink\setup, to create Mobilink tables and define Mobilink procedures in the DB2 mainframe.
DB2 mainframe does not work with Model mode You can not use DB2 mainframe as your consolidated database when you use the Create Synchronization Model Wizard.
SELECT statements require the FOR READ ONLY clause SELECT statements in DB2 mainframe are opened for update by default, meaning that the database acquires write locks with the anticipation of an UPDATE statement after the SELECT statement.
To avoid the write locks and enhance concurrency, append FOR READ ONLY on all SELECT statements that do not precede UPDATE statements. Use FOR READ ONLY in SELECT statements as often as possible, specifically in the download_cursor and download_delete_cursor scripts.
Sysplex requires time synchronization When the DB2 mainframe consolidated database is running in a Sysplex, the clocks of all LPARs in the Sysplex must be synchronized. Failure to synchronize the clocks could result in lost data during database synchronization.
Numbers are approximated Approximate numbers have different possible values. The following is a table of examples.
The recommended approach is to avoid synchronization of double and floating point columns with a DB2 mainframe consolidated database.