On September 25th of 2015 195 countries met in Paris to lay out a set of goals that would end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all. These 17 goals would be known as the Sustainable Development Goals, the successor to the Millennium Development Goals. Each goal, like the Millennium Development Goals, would look to be achieved over a time-span of 15 years.
Defined by the World Bank, extreme poverty is characterized as living below $1.25/day. It is estimated that 1 in 5 people living in developing regions live in extreme poverty. The majority of people living in extreme poverty are surrounded by conflict and live in Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all to cover the majority of the worlds poor and vulnerable
Ensure that all men and women have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of 13 property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance
Build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters.
Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes to end poverty in all its dimensions.
Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions.
The UN’s page on No Poverty, of which most of this information was obtained, spells out the importance of the goal very well.
Poverty is more than just a lack of income or resources to ensure a sustainable livelihood. Its manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited acces to education and other basic services, social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-making. Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and promote equality. -UN
The goal of Zero Hunger is to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. We are not only looking to end hunger but establish a sustainable and healthy agricultural system throughout the world.
End all form of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.
Double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
Ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality.
By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote the access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed.
Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivilant effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Develpment Round.
Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivitives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to limit extreme food price volatility.
If done right, agriculture, forestry and fisheries can provide nutritious food for all and generate decent incomes, while supporting people-centered rural development and protecting the environment. -UN
Health and wellness is an extremely important part of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Health is a major contributing cause to poverty traps and with better health the more sustainable other initiatives will become.
End the epidemics of AIDS, tuburculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases.
Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, waulity and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all.
Substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazerdous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination.
Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and noncommunicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and , in particular, provide access to medicines for all.
Major progress has been made on increasing access to clean water and sanitation, reducing malaria, tuburculosis, polio and the spread of HIV/AIDS. However, many more efforts are needed to fully eradicate a wide range of diseases and address many different persistant and emerging health issues. –
What will likely be the key in ensuring that the Sustainable Development Goals have a lasting impact, education is the foundation to adopting sustainable development.
Ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning outcomes.
Ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and preprimary education so that they are ready for primary education.
Substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment , decent jobs and entrepreneurship.
Ensure that all learners aquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development.
By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrollment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries.
Substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing states.
While facing different challenges, Gender Equality is a problem not only in the developing world but the developed world as well.
Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to wonership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws.
Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large. -UN
Tying in closely with Good Health is Clean Water and Sanitation. Water infrastructure and good sanitation habits are some of the most impactful measures that can be taken to affect health.
Achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.
Improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.
Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from the water scarcity.
Implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate.
Expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment recycling and reuse technologies.
Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in. There is sufficient fresh water on the planet to achieve this. But due to bad economics or poor infrastructure, every year millions of people, most of them children, die from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene. -UN
Clean energy will play a major role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Not only will it help curb carbon emissions but will provide an industry full of new jobs, innovation and opportunity.
Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity the world faces today. Be it for jobs, security, climate change, food production or increasing incomes, access to energy for all is essential. -UN
Decent Work and Economic Growth will play an important role in generating buy-in for the Sustainable Development Goals. One of the biggest arguments against pursuing many of the proposed actions against climate change is economic impact. If all can be convinced that renewable energy sources and development economics can have a positive economic impact on developed countries than things will move much faster.
Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 percent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries.
Improve progressively, through 2030, global resources efficiency in consumption and production and endevour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead.
Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value.
A continued lack of decent work opportunities, insufficient investments and under-consumption lead to an erosion of the basic social contract underlying democratic societies: that all must share in progress. -UN
Industry and Infrastructure can be seen as a, if not the, foundation to a sustainable economy. All of the Sustainable Development Goals will require investments in infrastructure and progress through innovation in order to be successful.
Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries.
Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit , and other integration into value chains and markets.
Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities.
Significantly increase access to information and communication technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to internet in least developed countries.
Investments in infrastructure – transport, irrigation, energy and information and communication technology – are crucial to achieving sustainable development and empowering communities in many countries. -UN
Progress with the Sustainable Development Goals can not be achieved without a reduction in the vast inequalities that persist, and indeed grow, throughout the world.
Empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status.
Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions.
To reduce inequality, policies should be universal in principle paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations. -UN
With half the world population now living in cities it becomes increasingly crucial that they be designed in sustainable and safe ways.
Provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons.
Enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries.
Significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations.
Provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities.
By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resources efficient, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendal Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels.
The challenges cities face can be overcome in ways that allow them to continue to thrive and grow, while imporving resource use and reducing pollution and poverty. The future we want includes cities of opportunities for all, with access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and more. -UN
Agriculture in the developed world has become a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions while agriculture in developing countries can lack sufficient nutrition and production. Tackling both will be key in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Halve per capita global food waster at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses.
Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restricting taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities.
Sustainable consumption and production aims at “doing more and better with less,” Increasing net welfare gains from economic activities by reducing resource use, degradation and pollution along the whole lifecycle, while increasing quality of life. It involves different stakeholders, including business, consumers, policy makers, researchers, scientists, retailers, media, and development cooperation agencies, among others. – UN
It goes without saying that climate change threatens the stability of developed nations and exacerbates the inequalities around the world through the increasingly frequency of extreme weather events.
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adoption, impact reduction and early warning.
Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capatilization as soon as possible.
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related panning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities.
Climate change is now affecting every country on every continent. It is distrupting national economies and affecting lives, costing people, communities and countries dearly today and even more tomorrow. – UN
Perhaps even greater than our ignorance of space is our ignorance of what lies beneath our own oceans. The world’s oceans are the drivers our entire ecosystem, from fish to air currents. We must not just protect but revitalize our oceans so that they may continue to thrive in a way that has allowed us to thrive.
By 2020, conserve at least 10 percent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information.
Increase teh economic benefits ro Small Island developing States and least dveloped countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism.
Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commision Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries.
The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents and life – drive global systems that make the Earth habitable for humankind. – UN
One of the biggest impacts we can make on combating climate change and loss of biodiversity is by stopping deforestation.
By 2020, promote the implementation of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally.
Combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.
Promote fair and suitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed.
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainable use biodiversity and ecosystems.
Forests cover 30 percent of the Earth’s surface and in addition to providing food security and shelter, forests are key to combating climate change, protecting biodiversity and the homes of the indigenous population. -UN
Human Rights are one of the cornerstones to what it means to be human and should underpin every target within the sustainable goals. Sustainability should not be achieved for just the sake of survival, but to allow all people to find opportunity and purpose in their lives.
Dignificantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime.
Without a coordinated effort between all, the Sustainable Development Goals will remain out of reach.
Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 percent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 percent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries.
Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt substantially through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress.
Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favorable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed.
Enhance internatinoal support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation.
Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-disciminatory and equitable multilateral trading systems under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda.
Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organizations decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access.
Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries.
Build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that compliment gorss domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries.
A successful development agenda requires partnerships between governments, the private sector and civil society. These inclusive partnerships built upon principles and values, a shared vision, and shared goals that place people and the planet at the centre, are needed at the global, regional, national and local level.
This paper is devoted to the investigation of the femtosecond pulse propagation in the air by means of numerical methods. The phenomenon behavior is determined by the relation between the multiphoton ionization and small-scale self-focusing (filamentation). The step-by-step behavior of this process was established, where the evolution of filamentation takes place without energy losses till the intensity reaches the threshold value. Then the dissipation for ionization comes into play and the intensity starts to decrease under defocusing influence of electron plasma. The conditions for repeated self-focusing can be formed after the intensity is below the ionization threshold. Typical features of the filamentation final stage can be explained by means of the Bespalov-Talanov theory.